•!F*i 'I ^ll<^-%i^ ifi-jv^ I^ i- \.y ^ 0 t ' ^iLxfxy^ m 7\ ^' ' ■y*'*^" ^^.vr- v.^y Issued August 25, 1911. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD Volume XXIV, 1911 RtTAr^lCAL QAROeN WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Weather Bureau — Willis L. Moore, Chief. Bureau op Animal Industry — A. D, Melvin, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry — B. T. Galloway, Chief. Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils — Milton A\Tiitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemist. Bureau of Statistics — V. H. Olmsted, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey — H.^. Henshaw, Chief. Office of Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — A. ('. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama — College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar." Canebrake Station: Uniontown; F. D. Stevens.^ Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W. Carver.o AhASKA—Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.f' Arizona— Tucson: R. H. Forbes.a AnKANSAS— Fayetteville: C. F. Adams.a C ALivoumA— Berkeley: E. J. Wickson.o Colorado— 2^ort Collins: C. P. Gillette.o Connecticut— State Station: New Haven; E. H. Jenkins." Storrs Station: Storrs; L. A. Clinton.o Delaware — Newark: H. Ha3'ward.a FLomviA—Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs. o Geokgia — Experiment: Martin V. Calvin." Guam — Island of Guam: J. B. Thompson.^ Hawau- Federal Station: Honolulu; E. V. Wilcox.S Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; C. F. Eckart.i Idaho— Mosco^r: W. L. Carlyle.o Illinois — Urbana: E. Davenport." Indiana— ia Fayette: A. Goss." Iowa— ^7iif«.- C. F. Curtiss.o Kansas— Jl/anfta«on.- E. H. Webster." Kentucky — Lexington: M. A. Scovell.a Louisiana— State Station: Baton Rouge:\ Sugar Station: Audubon Park,]... „ ..^ , „ ^ , 7W. R. Dodson.o New Orleans; North La. Station: Calhoun;] Maine- Ororeo.- C. D. Woods.a Maryland— Co/?(^je Park: H. J. Patterson." Massachusetts— vl7«fte«/.- W. P. Brooks." Michigan— £'as< Lansing: R. S. Shaw." Minnesota— University Farm, St. Paul: A. F. Woods." Mississippi — Agricultural College: J. ^^^ Fox." Missouri— College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford." Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans." o Director. 6 Special agent II Montana— Bozcman.- F. B. Linfleld.o Nebraska — Lincoln: E. A. Burnett." Nevada— ijfno.- J. E. Stubbs." New Hampshire— DMrAom.- J. C. Kendall." New Jersey — New Brunswick: J. G. Lipman.c New Mexico— Agricultural College: Luther Fos- ter." New York— State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan." Cornell Station: Ithaca; ly. H. Bailey." North Carolina— College Station: West Raleigh; C. B. Wil- liams." State Station: Raleigh; B. W. Kilgore." North TtAKO-iA-Agricultural College: J. H. Worst." Ohio— Woosier: C. E. Thome." Oklahoma— Stillwater: J. A. Wilson." Oregon — Corvallis: J. Withycombe." Pennsylvania— State College: T. F. Hunt." State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition, H. P. Armsby." Porto Rico- Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.* Sugar Planters' Station: Rio Piedras; J. T. Crawley." Rhode IShAND— Kingston: H. J. Wheeler." South Carolina— r'^cmson College: J. N. Har- per." South Dakota— Brookings: J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— £'nor!;;7?e.- H. A. Morgan." Texas— College Station: H. H. Harrington.'? Utah— 7/0.907?.- E. D. Ball." Vermont— Burlington: 3. L. Hills." Virginia— Blacksburg: S. W. Fletcher." Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson." Washington— PMHmon.- R. W. Thatcher." WE.ST Virginia— jl/or(7ar?/0!«?}.- J. H Stewart." Wisconsin— jl/ofeon.- H. L. Russell." I Wyoming— 7,«raTO;>.- H. G. Knight." in charge. c Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. (W. H. Beal. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers|g ^_ Tillman. |W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathologyi^ 2 Long fj. I. SCHULTE. Field Cropsjj q r^^kin. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition^C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker. (W. A. Hooker. Veterinary MedicmeJL w. Fetzer. Rural Engineering . Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIV. EDITORIAL NOTES. Page. The gathering of societies in Washington in November 1 The affiliation of societies for agricultural science 3 An international congress of agricultural education 7 The field of agricultural engineering as a teaching and a professional branch. . . 101 Plans for agricultural development in Great Britain 201 The study of humus 206 The agricultural appropriation act, 1911-12 401 The method of science 501 Recent improvements in the respiration calorimeter 601 A new application of the respiration calorimeter 605 SPECIAL ARTICLE. Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 1910 108 III IV CONTENTS. STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Arizona Station: Page. Bulletin 64, May 12, 1910 18 65, September 21, 1910 730 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1910 727, 749, 767, 772, 798 California Station: Bulletin 206, June, 1910 13G 207, October, 1910 167 208, January, 1911 551 209, January, 1911 583 210, January, 1911 535 211, February, 1911 637 Seed Bulletin, 1910-11 338 Circular 56, August, 1910 228 57, September, 1910 93 58, November, 1910 493 59, January, 1911 693 Colorado Station: Bulletin 162, July, 1910 283 163, July, 1910 279 164, August, 1910 274 165, August, 1910 269 166, August, 1910 271 167, September, 1910 : 288 Circular 7, January, 1910. 237 8, April, 1910 237 9, October, 1910 236 Twenty-second Annual Report, 1909 457, 472, 494 Connecticut State Station: Bulletin 166, November, 1910 338 Biennial Report, 1909-10, pt. 5 322, 325 6 565 7 553 8 768 9 749 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bulletin 64, September, 1910 707 65, February, 1911 776 Delaware Station: Bulletin 89, June 15, 1910 143 Florida Station: Bulletin 103, September, 1910 355 104, October, 1910 319 105, February, 1911 733 Georgia Station: Bulletin 91, September, 1910 239 Circular 66, December, 1910 335 Hawaii Station: Bulletin 21, 1910 635 22, 1911 655 Press Bulletin 26 344 27 361 28 539 29 621 CONTENTS, T Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Page. Division of Agriculture and Chemistry Bulletin 33, 1910 15 34, September, 1910 224 35,1910 411 Division of Entomology Bulletin 9, December 16, 1910 - 456 Division of Pathology and Physiology Bulletin 10, December, 1910 746 Idaho Station: Bulletin 68, July, 1910 617 69, August, 1910 641 Illinois Station: Bulletin 147, July, 1910 69 148, November, 1910 537,538 149, February, 1911 783 Circular 144 (revised edition), September, 1910 278 145 .92 146, September, 1910 58 147, December, 1910 582 Twenty-second Annual Report, 1909 798 Twenty-third Annual Report, 1910 798 Indiana Station: Bulletin 143, popular edition, May, 1910 382 144, May, 1910 39 145, June, 1910 77 145, popular edition, October, 1910 382 146, June, 1910 70 147, June, 1910 72 148 , June , 1910 26 Circular 24, July, 1910 93 Twenty-third Annual Report, 1910 684, 693 Kansas Station: Bulletin 169, September 19, 1910 135 170, September 19, 1910 145 171, September, 1910 186 172, September 3, 1910 254 173, September, 1910 284 Feeding Stuffs Bulletins 10-16, May-November, 1910 572 Circular 11, September 1, 1910 145 12, September 17, 1910 153 13 345 14 389 Kentucky Station: Bulletin 148, May 23, 1910 147 149, September 1, 1910 264 150, September 25, 1910 267 151, October 1, 1910 356 Louisiana Stations: Bulletin 123, October, 1910 271 Fertilizer Report, 1909-10 326 Maine Station: Bulletin 183, September, 1910 238 184, October, 1910 271 185, December, 1910 745 VT CONTENTS. Maine Station — Continued. Page. Official Inspection 24 67 25 67 26, November, 1910 267 27, November, 1910 667 28, December, 1910 640 Document 401, January. 1911 750 Maryland Station: Bulletin 147, August, 1910 38, 47 148, November, 1910 657 149, December, 1910 658 Massachusetts Station: Bulletin 135, November, 1910 625 Meteorological Bulletins 261-262, September-October, 1910 127 263-264, November-December, 1910 416 265-266, January-February, 1911 615 Circular 28, October, 1910 775 29, October, 1910 713 Twenty-second Annual Report, 1909, pt. 1 210, 212, 213, 227, 228, 233, 239, 240, 241 , 245, 247, 249, 254, 260, 268, 274, 279, 294 pt. 2 227, 237, 238, 241, 248, 252, 258, 254, 269, 278, 294 Michigan Station: Bulletin 261, April, 1910 270 262, July, 1910 149 263, August, 1910 228 Special Bulletin 44, August, 1910 240 Technical Bulletin 5. June, 1910 408 Minnesota Station: Wall Chart and Supplementary Circular, 1910 92 Mississippi Station: Bulletin 140, July, 1910 347 140-B, July, 1910 347 141, June, 1910 45 142, November, 1910 428 143, December, 1910 428 144, December, 1910 768 145, December, 1910 768 Circular 32, February, 1911 716 Missouri Station: Bulletin 88, July, 1910 129 89, November, 1910 644 Research Bulletin 2, April, 1910 76 3, June, 1910 129 Circular 39 , June, 1910 236 40, June, 1910 236 41, June, 1910 279 42, Jime, 1910 235 43, June, 1910 237 44, October, 1910 278 45, October, 1910 733 Missouri Fruit Station: Bulletin 17, May, 1910 450 CONTENTS. VII MoNTAxVA Station: . ^^^l Bulletin 79, February, 1910 -^ 80, July, 1910 ^'^' Nebraska Station: Bulletin 115, June, 1910 jj 116, December 15, 1910 '^'^ 117, February 1, 1911 ^^^ 118, February 15, 1911 ^^3 119, March 15, 1911 '^^^ Twenty-third Annual Report, 1909 •^^'^' 130, 137, 142, 143, 144, 145, 169, 175, 184, 185, 193 Nevada Station: Bulletin 72 (Annual Report, 1909), December, 1909 -llo, 417,437,442,471,489,494 73, August, 1910 ■^^^ Circulars, May, 1910 ^64 9-11, October, 1910 264 New Hampshire Station: Bulletin 148, September, 1910 '^^^ 149, October, 1910 ''J^ 150, December, 1910 ^^o Circular 8, September, 1909 242 9, June,a910 236 10, October, 1910 236 New Jersey Stations: Bulletin 232, Septembers, 1910 1^6 233, October 10, 1910 ^28 234, November 28, 1910 528 New York Cornell Station: Bulletin 282, August, 1910 272 283, August, 1910 ^5^' ^^'^ 284, November, 1910 ^^^ 285, November, 1910 578, 588 286, November, 1910 560 287, December, 1910 ^^2 Twenty-second Annual Report, 1909 ^99 Twenty-third Annual Report, 1910 798 New York State Station: Bulletin 325, September, 1910 27 326, December, 1910 582, 583 327, December, 1910 540 328, December, 1910 549 329, December, 1910 663,664 330, December, 1910 663, 664 331, December, 1910 "^51 332, December, 1910 '^^^ 333, February, 1911 '^^^ Technical Bulletin 14, November, 1910 277 15, November, 1910 561 16, December, 1910 573 17, December, 1910 656 Twenty-eighth Annual Report, 1909 708, 798 VIII CONTENTS. North Carolina Station: , Page. Bulletin 210, September, 1910 280 211, September, 1910 273 212, October, 1910 246 North Dakota Station: Bulletin 89, September, 1910 760 Special Bulletin 24, June, 1910 262 25, August, 1910 67 26, September, 1910 263 27, November, 1910 666 28, December, 1910 ■ 612, 666 29, January, 1911 667 30, February, 1911 764 Third Annual Report Dickinson Substation, 1910 708, 725, 760, 799 Ohio Station: Bulletin 216, April, 1910 462 217, May, 1910 544 218, Juue, 1910 539 219, June, 1910 - 644 220 (Twenty-ninth Annual Report, 1910), July, 1910 708, 799 Circular 105, September 1, 1910 527 Oklahoma Station: Bulletin 89, June, 1910 * 634 90, November, 1910 671 Oregon Station: Bulletin 109, October, 1910 239 Circular 9, March, 1910 289 10, September, 1910 274 Pennsylvania Station: Bulletin 102, September, 1910 269 103, September, 1910 290 104, October, 1910 468 105, November, 1910 468 106, December, 1910 642 Porto Rico Station: Annual Report, 1909 132, 147, 150, 162, 193 Rhode Island Station: Bulletin 141, June 28, 1910 187 142, June, 1910 225 143, June, 1910 225 144, November, 1910 589 South Carolina Station: Bulletin 153, June, 1910 148, 155 Twenty-third Annual Report, 1910. . . 712, 738, 741, 742, 745, 759, 768, 774, 781, 799 South Dakota Station: Circular 1, August, 1910 640 Annual Report, 1910 334, 399 Tennessee St.^tion: Bulletin 89, July, 1910 437 Twentieth Annual Report, 1907 93 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 71, 93 Twenty-second Annual Report, 1909 16, 63, 77, 86, 93 CONTENTS. IX Texas Station: Page. Bulletin 129, June, 1910 302 130, June, 1910 130 131, July, 1910 373 132, 1910 332 133, September, 1910 ' 326 134, November, 1910 799 Utah Station: Bulletin 109, August, 1910 422 110, September, 1910 458 111, December, 1910 790 Vermont Station: Bulletin 152, April, 1910 470 153, May, 1910 ; 447 154, June, 1910 419, 428 155, September, 1910 462 Circular 4, January, 1910 . . 447 5, January, 1910 494 Twenty-second Annual Report, 1909 ". . . 399 Twenty-third Annual Report, 1910 '. , . 494 Washington Station: Bulletin 94, 1910 237 Popular Bulletin 29, April, 1910 567 30, May, 1910 561 31, September, 1910 336 32, NoVember 1, 1910 321 Twentieth Annual Report, 1910 596 West Virginia Station: Bulletin 129, July, 1910 790 130, September, 1910 773 131, November, 1910 716 Wisconsin Station: Bulletin 196, July, 1910 191 197, July, 1910 183 198, July, 1910 191 199, July, 1910 288 Circular of Information 18, July, 1910 144 19, July, 1910 147 20, January, 1911 679 21, January, 1911 674 Wyoming Station: Twentieth Annual Report, 1910 517, 526, 535, 578, 596 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Circular 33 292 34 361 Farmers' Bulletin 407 36 408 92 409 92 410 : 14, 71 411 74 X CONTENTS. Farmers' Bulletin 412 Page. . 93 413 68 414 236 415 36 416 37 417 36 418 53 419 93 420 237 421 221 422 233 423 294 424 . ... ... . 237 425 . . . ... 294 426 311 427 335 428 640 429 614 430 694 431 ... 734 432 794 I'ood Inspection Decisions 126 67 127 129 264 130 567 131 . . 764 Notices of Jndement 570-608 " 171, 174, 182 609-648 264, 269, 278 649-691 364, 371, 382 692-709 464 710-716 567, 583 717-740 667, 672, 678 741-767 764, 769, 775 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bulletin 39, pt. 32 161 33 '. 654 110, pt. 2 675 125, pt. 1 87 126 275 Circular 164 184 165 390 166 665 Order 175 378 Bureau of Biological Survey: Bulletin 35 54 36 453 Circular 76 253 77 653 Norih American Fauna 31 160 Bureau op Chemistry: Bulletin 133 664 134 266 CONTENTS. XI Bureau of Chkmistry — Continued. Page. Circular 16, revised 171 62 265 63 611 64 361 65- 307 66 516 67 512 68 613 69 703 70 760 Knife for Killing Poultry 180 Inspection of Imported Meats, etc 171 Bureau of Entomology: Bulletin 64, pt. 9 167 10 257 80, pt. 6 256 7 260 8 262 82, pt. 6 360 7 655 85, pt. 7 58 8 61 88 458 89 ; 165 19, pt. 3 (technical series) 757 20, pt. 1 (technical series) 459 2 (technical series) 662 Circular 122 358 125 256 126 256 127 256 128 256 129 256 130 357 131 455 132 657 Forest Service: Bulletin 80 243 83 • 342 Circular 179 344 182 42 183 42 The Use Book— Water Power, 1911 548 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bulletin 185 142 186 249 187 231 188 215 189 231 190 239 191 '. 236 192 442 193 443 XII CONTENTS. Bureau op Plant Industry — Continued. Page. Bulletin 194 441 195 414 196 436 197 439 198 444 199 : 409 200 438 201 722 202 736 203 734 204 737 205 723 Circular 65 50 66 36 67 146 68 146 69 243 70 136 71 222 72 . 215 73 640 74 735 75 793 Document 629 338 631 622 Bureau of Soils: Bulletin 61 210 70 32 72 21 73 223 74 301 75 712 76 715 Bureau of Statistics: Bulletin 78 90 81 191 82 91 83 191 Crop Reporter, Vol. Xll, No. 10, October, 1910 91 11, November, 1910 191 12, December, 1910 292 12, December, 1910, Supplement 292 XIIi; No. 1, January, 1911 492 2-3, February-March, 1911 796 Weather Bureau: Bulletin Mount Weather Observatory, vol. 3, pt. 2 16 3 126 4 311,312 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. X.XXVIII, No. 7, July, 1910 16, 17, 38 8, August, 1910 126 9-10, September-October, 1910 312,342 Report 1908-9 17 CONTENT*. XIII Office of Experiment Stations: Page. Bulletin 227 64 228 93 229 488 230, pts. Iand2 487 231 494 232 192 233 494 234 487 Circular 99 192 100 398 101 ■ 488 102 68 103 488 104 487 105 494 106 : 691 107 694 108 789 109 798 110 764 Food and Diet Charts, Nos. 1-15 67 Annual Report, 1909 268, 287, 288, 292, 293, 294 Office of Public Roads: Circular 93 489 Division op Publications: Circular 7 517 8 557 9 693 10 ■ 694 11 646 12 691 13 694 14 617 15 694 16 749 17 799 18 799 Llbraey : Monthly Bulletin, vol. 1, No. 8-9, August-September, 1910 193 10, October, 1910 294 11, November, 1910 399 12, December, 1910 694 2, No. 1, January, 1911 694 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny— L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers— |g ' ^- Tillman. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathologyj-^* g" Lq^^^' -n- u /-. fJ. I. SCHULTE. Field Cropsjj ^ r^^kin. Horticulture and Forestry— E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology— W. A. Hooker. ,T 4. • HT T • fW. A. Hooker. Veterinary MedicineJL. w. Fetzer. Rural Engineering Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. • Agricultural Education— D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIV, NO. i. Page. Editorial notes: The gathering of societies in Washington in November 1 The affiliation of societies for agricultural science 3 An international congress of agricultural education 7 Recent work in agricultural science 9 Notes 94 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. The determination of humus, Alway, Files, and Pinckney ;.•--.••• ^ Determination of phosphoric acid by means of standard silver nitrate, Wilkie. . 9 The volumetric estimation of potash in organic liquids, Drushel 10 Notes on the analysis of edestin and zein, Osborne and Liddle 10 Sources of loss in analyzing products of protein hydrolysis, Osborne and Jones. . 10 About the individuality of cellase and emulsin, Bertrand and Compton. ...... 10 Determination of starch in cereals by the Zeiss immersion refractometer, Lalin. . 11 Detection of cruciferous oils in oil mixtures, Holde and Marcusson ._. . 11 Detection of rape oil in olive oil and other edible oils, Tortelli and Fortini 11 The sulphur compounds of the onion (Allium cepa), Kooper 12 The erepsin of the cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Blood 12 The presence of some organic bases in Boletus edulis, Yoshimura 12 The composition of malt vinegar, Russell and Hodgson 12 An accurate method for caffein in tea and in green and roasted coffee, Burmann. 12 Chemistry and physiology of milk. Grimmer 13 The physical chemistry of the calcium chlorid serum of milk, Wiegner 13 Preformed sulphuric acid in milk, Tillmans and Sutthoff 13 Investigations of milk ferments and their origin, Wohlgemuth and Strich 14 I II CONTENTS. Page. The estimation of diastase in milk, Van Haarst 14 Diastase estimation in milk, Koning 14 The relation between fat and calcium in cream, Lythgoe and Marsh 14 About moisture and fat estimation in cheese, Siegfeld 14 Potato culls as a source of industrial alcohol, Wente and Tolman 14 Sulphate scale in evaporators, Peck 15 Text-book of starch manufacture, Parow 15 Subject and author index to Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschri/t, Thomas 15 METEOROLOGY — WATER. The principles of meteorology, Klossovskii 15 Weather, water, and air, Hoffmann 15 The relation of the weather to plant culture in general, Grohmann 15 Report of the consulting meteorologist, Voorhees 16 Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory 16 Studies of the evaporation of water over lakes and reservoirs, VII, Bigelow. . 16 Influence of soil mulches in checking evaporation, Bark 17 The fight against hail 17 Frosts in Wisconsin: Occurrence, prediction, and prevention, Bartlett 17 Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1908-9 17 Monthly Weather Re\iew 17 Meteorological notes and data, Mantle and Charlton 17 Climatology of Venezuela . 18 Ground-water supply and irrigation in the Rillito Valley, Smith 18 Water-logging of the Nile Valley, De Lotbiniere 19 The water, Anselmino 19 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The soils and soil-formers of the subantarctic islands, Aston 19 Effect of moisture and solutions on the electric conductivity of soils, Davis 20 Data on tlie chemical composition of alkali soils, Stepanov 20 Chemistry, physics, and biology of the soil, Hoffmann 20 Report of soils section of University of Breslau, 1902-1909, Ehrenberg 21 Characteristics of the newer methods of soil mapping, Gruner 21 Bibliography of North American geology for 1908, with subject index, Nickles. . 21 Barium in soils, Failyer 21 The adaptation of the plant to the soil, Hall 21 Contribution to the question of the nitrogen balance, Viner 22 Progress and present status of the knowledge of fertilizers, Immendorff 22 Fertilizers and fertilizing, Hoffmann 22 Fertilizer experiments as a means of determining productiveness, Stutzer 22 Fundamental questions of fertilizing on chernozem, Frankfurt 22 Analyses of fertilizing materials, Viner 23 Composition of the urine and dung of the more important animals, Stutzer. ... 23 Influence of green manuring and nitrogen manuring on denitrification, Bartels. . 24 The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen 24 The nitrogen of the air. — Waterfalls and agriculture, Grandeau 24 Progress in potash industry, Hof 24 Potassium silicate as a source of potash, Prianishnikov and Doyarenko 24 Potassium silicate, Brehmer 24 Economic geology of the feldspar deposits of the United States, Bastin 24 A review of the phosphate fields of Idaho, Utah and Wyoming, Waggaman 24 Phosphates, Gale, Richards, and Blackwelder 25 Phosphate deposits in Idaho, Wyoming and Utah, Gale and Richards 25 Phosphate deposits east of Ogden, Utah, Blackwelder 25 Chemical treatment of Russian phosphorites, Prianishnikov 25 Phosphatic fertilizers, Rigaux 25 Effects of soluble salts on insoluble phosphates, Greaves 25 Effect of lime upon the solubility of soil constituents, Gaither 26 Magnesia in agriculture, Rigaux et al 26 Experiments on fertilizing value of manganese sulphate, Carlier and Clausen. . 26 Commercial fertilizers, Jones, jr., Proulx, and Rice 26 Fertilizer analyses, McDonnell 27 Report of analyses of samples of fertilizers collected during 1910 27 Analyses of fertilizers and cotton-seed meals, 1909 and 1910, Kilgore et al 27 CONTENTS. ni AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Page. Climatology and vegetation in Colorado, Bobbins 27 The theory of periodic mutations, Leclerc du Sablon 27 The transmission of characters without expression in vegetables, Tracy, sr 28 The development of parasitic spermophytes, Heinricher 28 The lichens of Minnesota, Fink . 28 Annual review of mycology, Vuillemin 28 On soil bacteriology, Dzierzbicki 28 Determination of cellulose-fermenting ability of soil organisms, Christensen ... 29 Investigations on the occurrence of Azotobacter in moor soils, von Feilitzen.. . 29 On the mineral needs of Azotobacter, Kaserer 29 The assimilation of free nitrogen by green plants, Mameli and Pollacci 29 The infection of serradella and other cultivated plants with bacteria, Hiltner.. 29 The duration of the vitality of seeds of Orohanche crenata, Passerini 30 The anatomy of some tubers. Reed 30 Experimental researches on vegetable assimilation and respiration , VI , Thoday . 30 On the absorption of water by the seeds of Viciafaba, Home and Coull 31 The presence of a glucosid in pear leaves, Bourquelot and Fichtenholz 31 Starch content of leaves dropped in autumn, Harter 31 Influence of copper and manganese sulphates on growth of barley, Brenchley. 31 On the toxicity of certain salts toward green leaves, Maq^uenne and Demoussy. 31 Some effects of a harmful organic soil constituent, Schreiner and Skinner 32 Some effects of a harmful organic soil constituent, Schreiner and Skinner 32 The influence of iron on the formation of spores of Aspergillus niger, Sauton ... 32 Recent observations on callose, Mangin 32 FIELD CROPS. The complete farmer, McConnell 33 History and importance of electro-culture 33 Demonstration farm reports, 1909, Pottawattamie County, Holden et al 33 Results of experiments on Black Hawk County farm, 1909, Holden et al 33 Demonstration farm reports, 1909, Delaware County, Holden et al 33 Demonstration farm reports, 1909, Woodbury County, Holden et al 34 [Experiments with field crops], Gilchrist 34 [Experiments with farm crops], McCall and Davy 35 On the flora of certain Cotswold pastures, Stapledon 35 Experiments on permanent grass land, 1910, Kinch 35 Report on grass seed mixture experiments, 1906-1909, Greig and Findlay 35 Practical hay production, Nowacki 35 Cereal map of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, 1909 35 A new forage crop, Bertoni 36 Composition of some forage beets 36 Seed corn, Hartley 36 Selecting and storing seed corn. Bull and Robbins 36 Cotton selection on the farm by the stalks, leaves, and bolls, Cook 36 How much nitrogen do lupines add to the soil? von P^eilitzen 36 The potato as a truck crop, Corbett 36 Change of seed and manurial tests, Angus 36 Rice culture, Knapp 36 Wild rice seed for planting 36 Two new strains of rye, von Riimker 37 The production of cigar-leaf tobacco in Pennsylvania, Frear and Hibshman. . . 37 Experiments in turnip culture, Carlier 37 The relative amounts of dry matter in Swedish turnips, Collins 37 The development of the grain of wheat, Brenchley and Hall 37 Correlation in wheat, Deneumostier 37 Wheat — Variety tests, Schmitz 38 Roumanian wheat — Harvests of 1900-1908, Zaharia 38 HORTICULTURE. Frost fighting, Wollaber 38 Frost fighting in the Boise Valley, Wells 38 Modern ideas over the reciprocal influence of stock and scion, Bencke 38 Report of the Geisenheim Experiment Station for 1909, Wortmann et aL. 38 Agricultural experiments, Cousins 38 IV CONTENTS. Page. Mushrooms, Castle _. 39 Growing tomatoes for the canning factory, Troop, Woodbury, and Boyle 39 Commercial fruit growing, Janson 39 Fruit production in the Department of Rhone, Deville 39 Fruit growing in Auvergne, Laye 39 The planting of fruit trees 39 Orcharding, Dickins 40 Problems surrounding the shipping of fruit, Powell 40 Agricultural cold storage plants, Bouvier 40 Handling the apple crop of the Northwest, Lewis 40 Results of fertilizer experiments with olives, Zacharewicz 40 Investigations of the prune industry in Servia, Stoyko witch 40 Quince culture. Sears 40 Coconut cultivation in the Federated Malay States, BrowTi 40 Experiments on the quality of tea, Hope 40 Germination and selection experiments with tea seed, Bernard 41 A report on raspberry manuring experiments, Brehmer 41 Beginning and progress in the development of American grapes, Munson 41 Viticulture in Auvergne, Christophle 41 Greenhouse cultures, Pacottet and Dairat 41 Town gardening, Ravenscroft 41 Rock and water gardens, Meyer 41 On the composition of flexible and rigid carnation stems , Fondard an d Gauthie . . 42 FORESTRY. How to know the trees, Irving 42 Trees and shrubs of the British Isles, Cooper and Westell 42 [Timber trees of Cuba] 42 Statistics of Danish forests, Finch 42 Beech, oak, and hornbeam high forest in France, Smythies 42 Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) 42 Loblolly pine {Pinus txda) 42 The rubber tree of Tonkin and North Annam, Eberhardt and Dubard 43 Tapping experiments with Teo-Non^ rubber trees, Roullet 43 India rubber and gutta-percha, Seeligmann, Torrilhon, and Falconnet 43 The cultivation and preparation of Para rubber, Johnson 43 Plantation rubber in 1909 and its future, Brenier 43 Rubber culture in Mexico, Ludewig 43 Rubber culture in the Malay Peninsula, Cramer 43 Report of the state forest administration of Bavaria 43 Statistical review of forest administration of Grand Duchy of Baden for 1908. . 44 Report of supervisors' meeting at ]\Iissoula, Mont., Greeley 44 Survey methods and costs for a large area, Wilson 44 Some suggestions on predicting growth for short periods. Stetson 44 Creosote for preserving gate posts 44 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Diseases of cultivated plants and trees, Massee 44 Control of diseases of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, Thompson 45 Report on some plant diseases, Bubdk 45 Notes on some plant diseases, Johnston 45 Fungi exotici, XI, Massee 45 Cultures of parasitic Hysteriacese, von Tubeuf 45 On the synonomy of the genus Nectria, von Hohnel and Weese 45 The smuts of Australia, McAlpine 45 Facts contributing to the explanation of grain rust epidemics, Johnson 46 On the outbreak of the leaf -roll disease in Wurttemberg, Lang 46 New studues on the leaf-roll disease of the potato, Schander 46 Irish potato blight, McAlpine 46 Spraying experiments at West Maitland for prevention of potato blight, Allen. . 47 A disease of rhubarb (PeroJiospora jaapiana), Magnus 47 Studies on the fungi of rice in Japan, Miyake 47 On tumor formation in sugar beets, Spisar 47 On the premature seeding in sugar beets, Neumann 47 The diseases of sugar cane, Edgerton 47 CONTENTS. V Page. A new disease of sulla, Montemartini , . 47 Wheat smuts and scab, Schmitz 47 The dying of fruit trees and the leaf-roll disease of the potato, Stormer 47 Bitter pit, Lounsbiu-y 48 A disease of young apricot fruits, Nixon and Curry 48 The development of Gnomonia erythrostoma, Brooks 48 Coconut palm disease, Ridley 48 Cottony mold of lemons, Smith 48 Bloom blight of mango in Cuba, Cardin 49 A new disease of the olive, Montemartini 49 The Phytoplithora rot of pears in Bohemia, Bubak 49 A disease of the grape, Solano 49 A vine disease of lower Austria, Linsbauer 49 Grape-spraying experiments in Michigan in 1909, Hawkins 50 The fight against the grape mildew, Cadoret 50 Experiments on the control of the grape Peronospora, Weinbau 51 On the treatment of grape mildew, Gervies 51 On the efficiency of copper salts in combating the mildew, Andre 51 The acetates of copper, Dejeanne 51 New formula of silver nitrate for grape mildew, Vermorel and Dantony 51 Concerning the new formula for silver salts, Degrully 51 The Fusarium disease of asters, Osterwalder 52 Experiments on tree diseases, Miinch _ 52 On the rotting of wood in dwellings by Coniophora cerebella, Schaffnit 52 Oxidizing enzyms and their relation to sap stain in lumber, Bailey 52 Influence of root fungi on thriftiness of chestnuts, Miiller and Schneider 52 A fungus disease on the leaves of Ulmus campestris, Dorogin 52 The whitening of the mountain cedar (Sabina sabinoides), Heald and Wolf. ... 53 Parasitic root diseases of the Juncaceae, Schwartz 53 The rouge (leaf cast) of Pinus sylvestris, Maire 53 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Game laws for 1910, Oldys, Brewster, and Eamshaw 53 Report on rat extermination, Mackie 53 Birds and mammals of northwestern Colorado, Felger 53 Birds of New York, Eaton 53 Distribution and migration of North American shorebirds,. Cooke 54 [Propagation of grouse, quail, and pheasant in confinement], Hodge and Merrill . 54 Injurious animals observed in Ireland during 1909, Carpenter 54 Insects: Organization, development, habits, and relations to man, Berlese 54 The general anatomy and physiology of insects, Houlbert 54 Importance of entomology in the development of Canada, Hewitt 54 Recent observations upon European insects in America, Felt 54 Some insects collected in northwestern Colorado in 1909, Cockerell 55 Report of the government entomologist for the year 1909, Lounsbury 55 The entomological section 56 The pests of New Zealand phormium. Kirk and Cockayne 56 The enemies of the oat, Brocq-Rousseu and Gain 56 [Orchard insects] 56 Science's warfare on fruit-tree pests, Taylor 56 Some wattle insects. Fuller 56 Termites and living plants, Chaine 56 Mallophagan parasites from the California condor, Kellogg 56 Mallophaga from the birds of Laysan Island, Kellogg and Paine 57 Locust destruction, 1909-10, Van Ryneveld 57 Biological notes on oriental Hemiptera, Kershaw and Kirkaldy 57 Further notes on Aphididse collected near Stanford University, Davidson 57 Plant louse notes, family Aphididge, Gillette 57 Scale insects in New Zealand, Kirk and Cockayne 57 Insect pests of coconuts 57 Some results from feeding eggs of Porthetria dispar to birds, Collins 57 A new fruit pest, French, jr 57 A method of combatting the cochylis and eudemis moths, Capus and Feytaud . . 57 Some common bagworms and basketworms. Fuller 58 The brown-tail moth in Canada, Hewitt 58 Croseing of the silkworms, with reference to Mendel's law, Ishiwata 58 VI CONTENTS. Page. On the silk fish line, Sasaki 58 Annual report of the Tasar Silk Rearing Station, 1907-8, Smith 58 Annual report of the Chaibassa Tasar Silk Rearing Station for 1908-9, Smith 58 Annual report of the Royal Sericultural Station, Padua 58 The Hessian fly in Illinois, 1910, Forbes 58 Gall midges of Aster, Carya, Quercus, and Salix, Felt 58 The smoky crane-fly ( Tipula infuscata), Hyslop 58 Combatting the olive fly 59 Fruit flies, Kirk 59 [Preliminary reports on flies as carriers of infection] 59 [Further preliminary reports on flies which carry infection] 59 Relation of mosquitoes to filariasis around San Francisco Bay, Wellman et al. . 60 Hibernation of mosq^uitoes in northern China, Cazeneuve 60 The present epidemic of malaria in the port of Bombay, Listen GO Health progress and administration in the West Indies, Boyce 60 Phlebotomus or sand-fly fever, Birt 60 On fever caused by the bite of the sand-fly {Phlebotomus papaiasii), Wakeling. . 60 A report of two cases of external myiasis, Swan 60 The development of trypanosomes in tsetse flies, Bruce et al 60 A comparative study of 4 genera of horseflies, Hine 61 The warble flies. Carpenter and Corson 61 Combatting the ox warble in Denmark, Villemoes 61 A new flea from California, Rothschild 61 The cowpea curculio, Ainslie 61 Some new species of weevils of economic importance, Pierce 62 Revision of the collopterous family Bostrichidse , Lesue 63 The root borer of sugar cane 63 A parasite on codling-moth eggs, Taylor 63 The distribution of the large larch sawfly in Great Britain 63 Bee keeping in Ontario, Pettit 63 Honey, Millward 63 Cecidology in America, Cook 63 Ticks and tick-borne diseases, Theiler 63 Experimental entomology, Cotton 63 Significance of courtship and sexual characters of Araneads, Montgomery, jr.. 63 Analysis of Paris green, 1909, Kellogg 63 A new insecticide, Lefroy 63 POODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in food and nutrition, Sherman et al 64 Phosphorus in beef animals, I, II, Francis and Trowbridge 65 The cause and prevention of beri-beri, Braddon 66 Composition of food materials, Langworthy 67 Food-inspection decision 67 Official inspections 67 Slaughterhouse refuse [food analyses and other food topics] 67 Treatise on meat inspection, Rennes 68 The care of milk and its use in the home, Whitaker, Rogers, and Hunt 68 An analytical study of certain old wines from the Rhine district, von Ileide 68 Examination of wines from the Prussian wine districts, von Heide 68 [The new army ration and other food topics], Sharpe 68 Life on fourpence a day, Broadbent 68 Cookbook for physicians, hygienists, housekeepers, and students, Jiirgensen 68 The teeth and their care 68 The influence of alcohol on the composition of urine, Salant and Hinkel 68 Food and nutrition investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations 68 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Market classes and grades of meat. Hall 69 Influence of age on the economy and profit of feeding. Skinner and Cochel 70 Experiments in beef feeding, Quereau 71 Slop feeding, Sawj^er 71 Report on improvement of hill pasture as determined by effect on stock, Greig . 71 Corn silage for winter feeding of ewes and young lambs, Skinner and Smith 72 Dried beet tops, dried beet chips, and meadow hay, Schneidewind and Meyer. . 73 CONTENTS. VII Page. Pastoral industry of Australia 73 South African wool from a buyer or manufacturer's point of view, Earle 73 Feeding experiments with carrots, Albrecht 73 Meat meal and fish meal in swine-feeding experiments, Kleemann 74 Feeding hogs in the South, Gray 74 Preservation of beet pulp by lactic ferments, Malpeaux 74 Methods of computing rations, Kraemer 74 Feeding and fertilizing value of feedstuffs estimated mathematically, Brdlik ... 75 Game farming. Cowan 75 The conformation of spayed cows, Tandler and Keller 75 Deviation of the gestation period according to the season of year, Wellmann 75 Estimation of the live weight of animals by measuring, Frischauf 75 The significance of circulation of air in stalls, Ludewig 75 Animals of antiquity, I, Mammals, Keller 75 Deficiencies of the chromosome theory of heredity, Guyer 75 An interesting donkey hybrid, Pocock 76 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Cause of wide variation in milk production by dairy cows, Eckles and Reed. . 76 Cost of production of milk, Grier 77 Report of the dairyman, Denniss 77 Has colostral milk bactericidal properties? Bub 77 Results of milk tests in the vicinity of Chemnitz, Behre 77 Testing cream for butter fat, Huuziker et al 77 Australian butter boxes 79 Report on cheese, Weigmann 79 Microbes in the cheese industry, Maz6 79 Some English cheeses 79 Analyses of Queensland cheeses, Briinnich 79 Notes on Cheddar cheese making, Herns and Publow 79 Brussels cheese, Marcas and Huyge 79 Coulommier cheese, McNaughton 80 The manufacture of Altenburg goat cheese, Naumann 80 Gorgonzola cheese , 80 Two defects of Edam cheese, Boekhout and Ott de Vries 80 Pasty cheese, Eichel et al 80 VETERINARY MEDICINE. A text-book of veterinary anatomy, Sisson 81 Principles of electro-therapeutics for veterinarians, Tereg 81 A text-book of pharmacology and therapeutics, Cushny 81 Therapeutic technique, Schlampp 81 The applicability of novocain for the purposes of veterinary medicine, Fehse. . 81 Comments on Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary, Motter and Wilbert ... 81 Notes on stock medicines, Robertson 81 Rules and regulations pertaining to the inspection of live stock for Hawaii 81 Light and ventilation, Udall 82 The practical utilization of the anaphylaxis reaction, Schern 82 The relationship between scarlet fever, diphtheria, and sore throat of man, and diseases of the udder and teats of cows, Gofton 82 An epidemic of Malta fever in the Department of Gard, Aubert et al 82 Report on experiments to discover whether animals of Terceira Island are affected by plague, De Souza, jr., et al 82 Investigations of recurrent fever and its transmission, Sergent and Foley 82 Ana-plasma marginale n. g. and n. sp., a protozoan parasite of cattle, Theiler . . 82 Anaplasma marginale, Theiler 82 On the development of piroplasma in the different organs, Gonder 83 The life history of Trypanosoma dimorphon, Hindle 83 Bacteriological diagnosis of anthrax and symptomatic anthrax, Foth 83 Anticharbon vaccination, D' Agata 83 [Immunizing tests with "farase" against glanders], Bautz and Machodin 83 Studies in regard to the etiology of rabies, Koch and Rissling 83 Facts and problems of rabies, Stimson 83 Report of committee on standard methods for diagnosis of rabies, Williams 84 The histologic diagnosis of rabies, Volpius 84 VIII CONTENTS. Examination of sputum of bovinea affected with lung tuberculosis, Hieronymi. 84 [Sputum sampler for animals], Tallgren 84 Treatment of tuberculosis by a new method, Ward 84 The relation of leukemia in bovines to tuberculosis, Neumann 84 Effects of various diets on resistance of animals to certain poisons, Hunt 84 Chronic infectious intestinal catarrh of bovines, Miessner and Trapp 85 Contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle. Ward 85 New sheep disease caused by Diplococcus (Streptococcus) lanceolatus, Gaertner. 86 The scab act, 1909 86 Diseases of the hog, Peters 86 Report of the veterinarian, Jacob 86 [Krafft's vaccine against hog cholera], von Sande 86 Hog cholera and serum vaccination, Peters 86 Sporothrix and epizootic lymphangitis, Page, Frothingham, and Paige 86 The higher animal parasites, Koch 86 The gid parasite and allied species of the cestode genus Multiceps. — I, Hall 87 Two new species of Aprocta, Railliet and Henry 88 Some remarks of the genus Leucocytozoon, Wenyon 88 The leucocytozoa, a rejoinder to C. M. Wenyon, Porter 88 A Leucocytozoon of a turtle dove and a teal duck, Mathis and Leger 88 RUEAL ECONOMICS. [Report on small holdings and allotments, 1909], Cheney and Baines 88 The relation of cooperation to small holdings 89 The small agricultural holding in France, its present position and prospects. . 89 The new agrarian laws in Roumania, Hitier 89 Agricultural cooperation in Roumania 90 [Land tenure and agriculture in Australia], Knibbs 90 South Africa as the future emigration place for the masses, Gessert 90 Agricultural societies and rural welfare, Salm 90 The cultivation of idle city land, Dix 90 Agricultural graphics: United States and world crops and live stock. Smith. . . 90 Imports of farm and forest products, 1907-1909 91 Crop Reporter -.- 91 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Rural Life Conference 91 Suggestions for organizing a high -school course in agriculture, Bricker 92 Exercises in elementary agriculture, Bricker 92 School exercises in plant production, Crosby 92 School lessons on corn, Crosby and Howe 92 The story of a king and queen 92 Some Minnesota insects and useful birds, Washbiu-n 92 Improving school grounds, Mackintosh and Williams 93 Proceedings of convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 1909, edited by True, Beal, and Thompson 93 Announcement of farmers' short courses at the University Farm, Davis, Cal.. 93 MISCELLANEOUS. Twentieth Annual Report of Tennessee Station, 1907 93 Twenty-first Annual Report of Tennessee Station, 1908 93 Twenty-second Annual Report of Tennessee Station, 1909 93 Information on work of Purdue Experiment Station and School of Agriculture. 93 Experiment Station Work, LVIII, LIX 93 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Pago. Arizona Station: Bui. 64, May 12, 1910 18 California Station: Circ. 57. Sept., 1910 93 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Div. Agr. and Chem. Bui. 33, 1910.. 15 Illinois Station: Bui. 147, July, 1910 69 Circ. 145 92 Circ. 146, Sept., 1910 58 Indiana Station: Bui. 144, May, 1910 39 Bui. 145, June, 1910 77 Bui. 146, June, 1910 70 Bui. 147, June, 1910 72 Bui. 148, June, 1910 26 _ Circ. 24, July, 1910 93 Maine Station: Off. Insp. 24 67 Off. Insp. 25 67 Maryland Station: Bui. 147, Aug., 1910 38, 47 Minnesota Station : Wall Chart and Sup. Circ, 1910 92 Mississippi Station: Bui. 141, June, 1910 45 Missouri Station : Research Bui. 2, Apr., 1910. . . 76 Nebraska Station: Bui. 115, June, 1910 9 New York State Station: Bui. 325, Sept., 1910 27 North Dakota Station : Spec. Bui. 25, Aug., 1910 67 Tennessee Station: Twentieth An. Rpt., 1907 93 Twenty-first An. Rpt., 1908. . . 71, 93 Twenty-secondAn. Rpt., 1909. 16, 63, 77, 86, 93 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 407 Farmers' Bui. 408 36 92 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Cont'd. Page. Farmers' Bui. 409 92 Farmers' Bui. 410 14, 71 Farmers' Bui. 411 74 Farmers' Bui. 412 93 Farmers' Bui. 413 68 Farmers' Bui. 415 36 Farmers' Bui. 416 37 Farmers' Bui. 417 36 Farmers' Bui. 418 53 Farmers' Bui. 419 93 Food Insp. Decision 126 67 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 125, pt. 1 87 Bureau of Biological Survey: Bui. 35 45 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 85, pt. 7..^ 58 Bui. 85, pt. 8 61 Forest Service: Circ. 182 42 Circ. 183 42 Bureau of Plant Industry: Circ. 65 50 Circ. 66 36 Bureau of Soils: Bui. 70 32 Bui. 72 21 Bureau of Statistics: Bui. 78 90 Bui. 82 91 Crop Reporter, vol. 12, No. 10, Oct., 1910 91 Weather Bureau: Bui. Mount Weather Observ., vol. 3, pt. 2 16 Monthly Weather Review, vol. 38, No. 7, July, 1910. ... 16, 17, 38 Rpt. 1908-9 17 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 227 64 Bui. 228 93 Circ. 102 68 Food and Diet Charts, Nos. 1-15 67 Note. — The price of Experiment station Record is $1 per volume, and two volumes are issued annually. It may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all i-emittances should be made. The publications of the state experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. IX EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIV. January, 1911. No. 1. The gathering of experts in various branches of agriculture at Washington in the middle of November was an unusually large and representative one. Rarely have so wide a range of topics relating to education, experimentation, control, and extension in agriculture been considered at any one time. The occasion was in effect an agricultural congress, lacking only a centralizing body to give cohesion and to coordinate the programs of the several societies. Within the period from November 10 to 18 the annual conventions were held of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, the Association of Farmers' Institute AVorkers, the Official Agricultural Chemists, the Association of Feed Control Officials, Official Seed Analysts, the American Society of Agronomy, and the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. In ad- dition, the National Association of State Universities was in session and discussed many questions of interest to the agricultural colleges. The meetings of all these bodies were held separately and to some extent simultaneously, but there w^as no attempt to spread infor- mation as to their meeting place or programs beyond partial men- tion in some of the announcements of the societies which would meet. The selection of a uniform time and place was purely volun- tary and for the convenience of delegates who might wish to attend the meetings of other bodies at that time. That there was not more overlapping of dates and consequent inconvenience to those whose interest extended to several of the societies was due to the work of the secretaries, who frequently experienced considerable difficulty in making the preliminary arrangements. Although a really large body of men were in session and discussing matters of much import, the sessions were so widely scattered, with no common headquarters and no cooperation between societies, that the impression of a large gathering was absent, and the attention which the meetings attracted as a whole was minimized. In many ways the occasion afforded an excellent illustration of the present 1 2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. disconnected condition with reference to the societies for agricul- tural science, and tlie desirability of an affiliation of the societies having a similar purpose. The central officers of such an affiliation could have done a great deal to further the preliminary arrangements for such a gathering, planned an orderlj^ arrangement of dates, and, by extending publicity as to the place and time of meetings and the nature of the programs of the various organizations, prevented con- fusion and made the various meetings more widely profitable. Something of the overlapping could have been avoided by an arrange- ment for joint sessions to consider topics of mutual interest to two or more societies. But the advantage of affiliation need not stop here. Under pres- ent conditions there is no provision for a general survey of the various meetings, such as would be of interest not only to the stay- at-homes, but as well to those who were obliged to choose between sessions held in different places at the same time. Except for such a brief account as this journal is able to gather, there is no bringing together in abstract of the proceedings of these meetings, all of Vvdiich, as a matter of general information at least, are of interest to a large number of people. Each society or association will provide for the separate publica- tion of its proceedings, in varying form and size, and the distribu- tion of these proceedings will usually be confined to members of the individual societies. In some cases libraries will receive copies only through the generosity of a member. None of these reports will make a volume of sufficient size for binding, but each will go out in pamphlet form, and as such subject to the vicissitudes of such docu- ments. Several societies will probably not publish the results of their meetings in any form, the only record for futui'e information and guidance being the secretary's minutesi, which in more than one in- stance have become lost after a few years and a few rotations in office. This is an unfortunate situation. It is chaotic and without organi- zation, and is a reflection on the present condition of agricultural science. The transactions of a scientific society have a permanent value. It is true that, with the other agencies for publication at present afforded, men need not look to the transactions of learned societies as a means of presenting their investigations before the world, as they once did ; but the discussions and round tables and conferences have a permanent value as reflecting the point of view, and they have a current interest for a wide circle of people. They furnish the only avenue we now have for criticism and discussion, which, by the way, is a great lack in agricultural science at the present time. The Record reviews the published work of the many agencies now en- EDITORIAL,. 3 gaged in agricultural investigation, but it is not open to contributed articles of comment or discussion, and no journal published under governmental auspices can be. With all the multiplicity of journals this field is still unoccupied. It is one of the real needs of agricultural investigation. The proposal for an affiliation of the societies for agricultural science has been under consideration for two or three years, the initiative being taken by one of the societies concerned. The atten- tion of various organizations has been called to the matter, and it has been discussed by them to some extent. This year a meeting Avas held of delegates from 12 societies to consider a plan for affilia- tion which may be submitted to the various societies as a basis for action. This plan took the form of a constitution, which was drawn up at the meeting and left in the hands of a secretary to bring to the attention of the different societies at their next meetings. The pro- posed affiliation does not disturb the autonomy of the various socie- ties in any manner, but in providing for a central organization it paves the way for two important steps, namely, a meeting biennially of the various societies at the same place and time as far as prac- ticable, and the publication of a scientific journal to meet the com- mon needs of the societies. This could serve as a medium for dis- cussion, reports in abstract of the meetings of the societies, notices, reviews, and contributions of general interest in the field of agri- cultural science. The interests of the affiliation are placed in the hands of a council composed of members elected from the various societies embraced in the affiliation. This council will facilitate the more orderly and uniform publication of proceedings, and is empowered to make the necessary arrangements for issuing a journal of agricultural science as an organ of the affiliation. If the Avork in agricultural science is to attract the attention of scientific men and of the public as it deserves, there must be some agency for drawing together the activities and the results in place of the differentiation and segregation which have been going on of late. These various societies have enough of common interest, in that they focus on agriculture, to serve as a logical basis' for an organization to promote their mutual interests. Aside from the advantages Avhich avouIcI accrue to the societies themselves, such an organization would promote publicity and give the impression of some degree of unity in the broad moA^ement for the advancement of science in its relations to agriculture. If without interfering in any Avay Avith the existing societies some such plan of affiliation can be effected, an important step Avill be 4 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. taken toward unifying and promoting the common objects of the societies of agricultural science and increasing their effectiveness. The desirability of such a step is so evident and the apparent interest in it so widespread as to give much encouragement for its realization. Through all the meetings of the week the consideration of methods ran as perhaps the most significant single subject. In the present formative stage of agricultural science and education the question of methods — of ways and means — transcends all other questions in im- portance, for it is fundamental to the acquisition of knowledge Avhich shall stand the test of time, and likewise to its most effective presen- tation. In control or police work accurate and reliable methods are the basis of justice to the producer and the consumer alike. The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists and the Official Seed Analysts naturally dealt mainly in their meetings with the con- sideration of technical methods and questions bearing upon them. The former paused in its deliberations to listen to the annual address of its president on a less specialized subject. In this address Doctor Withers discussed The Teaching of Chemistry in American Agricul- tural Colleges, reviewing the requirements of colleges in different parts of the country, and showing that while there was considerable variation, the recommendations of the committee on methods of teaching agriculture of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations were being quite generally realized in the subject of chemistry. He also made a gratifying showing of the opportunity now afforded at these institutions for training for a chemical career and the quite widespread provision for graduate work in that subject. The Association of Feed Control Officials continued its discussions upon the subject of a uniform feeding-stuff law for the various States, which was undertaken at the instance of the manufacturers and dealers in such products over a year ago. Definite progress Avas made, as a tentative law was agreed upon and a list of definitions of by- products used as feeding stuffs was adopted. Methods for agricultural investigation also constituted a prominent jjart of the proceedings in the Society for the Promotion of Agi'icul- tural Science and the American Society of Agronomy. The trend of the papers and discussions before the latter society was toward standardization of methods for conducting experiments. The pres- ent inadequacy of certain methods of procedure in field experiments was emjohasized, and the need of improvement was pointed to as fundamental. As illustrating this, numerous experiments were cited which have been made to determine the value for seed of light and heavy kernels of cereals, the results of which are not comparable, owing to the methods pursued, so that despite a large amount of EDITORIAL.. 5 work on the subject the question remains an open one. Furthermore, the results of rotation experiments are so subject to varying seasonal conditions as to make the results difficult to interpret in a relia])le way, and liable to lead to wrong conclusions unless the numerous variants are checked. "VVliile many classes of field experiments are apparently quite simple, they are, in fact, difficult and time consuming if the condi- tions essential to exact results are fully met, and their interpreta- tion calls for careful scientific discrimination and weighing of evi- dence. These experiments figure so conspicuously in the work of the stations that it is gi-atifying for this society to take the matter up for critical study through committees. As the organization includes the men who are conducting field and crop experiments, there could hardly be a more j^ertinent subject for consideration. Similarly in the extension section and the meeting of Farmers' Institute "Workers, the methods of accomplishing the ends sought in carrying the results of scientific work to the man on the land, of demonstrating improved practice, and of interesting the young peoj^le in matters relating to agriculture and country life, were sub- jects around which the papers and discussions turned in large measure. Closely related to the matter of methods, the standards and re- quirements of agricultural investigation figured prominently in the meetings of several of the societies. Here such subjects as the train- ing of the investigator came in for considerable attention, and the difficulties at present experienced in securing men competent for independent original investigation were presented. The need of broad and thorough training for such a career can not be too strongly emphasized, and should be made a condition of assignment of men to such work. The time which has elapsed since the passage of the Adams Act has given opportunity for the training of a considerable number of persons, and the holding up of a high standard, with freedom from interference for more elementary work, will induce men from other institutions to enter this field. The scarcity of trained men has led to a false opinion that young men can step speedily out of undergraduate work into important places. The station itself may become a training ground to some extent, and in the event of failure to get men with sufficient preparation may take inexperienced men and train them for the work. The necessity for a carefulW prepared plan of investigation, Avith a reasonable limitation as to scope, has been forcibly shown through the work of the stations under the Adams Act. The mere accumu- lation of data, however valuable in itself, is not research, but merely a means to that end, and the absence of a definite aim and a general 6 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. plan is an evidence of weakness. Too little attention to these matters has been given by station directors in some cases, but there is no more important feature of the station activities than the research work, and the director who is not giving it close attention, both in preparation and in the following of its progress, is administering only a part of the station's activity. As was to be expected, the various features of extension work came in for much consideration, which was by no means confined to the new section devoted to that subject. This new" work has hardly found its place in the organization of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and its support is not in all cases adequate to carry out an ideal form of organization. iVnd these facts naturally lead to the consideration of such broad questions as the relation of the new enterprise to the established teaching work of the college and the experimental work of the station, and the reorganization of the institutions to adequately meet the new conditions. The present conception of the worker in this field shows the ad- vance in thought in regard to this form of effort. The extension worker is now regarded as a teacher in the true sense, and his work as genuinely instructional in purpose, as distinguished from being merely entertaining and aiming to attract large audiences. For him the true spirit and sympathetic attitude are as essential as in the case of the investigator or the class-room teacher; he must combine the scientific regard for established facts and the means of acquiring them with a thorough understanding of the people he is to work for and their needs. The training and preparation of extension teachers were discussed at length, and postgraduate or other courses especially planned to meet the needs of this class of workers were advocated. The organization of extension work as a separate branch, with a special force of workers and an officer at the head, was considered the most approved plan. This feature has developed so rapidly and reached such proportions that some such plan of organization is now inevitable. Definite provision must be made for it, as the full em- plojanent of the regular college and station facilities are required to meet the present demands upon them. The division of the activities of the agricultural college under the three coordinate heads of in- vestigation, collegiate instruction, and extension is now recognized as the logical plan, and organization on that basis has been found advantageous for administrative purj^oses. Such an organization must, however, recognize and fjreserve departmental integrity in the institution as based on subject matter. In 32 States an organization for extension work has been provided, and there are now considerably over 100 persons engaged solely for EDITOEIAL. i that branch of work. This shows how rapidly the idea of making special provision for this form of teaching has been propagated. The revenues in twenty-nine States during the fiscal year 1910 aggre- gated nearly a half million dollars. But despite the progress, there are still many cases in which the de- sire to meet the demand for extension teaching has developed far more rapidly than the funds or the personnel for that purpose, with the result that the experiment stations, where the extension work started, have been burdened beyond reasonable limits. Relative to this the committee on station organization and policy sounded a note of warning in its report. It pointed out that " there never was a time when the stations needed to be more circumspect and look more closely to their scientific reputation and even public appreciation than now. * * * Xo maintain a high and reliable grade of work is a principle incumbent upon all stations, not only for the general cause, but for their own safety as well." Neither the demonstration work nor the police work, it was urged, must be allowed to encroach upon the acquisition of knowledge, but there must be a clear distinction between propaganda and investi- gation, between the discovery of principles and the dissemination of their applications to practice. " The station administration must ever keep in mind that the reason for existence and the chief useful- ness of the stations depend upon their keeping true to the main pur- pose for which they were established, the scientific investigation of the problems relating to agriculture." This is a strong position and well taken. It lies at the very foundation of success in the sta- tion work. Thoroughgoing investigation, uninterrupted by outside demands, must be allowed to go on to furnish the basis for collegiate teaching and extension work alike. The movement for a celebration of the semicentennial of the passage of the first Morrill Act received a further impetus and in- dorsement at the Washington meeting. At the convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations in Washington two years ago, attention was called to the fact that the fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the act establishing the land-grant colleges, and likewise of the fundamental law under which the United States Department of Agriculture was organized, will occur in 1912, and that that year will also mark the twenty-fifth anniversay of the passage of the Hatch Act. The association expressed its belief that these anniver- saries should be adequately recognized by a great gathering of those interested in all phases of agricultural education, and by the presenta- tion of a program covering the work of agricultural research, of instruction to students in colleges and schools, and of extension 67374°— No. 1—11 2 8 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. teaching in agriculture. It also favored inviting the institutions of agricultural education in foreign countries to participate in such a celebration. The Secretary of Agriculture has indorsed the cooperative formu- lation of plans for such a celebration, and designated the Director of this Office to rei:)resent him in the matter. The latter, acting in cooperation with a representative from the executive committee, pre- sented a tentative plan for an international congress of agricultural education to be held in Washington in September, 1912. It is pro- posed to hold the congress in cooperation with the International Commission of Agricultural Education, organized at the second In- ternational Congress of Agricultural Education, and the tentative assent of that commission has been secured. The plan places the congress under the patronage of the Government of the United States, through which invitations to participate may be extended to foreign governments and institutions. Sessions occupjdng five days are contemplated, with excursions to points of interest in Washing- ton and vicinity and to agricultural colleges and experiment stations to occur before and after the congress. Definite provision is made for the presentation of the history and work of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in this country and of the United States Department of Agriculture, to- gether with that of similar institutions in other countries. Higher, secondary, elementary, and extension education in agriculture will be included in the scope of the general and sectional meetings. The matter was left by the association in the hands of a committee of five members, to be appointed by the executive committee of the association, and five by the Secretary of Agriculture. The holding of such a congress, to be made international in char- acter, will call public attention to the remarkable development of a half century in this branch of technical education and in the investi- gation of the basic industry of the country. Practically the whole movement for the promotion of agriculture by investigation and by teaching is encompassed by this period, and in that time the methods and the basis have been almost entirely worked out. No less im- portant has been the propagation of a public sentiment and con- fidence to support and sustain such a movement and make possible the present stage of development. There have been two international congresses of agricultural edu- cation, in neither of which has the United States figured very con- spicuously. As the theater of perhaps the greatest activity at pres- ent, it seems a fitting place for the staging of the third international congress, to celebrate the semicentennial of the birth of scientific agriculture on this continent. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. The determination of humus, F. J. Alway, E. K. Files, and R. M. Pinckney {Nebraska »S*fo. Bui. 115, pp. 3-25; Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 (1910), No. 7, pp. 317-322).—" The Hilgard, Huston-McBride [E. S. R., 5, p. 510], Came- rou-Breazeale [E. S. R., 15, p. 744] and Mooers-Hampton [E. S. R., 19, p. 714] methods for the determination of humus were compared, using arid, semiarid, and humid soils. " The Hilgard method as used by its author was found to give entire reliable and satisfactory results. In the case of soils rich in humus and those of very fine texture the method is at times very tedious. " The Huston-McBride or ' official ' method gives results which are entirely unreliable and which, in the case of most soils, are far too high. The errors incidental to the method are of such a nature that it seems impossible to apply to the results any satisfactory correction formula. The humus extract obtained by the Huston-McBride method, after being passed through a properly prepared porcelain filter, gives results which are concordant with those obtained by the Hilgard method. " The ftlooers-Hampton modification of the Huston-McBride method gives results entirely concordant with those of the Hilgard method. For some soils it is preferable to the latter, requiring much less time. "Ammonia solutions of different strengths were not found to have the same solvent power for humus. The differences for strengths between 2 and 8 per cent were slight, but where solutions of from 16 to 28 per cent \^ere used consider- ably more humus was dissolved. " The amount of so-called ' humus ash ' found in the case of a soil sample varies from method to method and bears no relation to the strength of the ammonia used. There is little or no agreement between duplicate determinations of the 'humus ash.' From 4 to 38 times as much ash is obtained by the Huston- McBride method as is obtained by tbe other methods. It is probable that the greater portion of the ' humus ash ' obtained by any of the methods is not an essential part of the humus. In reporting the humus the percentage of ' humus ash ' should always be reported, as it serves as an indication of the reliability of the humus determination." The determination of phosphoric acid by means of standard silver nitrate, J. M. WiLKiE (Jovr. Soc. Chcin. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 13, pp. 79^-796).— The method is carried out as follows : To the phosphoric acid solution phenolphthalein is added and then strong sodium hydrate solution until just a pink color is obtained. This color is then removed with nitric acid added dropwise. When calcium is present no special indicator is required, as the precipitate of calcium phosphate serves the purpose, and the nitric acid is added until solution has taken place. After adding an excess of standardized silver nitrate solution, 10 cc. of a nearly decinormal sodium acetate solution is added, and then a dilute igodium hydrate solution (approxi- 9 10 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. mately deeinormal), is run in, amid shaking, until the solution is pink to phenolphthalein. A final adjustment is made with deeinormal sodium hydrate or suljihuric acid. To the solution thus prepared is added 2 cc. of a deeinormal sulphurie solution, then made up to 150 ec., mixed thoroughly, filtered, and the residual silver in 100 ce. of the filtrate determined according to the Volhard method. The results obtained in the presence or absence of nitrates, calcium salts, sulphuric acid, etc., were excellent. Chlorids, if present, must be allowed for. The volumetric estimation of potash in organic liquids, W. A. Drushel (Ztschr. Anorgan. Chem., 61 (J 909), A^o. 1, pp. tSl-l'iG; abs. in Bui. Soc. CJiim. France, 4- set\, 8 {1910), No. 4, P- 27S). — The oxidizing material was a mixture consisting of 9 parts of nitric acid and 1 part of sulphuric acid. When protein is present nitric acid or bromin is used for the oxidation. In the latter in- stance, however, the acid is driven off and the residue taken up with hydro- chloric acid and then heated again. For estimating potash the residue is taken up with a few drops of acetic acid in a little water. To this is added an excess of sodium cobalti-nitrite solution, and the whole evaporated to dryness. On cooling a little cold water is added, filtered through an asbestos filter, and the precipitate washed with a half-saturated solution of sodium ehlorid. The pre- cipitate is then oxidized with potassium permanganate and the excess of permanganate determined with deeinormal oxalic acid solution. Notes on the analysis of edestin and zein, T. B. Osborne and L. M. Liddle (Amer. Jour. Physiol, 26 {1910), No. 4, pp. 295-304) .—The latest results ob- tained in the analysis of edestin and zein indicate that considerable losses of amino acids, especially alanin, must have occurred in former analyses of these proteids. The authors also show that very satisfactory esterifications can be obtained with Phelps and Phelps' method ° (used in the malonic acid work by Phelps and Tillotson*) with proteins which yield small or large amounts of basic amino acids. Contrary to Abderhalden's findings, they were not able to isolate any oxyprolin from the decomposition products of edestin. The hydrolytic products of zein reported, which are believed to repi'eseiit the actual proportions more accurately than any separate analyses, are as follows : Glycocoll, none ; alanin, 9.79 ; valin, 1.88 ; leucin, 19.55 ; prolin. 9.04 ; phenyla- lanin, 6.55 ; aspartic acid, 1.71 ; glutaminic acid, 26.17 ; serin, 1.02 ; tyrosin, 3.55 ; arginin, 1.55 ; histidin, 0.82 ; lysin, none ; tryptophan, none ; ammonia, 3.64 ; and carbohydrate, none ; making a total of 85.27 per cent. A consideration of the sources of loss in analyzing the products of pro- tein hydrolysis, T. B. Osiorne and D. B. Jones (Amer. Jour. Pln/.'iioL, 26 {1910), No. 4, pp. 305-328). — The authors claim that many of the causes of loss in analyzing the products of a protein hydrolysis are due to the present methods of analysis. With this in mind, they have analyzed zein with a view to obtain- ing the highest possible results and to gain a knowledge of those products of hydrolysis which can not be separated into definite substances, and. further, for purposes of comparison have analyzed by the same method a mixture of pure amino acids in the same proportion as found in the protein analyzed. Abovit the individuality of cellase and emulsin, G. Bertkand and A. Comp- TON {Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris'], 151 {1910), No. 5, pp. 402-404) .—The results show that cellase and emulsin are present together, but in variable pro- portions. This indicates that they are individual enzyms (see E. S. R., 23, p. 306). "Amer. Jour. Sci., 4. ser., 24 (1907), p. 194. 6 Amer. Jour. Sci., 4. ser., 26 (1908), p. 243. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. H Determination of starch in cereals by means of the Zeiss immersion refractometer, L. M. Lai.in (Ztschr. Gcsam. Brauw., 32 (1909), pp. 231-233- abs. ill Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 11, pp. 617, 618). The Zeiss immersion refractometer was employed to determine the refraction during the various stages of the hydrolysis of starch. It was apparent that the coefficient of refraction did not change with the enzymic action until a point was arrived at in which iodin produced no reaction. Different starches were tested in this relation, as well as Lintner's soluble starch. The diastase employed in these tests was obtained by precipitating cold infusions obtained from a well-grown malt rich in protein with ammonium sulphate. The concentration of the starch solution varied between 1 and 5 per cent, and each gram of starch employed Wiis found to be equivalent to 4 degrees on the scale of the refractometer. The method is as follows : Two or 3 gm. of material finely ground are tritu- rated heavily in a mortar with a little water and transferred to a 100 cc. flask, which is then filled up to about SO cc. To this is added 0.2 cc. of a 1 per cent solution of the diastase, and the mixture heated for 5 minutes in the boiling water bath and finally cooled to room temperature. A further addition of 0.2 or 0.3 cc. of diastase solution is made, the flask kept at 55 to 60° C. for 4 hour, then cooled and made up to the 1(X) cc. mark at 17.5°. A correction is then made for the refraction of the soluble constituents of the cereal. This is obtained by pulverizing 2 or 3 gm. in the mortar with small amounts of water, introducing the mass into a 100 cc. flask, filling to the 100 cc. graduation with watei', filtering after agitating well, and establishing the refraction at 17.5°, The results obtained with the method compare closely with the figures obtained by the Lintner polarimetric method. Detection of cruciferous oils in oil mixtures, D. Hoi.de and J. Marcusson (Ztschr. Angeiv. Chem., 23 (1910), No. 21, pp. 1260-1262) .—The chief repre- sentative of the oils of this order is rape oil. The reaction utilized by the autliors is based on the precipitation of erucic acid and determining its molecu- lar weight, as follows : From 20 to 25 gm. of the oil to be examined is dissolved in a double volume of 96 per cent alcohol in a wide-mouth test tube, and cooled to —20° C. with the aid of an ice-aud-salt mixture, stirring the oil during the cooling process. The precipitate of fatty acids is collected on a cold funnel (such as is employed in determining the paraffin content of oils according to the alcohol-ether method), rendered dry with the suction pump, and washed with cold alcohol two or three times. The filtrate is concentrated, and the residue taken up with four times its volume of alcohol (75 volume per cent) and cooled to —20°. If cruciferous oils are present, a precipitate forms upon stirring and after about 1 hour, which, upon washing with 75 per cent alcohol, appears white and con- sists mostly of erucic acid. This is dissolved in benzol or ether on the filter, the filtrate concentrated, and the molecular weight of the residue determined by the titration method. The molecular weight, if rape oil or other cruciferous oil is the substance employed, lies between 310 and 320, while that of pure erucic acid is 338. The detection of rape oil in olive oil and other edible oils, M. Tortelli and V. FoRTiNi (Cliem. Ztg., 3J, (1910), No. 78, pp. 689, 690).— The method is based on the detection in the suspected sample of the erucic acid contained in rape oil by three successive determinations, as follows: (1) The iodin number of the fatty acids, which yield insoluble or only slightly soluble lead soaps; (2) the melting point of the lead soaps; and (3) the critical solution tempera- ture of the sodium salt which is obtained by the decomposition of the lead soaps. See also the abstract noted above. 12 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. The sulphur compounds of the onion (Allium cepa), ^V. D. Koopeb {Ztsehr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 19 (1910), No. 10, pp. 569-511; abs. in Chcm. Abs., Jf {1910), No. 17, pp. 2337, 2338 ) .—Considerable quantities of thiocyauic acid were found in the weakly acid juice of freshly expressed onions. The allyl ester of the acid was also present, but no allyl aldehyde. The author gives a brief review of the existing literature on the subject, and reports his analyses of onions. He found 0.047 per cent of mustard, oil and 0.015 per cent of sulphur in organic combination. The erepsin of the cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Alice F. Blood {Join: Biol. Cheiii., 8 {1910), No. 3, pp. 215-225). — "An active solution of a vegetable erepsin can be prepared from the wbite cabbage by the ammonium sulphate method. This solution deteriorates only slowly if kept in a cool place under toluene. Cabbage erepsin splits tryptophan from Witte's peptone and casein, .•md tyrosin from peptone 'Roche.' It clots milk and liquefies gelatin. It does not digest fibrin, coagulated egg white, or edestiu in neutral, acid, or alkaline solution, or in the presence of HCN. It does not liberate any tryptophan from the protein precipitated with it from the cabbage by ammonium sulphate. The erepsin is active over a considerable range of acidity and alkalinity, but is inhibited by a concentration of hydrogen ions corresponding to acidity to methyl orange. No evidence was obtained that hydrolysis is favored by high temper- atures or that It is greatly accelerated by HCN." The presence of some organic bases in Boletus edulis, K. Yoshimuea {Zfschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genmsmtl., 20 {1910), No. 3, pp. 153-155) .—From the analysis of 1 kg. of air-dry fungus there was obtained adenin 0.12 gm., liistidin 0.14 gm., and trimethylamin 0.15 gm. Arginin and cholin were not found. The composition of malt vinegar, E. Russlll and T. Tl. Hodgson {Analyst, 35 {1910), No. 413, pp. 3//6-3//8).— Analyses of 13 samples of vinegar, 9 of which were genuine, 2 wood vinegar, 1 prepared without malt, and 1 of doubtful origin but sold as malt vinegar, are reported. From these analyses it appears that pure malt vinegar varies but little as to the total solids (from 1.47 to 3.15 per cent), these being higher than those contained in wood vinegar. The actual acetic acid present varied from 3.85 to 6.36 per cent. The ash content was from O.IS to 0.6 (higher than in wood vinegar), the phosphates from 0.047 to 0.092 per cent. Phosphates were absent in wood vinegar. The vinegars made without malt showed very little difference in constituents from those made from malt, except possibly in the phosphorus content, and could easily have passed the United States standard as genuine. The alkalinity of the ash was found to be of no value in differentiating between wood and malt vinegars. An accurate method, for estimating the caffein in tea and in green and roasted coffee, J. Burmann {BhI. Soc. Chim. France, //. ser., 7 {1910), No. 6, pp. 239-21,4, flfj. 1; abs. in Cliem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 92, Repert., p. 380, fig. 1).— To 5 gm. of the air-dry, fat-free substance 150 cc. of chloroform and 5 gm. of a 10 per cent solution of ammonium hydrate are added. The solution is filtered and the filtrate concentrated in an Erlenmeyer flask, dried, and weighed. The residue, which has a dark brown color, is then dissolved in a little chloroform, brought into a glass tube which has two constrictions (illustrated in the origi- nal article), the chloroform evaporated on the water bath, and the residue finally dried in vacuum at 100° C. In the lower constriction of the tube is l)laced an asbestos plug, and in the upper one a cotton plug. The whole appa- ratus is then put into a paraffin bath and heated at from 210 to 240°. After 3 hours, when the caffein has sublimed, the portion of the tube below the lower constriction is cut and the caffein therein taken up with chloroform, dried, and AGRICULTUE AL CHEMISTE Y AGE OTECHN Y. 13 weighed as usual. The weight multiplied by 20, plus 2.5, gives the percentage of pure caffein in the sample. Chemistry and physiolog'y of milk, W. Grimmer (Chemie und Physiologie der Milch. Berlin, 1910, pp. XII+36J,, figs. 37).— This excellent work contains the following chapters: Structure and function of the mammary glands; the composition and general characteristics of the milk of various animals; the physical characteristics of milk; the proteins of milk; the fat of milk; the carbohydrates of milk ; the salts of milk ; other milk constituents— phospliatid, cholesterin, etc. ; the enzyms of milk ; the bacteria of milk and their antagonists; the immune bodies, lactoserum ; the passage of foreign bodies over into the milk ; sterilization, pasteurization, infants' milk; milk preparations; milk as a nu- trient; and the examination of milk, which includes the physical, chemical, and biological methods. The physical chemistry of the calcium chlorid serum of milk, G. Wiegneb (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 20 {1910), No. 2, pp. 70-86). In a former communication (E. S. R., 22, p. 514) it was shown that a definite relation exists between the refraction and the specific gravity of the calcium chlorid milk serum, and that within certain wide but definite limits this relation is entirely independent of the composition of the calcium chlorid serum. The present article deals chiefly with showing the accuracy of the above con- clusions, with particular reference to the results calculated according to the author's formula and the values actually observed. The results indicate that the specific refraction of the calcium chlorid milk serum is an " additive prop- erty," which can be considered the sum total of the specific refractions of the individual constituents, and that this specific refraction is within certain wide limits independent of the individual constituents. The specific volume of the calcium chlorid milk serum is also an " additive property " and can be considered as the sum of the specific volume of the con- stituents of the calcium chlorid milk serum. In this calculation, however, the contraction taking place on solution of the constituents must be considered. As the specific volume has the reciprocal value of the specific gravity, it is thereby possible to estimate the specific gravity of the calcium chlorid milk serum from its composition, in every instance. With the aid of the specific gravity of the dry substance of the calcium chlorid milk serum, which in all probability is constant (1.GS5 at 20° C. when prepared with water at 4°), the dry substance in the calcium chlorid milk serum can be determined. Preformed sulphuric acid in milk, J. Tillmans and W. Stjthoff (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 20 (1910), No. 2, pp. 49-63).— The results show that preformed sulphuric acid is present in woman's, cow's, goat's, and mare's milk in the form of ordinary sulphate-sulphuric acid. The sulphur of milk is on the average distributed in parts per 100 of sulphur as follows : Distribution of the sulphur in the milk of various animals. Source of milk. Cow. Goat, Mare Protein sulphur. Per cent. 84.7 Organic nonpro- tein sul- phur. Per cent. 4.9 6.3 5.8 Sulphur in the form of preformed sulphuric acid. Per cent. 10.4 5.8 4.0 14 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Investigations in regard to milk ferments and their origin, J. Wohlge- muth and M. Strich {Sitzher. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1910, XXIV, pp. 520- 524; o&«- in ZentU. Biochem. u. Biophys., 10 {1910), No. 9-10, pp. 4^8, 4^9; Chem. ZentU., 1910, II, No. 5, p. 331). — The authors found a peptolytic ferment in the milk from women and from various animals. For detecting the ferment the peptid glycyltryptophan and the bromin reaction was chosen. The ferment was thermolabile, but very resistant toward gastric juice. Further investigations were made for the purpose of eliciting the origin of milk ferments, and it ap- pears that animals which have a high diastatic power in the blood have a low one in their milk. Cow's and goat's milk does not contain this diastase, but human milk contains much more diastase than human blood. The authors conclude that the diastase of milk does not originate from the blood and is to the greatest extent a product of the activity of the mammary gland. On the other hand, howevei*, they were able to show that it was possible for ferments of the blood to migrate into the milk. Tying the duct of Wirsung increased the diastase content of both the blood and milk. The estimation of diastase in milk, J. Van Haarst (Chcm. Weekbl., 7 (1910), No. 16, pp. 354, 355; abs. in Chem. ZentU., 1910, I, No. 21, p. 1852).— A description is given of Koning's method, which consists in placing 10 cc. of milk in each of 15 test tubes and adding to the first tube 1 drop of a 1 per cent solution of starch, to the second tube 2 drops, and to the third, 3 drops, etc. The tubes are allowed to stand for 30 minutes, when 1 cc. of iodin solution is added to each tube and the color noted. The author tested this method, using water instead of millc, and found that water also exerts a diastatic action. From this he concludes that the method is inaccurate. Diastase estimation in milk, C. J. Koning {Chem. WeekU., 7 {1910), No. 17, p. 377; ahs. in Chem. ZentU., 1910, I, No. 21, p. 1852).— A reply to the above, in which the author states that he had pointed out the hydrolytic action of water on stai'ch long ago. This factor, however, does not lessen the value of the diastase test. The relation between fat and calcium in cream, H. C. TiYTPiGOE and C. E. Marsh {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 {1910), No. 7, pp. 327, 328). — The results indicate that the calcium content in pure cream varies greatly, being lowest in heavy and highest in light cream. Tests of remixing with cream the skim milk from which it was separated showed that this increased the calcium content in the final product. In testing commercial samples of cream it was found that most of the samples were relatively lower in calcium than those of known purity or those separated in the laboratory. This was probably due to the fact that commercial creams are usually pasteurized. About moisture and fat estimation in cheese, M. Siegfeld {Milchio. ZentU., G {1910), No. 8, pp. 352-361).— A study of methods for moisture and fat, in- cluding for fat the hydrochloric acid, the Gottlieb, and the acid butyrometric methods. The last named yields results almost equivalent to the gravimetric method and is recommended for practical purposes. Potato culls as a source of industrial alcohol, A. O. Wente and L. M. Toi>- MAN {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 410, pp. 5-34, flos. 10). — This publication shows that when potato culls in a potato-growing region are economically handled and converted into tax-free alcohol with the aid of proper machinery, a good outlet for an otherwise unmarketable pi'oduct is obtained. This is par- ticularly true where the manufacture of the alcohol is conducted on a cooperative basis. The following topics are discussed in a form devoid of technical terms : Fundamental considerations in establishing a potato distillery, location, machin- METEOEOLOGY — WATER. 15 ery and equipment, and control of operation; estimated costs of a potato distil- lery plant, cost of operation, and value of output ; government regulations ; de- tails of operating a potato distillery, including the preparation and fermenting of the mash, determining of the specific gravity and acidity of the fermented mash, distilling and denaturing the alcohol, and the yield of alcohol ; malt, its diastatic power, preparation of green barley malt, steeping the grain, sprouting the grain, crushing the green malt, value of green malt from various gl-ains, and relative value of green and dried malt; yeast, including its development, spontaneous and pure-culture yeasts, development of a start yeast, preparation of a spontaneous hop yeast, yeast mashes, and preparation of grain and potato yeast mashes : analytical data, with reference to the composition of the whole potatoes, their purchase on the basis of starch content, a simple method of determining starch, analysis of potato skins, and the composition of the potato slop. Data pertaining to the slop feeding of animals are abstracted on page 71 of this issue. Sulphate scale in evaporators, S. S. Peck {Haioaiian Sugar Planters' Sta., Div. Agr. and Chem. Bui. 3S, pp. SO, charts 2). — This is a continuation of the work previously reported (E, S. R., 19, p. 981), and from which it is con- cluded that " the use of sodium carbonate in addition to lime in clarifying juices decreases the amount of insoluble ash in the filtered .juice ; decreases the amount of phosphoric acid in the same; decreases the amount of lime in the same; increases the amount of mineral matter removed by filtration, or the equivalent of the work of the filter presses in factory operations; in juices of high sul- phuric acid content, not enough lime will be left to form a serious lime sulphate scale; effects a partial removal of magnesia from the juice; effects a slight increase in organic impurities removed from the juice; improves the working of after products by removal of calcic salts; on account of the cost of the material, the expense of clarification will be materially increased." Text-book of starch manufacture, E. Parow (LehrMch der Stdrkefabrika- tion. Berlin, 1908, vol. 1, pp. XXII+SIO, figs. 73).— This work confines itself chiefly to potato-starch manufacture and the examination of the resulting products. Its chapters are as follows: Potato-starch manufacture, the appa- ratus and reagents employed for the technical control of the industry, the methods for examining the raw material, the resulting products and other sub- stances, and the characteristics of the starches. The method of examining cereal starches is also considered. Subject and author index to Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fiir Physiologische Chemie, K. Thomas (Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift fiir Pliysiologische Cheniic. Sachund Autorenregister zu Band XXXI-LX. Strasshurg, 1910, pp. Ji69).— This is a combined subject and author index from volume 31 to volume 60, inclusive. METEOROLOGY— WATER. The principles of meteorology, A. V. Klossovskii (Osnovy Meteorologii. Odessa. 1910, pp. 525, figs. 199; rev. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landiv.), 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 151-153).— This text-book consists of three parts, (1) satistical meteorology, (2) dynamical meterology and meteorological optics, and (3) the earth's magnetism, electrometeorology, and methods of present meteorology. Weather, water, and air, M. Hoffmann (Jahresber. Landw., 2// {190J), pp. i_7). —Recent investigations on this subject are classified and reviewed. The relation of the weather to cultural and fertilizer experiments, and plant culture in general, Gbohmann (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Qesell., 2o (1910), No. 28, pp. 427-433).— The number of hours of sunshine and the total annual 16 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. I'ainfall at Chemnitz for a iieriocl of 10 years, beginning with 1895, are recorded and the influence of these factors on winter wheat, winter rye, oats, barley, and potatoes is studied. Sunshine and precipitation are taken as the determining climatic factors. As a basis for his calculations the author uses a so-called weather unit, consisting of 20 hours sunshine and 10 mm. precipitation, although within certain limits an excess of one of these factors is allowed to compensate for a deficiency of the other. He divides the growth of the plant into 2 periods, the first extending from the time of planting to the formation of the ears (in case of potatoes to the time of blossoming), and the second extending from the end of the first to the time of ripening. The average number of these weather units and the annual yield of each crop for 10 years (1895-1904) were as follows: Winter wheat, 4.3 units, 1,781.7 lbs. per acre; winter rye, 39 units, 1,434 lbs. per acre; oats, 33 units, 1,496.36 lbs. per acre; barley, 30 units. 1,409.04 lbs. per acre; and potatoes, 37 units, 9,548.18 lbs. per acre. Similar data are recorded for oats, rye, and turnips, grown at the experiment station at Dresden during 1908-9. Report of the consulting meteorologist, J. F. Yoorhees ( Tennessee Sta. Rpt. J909, j)p. 108-112, charts 2). — This report reviews brietly some of the more sig- nificant data given in Bulletin 87 of the station (E. S. R., 23, p. 14), calling attention particularly to the typical rainfall distribution in Tennessee and the relation between July rainfall and the corn crop. It is shown that while conditions are otherwise very favorable to this crop, it is often reduced by dry weather in July. It is pointed out that this unfavor- able condition may be overcome to a considerable extent by tillage and the use of green and stable manures to conserve the moisture. Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory (U. S. Dept. Affi:, Bui. Mount Weather Observ., 3 {1910), pt. 2, pp. 69-126, pis. 2, fig. i).— This number con- tains the concluding part of an article on Solar Radiation, Atmospheric Absorp- tion, and Sky Polarization, at Washington, D. C, by H. H. Kimball, and includes a very complete classified bibliography of the subject. Studies on the phenomena of the evaporation of water over lakes and reservoirs, VII, F. H. Bigelow (Jio. Weatlier Rev., 38 {1910), No. 7, pp. 1133- 1135). — Summarizing the results of the investigations mainly on Salton Sea thus far reported (E. S. R., 21, p. 115; 23, p. 15) the author states that "it is evident that the research of the Salton Sea campaign, while settling a number of important points in evaporation, has raised a series of difficult questions. The theoretical side of the problem, the application to the thermodynamic theories, has not been attempted, as this would require an exclusive study under laboratory conditions and processes. Practically it seems necessary for engineers to adopt a standard pan and reduce the observed readings to the open water surface. Thus the evaporation from a 4 ft. standard pan, when corrected for temperature and wind and multiplied by the factor 66 per cent is about what observation suggests. If a water thermometer on a small raft in the lake measures So, and a sling psychrometer measures ca through t and ti, and an anemometer placed as near the water as possible is used for the wind velocity, then the coefficient is C=0.138 for 24-hour intervals. For the formula, use the mean values of So, cs, e.i, w, taken at readings made about 6 a. m. and 2 p. m., the times of minimum and maximum meteorological conditions. If any reservoir, where the inflow is measured accurately and the rainfall can be fully accounted for, can be observed for some time it may be possible to check further the accuracy of this formula. Since local conditions count so much on the action of an evaporation pan it would not be possible to improve this formula by any small number of observations. The formula can easily be ex- METEOROLOGY — WATER, 17 tended to working tables whenever it is felt that the adopted coefficients of this report are reliable." Influence of soil mulches in checking evaporation, D. H. Bark {Mo. Weather Rev., 38 {1910), No. 7, pp. 1098, 1099, figs. 2).— This is a brief article based upon experiments reported in detail in a bulletin of this Office (E. S. R., IS, p. 1087). The fight against hail {Abs. in Rev. 8ci. [Paris], 48 {1910), II, No. U, p. JjSo). — This is a brief discussion of the possibility and practicability of the explosive method of hail protection. Frosts in Wisconsin: Occurrence, prediction, and methods of prevention, .7. L. Bartlett {Bui. Univ. Wis. No. 290, pp. J,3, figs. 9).— This bulletin explains the principles of frost formation, atmospheric and local conditions affecting the occurrence of frost, the occurrence of killing frosts in Wisconsin, the prediction of and damage caused by frosts, methods of artificial protection, and practi- cability of frost protection in Wisconsin. A short bibliography of the subject is given. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1908-9 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Rpt. 1908-9, pp. 268, figs. 2).— Part 1 of this document consists of an administrative report reviev?^ing the operations of the Weather Bureau during the year; part 2 gives a list of observing stations and changes therein during 1908, monthly records of sunshine at 137 stations, and records of exces- sive rainfall during 1908 ; part 3, monthly and annual meteorological summaries for 186 stations; part 4. monthly and annual means and annual extremes of temperature and dates of first and last killing frosts, 1908; and part 5. monthly and annual precipitation, 1908, and monthly and seasonal snowfall, 1908-9. The report records progress in the reconstruction of the administration build- ing destroyed by fire October 23, 1907, in aerial and magnetic observations, and observations on solar radiation, and in studies on evaporation and on snowfall in mountains, and notes the establishment of new meteorological stations at Eagle, Tanana, and Valdez in Alaska, the successful prediction of the Key West hurricane of October 11, 1909, and the adoption of a new form of publi- cation of the Monthly Weather Review (E. S. R., 22, p. 419). Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., 38 {1910), No. 7, pp. 991- 1146, figs. 3, charts 33). — This number contains the usual climatological sum- maries, weather forecasts and warnings for July, 1910, river and flood observa- tions, lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology, a condensed climatological summary, and cli- matological tables and charts. There are also special papers on Influence of Soil Mulches in Checking Evaporation (illus.), by D. H. Bark (see above); Frost Fighting, by A. B. Wollaber (see p. 38) ; The Disposition of Smoke, by A. G. McAdie; Report on the Aimual Rise in the Columbia River, 1910 (illus.), by T. F. Drake ; Frost Fighting in the Boise Valley, by E. L. Wells; and Studies on the Phenomena of the Evaporation of Water Over Lakes and Reservoirs, VII, by F, H. Bigelow (see p. 16). Meteorological notes and data, A. F. Mantle and G. A. Charlton {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Prov. Saskatchewan,. 5 {1909). pp. 99-111, 197-200).— ^otes are given on the weather of Saskatchewan during each month of 1909 as compared with the conditions in 1907 and 1908. Tables show the geographical position and elevation of the meteorological stations in the Province, the minimum, maximum, and mean temperature at these stations during each month of 1909, and the average monthly and annual precipitation for the Province during 1907 to 1909 as compared with the average for 10 years. There is also a table which shows the maximum and minimum daily temperatures at Regiua during each month of 1909. 18 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Climatology of Venezuela (An. Estad. Venezuela, 1908, pp. 1-7, dgm. 1). — Tables and a diagram are given which show the geographical position, altitude, and mean annual temperature of the principal cities and towns of Venezuela ; also the temperature, barometric pressure, and rainfall at Caracas during the years 1904 to 1908. Ground-water supply and irrigation in the Rillito Valley, G. E. P. Smith {Arizona Sta. Bui. 64, PP. 81-244, P^s. 5, figs. 58). — This is a report on an inves- tigation undertaken to determine the possibility and practicability of reclaiming small areas of land by the development and utilization of ground waters in the arid valleys of southern Arizona. The studies here reported dealt with the origin, amount and .nine, character, rate and magnitude of motion, and technical and economic questions relating to the recovery of ground water in the Rillito Valley and the nearby portions of the Santa Cruz Valley, which are considered typical arid valleys of southern Arizona. " That small area projects can be successfully developed in the valleys of southern Arizona by utilizing the ground vwater is the conclusion expressed in this bulletin. Large irrigation projects commensurate with those of the United States Reclamation Service in the Salt River Valley and on the Lower Colorado are not to be found south of the Gila River. But numerous small areas, from a few score of acres to ten thousand acres in extent, may be reclaimed. There are ground-water supplies sufficient in amount; the economic considerations of recovering these waters are not prohibitive." The bulletin describes the topography, geology, soils, and agricultural possi- bilities of the Rillito Valley, the extent to which irrigation, particularly winter irrigation, is already practiced, rainfall and surface water, underflow tests, logs of test wells and other representative wells in the region, the water table, ground-water supply, individual pumping plants, and a cooperative pumping project. The rainfall of the Rillito watershed ranges from an average of 12 in. in the valley to over 35 in. on the tops of the adjacent mountains, but practically all of it is quickly lost by evaporation and it never affects the underlying water table directly. There is little run-off from the valley into stream channels. " Of the greater rainfall on the mountains, a considerable percentage is dis- charged from the mountain canyons. Records show greater average discharge in winter than in summer. After issuing fx'om the rocky canyons onto the valley fill, the stream flows rapidly diminish, being absorbed into the porous gravel deposits, which are in some places of shallow depth and in other places broad and deep, affording extensive storage capacity. The entire flow is usually absorbed within a comparatively few miles. . . . " Studies of the water table prove that the ground waters of the Rillito Valley are derived exclusively by seepage from the stream flows. . . . " The application of the electric method to the recent sands and gravels of the Rillito near Fort Lowell has revealed the existence there of much higher under- flow velocities than any others on record. "At the principal section tested . . . the high rate of movement is restricted to the vicinity of the river and to shallow depths, so that despite the high velocities, the quantity of underflow is not great." It is pointed out, however, that small underflow ditches can be developed in this and similar situations if conditions are favorable. " Bed rock, a dyke, a lava flow, consolidated gravels, a clay deposit, or other ' accident of nature ' may furnish the favorable condition. Bends in the stream course which cause it to descend along a ground-water contour produce favorable locations for developing the underflow by gravity ditches. SOILS FERT.ILIZEKS. 19 "The section of the Rillito Valley, as exposed by five deep test wells, together with numerous shallow wells, consists of a porous gravelly recent fill underlain by an older, nearly impervious main valley fill. " The water-bearing gravel of the recent fill is clean, coarse, well-sorted, and porous, and affords extensive ground-water storage. " The main fill is compacted, and nearly impervious and sustains the ground water at shallow depths. In arid valleys where the main fill is pervious, the underdrainage may exceed the inflow and consequently no ground water may exist except at great depths. . . . " The fluctuations of the water table are extreme beneath the Rillito bottom- land, becoming less with distance away from the river. Waves of flow starting from the river during flood seasons have been traced underground away from the river toward the south. . . . " The porous character of the Rillito fill, the high rate of underflow observed, well sections, pumping tests, and seepage measurements unite to demonstrate a large ground-water supply, of which, however, existing data do not permit exact computation. . . . " The development of Rillito ground waters must be mainly by pumping. Individual pumping plants as now existing and in use, are poorly designed, unintelligently operated, and furnish water only at very high cost per acre-foot." Cooperative ownership and operation of large plants is considered the most economical and efficient means of pumping the water for irrigation. A plan for such a cooperative enterprise is described in detail. Water-logging' of the Nile Valley, H. G. J. de Lotbinieke ( Cairo Sci. Jour., 4 (1910), iYo. 4S, pp. 221-223, pi. i).— It is pointed out in this article that as a result of the uneven character of the alluvium of the Nile Valley and of over- irrigation and seepage from high level canals water-logged areas are of frequent occurrence in the soils. To find a remedy for such conditions it will be neces- sary to devise a method of drainage based upon a careful study of the char- acter of the soil. The water, O. Anselmino (Das Wasser. Leipsic, 1910, pp. VI +122. flgs. 44). — This booklet treats briefly and simply of the chemistry of water, the water of the earth, purification of water, drinking water, mineral waters, and difl:usion. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The soils and soil-formers of the subantarctic islands, B. C. Aston ( Reprint from Subantarctic Islajids of New Zealand. Wellington, N. Z., 1909, pp. 145-1111, pis. 12). — This report on soil investigations in the subantarctic islands of New Zealand is divided into descriptions and analyses of the humus of the Auckland, Campbell, and Antipodes islands; analyses of rocks and minerals from Campbell, Euderby, and Auckland islands, and of the products of their weathering; analyses of granite from Snares and Bounty islands; and analyses of sea-lions' and sea-birds' dung from Snares and Bounty islands, respectively. A purpose of these investigations was to indicate why the soils of these islands are so abundantly supplied with humus. It was found that the soils " are for the greater part not formed in the manner in which peat in its special sense is formed, inasmuch as («) they are derived chiefly from the decay of the higher plants (Filices, Juncacese, Gramineje, Araliacere, Umbelliferae, Composita?, Lili- aceae,' Rubiacese, Myrsinese, and Epacridacese) on the uplands and unforested areas, and from Filices, Myrtaceas, Epacridacete, Araliacese, and Compositiie in the forests; (&) they are not formed in or under stagnant water, [and] many of the soils must have been formed on a steep hillside, with every advantage of drainage which such a position could afford . . . ; (c) they support a vigorous 20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. growth of higher plants, generally understood to require a soil rich in mineral nutrients." The soils are different from European moor soils in containing a much higher percentage of nitrogen at all depths, being richest in the top layer, and in having a higher percentage of ash in the upland soils than in the low bogs. The method used in analyzing the soils is described. The effect of moisture and of solutions upon the electric conductivity of soils, R. O. E. Davis (Trans. Anier. Electrochem. Soc, 11 {1910), i)p. 391-403, figs. 15.) — In this paper the author reports data on the following: (1) The resistivity of different soil types, both air-dried and saturated; (2) the resistivity and conductivity of soils for different percentages of water from 10 to 20 ; (3) the conductivity of solutions in the soil ; and (4) the eft"ect of texture and organic matter, or humus, upon the conductivitj^ "The measurements of soil resistivity show: (1) That in the dry condition, the soil offers a very high resistance to the passage of the current; (2) that at a depth of 2 ft. or more for a given soil and area, the conductivity remains roughly constant; (3) that the conductivity of moist soil increases almost directly as the percentage of moisture increases, the amount of increase depend- ing upon the type of soil; (4) that the conductivity of soils saturated with water increases directly as the amount of salt in solution increases; (5) that below saturation, the resistivity increases almost in proportion to the surface area of the soil ; at saturation and beyond, the surface area does not exert so great an influence; (6) that sodium carbonate has an effect of greatly increas- ing the conductivity: (7) that humus decreases the conductivity of a soil; (8) sandy soil will probably afford least electrolyte and clay soil most, due mostly to the state of physical division of the soil." The author is of the opinion that from the data given " it would be possible to calculate roughly the electrolysis (current passing) produced by a given potential difference between two points in the soil, the cross-section of the soil column involved being known. In such a calculation the texture, content of organic matter, water content, and saturation point of the soil must be approxi- mately known, as well as the content of soluble salts present in the soil solution." Data on the chemical composition of alkali soils, N. Stepanov (Zliur. Opuitn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landic), 11 (1910), No. 1, pp. 52-75). — Analyses were made of extracts with hydrofluoric acid, sulphuric acid, 10 per cent hot hydrochloric acid, 1 per cent cold hydrochloric acid, and water from loamy chernozem and black alkali soils from Samara. In all acid extracts a marked increase in sesquioxids, magnesia, and alkalis, especially sodium, was noted in the surface layer of the alkali soils. The aqueous extracts of the alkali soils also showed a high sodium content in com- parison with the chernozem soils. The characteristics of the aqueous alkali extracts were difficulty of clarification, intensity of color (being that of strong tea), high state of alkalinity, and very small content of lime, sulphuric acid, and chlorin. The alkalinity decreased with the increase of sulphuric acid, a fact confirmed in a plat experiment with gypsum. The mechanical analysis showed a marked increase of fine soil particles in the surface layers of the alkali soil. Experiments in wide glass tubes on the rise of water in the alkali soil showed that the water rose only 55.2 cm. in 155 days. Chemistry, physics, and biology of the soil. M. Hoffmann (Jahresber. Landw., 24 (1909), pp. 7-50). — Recent investigations on this subject are classi- fied and reviewed. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 21 Report on the work of the soils section of the Institute for Agricultural Plant Production of the University of Breslau, 1902-1909, P. Ehkenberg (Mitt. Laudit: Inst. Breslau, 6 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-32).— This is a review of the chemical, physical, and bacteriological investigations on soils which have been carried on at this institution, including particularly the investigations of Pfeiffer, Ehrenberg, et al., on fertilizers, green manures, rotations and fallows, nitrogen economy of soils, soil inoculation, physical (especially colloid) properties of soils, irrigation, and effect of zinc in pot cultures. Lists of the principal papers reporting these investigations are given. Characteristics of the newer methods of geological-agronomical soil map- ping, H. Geuneb {Dcut. Landw. Presse, 37 (1910), Nos. 12, pp. 779-781; 73, p. 79/,; 74, pp. SOJf, 805, fig. i).— This article discusses the development and signifi- cance of geological-agronomical soil mapping, as well as the views of various investigators, particularly Reiss and Koehne, as to what such maps should include. Bibliography of North American geology for 1908, with subject index, J. M. NicKLES (U. 8. Geol. Surveij Bui. J,09, pp. 1J,8). — This contains a list of serials examined, a bibliography arranged alphabetically by authors, a subject index, and lists of chemical analyses, minerals, rocks, and geologic formations referred to. Barium in soils, G. H. Failyee {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. 72, pp. 23, pi. 1 ) .—This bulletin reviews the literature relating to the occurrence of barium in soils and reports the results of determinations of barium in a number of sam- ples of soils, especially of the Great Plains, and of other parts of the United States. These results indicate " that barium is a widely disseminated element and is present in most soils throughout the United States, and in larger quanti- ties, as would be expected, in soils derived from masses carrying barite deposits and in the soils derived from the rocks of the Rocky Mountains. " The soil moisture may be expected to carry small amounts of barium. In all cases the feldspars of the igneous rocks from which the soil material has been derived seem to be an original source of the barium of soiLs." The adaptation of the plant to the soil, A. D. Hall (Jour. Roy. Hort. Hoc. {London}, 36 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-21, figs. 11).— The variation of plant growth with the character of the soil is illustrated by the changes which the natural herbage has undergone in the course of 48 years on plats of Rothamsted soil treated in different ways. A study of these soils indicates the difficulty of correlating the plant with the composition of the soil upon which it grows. The author therefore presents a study of the distribution of a few crops over a small range of country, namely, the distribution of fruit, hops, barley, and potatoes in the counties of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex. Mechanical analysis of the soils shows a great similarity of type, regardless of geological origin, of the soils on which these crops are grown in different localities. The conclusion is reached that the structure of the soil as revealed by mechanical analysis is the chief of the causes determining the association of given plants with a given soil because on the size of particle and structure depend the water supply, temperature, and humidity. Of the secondary factors which determine the association of plants and soils the reaction of the soil is probably the most important, since the microflora which plays so large a part in the nutrition of the higher plants are determined almost entirely by the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. It is this fact that explains in large part the effect of the lime content of soils upon the character of vegetation. 22 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. "On the other hand, it can hardly be doubted that there is what we might call a positive calcareous factor, so specially associated are certain plants with soils rich in carbonate of lime, and so entirely are they absent from other soils which are perfectly neutral, but which contain only a small proportion of carbonate of lime." Nevertheless, in experiments at Woburn and Roth- amsted it was found that certain typical lime-heating leguminous plants grew equally well on sand containing practically no carbonate of lime and on soil that was well stocked with lime. Analysis showed the ashes of the plants grown at the two places to contain similar amounts of lime. The lime there- fore appears to be a positive and not a negative factor especially favoring the growth of certain plants at the expense of others. Reference is made to observations indicating the possibility of bringing about teratological changes by adding particular constituents, as for example, zinc, to soils. Contribution to the question of the nitrogen balance, V. Viner (Otchet Shutilov. Selsk. Khoz. Opuitn. Santzil, J, {1909), pt. 2, pp. U-63 ; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 (1910). No. 1, p. 83). — In the atmospheric precipitations the soil received during the growing period about 6.68 lbs. of nitrogen per acre. In the run-off the nitrogen content was very high, indicating a loss of nitrogen compounds from the upper layer of the soil. In well water the nitrogen content was also large, from 5 to 15 mg. per liter, in- creasing in the autumn months and decreasing in the winter. In river water minima of nitrogen were observed in both the winter and summer months and a maximum in the spring, the mean being about 2 mg. per liter. In the soil the nitrogen content fluctuated from 60 to 160 mg. per 1,000 gm. of dry soil, the influence of cultivated plants not being clearly defined. It was observed, however, that on the fallow during the summer the increase of nitro- gen in the tilled layer was considerable (from 173 to 327 mg.). The influence of manure was indicated by an increase to 84 mg. On clover fields the increase during 3 years rose to 115 mg. The total increase of nitrogen in the cultivation of clover, determined by the analysis of the root residues, amounted toward the end of the first year to about 36.47 lbs. per acre, and toward the end of the sec- ond year to 58.51 lbs. per acre. The determination of the assimilable nitrogen by means of pot experiments gave approximately the same figures as in the field. The author concludes that the soil of the station does not require a nitrogen fertilizer if the proper conditions are maintained. Progress and present status of the knowledge of fertilizers, H. Immen- DOKFF {Mitt. OkO)ioin. GcseU. Sacliscii, 1909-10, pp. 89-105). — This is a review of the more important advances in knowledge of soil fertility and its mainte- nance by means of manures, fertilizers, and soil bacteria, containing a brief critical discussion of the more important theories of soil fertility, including that of the Bureau of Soils of this Department. Fertilizers and fertilizing, M. Hoffmann (Jahresber. Landw., 24 (1909), pp. 50-81). — Recent investigations on this subject are classified and reviewed. Fertilizer experiments as a means of determining the productiveness of soils, A, Stutzer (Mitt. Dent. Landiv. Gesell., 25 (1910), No. 38, pp. 560-.562).— Flans for fertilizer experiments to determine the productiveness of soils, espe- cially for winter cereals and grass, are described. Fundamental questions of fertilizing on chernozem, S. L. Frankfurt (Dnevn. XII. 8"iezda Ross. Est.-Isp. i Vrach., No. 5, p. 196; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt, Landw.), 11 (1910). No. 1, pp. 105, 106). — Field tests made on chernozem soils in a number of different districts showed that manure had considerable effect on the yield of winter wheat and especially SOILS — FEETILIZEKS. 23 on that of the succeeding crop of beets. Other experiments have shown that the action of the mineral constituents of manure is determined by the action of the phosphoric acid contained in the latter. The more marked the action of manure the more marlved was the action of phosphatic fertilizers. Small amounts of manure in combination with phosphates (Thomas slag and super- phosphate) gave as large yields as large amounts of manure. The nonaction of nitrogen on chernozem is accounted for by the striking nitrifying capacity of chernozem. Analyses of fertilizing materials, V. Viner {Otchet Shatilov. Sclsk. Khoz. Opuitn. Stantzil, 4 (1909), i)t. 2, pp. 63-71; abs. in Zhur. Opiiitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 101, 102).— This investigation is mainly concerned with the composition of manure in relation to the time of hauling to the field, the degree of decomposition, the kind of animal, leaching, and origin. Manure hauled out in the winter was found to be richer in nitrogen and phosphoric acid than that hauled out in the summer. In the process of decom- position of the manure there is an increase in the percentage of ash, nitrogen, and phosphoric acid, although about one-third of the total nitrogen is lost. The influence of the kind of animal was masked by that of other factors. Cow manure, being more moist, underwent more decomposition than horse manure. Comparing the composition of manure when hauled out in the winter with the same manure before plowing under in May, it was found that besides a consid- erable loss of dry matter (28 per cent), the phosphoric acid content had de- creased to one-third and the nitrogen content to one-half. Composition of the urine and dung' of the more important animals, A. Sttjtzer (FiihUng's Landw. Ztg., 95 (1910), No. 13, pp. J,50-',52) .—The author reports the average results of a number of analyses of the fresh dung and urine of cows, horses, sheep, and swine. The average nitrogen content of dung and urine of cows given feed not specially rich in nitrogen was decidedly greater than that usually given, and about as high as that for dung and urine of horses and sheep. The average nitrogen content of the urine of sheep was lower than that usually given. The percentage of potash in the swine manure was unusually high as a result of the liberal use of potatoes in the rations, amounting to 9.5 parts per 1,000 in the urine and 7 parts in the dung. These figures were retUiced to 8 and 5, respec- tively, in the averages adopted, as shown in the following table: Average composition of fresh dung and urine of farm animals. [Parts per 1,000.] Fresh urine from- - Fresh dung from- - Sheep. Horses. Cows. Swine. Sheep. Horses. Cows. Swine. Water 903. 00 70.00 15.80 15.80 1.30 1.30 18.50 1.80 2.50 1.00 3.80 926. 00 47.00 15.20 15.20 .05 .05 16.50 3.20 2.40 1.60 3.00 923. 00 57.00 15.00 15.00 1.50 1.50 15.50 .30 .10 .30 1.00 966. 00 23.00 6.40 6.40 l.GO 1.60 8.00 .10 .80 2.70 1.00 680. 00 295. 00 6.20 .50 3.00 750.00 230. 00 5.60 .50 3.00 835. 00 150. 00 5.90 .60 2.80 800.00 160.00 Nitrogen: Total 6.00 Soluble .80 Phosphoric acid: Total 6.00 .50 Potash. 1.70 4.00 2.40 1.40 1.00 3.30 2.30 1.00 .50 .10 1.40 2.40 1.80 1.20 .10 5.00 Lime... .50 .60 Chlorin .. . 10 67374°— No. 1—11- 24 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The influence of green manuring with mustard and peas at various stages of growth and of different kinds of nitrogen manuring on denitrification, A. Bartels (Jour. Landiv., 5S {1910), No. 2, pp. UiS-lOS, pis. -'/).— A series of pot experiments are reported which for the most part gave inconclusive results. The attempt to trace some definite relation between denitrification and the amount of pentosans supplied to the soil by the different methods of manuring was not entirely successful on account of the important part played by other factors in determining the yield. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (ScL Amer. Sup., 70 (1910), No. 181 Jf, pp. 233, 234, flQs. 6).' — This is a brief account of the Pauling process of the elec- tric fixation of nitrogen as used in a factory at Patsch, near Innsbruck, Austria. The nitrogen of the air. — Waterfalls and agriculture, L. Grandeau (Jour. Soc. Cent. Agr. BeJg., 51 (1910), Nos. 6, pp. 114-116; 1, pp. 199, 200; 8, pp. 222, 223).— This is a review of the development and present status of the various processes which have been proposed for the utilization of cheap water power in generating electricity for the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers from the free nitrogen of the air. Progress in potash industry, H. Hof (Cliem. Ztg., 34 (1910), No. 50, pp. 445, 446). — The various recent contributions to the geology, mineralogy, chem- istry and technology of this industry are noted. Potassium silicate as a source of potash for plants, D. N. Prianishnikov and A. G. Doyarenko (Dnevn. XII. S"iesda Ross. Est.-Isp. i Vrach., No. 8, p. 345; ahs. in Zliur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landic), 11 (1910), No. 1, p. 101). — A species of nepheline from the coast of the White Sea proved to be a good source of potash for plants, but as this species also contains biotite, and muscovite and biolite proved to be better sources of potash in sand cultures than elseolite, it is possible that its action is due to the presence of biotite. The group of feldspars (orthoclase, microcline, sanidine) were of very little value as potash food. Leucite was also of much less value in this respect than the samples of biotite (especially micaceous schists) used. The potash of hydrous silicates which were used in some of these experiments was much less available than that of other silicates tested. Potassium silicate, Brehmer (Gartenwelt, 14 (1910), No. 19, pp. 220-222, figs. 3). — Potassium silicate (phonolite) was compared with 40 per cent potash salt on various kinds of vegetables and flowers. The results as reported are generally favorable to the silicate. Economic geology of the feldspar deposits of the United States, E. S. Bastin (U. S. Geol. Survey BuJ. 420, pp. 85, /)?s. 8). — "The present bulletin brings together in a single volurue all available practical information concern- ing the commercial feldspar deposits of the United States. Scientific problems are discussed only so far as they are of commercial importance or so far as the discussion may contribute to a general understanding of the deposits." Deposits of economic importance in Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Mai'yland, Virginia, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Texas are described. Reference is made to the interest aroused in the use of potash feldspar as a fertilizer by the work of A. S. Cushman of this Department (E. S. R., 19. p. 322) on the availability of the potash of ground feldspar and on methods of extracting the potash. It is stated that of the various processes of extraction which have been patented none has yet been successfully applied on a commer- cial scale. A review of the phosphate fields of Idaho, Utah and Wyoming, W. H. Waggaman (Amer. Fert., 33 (1910), Ifo. 5, pp. 1-15). — This is a summary of SOILS — PERTILIZEKS. £5 investigations wliich liave been more fully reported elsewhere (E S R 2S p. 426). . . ., , Phosphates, H. S. Gale, R. W. Richards, and E. Blackweldee {U. S. Oeol. Survey Bui. 403~H, pp. 99, pis. 10, figs. 7).— The principal article in this bulle- tin is a preliminary report on the phosphate deposits in southeastern Idaho and adjacent parts of Wyoming and Utah. This is based upon geological and topographical surveys made during the summer of 1909, the area examined com- prising parts of Bear Lake County, Idaho, Uinta County, Wyo., and Rich, Weber, and Morgan counties, Utah. As a result of this work the total area now with- held from public entry is 2,551,899 acres as compared with 4,541,300 acres with- drawn by the Secretary of the Interior in 1908 pending an examination of the phosphate resources of the district. The estimated tonnage of available high grade (70 per cent) phosphate in the area examined is given as follows: Georgetown area 90,000,000 long tons, Montpelier-Bennington area 16,000,000, Hot Springs-Dingle area 27,000,000, Sublette Mountain area 32,000,000, Coke- ville area 2,400,000, Beckwith Hills area 2,800,000, Crawford Mountain area 90,000,000, and the Laketown area 6,750,000, making a total of 266,950,000 long tons. There is in addition a large amount of intermediate and low grade phosphate which might eventually be used to advantage. Analyses of 4 rep- resentative samples of the high grade phosphate showed phosphoric acid rang- ing from 27.32 to 36.35 per cent, alumina from 0.50 to 0.97 per cent, ferric oxid from 0.26 to 0.73 per cent, and lime from 45.34 to 50.97 per cent. A list of Geological Survey publications on phosphates and other mineral fertilizers is appended. For abstracts of other reports on the phosphate deposits described in this bulletin see previous notes (B. S. R., 21, p. 25; 23, p. 426). Preliminary report of the phosphate deposits in southeastern Idaho and adjacent parts of Wyoming' and Utah, H. S. Gale and R. W. Richards {Amer. Fert., 33 {1910), Nos. 6, pp. 9-13, fig. 1; 7, pp. 9-16C, figs. 5; 8, pp. 11- 18, figs. 2; 9, pp. 11-19, figs. 3; 10, pp. U-20, figs. 2).— An abbreviated reprint of a portion of the above bulletin. Phosphate deposits east of Ogden, Utah, E. Blackweldee {Amer. Fert., 33 {1910), No. 11, pp. 13-18, figs. 4). — ^An abbreviated reprint of a part of the Geological Survey bulletin referred to above. Chemical treatment of Russian phosphorites, D. N. Prianishnikov {Dnevn. XII. S"i€zda Ross. Est.-Isp. i Vrach., No. 8, p. 342; abs. in Zhnr. Opidtn. Agron. {Riiss. Jour.-Expt. Landio.), 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 106, 107).— By means of pot tests conducted since 1896 it has been established that for the majority of plants and for most soils (except podzols and peat soils with acid reaction) phosphorites can not serve as phosphatic fertilizers directly, but must first be subjected to technical treatment, various processes of which are described. Phosphatic fertilizers, Rigaux {Jour. Soc. Cent. Agr. Belg., 57 {1910), No. 7, pp. 193-199).— This article describes different kinds of phosphates and dis- cusses their fertilizing value. Attention is especially called to a phosphate which is prepared by subjecting insoluble mineral phosphates to a high tem- perature, thereby increasing the availability of the phosphoric acid. Effects of soluble salts on insoluble phosphates, J. E. Greaves {Jour. Biol. Chcin., 7 (1910), No. //, 2W- 287-319; abs. in Chem. ZentbL, 1910, I, No. 18, p. 1631).— This article reviews investigations on the action of nitrates, ammo- nium salts, lime, salt, and iron sulphate on the solubility of phosphates and reports laboratory experiments by the author which showed that calcium and iron salts decreased the solubility of the phosphates, that sodium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates, ammonium chlorid and nitrate and magnesium nitrate increased the solubility of calcium phosphate, and that sodium and 26 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. potassium sulphate^! decreased the solubility of iron phosphate. The action of magnesium sulphate and sodium, potassium, and magnesium chlorids was small and varied with the kind of phosphate. The addition of soil increased the solvent action of the various salts, especially that of ammonium nitrate. The method of procedure in these experiments was to treat 2 gm. of the phos- phate with 500 cc. of 1 per cent solution of the various substances used except in the case of calcium sulphate, which was used in saturated solution. The mixture of solvent and phosphate was allowed to stand for from 10 to 14 hours with occasional shaking. The article contains a bibliography of 5!) references to the literature of the subject. Effect of lime upon the solubility of soil constituents, E. W. Gaither {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 (1910), No. 7, pp. 315, 316; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 {1910). No. 15, p. 967). — Experiments are here reported from which the author concludes that " lime renders insoluble phosphates in the soil soluble, by replacing iron and aluminum, which is in combination with the phosphorus and renders all three more soluble in fifth-normal nitric acid. Lime breaks up certain silicates in soils and renders them more soluble in fifth- normal nitric acid, but does not act upon insoluble potassium compounds in the soil to such an extent that fifth-normal nitric acid can be used as a measure of such potassium. The addition of caustic lime to soils has the effect of dimin- ishing the amount of potash assimilated by wheat grown on such soils. The theory held ' that lime added to the soil increases the amount of available pot- ash in the soil ' is either erroneous, or requires more positive proof than has heretofore been obtained before it can be accepted." Magnesia in agriculture, Rigaux et al. {Jour. Soc. Cent. Agr. Belg., 57 {1910), Nos. 5, pp. 111-118; 7, pp. lSS-192) .—The results of experiments by various investigators are cited to show that magnesia is an indispensable and very important element in the growth of plants. Experiments on the fertilizing value of manganese sulphate, A. Carlieb and Clausen {Ann. (lembloux, 20 {1910), No. 8, pp. Jt23-Ji26 ; lUus. Landw. Ztg., SO {1910), Nos. 7 4, p. 701; 77, p. 729). — Field experiments on grass, potatoes, and beets with varying amounts of manganese sulphate in combination with other fertilizing materials did not show any appreciable benefit from the use of the sulphate as far as increased yields were concerned. The use of the sulphate on grass was followed by a very marked improvement in the color of the grass but there was no ultimate increase in yield. Commercial fertilizers, W. J. Jones, Jr., E. G. Proulx, and C. W. Rice {Indi- ana Sta. Bui. IJ/S, pp. 631-726, map 1). — This bulletin contains a summary of the Indiana fertilizer law, notes on the administration of the law, a map show- ing the distribution of the fertilizer trade in the State, estimated sales in 1909 as compared with 190S and 1900, a brief statement regarding home mixing of fertilizers, a review of the results of inspection for the 8 years 1902 to 1909, and a report of the results of inspection in 1909, including analyses of 970 samples of fertilizing materials representing 85 companies. A comparison is also made of the standing of different manufacturers with regard to compliance with guaranties, and prices used in the valuation of fertilizers are given. " The results of the inspection continue to show improvement over that of previous years and taken as a whole the samples secured in 1909 more nearly meet the requirements of the law than those secured in any previous year covered by the inspection .... Based on the number of samples analj'zed the results justify the conclusion that in the majority of cases manufacturers are maintaining their guaranties," although " the results still indicate that too AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 27 many manufacturers are careless in mixing and controlling the fertilizer shipped into this State." It is stated " that some of the most successful consumers of fertilizer in the State are purchasing the raw materials and mixing their own fertilizer either in wagon beds or other vessels or on the barn floor in a manner similar to that used in mixing concrete. There is no logical reason why fertilizer can not be successfully mixed at home provided proper care regarding weights and thor- oughness in shoveling and mixing the combined materials is exercised. As an evidence of what can be accomplished in mixing fertilizer without machinery, it is only necessary to call attention to the fact that until very recently two manipulators doing business in the State with records among the best have mixed their fertilizers on the floor of their factories." To aid those desiring to mix their own fertilizers a list is given of the names and addresses of firms registering raw materials furnishing nitrogen and potash, raw rock phosphate, basic slag, tobacco dust, and dried manure for sale in Indiana. Fertilizer analyses, H. B. McDonnell (Md. Affi: Col. Quart., 1910, Xo. //9, jip. 32). — The results of the spring inspection of fertilizers in Maryland, 1910, are reported. Report of analyses of samples of fertilizers collected by the commissioner of agriculture during' 1910 (New York State 8ta. Bui. 325, pp. i.)5-2//7).— This bulletin reports analyses of samples of fertilizers collected during 1910, with " figures showing the current values of fertilizer ingredients, with an illustra- tion of the method of applying these figures in determining the approximate commercial valuation of the different brands." Analyses of fertilizers and cotton-seed meals, fall season, 1909, and spring season, 1910, B. W. Kilgore et al. {BuI. N. C. Dcpt. Agr., 31 (1910), No. 7, pp. 123). — This bulletin contains analyses of fertilizers and cotton-seed meals collected by the fertilizer inspectors of the state department of agricul- ture during the fall of 1909 and spring of 1910, as well as a list of brands of fertilizers registered for sale in 1910. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Climatolog'y and vegetation in Colorado, W. W. Robbins (Bot. Gas., 1,9 {1910), No. J), pp. 256-280, figs. 7).— This paper describes the general topo- graphic, physiographic, and climatological conditions of Colorado and gives a general view of the climatic conditions of different sections of the State in relation to the characteristic vegetation. " In general it may be said that the State west of the continental divide is drier from the vegetation standpoint than the eastern slope. Only about 50 per cent of the rainfall on the western slope occurs during the growing season, in contrast with the occurrence on the eastern slope of about 75 per cent during the same period. Hence for any two localities east and west of the continental divide with equal annual precipitation amounts, the locality west will have the more xerophytic vegetation." The theory of periodic mutations, liECLERC du Sablon {Rev. G4n. Bot., 22 {1910), No. 258, pp. 266-216; ahs. in Compt. Rend. Aead. 8ci. [Paris], 151 {1910), No. .',, pp. 330-332) .—The author discusses the mutation theory of de Vries as applied to (Enothera lamarckiana, and arrives at the conclusion that the muta- tions should be considered as the result of a natural hybrid of this plant. The behavior of the seedlings of this plant is said to conform to the Mendelian theory of hybrids as de\eloped by Batesou, 28 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The transmission of characters without expression in vegetables, W. W. Tracy, Sr, (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 32 {1910), No. 816, p. 256).— The author gave an account of some studies of sweet corn in which White Cory, which bred true for many years although originating from a red form, was accidentally crossed with another white variety, also believed to be a sport from a red form, and the resultant cross showed color characters of the parent variety which had remained hidden for many years. A somewhat similar case of unexpressed transmission was noted in a variety of cabbage. The development of parasitic sperniophytes, E. Heinricher {Die Aufzucht uncL Kultur der parasitischen Samenpflanzcn. Jena, 1910, pp. 53, figs. 8). — The author describes the development and parasitism of about 20 genera of spermo- phytes, embraced in 7 families. The parasitism of some of these has been pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 628, 727). The lichens of Minnesota, B. Fink {U. 8. Nat. Mus., Contrib. Nat. Her- harium, IJf, pt. 1, pp. XVlI-\-69, pis. 52, figs. 18). — This is a taxonomic mono- graph of the lichens of Minnesota, including keys and descriptions of 68 genera and about 440 species and varieties. Annual review of mycology, P. Vuillemin {Rev. G^n. Sci., 21 {1910), Nos. 10, pp. 432-4-'i3; 11, pp. Jf73-.'f8.'i) . — In the first paper, which is on fungi in gen- eral, the author discusses the i*ecent articles on the affinities of the fungi to other plants, their chemical composition, and the relation (saprophytic, para- sitic, symbiotic, etc.) of fungi to their hosts. In the second paper the author reviews the work of various authors on special subjects of research, such as the generic position of the root tubercle micro-organisms of the legumes and of Eleagnus, cytology and biology of certain Myxogastres, the affinities of the Myxobacteriacete and the Myxochytridineoe, sexual studies on certain of the Mucorineie and Uredinese, the cytology of the Basidiomyeetes, the affinities of the Laboulbeuiaceae, and sexual and taxonomic studies on certain other Ascomycetes. On soil bacteriology, A. Dzierzbicki {Btil. Internat. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, CI. Sci. Math, et Nat., 1910, Nos. 1, pp. 21-6'i; 2, pp. 65, 66). — The results are given of investigations on (1) the relationship of the bacteriological conditions of soils in regai'd to the available food elements they contain, (2) the relationship of nitrogen fixation to the composition of the inoculating soil material, (3) the relationship of the form of the foodstuffs in the culture media to nitrogen fixa- tion, (4) the ratio of the amount of fixed nitrogen to that of the utilized .sources of energy as regai-ds the quantity of available phosphoric acid present in the solution, (5) the occurrence of Azotobacter in certain garden soils, (6) decompo- sition processes and ammonification, and (7) the influence of different organic substances on ammonification in peptone solutions. It was found that the Remy method of bacteriological soil investigations (E. S. R., 15, p. 859) gave trustworthy results on the bacteriological condition of the soil only when the composition of the nutrient solution was such that the inoculating soil material influenced the performance of the process only through its bactei'iological conditions and not by its chemical composition. The bacterio- logical condition of the soil with reference to nitrogen fixation was found to depend to a great degree on the character and amount of mineral foodstuffs in the soil. If the soil was deficient in available lime, phosphoric acid, or potash, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Azotobacter, were either entirely absent or present only in small quantities. If mannit is used as a culture medium then not only must the required mineral elements be present, but also humus material before sterilization and inoculation with the Azotobacter. It was found that dipotassium phosphate was as suitable for the Azotobacter nutrient media as AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 29 monocalcium phosphate plus hydrochloric acid. The smaller the amount of phosphoric acid present for the development of the Azotobacter, the less eco- nomical was the consumption of the source of energy in the nitrogen fixation. Ill the experiments on ammonia cleavage in peptone solutions, it wfis found that the intensity of such cleavage depended not only on the bacterial flora of those soils, but more so on their chemical composition and especially on the presence of phosphoric acid. In Remy's method of investigating decomposition processes it was found necessary to add to the peptone solution an easily assim- ilable phosphoric acid compound (as dipotassium phosphate) for the use of the bacteria. The addition of easily assimilable organic matter (as carbohydrates) to the peptone solution inoculated with earth decreases the amount of ammonia formed, while the addition of small amounts of some humic acid salt increases it. A strong aeration decreased, at least in many cases, the quantity of ammo- nia split off from the peptone solution which had been inoculated with earth. A method for the determination of the cellulose-fermenting ability of soil organisms, H. R. Christensen {Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 27 (1010), No. 11-21, pp. JfJt9-Ji51). — The author describes in detail a method for determin- ing the disintegrating ability of cellulose-fermenting organisms of various soils. This consists in placing narrow strips of ash-free filter paper in a 300 cc. Erleu- meyer flask with 50 gm. of the well pulverized and thoroughly moistened soil, and observing the rate of disintegration of the filter paper. Investig'ations on the occurrence of Azotobacter in moor soils, H. von Feilitzen {FilhUng's Landw. Ztg., 59 {1910), No. 1.',, r>p. //8.9-//92).— Observa- tions on samples of soils from the Flahult experimental farm varying in lime content and acidity and in previous treatment indicate that Azotobacter occurs in very small numbers even in the best of the moor soils which have been under cultivation for a long time. No direct relation between lime content and de- velopment of Azotobacter could be established. Neither was any positive relation between such development and the reaction of the soil brought out by these observations. On the mineral needs of Azotobacter, H. Kaserer {Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 2S {1910), No. 6, pp. 20S-212). — It is claimed as a result of experiments that all bacteria need iron and aluminum for their proper growth. This need is supplied by the usual organic media, and, therefore, is not ob- served until albuminoid-free media in the absence of organic acids are used, because the organic acids prevent the precipitation of the iron and aluminum compounds which exist everywhere, especially in glass. Experiments with different strains of Azotobacter show that this need of iron and aluminum varies very materially with the different strains. Researches on the assimilation of free nitrog'en uy green plants, Eva Mameli and G. Pollacci {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5, ser., 19 {1910), I, No. 8, pp. 501-50-',).— A preliminary statement is given of experi- ments on the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by some of the higher plants, in which it is claimed that certain plants {Azolla caroUniana, Lemna major, L. minor, Salvinia auriculata, Anthiirium sp., Tradescantia sp., and Salvia sp.) when grown in air and media free from nitrogen compounds were able to grow vigorously and to absorb definite quantities of nitrogen from the atmospliere. Complete descriptions of the methods used and results obtained will be published later. On the infection of serradella and other cultivated plants with several species of bacteria, L. Hiltner {rUus. Landw. Ztg., 30 {1910). No. 38, pp. 319, 320).— The results are given of field experiments by various farmers on inocu- lating serradella with nitragin and also with bacteria which were isolated from the roots of serradella plants. It is claimed that beneficial results were ob- \ 30 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tained by the use of the isolated bacteria alone but especially when these were combined with the nitragin cultures. The duration of the vitality of seeds of Orobanche crenata, N. Passerini (Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Geogr. Firenze, 5. ser., 7 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-7). — Experiments are reported in which the germination of seeds of 0. crenata was tested in pots, the study being continued for 14 years. As a result the author found that the seed lost practically all germinative ability after lying in the soil for 8 years. The anatomy of some tubers, T. Reed (Ann. Bot. [London], 2-^ (1910), No. 95, pp. 537-5 JfS, pis. 2, dgms. 4 ) .—Attention is called to the fact that but little investigation has been carried on on the anatomy of tubers, and the author gives an account of studies made on the tubers of the potato and the artichoke. The tubers of the potato are said to arise as terminal swellings on long underground stems or stolons, which arise in the axils of the lower leaves of the main shoot and grow more or less horizontally outward, swelling sooner or later at the tips to form tybers. The artichoke tubers arise as swellings on the underground stems or stolons, which spring from the axils of scale leaves at the base of the main shoot. The stolon may swell up at once and become a tuber, or it may greatly elongate and give rise to a number of lateral tubers, finally terminating itself in a tuber. The principal difference i» development between the two is that the potato tubers are never formed laterally, as in the case of the artichoke. In structure the potato tuber is formed mainly from medullary parenchyma and from the parenchyma between the sylem and the medullary phloem. The latter source is largely responsible for the scattered distribution of the medullary phloem strands in the tuber. The medullary phloem probably serves as the channel for carrying food material to the parenchymatous portion of the tuber, which is covered by a layer of cork developed from the hypoderma. The tuber of the artichoke differs from that of the potato in that it is made up of medullary parenchyma, xylem, and medullary ray parenchyma. In neither of the tubers is there much, if any, secondary lignification of elements. Experimental researches on vegetable assimilation and respiration, VI, D. Thoday (Proc. Roy. Soc. [Londoni, Ser. B, 82 (1910), No. B 557, irp. Jf21-^50, figs. 3). — An account is given of studies on assimilation in the open air, the method used that employed by Sachs in which the dry weight of half the leaf was used, but so modified as to make it more accurate. The material experi- mented upon w;is sunflower and catalpa leaves. It was found that in the open air high rates of assimilation occur, although there is but a small concentration of carbon dioxid in the atmosphere. In the experiments with the sunflower, which agreed vei*y closely among themselves, leaves which remained turgid, and so kept their stoma ta widely open, showed an average net increase of nearly 17 mg. per hour in their dry weight per square decimeter. If a moderate allowance is made for the assimilation of the car- bon dioxid produced in respiration, the photosynthetic products reach a total of about 18 mg. per hour. The rate of production is not uniform, at times exceeding the average. The limiting factor of assimilation is the internal leaf temperature when the stomata are open enough to allow carbon dioxid assimilation, providing the temperature does not exceed 23 to 25° C. When the sunflower leaves lost their turgidity the rate of assimilation was considerably diminished. Compared with the sunflower, the catalpa assimilated at a much lower rate, a fact which is correlated with the absence of stomata from the upper surface of the leaves. Under the conditions which enabled the sunflower leaves to AGRICULTUKAL BOTANY. 31 increase in dry weight 17 mg. per square decimeter per liour, the catalpa leaves showed an increase of only 5 or 6 mg. These results were obtained with detached leaves of the plants, and it remains to be determined whether leaves still attached to the plants assimilate at equally high rates. Attention is called to the experiments of Brooclcs with sugar beets, which proved that translocation proceeds during the day. The author hopes to carry on some experiments to obtain conclusive evidence as to the concurrent action of assimilation and translocation. On the absorption of water by tlie seeds of Vicia faba, A. S. Horne and Susanna Coull (Proc. Univ. Durham Phil. Hoc, 3 (1909-10), No. 5, pp. 267-280, pi. 1, dgms. 6). — Attention is called to the trough-like organ present in the hilar region of the testa of leguminous seeds, and some experiments are reported in which the role of this organ in water absorption was tested. The author found that a considerable portion of water was absorbed directly through the testa of the seeds of V. faha, the curves of the unsealed seeds and those having the hilum and micropyle covered with wax being almost parallel. With leguminous seeds having as permeable a testa as the broad bean, it is probable that the scar plays an inconsiderable role in the direct absorption of water, although with seeds having a less permeable testa it may be of some importance. The presence of a glucosid in the leaves of the pear, E. Botikquelot and Mile. A. FiCHTENHOLz {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 1, pp. 81-S4)- — The authors report the occurrence in the fresh leaves of several varie- ties of pear of a glucosid which from their studies is believed to be arbutin. Starch content of leaves dropped in autumn, L. L. Harter (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. 816, p. 256). — The author reports finding from 6 to 14 per cent of starch in dropped leaves of Liquidambar, Ginkgo, Styrax, and oaks, a fact which seems to indicate that all food materials in leaves do not undergo translocation in autunni, as is commonly believed. The influence of copper sulphate and mang'anese sulphate upon the growth of barley, Miss W. E. Brenchley (Ann. Bot. [TAmdon]. 2Ji (1910), No. 95, pp. 511-583, pi. 1, dgms. 4). — The author has carried on a series of experiments to test the theory that chemical substances which are deleterious to plant growth universally act as stimulative agents if available in exceedingly minute quanti- ties. The experiments were carried on with barley germinated and then trans- ferred to water cultures containing various dilutions of copper sulphate and manganese sulphate. The action of plant poisons in dilute solutions was found to be masked by the presence of nutrient salts, which enable the plants grown in such solutions as water cultures to endure a much greater concentration of the toxic substance than in the absence of nutrients. Copper sulphate, which was found to be a definite poison to barley, does not have any stimulative effect in very dilute solutions, even at as low a concentra- tion as 1 part copper sulphate to 10,000,000. Manganese sulphate, though not an actual poison to barley, retards the growth very materially if supplied in moderate quantities. Minute traces of the salt had a decided stimulative action both on the roots and shoots. When supplied in sufficient concentration the manganese was found to be taken up by the plant and deposited in its lower leaves. On the toxicity of certain salts toward green leaves, L. Maquenne and E. Demoussy (Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 3, pp. 178-182).— The authors describe a method of determining the toxicity of salts toward plants in which leaves are floated in the solutions and the blackening of the 32 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. tissues noted. In the experiments aucuba, privet, and pear leaves were placed in titrated solutions of various chemicals. Where the leaves were entire the changes took place very slowly, but if the margins of the leaves were cut, or if fragments of the leaves were used the effect of the salts was noticeable in a relatively short time. This method was found to be sufficiently sensitive to show within 24 hours the toxicity of a solution containing 1 part of copper to 5,000,000. In studying alkaline salts, stronger solutions were used, and it was found that the blackening of the leaves was an accurate index of the relative poisonous properties of the different salts tested. Some effects of a harmful organic soil constituent, O. Schreiner and J. J. Skinner {U. 8. Dcpt. Agi:, Bur. Soils Bill. 10, pp. 98, pis. J,, flgs. 31).— In this bulletin the authors report on the effects of dihydroxystearic acid, a harmful constituent of soil, upon plant growth and upon soil solutions and fertilizer action. The experiments were conducted with wheat seedlings grown in cul- tures containing phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and potash in various ratios, 50 parts per million of dihydroxystearic acid being added to each set of cultures. The difference between the cultures containing this acid and those without the substance is stated to have been very marked. In addition to the general appearance of the tops, marked changes were noticed in other parts of the plant, which seems to show that the roots form on the whole a better physiological indicator of toxicity than the growth of the tops. After describing their experiments in detail the authors summarize their in- vestigations, pointing out that dihydroxystearic acid hinders the growth of wheat plants when it is present in solution in pure distilled water, and that the compound is also harmful in the presence of nutrients or fertilizer salts in all ratios of the fertilizer elements phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and potash. The com- pound was found to be more harmful in those ratios of fertilizers not well suited for plant growth. It appears to be relatively much less harmful in the presence of nitrogenous fertilizers than with those composed mainly of phos- phates and potash. The compound was found to modify both the amount and ratio of the fertilizer elements removed from soils, the ratio being higher for nitrogen. Fertilizer combinations which tend to increase root oxidation are deemed the best combinations to overcome the harmful effects of the acid. Some effects of a harmful organic soil constituent, O. Schreiner and J. J. Skinner (Bot. (la.^., 50 {1910), No. S, pp. 161-181, figs. 11). — A briefer account of the investigations noted above. The influence of iron on the formation of spores of Aspergillus niger, B. Sauton (Conipt. Bend. Acad. Bci. [Paris'^, 151 {1910), No. 3, pp. 2-U-2J,3).— In studies of A. niger grown in culture media it has been found that the fungus frequently did not produce spores, but the author has found that by adding iron to the solution, spore production followed in a relatively short period. In cul- tures of Aspergillus which had remained without spore production for 3 days with no iron present in the solution, the addition of iron salt was followed by the appearance of spores within 24 hours. The formation of the spores appears to be an accompaniment of the fixation of oxygen, probably brought about through the intermediation of iron. Recent observations on callose, L. Mangin {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 {1910), No. Jf, pp.. 279-283). — The author gives an account of inves- tigations which show that there is in fungi as well as in other plants, in addi- tion to cellulose and i^ectic compounds, a substance to which he has given the name callose. This substance has been studied and it is found to differ from cellulose and chitin in its rapid destruction in glycerin at a temperature of 300° C. and by FIELD CROPS. 33 the fact that it is not colored by iodiu and has other color relations which distinguish it. It is found in many fungi and in addition occurs in the callus of the sieve tubes and in the membrane of the mother cells of pollen grains. It is also found widely distributed among thallophytes and algfe, but it is in the fungi that it occurs most abundantly. Attention is called to the parallelism between this substance and that described by Tanret (E. S. R., 9, p. 921), to which the name fongose was given. The author decides that the two substances are identical but that the name callose has priority and should be adopted. FIELD CROPS. The complete farmer, P. McConnell (London and New York, 1910, pp. XIV+Jt32, pis. 4, figs. 54).— This is a very comprehensive manual of information for the farmer. The principal subdivisions of the work deal with soils, crops, live stock, and farm equipment. History and importance of electro-culture with special reference to the more recent experiments (Arch. Dent. Landw. Rats, 84 {1910), pp. 535-570). This address discusses the effect of electricity on strawberries, beets, and other plants, and gives an especially full account of exi^rimeuts conducted at Dahlem. Demonstration farm reports, 1909, Pottawattamie County, P. G. Holden, A. H. Snyder, and A. E. Nelson (Iowa State Col. Agr. Ext. Dept., Demonstr. Farm Rpt. 7, pp. 20). — This publication states the results of experiments on a county farm. Seed corn samples were secured for test from the planter boxes of 76 farms. The average yield secured was 36 bu. per acre; the average of the 5 highest samples 46..3 and of the 5 lowest 27.1 bu. The 3 highest yields from introduced varieties averaged 28.4 and the 3 lowest 23 bu. per acre, while the average from the 3 highest yielding samples submitted by seed companies was 38.8 and the average of the 3 lowest 29.2 bu. per acre. Five kernels per hill produced a higher yield than plantings at lower rates in one test, while an average of 3^ kernels per hill produced the maximum yield in another. In this test the percentage of stand during September decreased with the increase in the rate of planting ; the percentage of suckers varied irregularly ; the percentage of barren stalks increased with the rate of planting, while the per- centage of seed ears and of market ears decreased ; and the percentage of nub- bins and worthless ears increased. An individual ear test conducted with 40 ears obtained from each of 3 farmers indicated " that there is an enormous difference in the producing power of ears in the same man's seed corn." Results of experiments on Black Hawk County farm, 1909, P. G. Holden, A. H. Snydee, and A. E. Nelson {Iowa State Col. Agr. Ext. Dept., Demonstr. Farm Rpt. J,, pp. 18). — The general plan and results of the experiments reported are similar to those noted above. The 5 highest yields secured from farm seed in this county averaged 55.5 bu., the 5 lowest 39.7 bu. per acre ; the 3 highest introduced varieties 52 and the 3 lowest 41.3 bu. The average yield of all farmers' varieties was 49.3 and of 14 introduced varieties 46.2 bu. per acre. The results of the test of the number of kernels to plant per hill resembled those noted above except that the lowest percentage of suckers was obtained with the plantings averaging from 2 to 3A kernels per hill, while the percentage of worthless ears was lowest after plantings averaging 2* kernels per hill. Demonstration farm reports, 1909, Delaware County, P. G. Holden, A. H. Snydee, and A. E. Nelson {lotva State Col. Agr. Ext. Dept., Demonstr. Farm 34 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Rpt. 8, pp. 19). — The plan and general results of the experiments reported are similar to those noted on page 33. The 5 highest yields secured from farmers' samples averaged 62 bu. per acre, and the 3 highest fx'om the introduced varieties and seed companies' samples yielded 40 and 30 bu. per acre, respectively. The 5 lowest farmers' samples yielded 36, the 3 lowest introduced varieties 19, and the 3 lowest seed companies' samples 22 bu. per acre. The highest yield was obtained by planting an average of from 3 to 3* kernels per hill. Demonstration farm reports, 1909, Woodbury County, P. G. Holden, A. H. Snyder, and A. E. Nelson (Iowa State Col. Agr. Extf. Dept., Demonstr. Farm Rpt. 6, pp. 18). — The general plan and results of the experiments reported are similar to those noted above. The average yield of the 5 highest yielding samples secured from farms was 63.8 bu. per acre as compared with 58.5 for the 3 highest yielding introduced varieties. The figures for the lowest yields were 37.1 and 45.8 bu. per acre, respectively. The 70 farmers' samples averaged 52.7 and the 14 introduced varieties 51.5 bu. per acre. The highest yields were secured from plantings averaging from 3 to 3i kernels per hill. The percentage of seed ears secured varied irregularly and the percentage of barren stalks apparently decreased as the rate of planting increased. [Experiments with field crops], D. A. Gilchrist (County NoHhumb., Ed. Com., Bui. IJf, pp. 38-66). — During the period 1906-1009. the Banner oat pro- duced the highest average, 60\j bu. per acre, among 16 varieties tested. The Blainslie variety had the finest straw for feeding purposes and will grow well on clay soil in a bad season, but is low in grain-producing power. Among 7 varieties of barley tested Kinver Chevalier and Maltster produced the highest yields of grain and straw. The weight per bushel and of 500 grains of each variety are given. Among 4 varieties of wheat tested in 1909, Browick Grey Chaff produced the highest yield of 40 bu. i^er acre. In a fertilizer test with beans the highest yield followed applications of (1) 10 tons dung, 6 cwt. slag, and 1 cwt. muriate of potash, and (2) 1 ton lime mud, 5 cwt. superphosphate, and 1 cwt. muriate of potash. A report is given of a number of sowings of grass and clover seeds singly and in mixtures. Cocksfoot proved the best permanent grass but did poorly when sown alone. During 1905-1909 the Mammoth Long Red mangel produced the highest weight of roots and percentage of dry matter in a variety test. In a fertilizer test on mangels the gi'eatest financial advantage was secured from applications of 12 tons of dung and 2 cwt. of common salt, together with a standard dressing of 510 lbs. of nitrate, 336 lbs. of 26 per cent superphosphate, and 300 lbs. of muriate of potash per acre. An application of salt apparently increased the yield by over 3| tons per acre. Applications of 2 tons of lime and 4 tons of lime mud per acre apparently decreased the yield by 24 and 4i tons per acre, respectively. Plantings of potatoes were made on different dates from October 17 to May 2, and in 1906 the highest yield was secured from planting April 2, in 1908 from planting March 30, in 1909 from planting March 1, and in 1907 from a planting made on October 23 of the previous year. In another test sprouted tubers pro- duced about 1§ times the yield produced by unsprouted tubers. The percentage of dry matter in swedes was found to vary more within the same variety from year to year during 1900-1909 than did the different varieties during the same year. Early turnips produced heavier crops than swedes but contained little more dry matter per acre. In tests with the finger-and-toe disease all applications of lime except that of gas lime proved effective. They were most effective in the fourth, fifth, and FIELD CEOPS. 35 sixth years after application. Sulphate of lime and sulphate of zinc gave no results. Excellent results followed the use of 2 tons of ground lime or 3 tons of ground limestone. The disease proved more troublesome on thin clay than on light sandy soil. Top-dressings of 112 lbs. of nitrate of soda and 139 lbs. of nitrate of lime, supplying 17^ lbs. of nitrogen each, produced yields of 38 and 46i bu. of oats respectively, while the straw yields were 16| and 23^ cwt. In another test 128 lbs. of lime nitrogen and 112 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia both excelled 140 lbs. of nitrate of soda during one season. Progress reports of many investigations with different crops in 1910 are given. [Experiments with farm crops], J. S. J. McCall and B. W. Davy [Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Forestry Dcpt. [Nyasaland], 1910, pp. 5-8, 10-17, figs. 2). — The selection work with cotton is discussed and a method of selection for the first 4 years' work recommended. The number of acres devoted in different districts to each of the principal crops is reported and the yield in 1910 estimated. A number of varieties of cotton were tested. Laguna corn proved drought resistant and yielded 2,000 lbs. of dried, husked ears per acre, while a check plat of local maize matured only small cobs. Ground nuts {Arachis hypogea) produced yields of from 1,200 to 1,500 lbs. per acre. The best yields followed level plantings from 15 to 18 in. apart each way. Progress reports are given of plantings of soy beans, Florida beans, berseem {Trtfolium alexandrinum), and Crotolaria striata. On the flora of certain Cotswold pastures, R. G. Stapledon (Agr. Students' Gaz., n. ser., 15 (1910), No. 1, pp. 5-12). — A report is given of the flora found in 4 pastures. The plants are classed as Gramiue?e, Leguminosse, and included plants, and each of the 3 classes is further divided into the dominant, sub- dominant, abundant, frequent, si^arse, and solitary varieties. Experiments on permanent grass land, 1910, E. Kinch (Agr. Students' Gaz., n. ser., 15 (1910), No. 1, pp. 12-15). — In a fertilizer test on grass land applications of (1) kainit, superphosphate, and sodium nitrate, (2) kainit and ammonium sulphate, and (3) superphosphate and sodium nitrate apparently gave the most greatly increased yields. The effect of each of the fertilizer applications on the different grasses is reported. Beport on grass seed mixture experiments, 1906-1909, R. B. Greig and W. M. FiNDLAY (Aberdeen and No. of Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 15, pp. 20).— Each plat used was separated into 2 parts by a fence, one portion being' mowed and the other grazed. A large quantity of Italian rye grass in a seed mixture reduced the hay yield at eA^ery farm. No relation appeared between the weight of hay and the pro- portion of perennial rye grass sown. The absence of red clover reduced the hay crop, but tall oat grass increased it. The plats containing the least rye grass were preferred by cattle. After 2 or 3 years the quantity of pUiff and bent grass was found to vary directly with the quantity of rye grass sown. Practical hay production, A. Nowacki (Der praktische Kleegrasbau. Berlin, 1909, J), ed., rev. and enl., i>p. VI II +11 2). —This volume discusses the value of various clovers, grasses, and seed mixtures for hay growing, and treats in general of the .growing, curing, and storing of hay. Cereal map of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, showing acreage under crop in each township in wheat, oats, barley, and flax, 1909 (Canada Dept. Int. Wall Map i).— Aside from the data for the year 1909 presented graphically, tables show the annual production of wheat, oats, and barley for these provinces each year from 1898 to 1900, inclusive, and of the leading coun- tries of the world during 1909. Statistical data relative to the mills and ele- vators of the 3 provinces are tabulated. 36 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A new forage crop, M. S. Beetoni (BoI. 8oc. Agr. Mexicana, 3'^ (1910), No. 33, pp. 650-652; Rev. Agron. y Bol. Estac. Agron. Puerto Bertotvi, 4 (1909), No. 1, pp. 7-11). — The author reports Andropogon sorghum perennis n. var., as a new and valuable forage crop. He regards it as " a variety of Sorghum hale- pense and Kafir." The chemical composition is stated. Composition of some forage beets (Betterave, 20 (1910), No. 511, p. 258). — Analyses of 5 samples are given. Seed corn, C. P. Hartley ( U. 8, Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 415, pp. 12, figs. 3). — A discussion of the value of good seed corn is followed by directions for gathering, storing, testing, grading, and shelling corn for seed. Selecting and storing seed corn, C. P. Bull and L. H. Robbins (Univ. Minn., Dept. Agr., Ext. Bui. 9, pp. 8, figs. 7). — Directions for selecting and stor- ing seed corn are given. Cotton selection on the farm by the characters of the stalks, leaves, and bolls, O. F. Cook (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 66, pp. 23).— This circular discusses, in a popular way for the use of farmers, the essential points to be kept in mind in cotton selection and breeding. Directions are given for the use of progeny rows and the production of seed for sale. How much nitrogen does green manuring with lupines add to the soil? H. VON Feilitzen (Monatsh. Latidio., 2 (1909), No. 3, p. 90; ahs. in Zenthl. Agr. Chem., 38 (1909), No. 12, pp. 859, 860).— At Jonkoping, Sweden, blue and yellow lupines were sown the middle of May and harvested September 2. The blue lupine reached 125 cm. in height and fully developed its pods, but the yellow was only 100 cm. high and only the lower pods were ripe when harvested. The blue lupine excelled in earliuess and yield and was markedly higher in nitrogen content in the portions above ground. The stubble and roots contained 9.9 per cent and 15.6 per cent of the total dry weight, i-espectively, in the case of the blue and yellow lupines, and returned to the soil 5 and 10.7 per cent, respectively, of the total weight in nitrogen. These results are presented in columns parallel with those of Strebel (E. S. R., 4, p. 207) and Scholz-Lupitz for comparison. The fresh weight, dry substance, organic substance, and nitrogen of the crop were determined. The potato as a truck crop, L. C. Corbett (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 407, pp. 24, figs. 11). — This discusses the iwtato as a truck crop and the use of northern grown, southern grown, second crop, and hold-over seed. The prepara- tion of the soil and seed, planting, fertilization, cultivation, spraying, harvesting, grading, and marketing are discussed. Change of seed and manurial tests, W. Angus (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 14 (1910), No. 1, pp. 4~-49). — Newly introduced seed potatoes yielded from I2 to 2 tons per acre more than local varieties. Tests of superphosphate, potash, nitrate of soda, blood manure, and farmyard manure as fertilizers for i)Otatoes are also reported. Rice culture, S. A. Knapp (C7. Sf. Dept. Agr., Farmers'' Bui. .)/?', pp. 30). — This bulletin discusses red and commercial varieties of rice, the production and importation of rice, rice soils, irrigation, seed-bed preparation, drainage, methods of sowing, flooding, fertilizing, objectionable gi-asses, harvesting, thrashing, milling, the effect of fashion in rice, rice as food, rice by-products, rice culti- vation in southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas, and the prospects for the extension of the rice industry. Wild rice seed for planting (Recreation, 32 (1910), No. 3, p. 149).— Wild rice seed kept moist with a daily change of water during the winter, except when a frozen mass of ice and seed filled the barrel, gave a 75 per cent germina- tion test. FIELD CROPS. 37 Two new strains of rye, K. von Rumker (Ztschr. Gesam. Getreideio., 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. 2-1 ; abs. in Zenthl. Agr. Chem., 38 {1909), No. 11, pp. 759- 761 ) .—Both the varieties discussed produced 6 or 7 per cent more flour than the usual 05 per cent average. The yields were 8 and 7.75 double centners per morgen (46.6 and 45.1 bu. per acre), respectively, from plantings of yellow and blue kerneled rye at the rate of from 13 to 15 kg. per morgen (3 to 31 pks. per acre). Kernel color is not an indication of a mixed or hybrid race but a useful character of a pure race, the writer holds. Yellow kerneled samples grew slightly higher in protein, fat, and ash than the blue-kerueled on analysis of the dry substance. The production of cigar-leaf tobacco in Pennsylvania, W. Freak and E. K. HiBSiiMAN {U. S. Deit. Agr., Fanncrx' Bui. 4I6, pp. 2Jf, figs. 9). — A discussion of the varieties and character of cigar-leaf tobacco, grown in Pennsylvania, is followed by an outline of the processes of cultivation, harvesting, curing, and handling. The diseases and enemies of tobacco and its cost of production are also dealt with. Experiments in turnip culture, A. Carlier (Belg. Hort. et Agr., 22 {1910), No. 15, p. 235). — Each plat in this exiDeriment received a mixture of 400 kg, superphosphate, 800 kg. kainit, and 50 kg. sulphate of ammonia per hectare (356, 712, and 44.5 lbs. per acre, respectively). In addition one series received 200 kg. nitrate of soda at one application, and the other series half that amount when the turnips were from 6 to 7 cm. high and the other half when they were about 15 cm. high. The average yields from the 2 series were 10,725 and 12,442 kg. of roots per hectare, respectively. The relative amounts of dry matter in several varieties of Swedish tur- nips; a comparison between the results obtained in the North of England and other parts of Great Britain, S. II. Collins {Proc. Univ. Durham Phil. 80c., 3 {1909-10), No. 5, pp. 303-306). — This article gives the percentage of total dry matter and the order of merit of each of a number of varieties of swedes tested in the North of England, Great Britain, and elsewhere. The order of merit varied little with the locality. The development of the grain of wheat, Miss W. E. Brenchley and A. D. Hall {Jour. Agr. Sci., 3 {1909), No. 2. pp. 195-217, pi. 1, figs. 20).— The authors recognize 3 stages in tlie formation of the wheat grain: (a) A period during which the pericarp is the prominent feature, (b) one during which the endo- sperm is being filled, and (c) the period of rii>ening or desiccation of the grain, " Each plant possesses, as it were, a special mold," the product of which is uniform in content of nitrogenous and nonnitrogenous materials and ash. Desiccation rather than chemical changes characterizes the rii>ening process. A day or two before the farmer regards the grain as ripe it has attained its maximum dry weight of grain. Tables state the green and dry weights per thousand grains, the specific gravity, and the chemical composition of wheats grown experimentally at Rothamsted. Correlation in wheat, C. Deneumostier {Ann. Oeinbloux, 20 {1910), No. 5, pp. 274-288, dgms. 3 ) .—The investigations reported in this article do not verify the law enunciated by von Liebenberg (E. S. R., 0. p. 633). Data on the stiff, white-strawed Hybrid of Massy showed direct correlation between length of culm and weight of ear, length and weight of culm, and indirect correlation between density of culm and length of head. Tables show the length and weight of culms and ears and the density, number of grains, and total weight of grains and number of spikelets per ear for each of a number of hybrids tested. 38 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Wheat — Variety tests, N. Schmitz (Marylmid 8ta. Bid. IJfl, pp. SS-JfO).— Earlier variety tests have already been noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 440). The tests here reported were made on poorly drained clay loam fertilized with 400 lbs. per acre of a 9-2-5 fertilizer. Fultz was used as the standard for com- parison of varieties and as a check against soil variations. During 8 years of the period 1899-1907, Currell Prolific, Dietz, and New Shanghai averaged 33.6, 31, and 30.7 bu. per acre respectively. In a test of 39 varieties only Bearded Purple Straw, Dietz Longberry, and China averaged more than 30 bu. per acre for the period 1908-1910. Roumanian wheat. — Harvests of 1900-1908, A. Zaharia (Le B14 Ron- main. — R^coltes des Annees 1900-1908. Bucharest, 1910, pp. 581, maps 10). — Tables present data with regard to the wheat harvested by each of a large number of farmers, including the area devoted to wheat, the average returns per acre, the weight per hectoliter and per thousand grains, and the chemical composition. HORTICULTUHE. Frost fighting-, A. B. Wollabeb (Mo. Weather Rev., 38 {1910), No. 7, pp. 1106, 1107). — This is an abstract of a paper by A. G. McAdie describing the method of frost protection by means of small fires or heaters developed in Cali- fornia and now followed elsewhere, the essential features of which are (1) accurate advance information of the likelihood of frost, (2) application of pre- ventive means during critical hours, and (3) guarding the fruit from a too rapid warming. " In all the devices now on the market attention has been given simply to the heating. Fuel of different kinds is used and for various crops there will be a difference in efficiency, depending upon the fuel used, cost of labor, etc. " It seems to the writer that all protective devices are based upon the three following principles: (1) Heating, (2) covering, (3) ventilating. Under the first, come all forms of fire baskets, oil pots, and orchard heaters. Under the second, cloth covers, lattice work, artificial cloud builders, smudge makers, and the new anti-frost cover. Under the third head there should be devised suitable forms of blowers and air mixers." Frost fighting in the Boise Valley, E. L. Wells (Mo. Weather Rev., 38 (1910), No. 7, pp. 1120, 1121). — Trials in an orchard near Boise of fire pots burning oil are reported, the results indicating that " orchard heating in the Boise Valley is entirely practicable, and by its intelligent use serious loss from frost can be practically eliminated." Modern ideas over the reciprocal influence of stock and scion, A. Bencke (Gartenwelt, Hi (1910), No. 23, pp. 269-272). — A review of recent experimental knowledge relative to the mutual relation between stock and scion. Report of the Geisenheini Experiment Station for Pomology, Viticulture, and Gardening for 1909, J. Wortmann et al. (Ber. K. Lehraiist. Wicn, Obst u. Gartenbau Geisenheini, 1909, pp. 26^, figs. 49). — This report includes a gen- eral review for the year of the instruction work in the Geisenheim Institute and of the activities of the divisions of plant physiology, plant pathology, bio- chemistry, pure yeast culture, meteorology, and forest diseases, together with a report of the Geisenheim-Eibingen grape propagating station. Agricultural experiment, H. H. Cousins (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. [Jamaica], 1910, pp. 6-9). — This consists of an outline report of cultural experiments in Jamaica with sugar cane, coffee, bananas, citrus, mangoes, cocoa, cassava, to- bacco, vanilla, and coconuts including reports on the growth of Para rubber planted in different parts of Jamaica in 1906. HOETICULTUKE. 39 Experiments on tlie gases given off by bananas and oranges respectively were also carried on in tlie laboratory. It was sliown that oranges gave off a good deal of carbonic-acid gas when stored in a close place such as a ship's hold, but although this gas appeared to be a good preservative of bananas, it was found by direct trial that the emanations from oranges stored in a chamber brought about a premature ripening of bananas. As a result it is recom- mended that citrus fruits and bananas be placed in separate storage when being shipped for long distances by sea. In the light of the results secured with the Para rubber tree, it is concluded that it is not suitable for cultivation in Jamaica as a commercial source of rub- ber. The high cost of labor is one of the important factors against its culture. Castilloa elastica appears to be the most promising rubber tree at present being tested in Jamaica. It has a more vigorous growth and capacity for giving its latex at a few tappings, thereby reducing the cost of collecting the rubber. Mushrooms, R. L. Castle (London, [1910], 1. ed., pp. VI+20+XII, figs. 28).— This booklet contains popular directions for growing mushrooms. Growing' tomatoes for the canning factory, J. Troop, C. G. Woodbury, and J. G. Boyle (Indiana Sta. Bui. lU, pp. 511-528, figs. 8).— Under the general headings of soil, growing the plants, harvesting, yields and profits, varieties, insects, and diseases, this bulletin discusses the methods now employed in Indiana in growing tomatoes as a field crop for the canning factory, the business being considered from the standpoint of the general farmer. The subject matter is based upon field investigations conducted by the station, observations made in important growing sections, and information furnished by canners and growers. The investigations as a whole have led to the following suggestions for placing the industry on a better paying basis: The growing and setting out of better plants; more thorough soil preparation, including drainage, fertilizing and cul- tivation ; handling the vines more carefully during the picking season ; and planting smaller areas with more intensive methods of culture. Commercial fruit growing, A. Janson (Der Grossobstbau. Berlin, 1909, pp. VI-\-313, figs. 132). — This work is presented as a guide and text-book of orchard management, including intercropping with small fruits and vegetables. It is especially designed for those who already have a technical knowledge of fruit culture and wish to engage in commercial orcharding. For this reason questions relating to locating the orchard, orchard policy, valuation, financing, determination of yields, etc., are given more importance than cultural details. although many phases of the cultural work are treated with a view to supple- menting information furnished in previous works on fruit growing. Fruit production in the Department of Rhone, Deville (Ann. Soc. Agr. Sci. et Indus. Lyon, 1909, pp. 101-123).— In addition to a brief survey of the fruit industry of Rhone, the questions of fertilizing, training, pruning, and thinning fruit trees are discussed, as well as the control of insects and fungus diseases attacking various kinds of fruits. Fruit growing in Auvergne, D. Laye (Assoc. Frang. Avanc. Sci., Compt. Rend., 37 (1908), pp. 1127-1137).— A general account of the fruit industry in the Department of Puy de Dome, France. The planting of fruit trees (West Indian Bui, 11 (1910), 'So. 1, pp. 50-55, pis. 3).— In view of the successful results secured by Bedford and Pickering in planting fruit trees without taking any precautions to prevent the roots from being injured and then ramming the soil tightly around them (E. S. R., 20, p. 1034) experiments were undertaken at several of the stations in the West Indies to determine the effect of this unorthodox method of planting in those 67374°— No. 1—11 4 40 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. countries, and preliminary reports are liere given of the planting operations in Dominica, Montserrat, Antigua, and St. Kitts, including the results to date. Planting operations in Antigua and St. Kitts failed generally on account of drought and will be repeated. The work in Dominica and Montserrat shows a decreased rate of growth for trees carelessly planted over those carefully planted, though it still remains to be determined whether this decrease is permanent. Orcharding'. A. Dickins (Agr. Ed. [Kans. Agr. Col.], 2 (1910), No. 3, pp. 69, ■figs. 35), — This publication contains popular directions for growing orchard and small fruits. Problems surrounding the shipping- of fruit, G. H. Powell (Better Fruit, 5 (1910), No. 3, pp. 25-31, 74, 75, 76, 77).— The author discusses the various factors affecting the shipping quality of citrus and deciduous fruits, and indi- cates the improved methods of handling the fruit previous to and during transj portation with a view to preventing mechanical injuries and the development of fruit diseases. Ag-ricultural cold storage plants, G. Bouvier (Ann. Sac. Agr. Sci. et Indus. Lyon, 1909, pp. 217-238). — An address on the establishment and uses of coop- erative cold storage plants, based upon storage experiments with fruits and vegetables conducted in the experimental plant of the Condrieu Cooperative Cold Storage Society. The general results secured with specific fruits and vegetables are included. Handling the apple crop of the Northwest, C. I. Lewis (Better Fruit, 5 (1910), No. 3, pp. 17-2Ji, figs. 21). — A discussion of modern practices in picking, grading, packing, and shipping apples. Results of fertilizer experiments with olives, Zacharewicz (Bui. Dir. Agr. Com. et Colon. [Tunis], 1 '/ (1910), No. 55, pp. 21^-223). — A summarized account of results secured from fertilizer experiments with olives in southern France. Physiological investigations of the prune and study of methods for im- proving the prune industry in Servia, W. Stotkowitch (Recherches physio- logiques sur la prune et etude sur les methodes a employer pour Vam^lioration de I'industrie pruniere en SerMe. 'Thesis, Univ. Naney, 1910, pp. 228+11, figs. 71). — This thesis, which was presented to the University of Nancy for the doctor's degree, includes a detailed investigation of prune culture and the prep- aration of dried prunes in the different producing countries, and a comparison of these methods with the methods actually employed in Servia, including a search for means of improving the prune industry of Servia. In addition the autiior reports physiological investigations relative to the maturing of prunes and their composition in the various stages of their development, as well as personal investigations of various questions connected with the processes of drying prunes. Quince culture, F. C. Sears (Mass. Crop Rpt., 23 (1910), No. 5, pp. 32-^0, figs. 2). — This article contains popular directions for growing quinces. It dis- cusses soils and fertilizers, varieties, selecting trees and planting out, fruit bearing and pruning, insects and fungus pests, picking, marketing, and uses. Coconut cultivation in the Federated Malay States, L. C. Brown (Dept. Agr. Fed. Malay States Bui. 11, pp. 10). — Popular suggestions are given for growing coconuts, the extraction of toddy or sugar from the tree, collecting the produce, manufacture of copra, and protection against pests. An estimate of expenditures and receipts is also given for opening up and bringing into bearing 500 acres of coconuts in the Coast district. Experiments on the quality of tea, G. D. Hope (Indian Tea Assoc. [Pam- phlet] 2, 1910, pp. 29, charts 11). — Part 1 of this pamphlet discusses the results of a preliminary inquiry conducted at the Heeleaka Experiment Station relative HORTICULTUKE. 41 to the influence which external conditions, such as rainfall, temperature, ma- uurial experiments, etc., exert on the quality of tea leaf. Part 2 describes in detail attempts to follow the loss of essential oil during the process of firing in tea, in order eventually to determine methods by which this loss may be mini- mized. Germination and selection experiments with tea seed, C. Bebnaed (Bui. Dept. Agr. Indes y^crland., 1910, No. 1,0, pp. 11-2S, pi. i).— This consists of notes on the selection, tesring, and germination of tea seed, carried on pi-elimi- nary to the development through selection of a race of tea better adapted to conditions in Java than the present forms. The author found that selection by size of seed has little value but that the heaviest seeds produce the most vigorous seedlings. Where seeds were im- mersed in solutions of different density, those immersed in the heaviest solu- tions gave the best and most uniform seedlings. The density of the seed was not an index to the rapidity of germination, and the failure to sink in the solu- tion is not always an indication that the seeds will not germinate. More regu- lar and uniform germination was secured when the seeds were planted in the ground with the eye downward than when planted with the eye on top. A report on raspberry manuring experiments, Brehmee (Gartenwelt, 14 (1910), No. 2, pp. 15-17, fig. 1). — In some fertilizer experiments conducted with raspberries for a period of 3 years in the experimental fields of the Altona Industrial School a complete commercial fertilizer with a high content of solu- ble salts and from which the harmful salts had been removed gave much better results as to yield than either the ordinary commercial fertilizer or stable manure. The use of lime in connection with the various combinations appears to have increased the yield. Beginning' and progress in the development of American grapes, T. V. MUNSON (Trans. Kans. State Hort. Soc, 30 (1908-9), pp. 19o-20J,).—A brief survey of the history and progress of grape culture in the United States. Viticulture in Auvergne, F. Christophle (Assoc. Franc. Avang. Sci., Compt. Rend., 37 (1908), pp. 1151-1161): — A report on the viticultural industry in the Department of Puy de Dome, France, relative to its history and extent, climatic conditions, methods of culture, varieties, wine making, and marketing. Greenhouse cultures, P. Pacottet and J. Daieat (Cultures de Sevres. Paris, 1910, pp. 540, figs. 178). — This book, which is one of the agricultural series published under the direction of G. Wery, is essentially a treatise on grape cul- ture under glass, although some attention is given to the culture of other fruits. The successive chapters discuss the general factors involved in greenhouse cultures, greenhouse construction, management, and heating, propagation, plant- ing, pruning, forcing operations, various methods of conservhig fruit previous to marketing, packing, transjwrtation, and diseases, insect pests, and other hindrances in the greenhouse. The book concludes with a study of greenhouse varieties of grapes. Town gardening, B. C. Ravensceoft (London, 1910, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XlI-^337).—X revised and enlarged edition of this handbook of trees, shrubs, and plants suitable for culture in the outdoor garden, window garden, and greenhouse, originally issued in 1882. Rock and water gardens, F. W. Meyee (London, 1910, pp. XII-\-227, pis. 50).— This work embodies a series of popular articles by the late author which have appeared from time to time in The Garden, to which additions have been made by the editor, E. T. Cook, with a view to increasing the usefulness of the work. It contains detailed instructions for making and planting rock and water gardens, including suggestions as to plant material. Chapters on wall and heath gardening are also included. 42 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. On the composition of flexible and rigid carnation stems, L. Fondard aud F. Gauthie iCompt Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 8, pp. 502-504).— Analyses are given showing the chemical composition of both stiff and flexible carnation stems. The content of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash was found to be considerably greater in the stiff stems, whereas there was a higher lime content in the flexible stems. On studying the respective composition of the leaves and stems of each va- riety analyzed, it was found that although the leaves were much richer in nitrogen, potash, and lime than the stems, they were poorer in phosphoric acid. The authors therefore suggest that with a view to producing an abundance of flowering stems it may be well to pay more attention to the importance of phosphoric acid as a carnation fertilizer. FORESTRY. How to know the trees, H. Irving (London, New York, and Melbourne, 1910, pp. VI+179, pis. 111). — This book consists of popular descriptions with illus- trations of trees commonly met with in Great Britain. Trees and shrubs of the British Isles, C. S. Cooper and W. P. Westell (London and New York, 1909, vols. 1, pp. XXXII+LXXXIV+108; 2, pp. ^'III+260, pis. 86). — This work has been prepared as a means for identifying not only the trees and shrubs native to the British Isles but also the more com- mon cultivated trees and shrubs. Over 550 species are described under the headings of flowers, inflorescence, fruit, foliage, mode of growth, and winter buds. Each plant is arranged under its natural order, the characteristics of which precede each group. The intro- duction contains considerable general information relative to the habitat, form, structure, beauty, uses, etc., of trees and shrubs. A calendar showing the average dates of flowering in mild latitudes, together with a number of lists of trees and shrubs for certain soils and situation^, is given, and several chapters preceding the descriptions discuss injurious and useful insects, galls, fungus pests, and fungicides aud insecticides. [Timber trees of Cuba] (Mem. Admin. Pres. Repuh. Cuba, 1909, insert, quarto 2, facing p. 2.'i2). — A descriptive list is given of 112 timber trees of Cuba show- ing their common and scientific names, origin, height, range, uses of the timber and other products, and the class, specific weight, and color of the timber, to- gether with coefiicients of fracture, elasticity, compression, and flection. Statistics of Danish forests, C. H. Finch (Quart. Jour. Forestry, 4 (1910), No. 4, pp. 300-305, pi. 1). — A brief statistical report on the forests and forest administration in Denmark. Beech, oak, and hornbeam high forest in France, A. Smythies (Quart. Jour. Forestry, Jf (1910), No. Jf, pp. 215-293, pis. 6). — ^A descriptive account of the Forest of Retz, discussing its situation, area, history, climate, geology and soil, enemies, and the details of its administrative policy. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 182, pp. 4). — This circular discusses the shortleaf pine (P. echinata) relative to the form and size of trees grown in plantations, planting range, soil requirements, uses of the wood, seed bed, nursei'y and planting operations, and yield of plantations. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 183, pp. Jf). — The discussion of this species is quite similar to that noted above for the shortleaf pine (P, echinata). FORESTRY. 43 The rubber tree of Tonkin and North Annam (Bleekrodea tonkinensis), P. Eberhardt and M. Dubard {Agr. Prat. Pays Ghaiuls, 10 (1910), Nos. 82, pp. 4-23, figs. 6; 83, pp. 112-131, figs. 10).— A general report on the Tonkin rubber tree (E. S. R, 21, p. 444), relative to its history, geograpbic distribution, habitat, biology, morphology, anatomy, latex and rubber, methods of tapping, and com- mercial value of the product. Tapping experiments with Teo-Nong (Bleekrodea tonkinensis) rubber trees, J. RouLLET (Bui. Econ. Indo-Chine, n. ser., 13 (1910), No. 82, pp. 1-11). Ex- periments were conducted to determine the best methods of tapping the Teo- Nong tree discussed above, as well as to study the character of the latex. The V-shaped cut gave the best returns. Although the rubber is of good quality, the latex has a large resin content, and it is concluded that it will not pay to harvest Teo-Nong latex from the wild trees. India rubber and gutta-percha, T. Seeligmann, G. L. Torrilhon aud H. Falconet (London, 1910, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XVI+J)9S+32, figs, l.'io). — A revised and enlarged second edition of this work (E. S. R., 15, p. G80). The cultivation and preparation of Para rubber, W. H. Johnson (London, 1909, 2. ed., rev. and cnl., pp. XII + n'S-j-16, pis. 9, tigs. 23).— The present edition of this work (E. S. R., 17, p. 774) has been rewritten and greatly enlarged to include the latest authentic information on rubber culture in the East, as well as a number of subjects likely to be of interest to those connected with the rubber industry. Plantation rubber in 1909 and its future, H. Brenieb (Bui. Econ. Indo- Chine, n. ser., 13 (1910), No. 83, pp. 206-2^2). — An economic review of rubber conditions in tlie various producing countries, based upon the recent literature of rubber production, references to which are included. Comparing plantation rubber with wild rubber, the author finds that the evidence presented is in favor of the Hevea plantations of the East wherever labor is abundant and rational exploitation is employed. On the other hand, overcapitalization, overplanting, mismanagement, and the failure to recognize proper conditions of soil, climate, and culture are apt to react unfavorably to plantation rubber. Rubber culture in Mexico, H. J. Ludewig (Tropenpflanzer, U (1910), No. 10, pp. 510-521). — A general and statistical account of the rubber industry in Mexico, including an outline of propagation experiments with Guayule rubber being conducted by E. A. Caffey at the Los Cedros plantation. . Rubber culture in the Malay Peninsula, P. J. S. Cramer (Dc;jf. Landb. Suriname Bui. 25, pp. 138, pis. 25, figs. 2.}).— This bulletin, which is based upon an investigation tour of the rubber plantations in Colombo and the Federated Malay States, is intended as a popular cultural guide for Suriname planters. It discusses clearing the land, selection of soils, drainage, seed bed and nursery practices, planting operations, catch crops, topping and pruning, diseases and other pests, tapping methods, practices and instruments, transporting and coagu- lating latex, and preparing rubber for the market. Report of the state forest administration of Bavaria (ilitt. Staatsforslrerw. Bayerns, 1909, No. 9, pp. 207).— This is a statistical review of forest operations in Bavaria for the year 1907. The data given show the extent of forest areas of all kinds at the beginning of 1907, the volume and value of timber sales and the sale of minor products, revenues and expenditures for the year, planting and road building operations, net incomes, forest offenses, aud forest fires. The results of felling operations, forest plantings, and other improvements in the forests belonging to communes, institutions, and corporations are included. Summarized statistics are also 44 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. given for the year 1909, showing the nature, vohime. and value of major and minor forest products in the various districts of Bavaria. A statistical review of the forest administration of the Grand-Duchy of Baden for the year 1908 (Statis Nachio. Forstvenv. Baden, 31 (1908), pp. XXI +145, dgms. 11). — Part 1 of this review contains general summaries rela- tive to forest areas, grubbing and planting operations, and forest offenses. Part 2 contains detailed statistical information for the crown forests, relative to areas by districts, financial yields, yield in lumber and minor forest products, silvicultural operations, road building, wages, and net returns for the year, with comparative data showing the net returns for the previous 41 years. Part 3 contains statistics relative to yields in major and minor forest products, financial returns, silvicultural operations, road building, etc., for the commime and corporation forests during 1908. The tables are preceded by an explanatory text. Report of supervisors' meeting' at Missoula, Montana, W. B. Greeley {Forestry Quart., S {1910), Xo. 3, pp. 302-325).— This is a rather full account of the proceedings at the meeting of the supervisors of the Forest Service of this Department, held in Missoula, Mont., in March, 1910. Subjects such as the administration of timber sales and logging operations, reconnaissance and working plans, forest planting, and forest settlements' work and policy are discussed. Survey methods and costs for a larg'e area, E. Wilson {Forestry Quart., 8 {1910), No. 3, pp. 287-293) .—The problem before the author was to map and estimate over 1,900 square miles of timber lands at the least expense. He d^escribes in detail the methods employed, including a statement of costs for the past 6 months. Some suggestions on predicting growth for short periods, J. G. Stetson {Forestry Quart., 8 {1910), No. 3, pp. 326-331, figs. 2).— The author briefly considers the plan of procedure for determining the growth of unthinned even-aged stands and uneveu-agetl stands. Creosote for preserving' gate posts {Agr. News [Barbados], 9 {1910), No. 220, p. 312). — Pitch pine gate posts treated with creosote in 1905 under the direction of the Antigua Botanic Station were in perfectly sound condition in 1910. Similar untreated posts were erected in 1909 to serve as a future check on the treated posts. The treatment consisted in pouring creosote into a | in. hole bored in the top of the post to a depth of from 15 to 18 in., and into similar holes bored at about 18 in. from the ground level and at an angle of about 70°. The holes have been kept filled with creosote almost continuously since the posts were erected. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Diseases of cultivated plants and trees, G. ^Massee {New York and London, 1910, pp. XII+602, figs. i7i).— This work is intended to supplant the Text-book of Plant Diseases by the same author, the first edition of which appeared in 1899 (E. S. R., 11, p. 555). The material has been wholly rewritten and greatly extended, many new disea.ses having made their appearance since the earlier work was completed. The system of treatment has also been changed, the chap- ters especially devoted to technical descriptions of fungi having been omitted and such descriptions as were found desirable included in the text describing the disease. In the present work diseases due to causes other than fungi are considered at some length, but naturally those due to parasitic organisms are given most attention. The descriptions are such as would enable one readily to identify DISEASES OF PLANTS. 45 the diseases, and the suggestions for combating tbem are those that recent in- vestigations have shown to be the most successful. The grouping of the diseases is essentially the same as in the previous work and is in the sequence of the orders of fungi and not by host plants. Control of diseases of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, H. C. Thompson {.Mississippi Sta. Bui. l.'fl, pp. 3-30, flgs. ;37).— Brief descriptions are given of some of the principal diseases affecting fruits, vegetables, and flowers, together with directions for their control, including the preparation and application of the common fungicides and insecticides, types of sprayers, and remedies other than sprays that should be used. Report on some plant diseases, F. BtrBAK (Ztschr. Landio. Vcrsuchsw. Osterr., 18 {1910), No. 4, pp. 502-505). ~ln a report of the work done during 1909 by the station for plant diseases of the Royal Agricultural Academy in Tabor (Bohemia), the more important fungus diseases and insect pests examined or studied are given, including a new grape fungus {Fusicoccum bulgaricum). Experiments with Ustilago sorghi and U. bulgarica (E. S. R., 23, p. 250) on Sorghum vulgare showed that the characteristics of the new fungus {U. bul- garica) are constant and that it is capable of infecting the young seedlings like U. sorghi. Notes on some plant diseases, T. H. Johnston {Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 7, pp. 563-566, pis. 2). — Attention is called to the presence of late blight {Phytophthora infcstans) on tomatoes and the relationship of this dis- ease to potato and tomato crops. Of potato diseases, both late blight and leaf spot (Alternaria solatii) are fairly common, while the honey fungus {AnniUaria mellea) was found in potato tubers. The commonest apple scab is Fusicladium dendriticum, but another scab is also described due to the fungus Coniothecium chromatosporum. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture controlled the common scab {F. dendriticum), but not the otlier one. Fungi exotici, XI, G. Massee {Roy. Bot. Gard. Keio, Bui. Misc. Inform., 1910, No. 7, pp. 2J,9-253, pis. 2).— Twelve new species of fungi are described. Two of these are of special interest, Nectria theobromicola from West Africa, parasitic on the pods of Theobroma cacao, and Eutypa caulivora from Malay, parasitic on the wood of Hevea brasiliensis. A popular description of the latter has been previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 750). Cultures of parasitic Hysteriaceae, K, von Tubeuf {Naturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landic, 8 {1910), No. 8, pp. .',08-1,11, fig. i).— The author gives the results of cultures of leaf cast fungi, such as Lophodermium pinastri. on gelatin, broth, and other artificial culture media. On the synonomy of the genus Nectria, F. voN Hohnel and J. Weese {Ann. Mycol., 8 {1910), No. J,, pp. ^6^-/, 68). —The results are given of a study of mate- rial of this group found in the herbaria at Berlin, Kew, and Paris, and the Rehm herbarium at Munich. The smuts of Australia, D. McAlpine {Melbourne: Dept. Agr. Victoria, 1910, pp. 288, pis. 57, figs. i6).— The object of the present work is to classify and describe all known species of Australian smuts, to supply photomicrographs of their spores and other important features so as to determine their identity, and to give an account of their life histories as far as present knowledge goes, in order that a rational mode of treatment may be adopted for preventing their ravages in cultivated crops. The general plan of the work is along the same lines as that of The Rusts of Australia (E. S. R., IS, p. 149), and is divided into 5 subdivisions as follows: (1) General characters, including vegetative and reproductive organs (spores, conidia, etc.), spore formation in Australian genera, germination of spores, 46 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, infection, parasitism and immunity, relations between host and parasite in smut diseases, indigenous and introduced species; (2) life histories and treatment of cereal smuts, viz, wheat bunt {Tilletia tritici), loose smut of wheat (Ustilago tritici), flag smut of wheat (TJrocysHs tritici), loose smut of oats {Ustiiago avencB), naked smut of barley (C7. nuda), covered smut of barley (U. hordei), and head smut of maize (Sorosporium reilianmn) ; (3) life histories of various grass smuts, including grain smut of sorghum (Cintractia sorghi-viilgaris), brome grass smut (U. hromivora) , kangaroo grass smuts (three), and Wallaby grass smuts (two) ; (4) field experiments during 1909; and (5) classification and technical descriptions of 11 genera and 60 species. An extensive bibliography is appended, Tacts contributing' to the explanation of grain rust epidemics, E. C. John- son (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 32 {1910), No. 816, p. 256). — The author states that wintering uredospores and wind-blown uredospores or secidiospores are usually present in sufficient quantities to start rusts every year. The germina- tion of uredosix»res and the infection in many rusts takes place most easily at the relatively low temperatures of 60 to 70° F. Wheat is said to be particularly susceptible to infection at heading time, and if this period is delayed by a late season, or is unduly lengthened by reason of low temperatures, the number of spores falling on each plant is proportionately increased, and the rust is given unusual chances for development. Subnormal temperatures, especially cool nights with heavy dews, are exceedingly favorable to rust infection at this time, being far more so than excessive rainfall due to sudden showers with periods of high temperatures bet\^en. An analysis of the climatological conditions over the middle Northwest showed that the most severe epidemics of rust appeared when the temperatures averaged 3.5° subnormal over this region. On the outbreak of the leaf-roll disease in Wurttemberg', W. Lang (Wilrt- iemb. Wchnhl. Landw., 1909, Nos. 23, pp. J,20-Jf22; 2Jt, pp. hkh, f)5).— The author discusses the symptoms, causes, and remedies for this disease. It is stated that the tubers do not always show indications of the disease, but that the rolling and coloring of the tops is one of the most marked symptoms, although this may be caused by other diseases. The disease is said to be prevalent in Wurttemberg, and has materially de- creased the yield. The cause of the disease is not yet known, but regional con- ditions seem to be an important factor in its outbreaks. The selection and breeding of highly resistant varieties is recommended as the best means of control. New studies on the leaf-roll disease of the potato, R. Schander {Jahresher. Ter. Angeiv. Bot., 7 {1909), pp. 235-2Jf.5). — ^From these studies, the author con- cludes that the leaf-roll disease can be transmitted by means of infected seed tubers, and that the coloring of the fibro-vascular bundles is not a certain indi- cation of the disease. The treatment of the seed potatoes with various fungi- cides produced no effect in controlling the disease, and the use of different kinds of fertilizers was also without effect. The use of sound tubers only as seed is recommended. Irish potato blight, D. McAlpine {Dcpt. Agi: Victoria Bui. 21, pp. 5-42, i)ls. 16, figs. 5; Dept Agr. So. Aust. Bui. Jf9, pp. 42, pis. 16, figs. 5). — On account of the late blight {Phytophthora infestans) having been discovered in all the states of Australia, the author deems it wise to discuss the life history and damage done by this disease, so that all potato growers will be able to recognize it and take the proper precautions against it. A histoiy of the disease, its oc- currence in New Zealand and Australia, its symptoms, cause, development, favoring conditions, and methods of combating it are given. DISEASES OP PLANTS. 4'7 Spraying- experiments at West Maitland for the prevention of potato blight, W. J. Allen (Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 7, pp. 571-576, figs. 6).— The usual beneficial results are reported for spraying with Bordeaux mixture iu controlling the late blight (Phytoplithora infestans)' even when the applica- tions were delayed till after the fungus had appeared. No appreciable differ- ences were observed between the results obtained from the use of Bordeaux mixture and copper soda spray. A disease of rhubarb (Peronospora jaapiana), P. Magnus (Bcr. Deut. Bot. GeselL, 28 {1910), No. 6, pp. 250-253) .—The author describes a new leaf-spot disease of rhubarb {Rheum rhaponticum) under the name of P. jaapiana n. sp. Studies on the fungi of rice in Japan, I. Miyake {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 2 {1910), No. J,, pp. 237-276, pis. 2).— This has been previously noted from another source (E. g. R,, 23, p. 347). On tumor formation in sugar beets, K. Spisab {Ztschr. Zuckerindus. Bohmen, 34 {1910), No. 11, pp. 629-634, figs. //).— A general description of the characteristics of this disease is given, together with an anatomical study of the structure of the tumors. It is claimed that the disease is caused by a mechanical injury to the root system of the beets. On the premature seeding in sugar beets, Neumann {Deut. Lamlw. Presse, 87 {1910), No. 25, pp. 279, 2S0).— The author states that during May, 1909, there were 5 late frosts while for the same month in 1908 there was none, and that the May of 1909 was very hot and dry while in 1908 this month's rainfall was normal. These unfavorable weather conditions during the May of 1909 seemed to be the cause of the unusually large amount of premature seeding of sugar beets. The diseases of sugar cane, C. W. Edgerton {Federal Reporter, 11 (1910), No. 9, pp. 11-13; La. Planter, /,^ {1910), No. 21,, pp. 484, 485).— A paper read before the Louisiana Sugar Planters' Association, summarizing Bulletin 120 of the Louisiana stations previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 648). A new disease of sulla, L. Montemartini {Riv. Patol. Veg., 4 {1910), No. 11, pp. 165-167). — A description is given of a leaf spot 'disease of sulla due to Anthostomella sullai n. sp. This fungus produces on the upper surface of the leaves large dark spots, which gradually extend to the middle of the leaf, caus- ing it to curl and wither up. Wheat smuts and scab, N. Schmitz {Maryland Sta. Bill. 147, pp. 40-45). — Descriptions are given of the loose and stinking smuts of wheat, and of wheat scab, together with directions for their control. The dying of fi-uit trees and the leaf -roll disease of the potato, K. Stormer {Jaliresher. Ver. Angeiv. Bot., 7 {1909), pp. 119-170, t)l. 1, figs. 15).— In a fur- ther discussion (E. S. R., 23, p. 350) of the general symptoms, causes, etc., of the peculiar dying of fruit trees in certain sections of Europe, the author com- pares the syni])toms of the diseased species (cherry, apple, and currant) with the characteristics of the leaf-roll disease of the potato. He concludes that as the external symptoms are similar and the disease begins in each cases in the roots, the primary cause must be unfavorable soil conditions (such as too much acid, alkali, or water, a deficiency in the food or water supply, or a poor physical condition of the soil) which weakens the vitality of the plants, thereby permitting the entrance of parasites, such as Botrytis riUs for the currant, Valsa leucostoma for the cherry, a similar fungus for the apple, and a Fusarium, VerticilUum albo-atriim, etc., for the potato, which finally cause the death of the plants. The removal of these unfavorable soil conditions by proi)er cultivation, rotation of crops, drainage, and fer- tilizers, and the control of the fungi by disinfection of the soil with carbon bisulphid, etc., are recommended. 48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Bitter pit, C. P. Lounsbuey (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 31 (1910), Wo. 2, pp. 150-173, figs. 3, pi. 1). — A general discussion is given of the characteristics, cause, occurrence in Africa and other countries, importance, development in storage, variety of apples affected, and methods of control, of the bitter pit of the apple. It is claimed that the disease is not due to insects, fungi, or bacteria, but seems to be a physiological one accentuated by certain climatic conditions that pi-evail in parts of South Africa. It is stated that not only does the fruit on the trees show the spots, but fruit apparently healthy when gathered also develops the bitter pit in storage after 10 to 20 days. Certain varieties of apples pit very badly vphile others, especially those grown from Colonial seedlings, are practically immune to the disease, and by careful selection of the more resistant varieties the disease may be partially controlled. A disease of young' apricot fruits, W. H. Nixon and H. W. Curry (Pacific Rural Press, SO (1910), Wo. 7, p. 12^).- — Attention is called to a new rot which of late years has caused considerable damage to the apricot crops in the Santa Clara Valley, California. The disease begins at the base of the young fruits before the calyx and sta- mens fall, and after a rain not followed by hot or windy weather which would serve to dry u]) the water held between the calyx and the fruit. It first appears as a firm brownish rot, which later forms cottony tufts of mycelium on the surface, followed by white crystals scattered over these tufts. Finally the diseased area turns black and hardens, and the entii'e fruit shrivels and mum- mifies as in brown rot. This disease under favorable weather conditions destroys from one-fourth to one-half of the crop. The fungus is believed to be Botrytis cinerea, and in a similar disease from San Jose is associated with another fungus which in cul- tures produces no spores but forms solid, black, oval sclerotia about one-half in. long. The development of Gnomonia erythrostoma, F. T. Brooks (Ann. Bot. [London], 2.'i {1910). Wo. 95, pp. 5S5-G05, pis. 2). — An account is given of some of the phases in the life history of this fungus, which is held to be the cause of the cherry leaf scorch disease. Coconut palm, disease, H. N. Ridley (Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, 9 (1910), Wo. 5, pp. 178-180). — Attention is called to a serious disease of coconuts in Borneo, the author believing it to be identical with that described by Butler (E. S. R., 20, p. 454). The disease is said to be due to a species of Botryodiplodia which attacks the roots, cutting off the water supply so that the buds die of drought and starvation. In addition to coconuts, betel and caryota palms are subject to attacks of the fungus. Cottony mold of lemons, C. O. Smith (Cal. Cult., 35 (1910), Wo. 9, pp. 196, 197, figs. 2). — The results of a study of the cottony mold of lemons are given, in which the cause of the disease, life history of the fungus (Sclcrotinia sp.), re- lation between a cover crop and cottony mold, laboratory experiments with the fungus, and control measures are discussed. This disease has been on the increase in recent years and often causes heavy losses among lemons during the curing process by producing a soft rot of the fruit while in storage. The primary infection of the fruit occurs from spores produced in the orchard, which in the packing house develop only the sterile mycelium of the fungus in the form of a dense widely spreading white cottony mold-like growth that quickly spreads from their original centers of infection to the surrounding green fruit in the boxes. The life history of the fungus consists of three stages, the packing-house vegetation stage of white cotton-like growth, which finally penetrates to the in- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 49 tei-ior of the lemons and produces black sclerotia, and the ascospore stage which is developed from the sclerotia. These spores on germination may infect either the cover crop or the green lemons through the button end through some abra- sion on the fruit. The cottony mycelium thus produced is capable of infecting perfectly healthy lemons. It is stated that the disease has increased with the increased growing of cover crops, especially vetch, as the dense growth of this legume affords a suit- able place for the development of the fungus, which also occurs as a saprophyte. Under the vetch the sclerotia are produced in great numbers on any dead or dying vegetable matter, and on the advent of the winter rains develop the spore stage. It is also claimed that the fungus is actively parasitic on the twigs and branches of both lemon and orange trees, where sclerotia are produced with spores capable of infecting the green lemons, but that by far the worst and most common method of infection is from the clover crop. It is suggested that the most logical method of combating this disease is in the washing tank by using some strong disinfectant, such as copper sulphate, but that further experiments are necessary before an exact formula can be given. Bloom blig'lit of mango in Cuba, P. P. Cardin [Cuha Rev., 8 (1910), No. 5, pp. 28, 29, fig. 1 ) . — Attention is called to the prevalence of this disease ( Glceos- poriuni nmngiferw) in Cuba, which causes the opening blossoms of infected trees to turn black, rot, dry up, and fall off, this being followed by the withering and death of the central stem. Insects which visit the flowers carry the spores of the fungus from flower to flower, thus spreading the disease. Two thorough applications of Bordeaux mixture at intervals of 2 weeks are recommended as a remedy. A new disease of the olive, L. Montemartini (Riv. Patol. Vcg., 4 {1910), No. 11, pp. I6I-I6J1). — The author describes a disease of olives which first causes the extremities of the foliage to wither. As the disease advances, the interior of the branches are invaded until finally the tree dies. On removing the bark of an attacked branch, the cambium zone shows a brown color, which becomes more intense as the disease progresses, and finally, especially in young plants, becomes putrid and watery, thus preventing the movement of the sap. Associated with the diseased areas was found an abun- dance of a large bacterium which is supposed to be the cause of the disease, and which will be described in detail in a later paper. The disease begins appa- rently in the very young branches, and spreads from these to the larger and older parts. The Phytophthora rot of pears in Bohemia, F. Bubak (Ztschr. Pflanzcn- Jcrank., 20 (1910), No. 5, pp. 257-261, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The author describes the characteristics, mycelium, and fructifications (conidia and oospores) of this fungus (P. cactorum) as found in the ripe or ripening fruit of pears. The mycelial threads are nonseptate, and usually without haustoria, the usual char- acters of the mycelium for this fungus when it is living saprophytically. A disease of the grape, J, V. Solano (Bol. Dir. Fomento [Pent], 8 (1910), No. 5, pp. 1, 2, pi. 1).—A disease of the grape which causes large tumors or excrescences on the stems is reported from the Moquegua Valley as doing great damage. The direct cause of this disease is not known, but It is supposed to be of a bacterial nature and is apparently worse after a winter of low temperature. Cutting out the diseased areas, washing the wounds with a solution of sul- phate of iron (50 kg. sulphate of iron, 1 liter sulphuric acid, and 100 liters water), and then covering them with tar or clay, is the remedy recommended. A vine disease of lower Austria, L. Linsbaxjer (JahrcKhcr. Ver. Angeio. Bot., 7 (1909), pp. 112-118, figs. 5).— A general discussion is given of the character- 50 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. istics and probable causes of a disease of the grape, in which the main and constant distinctive feature is a stiff, upright position of tlie shoots in place of the usual flexible drooping growth. Accompanying this are several other more or less constant characteristics, such as the failure of the blooms to set fruit, a dwarfed growth of the stocks, leaves with yellowish pocket-like siwts, or with brown, brittle, dead spots, or an affection of the entire leaf in this manner, abnormally short upper internodes with the leaves small and thickly clustered, a strong gi-owth of young shoots from the axillary buds, a repeated branching of the shoots, and the formation of gall-like excrescences on the stocks while no leaves or only curled ones are present. An examination of the inflorescence on diseased plants showed that in place of perfect flowers there were many stami- nate and so-called intermediate flowers present. The disease seems to be due to climatic conditions, such as wet summers and hot dry autumns, followed by dry, moderately cold, but prolonged winters. Grape-spraying experiraents in Michig'an in 1909, L. A. Hawkins (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 65, pp. 15. pis. 3). — This is a report on spray- ing experiments conducted in the same general way as in previous years (E. S. R., 22, pp. 50, 247), in which the comparative value in controlling the black rot (GuignarclM bidwelUi) was tested for the following sprays: (1) Bordeaux mixtures, 4 : 4 : 50, 4 : 3 : 50, 4 : 2 : 50, and 3 : 2 : 50 ; (2) neutral copper acetate, 1:50; (3) ammoniacal copper carbonate, 6 : 3 : 50 ; (4) self-boiled lime sulphur, 10:10:50; and (5) commercial lime-sulphur solution, 1:75. Resin-flsh-oil soap and iron sulphate were also added to the 4 : 3 : 50 Bordeaux mixture as ad- hesives in some of the trials. Although the season was a favorable one for the black rot it was demon- strated that the disease can be controlled by proper methods of spraying and cultivation, even in such seasons. In vineyards where the fungus had been thoroughly established and very destructive, there was a difference of 86.4 per cent between the amount of rot on the unsprayed check and the best sprayed plat, while in the vineyards which had been thoroughly sprayed the previous year, practically no loss occurred from black rot on the portions sprayed with Bordeaux mixture; on the check plat, however, the loss was 39.8 per cent. The best fungicide used was 4 : 3 : 50 Bordeaux mixture. The 3 : 2 : 50 Bordeaux mixture may prove as efficient, but should be tested more thoroughly. Of the two nonstaining compounds, neutral copper acetate and ammoniacal copper carbonate, the former proved to be the better fungicide, but seriously injured the foliage when used throughout the season, although it seemed to have no ill effects when used only as a final application. The two lime-sulphur compounds used proved unsuitable as fungicides for grapes, as neither con- trolled the rot as well as the Bordeaux mixture, while the commercial lime- sulphur spray was very injurious to the vines. The resin-flsh-oil soap proved to be a better sticker than the iron sulphate, and when used in the last applica- tion at the rate of 2 lbs. soap to 50 gal. of the mixture, seemed to be as effective as when used in all the sprayings. It is concluded that the disease can be controlled with 5 thorough applications of 4 : 3 : 50 Bordeaux mixture, soap being used in the flnal application. The fig'ht against the grape mildew, A. Cadoret (Prog. Agi: et Tit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 {1910). No. 31, pp. 137, 138).— The author claims that during the past 6 years an outbreak of the grape mildew has always been preceded from 13 to 15 days by attacks of mildew {Glceosporium nervisequum.) on the sycamore. If the sycamores suffer from only one attack, the grapes may or may not have the grape mildew, but if the sycamores have two attacks an outbreak of grape mildew is certain. When the sycamores have three sue- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 51 cessive invasions, the grapes are sure to suffer from a general epidemic. As a result of these observations, it is recommended that the grapevines be sprayed as many times as the sycamores have the mildew, this to be followed by dusting with sulphur and copper sulphate. Experiments on the control of the grape Peronospora, A. Weinbau (Landtv. Jahrb. Schiveiz, 24 {1910), No. J,, pp. 326-328) .—The results are given of ex- periments with 2, li. and 1 per cent Bordeaux mixtures, Tenax 1 and 2 per cent solutions, Reflorit, salt water, carbolineum, and Cucasa in combating the downy mildew of the gi-ape. Four sprayings with the Bordeaux mixtures at intervals of from 10 to 17 days gave satisfactory results. The 2 per cent Tenax solution was only mod- erately satisfactory, while Reflorit, salt water, and carbolineum gave unsatis- factory results in controlling the mildew. The value of Cucasa in combating this disease can not be definitely determined without further experiments. On the treatment of grape mildew, A. Geevi^s (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 (1910), No. 35, pp. 256-258).— It is claimed that by alternately spraying with copper sulphate solutions and dusting with a mixture composed of powdered copper sulphate and sulphur, the mildew can be successfully con- trolled. Directions are given as to dates of application, sequence of treatment, etc. On the efficiency of copper salts in combating the mildew, S. Andr^ (Prog. Agr. et Tit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 (1910), No. 33, pp. 198-200) .—The author gives in tabulated form the number and variety of vines treated, the dates of treatments with both liquid (neutral acetate of copper), and powdered copper salts, the solutions used, and the results obtained in controlling the mildew on the foliage and the fruit. It was found that the mildew was practically controlled when the salts of copper were applied at the right time and a sufficient number of treatments were given. The acetates of copper, A. Dejeanne (Rev. Vit., 33 (1910), No. 863, pp. 701-707). — This is a discussion of the relative efficiency of neutral and basic acetates of copper as fungicides in combating diseases of the grape, especially with reference to their adhesion to the leaves. The formulas for the preparation of acetate sprays as recommended by various writers are given. New formula of silver nitrate for combating the grape mildew, V. Ver- MOREL and E. Dantony (Prof. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 (1910), No. 32, pp. 168, 169; abs. in Bui. Soc. Agr. France, 1910, Aug. 15, pp. 162-16^; Weinbau u. Weinhandel, 28 (1910), No. 33, p. 327).— In a previous note (E. S. R., 23, p. 746) a general formula was given for preparing this spray. In this paper more specific directions are given as to the amount of soap to be used. For distilled or pure rain water, 150 gm. soap, 20 gm. nitrate of silver, and 100 liters water are sufficient. For water having a hydrometer test of 15°, 300 gm. soap should be used, for 20°, 350 gm., etc., or 10 gm. soap for every hydrometer degree. This spray can be applied with the ordinary sprayers used for Bordeaux mix- ture, lime sulphur, etc., and the time and number of applications are the same as for the copper sprays. Concerning the new formula for silver salts, L. Degrully (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 (1910), No. 33, pp. 191, 192).-lt is suggested that the formula proposed above be modified as follows : Dissolve from 15 to 20 gm. of nitrate of silver and from 250 to 300 gm. of sulphate of copper in a few liters of water to which a little ammonia has been added; then dissolve from 40 to 50 gm. of pyrogallic acid in 95 liters of water and pour the solution of sil- 52 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. vei- and copper salts into the pyrogallic acid solution. A dark brown precipi- tate of silver is found which is extremely adherent to the surface of the leaves. The Fusarium disease of asters, A. Osteuwalder (Lanclw. Jahrb. Schweis, 2Jt (1910), No. Jf, trp. 2^7, 248). — A description is given of a disease of asters which causes the stems during the blossoming period to wither and dry up. Near the ground the stems are dark colored. The disease seems to be due to a Fusarium, probably F. incarnatum. Experiments on tree diseases, E. jMiJNCH (Naturtv. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 8 {1910), Nos. 8, pp. 389-J,08, pis. 3; 9, pp. 425-.'/.'/ 6). —This is a more extended discussion of tree diseases, especially of those caused by wood-destroying fungi, than the author's earlier paper (E. S. R., 22, p. 152) on the same subject, being supplemented by data drawn from recent experiments in artificial infection of living trees. The author reports and discusses the results of infection experi- ments with SchisophyllKm commune, Stereum purpurcum, 8. hirsutum, S. rvgosum, Polyporus igniarius, P. fomentarius, and CoUyhia vclutipcH, mainly on 100 to 120 year old beeches, but also on the horse chestnut and poplar. On the rotting of wood in dwellings by Coniophora cerebella, E. Schaffnit {JaJircsher. Vcr. Angew. Bot., 7 {1909), pp. 246-253) .— After a careful examina- tion of the rotting of wood in two dwellings, the conclusion is drawn that the rotting due to C. cereheJla can not be controlled by attempting to prevent in- fection, as the spores are continually flying in the air and may therefore infect the wood both before and after it is used in the building. The subsequent rotting of the wood is due to its high water content, which results either from a lack of proper drying before use, or to subsequent wetting during storage or the process of building. To prevent the danger of rotting, the timber must be thoroughly dried before using, a subsequent wetting during building must be avoided, and smooth wood surfaces should be painted with some disinfecting material, such as tar, carbolineum, etc. Oxidizing enzyms and their relation to sap stain in lumber, I. W. Bailey (Bot. Gas., 50 {1910), No. 2, pp. 1 ',2-1 47). —The discoloration of sapwood, or sap stain, is said to involve the loss or the depreciation in value of large quan- tities of lumber annually. The phenomenon is illustrated by the reddish-yellow or rusty coloi-ed sap stains occurring in the sapwood of alder, birch, and cherry, and by the blue colored sap stains in the red gum. The author has made a study of the causes of this stain, and finds that in genei-al it is produced in two wa;y'S, by the attacks of fungi and by chemical discoloration due to the activity of oxidizing enzyms. Hot, humid weather is said to be very favorable to the activity of the ferments, while cold winter weather is unfavorable. The oxidizing enzyms which produce the sap stain are destroyed and their oxidizing action prevented by a temperature of 100° C. The author believes that treating the sapwood of alder, birch, and cherry, or other species, with boiling water will destroy the oxidizing enzyms in the wood and prevent the stain. In mill practice, this should be done by treating the lumber in tanks of boiling water, and the author believes that this would be a practical method of preventing the discoloration. Experiments on the influence of root fungi on the thriftiness of chestnuts, H. MtJLLER and O. Schneider {Landw. Jalirh. Schvjcis, 24 {1910), No. 4, PP- 234, 235). — ^As a result of experiments on chestnut seedlings it is claimed that the presence of root fungi (Mycorrhiza), at least during the first years' growth of the seedlings, is of no great value. A fungus disease on the leaves of TJlmus campestris, G. Dorogin {Ztschr. Pflmisenlcrank., 20 {1910), No. 5, pp. 261-263, figs. 2).— A leaf spot disease of the elm duo to Glceosporiuin inconspicuiitn campestris n. var. is described. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 53 The whitening- of the mountain cedar (Sabina sabinoides ) , F. D. PIeald and F. A. Wolf (Mycologia, 2 (1910), No. 5, pp. 205-212, pi. 1, figs. 3).— The anthers attribute the characteristic white markings of the mountain cedar, as seen throughout portions of Texas, to a fungus which is claimed to be more or less parasitic, as it occurs most abundantly on the young twigs and trees, finally killing the affected branches by surrounding them and corroding the bark until the cambium layer is entirely destroyed. The fungus is claimed to be new to science, and is described under the name Cyanospora alUccdrw u. g. and sp., belonging apparently to the Ceratostomacese, and closely related to the genus Ophioceras. Parasitic root diseases of the Juncacese, E. J. Schwartz {Ann. Bot. [Lon- don], 24 (1910), No. 95, pp. 511-522, pi. 1).—A study was made of the tubercles or other swellings which are frequently found on the roots of various species of Juncus and Cyperus, a preliminary account of which has been given else- where (E. S. R., 23, p. 50). The author found that the roots of some of the species of Juncus are subject to the attack of two distinct parasites, Sorosphwra junci and Entorhiza cyperi- cola. The life history of 8. junci corresponds very closely to that described for S. veroniccc. Infection experiments with Sorosphsera showed that the root hairs are penetrated by the amoeba forms, the parasite passing into the roots. When attacked by this organism the roots are not hypertrophied, whereas those attacked by the Entorhiza form tubercles. The infection by the Entorhiza is probably through the root hairs. In addition to these fungi the author reports that Juncus bufoniiis is some- times infected bj' Tolyposporium junci, but he is unable to determine whether there is any relation between this fungus and the Entorhiza. The rouge (leaf cast) of Pinus sylvestris, E. Maiee (Rev. Eau-v et Forets, 49 (1910), No. 15, pp. 458-460). — In this special form of the disease, the needles first turn yellow, then red, dry up, and fall off. From the observations made, the attack seems to be favored by wet weather, and is due to a fungus (Lophodennium pinastri), which may be controlled by spraying with copper solutions. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Game laws for 1910, H. Oldys, C. E. Brewster, and F. L. ExVRNSHaw (U. S. Dcpl. Ayr., Fanners' Bui. 418, pp. //7).— ''The present bulletin, containing the eleventh annual summary of the game laws of the United States and Canada, has been prepared on the same general plan as those issued each year since 1902. It differs from other publications on the game laws in several important points: (1) Inclusion of a brief but comprehensive review of the measures enacted and also the more important ones which failed, (2) arrangement of provisions by subjects instead of by States, and (3) adoption of a uniform statement and order of the various details to facilitate ready comparison of similar provisions in different States." Report on rat extermination, D. B. jMackie (Philippine Ayr. Rev. [English Ed.], 3 (1910), No. 1, pp. ^2-//.5).— This is a report pertaining to an investigation of rats in southern Luzon and their relation to the rice crop. Birds and mammals of northwestern Colorado, A. H. Felger (Univ. Colo. Studies, 7 (1910), No. 2, pp. 132-146).— rhis annotated list of 133 species of birds and 51 mammals includes those observed and collected on an expedition and also those reported on good authority from the region. Birds of ISTew York, E. H. Eaton (.Y. Y. State Mus. Mem. 12, pt. 1, pp. 501, pis. 43, figs. 106; rev. in Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. 816, pp. 24~, 2.'/8).— In the introductory chapters of this work the author gives a summary of the 54 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. New York State avifauna, discusses the life zones of tlie State, the Mt. Marcy region, the increase and decrease of species, bird migration, spring arrivals, published local lists, county schedules, classification, etc. Descriptions are then given of the genera and species of water and game birds known to occur in the State, with accounts of their distribution, migration, haunts and habits, food, etc. Forty-two colored plates prepared by L. A. Fuertes are included in the work. The review is by J. A. Allen. Distribution and migration of iN'orth American shorebirds, W. W. Cooke (U. S. Dept. Agr., Biol. Survey Bui. 35, pp. 100, i)ls. Jf). — Large numbers of the shorebirds which inhabit or pass through the United States in migration are annually killed by hunters. Many species possess considerable economic im- portance, but it is evident that unless prompt measures are taken adequately to protect them, some of the larger and more important kinds are likely to become extinct, especially in the region east of the Mississippi River. In order that intelligent legislation in their behalf may be enacted, the author has sum- marized for each species information relating to their breeding range, winter range, migration range, and spring and fall migrations. Shorebirds are represented in North America by 76 species and 9 subspecies, of which 50 regularly visit the United States during some part of the year. While a few do not migrate at all, most shorebirds migrate more than 1,000 miles each season and many to 7,000 miles. It is stated that many flocks of golden plover fly without resting from Nova Scotia to northerif South America, and that 5 species of shorebirds that summer in Alaska are found in the Hawaiian Islands during the vv'inter season. [Propagation of ruffled grouse, quail, and pheasant in confinement], C. F. Hodge and A. Merrill {Rpt. Comrs. Fisheries and Game [Mass.], 1908, pp. 60-81 ) . — Breeding investigations for the year are reported. Injurious insects and other animals observed in Ireland during the year, 1909, G. H. Carpenter (Econ. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, 2 {1910), No. 2, pp. 30, pi. 1, figs. 10). — Brief accounts of the more important pests of the year are given. Insects: Their organization, development, habits, and relations to man, A. Berlese {Gli Insetti: loro organizzazione, sviluppo, abitudini e rapporti colV uomo. Milan, 1906-1909, vol. 1, Nos. 1-35, pp. X+1004, pis. 10, figs. 1292).— This first volume, consisting of 35 fascicles, is devoted to embryology and mor- phology. The general anatomy and physiology of insects, C. Houlbekt {Les Insectes; Anatornie ct Physiologic G6nerales. Paris, 1910, pp. 372+XII, figs. 202). — An introduction to the study of insect biology. Importance of entomology in the development of Canada, C. G. Hewitt (Ottawa: Govt., 1910, pp. 17-5^). — ^An address delivered December 10, 1909, before the standing committee on agriculture and colonization. Recent observations upon European insects in America, E. P. Felt (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 {1910), No. 4, PP- 3JfO-3It3). — Pissodes notatus, a very important enemy of pine in Europe, is stated to have been introduced into New York with pine tree seedlings shipped from Oudenbosch, Holland. The European juniper webworm { Dichromeris marginellus) appears to have become well established in New York State, material having been received from Tarrytown and Plan- dome. A cocoon of Saturnia, pa^vonia is reported to have been found on nursery stock at Rochester N. Y. A European box leaf midge { Monarthropalpus buxi) was found in May, 1910, infesting a box hedge {Buxus sempervirens) at Kings- ton, R. I. Chermes picece which has been recorded as very destructive to young silver firs, comparatively young specimens of Abies nordmanniana, and even ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 55 fairly old trees of A. noUlis, was found infesting Nordmann's firs received from Europe. Mention is also made of the introduction of Ilyponomeuta malinclla into New York on apple seedlings. Some insects collected in northwestern Colorado in 1909, T. D. A. Cock- ERELL (Univ. Colo, studies, 7 {1910), No. 2, pp. 126-130).— A list of the Lepi- doptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera collected. Seport of the government entomologist for the year 1909, C. P. Lounsbuey (Rpt. Govt. Ent. [Cape Good Hope], 1909, pp. 100).— The author first discusses the import and internal plant and fruit regulations and the nursery inspection and quarantine act. A large area in the southeast of the Colony is still closed to traflic in apple, pear, and quince fruits originating beyond its limits as a means of checking the dissemination of the codling moth. Efforts to secure the establishment of its ichneumonid parasite, Caliephialtes messer, were continued during the year. Three native ichneumonids, Pimpla heliophila, Hymenobos- mina pomonellcc, and another, are known to attack the codling moth larvae in the Colony but do not appear to be checks of much importance. An egg para- site {TricJiogrammoidea lutea) is of much greater importance. Fruit-fly puparia, parasitized by a chalcidid that was introduced into western Australia from India, were received in February and April but apparently failed to become established. Ticks supposed to be parasitized by Hunterellus hookeri were received in September from the United States but failed to de- velop parasites. The white peach scale (Aulacaspis pentagona) is kept sufii- ciently suppressed in Cape Colony so that spraying is not necessary. During the year Dacns olew was bred from the common wild olive {Olea verrucosa). It was found that this, the destructive olive fly of Mediterranean countries, was apparently held in check by a braconid parasite. Another species of wild olive (O, fovelata) was found to be attacked by the maggot of a species quite dis- tinct from D. olew. Demonstrations have been made which indicate that the ravages of the fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) may be very easily and cheaply pre- vented by the timely application of light sprinklings of poisoned bait over the trees, as previously reported (E. S. R., 21, p. 655). It is also anticipated that the remedy will serve for the control of the melon flies (Dacus spp.) which cause very serious losses to cucumbers, pumpkins, and other cucurbits. The formula for the bait now being recommended is arsenate of lead 2 lbs., sugar 25 lbs., and water 40 gals. Considerable attention was given to the alfalfa or lucerne nematode, Tylerv- chus dipsaci {devastatrix). This lives in the parts of lucerne above ground and in numerous other plants, causing malformations and, when present in great numbers, death to the parts affected, if not the whole plant. The Argentine ant {Iridomyrmex humilis) is reported to be a pest in many residences from Sea Point to Wynberg in the Cape peninsula and in many of the smaller cities and towns in the southwestern and southeastern parts of the Colony. It is spreading from the towns into the surrounding country, and the author expects it to develop gradually into a really serious pest in orchards and vineyards. It has also become a nuisance in Bloemfontein, Orange River Colony. Blastophaga grossoritm, the insect necessary for the natural pollination of edible figs, appears to have established itself at Elsenber, Constantia, and Wel- lington. " The utility of the Blastophaga for other varieties of figs than the 4 Smyrna varieties, Calimyrna, Kassaba, Bulletin, and Bardakjik, introduced by the Government in 1903, was demonstrated by its effect on the well-known and popular Castle Kennedy fig at Constantia." Detailed accounts are also given of the work against locusts and brief mention is made of the occurrence of fungus diseases. 67374°— No. 1—11 5 56 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The entomological section (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 8 {1910), No. 30, pp. 249- 255). — An account is given by D. Gunn of the mealy stalli borer or mealy grub (Sesamia fusca), its life history, and control. Directions for the fumigation of buildings against insect pests and an account of 2 insects new to the Transvaal, the castor-oil borer moth (Ditomites capensis) and a buprestid beetle attacking peach trees (Chrysohot litis dorsata), are presented by F. Thomsen. The pests of New Zealand phormium, T. W. Kirk and A. H. Cockayne (New Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 17 (1909), pp. 286-289, pis. 6).— The native slug Janella hitentaculata, is reported to cause great damage in New Zealand by eating out patches of the undersurfaces of the leaves of phormium, or flax. The caterpillar of a well-known native moth (Porina signata) frequently causes the destruction of individual fans and several different caterpillars are re- sponsible for the eating out of the sides and tips of the leaves. Five species of scale insects, namely, Mytilaspis cordylmidis, Poliaspis media, Fiorinia stricta, Dactylopiiis calceolariw, and Coelostoma wairoense are reported to be common on flax plants in one district. The enemies of the oat, Brocq-Rousseu and E. Gain (Les Ennemis de UAvoine. Paris, 1910, pp. 18.'f, pis. 24; rev. in Anier. Yet. Rev., 37 (1910), No. 2, pp. 150, 151). — The work is divided Into two parts, the first being devoted to the animal and vegetal parasites affecting oats during growth, and the second to those which attack oats after harvest. A bibliography is appended. [Orchard insects], (Better Fruit, 4 (1910), No. 8, pp. 15-33, figs. 40).— An account is given by C. P. Gillette of orchard insect pests and remedies there- for, including the green aphis and woolly aphis, and the important points to be observed in spraying for the codling moth. B. F. Hurst considers some experi- ments with spraying and E. D. Ball, the control of the codling moth in the West. Science's warfare on fruit tree pests, E. P. Taylor (Nat. Hort., 1 (1910), Nos. 5, pp. 3-5, 15, 18, figs. 8; 6, pp. 3-6, 22, figs. 9).— A popular account of some of the more important insect pests of fruit trees and the means by which they may be controlled. The author reports that in experiments made late in the season of 1909 in which arsenate of iron was used in strengths varying from 1 to 3 lbs. of the paste to 50 gal. of water no injury was done to peach foliage. The killing power of the poison was tested upon fall webworms infesting apple trees and promising results obtained in the preliminary trial. Some wattle insects, C. Fuller (Natal Agr. Jour., 14 (1910), No. 4, pp. 394-402, pis. 8, figs. 2). — Brief notes are given on the wattle bagworm frog- hoppers, and wattle chafers (Hippopholis sommeri and Monochelus calcaratus). Termites and living- plants, J. Chaine (Conipt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], '68 (1910). Nos. 7, pp. 328-330; 10, pp. 486, 487; 17, pp. 849-851).— An investiga- tion of street trees in one locality in the Charente-Inferieure department made during August, 1908, showed 139 of 735 street and park trees examined to be injured by Termes lucifugus. The fruit trees most often attacked are the pear, apple, cherry, and fig. Grape vines are also injured. The occasional injury to shrubs, ornamentals, herbs, and cereals, and the nature of the invasion, are also briefly discussed. Mallophagan parasites from the California condor, V. L. Kellogg (Science, n. ser., 31 (1910), No. 784, PP- 33, 34). — Two species of biting bird lice are reported to have been taken from a single great vulture or condor of California, Gymnogyps californianus, which the author has identified as Menopon fas- ciatum, and Lipeurus marginalis. These Mallophaga, which are the first to be taken from this bird, also occur upon the two other great vultures of the Ameri- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 57 can Cordillera, the South American condor (Sarcorhamphus gryphm) and the king vulture {Gypagus papa). This is accounted for through "the occurrence of the parasite type on the common ancestor of all three of the related (although generically distinct) host types, and its persistence practically un- changed on each of the diverging descent products from this original ancestor- host." Mallophaga from the birds of Laysan Island, V. L. Kellogg and J. H. Paink {Ent. News, 21 {1910), No. 3, pp. 121,, 125, figs. 2).— Eleven species' are recorded, of which one (Docophorus snyderi) is described as new to science. Locust destruction, 1909-10, A. Van Ryneveld (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 36 (1910), No. 2, pp. 158-166).— This is the report of the chief locust officer on the work carried on in Cape Colony. The colony was again invaded by large swarms of brown locusts in the early autumn of 1909. Biological notes on oriental Hemiptera, J. C. Kershaw and G. W. Kirkaldy (Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 18 (1908), No. 3, pp. 596-598, pi. 1, fig. 1; 19 (1909), Nos. 1, pp. 177, 178, pi. 1; 2, pp. 333-336, pis. 2; 3, pp. 571-573, pis. 2, fig. 1 ) . — The species noted in these numbers are Antestia anchorago, Dindymus sanguineus and Cwnocoris marginatu.s, Zicrona cwrulea, and Erthesina fiillo, respectively. Further notes on the Aphididae collected in the vicinity of Stanford University, W. M. Davidson (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. J,, pp. 372-381, figs. 2). — In this continuation of the study previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 552), 2 species. Pemphigus ranunculi on stalks of Ranunculus calif ornicus, and Rhopalosiphum arbuii common throughout the year on the under surface of the leaves of Arbutus menzicsii, are described as new. Plant louse notes, family Aphidid^, C. P. Gillette (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 4, pp. 367-371, fig. 1). — In this continuation of the account previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 552), IS species belonging to the subfamily Aphidinae are noted. Scale insects in New Zealand, T. W. Kirk and A. H. Cockayne (New Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 17 (1909), pp. 273-285, figs. 11,). — Summarized accounts are given of the life history, habits, injury, and remedies for the more important scale insects with which fruit gi-owers and others have to contend in New Zealand. Insect pests of coconuts (Agr. News [Barbados], 9 (1910), No. 202, pp. 26, 27, figs. Ji). — The Bourbon scale (Aspidiotus destructor) , which occurs in enor- mous numbers closely packed together on the under side of the leaf, is said to be the most general in distribution and the most severe in its effect on the tree of all the coconut pests. The coconut white fly (Aleyrodicus cocois) is also a very severe pest. Some results from feeding eggs of Porthetria dispar to birds, C. W. Col- lins (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. J,, pp. 3.',3-3Jt6) .—Ot 35G gipsy moth eggs fed to 3 English sparrows, 142 or 40 per cent were found intact in the excrement, of which 7, or 2 per cent of the total number fed, hatched. The approximate number found to be wholly or partly digested was 135, or 38 per cent. Experi- ments made with a pigeon indicate that the vitality of gipsy moth eggs is totally destroyed by the grinding process in the gizzard. A new fruit pest, C. French, Jr. (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 8 (1910), No. 1, pp. 50-52, figs. 2) .—Heliothis armigera is reported to have caused much injury to the apricot and other stone fruits in South Australia. On a method of combating the cochylis and eudemis moths, J. Capus and J. Fettaud (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. 21, pp. 1351, 1352).— A brief report of experiments with Cochylis ambiguella and Eudemis 58 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. botrana, conducted iu French vineyards during 1909, in which the periods most favorable for the application of insecticides were determined. Some common bagworms and basketworms, C. Fuller {Natal Dept. Agr. Bui. 16, pp. 11, pis. 3, figs. 14). — In this paper particular attention is given to the wattle bagworm. The brown-tail moth, in Canada, C. G. Hewitt {Canad. Forestry Jour., G {1910), No. 2, pp. .'fS, Jf.'f). — During the inspection of European nursery stock in 1909, over a million and a half plants were examined and nearly 200 winter webs were found. During the season of 1910 over 300 webs were found on some 2,000,000 plants inspected. Crossing of the silkworms, with reference to Mendel's law of heredity, S. ISHiwATA {Bui. Assoc. Scri. Japon, 1910, No. 215, pp. IS). — In the experi- ments here reported, the color of the cocoon, marking of the worm, and the number of molts were considered. The race which spun cocoons of the yellow color was found to be dominant in this respect over those which spun green and those which spun white cocoons, and the green was dominant over the white. In the first generation of crossing between 3-molt and 4-molt races, the worms became mature after the third ecdysis. In the second generation both 3-molt and 4-molt worms were produced, thus showing that the 3-molt habit is dominant over the 4 molt. On the silk fish line, C. Sasaki {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 2 {1910), No. 2, pp. 163-181, pis. 3). — The silk fish line here considered, commonly called " tegusu " by the Japanese, is largely employed by fishermen in all parts of Japan. It is not prepared in that country, however, a large quantity being an- nually imported from southern China. The author has determined that the worms producing the silk used are the larvse of Satiirnia pyretorum. Descrip- tions are given of the several stages in the life of this species and of the meth- ods of raising the larvre and of preparing the fish lines in Hainan Island. Cocoons were introduced into Formosa from South China during 1908. Annual report of the Tasar Silk Rearing Station, Chaibassa, Bengal, for the year 1907-8, F. Smith {Ann. Rpt. Tasar Silk Rearing Sta., Chaibassa, Bengal, 1907-8, pp. 11, pis. 2). — This is the first report that has been issued in regard to this station which was opened in 1906. Annual report of the Chaibassa Tasar Silk Rearing Station for the year 1908-9, F. Smith {Ann. Rpt. Tasar Silk Rearing Sta., Chaibassa, Bengal, 1908-9, pp. llf, pis. 3). — This, the second annual report, covers the period from April 1, 1908, to June 30, 1909. Annual report of the Royal Sericultural Station, Padua {Ann. R. Staz. Bacol. Padova, 36 {1909), pp. 112, pis. 2, fig. 1). — This report includes a number of papers relating to the silkworm and silk culture. A list, prepared by E, Bisson, is given of the publications related to sericulture that were issued during 1907-8. The Hessian fly in Illinois, 1910, S. A. Forbes {Illinois Sta. Circ. 1^6, pp. Jf). — During 1910 the wheat crop in Illinois was injured by the Hessian fly to a total of several millions of dollars — over $600,000 in one county, according to conservative estimates. In view of the probability that iu 1911 the infesta- tion will be larger than usual, the author has prepared and here presents briefly information as to the most approved methods of preventing its injuries. Gall midges of Aster, Carya, Quercus, and Salix, E. P. Felt {Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 {1910), No. //. pp. 3-^7-356). — Tables are given for the separation of species reared from asters, hickories, oaks, and willows. Nineteen occur upon Aster, 17 upon Carya. 21 upon Quercus, and 46 upon Salix. Papers on cereal and forage insects. — The smoky crane-fly (Tipula in- fuscata), J. A. Hyslop {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 85, pt. 7, pp. 119-132, ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 59 figs. 7).— Following an introduction briefly reviewing the economic importance of the Tipulidfe, detailed teclinical descriptions and illustrations are given of the several stages of the smoky crane-fly, T. infuscata, which in March, 1908, was reported as completely destroying Japan clover (Lespedeza striata) in Madison County, Tenn. Life history notes are briefly presented. A female that emerged October 13 commenced ovipositing 7 days later. The average number of eggs laid by this species, as determined by confining recently fertilized females in separate rearing cages and by dissecting the abdomens of females that had just emerged, was approximately 300. It is stated that a specimen of T. angustipennis, which the author collected at Pullman, Wash., contained 602 eggs and that a confined specimen of an undetermined species of this genus from Kansas laid 417 eggs. It is thought that the eggs hatch in from 1 to 3 weeks. The larvse feed upon the roots of various plants, seeming to prefer the LeguminosiB, and, contrary to statements in most published accounts of the habits of these larvae, they not only suck the juicesof the roots but also devour the plant tissue itself. "They feed during the early fall and hibernate as half-grown larvfe, resuming activities in the spring. . . . They become full grown about the middle of July, form perpendicular cells about 3 or 4 in. underground, and remain inactive until about the middle of September, when they pupate. The pupal stage lasts from a week to 10 days. The pupa then, by means of the abdominal spines, works its way to the surface, from which it protrudes about two-thirds of its entire length." A small tachinid, Admintia pergandci, was reared in October from the larv;^. Several predaceous insects and a large number of birds which feed upon Tipu- lidse are listed. Remedial measures which have been recommended include sprinkling the ground with salt, herding sheep and hogs in infested fields, and rolling the ground with a heavy roller. " Probably the best method of treating an infested field is to plow the sod under in the early fall and either to run the field into corn, potatoes, and such crops, or to leave it fallow the ensuing sum- mer. Pastures and hay fields in localities where this species is known to be abundant should be grazed off: by the middle of September and kept so until late in November, as the adult flies usually congregate in rank growths of grass, clover, weeds, etc., and there lay their eggs." Combating the olive fly (Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 9 (1910), No. 1, pp. l-'t-21). — This is a report of the experiments conducted during 1909. Fruit flies, T. W. Kirk (New Zeal. Dept. Agr., Div. Biol. Bu.1. 22, pp. 18, figs. 2). — The Queensland fruit-fly (Tcphrites tryonii), the west Australian fruit- fly (Halterophora capitata), and Ceratitis eapitata are species here considered. [Preliminary reports on flies as carriers of infection] (Rpts. Local Govt. Bd. [Ot. Brit.], Pub. Health and Med. Suhjs., n. ser., 1909, No. 5, pp. 8, pi. 1).— Notes are presented by E. E. Austen on the examination of batches of flies received from various centers of London during the summer and autumn of 1908 and a report by J. P. Jepson on the breeding of the house fly during the winter months. [Further preliminary reports on flies which carry infection] (Ri)ts. Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.],Puh. Health and Med. Suhjs., n. scr., 1909, No. 16, pp. ///).— Four papers are here jiresented; Memorandum of Investigation into Possible Carriage of Infection by Flies and a Suggested Plan of Campaign in Urban Districts, by S. M. Copeman (pp. 1^) ; Notes on Experiments in Coloring Flies for Purposes of Identification, by F. P. Jepson (pp. 4-9) ; Preliminary Note on Examination of Flies for the Presence of Colon Bacilli, by G. S. Graham-Smith (pp. 9-13) ; and The Part Played by Musca domestica and 60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Allied (Nonbiting) Flies in the Spread of Infective Diseases — A Summary of our Present Knowledge, by G. H. F. Nuttall and F. P. Jepson (pp. 13-30). An extensive bibliography accompanies the last-mentioned paper. The relation of mosquitoes to filariasis in the region of San Francisco Bay, C. Wellman, E. von Adelung, and F. M. Eastman (Jour. Aiuer. Med. Assoc, 55 {1910), No. 3, pp. 217, 218). — The authors consider that they have shown by the experiment reported that the 2 commonest species of Culex mosquitoes in Oaliland, Cal. (Culex consobrinus and C. tarsalis) were not efficient hosts at room temperature for the nocturnal sheathed microfilariae occurring in a Japanese patient. They conclude that there is probably little danger that Orientals who are infected with filarise will infect the inhabitants of the San Francisco Bay cities under present conditions. Hibernation of mosquitoes in northern China, H. I. Cazeneuve (Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 155-159). — Observations made on Anopheles at Chinvan-tao, a small port on the frontier of the province of Chili, and of Manchuria, are thought to show that the winter is largely passed in the egg stage. It is stated that the winter is so rigorous in this region that the suc- cessful hibernation of adults and larvae appears to be the exception. The present epidemic of malaria in the port of Bombay: A description of the mosquito which is carrying the disease, with some remarks on pre- ventive measures, W. G. Liston (Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 18 (1908), No. 4, pp. 872-881, pis. 4). — Anopheles stephensi was the species responsible for the transmission of malaria in Bombay, nearly 25 per cent of these mosquitoes when dissected being found to harbor the malaria parasite in some stage of its development. It is said that A. rossii, which is met with all over Bombay, has never been observed to be infected in nature. Health progress and administration in the "West Indies, R. W. Boyce ( Lon- don, 1910, pp. XV +328, pis. Ji7, map 1). — A report upon the results obtained in combating mosquitoes in the West Indies. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 22, p. 556). Phlebotomus or sand-fly fever, C. Birt (Brit. Med. Jour., 1910, No. 2595, Epit., pp. 875-878). — The experimental evidence here presented shows that the sand-fly of Malta (Phlebotomus papatasii) can convey the virus of this fever and that the bite of only one fly is sufficient for the purpose; also that the sand- flies are infective from 7 to 10 days after sucking virulent blood. This afliection, which is prevalent throughout the Mediterranean area, is said to be of short duration and to cause no mortality. On fever caused by the bite of the sand-fly (Phlebotomus papatasii), T. G. Wakeling (Brit. Med. Jour., 1910, No. 2598, pp. 1115, 1116).— An account of this nonfatal, 3 days' fever, which is known to exist in Egypt, parts of Austria, in Malta, and in Italy, and which it is thought will be found widely distributed. A report of two cases of external myiasis, J. M. Swan (Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg. [London], 13 (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-3, pi. l).—LuciUa sericata and L. ccesar were implicated in the 2 cases here reported from Philadelphia, Pa. The length of time required for the development of L. sericata from egg to adult fly was found to be between 15 and 16 days. The eggs apparently de- veloped into larvse within 24 to 48 hours. The larvfe pupated in 3 or 4 days and images emerged 10 days later. The development of L. ccesar from egg to imago required from 19 to 20 days. It is estimated that the larvse emerge from the egg in 12 hours. From 8 to 9 days are passed as larvse and from 10 to 11 days as pupse. The development of trypanosomes in tsetse flies, D. Bruce et al. (Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 15 (1910), No. 4, pp. 422-U3) .—The conclusions arrived at are that Trypanosoma gambiense multiplies in the gut of about one in 20 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 61 Glossina palpalis which have fed on an infected animal ; that the flies become infective, on an average, 34 days after their first feed ; that a fly may remain infective for 75 days; that T. dimorphon, T. vivax, and T. nanum may also multiply in G. palpalis, which must therefore be looked upon as a possible carrier in these diseases ; and that multiplication in the tube of the proboscis is characteristic of T. vivax. A comparative study of 4 genera of horseflies, J. S. Hine (Ohio Nat., 10 (1910), No. 6, pp. 149-151, fig. i).— The 4 genera considered are Lepidoselaga, Selasoma, Bolbodimyia and Snowiellus. These are nearly related in some re- spects but have not been studied before in a comparative way. The warble flies, G. H. Carpenter and T. H. Corson {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 10 {1910), No. 4, pp. 642-650, pi. 1, dgms. 2).—Iu this third report of investigations of the life history and treatment of the warble fly (E. S. R., 22, p. 361) the authors give the results obtained during the sea- sons of 190S-9 and 1909-10. These led them to conclude that a systematic maggot destruction in the spring of any year will reduce the liability of the cattle generally to infection, during a succeeding normal summer, by about 35 per cent, when no concerted action to destroy the warbles has been taken in the surrounding farms. Tables are presented which show again that yearlings are more liable to attack than are calves and that mature cattle are compara- tively unmolested. In muzzling experiments conducted during the summer of 1909, " the leather muzzle was surrounded by a wire cage, with the object of preventing the leather from even touching any part of the calf's body, and so rendering it impossible for the eggs to be sucked in through the small breathing holes." The results led the authors to conclude " that the prevention of licking in the previous muzzling experiments was less perfect than had been supposed, and to admit that these later trials support the view that the maggot (or the egg) may gain entrance to the calf's body by the mouth." They consider squeezing out and crushing the maggots as they mature to be the most effective and certain method of dealing with the pest. Dressing the back of cattle with Archangel tar and paraffin oil in equal proportions is recommended as an alternative to squeezing out. "Maggot-destruction by either method should be done thor- oughly at least twice in the season, about the middle or end of April and at the end of May." Combating the ox warble in Denmark, N. Villemoes (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 20 {1910), No. 5, pp. 169, 170).— A brief report of the work. A new flea from California, N. C. Rothschild {Ent. Mo. Mag., 2. ser., 21 {1910), No. 244, pp. 88, 89, pi. 1).—A number of fleas taken from Thomomya bottai, San Francisco, have been found to represent a new species, which is described as Ceratophylltis franciscanus. Papers on cereal and forage insects.— The cowpea curculio, G. G. Ainslie {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 85, pt. 8, pp. 129-142, figs. 3).— In this sum- marized account of our present knowledge of the cowpea curculio {Chalcodermus ceneus). the author presents data regarding its life history and bionomics based upon observations made at Clemson College, S. C, during the summer and fall of 1908 and 1909. During that period it was very abundant and destructive in South Carolina, especially in the vicinity of Clemson College. " Damage is caused to cowpeas by punctures made in the pods and peas by the adults for the purposes of feeding and oviposition and by the feeding of the larva- within the maturing peas. . . . The distribution of this weevil probably coincides with that of the cowpea, but since the injury to cotton is more notice- able it has seldom been reported from beyond the cotton belt. ... In its breed- ing this curculio seems to be confined almost entirely to the cowpea and closely 62 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. related legumes. ... In the spring cotton is often damaged seriously wliile it is small by the adult beetles, but as this trouble occurs only on land on which cowpeas were grown the preceding year it is apparent that cotton is a food plant from necessity rather than from choice. ... It is quite possible that when driven to it by hunger in early spring other plants, wild or cultivated, are eaten to some extent." Technical descriptions are given of its several stages. " Feeding punctures made by both males and females in cowpea pods can not be outwardly distin- guished from the egg punctures. ... If either a feeding puncture or an egg puncture reaches and penetrates a pea it causes an abnormal development of the kernel even though no larva develops. The pea becomes gnarled, one-sided, and light in weight and will be lost in the threshing or winnowing. The damage caused by the feeding operations of the adult beetles on cowpeas is not seri- ous. . . . The egg lies usually within the pea itself, more rarely in the parenchy- matous tissue between the peas or between the pod and the pea." In oviposition records of 2 females, kept by H. M. Russell, at Orlando, Fla., in July, 1907, 1 deposited 115 eggs in 10 days and the other 130 eggs in 19 days. The normal incubation period was found to be 5 or 6 days, with a shorter time when the temperature averages higher. The larval period in the pea is said to vary from 7 to 14 days, depending on the temperature and the food supply. Very rarely 2 larvfe reach maturity in one pea, but never more, although several eggs have been found in close proximity. When full grown the larva cuts a hole to the outside of the pea and then through the pod and drops to the ground. In no case out of the several hundred beetles reared by the author did one pupate before leaving the pea and the pod in which the larva developed. After enter- ing the ground the larvte do not pupate at once, but remain quiescent for several days in the earthen cells. Records of 458 beetles show an average of 17.4 days to elapse between the entrance of the larvae into the soil and the emergence of the adults. Thus a period of something more than a month is required for the completion of the life cycle. The tachinid Myiophasia oenea was found to parasitize larvse put in jars in September, 1908, 60 flies appearing in jars in which GS3 beetle larvte had been placed. An examination of the puparium shows that the dipterous larva does not leave the body of its host, but uses it for a pupal case. Two other species of parasites, both hymenopterous, one a Eupelmus and the other a eurytomid, both probably undescribed, have been reared from larva? of this beetle at Clem- son College. There are also published records of Ennyomma clistoides and Sigalphus sp., as having been reared from C ceneus at Baton Rouge, La. "In so far as cotton is concerned, the sovereign remedy would seem to be to refrain from planting it on land previously occupied by cowpeas infested with this pest. If this is not practicable the cotton may be planted thick, and by delaying the ' chopping ' or thinning as long as possible a uniform stand may still be secured. . . . Parasites are so abundant that there is no prospect of serious damage, except for short periods over limited areas." Some new species of weevils of economic importance, W. D. Pieece (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 4, pp. 356-366). — The author describes a genus (Lepido- cricus) and 5 species as new to science, namely, L. herricki, which in 1904 in- jured cotton at Easter, in Monroe County, Miss. ; Epiccerus lepiclotus, collected in Texas; Phacepholis pallida, collected from cotton at Corpus Christi and Vic- toria, Tex. ; Cercopeus artemisice, which was the source of injury to cherry trees at Corvallis, Mont. ; and Ceutorhytichus Icsquerellw, a pest of cabbage plants at Whitewright, Tex. Tables for the separation of genera belonging to the tribe Epicserini and of the species of Epicserus are included. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 63 Revision of tlie coleopterous family Bostrichidae, P. Lesne (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 78 {1909), No. J,, up. 471-57J,, pis. 5, fiffs. 92).— In this sixth memoir the Dinapatinse and Apatinse are taken up. The root borer of sugar cane (Agr. News [Barbados'], 9 (1910), No. 204, pp. 58, 59, figs. 3). — A brief accoimt is given of an atack in Barbados by this root borer (Diaprepes ahhreviatus) , which was first noticed in December. A parasite on codling moth eggs, E. P. Tayloe (Nat. Hort., 2 (1910), No. //, pp. 3, 4, fig. 1). — Observations made in the Grand Valley of Colorado during the summer of 1910 show a large increase in the number of eggs of the codling moth parasitized by Tricliogramma pretiosa. The first parasitized eggs were noticed in orchards at Grand Junction on July 19. In counts made on August 2, 40 affected eggs were found to 3 normal ones. " Upon Lawver trees with only scattering apples, which had consequently invited an abundance of codling moth eggs, 170 eggs in all were counted, 154 of which were already showing signs of parasitism, while 16 still appeared normal. This indicated only 9.4 per cent of healthy eggs." The distribution of the large larch sawfly in Great Britain (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 16 (1910), No. 12, pp. 981-991, figs. 3).— A report of an investigation made in 1909 of the distribution of Nematus erichsonii in Great Britain. Bee keeping in Ontario, M. Pettit (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 182, pp. 7). — The information here summarized is based upon 488 replies received to ques- tions sent to 2,175 bee keepers of Ontario. Honey, R. H. Millwaed (BtU. Intemat. Bur. Amer. Repuh. [English Sect.], 30 (1910), No. 2, pp. 229-246, figs. i3).— Information on the production of honey in Latin America is included in this account. Cecidology in America, M. T. Cook (Bot. Gaz., 49 (1910), No. 3, pp. 219- 222). — A brief discussion of the subject. Ticks and tick-borne diseases, A. Theiler (Vet. Jour., 66 (1910), No. 416, pp. 98-108). — Previously noted from another source (B. S. R., 23, p. 488). Experimental entomology, E. C. Cotton (Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 105-107, figs. 2). — In the experimental work of the year, the life history studies of the fever tick claimed the largest share of attention. " The outdoor incuba- tion and seedtick longevity tests were continued and some valuable results were obtained, confirming in a large measure previous conclusions. The patho- genicity tests were also continued ; the lone star tick (AmUyomma americanum) and the cayenne tick (A. cajennense) being the species studied." A description is given of the refrigerating plant, constructed for studying ticks and insects under constant low temperatures, a detailed account of which has been previ- ously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 657). The significance of the courtship and secondary sexual characters of Araneads, T. H. Montgomeey, Jr. (Amer. Nat., 44 (1910), No. 519, pp. 151- 177).— A paper presented before the American Society of Naturalists, at Boston, December, 1909. A bibliography of 32 titles is appended. Analysis of Paris green, 1909, J. W. Kellogg (Penn. Dept. Agr. Bui 192, p. 37).— Out of 500 samples of Paris green examined during the year, only 2 were found which contained less than 50 per cent of arsenic combined with copper and 2 which contained more than 3i per cent of arsenic in water-soluble forms. Many of the samples examined were found to be of better quality than shown by their guaranties. A new insecticide, H. M. Leeoy (Agr. Jour. India, 5 (1910), No. 2, pp. 138- 143).— The author finds that in India lead chromate has certain advantages over lead arsenate. It is easily made in paste form, is yellow and can be easily seen on a sprayed plant, is extremely insoluble, does not decompose on a leaf, 64 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOEt). and is not easily washed off. Soluble cliromates do not poison plants to the extent arsenic does. " Lead chromate is made by dissolving in one lot of water potassium bichro- mate, in another lot of water lead acetate, or nitrate. The two solutions are mixed and a dense yellow precipitate of insoluble lead chromate is formed, and potassium nitrate or acetate. The latter is soluble and is readily washed out of the precipitate." In practice 2 oz. of lead nitrate combines with 1 oz. of potass'um bichromate, giving 2 oz. of lead chromate. This is the amount re- quired for 4 gal. of water at full strength or for S gal. of water at the usual strength. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in food and nutrition, H. C. Sher- man, A. J. Mettler, and J. E. Sinclair ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 227, pp. 70). — This report, which supplements an earlier bulletin on iron and its function in nutrition (E. S. II., 19, p. 5S), includes a general discussion of the subject under consideration and a summary of earlier literature, together with the results of 6 experiments with man on the metabolism of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and a study of the amount of these mineral con- stituents in typical American dietaries. Although the results with iron tended to confirm the common assumption that a diet containing liberal amounts of protein will probably furnish at the same time at least adequate amounts of iron, evidently " it can not be assumed that liberal quantities of protein involve adequate amounts of all of the ash constituents. As a rule the dietaries rich in protein are also fairly high in phosphoric acid^ but the parallel is not nearly so close here as in the case of protein and iron. With calcium and magnesium the discrepancies are greater, and it can hardly be said that the amounts of these elements run even approxi- mately parallel to the amounts of protein in the 20 dietary studies which have been compared and which are believed to be fairly representative of the food habits of people of at least the eastern half of the United States. In view of these figures it can no longer be assumed that the amount of protein in a dietary is a sufficient measure of its richness in ' building material.' Aside from nitrogen, the elements of ' building material ' which appear to require special attention in dietaries are iron, phosphorus, and calcium." The outline given in the bulletin of the distribution and functions of phos- phorus and calcium compounds, as the authors point out, while necessarily in- complete, is yet sufficient to show the great importance of these compounds in the nutritive processes and to emphasize the necessity for adequate supplies in the food. " Of the various classes of phosphorus compounds found in food, the organic combinations appear in general to be of greater nutritive value than the inor- ganic forms, and it is probably for this reason that different experiments indi- cate quite different amounts of phosphorus as necessary for the maintenance of equilibrium in man. From the results here obtained, as well as from the average results of experiments by other observers, it would appear that a healthy man, accustomed to full diet of the ordinary mixture of animal and vege- table food materials, requires for the maintenance of his ordinary store of phos- phorus compounds about 1.5 gm. of phosphorus, or nearly 3.5 gm. of phosphoric acid, per day, though under special conditions or with a specially selected dietary equilibrium may be maintained on much less. Many of the dietary studies show so much less than 3.5 gm. of phosphoric acid per man per day as to raise a question whether these people may not have been undernourished FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 65 in this respect, even though they may have had ample proteins, fats, and carbo- hydrates. This question merits further investigation. " Little is known regarding the form in which calcium exists in food mate- rials, and at present differentiation among the different groups of calcium com- pounds eaten can not be made. Metabolism experiments indicate that a healthy man accustomed to full diet requires about 0.7 gm. of calcium oxid for equilib- rium, but many of the dietaries show less than 0.7 gm. calcium oxid per man per day." Some of the European investigators hold that the food should furnish at least from 1 to 1.5 gm. calcium oxid per man per day. If these estimates of the normal requirement and the estimates of the amounts in typical American family dietaries are even approximately correct, it would follow that a con- siderable proportion of American families would be benefited by food richer in calcium compounds than that which they habitually consume. In the case of magnesium the data were not sufficient for general deduction. " This subject [of calcium metabolism] calls for much more extended study, especially in view of the fact that recent medical observations are tending to show that disturbances of calcium metabolism are connected with a number of abnormal conditions. " Experimental dietary studies have shown that it is entirely feasible to in- crease largely the calcium and phosphorus intake by making a more liberal use of milk in the dietary. The same may, of course, be said of the various milk products in which the calcium and phosphorus compounds are largely or wholly retained, such, for example, as cheese, junket, kumiss, buttermilk, or cream. This is probably the simplest and more effective means of improving the dietary as regards calcium and phosphorus compounds, without decreasing its accept- ability or materially increasing its cost and with distinct advantages in other directions." Phosphorus in beef animals, I, II, C. K. Francis and P. F. Trowbridge {Jour. Biol. Chem., 7 (1910), No. 6, pp. 481-501; 8 {1910), No. 1, pp. 81-93).— In the first of these studies of the occurrence of phosphorus in animals, 10 steers and a cow were used, ranging from an emaciated to a very fat condition when slaughtered. Three of the animals had been fed grain and alfalfa hay 2 : 1, the grain consisting of cracked corn, whole oats, and linseed meal 6:3:1. The remaining animals had been fed grain and alfalfa hay 2.5 : 1, the grain mixture consisting of cracked corn and linseed meal 8 : 1. The feeding was continued for varying periods, to suit the experimental conditions. After slaughtering, samples of different cuts were taken for analysis. The conclusions which were reached follow : "A method which involves heating of the solution before precipitation of the inorganic phosphorus does not yield results which represent the true condition of the soluble forms of phosphorus compounds in cold water extracts of beef. " Soluble organic phosphorus compounds existing in beef and in cold water extracts of the same are converted into inorganic forms by heat. " The change is practically complete when the temperature is maintained at 70° for 15 minutes. " From 52 to 65 per cent of the total phosphorus in cold water extracts is in the organic form, but may be reduced to from 9 to 20 per cent if heated to about 70°, accompanied by a corresponding increase of the inorganic phosphorus. " The round cut of beef contains more phosphorus, in forms which are soluble in cold water, than any of the other cuts. " Phosphorus is found chiefly in the muscular or connective tissue, the fats contain but little. 66 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "The flesh of a thin animal contains more soluble phosphorus than that of a fat animal. " The quantity decreases with increasing fatness even when it is expressed on a moisture and fat-free basis." On the second study the authors investigated the distribution of phosphorus in the tissues and organs of beef cattle, using 4 young and 4 mature animals. The phosphorus content was found to be quite uniform for young animals but so striking an agreement was not found in case of the mature animals. The largest amount of phosphorus, it is stated, was found in the circulatory system and in the nervous system. Two of the mature animals, namely, a cow and a steer, showed abnormally high amounts in the circulatory system. A very thin animal, 3.5 years old, and one of the same age but fairly fat, contained more phosphorus in the nervous system than did the other animals. A Jersey cow, which was the oldest animal examined, showed the highest average amount of phosphorus. " So far as the phosphorus in the flesh of the cuts is concerned, it is impos- sible to draw any final conclusion with the amount of data available. . . . The mature cow, however, showed in the flesh cuts a higher phosphorus content than any of the other animals discussed. This can hardly be attributed to condition. Whether it was due to age is a little doubtful [as this animal was only 2 years older than the steer mentioned above as showing abnormally high results in the phosphorus content of the nervous system] . We are more inclined to think that the breed or the high phosphorus diet (bran, etc.) previous to the fattening period may have been influential. " The wholesale cuts of the 7 steers show an increasing amount of phos- phorus, compared on the moisture and fat-free basis, in the following order : Flank and plate; shin, shank, head, and tail; rib, chuck, and neck; loin; round; rump. In other words, those cuts thin in character and which have the largest amount of connective tissue contain the smallest amount of phosphorus." According to the authors, it was remarkable that one of the steers which was very thin showed a higher percentage of ash in every cut than any of the other animals, though the cuts were comparatively low in phosphorus. Another steer, also thin, contained somewhat less ash but higher amounts than the other ani- mals. One of the steers, which had been well fed and was in excellent condi- tion, gave comparatively low values for ash. " It is to be noted that there seems to be no relation between the phosphorus and the ash. An explanation of the fact can not be attempted until the analyses of the various samples of ash are completed." The cause and prevention of beri-beri, W. L. Braddon (London and New York, 1907, i)p. XIII+54'i, chart 1). — In this monograph of the subject the au- thor has summarized and discussed a very large amount of data regarding beriberi and its occurrence, the relation of this disease to food, particularly rice, the occurrence of beriberi in animals (horses, monkeys, and fowls), the preven- tion of beriberi, and similar topics. His general conclusion is that stale decorticated white rice at times contains a poison, the effect of which is to produce beriberi. " The agent which produces the poison in rice is specific of, or peculiar to, that grain. . . . The beriberi poison is not preformed (or not present in quan- tity sufficient to cause symptoms) in normal fresh rice seeds, but is adven- titious. . . . The pericarp of rice, like the seeds when fresh, contains little or no poison. . . . The formation of poison in stale rice is due to the action of a specific agent upon the dead seeds. . . . The poison of stale rice has an antece- dent in fresh rice. The agent must be, therefore, some ferment or parasite or POODS — HUMAN NUTKITION. g7 epiphyte peculiar to paddy, . . . probably a surface parasite or epiphyte affect- ing the seed saprophytically after decortication. " The beriberi poison is probably an allialoid which is stable and nonvolatile, and resembles atropin and muscarin in some of its effects. . . . The formation of poison in stale rice is probably due neither to fermentation nor to bacteria, but to the growth in It of a special fungus, . . . like that of toxic rye and lolium, probably a parasite affecting the surface of the seed. ... If such an agent can invade rice, the analogy of many other vegetable parasites renders it improbable that it should be confined exclusively to that grain. It will be liliely, under favoring circumstances, to attack other cereals, which may thus become a cause of beriberi equally with rice. Rice is the common, but not the only, vehicle of the disease. As already set out at length, beriberi is to be conceived of more generally as a grain poisoning." Composition of food materials, C. F. Langwokthy {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Food and Diet Charts 15).— Of the 15 charts included in this series 13 give diagrammatic representations of typical foods, their composition being indicated by dividing the outline into proper proportions and coloring the sec- tions to represent the different nutrients. Green is used to represent water, red protein, yellow fat, blue carbohydrates, and gray ash. Energy values are shown by means of black squares, each square inch being equal to 1,000 calories. The 2 remaining charts contain definitions and suggested dietary standards. As a whole the charts are designed especially to facilitate instruction in nutri- tion matters. The titles of the charts are as follows: Chart I, Milk and Milk Products; Chart II, Eggs and Cheese ; Chart III, Meat — Fresh and Cured ; Chart IV, Fish, Fish Products, and Oysters ; Chart V, Butter and Other Fat-Yielding Foods ; Cliart VI, Cereal Grains ; Chart VII, Bread and Other Cereal Foods ; Chart VIII, Sugar and Similar Foods; Chart IX, Roots and Succulent Vegetables; Chart X, Legumes and Corn ; Chart XI, Fresh and Dried Fruit ; Chart XII, Fruit and Fruit Products; Chart XIII, Nuts and Nut Products; Chart XIV, Composition, Functions, and Use of Food ; and Chart XV, Dietary Standards. Food inspection decision (C7. 8. Dept. Agr., Food Insp. Decision 126, p. 1).— According to this decision, canned goods prepared after January 1, 1911, will be refused importation and interstate commerce if they contain more than 300 nig. of tm per kilo,gi-am, or an equivalent amount of salts of tin. Official inspections {Maine Sta. Off. Insps. 2',, pp. 73-84; 25, pp. 85-88).— The results of the examination of a number of samples of canned vegetables, cream of tartar, salt, canned milk, and prepared mustards are reported, and various topics which have to do with the Maine food and drug regulations are discussed, including among others shellfish, currants and raisins, dressed poultry, and cold storage and preserved eggs. Slaughterhouse refuse [food analyses, and other food topics] (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui. 25, pp. 195-210).— The authors insist that raw or de- composed slaughterhouse refuse should not be fed to pigs since they consider that it makes the pork unwholesome. The results of the examination of a number of foods and drugs and the re- sults of milling and baking tests with Velvet Chaff and hard spring wheats are briefly reported. The average yield of flour from the Velvet Chaff wheat was 66.8 per cent and from the hard spring wheats 67.9 per cent. Judging by the volume of the loaf, the Velvet Chaff averaged somewhat better than the hard spring wheats, and was also slightly superior in color. The bulletin also contains a brief discussion of preserving eggs in limewater, and other nutrition topics. 68 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. Treatise on meat inspection, J. Rennes (Traite dc Vlnspection des Viandes, Paris, 1910, pp. VII+368, pis. 73, figs. 87).— An extended treatise which includes poultry, fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, as well as meat. The care of milk and its use in the home, G. M. Whitaker, L. A. Rogers, and Caroline L. Hunt (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers'' Bui. JflS, pp. 20). — The bulletin contains three articles, namely : The Care of Milli in the Home, by G. M. Whitaker; The Home Pasteurization of Milk, by L. A. Rogers; and the Food Value of Milk, by Caroline L. Hunt. The first of these papers gives clear and concise directions for handling milk in a cleanly and careful way. Such topics as receiving the milk, handling and keeping it, the refrigerator and its care, cleaning empty bottles and utensils, and the relation of milk to the spread of contagious diseases are considered. A method of pasteurization suited to household conditions is described in detail in the article on this subject, and the importance of pasteurized milk is pointed out. The importance of milk as food, its composition, and other general ques- tions are briefly considered by Miss Hunt as an introduction to the discussion of the economical use of milk in the home. Recipes are given for milk dishes, and attention is directed to the use of skim milk, buttermilk, and cottage cheese. The results of an analytical study of certain old wines from the Bhine district, C. von Heide {Ber. K. Lehranst. Wein, Obst u. Gartenbau Oeisenheim, 1909, pp. 160, 161). — Analyses of 13 samples are reported. Examination of pure natural wines, vintage of 1908, from the Prussian wine districts, C. von Heide (Ber. K. Lehranst. Wein, Ohst u. Gartenhaa Geisenlieim, 1909, pp. 151-159). — Analytical data are reported and discussed. [The new army ration and other food topics], H. G. Sharpe (Rpt. Comrnis. Gen. [U. S. Army], 1910, pp. SO). — Among the topics discussed in this report are the new army ration, the haversack ration, the Filipino ration, and the emer- gency ration, the use of flreless cookers in the army, raising potatoes in the Phil- ippines for army purposes, raising beef in the Philippines, and similar questions. Life on fourpence a day, A. Broadbent (Manchester [1910], pp. 8, chart 1). — Menus are presented and an inexpensive dietary discussed, the whole pam- phlet being written from a vegetarian standpoint. Cookbook for physicians, hygienists, housekeepers, and students, C. JtJR- gensen (Kochlehrhuch und praktisches Kochbuch fiir Arzte, Hygieniker, Haus- frauen, Kochschulen. Berlin, 1910, pp. XXXVI+}t65, figs. 31; rev. in Ztschr. Vntersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 19 (1910), No. 10, p. 606). — A feature of this work is the presentation of the subject in such a way that the nutrients and energy in the food and menus selected may be readily calculated, the author's pur- pose being to provide information which will lead to the intelligent use of foods. The teeth and their care (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. ISl, pp. 12, figs. 9). — This bulletin summarizes data on various topics of dental hygiene and the relation of such matters to health. The influence of alcohol on the composition of urine, W. Salant and F. C. Hinkel (Jour. Pharmacol, and Expt. Ther., 1 (1910), No. 5, pp. 493-517). — Con- tinuing previous work," the authors show that by producing a subacute alco- holic intoxication in properly fed dogs a diminution of the total sulphur, total nitrogen, total and inorganic sulphates, phosphates, and chlorids in the urinary excretion takes place. On the other hand, neutral sulphur and ethereal sul- phates are increased. The indican output is diminished. Food and nutrition investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations — Organization and publications (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 102, pp. 22).— A revision of Circular 89 previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 170). The "Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol, and Med., 6 (1909), No. 5, pp. 134, 135. ANIMAL, PRODUCTION. 69 nutrition work is outlined, the publications listed, and the method of distribut- ing nutrition publications in foreign countries described in detail, the circular as a whole being designed to meet the needs of foreign correspondents who wish to know how the nutrition publications may be procured. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Market classes and grades of meat, L. D. Hall {UHnMs Sta. Bill. U7, pp. lJfl-290, figs. 7.5; Abstract, pp. 15, figs. J,).— It is the author's purpose to describe and illustrate the standard grades of beef, veal, mutton, and pork as they are found in the Chicago wholesale trade, the bulletin being based on a study of the industry at Chicago and in other cities which are supplied from the large houses at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago. The various technical terms com- monly used in wholesale meat quotations to designate the different classes and cuts are defined and illustrated. In many cases special illustrations show the methods of cutting meat. Classifications of meat are more or less flexible, but the one adopted and the grades described are considered as standard or representative. Though the relation of the animal to its meat products is not considered, this description of the cuts should be of value to breeders and feeders who do not have oppor- tunities to secure the information directly. The bulletin is a useful supple- ment to the bulletins on market classes and grades of cattle, swine, and sheep issued by the station and previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 597; 16, p. 905; 20, p. 972). The general divisions in the beef trade are (1) carcass beef, (2) beef cuts, and (3) cured beef products. The classes of carcass beef are steers, heifers, cows, and bulls and stags. They differ not only in sex, but also in the uses to which they are adapted. The grades within these classes are prime, choice, good, medium, common, and canners, and are based on differences in form, thickness, finish, quality, soundness, and weight. The terms " native," " west- ern," and " Texas " beef each include various classes and grades of carcasses, and refer to general differences in form, finish, and quality. The terms " year- lings," " distillers," " butcher," and " kosher " also include various classes and grades of beef, and merely indicate characteristic features of carcass beef used by certain branches of the trade. " Shipping beef " refers to that sent to eastern cities and consists principally of steers, heifers, and cows of medium to prime grades. Export beef consists largely of medium to prime steers. The " straight cuts " of beef are loins, ribs, rounds, chucks, plates, flanks, and shanks. The grades of beef cuts are No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, and strippers. The grade of a beef cut depends upon its thickness, covering, quality, and weight. Cured beef products are classified as (1) barreled, (2) smoked, and (3) canned beef. Barreled beef is graded as extra India mess, extra plate, regular plate, packet, common plate, rolled boneless, prime mess, extra mess, rump but, and mess chuck beef, beef hams, and Scotch buttocks. Smoked beef consists of dried beef hams, dried beef clods, and smoked brisket beef. Canned beef consists principally of chipped beef, beef loaf, corned and roast beef. The divisions of the veal trade are (1) carcass veal, and (2) veal cuts. The grades of carcass veal are choice, good, medium, light, and heavy. The grade of a veal carcass depends upon its form, quality, finish, and weight. The terms " native " and " western " veal each include several grades of calves, and refer to general differences in form, quality, and finish. The regular veal cuts are saddles and racks. They are graded as choice, good, medium, and common, according to the same factors as carcass veal. Subdivisions of the reg- ular cuts are made in some markets and similarly graded. 70 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. The divisions of the mutton and lamb trade are (1) carcass mutton and Iamb, and (2) mutton and lamb cuts. The classes of carcass mutton and lamb are wethers, ewes, bucks, yearlings, and lambs. The grades within these classes are choice, good, medium, common, and culls, and are based on differences in form, quality, covering, and weight. The shipping trade goes principally to cities in the eastern seaboard States and consists largely of medium to choice lambs. The leading mutton and lamb cuts are saddles and racks, together with legs, loins, short racks, stews, and backs, and are graded in the same manner as carcass mutton and lamb. Hog products ai'e described under 3 heads: (1) Dressed hogs, (2) pork cuts, and (3) lard. The classes of dressed hogs are smooth, heavy, butcher, packing, and bacon hogs, shippers and pigs, a classification based on the uses to which the hogs are adapted. Distinct grades are recognized only in the packing and bacon classes, the former being based on v^^eight and the latter chiefly on quality and finish. The classes of pork cuts are hams, sides, bellies, backs, loins, shoulders, butts and plates, and miscellaneous. Pork cuts are quoted as fresh pork, dry-salt and bacon meats, barreled or plain-pickled pork, sweet-pickled meats, smoked meats, " English " meats, and boiled meats, respectively. The grading of pork cuts is much more complex than that of other meats. It in- volves not only their quality, shape, finish, and weight, but also the styles of cutting and methods of packing used. The grades of lard are kettle-rendered leaf, kettle-rendered, neutral, prime steam, refined, and compound lard. The garding is based on the kinds of fats included, method of rendering, color, flavor, and grain. Influence of ag'e on the economy and profit of feeding calves, yearlings, and two-year-olds, J. H. Skinner and W. A. Cochel {Indiana Sta. Bui. l-'f6, pp. 599-608, figs. 7). — A summary of experiments previously noted which have been conducted for the past 3 years (E. S. R., 23, p. 772) to determine the influ- ence of age on the economy and profit of feeding cattle. " The calves required 90 days and the yearlings 20 days longer feeding period than the 2-year-olds, to make them prime. The average daily gain of the calves was 0.61 lb. per head less than that of the 2-year-olds and 0.34 lb. less than that of the yearlings. The average of the three trials shows that the total amount of concentrates (shelled corn and cotton-seed meal) required to finish calves was 3.520.5 lbs. per head, yearlings, 3,547.9 lbs., and 2-year-olds, 3,704.6 lbs. ... By reducing all to a dry matter basis it will be found that the average amount of dry matter consumed in roughage by calves was approximately 1,745 lbs., by ^yearlings 2,015 lbs., and by 2-year-olds 2,041 lbs. . . . With uniform prices 'for feeds, ... it cost 82 cts. less to fatten a calf than a yearling and $2.60 less than a 2-year-old. . . . The gains on calves amounted to 103 per cent, on yearlings 54 per cent, and on 2-year-olds 43.6 per cent on their initial live weight." " The pork produced from each bushel of corn fed to calves amounted to ap- proximately 1 lb., to yearlings 1.85 lbs., and to 2-year-olds 2.5 lbs., which would tend to make the difference in profit from feeding even more marked than where the profit on cattle alone is considered." "The initial cost per hundred of calves is greater than that of older cattle. . . . " The difference in total quantity of feed necessary for finishing cattle of different ages and fed to the same marketable finish is negligible. " The average margin required between buying and selling prices to prevent loss was $1.60 per hundred on calves, $1.71 on yearlings, and $1.55 on 2-year- olds; the margins secured on a stationary market were $2.02 on calves, $2.22 on yearlings, and $2.09 on 2-year-olds, resulting in a profit of 42 cts. per hun- dred on calves, 51 cts. on yearlings, and 54 cts. on 2-year-olds. . . . ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 71 " At a uniform price for feeds tlie difference in cost of gains between calves and yearlings was $1.35, between yearlings and 2-year-olds 28 cts. per hundred pounds. "The experienced farmer who feeds cattle should handle older cattle in preference to calves ; while the farmer who produces and finishes his own cattle may find calves more preferable." Experiments in beef feeding', F. C. Quereau (Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 116-118). — A continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 665), from which the following conclusions are reached : " Soy beans are the best forage crop that has been tested on the station. The products from the acre of soy beans have fed longer, with greater gains, than either corn or cowpeas. Cow- peas stand next to soy beans and corn comes last. By the return of manure from the feeding of crops there has been a marked increase in the productive- ness of the soil, the feeding capacity for 4 steers per acre having been increased in the case of soy beans from 80 days in 1905-6 to 100 days in 1908-9." Slop feeding, H. E. Sawyer (V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 410, pp. 3J,-JiO).—A discussion on the feeding value of distillery slop. Rations proposed by Maercker containing slop are given for young oxen, fattening grown oxen, and dairy cows. The percentage composition of 2 samples of slop calculated to a dry basis are given as follows : Grain slop, protein 25.5 per cent, fat 9.9 per cent, nitrogen-free extract 53.5 per cent, fiber 6.7 per cent, ash 4.4 per cent; potato slop, protein 23.9 per cent, fat 1.5 per cent, nitrogen-free extract 52 per cent, fiber 9.3 per cent, ash 13.3 per cent. Report on the improvement of hill pasture as determined by effect on stock, R. B. Greig (Aberdeen and No. Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 16, pp. 2.'f). — A report of 2 experiments, extending from 1905 to 1909, undertaken to ascertain a cheap method of improving poor pasture by means of artificial manures. The effects were determined by weighing periodically the sheep kept on the different plats. The soil of the pasture at Glen Dye, Kincardineshire, is gravel from decom- posed granite. The herbage consisted of inferior grasses, with small patches of rushes and ferns. The commonest plants were sheep fescue, hard fescue, Yorkshire fog, and sweet vernal. Crested dogstail and fine bent were less numerous. White clover plants were not abundant, and this fact together with the relative scarcity of the bent, indicated that basic slag was by no means well suited for this pasture. The growth and decay of the plants had formed a thin layer of humus 2 or 3 in. thick and so closely matted that it was obvious that mineral manures would take some time to reach the roots of the plants. Six blocks containing 3 acres each were treated with basic slag, superphosphate, and kainit. The sheep used were black-faced wethers, the results for the 5 years are shown in the following table : Results of fertilizer tests for pastures at Glen Dye. Treatment per acre. 10 cwt. basic slag (applied 1905) 10 cwt. basic slag, 8 cwt. kainit (applied 1905) — No treatment ■ 10 cwt. basic slag, 8 cwt. kainit, clover seed har- rowed in 10 cwt. superphosphate (applied 1906) 2 tons lime per acre, mixed with earth (applied 1905) Cost of manures. s. d. 30 3 48 3 Total live weight in- crease of sheep per acre. Lbs. 243§ 252J 152 242J 213 Net gain (-f-) or loss (— ) after deduct- ing cost of treatment. s. d. - 7 i -23 IJ -27 9 -26 Mean live weight of stock maintained per acre per year. Lbs. 198 195 112 182 183 213 67374°— No. 72 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The soil of the pasture at Ardross, in Ross-shire, is light and moorish in character with a fair amount of organic matter ; a boggy soil but not deficient in lime and naturally suitable for white clover. There were used 5 plats of 4 acres each. The sheep used were mostly black-faced ewes. The results for the 5 years are given in the following table : Results of fertilizer tests for pastures at Ardross. Plat. Treatment per acre. Cost of manures. Total live weight in- crease of sheep per acre. Net gain (+) or loss (— ) after deduct- ing cost of treatment. Mean live weight of stock maintained per acre per year. 1 2 11 cwt. basic slag (200 lbs. phosphoric acid) in 1905 11 cwt. basic slag (200 lbs. phosphoric acid) in 1905, 8 cwt. kainit (100 lbs. potash) . . s. d. 28 11 49 6 Lbs. 376 386 234 229 313 s. d. + 6 7 -11 6 Lbs. 260 254 3 No treatment 171 4 1 ton ground lime (in 1905) 31 31 10 -32 3 -12 1 166 5 V/hite clover and cocksfoot harrowed in (in 1905), no effect being produced, 15 cwt. low-grade basic slag (200 lbs. phosphoric acid) applied in 1907 219 The value of the mutton was rated at 3d. per pound. " The most remunerative application is a dressing of basic slag, and the profit obtainable from slag is chiefly conditioned by the abundance of white clover which the slag can stimulate to rapid growth." " Where lime is fully effective it is doubtful if it will ever pay its way on poor hill pasture. " Harrowing and sowing poor pasture with grass and white clover seeds without also manuring it has made no improvement, and sowing white clover seeds on a thick fog to which basic slag and kainit have been applied has made no change in the prevalence of clover plants. Low grade basic slag is quite as effective as high grade slag if the same quantity of phosphoric acid is supplied. Sheep on hill pasture generally make the most rapid growth in the beginning of the season, after which the pasture is better suited to cattle. The best results are obtained when cattle and sheep are grazed together. The calculated figures do not show the full benefits of the treatment. The best plats at both centers are worth 4s. to 5s. more rent per acre than the unmanured plats." Corn silage for winter feeding of ewes and young lambs, J. II. Skinner and W. W. Smith (Indiana Sta. Bui. W, pp. 611-628, fig. i).— The purpose of this bulletin is to present the results of 3 years' experiments in feeding corn silage to (1) 41 pregnant ewes due to lamb in March, (2) 31 ewes with fall lambs at their side, and (3) 80 young lambs prior to weaning. The flock con- sisted mainly of Rambouillets, but included a few cross breds. Besides silage the rations consisted of mixed hay, clover hay, corn stover, oats, shelled com, and bran. With the pregnant ewes the average gain per head prior to lambing was 20 lbs. for those receiving silage, and 15i lbs. for those without silage. There was little difference in the birth rate or in the average daily gains per lamb. This experiment established the fact of the entire safety of good corn ensilage as a feed for lambing ewes. Other conclusions drawn are the following: " The ewes due to lamb in the spring which received the silage rations con- sumed 7.06 per cent less grain and 32.25 per cent less clover hay than those eating the dry rations. For each pound of hay consumed by the pregnant ewes ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 73 on the dry rations in excess of those on the silage rations, the latter ate 2.48 lbs. of silage. " The average weight of fleece for the pregnant ewes during the three years was 11.06 lbs. for the ewes fed on the succulent rations, and 11.46 lbs. for those on the dry rations. " The ewes with fall lambs at their sides and receiving silage gained, on an average for two years, 25.3 lbs., while those eating the dry rations gained an average of 16 lbs. "The average weight of fleece for ewes with fall lambs was 10.8 lbs. for those receiving silage, and 10 lbs. for those not receiving silage. " The ewes with fall lambs and receiving silage ate, on an average, 4.82 per cent less grain and 29.86 per cent less clover hay than those not receiving silage. For each pound of hay consumed by the ewes on the ration containing no silage, in excess of that eaten by the silage fed ewes, the latter ate 3.24 lbs. of silage. "The fall lambs in the silage lots gained, on an average for the two years covered by the experiment, 0.46 lb. per head daily, and those in the lot receiv- ing no silage gained 0.47 lb. These gains, however, are in favor of the silage rations, for the lambs on the former were fed for a shorter time upon the forcing rations supplied during the last 50 days of the test. " Of the fall lambs sold as ' hothouse lambs ' during the spring of 1909, those receiving the silage ration showed a slightly fatter condition of the carcass than those receiving the dry rations. " The average daily gain of the spring lambs for the three years in the silage lot was 0.46 lb. per lamb ; for those in the lot receiving no silage, it was 0.48 lb. " In the spring of 1907, some time after the close of the regular experiment, four lambs died from the effects, supposedly, of eating spoiled or decomposed silage. The cause was assigned to poisonous products resulting from decompo- sition of the silage, which was favored by the exposure of the silage to the air in warm weather and the low condition of the silo." Additional feeding' tests comparing dried beet tops, dried beet chips, and meadow hay, W. Schneidewind and D. Meyer {Dcut. Laiidtr. Prcsse, 37 (1910), Nos. 62, pp. 673, 67//; 6^, p. 695).— A continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 19, p. 1168). The basal ration for 10 wethers consisted of chaff, straw, blue lupines, poppy cake, peanut cake, and maize. The average daily gains per head in 6 experiments with the different supplements were as follows : Dried beet chips 0.309 lb., dried beet tops 0.235 lb., and meadow hay 0.206 lb. Pastoral industry of Australia (Queensland Agr. Jour., 25 (1910), No. 2, pp. 81, 82). — ^A brief review of the Australian wool trade for the season 1909-10. The flocks in Australia and New Zealand increased during the year by 6,179,614 head, the total now being 115,525,581. The quality of the sheep has also increased so that the past season's wool clip has surpassed all previous records. The over-sea shipments for 12 months were 1,921,705 bales from Australia and 512,938 bales from New Zealand. The entire shipment is valued at £33,128,496, an increase of £7,177.584 over the season of 1908-9. South African wool from a buyer or manufacturer's point of view, W. F. Eable (Natal Agr. Jour., 15 (1910), No. 2, pp. 222-228).— A discussion of fine- ness in wool, high prices, preparation of the fleece for market, and the scale of points adopted by the Judges' Association for the Judging of wool. Feeding experiments with carrots, Albrecht (Miinchen. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 51, (1910), Nos. 29, pp. .',85-489; SO, pp. 505-510; Agr. Mod., 16 (1910), Nos. 35, pp. 480-482; 36, pp. 495, /,56).— No bad effects were noted when carrots constituted about one-third of the ration for goats, although several m- 74 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. stances have been reported wbere carrots have produced pathological conditions in horses and other animals. Comparative effects of meat meal and fish meal in swine feeding experi- ments, A. Kleemann (Landw. Vers. Stat., 13 (.1910), No. 1-3, pp. 187-219).— Basal rations of steamed potatoes, potato chips, potato flalies, maize, and phos- phate of lime were fed to 6 lots of 4 swine each. The supplementary rations compared were meat meal, fish meal rich in fat, and fish meal poor in fat. Starch was added to the latter ration in order to equalize the amounts of digestible protein and starch values. In a period lasting 99 daj's 2 groups receiving the meat meal made an average daily gain per head and day of 0.513 kg., at a cost of 0.172 mark per kilogram (about 4 cts. per pound), and 0.462 kg. at a cost of 0.1838 mark per kilogram, respectively. The 2 lots receiving starch and fish meal deficient in fat made an average daily gain per head and day of 0.511 kg. at a cost of 0.3157 mark per kilogram, and 0.531 kg. at a cost of 0.352 mark per kilogram, respectively. The corresponding figures for the lots receiving fish meal rich in fat were 0.525 kg. at a cost of 0.2796 mark per kilogram, and 0.563 kg. at a cost of 0.2644 mark per kilogram. The feeds were estimated at the following prices per 100 kg. : Steamed potatoes 3 marks, potato chips 13 marks, potato flakes 15 marks, maize 16.9 marks, meat meal 26.5 marks, fish meal 26.8 marks, starch 20 marks, and phosphate of lime 13.8 marks. Analyses of the feeds are given. The animals in one lot on meat meal.were off their feed toward the close of the test, and hence made considerably lower gains than the other lots. The flesh of all the experimental animals was considered of good quality. Samples of flesh taken from the back showed no essential difference in the Reichert-lNIeissl number or in the melting point, but the iodin number was higher in the fish-fed animals, particularly those fed fish meal rich in fat. Feeding hogs in the South, D. T. Gray (U. »S'. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. Jfll, pp. -'/?. fiffs. 9). — This publication, replacing Farmers' Bulletin 100 (E. S. R., 11, p. 381) was written to furnish information of a practical nature for the benefit of those engaged in swine production in the Southern States. The breeds of swine are briefly described, and illustrations are given of 3 types of portable hog houses. The use of dairy by-products and other supplements are discussed, and a large number of feeding tests made at the state stations are cited. Evi- dence is presented in support of the argument that hogs can not be profitably raised on corn alone. The advantages of using pasture are summarized as follows: "Pork costs only one-third to one-half as much when pastures are used as when concentrated feeds alone are used. The soils are improved very materially as a result of growing the legumes for the hogs and feeding extra grains to the animals. The crops are harvested (through the hogs) without danger of loss from rains and without expense. The hogs are under favorable health conditions ; there- fore losses from disease will be lessened." Preservation of beet pulp by lactic ferments, Ij. Malpeaux (Betterave, 20 {1910), No. 513, pp. 291-294; Sucr. Indig. et Colon., 16 {1910), No. 13, p. 292- 296). — Directions are given for using a commercial ferment (lacto-pulpe), with which the beet pulp is inoculated when put into the silo. A brief report is made of investigations on the chemical changes which take place in the ensiled pulp. Methods of computing rations, A. Kraemer (Lainhv. Jahrb., 39 {1910), No. 3, pp. 439-Ji59, fig. 1). — Illustrations are presented of a method of computing rations for live stock, based on the valuation of dry matter, protein, and the starch values of Kellner. ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 75 The feeding and fertilizer value of feeding stuffs estimated mathemat- ically, V. Brdlik (Monatsh. Landio., 3 {1910), No. 7, pp. 211-223). The use of the method of least squares is suggested for estimating the value of feeding stuffs. Examples are given in the application of this method. Game farming, J. L. Cowman {ScL Amer., 103 {I'JIO), No. 12, p. 212). A popular article on the opportunities for rearing bison, elk. Angora goats, and fur-bearing animals. The conformation of spayed cows, J. Tandleb and Keller {Zentbl. Physiol., 23 {1909), No. 26, pp. 1036, i 037). —Measurements were made on 11 mature cows which had been spayed when 6 months of age. As compared with uu- spayed animals they had a longer head and horns, less pronounced facial parts, longer limbs, broader back, smaller rump, and narrower pelvis. On the deviation of the length of the gestation period according to the season of the year, O. Wellmann {Landiv. Jcihrh., 39 {1910), No. 3, pp. 1,09-1/28). — With brood mares the average length of the gestation period in the case of 5,437 births was 334.67 days. The periods were shortest in the births which occurred in July, the average length for that month being 321.94 days. From July there was a constant increase from month to month until May, when it reached 346.11 days. With working mares the average length in 171 cases was 325.03 days, with a seasonal variation as in the case of brood marcs. The average gestation period of 228 Hungarian cows was 284.61 days, and of 291 Simmeutal cows 291.2 days. Apparently there was also a seasonal variation in cows, but much less in amount than in the case of horses. Estimation of the live weight of animals by measuring, J. Frischauf {Landw. Jahrh., 39 {1910), No. 3, pp. 373-396, figs. 2).— The author discusses a number of systems of estimating the live weight of animals, and presents a system of his own which is explained in detail. The significance of circulation of air in stalls, Ltjdewig {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Ticrheill;., 36 {1910), Sup., pp. 299-305). — Experiments in measuring the resistance of wire screens to drafts of air are reported. Both the size of the wire and the size of the mesh were found to affect the amount of resistance to air currents. It is thought that a double gauze screen made of wire 0.6 mm. in diameter, with a mesh from 0.5 to 1 mm., will offer enough resistance to air currents so that they may be placed on the windward side of the stable. In this way an abundance of pure air may be supplied with- out causing dangerous drafts. Animals of antiquity. — I, Mammals, O. Keller {Die Antike Tierwelt. I, Sdugetiere. Lcipsic, 1909, pp. Xll+JtSJi; rev. in Nature [London'\, 81, {1910), No. 2134, pp. 357, 358). — This is the first volume of a work containing tlie results of an exhaustive investigation of the records left by ancient peoples concerning the wild and domesticated animals known to them. The aim was to identify the different species described or depicted and to work out their past history and geographical distribution, particular attention being paid to the larger domesticated mammals. Deficiencies of the chromosome theory of heredity, M. F. Guyer {Univ. [Cincinnati] Studies, 2. ser., 5 {1909), No. 3, pp. 19).— The facts concerning the theory that chromosomes are the exclusive vehicles of heredity are herein summarized, the conclusion being drawn that a satisfactory case has not yet been presented. The author believes that other germ cell constituents may also stand in casual relationship to adult characters. "Heredity is a problem of the handing on of metabolic energies already established, rather than of the transmission of a series of determinative units which create a wholly new organism." 76 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. An interesting donkey hybrid, R. I. Pocock (Nature [London], 84 {1910), No. 2133, p. 329). — A description of a cross between a male dziggetai or Mon- golian donkey (Equus hemionus) and a female Nubian donkey {E. asinus). The hybrid resembles a pure bred African donkey. The color is gray, with legs strongly barred with black, and a sharply defined black shoulder stripe and black mottling at the base of the long ears. DAIRY FARMING— DAIEYING. A study of the cause of wide variation in milk production by dairy cows, C. H. EcKLEs and O. E. Reed Ulissouri Sta. Racarch Bui. 2, pp. lOl-UfJ, figs. 2). — During the first 2 lactation periods the better of 2 Jersey cows from the same sire produced 2.8 lbs. of milk and 3.9 lbs. of fat for each ix»und produced by her half-sister, and an investigation was made to determine the cause of this variation. In the third lactation period the 2 cows calved 3 days apart, and were fed and cared for under identical conditions for 1 year. The ration consisted of choice alfalfa hay, silage, and a grain mixture of corn, bran, and oil meal 4:2:1. During the summer green alfalfa and green corn were also fed. Both cows were kept farrow, and milk records, analysis of feeds, and amounts of feed consumed are presented in tabular form. In the early part of the lactation period a digestion trial showed practically identical results. The coeflicient for the better cow was 64.39 per cent of the dry matter, and for the other 64.99 per cent. At the end of the milking period a maintenance trial showed only a slight diflierence in cost of maintenance, the higher requirement being with the better cow. The real cause of difference in production was found to be in the amount of feed consumed above maintenance, the better cow usiug for maintenance only 35 per cent of the total food con- sumed and the other 55.8 per cent. After deducting the maintenance require- ment one cow produced milk as economically as the other. In general the better cow consumed 1.7 lbs. of feed for 1 lb. consumed by the other cow, and produced 2.67 lbs. of milk and 2.77 lbs. of fat for each pound produced by the inferior cow. The better cow required for maintenance for the entire period 1,200.8 lbs, of grain, 1,204.5 lbs. of hay, and 4,818 lbs. of silage, which left available for milk production 2,223.2 lbs. of grain, 1,699.5 lbs. of hay, 3,960 lbs. of silage, and 4,323 lbs. of green feed. The inferior cow required for maintenance 1,065.8 lbs. of grain, 1,065.8 lbs. of hay, and 4,292.4 lbs. of silage, leaving available for milk production 841.2 lbs. of grain, 632.2 lbs. of hay, 795.6 lbs. of ensilage, and 2,102 lbs. of green feed. The milk production of the better cow was 8,522.9 lbs. of milk, containing 5.51 per cent fat, and that of the other cow 3,188.9 lbs. of milk, containing 5.31 per cent fat. Data are also presented of 2 other cows kept for an entire lactation period under conditions identical with those above described. The feed consumed dur- ing the lactation year minus the estimated maintenance was the amount con- sidered available for milk production, and the ratio between the food available for milk production and the milk produced was practically the same with each of the 4 cows. The available feed consumed and the milk solids produced were also calculated in calories in order to reduce all to a common basis, and these ratios were also found to agree closely in all 4 animals. " The main difference between profitable and unprofitable dairy cows is not to be found in the coefficient of digestion, or in the amount of food required for maintenance. A superior dairy cow is simply one with a large capacity for using food above the maintenance requirement and one that uses this available food for milk production." DAIEY FARMING — DAIRYING. 77 Cost of production of milk, J. P. Grieb {Prairie Farmer, 8Jf (1910), No. 20, pp. 8, 9, 23).— A paper read before the American Chemical Society at Chicago in September, 1910, which contains an itemized account of a 160-acr3 farm near Elgin, 111. The cost of producing milk according to the figures submitted was 2.43 cts. per pound. Report of the dairyman, F. H. Denniss {Tennessee Sta. Rpt. JOOD, p. 101).— During 1909 the average cost of lieeping the station herd of 30 cows was $5.06 per cow greater than for 1908, due to a more liberal grain ration. The average increased production for each cow over 1908 was 375.2 lbs. of milk and 23.14 lbs. of butter fat. and the average increased profit per cow was for milk $4.72 and for butter $11.01. Has colostral milk bactericidal properties? M, Bub {CentU. Balct. [etc.], 2. AM., 27 {1910), No. 13-16, pp. 321-336).— The growth of Bacillus pyocyaneus, paratyphus bacillus A and B, and common coli bacilli, was retarded when colos- tral milk was inoculated with pure cultures of these organisms. In some cases there was an actual decrease of the bacteria normally present in milk 12 hours after milking. The retarding effect on bacterial growth was found to vary in colostral milks from different individuals, but the author thinks it doubtful if colostral milk has germicidal properties, as the restraining force was due, in part at least, to agglutination. Phagocytosis had no essential share in re- straining the development of the germs. Results of milk tests in the vicinity of Chemnitz, A. Behre {Milcliw. ZentU., 6 {1910), No. 9, pp. 39^-^07).— Analyses of goat's and cow's milk are reported. As a rule the morning milk was lower in fat and total solids than the evening milk. Testing cream for butter fat, O. F. Hunzikeb et al. {Indiana Sta. Bui. lJi5, pp. 531-595, figs. IS). — The purpose of the experiments described in this bulletin was to determine definitely and bring out clearly the lack of uniformity in the results of the Babcock test with cream, and to recommend modifications of the test to remove its objectionable features; also, to increase the accuracy and reliability of the test without curtailing its simplicity and rapidity. The method of calibration of Babcock test bottles is described, and the burette method is recommended. Glassware such as is used in Indiana creameries, numbering in all G,513 pieces, was tested by the station. The results showed that 18.8 per cent of the cream test bottles and 1.1 per cent of the milk test bottles were incorrect. " The errors in the cream test bottles ranged from 0.5 per cent to 10 per cent. The errors in the milk test bottles ranged from 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent. In the case of some creameries their entire outfit was inaccurate." The factors which entered into the selection of the style of cream test bottle to be used in creameries and the necessity of taking accurate and aliquot por- tions of composite samples are discussed. The use of cream sampling tubes (cream thieves) is not recommended, because the mechanical condition of most of the gathered cream is such that most of these contrivances are hindrances. The daily shipments of cream from 6 patrons were sampled for single and for composite tests. The single sample tests averaged 39.5 per cent of fat. The composite samples were kept under different environments for 2 weeks, with the following results: In an ice box, tightly sealed, 39.5 per cent of fat; loosely sealed, 40.5 per cent; and open, 43 per cent; left in the receiving room, tightly sealed, 43 per cent ; loosely sealed, 44 per cent ; and open, 50 per cent ; near the boiler, tightly sealed, 44.5 per cent; loosely sealed, 46.5 per cent; and open, 69 per cent. Tests with different types of bottles for storing samples showed that the abandonment of bottles sealed with paper caps or jelly glasses sealed 78 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. with tin lids will save the average creamery several hundred dollars per month. Bottles with glass stoppers form the most satisfactoi-y seal, but are expensive. Cork stoppers of good quality form a tight seal, but have a tendency to loosen automatically. The increase in the test due to storing varied with the amount of cream in the sample jar. With the size of the bottles unchanged, the smaller the amount of cream, the greater the increase in the percentage of fat. Each step in the process of testing cream is critically discussed, and suggestions are offered for more accurate testing. " Ninety-six tests with cream and acid at temperatures ranging from 40 to 110° F. showed no visible changes in the percentage of fat and the clearness of the test where the amount of acid used was govei'ned by the color of the mix- ture. Where the amount of acid was not regulated by the color of the mixture, but where the same amount of acid was used at all temperatures, the resulting tests varied widely. In the case of cream and acid at 40°, it required more shaking to effect complete action of the acid on the cream, but the tests were clear and the percentage of fat correct. In the case of cream and acid at 100" or above, the tests were very dark and charred, and the meniscus difficult to read." " The average of the tests with two additions of water practically agreed with the gravimetric fat estimation. The average of the tests with one addition of water was 0.17 per cent higher than the gravimetric fat estimation." A series of 547 tests was made in an 18-inch tester. The speed used varied from 100 to 1,000 revolutions. A reduction of speed from 1,000 to 400 revolu- tions caused a gradual decrease in the test of 0.34 per cent of fat. A series of 26 test bottles, comprising 18 gm. 50 per cent, 18 gm. 40 per cent, and 9 gm. 50 per cent bottles, were filled to the necks of the bottles with water and weighed on analytical balances. Pure butter fat was added and after weigh- ing the bottles were then whirled in the tester at full si>eed and the tests were read at 135 to 140°, this being the temperature at which pure butter fat has a specific gravity of 0.9. The meniscus amounted to exactly 1 per cent, except in two of the 9 gm. 50 per cent bottles, where it was 1.25 and 1.5 per cent, respec- tively. On repeating the experiment with cream the individual results lacked uniformity; nevertheless, a comparison between these averages and those ob- tained from the experiment with pure butter fat showed unmistakably that the fat column of the ordinary cream test was not pure butter fat, but contained impurities, mainly water and acid. A further study led to the following con- clusions : " The percentage of Impurities contained in the fat column varies with the speed of the tester and the amount of sulphuric acid used. Low speed and excessive acid increase the impurities. "All of the fat in the cream does not appear in the fat column. The fat lost in the test is the residual fat and a portion of the volatile fatty acids. " The loss of residual fat is greatest at a low speed and with insufficient or excessive amounts of acid. The loss of volatile fatty acids increases with the increase in the amount of acid used. " The losses due to residual fat and escape of volatile fatty acids are prac- tically offset by the gains due to impurities in the fat column, provided that the test is made under normal conditions." Tests made from a hot and moist tester and those from a cool and dry tester showed no greater variation in the impurities of the fat column than tests from the same tester. Samples of cream varying widely in richness were tested in 9 gm. and in 18 gm. 50 per cent cream test bottles, where the charges were 9 and 18 gm. respectively. The results showed that the richness of cream, style of test bottle, and size of charge had no appreciable effect on the percentage of DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Y9 residual fat. There was no noticeable difference between sweet and sour cream. The differences between the percentage of volatile acids of tests made in the cool, and those made in the hot, tester were no greater than the variations of tests made in the same tester. There was a loss of glyceryl of the volatile acids, but the loss was too small in amount to affect the test. Readings with and without the meniscus were found to deviate when com- pared with the gravimetric fat estimation. In order to eliminate disturbing factors, readings were made with a mirror, and when read to the bottom of the meniscus they compared most closely with the gravimetric determinations. It is recommended that the mirror be used in reading all cream tests and that the meniscus be eliminated. For this purpose glymol (petrolatum liquidum U. S. P.), commonly known as white mineral oil, proved superior to alcohol or paraffin. Directions are given for its use. The various experiments show to what extent composite sampling and testing are unreliable, and indicate that even in testing cream upon its arrival at the creamery more precautions are necessary than is customary in many creameries and receiving stations. Australian butter boxes [Queensland Agr. Jour., 23 {1910), No. 4, p. 230). Notes are given concerning the manufacture of butter boxes from straw pulp and from waste paper of indurated fiber. It is claimed that the straw pulp butter box is odorless and impervious to moisture. The color is dark gray and hence not so attractive as the ordinary butter box made from white pine. The sides and bottom of the indurated fiber box are molded in one piece and the lid is fixed with nails. The cost is much less than the ordinary wood box and it can be made quite strong. Keport on cheese, H. Weigmann {Ztschr. UntersucJi. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 20 (1910), No. 6, pp. 376-405). — This report classifies the different varieties of cheeses, and describes the methods of cheese analysis. A discussion of this report by the Association of German Food Chemists is appended. Microbes in the cheese industry, P. Maz6 (Indus. Lait. [Paris], So (1910), Nos. 28, pp. 459-1,62; 29, pp. 473-479; 30, pp. 487-1,92; 31, pp. 507-510; 32, pp. 523-525; 33, pp. 535-541)- — A popular discussion of the fermentations induced by the more important species of organisms concerned in the cheese ripening process. Some English cheeses (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 30 (1910), No. 22, p. 808). — Details are given of the methods of making Cheddar cheese in Somerset, Wensleydale cheese, and Dorset Blue cheese. Analyses of Queensland cheeses, J. C. Brijnnich (Queensland Agr. Jour., 23 (1910), No. 4, pp. 227, 228). — ^Analyses of large cheeses, loaf cheese, white cheese, and Cheddar cheese are reported. Notes on Cheddar cheese making, F. Herns and G. G. Publow (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 183, pp. 19, figs. 10).— The topics treated in this bulletin are branding cheese boxes, finishing cheese, the curd knife, pure cultures, improving late fall cheese, acidimeter tests, advantages of pasteurizing whey, and the use of whey tanks. Five different systems of heating whey are illustrated and described. Experiments on the cost of heating whey indicated that the average cost should be from about 55 to 75 cts. per ton of cheese. It cost 10.7 cts. to elevate for pasteurizing 20,000 lbs. of whey with a li in. rotary pump. Brussels cheese, L. Marcas and C Huyge (Rev. G&n. Lait, 8 (1910), Nos. 11, pp. 249-255; 12, pp. 273-280).— A biochemical study of this cheese, which is properly known as Bttekeis or Fromage Dur in order to distinguish it from Plattekeis or Fromage Blanc. It is a soft cheese, made only in the vicinity of Brussels, with a strong penetrating odor and a characteristic flavor not com- 80 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. mon to any other cheese. When it is made in factories the milli curds are brought from surrounding farms in a state of putrid fermentation, and contain- ing a great variety of molds, bacteria, and enzyms. The growth of these organ- isms is checlied by salting. Many ripe cheeses were examined, and although many organisms were found which contributed to the curing process there were only 2 which were con- stantly present, one a yeast and the other a motile diplococcns. The peculiar characteristics of the cheese, however, could not be obtained when pure cultures of these 2 organisms, either singly or combined, were used. A third organism commonly present was a nonmotile diplococcus, which undoubtedly contrib- uted to the ripening process. Chemical studies were also made of the ripening. The acidity of fresh curds was found to be very variable. Analyses are reported which were made at different periods of ripening. Coulommier cheese, Janet McNaughton (Canada Dept. Agr., Dairy and Cold Storage Branch Bui. 25, pp. 7, pis. 2). — This bulletin, which was prepared because of the growing demand for a small cheese which can be put on the marliet in a few days, describes in detail the methods of manufacturing a small French cheese known as Coulommier. This cheese is easy to make, yet one of the most profitable. It is flat, round, 5^ in. in diameter, and from 1 to IJ in. thick, weighing from 32 to 16 oz. It is creamy white in color. Artificial color- ing is seldom added, though a few drops is considered an improvement by some makers. In consistency it resembles cream cheese, but is not so rich in flavor. It can be eaten fresh in from 3 to 4 days from the beginning of making, although ordinarily it is preferred from 1 week old or more. One gal. of milk win make 2 cheeses, worth about 15 cts. each. The manufacture of Altenburg' goat cheese, A. Naumann (Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 20 (1910), No. 29, pp. 339, S^O).— Details are given of the method of manufac- turing this variety of soft cheese which is commonly made of mixed goat's and cow's milk. Gorgonzola cheese (Public Health [London], 24 (1910), No, 1, p. 38). — Analysis of the plaster on the rind of a Gorgonzola cheese showed that it con- tained 13.8 per cent tallow and 86.2 per cent barytes colored with oxid of iron. The plaster was i in. thick and constituted 21.7 per cent of the piece of cheese purchased in the market. The effect of the plaster was to set up decomposition inside of the cheese, so that the part nearest the rind was unfit for food. Two defects of Edam cheese, F. W. J. Boekhotjt and J. Ott de Vbies (Rev. G6n. Lait, 8 (1910), Nos. II,, pp. 313-322; 15, pp. 347-356; CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 2 AM., 28 (1910), No. 4-5, pp. 98-111, figs. 2).— An investigation of the cause of the small lenticular cracks about 1 cm. long, known as " Boekel's crevices," revealed the fact that they were caused when the cheese mass was not plastic enough for the interior gases to collect equally from all directions. Since the plasticity is diminished as paracasein bilactate is formed, as in the case of " short " cheese (E. S. R., 21, p. 679), the defect can be remedied by adding about 10 to 15 per cent of water to the milk used for cheese making. In this way the formation of an undesirable amount of paracasein bilactate is larevented. The second defect studied was the formation of large cracks in cheese known as " knijpers." These cracks were found to be the results of gas formation, also due at least in part to an excessive amount of paracasein bilactate. Pasty cheese, G. F. Eichel et al. (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 30 (1910), No. 22, pp. 810, 811). — A symposium by practical cheese makers on the causes and means of preventing pasty cheese. VETERINAEY MEDICINE. gj VETERINARY MEDICINE. A text-book of veterinary anatomy, S. Sisson {Philadelphia and London, 1910, pp. 826, figs. 588).— In this work the author presents the essential facts' regarding the structure of the principal domesticated animals. A large number of the illustrations are original, a majority being reproduced from photographs. " Veterinary anatomical nomenclature is at present quite chaotic in English- speaking countries. In this work an attempt is made to eliminate some terms which do not appear to the author to fulfill any useful purpose, and others which are clearly erroneous or otherwise undesirable. In many cases the terms agreed upon by the congresses at Baden and Stuttgart are adopted either in the original Latin or in anglicized form; otherwise these terms are added in parenthesis. The author favors the substantial adoption of this terminology, but considered it desirable to offer a sort of transitional stage at present." Principles of electro-therapeutics for veterinarians, J. Tereg {Grundriss der Elektrotherapie fiir Tierdrzte. Berlin, 1902, pp. YII+222, figs. 93). This work treats briefly of the principles of electricity and its various currents. The various forms of measuring apparatus, the physiological action of the electrical current, and the use of the isolated constant and faradic currents as a diagnostic and curative medium in veterinary medicine, are also discussed. A text-book of pharmacolog'y and therapeutics, A. R. Cushny (Philadel- phia and Neto York, 1910, 5. ed. rev., pp. 7^4, figs. 61). — This work has been revised and brought up to date. It has several valuable new features and has been arranged to conform with the new pharmacopoeia. Therapeutic technique, W. Schlampp (Therapeiitische Technik. Stuttgart, 1907, vol 2, 1. half, pp. 314, figs. 88; 1908, vol. 2, 2. half, pt: 1, pp. 317-522, figs. 124; 1910, vol. 2, 2. half, pt. 2, pp. XV+525-1026, figs. 130).— In this second volume, which completes the work previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 1111), the author discusses therapeutic measures applicable to the digestive, generative, respiratory, and urinary organs and the circulatory and nervous systems. Experimental investigations and clinical findings concerning the appli- cability of novocain for the purposes of veterinary medicine, A. Fehse (Abs. in Amer. Vet. Rev., 37 (1910), No. 4, PP- 4-i^--'t51)- — "Novocain is a rapid and reliable anesthetic, which produces absolutely no ii-ritative phenomena in ani- mal tissue, even when employed in concentrated solution. For operation, the subcutaneous or cutaneous application of a 1 to 2 per cent aqueous solution is sufficient. Novocain exerts no deleterious effect upon tissue repair. In eye operations a 5 to 10 per cent novocain solution, instilled into the conjunctival sac, produces within a relatively short time an anesthesia entirely sufficient for operative procedures. A harmful influence upon the function of the eye is not apparent. Even when brought in substance upon the cornea, novocain does not give rise to local pathological changes other than an episcleral vascular congestion." Digest of comments on the Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America and the National Formulary, M. G. Mottee and M. I. Wilbebt (Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. 8., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 63, pp. 46Jf).— This is a digest of comments on the eighth decennial revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia and the third edition of the National Formulary for the year ended December 31, 1907. Notes on stock medicines, "W- Robertson (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 37 (1910), No. 1, pp. 38-45, figs. 4).— A list of remedies which are necessary on the farm for emergency purposes. Eules and regulations pertaining to the inspection and testing of live stock intended for importation from the mainland of the United States to 82 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the Territory of Hawaii (Honolulu: Bd. Agr. and Forestry 1910, pp. 11; HatcaU, Forester and Agr., 7 {1910), No. 2, pp. 58-65 ) .—These rules aud regulations, approved by tlie governor December 31, 1909, became effective January 1, 1910. Light and ventilation, D. H. Udall (Amer. Vet. Rev., 36 (1910), No. 5, pp. 589-595).— A paper presented at the annual meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, at Ithaca, August, 1909. The practical utilization of the anaphylaxis reaction, K. Scheen (Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 36 (1910), Sup., pp. 590-610).— The author finds the anaphylactic test of value for detecting mastitis by the aid of the mammary secretion, poisonous or foreign seeds in feeding stuffs, and rye bran and peanut meal. Neither passive nor active anaphylaxis was of any value in detecting tuberculosis or glanders. The relationship between scarlet fever, diphtheria, and sore throat of man, and diseases of the udder and teats of cows, A. Gofton (Vet. Jour., 66 (1910), No. 42 Ji, pp. 568-586). — A brief discussion, in which the literature is reviewed. An epidemic of Malta fever in the Department of Gard, P. Atjbebt, P. Can- TAI.0UBE and E. Thibault (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 24 (1910), No. 5, pp. 376-394, pi. 1). — ^A contribution to the epidemiology of Malta fever in France. Report on experiments undertaken to discover whether the common domesticated animals of Terceira Island are affected by plague, A. de Souza, Jr., J. Arruda and M. Pinto (Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge], 10 (1910), No. 2, pp. 196-208). — In the experiments reported, calves, pigs, and dogs were found to be refractory to the plague. " The experiments made on rabbits led us to conclude that this animal is, on Terceira Island, very susceptible to plague. . . . According to these experiments the ferret is an animal susceptible to plague, but only able to contract an acute form of this disease by inoculation of large doses. However, as the ferret sucks the blood of the rats its use in hunting these animals is not recommended. The experiments corroborate those of the Austrian commission that eats can be infected by plague per os, after which they show autopsy appearance very similar to those of cats spontaneously infected by plague with buboes in the neck. " The general conclusion which is drawn from the experiments on 4 kinds of birds, namely, pigeons, ducks, turkeys, and chickens, especially in regard to the latter, is that these animals are insusceptible to plague." Investigations of recurrent fever and the method of its transmission in an Algerian epidemic, E. Sergent and H. Foley (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 24 (1910), No. 5, pp. 337-373, fig. 11). — Exiieriments indicate that Pedictilus vestimenti may transmit the infection. Anaplasma marginale n. g. and n. sp., a protozoan parasite of cattle, A. Theiler (Bui. 8oc. Path. Exot., 3' (1910), No. 3, pp. 135-137) .—The forms observed by various writers in the blood of cases of bovine piroplasmosis asso- ciated with the piroplasmata and previously described by the author as " mar- ginal points" (E. S. R., 22, p. 487) are now considered a protozoan species and to represent a new genus. Anaplasma marginale, A. Theiler (Ann. Transvaal Mu-s., 2 (1910), No. 2, pp. 53-55). — ^This paper presents evidence to show that the so-called marginal points represent a distinct genus and species, A. marginale (see above). The incubation i^eriod, when transmitted by ticks, is much longer than that following the injection of infectious blood, the experiments showing the period to vary from 55 to 75 days. The author considers anaplasmosis to be, in all probability, the disease which has hitherto been known as gall sickness. This VETERINABY MEDICINE. 83 species and 3 others {Piroplasma higcmmum,, P. mutans, and Spirochceta theileri) which can be transmitted through the inoculation of blood and by ticks, occur in South Africa. On the development of piroplasma in the different organs, R. Gondeb (Ann Transvaal Mns., 2 (19 JO), No. 2, pp. Jf9-52, ph. 3).— The author finds Piro- plasma parvum and P. inutans to show differences in their cycle of development as well as in their pathogenic effect. The blue bodies are said to represent a certain stage in the development of P. parvum which corresponds to the shizog- ony in the cycle of the malarial and other parasites. The life history of Trypanosoma dimorphon, E. Hindle (TJniv. Cal. Pubs., Zool., 6 (J 909). Xo. 6, pp. IZl-lJ,',, pis. 3, fig. 1).—A report of studies made of T. dimorphon, in which rats and guinea pigs were used. Bacteriological diagnosis of anthrax and symptomatic anthrax in veteri- nary inspection practice, Foth (Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 36 (1910), Suj)., pp. 93-107). — A discussion with regard to the relation of the bacterio- logical to the clinical and anatomical findings in cases of anthrax and symp- tomatic anthrax. Anticharbon vaccination with very virulent bacteria and in a mixture with pyocyaneus, J. D'Agata (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 2h (1910), No. J/, pp. 330- 336). — These tests were made with sheep and rabbits and bouillon cultures of pyocyaneus and anthrax bacteria. Some of the tests were conducted with the culture of anthrax bacilli alone, and others with a bouillon culture of anthrax and pyocyaneus bacteria. The tests showed that the anthrax bacillus when cultivated with pyocyaneus bacilli lost their virulency for rabbits. [Immunizing tests with " farase " and horses and other animals against glanders], F. Bautz and S. Machodin (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnsclir.,26 (1910), No. 12, pp. 261f-266; abs. in Zentbl. Allg. u. Expt. Biol., 1 (1910), No. 7-8, p. 236). — These tests were conducted with Levy's "farase" (E. S. R., 19, p. 887; 20, p. 10S5), and showed its harmlessness when used for cats, guinea pigs, and foals, and pi'oduced a fairly lasting imnumity. Studies in regard to the etiology of rabies, J. Koch and P. Rissling (Ztschr. Ilyg. II. Infcktioiiskrank., 65 (1910), No. 1, pp. 85-112, pis. 3).— The material employed consisted of the brains of 50 dogs artificially infected, and further, of the brains of dogs sent to the laboratory for diagnosis. Some bovine brains were also examined. The authors were able with the aid of Heidenhain's hematoxylin stain to note cocci-like formations in the gray substance of the horn of Ammon. Negri bodies were either absent or only sparingly present. In various instances many of the above-mentioned cocci bodies could be noted in the ganglion cells and beside the Negri bodies. The gray matter of the brain cortex also was profusely studded with these dot-like bodies. In the degenerated ganglion cells of the brain and spinal cord, particularly in the cervical and lumbar region of the cord of the animals in early and late stages of the disease " endocellular en- closures" could be detected with the hematoxylin stain. These appeared as small mouococci. diplococci, or rods and had the appearance of the inner formations of the Negri bodies. The author believes these cocci-like bodies to be parasites, and that the Negri bodies are only reaction products in the bom of Ammon. Facts and problems of rabies, A. M. Stimson (Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. 8., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 65, pp. 90, pis. J,).— This bulletin reviews the pres- ent state of our knowledge of rabies, and includes the history, geographic dis- tribution, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, immunity, treatment, and suppressive measures. 84 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Report of the committee on standard methods [American Public Health Association] for the diagnosis of rabies, Anna W. Williams {Amer. Jour. Pub. Hyg., 20 {1910), No. 3, pp. 70J,, 705).— The following points are to be studied by the research workers for the following year : " Comparison between virulence of saliva and brain and of time the Negri bodies appear in brain ; public attention directed to importance of keeping biting animals under obser- vation, only killing in case of need of immediate protection against an other- wise imcontrolled animal ; length of time such suspected animals should be kept ; advice to give users of milk from infected cow — here should be determined what percentage of infected cows have infected milk, and degree of infection of such milk ; . . . simplify method of diagnosis ; . . . localization of well-developed bodies — for instance, in a certain percentage of rabid cases well-developed bodies are found in the cerebellum and not in Ammon's horn ; number of smears studied in doubtful cases before deciding that the case is not rabies; . . . rela- tive value of rabbits and guinea pigs for the inoculation test." The histologic diagnosis of rabies, G. Volpius {Ztschr. Hyg. u. Irifek- tionskranlc, 65 {1910), No. 1, pp. 113-120). — The material examined consisted chiefly of stray dogs and 1 pig. Negri bodies were present in all cases, whether the subdural inoculation furnished positive or negative results. The applica- bility of the direct smear, teasing, and sectioning methods, and the various staining methods are discussed with relation to determining as to the protozoan nature of the exciter of rabies. Bacteriological examination of the sputum of bovines affected with lung tuberculosis, Hieronymi {Arch. TRss. n. Prakt. Ticrhcilk., 36 {1910), Sup., pp. lOS-152). — As a result of the clinical examination and of that of the sputum of suspected and tuberculous cows the author states that where the clinical diag- nosis is negative the absence of the tubercle bacilli in the sputum is very valu- able in substantiating the absence of tuberculosis. In 62 per cent of all cases tubercle bacilli were identified microscopically by suitable homogenizing and staining methods. Enriching and cultivation methods, which have been so suc- cessfully applied in human medicine, were not very efficacious in this work. The most sensitive means for examining tuberculosis-suspected sputum is the animal test. [Sputum sampler for animals], H. Tallgeen {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 29, p. .'577, fig. 1). — A description of Graae and Tallgren's appa- ratus for collecting sputum from tuberculous or suspected animals. The instru- ment is placed in the esopliagns and fastened with a string to the horns of the animal, and the animal, by irritation, made to cough. Treatment of tuberculosis by a new^ method, E. P. Ward {Ztschr. TuherkUr lose, 16 {1910), No. 2, pp. 151-160, figs. 2). — This consists of repeated injections of nuclein compounds. The relation of leukemia in bovines to tuberculosis, E. Neumann {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 29, pp. 579-581).— The author states that leukemia and tuberculosis do not occur in the same individual, and that leuke- mia in animals is a strong expression of a progressively inherited immunity. The effects of a restricted diet and of various diets upon the resistance of animals to certain poisons, R. Hunt {Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. ScriK U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 69, pp. 93). — "A restricted diet markedly increases the resistance of certain animals to acetonitrile. Guinea pigs upon a limited diet excrete a smaller percentage of the cyanogen of acetonitrile as sulphocyanate than do those upon an unrestricted diet. This result is interpreted as showing that certain specific processes of metabolism are retarded in partial inanition. " Diet has a marked effect upon the resistance of animals to certain poisons; the resistance of some animals may be increased fortyfold by changes in diet. VETERINAKY MEDICINE. 85 Certain diets, notably dextrose, oatmeal, liver, and kidney, greatly increase thie resistance of mice to acetonitrile ; their effect is similar in this respect to the administration of thyroid. The effect of an oatmeal diet in increasing the re- sistance of certain animals to acetonitrile is probably due in part to a specific effect of the diet upon the thyroid gland ; this is an illustration of how an in- ternal secretion may be modified in a definite manner by diet. Diet has, in certain cases, a marked effect upon the reaction of animals to iodin compounds ; this effect is probably exerted largely through the thyroid. The condition of the latter is more important than the chemical form in which the iodin is ad- ministered. Certain diets (notably eggs, milk, cheese, and various fats) greatly lower the resistance of certain animals to acetonitrile; their effect is the oppo- site of that of thyroid. "Several glands (notably prostate, ovaries, and testes) have an effect upon the resistance of animals to poisons similar to but much less marked than that of thyroid. Other glands (thymus, parathyroid, suprarenals) have either no effect or an effect opposite to that of thyroid. The resistance of animals to propionitrile is markedly influenced by diet. Diet causes distinct but not very marked differences in the resistance to morphin. Season has an important effect upon the resistance of animals to certain poisons; in some cases these effects seem to depend upon seasonable variations in the activity of the thyroid. " The experiments show that foods such as enter largely into the daily diet of man have most pronounced effects upon the resistance of animals to several poisons; they produce changes in metabolism which are not readily detectable by methods ordinarily used in metabolism studies. The ease and rapidity with which certain changes in function are caused by diet are in striking contrast with the essentially negative results obtained by the chemical analyses of ani- mals fed upon different diets." Chronic infectious intestinal catarrh of bovines, Miessnee and Trapp (Berlin. Tierarztl. Wch7ischr., 26 (1910), No. 30, pp. 593-595) .—Enteritis chron- ica infectiosa bovis, which is enzootic in certain barns where the infection is transmitted by means of the feces of diseased animals and is probably intro- duced by new animals being brought in the herd, attacks cows from 3 to 6 years old. Calves or young animals seldom take the disease. The pathological anatomy shows a more or less definite thickening and ruga- tion of the mucous membrane of almost the entire intestinal tract, with the ex- ception of the rectum and the duodenum. The lymph nodes are as a rule en- larged and moist. Histologically, the mucosa and submucosa are found infil- trated with epithelial giant and round cells. Caseation is never present. The initial symptoms consist of a diminution in the milk secretion, diarrhea, thirst, and emaciation despite the fact that good amounts of food are eaten. The disease is caused by an acid-fast bacillus, which could not be cultivated artificially. It differs from tuberculosis and is a disease sui generis. The animals do not react toward bovine tuberculin but do toward avian tuberculin. The treatment thus far has been unsuccessful. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, A. R. Waed (Philippine Affr. Rev. [English Ed.], 3 (1910), No. 9, ftp. 507-5-ZO).— Contagious pleuro-pneumonia ap- peared on July 14 among range cattle received in Manila from Wyndham, West Australia. "Within the city of Manila, 7 corrals were infected by Australian cattle. These were placed under quarantine. . . . One shipment of 398 head showed 9 per cent infected, another of 262 head showed 6 per cent infected. Some of these cattle showed evidence that they had been infected with pleuro-pneumonia for at least a year. Two • Indo-Chinese animals exposed to infection from Australian cattle showed unmistakable evidence of the disease." 86 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. A general order, which follows this account, was designed to meet the requirements of the case with as little loss to importers as possible. A new sheep disease caused by Diplococcus (Streptococcus) lanceolatus, A. Gaertneb {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 30, pp. 595-597; Cenfbl. Balct. [eic], 1. AM., Orig., 54 {1910), No. 6, pp. 5^6-563).— A. description of the clinical and pathological findings with cases of this disease, which was found at several points iu Germany. A bacteriological examination of all the internal organs revealed the presence of a lancet-like diplococcus which grew well in agar, blood agar, potato, Loeffler's serum, bouillon, and milk. The scab act, 1909 {Dept. Agr. Orange River Colony Bui. 21, pp. 121-1J,2).— This act provides for the eradication of sheep scab in sheep and goats. Diseases of the hog, A. T. Peters {Bd. Live Stock Conirs. III. Bui. 2, pp. JfJ/, figs. 9). — Brief popular accounts are given of the many diseases to which the hog is subject. Report of the veterinarian, M. Jacob {Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 112, 113). — During the year the efficiency of hog cholera immunizing serum was demonstrated in several herds. Two pigs immunized at the station were housed in a pen with 9 pigs affected with hog cholera. Although 7 of the diseased pigs died and the other 2 gradually recovered but remained unthrifty for several months, the 2 vaccinated pigs never lost a meal and continued to fatten. During an outbreak of the disease on another farm, 45 unvaccinated hogs died, while only 2 of 3G animals vacciriated by the serum-alone method succumbed and both of these were suffering from the disease when treated. A sow that was vaccinated remained well, while her 5 pigs, which were unvaccinated, died of the disease. [Krafft's vaccine against hog cholera], K. von Sande {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnsehr., 26 {1910), No. 29, pp. 581, 582).— A criticism of Krafft's method of preparing vaccine, which the author, like Poppe (E. S. R., 23. p. 486), does not consider of value. Hog cholera and serum vaccination, A. T. Peters {Bd. Live Stock Gomrs. III. Bui. 1, pp. 13, pis. 6). — This is a popular account. Sporothrix and epizootic lymphangitis, C. G. Page, L. Fbothingham, and J. B. Paige {Jour. Med. Research, 23 {1910), No. 1, pp. 137-150, pis. .5).— Studies of an organism obtained in pus from afi'ected horses are here reported. The affection, which occurred among horses and mules in a limited district in west- ern Pennsylvania, had previously been reported to be epizootic lymphangitis. "The disease is said to be characterized by the appearance i subcutaneous nodules with thickening of the surrounding lymph vessels. The nodules break down, forming multiple chronic abscesses, which as a rule finally heal. The pus is known to contain the infectious agent or virus." The results have been summarized as follows : " The horses from which the organism described above was isolated were apparently not affected with the eiiizootic lymphangitis of Tokishiga. The only organism to develop — a spo- rothrix— is unlike the Saccharomyces farciminosus, but is identical with that isolated by Dr. Hyde from a man. It is probably the same as that isolated by Schenck, Hecktoen and Perkins, de Beurmann and others. The sporothrix exists in very limited numbers in the pus from closed lesions — more numerous in open lesions — of affected animals and persons. It will remain alive in dry pus kept at a mean temperature of 7° C. for at least 3 months. It is infectious for man, horses, mice, rats, and presumably some other animals. There seems to be no better culture medium than potato, upon which growth is visible in 2 to 4 days at a temperature of 20 to 28°." A list of 18 references is appended. The higher animal parasites, M. Koch {Ergcb. Allg. Path. Mensch. u. Tiere, I'f {1910), pt. 1, pp. //i-J35).— The literature issued during the period VETEEINAEY MEDICINE. 87 from 1904 to 1908, relating to the trematode, cestode, nematode, and arthopod parasites affecting man, is reviewed in connection with lists of references. The gid parasite and allied species of the cestode genus Multiceps.— I, Historical review, M. C. Hall (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bin: A)ii>n. Indus. Bui. 125, pt. 1, pp. 68, fig. 1). — The name Multiceps multiceps is proposed here for the first time to be used for the bladderworm of sheep, usually known as Cocnurus cerebralis. The history of the occurrence of this species is taken up at length. The author concludes that cases of gid were seen by Hippocrates 4 or 5 centuries B. C. While the time and manner of introduction of this parasite into the United States is not known, the author is of the opinion that it must have taken place previous to 1886, in which year it was first recorded from Brazil, and via either the dog or sheep. "The writer has collected evidence in Montana indicating that the gid parasite has been imported in dogs in some instances and the disease spread by the sale or gift of these dogs and their offspring." Proof of tlie actual occurrence of gid in this country was first recorded by Ransom in 1905 (E. S. R., 16, p. 1133), though sheepmen claim to have had losses between 1885 and 1890. Reports from other sources indicate that it was also present the same year in Missouri, Kansas, Ohio. Colorado, and Indian Territory. In Montana, gid is known to have occurred in Teton, Chouteau, Valley, Cascade, Fergus, Gallatin, and Yellowstone counties, the first 4 and probably northern Dawson County being on infected ranges. The first authentic report of gid in the eastern United States was by Law in 1909, and by Taylor and Boynton (E. S. R., 23, p. 87). As yet there is no positive record of its occurrence in Canada. The sheep, cow, goat, horse, chamois, mouflon, gazelle and some antelope forms — given as antelope, African antelope, Bubalis sp. and Hippotragus equinus (?) — are accepted as hosts of the larval M. multiceps. "The parasite is recorded from sheep in Greece, Germany, Switzerland, England, France, Italy, Ireland, Holland, Scotland, Austria. Denmark, Iceland, Argentina, Sar- dinia, South Australia, New Zealand, German Southwest Africa, and the United States. ... It is recorded from cattle in Switzerland, Germany, Eng- land, Italy, France. Iceland. Denmark, and Cape Colony. It is recorded and figured from the goat in Holland." So far as the author is aware, the dog is the only known host of the adult M. multiceps, and he has personally examined tapeworms from coyotes and other wolves trapped in Montana. The economic importance of gid. alleged causes of gid, names applied to gid and gid-affected animals, and common names of the gid parasite, are dis- cussed and the synonymy of the genus and species presented. The figures given for the United States, and the author's pei-sonal investigation in Montana, show losses of from 2 or 3 to 10 per cent among some Montana flocks, and amounting to $10,000 in some years. The second species considered, M. serialis, was first described in 1847 from a rabbit. The larval M. serialis " has been claimed to occur in the hare, rabbit, squirrel, copypu. goat, horse, klippdachs, sheep, and cat. Records of its occur- rence in the hare and rabbit are undoubtedly correct, the records from the squirrel are probably correct, those from the coypu and goat may be correct, the record from the horse is doubtful, as heretofore indicated, and those from the liyrax, sheep, and cat are errors. . . . The parasite has been reported from France, England, Scotland, Italy, Russia, Siberia, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, India, and the United States. Whether the parasite occurs in Germany is doubtful." The larval stage is a very common parasite of rabbits in the western part of the United States. The dog is the only host in which the adult M. serialis has been found or produced. While the species is of com- 67374°— No. 1—11 7 88 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. paratively little economic importance, it deserves attention from an economic standpoint largely because some scientists insist on identifying it witli the highly important .17. miilticcps. A complete synonymy of the species is included. Historical sketches and the synonymy of 3 additional species of the genus Multiceps are given, namely, M. lemuris, described from the liver and thorax of Lemur maco; M. polytuherculosMS, described from the leg of the jerboa {Dipus sagiita) ; and M. spalacis, described from Spalax capensis. Cysticercus botryoides, described from the back muscles of a rabbit and Acephalocystis ovis tragelaphi, from Ovis tragelaphus are retained under the original names as species inquierenda. Two new species of Aprocta, A. Railliet and A. Henry {Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 3 (1910), A'o. 3, pp. 152-155). — Two species belonging to the nematode genus Aprocta, one taken from the preorbital sinuses of a bustard (Otis tarda) from Abyssinia, the other from the suborbital sinuses of a hooded crow ( Corvus cornix), are here described as new to science. Some remarks of the genus Leucocytozoon, C. M. Wenyon (Parasitology, 3 (1910). No. 1, pp. 63-72). — In reviewing recent papers relating to parasites of leucocytes, the author calls attention to the fact that as a generic term Leu- cocytozoon must be restricted to the bird parasites, the leucocytic parasite of mammals being excluded. "As the complete life cycle of the heraogragarines has been followed in only one instance, there are insufficient data for splitting up the group, so that it is at present safer to include in the group Hemogregarina the hemogragarines of the cold-blooded animals and the very similar parasites of the red blood corpuscles and leucocytes of mammals. If it be found that the life-history of the leucocytic parasites of mammals differs markedly from that of the type species of hemogregarine (H. minima) then the name Hepatozoou of Miller will have priority." A bibliography of the literature referred to is appended. The leucocytozoa, a rejoinder to C. M. Wenyon, Annie Porter (Parasi- tology. 3 (1910), No. 2, pp. 239-2U).—Au answer to the above. A Leucocytozoon of a turtle dove (Turtur humilis) and of a teal duck (Querquedula crecca) from Tonkin, C. Mathis and M. Leger (Conipt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 3, pp. 118-120).— In 4 of 9 turtle doves exam- ined a Leucocytozoon was found to which has been given the name L. marchouxi. This parasite could not bo found in any of six T. rupicola nor in 176 domestic pigeons that were examined. Three of 8 teal ducks were found parasitized by a new species which has been named L. simondi. RURAL ECONOMICS. [Eeport on small holdings and allotments, 1909], E. J. Cheney and M. T. Baines (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Rpt. Land Div. 1909, pts. 1, pp. 108, maps 2; 2, pp. 109-288; abs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [Loiidon], 17 (1910), No. f,, pp. 302-30ft). — This is a report of the small holdings commissioners under the small holdings and allotments acts for the year 1909. Part 1 deals with small holdings, and part 2 with allotments and miscellaneous land acts in Great Britain. " Considerable progress has been made during the past year in satisfying the demand for small holdings, and the position on December 31 last was that 60,889 acres had been actually acquired or agreed to be acquired for small holdings by county councils in England and Wales, of which 34,234 acres had been purchased for £1,107.215, and 26,6.55 acres leased for rents amounting to £33,611. Of this land vacant po.ssessiou had been obtained of 38,126 acres, and 36,845 acres had been actually let to 2,793 individual small holders, and 28 acres RURAL ECONOMICS. gQ sold to two small laolders. In addition 2,674 acres had been let or arrangers, their Destruction by Natural Causes and by Man, by M. J. Kiinchel d'Herculais ; Artificial Distribution of Insect Pests and The Distribution of the Yellow Fever Mosquito, by F. V. Theobald; Notes on Lepidoptera Attacking Cotton and Methods for their Destruction, by A. Andres; GaleruceUa liueola, Coleopter, its Life History and Habits with Notes on Preventive and Remedial Researches, by R. MacDougall ; The Disinfec- tion of Imported Seeds of Plants and the Use of Insecticides, including a graphic account of the progress of economic entomology in the West Indies and in India, by D. Morris; Conference on Medical Entomology, by R. Blanchard; Ants and their Guests, by E. Wasmanu ; The Destruction of Insects Injurious to Cultivated Plants, by V. Vermorel ; Economical Questions in Bengal, by J. M. Howlett ; Insects which Transmit Diseases, by A. Renard ; Notes on the CEstridaj, including an account of experiments to elucidate the life history of Hypoderma bovis and the economic value of preventive treatment and observa- tions on the warble fly of the reindeer (CEdemagcna tarandi), by G. H. Car- penter; Cuticolous Diptera of the Bovid;e in the Congo, by L. Gedoelst ; and Preliminary Notes and Information on Sphenoptcra Uneata and the Larva of a Lepidopter which Attack Hedysarum coronarium of Tunis and Sicily, by F. S. Perez. The History of Entomology in Spain was presented by R. Garcia y Mereet, and The Dependence of the Fauna on the Soil (Influence of the Soil Constitu- tion on Biogenetics and Geographic Distribution of Insects), by K. Holdhnus, Among those' contributing to the sectional program were W. J. Holland of NOTES. 99 Pittsburg and PI. Skinner of Philadelphia, the latter of whom presented a paper on One Hundred Years of Entomology in the United States of America. The second meeting of the congress will be held at Oxford, England, in 1912, with E. B. Poultou as president. Fifth National Dairy Show.— The fifth National Daii-y Show, held at the Coliseum Building, Chicago, 111.. October 20-29, 1910, provided a common meet- ing ground for teachers and investigators, practical farmers, users of milk, milk producers, and manufacturers of dairy products. As a means of furnish- ing illustrations for dairy farmers as to the importance of producing clean milk and for enlightening city dwellers as to the proper methods of handling milk and its products in the home, it had considerable educational value. As usual, all the prominent breeds of American dairy cattle were represented, and a demonstration herd was in charge of H. Rabild, of this department. I. C. Weld, also of this department, had charge of the cream and milk exhibit. There was a very large exhibit of machinery and supplies used in different lines of dairy husbandry and in the manufacture of dairy products. Some of the novel features of the show were the baby-feeding exhibit, con- ducted by the Chicago Board of Health, showing mothers how to prepare and feed milk to babies, and a cooking-school demonstration, where dairy products were prepared. There were also other demonstrations of the best methods of handling cream and milk on the farm and in the home. A branch of the Chicago city laboratory illustrated methods of handling milk, and the Illinois Food and Dairy Commission showed how the pure-food laws relating to milk were enforced. The intercollegiate student contest for judging dairy cattle was participated In by teams from the Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, Cornell, and Ohio State universities and from the Iowa and New Hampshire colleges. The highest total score for all breeds was made by the Cornell team, with Missouri second and Nebraska third. An innovation this year was the offering by the Jersey and Holstein breeders' associations of $400 scholarships to the students making the highest scores for their respective breeds, Ivan McKillip, of the University of Nebraska, winning that for Jerseys and T. B. McNath, of the University of Missouri, that for Holsteius. In connection with the show meetings of a number of cattle clubs and local daii-y associations were held, besides a number of national organizations. Col- lege and department officers were well represented at these meetings. H. Rabild was elected secretary-treasurer of the American Dairy Farmers' Association, and Dean J. L. Hills, of the University of Vermont, W. J. Eraser, of the Univer- sity of Illinois, and L. S. Merrill, of the University of Maine, members of the board of directors. B. D. White, of this deparjtment, was elected secretary of the International Milk Dealers' Association. The National Dairy Show itself is held under the auspices of the National Dairy Show Association, of which H. E. Van Norman, of the Pennsylvania College, is secretary and manager. Official Dairy Instructors' Association.— The fifth annual conference of the Official Dairy Instructors' Association was held in connection with the National Dairy Show, Chicago, 111., October 24 and 25, 1910. The principal papers read were on Future Work of the Association, by C. H. Eckles. of Missouri, president of the association ; What Can the Agricultural College Do to Assist the Farmers in Planning Sanitary Barns and Buildings? by O. Erf, of Ohio; Organization of Breeding Centers, by A. C. Anderson, of Michigan; and Training Men for College and Experiment Station Work, by W. A. Stocking, jr., of Cornell University. In these papers and in the reports of various committees the need was emphasized for better trained teachers and investigators in dairymg, and for efficient extension workers among the dairy farmers. 100 NOTES. The officers elected for the ensuing year were O. F. Hunziker. of Purdue University, president; W. J. Fraser, of the University of Illinois, vice-president; and W. A. Stocking, jr., secretary-treasurer. New England Intercollegiate Judging Contests. — A stock judging contest was recently held in connection with the Brockton (Mass.) fair in which teams par- ticipated from the Massachusetts and New Hampshire colleges and the Maine and Vermont universities. Fruit judging and fruit packing contests formed a feature of the fruit show at Manchester. N. H., the institutions here represented by teams of students being the Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire colleges and the Maine University. The Massachusetts Agricultural College team won first place in both contests at Manchester and in that at Brockton. Necrology. — Dr. David P. Penhallow, professor of botany at McGill University since 18S3, died October 30 at the age of fifty-six years. He was a graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and one of the gi'oup from that institution who helped to organize the Imperial College of Agriculture at Sap- poro, Japan, about 1876. His botanical studies were especially devoted to the anatomy of woods, both recent and fossil, on which subject he published many papers and a work entitled Gymnosperms. which appeared in 1908. At the time of his death he was president of the American Society of Naturalists and vice-president of the American Society of Botanists. Jakob Maarten van Bemmelen, the distinguished Dutch agricultural chemist, died November 3 at the age of eighty years. He had made many valuable contributions to the knowledge of soils, especially those of Holland and the Dutch Colonies. One of his most important works was Die Absorptions ver- bindungen und das Absorptions vermogen des Ackererde, which appeared first in Die Landwirtschaftlichcn Vcrsuch.s-Stationcn and forms an important chapter in the collected work of the author on colloids and absorption which was pub- lished at Dresden in 1910, under the title of Die Absorption, and makes a book of over 550 pages. Prosper J. A. Berckmans, the well-known nurseryman and one of the pioneers of American horticulture, died November 8 after a short illness, in his eighty- first year. Although not a prolific writer, he was intimately connected with the leading horticultural societies, both in this country and in Europe. He had served for many years as president of the American Pomological Society, and was considered an authority on pomology and ornamental horticulture. W. R. Fisher, assistant professor of forestry at Oxford University and a frequent contributor to the literature of British forestry, died November 13. His more prominent works are Forest Protection and Forest Utilization, which constitute volumes four and five of Schlich's Manual of Forestry. Dr. M. Treub, director of the Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, Java, from 1880 to 1909, died October 3, 1910. Dr. Treub is known among plant physiolo- gists for his discovery of hydrocyanic acid in Pangium edule, and the theory of that substance as the first synthetic product in the formation of nitrogenous materials in plants. A drinking fountain has been erected at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa in memorj- of the late Dr. James Fletcher, foi'mer Dominion entomolo- gist and botanist. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny— L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers/^ ■^- ^^^^^• Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology/^/ S' ^^^^^s, Ph. D. ^-^IW. H.Long. Field Cropsg: J,' «---; Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker Veterinary MedicinejW- A; Hoo-- Rural Engineering . Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIV, NO. 2. Page. Editori 1 notes: The field of agricultural engineering as a teaching and a professional branch 101 Recent work in agricultural science 121 Notes 194 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. Introduction to colloid chemistry, Poschl 1 20 The use of Busch's nitron for the analysis of Chile saltpeter, Radlberger 120 Determination of potassium as potassium platinic chlorid, Rohland 120 New methods for the analysis of commercial phosphates, Wilkie 1 20 Mechanical agitator for the analyses of phosphates, Frailong 120 Contribution to the chemistry and analysis of fats, Heiduschka 1 20 Micro-chemical reaction of fatty bodies and Gram's reaction, Guerbet et al 120 Estimation of volatile acids in fermentation products of some microbes, Selibor. 120 Lactose and its behavior in aqueous solutions, Fleischmann and Wiegner 121 Ferrocyanid of potash as an indicator in glucose estimation, Selvatici 121 The formation of phyllotaonins from chlorophyllan, Malarski and Marchlewski . 121 Presence of stachyose in the underground parts of labiate plants, Piault 121 The catalase of molds, Dox j^^^ About the fat-splitting ferments, Hefter |^^ About a new method of isolating peroxydases. Van der Haar 122 Hedero-peroxydase, agluco-proteid. Van der Haar |^^ Methods for the determination of diastatic power, Sherman et al. . . ._ 12^ Do grains killed by heat retain their diastatic power? Apsit and Gam 1-^ [Examination of barley] .1 II CONTENTS. The determination of nitrogen in dried unground cereals, Alway and Bishop. . 122 Extraneous mineral matter in rice, Richardson 122 The phosphorous of the flat turnip, Hartwell and Quantz 123 Estimating the shell content of cocua, Filsinger and Botticher 123 Contribution to the chemistry of vinegar 123 Pepper and its adulterants, Collin 123 The fluorin content of wine, Kickton and Behiicke 123 Constituents of lemon oil, Gildemeister and Miiller 123 Detection of saccharin in foods, Tortelli and Piazza 124 Identification of saccharin, Tortelli 124 A new reaction for glucuronic acid, Goldschmiedt 124 Rapid detection of emulsin, Armstrong. 124 The caseification of raw milk by the rennets of boiled milk, Gerber 124 Action of inhibitory salts and proteins on caseification by rennet , Gerber 124 [Action of various metallic salts on the coagulation of milk], Gerber 125 Refractometry of the calcium chlorid serum of milk, Fendler et al 125 About the coa.gidation of woman's milk, Sperk 125 A new app:iratus for determining the acidity of milk, Schern 125 Acidity of milk, Monvoisin 125 Raw and boiled milk, Rochaix and Thevenon 125 The dirt content of milk, Weller ._ 125 The chemistry of milk and dairy products in the year 1909, Siegfeld 125 Report of (he food inspection laboratory at Erfurt for the year 1908, Ludwig. . . 125 Progress in tobacco chemistry, Kissling 125 A review of discoveries on the mutarotation of the sugars, Hudson 125 Formaldeliyde in sugar cane juice and sugarhouse products, Yoder and Taggart. . 125 Progress in the manufacture of rice starch, Schreib 12G Progress in fermentation chemistry for 1909, Mohr 126 Custom huuse laws with reference to methyl and denatured alcohol, Duchemin. . 12G METEOROLOGY — WATER. Meteorological observation in relation to agriculture 126 Resume of a trial of long-period Aveatlier forecasting, Raclot 126 Climate ai.d distribution of plants in the Ilarz, vSchubcrt and Dengler 126 Bulletin o( the Mount Weather Observatory 126 Monthly Weather Review 126 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Damon .... 127 Meteorology and climate 127 British rainfall, 1908, 1909, Mill 127 Decline in rainfall, Guilbert 127 Ammonia and nitric acid in rain water at Flahult, von Feilitzen and Lugner.. 127 The effect of cannonading on hailstorms, Andre 127 Geology and water resources of the San Luis \'alley, Colorado, Siebenthal 128 The water supplies, sewerage, and subways of Paris, Soper 128 The filtration of waters in limestone formations, Van den Broeck and Martel. 128 A pure water supply for the farm 128 Sterilization of polluted water by ultraviolet rays. Grant 128 Sewage disposal plants for private houses, Marston and Okey 128 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soils of the Ozark region, Marbut 129 Soil management in the Ozark region, Miller 129 Alkali soils. — Irrigation waters, Fraps 130 Soil moisture studies at the North Platte substation. Burr 130 The movement of water in the soil and the air in the soil, Nesterov 130 Determination of the absorbed bases in the soil, Prianishnikov 13) Exchange of bases in salts of so-called " weak " acids of soil, Ehrenberg 131 Soil nitrogen in relation to soil basicity and legumes, Lyons and Bizzell 131 Organic phosphorous compounds of the soil, Korolev 131 Report of the physiologist, Loew 132 Conservation of the purity of soils in cereal cropping, Bolley 132 Soil wastes in the cane field 132 Experiments with nitrogenous fertilizers, Schneidewind et al 132 Sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, lime nitrogen, and Norwegian nitrate, Hey. 133 CONTENTS. ni Page. Sulphate of ammonia, Atwater 233 The nitrogen of the air and its utilization, Kaiser 133 Calcium cyanamid and some of its decomposition products, Stutzer and Reis. '. 133 Tests of 40 per cent potassium chlorid, silicate, and feldspar, Honcamp et ah! 133 The utilization of the potash in lime trass fertilizer, Stutzer ' . 134 Society for scientific act vancement of German potash salts deposits. Van 't Hoff . .' 134 Experiments with phosphatic fertilizers, Schneidewind and Meyer I34 The occurrence of phosphorus in Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire I34 Experiments with lime and magnesia, Meyer ' 134 On the alleged refutation of the lime factor theory, Loew I35 Fertilizers and their use, Willard, Swanson, and Wiley I35 Commercial fertilizers, Burd 13g Tabulated analyses of commercial fertilizers, Frear 13g [Fertilizer manufacturers and licensed fertilizers in Pennsylvania] 136 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The plant life of Maryland, Shreve, Chrysler, Blodgett, and Besley 136 Additional notes on the native legumes in Nebraska and Kansas, Warren 136 The indigenous species of cereals found in Palestine and Syria, Aaronsohn 136 The use of the spectroscope in the study of plant life, Henslow 136 An atmograph, Eikenberry I37 Transpiration experiments with the corn plant, Kiesselbach 137 Experiments on exosmosis in plants, Czapek I37 Physiological processes in the sprouting of plants, Miiller and Schneider 137 The physiological significance of certain glucosids, Weevers 138 The presence and utility of boron in plants, Agulhon 138 Action of useful and injurious stimulants on respiration of plants, Ivanov 138 The action of vapors on green plants, Mirande 139 Investigations on the blackening of leaves, Maquenne and Demoussy 139 Some observations on catalase, Appleman 139 The physiology of lipoids, Palladin 139 Nuclear phenomena of sexual reproduction in algae, Davis 140 Nuclear phenomena of sexual reproduction in fungi, Harper 140 The maize smut ( Ustilago maydis), Zellner 140 Chemical relation between the higher parasitic fungi and their host, Zellner. . . 140 The behavior of bacteria in a nitrous oxid atmosphere, Maassen and Schonewald. 140 Nitrogen gain and loss in cultivated soils, Koch 140 The adaptation of the plant to the soil, Hall 141 Alterations in plants as a result of environment, Klebs 141 Hybridization methods in corn breeding, Shull 141 Twin hybrids and their anatomical distinctions, Andrews 141 The mutation theory: A criticism, Henslow 141 FIELD CROPS. [Field crops work at the North Platte substation] 142 Report on the Aligarh Agricultural Station for 1910, Parr 142 Variety tests of wheat and oats, Burgess, Meacham, and Collett 142 Winter fodders for the south coast, Makin 142 Report on rice and cotton investigations in China and Japan, Krauss 142 Trial of leguminous plants from Ceylon 142 Cold resistance of alfalfa and some factors influencing it, Brand and Waldron.. 142 The importance of the inoculation of alfalfa on Nebraska upland soils, Alway.. 143 Crimson clover culture, Grantham 1 43 Nitrogen content of inoculated and uninoculated alfalfa, Alway and Pinckney. 144 The curing and testing of seed corn, Moore 144 Manchurian millets, Haywood 144 Trial of varieties of potatoes, 1909-10, Valder .• 144 Wheat growing and its present day problems, Russell 144 Wheat experiments, season of 1909, Valder 144 Federation wheat, from farmers' and millers' point of view, Ross 145 Breeding for type of kernel in wheat, Roberts -_ 145 Relation of size, weight, and density of kernel to germination of wheat, LiU. . . 14a Production of a new form in wheat, Montgomery 145 Handling wheat from field to mill, Fitz - 14|^ Seed sterilization and its effect upon seed inoculation, Robinson 140 IV CONTENTS. Page. Our germination teste, Garman 147 The control of quack grass and Canada thistles, Stone 147 HORTICULTURE. Report of the horticulturist, Kinman 147 Notes on varieties of tomatoes, Newman 148 Report of fruit branch of department of agriculture, Ontario, Hodgetts et al. . . 148 Use of sulphate of iron in fruit trees attacked with chlorosis, Coffigniez 148 The art of grafting and budding, Baltet 148 [Protection of fruit crops from frost injury] 148 Suggestions on planting orchards, White 149 Pennsylvania model orchard plan. Surface 149 The effects of planting distances on the yield of apple trees, Glasenapp 149 Varieties of apples for Massachusetts orchards. Sears. 149 A new species of blueberry from New Jersey, Mackenzie 149 East German vine industry: Natural, econom'ic, and cultural principles. Pom tow. 149 Cacao, Hart 149 Report of the coffee expert, Van Leenhoff 150 The pecan and its culture, Hume 150 Ornamental trees and shrubs for Montana, Fisher 150 Landscape gardening studies, Parsons 150 Pollination of Spencer sweet peas, Taylor 150 Application of refrigeration to plants and flowers, Corbett 151 FORESTRY. The forest, Fernow 151 Selection forests, Wernick 151 Distribution and utilization of the mangrove swamps of Malaya, Foxworthy. . . 151 Plantation rubber in Cochin China, Morange 151 The latex of Hevea brasiliensis and the tapping process, Tromp de Haas 151 The growing of guayule in relation to the soil, Kirkwood 151 Wood-using industries of North Carolina, Simmons 152 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Cultures of Uredinete in 1909, Arthur 152 A new genus of the Uredinacese, Butler 152 Contributions to the study of the sooty molds, Arnaud 152 Studies on the behavior of the black rust of cereals in Russia, von Jaczewski. . 152 Treatment of seed wheat for smut, Roberts and Graff 153 The fiber rot of ginseng and its control, Whetzel and Osner 153 Notes on a fungus found destroying potatoes, Johnston 153 Investigations on the leaf-roll disease of the potato, Bohutinsky-Krizevci 154 [Experiments on the leaf-roll disease of the potato], Reitmau' 154 The leaf-roll disease of the potato, its cause and prevention, Vanha 154 On the control of the heart or dry rot of sugar beets, Labbe 155 Tomato diseases, Barre 155 The prevalence of certain parasitic and saprophytic fungi in orchards. Wolf. . . 155 Bitter pit of the apple, Evans 155 On the outbreaks of apple mildew, Liistner 156 Observations on the dying of Rhenish pear trees, Liistner 156 Contribution to the study of Bordeaux injury on peaches, Groth 156 The outbreak of red leaf spot in the vineyards of Griinberg in Silesia, Lustner. 157 Stereum hirsutian as a destroyer of grapevine stakes, Liistner 157 On the structure and life history of Diplodia natalensis n. sp., Evans 157 The diseases of the orange, Gandara 157 On the diseases of cacao, Barthe 158 A disease of tea seedlings, Bernard 158 [Pests of Para rubber trees], Ridley and Derry 158 A new leaf disease of Hevea from Surinam, Van Hall-de Jonge 159 Fungus galls on the roots of Kickxia elasHca, von Faber 159 The sudden death of old twigs on the horse chestnut, Laubert 159 The formation of galls on Juniperus communis, Severini 159 The leaf blight of the American mistletoe {Phoradmdron flavescens) , Wolf 159 Observations on the new twig and bud disease of lilacs, Lustner 159 Chrysanthemum Alice M. Love and the rust fungus 159 Eelv.orms, Kirk and Cockayne 159 CONTENTS. V ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Page. The history of the fauna of Ceylon, Sarasin 160 Mammalian anatomy with special reference to the cat, Davison 160 Practical anatomy of the rabbit, Bensley 160 Injury by rabbits in Germany, Henry 160 A contribution to our knowledije of the mole ( Talpa europxa), Adama 160 Some notes on the breeding habits of the common mole, Adams 160 Revision of the wood rats of the genus Neotoma, Goldman 160 Eradicating plague from San Francisco, Todd 161 Contents of stomachs and crops of some Australian birds, Cleland 161 Notes on the food of a king eider. Embody 161 How to study birds, Job 161 The International Ornithological Congress -[61 Termite cultivators of fungi and the fungi they cultivate, Jumelle and Perrier. . . 161 On Hsematozoa occurring in wild animals in Africa, Nuttall 161 Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology. Stiles and Hassall 161 Bibliography of Canadian zoology for 1908, Lambe 161 Bibliography of Canadian entomology for the year 1908, Bethuue 161 Report of scientific work in entomology during 1905], Seidlitz et al 161 Report of scientific work in entomology during 1906], Seidlitz et al 161 Report of scientific work in entomology during 1907], Seidlitz 162 Insects and entomologists: Their relations to the community at large. Smith . . . 162 Destructive insects and their control, Bremner 162 Report of injurious insects, Parrott 162 Report of the entomologist. Tower 162 Report of the state entomologist and plant pathologist for 1909, Bentley 162 Insect notes 162 Insect carriers of disease - 163 Preventive measures against infectious diseases transmitted by insects, Smith. . . 163 The insect pests of cotton [in Egypt], Willcocks 163 Some new enemies of fruit, Liistner 163 Investigating some serious deciduous tree pests, Prizer 163 A list of injurious insects of the mulberry tree in Japan, Niwa 163 Animal parasites of the orange, Gandara 163 The animal enemies of the rose, Schwartz 163 The ked, or sheep louse, Davison 163 Froghoppers in sugar cane, Urich 163 The black scale and its parasite 163 Tukra disease in mulberry, Lefroy 164 The anatomv of Siphonophora rosarum, Grove 164 Flock as a d'istributor of vermin, and life history of body-louse, Warburton 164 The large moth borer of sugar cane, Stockdale 164 Artificial production of multivoltine races of silkworms, Abbott 164 Mosquito habits and mosquito control, Knab 164 On the larval and pupal stages of West African Culicidse, Wesche 164 Galls on an Indian grass, Boodle 164 Vaccine and flies, Alerk 164 Observations on the eggs of the horse bot fly {Gastrophilus equi), Colhnge 165 The grape root-worm in the Erie grape belt, Johnson and Hammar 165 Notes on Cetonia aurata and C. floricola, Hamm 167 The economic importance of Scolytidse in Irish forestry, Forbes 167 An introduction to the study of Rocky Mountain bees, Cockerell and Robbms. . 167 A radical cure for the swarming habit of bees, Jones j67 Notes on a Colorado ant, Marsh |^^ The control of the Argentine ant, Woodworth |^» Tick and other blood-sucking arthropoda of Jamaica, Newstead |o» Acarinosis of the vine and its treatment, Faes ||J^ The use of arsenate of lead in viticulture, Moreau and Vmet -i"' FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 168 The nutritive value of beef extract, Thompson \y'A'u ifi« American catfishes: Habits, culture, and commercial importance, Kendall. ... loo Wheat - inn On the strength of wheat flour, Alway and Hartzell ... - - - • - ----- "i^ Color and ash content of different grades of Nebraska flour, Alway and Uark. . bJ The effects of bleaching upon the digestibility of wheat flour, Rockwood -loy VI CONTENTS. Page. About banana flour, von Sury 170 Banana flour as a food for infants, Pritchard 170 Concerning the composition and digestibility of vegetables, Kochs 170 Examination of fruit grown in 1909, Hartel and Soiling 170 Maple sugar, McGill 170 Ground coffee, McGill _. 170 Occurrence of hyoscyamus seeds in poppy seeds, von Degen 170 Report of department of food and drugs, June, July, and August, 1910, Barnard . 170 Preliminary report of the dairy and food commissioner for the year 1909, Foust. 170 Notices of judgment 171 Officials charge'd with enforcement of food laws in United States and Canada. . 171 Inspection of imported meats and meat products under Food and Drugs Act. . 171 Ohio food and drug laws, 1910, compiled by Dunlap 171 Application of the food adulteration law of August 1, 1905, Fallieres 171 Principles of domestic science applied to preparation of food, Knowles 171 History, development, and statistics of milk charities in United States, Kerr. . 171 The feeding of school children, Bryant 171 The food requirements of growing children, Rockwood 171 Studies of the food of the Finnish people, Sundstrom 171 Proteins: The relations between composition and food value, Armstrong 172 The digestibility of natural and fermented milk by adults, Samarani 172 The digestibility of milk preparations by man, Thomas 172 Concerning potassium metabolism, Biernacki 172 Effects of diets upon the resistance of animals to certain poisons. Hunt 173 The influence of the salts in drinking water on physical development. Berg. . . 173 Food poisoning, Sacquep^e 173 On the metabolism experiment as a statistical problem, Rietz and Mitchell. .... 174 Respiration apparatus for study of isolated organs and small animals, Cohnheim. 174 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The kudzu vine as a forage crop 174 Observations on the use of cactus for feeding animals, Baillaud 174 Alfalfa hay for hogs, Evvard 174 Notices of judgment 174 Biological observations on the growth of animals at pasture, Falke 174 Influence of feed on the strength of bone, Laurer 175 Relation of breaking strength of hog bones to the ash, Alway and Hadlock 175 A contribution to the knowledge of the stomach digestion in horses, Schattke . 175 On the influence of the movements of the body on digestion in swine, Stambke . . 175 Influence of the genital glands on the formation of glycogen, Maignon 175 The literature of the Darwin centenary, 1908-1910, May 175 The domesticated animals in development and inheritance, Hilzheimer 175 The origin of domesticated animals, Kronacher 176 [Remains of domesticated animals in Netherland moundsj, Broekema 176 The ancestry of the gray Steppes cattle, Bererowski 176 The cattle breeding question in Roumania, Protopopescu 176 The blue breed of the North, Dumont 176 The Bavarian red cattle, Guth 176 Cattle breeding in Sind, Henderson 176 A partial list of owners of pure-bred live stock in New York State 177 Annual reports of the live stock associations of Ontario 177 [Animal husbandry in the Belgian Congo], De Wildeman 177 [Cattle raising in Panama], Snyder 177 [Sheep and cattle in Greece], Perkins 177 The so-called "stone sheep " of the Austrian Alps, Ftihrer 177 The live-stock industry in California, Parker 177 [Notes on wool], Baker 177 A contribution to the history of horses, Hilzheimer 178 Polydactylism in solid-hoofed animals, Lindemann 178 Studies on the diluvial and prehistoric horse of Poland, Bererowski 178 The restoration of an ancient British race of horses, Ewart 178 On the fertility of the hybrids of the domestic horse, Ivanov 179 Zebras and zebroids, Trouessart 179 [Color correlation in the hair and hoof], Dupon 179 On the inheritance of color in the American harness horse, Sturtevant, jr 179 CONTENTS. VII Pasp. Points of a Clydesdale draft horse, Gordon 279 The origin of the Percheron horse, Gallier " ' ^jg Breeding horses for use, or equine eugenics, Ram ]^79 Report on horse breeding, Granard et al J79 Horse breeding in Finland, Fabritius jgn Directory of the stallions registered for 1909, Gay .......[... 180 Measuring horses, Kramer \ jgQ Investigations on the cause of the sloping croup in horses, Duerst 180 Historical studies of horseshoeing, Haan jgQ Horseshoeing in Finland, Briining .......' 180 Swine husbandry ' jgQ Biggie poultry book. Biggie 180 Experiments in artificial incubation, Ulrich jgO A knife for killing poultry. Pierce jgg DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Dairy farming in the East, Billings 181 Methods and formulas for estimating the milking capacity of cows, Reggiani. . 181 The Holland stables for milking cows, Kroon 181 The construction of stables in relation to the prophylaxis of diseases, Lloyd.. 181 Can clean milk be produced at small cost? Heinemann 181 The tuberculin test as applied to a city's milk supply, Goler 181 The arrangement and phrasing of public health regulations, Whitaker 181 The holding method of milk pasteurization. North 181 Biological and biochemical studies of milk: Pasteurization, Koning 181 Deviations in the fat content of milk, Indermiihle 182 Determination of the body cells in milk by a direct method, Prescott and Breed. 182 Passage of drugs into milk and of food fat into body fat, Wesenberg 182 Milk from the cattle market, Koning 182 Work of dairy division of agricultural-chemical station at Halle, Naumann. . . . 182 Notices of judgment 182 Dried milk 182 Biological and biochemical studies of buttermilk, Koning 182 Results of butter control in the Baltic and northwest region of Russia, Happich. 182 On the manufacture of Wilstermarsch cheese, Lindemann 182 Methods of paying for milk at cheese factories, Babcock, Farrington, and Hart. 183 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Compendium of applied bacteriology for veterinarians, Glage 184 State live-stock sanitary officers 184 The occurrence of prussic acid in sorghum and maize, Alway and Trumbull . . . 184 The use of the body temperature for diagnosing anthrax, Gloser 184 Diagnois of glanders by the precipitin reaction, Konew 184 Tetanus in bovines, Wolffer 184 Is Koch's bacillus the cause of cancer? McConkey 184 Tests in regard to migration of bacteria through the intestinal wall, Dralle 184 A simple reaction for tuberculosis, Bermbach 185 Tuberculosis, Peters 185 Mixed infection of coccidiosis and pseudotuberculosis in cattle. Bugge and Sach . 185 Abortion in cattle, Peters 185 Observations on the blood pressure of sheep, Dresbach 185 History of hog cholera experiments in Nebraska, Peters 185 Studies on hog cholera and preventive treatment, King and Wilson 186 About hog cholera, Pekar 1^^ Krafft's vaccine. — A reply, Krafft - J*^ The pathological anatomy of colic in the horse, Pilwat 1°7 Poultry diseases, Morse / i ' ' ' jo^ Influence of alcohol on treatment of si)irochetosis, IJhlenhuth and Manteufel ... 187 Blackhead in turkeys: A study in avian coccidiosis. Cole et al 187 The gospel of cleanliness for poultrymen, Morse |°^ Bathing animals, Lucas j^q Our present day disinfectants and disinfection, Luders - ■ - - 189 Bacteriological testing of certain disinfectants, Kingszett and Woodcock 18J The bacteriological standardization of disinfectants, Woodhead and Ponder. . . 1^9 Note on the Woodhead-Ponder method of testing disinfectants, Hewlett l^y VIII CONTENTS. RURAL ECONOMICS. Page. The agricultural labor problem, von Kahlden 189 The agricultural labor contract according to the rights of laborers, Asmis 190 The agricultural labor contract according to the rights of laborers, Asmis 190 Leeds unemployed and afforestation 190 Opportunities for profitable farming in northern Wisconsin, Delwiche 191 Methods of renting farm lands in Wisconsin, Taylor 191 Grain movement in the Great Lakes region, Andrews 191 Exports of farm and forest products, 1907-1909 191 Crop Reporter 191 International Institute of Agriculture : Further information , Lubin 191 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Consolidated rural schools and organization of a county system, Knorr 192 Programme for technical schools and science and art schools and classes 192 Ways in which the higher institutions may serve rural communities. Weeks. . 192 Farmers' institutes for young people, Hamilton and Stedman 192 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-third Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1909 193 Annual Report of Porto Rico Station, 1909 193 Monthly Bulletin of the Department Library, August and September, 1910 . . . 193 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. California Station: Page. Bui. 206, June, 1910 136 Bui. 207, Oct., 1910 167 Delaware Station: Bui. 89, June 15, 1910 143 Kansas Station: Bui. 169, Sept. 19, 1910 135 Bui. 170, Sept. 19, 1910 145 Bui. 171, Sept., 1910 186 Circ. 11, Sept. 1, 1910 145 Circ. 12, Sept. 17, 1910 153 Kentucky Station: Bui. 148, May 23, 1910 147 Massachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 261-262, Sept.- Oct., 1910 127 Michigan Station: Bui. 262, July, 1910 149 Missouri Station: Bui. 88, July, 1910 129 Research Bui. 3, June, 1910. . 129 Montana Station: Bui. 80, July, 1910 150 Nebraska Station: Twenty-third An. Rpt. 1909. . 122, 130, 137, 142, 143, 144, 145, 169,175,184,185,193 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 232, Sept. 8, 1910 156 Porto Rico Station: An. Rpt. 1909.. 132, 147, 150, 162, 193 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 141, June 28, 1910 187 South Carolina Station: Bui. 153, June, 1910 148, 155 Texas Station: Bui. 130, June, 1910 130 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 196, July, 1910 191 Bui. 197, July, 1910 183 Bui. 198, July, 1910 191 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Wisconsin Station — Continued. Page. Circ. Inform. 18, July, 1910... 144 Circ. Inform. 19, July, 1910. . . 147 Notices of Judgment: 570-608 171,174,183 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 39, pt. 32 161 Circ. 164 ]84 Bureau of Biological Survey: North American Fauna No. 31 . 160 Bureau of Chemistry: Circ. 16, rev 171 Knife for Killing Poultry 180 Inspection of Imported Meats, etc ]7l Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 64, pt. 9..r 167 Bui. 89 165 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 185 '. 142 Circ. 67 146 Circ. 68 146 Circ. 70 1:^6 Bureau of Statistics: Bui. 81 191 Bui. 83 191 Crop Reporter, vol. 12, No. 11, Nov., 1910 191 Weather Bureau: Bui. Mount Weather Observ., vol. 3, pt. 3 120 Monthly Weather Rev., vol. 38, No. 8, Aug., 1910 126 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 232 192 Circ. 99 192 Library : Mo. Buls., vol. 1, Nos. 8-9, Aug.-Sept., 1910 193 Note. — The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per volume, and two volumes are issued annually. It may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The publications of the state experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIV. February, 1911. No. 2. Half a century ago engineering attracted little attention. Then only a small number of men followed this vocation, and there were few institutions which gave instruction in the subject. It was not until after the Civil War that men began to recognize the value of technical training and to question the wisdom of compelling all college students to spend so large a part of their time in a study of dead languages and a dead past. Then followed the passage of the Morrill Act, providing for colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts throughout the Union. These institutions have been a great factor in the development of engineering education. In 1909 there were, according to the report of the Commissioner of Education, a total of 31,748 engineering stu- dents in all the universities, colleges, and technical schools of the United States. Of this total number, 17,892 were in the land-grant colleges. These and other data show that the land-grant colleges are training more than 56 per cent of all the engineering students of the Nation. A hasty glance through the list of courses of these in- stitutions shows that nearly all of these students are classified under civil, mechanical, electrical, and mining, with a scattering jDertain- ing to sanitary, structural, and other branches of engineering. The main activities of the land-grant colleges are concentrated upon the training of civil, mechanical, electrical, and mining engi- neers, in competition with a large number of State universities and technical schools. In their etl'orts to train civil engineers for rail- way corporations, mechanical engineers for manufacturers, and hydro-electrical engineers for water companies, these institutions are neglecting to train men for the engineering work of the farm and the coinitry. The movement in that direction dat«s back but a few years, and as yet only one of the 67 institutions, the Iowa State College, offers a degree in agricultural engineering. Departments of agricultural engineering and of farm mechanics have now been pro- vided in about a dozen of the agricultural colleges, and the men in charge of these departments are illustrating by their work the im- portance of this subject as a branch of agricultural education. As 101 102 EXPEEIMENT STATION BECORD. yet, however, much remains to be done in the way of adequate pro- vision for this subject and in a broader realization of its importance. At the fourth annual meeting of the American Society of Agricul- tural Engineers, held at Purdue Universit}^ during the holidays, Dr. Samuel Fortier, in charge of the irrigation work under this Office, presented a paper setting forth in a striking manner the scope of agricultural engineering and the demand for this kind of training. Agricultural engineering as a teaching subject may be divided into six branches, three of which relate to the farm and three to agricul- tural communities. These are (1) farm machinery and farm motors, (2) farm structures, including rural architecture, (3) rural water supplies and sanitation, (4) public roads, (5) drainage, and (6) irrigation. One or more of these divisions is now taught in most of the land-grant colleges, but with a few exceptions they are mainly side issues to what is considered the more important work of training men to become jorofessional engineers. The institutions of this class located in the AVest give instruction in irrigation as a part of the civil engineering course; those of the Mississippi Valley offer courses in farm machinery and farm motors, while the subject of roads and pavements is included in a large number of engineering courses, but chiefly from the standpoint of the municipal engineer. Rural water supplies, farm sanitation, and farm structures are for the most part overlooked. An engineering course combining the course of farm machinery and farm motors as now given in the University of Nebraska and the Iowa Agricultural College, of irrigation as now given in the Uni- versity of California and the Agricultural College of Colorado, of rural architecture and cement work as given in the University of Wisconsin, and of highw^ay engineering as taught in the University of Kentucky, is in large degree lacking. That there is an urgent need for better and more general training for the engineering work of the farm and the country is evidenced by the large interests represented, and the relation of the subject to the health and comfort of country living and the business side of farming. According to the report of the Secretary of Agriculture the crops of corn, cotton, wheat, and oats for the past season aggregate a value of nearly three and one-half billion dollars. All four are an- nual crops requiring the preparation of the soil and subsequent opera- tions of seeding, cultivating, harvesting, and marketing. An at- tempt to estimate the large number of implements, machines, and motors required for a task of this magnitude brings some realization of what is annually expended by American farmers in the purchase and maintenance of this necessary equipment. The census of 1900 placed the value of farm implements and machinery at $761,000,000, EDITORIAL. 103 and the annual expenditures for new equipment and new machines at over one hundred million. This was 10 years ago and since then not only the number of implements and machines but more particu- larly the number of motors has been greatly increased. The simple inexpensive implements used by our fathers have been for the most part replaced by more complicated and more expensive machines. Out of the hand flail of the fifties has been evolved the steam thresher of to-day. The modern harvester does the Avork of a large number of men, women, and children equipped only with the sickle, and motors, trolley cars, and railroads have relegated the saddlebags to the museum. These great changes during the lifetime of men still living, and more particularly the substitution during the past decade of motors for horses and mules, have created a wide- spread demand for young men possessing a knowledge of agricul- tural machines and the principles which underlie their construction and use. Studies of this subject are now as essential to the ambitious farm boy as anatomy is to the embryo doctor. The simple arts of mending a flail, whetting a scythe, or harnessing a team have grown into a complicated business demanding not only experience and skill but special training as well. Nearly 50 years ago the Nation provided for instruction of a kind suitable to the boys and girls on the farm, but the millions of poorly designed farm homes which still mar the landscape are mute evi- dences that the instruction given did not include rural architecture. The improvement in farm buildings so urgently needed does not call for money so much as a knowledge of how to do things. Out of the same materials, and with very little extra labor, may be built a pleasant, convenient, healthy, and durable country residence, or the reverse. The main difference is one of plan and execution. Some colleges now give instruction in rural architecture, others in farm architecture, and still others in cement and concrete. But these courses too often deal with urban rather than rural conditions. Undergraduates who are taught to design and supervise the erection of the palatial homes of the rich find the city and its suburbs the most convenient place to practice their profession. The contrast between rural and urban residences is still more strongly emphasized in relation to the water supplies and sanitation of each. Skilled engineers are employed to provide an ample supply of water for cities, and equally skilled biologists determine its purity, while but little attention is given to farm water supplies and sanitation. Most of the laborious work which falls to the lot of farmers' wives and daughters is due to the lack of proper facilities for providing a plentiful supply of fresh water and for removing the waste. Farmers procure water for their needs from the same sources which supply water to the residents of cities. These are springs, wells, cis- 104 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. terns, reservoirs, lakes, and rivers; but the training and experience necessary to utilize such sources for the benefit of the one class 'differ in many essentials from those of the other. The civil engineer may succeed in building a distributing reservoir for a city and 3^et fail in his effort to build a cistern for a farmer. His computations for a high Avater tower may be correct and tho^^e for a windmill wholly wrong in principle. It is true both belong to hydraulic engineering; but so long as engineers are trained to solve the problems of the city and to neglect thobc of the country, we need not expect a high class of engineering on the farm. Farm sanitation is of even greater importance, for on it depends in no small degree the health of the farmer and his family, and to a less extent that of the dweller in cities. The milk can washed in pol- luted water from the farm Avell may carry disease to thousands. The farm water supplies in one State have recently been investi- gated by Kellerman and Wliittaker, of this Department, in coopera- tion with the board of health of the State in question. Out of 79 carefully selected and typical rural water supplies, 20 were found to be good and 59 were polluted, the chief cause of the pollution being- carelessness or ignorant management. Twenty-three of the farms examined showed a record of typhoid fever. The conclusion is reached that both farm and city are suffering from the careless man- agement of rural sanitation. The improvement of these conditions is a comparatively simple matter, when the sources and danger of infection are realized and the means of avoiding them are intelli- gently nnderstood. According to statistics gathered by the Office of Public Roads of this Department, there are in this country about 2,151,570 miles of roads. Of this mileage only 176,129 miles are improved, or 8.2 per cent of the total. The improved portions are classified as those sur- faced with gravel, with stone, or Avith special material. The most striking feature of these statistics is the enormous extent of unimproved roads in the United States. An expenditure of some- thing like $3,000,000,000 Avould be required to convert the common earth roads of the country into even good gravel roads. That this is desirable few will gainsay, and that it is becoming necessary under modern conditions and the relations noAV existing between producer and consumer is also quite generally admitted. The increased cost of hauling over unimproved roads is an immense tax upon the farmer and those who purchase his products, and is a restriction on the crops which can be raised and moved in certain localities. The Interstate Commerce Commission finds that 265,000,000 tons of agricultural, forest, and miscellaneous products of the land are hauled to depots for shipment in the course of a year. Figured on EDITORIAL. 105 the basis of the average haul and at the lowest average rate over unim- proved roads, 23 cents per ton per mile, the cost would be $432,400,000. If the cost of hauling can be reduced to one-half the present average, or 11^ cents a ton, the resultant saving would exceed $200,000,000 a year. That such a saving is reasonable is indicated by the experi- ences in other countries and in localities where improved roads are found. The cost of hauling on such improved roads is placed at from 8 to 10 cents per ton. The introduction of wise and equitable road laws and good business management would, it is estimated, save $40,000,000 more in the administration of the country's roads or leave it for more advantageous use. The rapid increase in urban population has greatly imdtiplied the demand for the perishable products of the dairy, truck farm, and orchard, and the value of such products depends to a large extent on their speedy transportation from the country to the city. For this and other reasons the auto truck and similar product-carrying mo- tors are taking the place of the horse and cart and the farm wagon. Public sentiment in favor of better roads is rapidly spreading to each farm and hamlet. As a result of this awakening, our 2,000,000 miles of earth roads can not much longer remain in their present condition. American farmers can not atl'ord to pay on an average 23 cents to haul a ton a mile when 10 cents avouIcI suffice if the high- ways were improved. In casting about for ways and means to bring about a change, one of the vexing problems is the honest and efficient expenditure of road funds. The States Avhich have decided in faA'or of better roads would receive much more benefit from their expenditure if the agricultural colleges had seen fit to establish good courses in highwav engineering. The main purpose of such instruction at present is evidently designed for the benefit of the municipal engineer in the construction of city streets and pavements, since tlie time given to the subject is inadequate for a comprehensive study of both city streets and coun- try roads. In 1003 a committee on rural engineering, appointed by the Asso- ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, submitted a report in which it pointed out that " the marsh and over- flowed lands along our seacoast and the bottom lands bordering many of our rivers are at present unsightly, unproductive, and in some instances a menace to the health of surrounding districts. They need only to be diked and drained to be the most valuable lands in the country. The carrying out of these improvements will add im- mensely to the agricultural values of the country and the work is certain to be undertaken in the near future. It involves, however, a larger knowledge of agricultural engineering than can now be ob- 106 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. tained in our land-grant colleges. In fact, the profession of agri- cultural engineer, so prominent in Europe, is almost unknown in this country." Since the above was written Mr. C. G. Elliott, chief of drainage investigations in this Office, has submitted a report to Congress on the unreclaimed, swamp, overflowed, and wet lands of the United States. He estimates the extent of the permanent swamp land at 52,665,020 acres, of wet grass lands at 6,826,019 acres, of periodically overflowed lands at 14,747,805 acres, of periodically swampy lands at 4,766,179 acres, and of occupied farm lands needing drainage at 150,000,000 acres, a total of 229,005,023 acres. The drainage of these lands is a matter of public health, and the benefits to agriculture are placed so high in the millions as to be well- nigh incomprehensible. Perhaps the most surprising thing about this inquiry is that each State in the Union is in need of drainage. The figures giving the total extent, exclusive of occupied farm lands, vary all the way from 8,000 acres in Rhode Island to nearly 20,000,000 acres in Florida. Of even greater importance is the subject of irrigation. Two- fifths of the United States is arid and the remaining three-fifths, although humid, is subject to periodical droughts during which crop failures can only be averted by artificial watering. In the past 10 years nearly 16,000,000 people have been added to our population. The public lands suitable for cultivation in their natural state have been taken up, and the farms for the future millions must be wrested from the desert by irrigation or from the swamps by drainage. About 13,000,000 acres of desert land have been reclaimed. The water which is applied to this area each crop-growing season would cover the whole of New England to a depth of 15 inches. The handling of this enormous volume, its distribution over Avidely scat- tered areas, and the preparation of the surface of fields so that water may be spread evenly over them, call for an amount of experience and skill not equaled in any other branch of agriculture. Western farmers deserve great credit for the lands they have reclaimed, but their task is not completed. So great is the waste of water at present that from 50 to 100 per cent more land might be reclaimed if the waste waters were saved and utilized. It is, however, doubtful if the farmers will accomplish this reform by their unaided efforts. They have gone about as far as they can without the assist- ance and supervision of the trained specialist. All over the iri'igated West from every district and from nearly every farm, and also from the drought-stricken States of the East and Middle East, comes the call for help. How shall I line my ditch to prevent loss from seepage; how much water is needed for this and that crop, and when should it be applied; how shall I prepare my EDITOEIAL. 107 fields so that the ditch water will moisten the soil uniformly; and what is the most suitable device for measuring water? In other instances information is wanted on the construction of reservoirs and tanks, the installation of pumps, the erection of windmills, and the drainage of seeped lands. These calls for help come with every mail to both the Department of Agriculture and the agricultural colleges and experiment stations. Even in the West only a few of the agricultural colleges maintain strong departments in irrigation commensurate with the importance of the subject and its efficient investigation. Taken as a whole, the land-grant colleges may be said to have ex- pended little effort or money in training specialists for engineering work of agricultural communities. This is perhaps not strange, for in the past the demand for engineers has been largely in connection with municipal and development work. But the present interest in agricultural development, in making land more efficient in production, and in the improvement of rural conditions in a variety of directions, has opened the way for the agricultural engineer and calls for the adequate development of the subject at the agricultural colleges. The held is broadening year by year, and in many cases is already being occupied by men who have had no contact with agricultural condi- tions or problems. Unless the curricula of the engineering courses of these institutions are modified there is certain to be overcrowding in the older branches of the engineering profession. Meanwhile progress in agriculture and the improvement of rural districts are being immeasurably retarded through the lack of competent agricultural engineers. 711.'5T°— x\u. 2—11 2 CONVENTION OF ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN ACRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1910. The twenty-fourth animal convention of the Association of Ameri- can Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations was held at Washington, D. C., November lG-18, 1010. It was unusually well attended, representatives being present from the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in all of the States and Territories except Idaho, Oklahoma, and Texas, as well as from the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the U. S. Bureau of Education. This convention was one of several of interest from the standpoint of agricultural education and research held in Washington about the same time. Accounts of some of these have already appeared in the January issue of the Record. A varied and interesting progi'am of papers, addresses, and re- ports bearing upon the organization and administration of college, station, and extension W'Ork was presented. President W. J. Kerr, of the Oregon Agricultural College, wdio presided, set forth in a forceful address the substantial progress and creditable achievements of the agricultural colleges in the face of very great difficulties, and vigorously refuted recent criticisms of the work and position of these institutions. President J. K. Patterson, of Kentucky, in an eloquent and scholarly address, presented in retrospect the industrial development and the progress in industrial education during the past fifty years. Captain M. J. Lenihan, as the representative of the War Depart- ment, presented a paper in which he discussed the relations of that Department to the land-grant colleges, and emphasized the value of military instruction to the student, to the college, and to the Nation. N. Kaumanns, German agricultural attache to the United States, read a paper dealing with certain aspects of American agriculture as seen through German eyes. The executive committee was re- quested to arrange for the separate publication of this address. Dr. A. C. True in his report as bibliographer dealt with agencies and methods now employed in the publication of the results of scien- tific research under official, semiofficial, and private auspices. The report of the committee on graduate study, presented by H. P. Armsby, chairman, dealt mainly wnth the Graduate School of Agri- culture held at the Iowa State College, July 4-29, a report of Avhich was presented by A. C. True, dean of the school. This report showed a larger attendance (207) at Ames than at any previous session of the 108 CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 109 school, and an interest on the part of the students never before sur- passed. A fuller account of the school has been given in a previous issue." By increasing- the annual dues of each college represented in the association to $50, the association made more definite and adequate provision for the maintenance of this school. The committee recom- mended that the fifth graduate school be held in 1912. In the com- mittee's opinion the graduate school by stinuilating advanced study will make it necessary for the agricultural colleges to differentiate more clearly between undergraduate and postgraduate work, and to provide more adequately for the latter. The committee has therefore undertaken to aid the U. S. Bureau of Education in its inquiry into the facilities for postgraduate work at the land-grant colleges. Commissioner E. E. Brown, K. C. Babcock, and A. C. Monahan, of the U. S. Bureau of Education, explained to the convention the char- acter of the new Avork in the field of higher education, especially as related to the land-grant colleges, which the Bureau proposes to take up under authority recently granted by Congress, and asked for the cooperation of the association in this w^ork. One of the first lines to be entered upon is an inquiry into facilities for graduate study at land-grant colleges. A resolution approving the proposed work and favoring the enlargement of the Bureau of Education was adopted. The report of the committee on instruction in agriculture, presented by A. C. True, chairman, outlined a college course in home economics, and stated that a secondary course in animal production was in press and would be issued as a circular of this Office.^ The discussion of questions relating to the organizing and conduct- ing of extension work in agTiculture was a prominent feature of the convention. The report of the committee on extension work, pre- sented by K. L. Butterfield, chairman, was devoted to a discussion of the problems confronting extension w^ork in agricultural colleges, notably those dealing with the need of largely increased funds for the purpose and the source from which these should be derived, defini- tions and nomenclature relating to extension work, the types of work to be undertaken, the forms of administrative organization, the train- ing requisite for w^orkers, and the problem of social leadership. As a supplement to the report, detailed data compiled by John Hamilton of this Office, as to the present status of extension work in the United States, Avere submitted. These showed that 32 States and Territories now have complete or partially complete organizations for the pur- pose, and that the revenue in 29 States for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, aggregated $447,110.92. With reference to the method of organization, the committee favored in general the plan Avhereby the work is performed by a director or superintendent of extension work, «E. S. R.. 23, p. 402. * U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 100. 110 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, responsible directly to the head of the agricultural work of the insti- tution, and a corps of workers made up in part of men giving practi- cally all their time to extension teaching and in part of the regular college and station staff. A round-table conference led by W, E. Stone and A. M. Soule, on national aid to extension work and secondary vocational education, followed the presentation of the report. After earnest discussion of the matter the association reaffirmed its approval of national aid to extension work and requested the executive committee to use all legiti- mate means to secure such aid, but declined to make any formal expression of vieAvs regarding pending legislation providing for national aid to secondary vocational education. Later, however, this matter was referred to the newly established standing committee on college organization and policy for investigation and report at the next convention. The question of charging a fee to nonresident students was dis- cussed at one session of the convention and a diversity of practice in this respect was developed. Chancellor Samuel Avery, of Nebraska, thought no fee should be charged. President Stone, of Indiana, and Dean Russell, of Wisconsin, agreed with this position in theory, but thought a fee necessary to equalize burdens between resident and nonresident students and to protect the college. Apparently foreign students are not as a rule charged a fee by the institutions represented in the association. In a brief report presented by the chairman, C. D. Woods, the committee on station organization and policy declared for a high standard for research work and for the sharp differentiation of such work from other station activities. This report was referred to in the previous issue.** The executive committee w^as instructed to consider the feasibility of holding the next convention in connection with the meetings of various affiliated societies, and to take steps to arrange for the semi- centennial celebration in 1912 authorized by the Washington conven- tion in 1908. Dr. True submitted a brief report of progress from the committee having the history of agricultural education in charge, and the com- mittee was again continued. Officers were chosen for the ensuing year as follows: President, W. H. Jordan, of New York; vice presidents, E. W. Allen, of Wash- ington, D. C. ; J. H. Miller, of Kansas; E. D. Sanderson, of West Virginia ; G. I. Christie, of Indiana ; J. F. Duggar, of Alabama ; sec- retary-treasurer, J. L. Hills, of Vermont ; bibliographer, A. C. True, of AVashington, D. C; executive committee, W. O. Thompson, of o E. S. R., 24, p. 7. CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPEETMENT STATIONS. Ill Ohio; E. E. Sparks, of Pennsylvania ; D. H. Hill, of North Carolina; W. H. Jordan, of New York ; and C. F. Curtiss, of Iowa. The vacancies occurring in the standing committees were filled as follows : Committee on instruction in agriculture, H. J. Waters, of Kansas, and H. C. AVhite, of Georgia ; committee on graduate study, H. J. Webber, of New York, and E. Davenport, of Illinois; com- mittee on extension work, W. C. Latta, of Indiana, and C. F. Curtiss, of Iowa ; and committee on experiment station organization and policy, C. E. Thorne, of Ohio (for two years), H. J. Wheeler, of Ehode Island, and E. B. Voorhees, of New Jersey. The personnel of the new committee on college organization and policy will be as folloAvs: For three years, W. E. Stone, of Indiana, chairman, and A. R. Hill, of Missouri ; for two j^ears, W. D. Gibbs, of New Hamp- shire, and el. M. Hamilton, of Montana ; and for one year, S. Avery, of Nebraska, and J. C. Hardy, of Mississippi. The following were chosen officers of sections: College section, W. D. Gibbs, of New Hampshire, chairman, and J. F. Duggar, of Alabama, secretary; station section, H. L. Russell, of Wisconsin, chairman, and W. H. Beal, of this Office, secretary; section on exten- sion work, P. G. Holden, of Iowa, chairman, and Alva Agee, of Pennsylvania, secretary. An invitation was extended by Dean Davenport to hold the next convention of the association at Urbana, 111., in connection with the semicentennial celebration of the university. SECTION ON COLLEGE WORK AND ADMINISTRATION. The four topics discussed in this section were entrance require- ments to college courses, correlation of secondary and short courses with the four years' course, a plan of university organization, and the administrative relations between the board of trustees, the col- lege president, and the dean and director. The first topic was discussed in a paper by H. J. Waters, who be- lieved that as far as the quantity of work required — the number of units for college entrance — the land-grant colleges should follow the lead of other colleges, but as to the kind of work he would recommend a change. He pointed out that the college preparatory work now demanded is a serious burden on the country high school, owing to the increasing demand upon these schools for more practical courses — greater attention to agriculture, domestic science, and manual arts; and he recommended that the land-grant colleges offer liberal credits to vocational subjects for entrance to any college course. Considera- tion should be given, not only to the college courses, but also to the needs of the pupils in schools below college grade. For this reason courses should be encouraged in the seventh and eighth grades of 112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the elementary schools, and in the first two years of the high school to prepare pupils for life work. D. H. Hill thought it is not entirely a question of what preparation the college would like to have its entering pupils receive, but what the high schools are prepared to do. He believed that for a time the colleges must accept an approximation of what might be considered the ideal college entrance preparation, and that possibly it might be well to admit students to the agricultural courses on a lower basis than to the engineering and other more technical courses, owing to the fact that the country schools are not as well prepared to give college entrance work as the city schools, and to his belief that young men coming from the countiy are able to work harder than those com- ing from the city and thus to reach the bachelor's degree standard in four years even if they start with a low^er grade than do the city boys. The pajjer was further discussed by Brown Ayres, wdio empha- sized the desirability of getting students for the agricultural courses from classical preparatory schools; by W. M. Hays, who referred to the influence of the consolidated school in keeping students in school longer and thus giving them a greater amount of classical work; by Howard Edwards, who had found it desirable to give college credits for some high-school work in cases where students were able to present surplus units in one line of work and were defi- cient in others; and by A. R. Hill, who believed that when a young man is able to do college work he should be admitted without much reference to formal credits. President Hill also called attention to the fact that it is difficult to get high schools to present more than one year of well-taught agriculture for college entrance, and sug- gested that the agricultural colleges could aid the movement for the better teaching of agriculture in secondary schools by preparing out- lines and helping to standardize the work in such schools. xV discussion of the correlation of secondary and short courses with the four years' course was presented in a paper by D. J. Crosby, who pointed out the fact that these courses were established primarily to prepare young men for the business of farming, and not for col- lege entrance, but maintained that in all such courses opportunities for college entrance preparation should be afforded to students hav- ing the ambition, the intellectual, qualifications, and the means to pursue a college course. For such students, he maintained, there should be no gap between the end of the secondary or short course and the college course, such as is found in schools offering a three- vear severely technical agricultural course and an intermediate year of academic work for college entrance. Pie maintained also that schools having a six-months year should endeavor to provide their students with smnmer vacation problems to be w^orked out on the farm, to be regularly reported upon at the opening of the succeeding CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 113 year, and to receive definite credits toward graduation. This would have the effect of standardizing work which is noAv done and for which there are no definite credits, and by reason of which the school suffers in comparison with other schools in presenting college en- trance credits. In his discussion of this paper, H. C. Price dealt with the public school secondary courses rather than the secondary schools maintained in connection with agricultural colleges, and stated that in the Ohio College of Agriculture it was the practice to make it more difficult for city boys to enter the college course than for country boys, this being accomplished by admitting country boys upon graduation from a three-year high-school course, while city boys coming from a four- year high-school course must present a certificate of graduation. He said that judging from three years' experience the college of agri- culture had not suffered from such an arrangement. The purpose of the short courses in the college of agriculture, according to Dean Price, is to prepare for the business of farming, and such courses should not be combined with college preparatory courses. W. M. Hays referred to the desirability of maintaining secondary courses, for a time at least, in every agricultural college to aid in the preparation of teachers of agriculture for lower schools. A plan of university organization was discussed informally by A. R. Hill, who recommended (1) a small board of control, 7 to 9 members, to be appointed by the governor from both political parties, whose function should be to confirm the recommendations of the faculty and to lay down general rules under which the faculty may act freely; (2) a faculty consisting of a university faculty to pass legislation for all departments, special faculties of agriculture, law, medicine, etc., to have charge of admission, courses of study and reg- ulations for graduation for tlieir respective colleges, and a junior college faculty, the latter to consist of teachers of general courses for freshman and sophomore years; (3) in state universities an experi- ment station staff; (4) an extension staff witli a permanent director and special faculty working as members of the different departments in the university. No graduate faculty should be provided for, such being an anomaly in a true university. Dean Davenport discussed the administrative relations between the board of trustees, the college president, and the dean and director, He stated two theories with reference to the origin of authority in educational institutions, (1) that it is derived from one's immediate superior, and (2) that authority goes with ability and responsibility. He believed that the best organization includes a board of trustees to serve as a legislative body dealing largely with principles and little with details, and keeping the institution in close touch with 114 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. public demands. The board should be a legislative body and should not be concerned with the execution of its laws. The president of the college, being the highest executive officer of the institution, should be a strong man and should be made responsible for the execution of the regulations laid down by the board. He should be a clearing house of university affairs and the only official avenue of communication between the employees and the board, and in fulfilling this function should deal with each department as an administrative unit. The department, however, should not be the unit of work ; the individual is the unit of work ; and in small insti- tutions there need be no intervening officer between the president and the corps of workers. If, however, the institution is large enough to be organized into colleges there should be not only depart- mental organization but departmental groups, presided over by deans or directors who should function as administrative clearing houses between the president and the heads of departments. SECTION ON EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. The subjects discussed in this section were Eelation of the Experi- ment Station to Extension Work, and Adams Fund Investigations. Discussing the first subject, E. Davenport referred to the great difficulty and importance of the question of organization and admin- istration, and stated that he preferred the plan adopted in several States of organizing each department on the so-called three-legged basis — teaching, research, extension — making the subject-matter rather than the method of work the basis of organization. Extension work to be of most value to adult farmers should emanate directly from men of " the very best training, the highest experience, and the most intimate connection with the new knowledge that is possible of attainment." C. E. Thome discussed extension work strictly from the standpoint of a means of disseminating the results of research. He referred to the inadequacy of publications for this purpose even when printing is liberally provided for, as in his own case. He briefly described the extension work undertaken by the Ohio Station, including coopera- tive experiments, exhibits at agricultural fairs, and experiment farms in different parts of the State. H. J. Webber stated that the organization advocated by Deap Davenport was in force at Cornell. He thought the extension worker should be to some extent at least an investigator, and that the investi- gator should come in contact more or less wath practical farm prob- lems and have " the inspiration of the farm." W. H. Jordan thought it was " not necessary that you put a man on the soil in order that he may work out a truth tremendously CONVENTION OP COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 115 important to agriculture." While he was heartily in favor of the men getting in touch with practical things, he was also in favor of the necessary seclusion of the investigator. H. P. Armsby thought the question should be determined largely by the individuality of the man. C. D. Woods thought the teacher would be benefited by engaging in investigation, but he did not think that except in rare instances the investigator was benefited by being taken away from investigation to do routine teaching or extension work. R. W. Thatcher did not think it necessary or advisable for the investigator to go out frequently among farmers in order to find out what problems he must undertake. The investigator should not be required to perform a threefold function. A. C. True thought the great difficulty in administering extension work was the inadequacy of force and funds. Interior teaching, exterior teaching, and research should be clearly differentiated. The man who discovers a new truth is not necessarily the only one who should be expected to disseminate it. The Adams fund investigations were discussed under the three- fold head of personnel; scope, purpose, plans; and records and reports, including publications. C. D. Woods thought the Adams fund investigator should be a man who had done some independent research work, and had " abil- ity to see problems " and to select and follow them to successful con- clusion. The agricultural colleges are not now training many such men. When the right kind of man has been found it is very im- portant to hold him. Opportunity for successful work is often more important than salary in doing this. F. B. Mumford emphasized the importance of the agricultural colleges in encouraging research work by fellowshii^s and like means. He thought it important that agricultural research should be done by men trained in agricultural courses. At present the best men are not always encouraged to go into advanced or research work, an opin- ion shared by J. L. Hills. W. H. Jordan was of the opinion that the scarcity of trained men has led to a false opinion that young men can step speedily out of undergraduate work into important places. He believed some of the experiment stations were just as competent to give a man postgrad uate work and fit him for investigation as the universities if he is the right sort of man. The stations must in many cases take inex- perienced men and train them for the work. J. H. Skinner spoke of the difficulty of holding the better men in investigation work because of higher salaries offered in other lines. 116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. M. A. Scovell suggested that the kind of man selected would de- pend upon the problem. A graduate of an agricultural college would" be best for certain lines of work, a university graduate for others. The discussion of the second phase of the subject, viz, plan, pur- pose, and scope of Adams fund investigations, was led by E. W. Allen of this Office, who emphasized the importance of a definite aim or purpose and a well tliought out plan of procedure. Mere accumulation of data, however valuable in itself, is not research but merely a means to that end. A carefully prepared plan is important from the standpoint of the administrative officer as well as that of the investigator. All projects should be so drawn up that the director can pass upon them intelligently and should be a matter of record in the director's office. The danger of undertaking projects too com- prehensive in scope was pointed out, and typical examples of such projects were given. The projects should be carefully selected and closely supervised, especially at the outset. J. G. Lipman urged that directors take a less local view of investi- gation and see that their men inform themselves as to the work of others along similar lines, and that when one station takes a man from another due notice be given so that the interests of the work may be safeguarded. H. L. Bolley thought that administrative control might be too rigid and the lines of work too narrow for greatest efficiency. It is impossible, he maintained, to determine with positiveness in advance the course that investigation will take. Whether the plan will be broad or narrow depends upon the man. H. J. ^Mieeler suggested that the men at the top are not paid enough to make research attractive as a career to young men. He would confine the work to a few projects. He thought the director should be in touch with all the work of all the departments of the station, but that the men should have full credit for their work. Discussing the third phase of the subject, viz, records and reports, including publications. H. J. "Wheeler urged the importance of com- prehensive, complete, and permanent records of the experimental work. The original plan of investigations should be fully recorded. It should be insisted upon that all records are the property of the station and not of the individual, and notebooks and record books should be furnished by the station. The system of note taking and record keeping will vary widely with the man, and large individual freedom should be allowed in this matter; but he did not believe " that any man is fit to be director of an experiment station unless he knows beyond a question that the head of every department is keeping comprehensive, adequate notes that are permanent in char- acter.'' The records should be preserved in fireproof safes or vaults. CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 117 SECTION ON EXTENSIOK WORK. The sessions of this new section, provided by the association at its last convention, were of much interest in view of the present activity in extension work and the many problems it presents as to organiza- tion, methods, etc. The present status of agricultural extension was discussed in a paper by K. L. Butterfield. It w^as shown that 35 colleges and experi- ment stations, representing 32 States and Territories, have now organized for agricultural extension work, the oldest dating back only to 1!)01, and only five extending back beyond 190G. There are now 113 persons regularly employed for the sole purpose of agricultural extension w^ork. The form or type of organization differs greatly in different States, and in some there is as yet no organization, the work being carried on by different members of the college or station staff independently of one another, and with no central coordinating or unifying control. No common type of organization for extension work seems at pres- ent feasible in the several States, but the general concensus of opinion favors an organization which wnll be coordinate with interior instruc- tion and research, and which will at the same time recognize and maintain departmental integrity in the institution as based on subject matter. John Hamilton, of this Office, in continuing the discussion of this subject, showed the need of systematic methods of procedure in suc- cessful and permanent extension teaching, outlined the numerous activities involved, indicated a system of procedure embracing the complete organization of extension teaching, mapped out the field of work, gave the present financial resources for this activity in the United States, and spoke of the need of Federal appropriation. In 1910 there was appropriated by 25 States tlie suui of $286,950 for agricultural education extension, while receipts from other sources brought the total u.p to $447,110.92. IT. L. Russell emphasized the need of a clarification of the prin- ciples of organization in extension work, and supported the plan which correlates the extension work with that of research and interior teaching, and at the same time preserves departmental integrity. Some form of demonstration was conceded to be the best plan for reaching the persons most in need of assistance, and a concrete case w^as cited in regard to bovine tuberculosis. The subject of extension schools was presented by E. A. Burnett, who held that the movable school is capable of adapting itself to a variety of conditions, and is especially applicable to the needs of advanced rural communities where a high order of systematic m- struction is needed, or where special industries are being developed. 118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. It should be a real serious school, and not a vaudeville meeting with a large enrollment as a factor to attain; and the time and place of holding the school should be in keeping with the subject under dis- cussion in the region concerned. This latter is of great importance since a large part of the work of such schools should be field and demonstration work, and this must be conducted at the proper time and place for such work in regular farm practice. T. A. Hoverstad called attention to the difficulty of getting farmers to thoroughly believe in the practicability of a demonstration con- ducted on station property, which difficulty was entirely removed by having the demonstration conducted on private farms, under the direction only of the station. G. I. Christie maintained that movable schools, or short courses out over the State, are to be laid out according to local conditions in each State, and stated that in Indiana they are arranged according to districts. That the good farmer will take care of himself, and that therefore efforts should be directed to the indifferent farmer, was brought out by C. H. Hinman, who also emphasized the value of demonstra- tion farms in extension work, and the necessity of following up and keej^ing in touch with each individual. If extension work in agriculture is to be of lasting and permanent good and result in a better agriculture and rural life, then it must be measured by the number of farmers who adopt improved methods as a result of this propaganda, and not by the mere number of per- sons attending an extension meeting which may be ever so inter- esting and popular and attract large crowds and still result in little or no change or improvement in farm practice in the region in which the meeting is held. A small number of persons permanently bene- fited in a large number of places is far better than a large number of persons in a few localities, even though equall)'^ benefited, because of the examples these people set in their communities. The necessity of following up the extension work constantly, as a means of making it effective in its results, was emphasized by K. L. Hatch. P. G. Holden pleaded for generosity and leniency toward one an- other's plan, especially in this plastic, formative stage of extension work, the differences being explained by the very different condi- tions in which each one is working; and he suggested the formation of a graduate school for instruction in extension work. The training and preparation of extension teachers was outlined by A. C. True of this Office. Two divisions in the personnel were recognized, (1) the practical farmer who has made on the farm a success of some particular phase of agriculture and has developed a special ability as speaker and as writer, and ('2) the college man CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPEEIMENT STATIONS. 119 whose scientific knowledge enables him to attack intelligently certain farm problems, and who shows ability to interest and instruct farmers through extension work. A combination of these two in one man would make the ideal extension instructor. As a training for exten- sion teaching the practical farmer should pursue carefully planned reading courses and short courses in an agricultural college, and visit other regions; and the college man should devote a proportionate amount of time to actual farm practice. The summer vacation could be devoted to this purpose. The training of the younger generation for extension teaching should include, besides the regular college of agriculture courses, a year of postgraduate work in the extension department and a year of actual farm practice. The necessity for the extension man to be a true teacher and not an entertainer was emphasized. lie should study the special needs of each community and visit a wide range of regions. Importance was also placed on studying the art of public speaking as well as pedagogics. W. H. French maintained that agricultural extension is a part of our public education and should not be regarded or used as a means of advertising the college. The establishment of a system of con- solidated rural schools, township high schools, and the introduction of agricultural courses in these and in the high schools already in existence he regarded as the greatest field for agricultural education extension at the present time. The extension instructor in these schools should also give regular instruction to the adult farmers in the neighborhood and conduct demonstration plats. A plea was made for the establishment in the agricultural colleges of courses especially planned to meet the needs of extension workers. The necessity for extension workers to be true teachers and not entertainers was also emphasized by P. G. Holden. They should be consecrated to their work and they must know their people. The plan of cooperating with the public school system in agricultural extension work in Iowa was discussed in detail. C. H. Tuck, in discussing the relation of extension work to rural schools in IS^ew York, recognized extension work as a part of the sys- tem of public education, and the rural-school problem as the greatest of the many that present themselves in the extension field, opening up the way for cooperating with all agencies, educators, societies, and State organizations, and the peoj^le n,s a whole. D. J. Crosby, of this Office, pointed out the necessity for extension workers to encourage other agencies to pursue similar lines of work as local centers, and he illustrated the point by citing a concrete case in connection with a public school. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Introduction to colloid chemistry, V. Posciil (Einfiihrnnfj in die Kolloid- chemie. Dresden, 1910, 2. cnJ. ed., pp. 68). — A short text-book designed to serve as an introduction to colloid chemistry for the student, teacher, and factory superintendent. About the use of Eusch's nitron for the analysis of Chile saltpeter, L. Badlberger (Ostcrr. Ungar. Zt.^chr. Zuvkcrindm. u. Landw., 39 (1910), No. 3, pp. 433-J,36, fig. 1).—The results show that this method (E. S. R., 16, p. 945) is accu- rate when employed for estimating the nitric acid in Chile saltpeter providing the latter does not contain a large amount of perchlorales. A microphotograph of the precii)itate is shown. Determination of potassium as potassium platinic chlorid, P. Rohland (Ztschr. AnaJyt. Chcm., J,9 {1910), No. 6. pp. 358-360).— The author observed that barium chlorid is more easily soluble in methyl alcohol than in ethyl alcohol, and made use of this fact for the determination of potassium as potassium platinic chlorid in minerals, water, sulphates, etc. As the law of mass action shows that with analyses such as these an excess of barium chlorid must be employed.^the chief advantage in using methyl alcohol lies in that in adding the barium chlorid (dropwise) the operator need not exercise extraor- dinary care. In this manner a pure potassium i)latinic chlorid is obtained, so that it is unnecessary to partially dissolve the salt, or to add a correction to the results of the analysis. New methods for the analysis of commercial phosphates, J. M. Wilkie {Jour. Hoc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 13, pp. 796-799).— A discussion of various methods, with particular reference to that of the author (E. S. R.. 21, p. 8). Mechanical ag'itator for the analyses of phosphates, R. Frailong (Ann. Cliim. Aiiuli/i., I.', (1910), No. 6, pp. 228, 229, figs. ,?).— A description and illus- tration of the apparatus. Contribution to the chemistry and analysis of fats, A. Heiduschka (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 23 (1910), No. 21, pp. 990-992).— The results of tests with pure fatty acids or a mixture thereof are given, including the estimation of the Reichert-Meissl and Polenske figures, etc. Micro-chemical reaction of fatty bodies and Gram's reaction, M. Guerbet, A. Mayer, and G. Schaeffer (Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol. [Pans], 68 (1910), No. 8, pp. 353-356; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophiis., 10 (1910), No. -), p. IJfl). — It was found that i)hosphatids, unsaturated fatty acids, and cerebrosids give Gram's reaction. From the results the author presents the hypothesis that bacteria only respond when they contain fat-like bodies. The estimation of the volatile acids in fermentation products of some microbes by Duclaux's method, G. Seliber (Ahs. in Chcm. Ztg., 3!, (1910). No. 70, p. 622). — The author states that determining the volatile acids affords an index as to the kind of organism present. Numerous tests were made with the butyric acid bacterium and the Duclaux method with very concordant results. 120 AGBICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY— AGKOTECHNY. 121 Lactose and its behavior in aqueous solutions, W. Fleischmann and G. WiEGNEB (Jour. Lmidw., 58 (I'JIO), No. 1, pp. Ji5-6If, figs. 2; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 98 {1910), No. 572, I, pp. 362, 36'5).— "The specific gravity values obtained by Scbmoeger for solutions of lactose up to 36 per cent and those given in the present paper for greater concentrations may be calculated as functions of the concentration x in weights per cent by tbe following formula: D^f =0.9982+3.75S5x.l0— '+1.1284xM0— '+5.8405x■M0-^ Tbe for- mula gives values for D up to 62.05 per cent of crystallized lactose. With con- centrations of 11.96 per cent tbe D is correctly given by tbe first three members of tbe equation. The probable value for D of pure liquid lactose is D\" =1.5453. "When lactose is dissolved in water, a contraction, varying with tbe concentra- tion, tabes place, being greatest in solutions containing 54.03 per cent, in wbich tbe contraction amounts to 0.596 cc. in 100 gm. of solution. Assuming otber con- stituents of milk to have no effect, tbe contraction in 100 gm. of average milk, due to lactose, will be 0.094 cc, and will Aary between 0.077 and 0.116 cc. The results of calculations of the volume of milk from the sum of tbe volumes of tbe single constituents make it probable tbat the specific gi-avity of liquid pro- teins is about D{^ 1.46." Ferrocyanid of potash as an indicator in glucose estimation, E. Selvatici (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill., 21 {1910), No. 12, pp. 1119-118.',).— ik quick and simple metbod is described as a substitute for the usual Fehling's method. The reagent emploj'ed consists of 15 gm. of potassium ferrocyanid dissolved in a liter of water, 10 cc. of which is mixed with 10 cc. of tbe Feh- ling's solution when required. Tbe saccharine solutions are clarified with acetate of lead as usual. Studies with the chlorophyll group. — About the formation of phyllotaonins from chlorophyllan, H. Malakski and L. Marchlewski {Biochem. Ztschr., 28 {1910), No. 1, pp. .'i8-52). — As the result of their work tbe authors state tbat by saponifying chlorophyllan a substance is obtained among tbe products which behaves optically as does allophyllotaonin. The autbors will report later iu regard to whether this body is identical with the one obtained from alkacbloro- phyll and zinc prophyllotaoninen. See also a previous note (E. S. 11., 23, p. 708). Presence of stachyose in the underground parts of labiate plants, L. Piault (Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 7. ser., 1 {1910), No. 5, t)p. 21,8-255; abs. in Jour. Chem. SoG. [London], 98 {1910), No. 510, II, p. 336).— "As the result of pre- liminary experiments on the action of invertase on extracts of a number of labiate plants, tbe author examined Stachys lanata, S. sylvatica, 8. recta, Origanum vulgarc, Mentha sijlvcstris, Ballota foetida, CUnopodium vulgare, Salvia splendens, and S. pratensis, and isolated stachyose from eacb of these plants. The sugar was examined by the determintion of melting point, optical rotation, and water of crystallization in each case. Details of the method of extraction are given. By beating stacbyose with a 2 per cent solution of sul- phuric acid at 100° iu closed tubes, levulose only is split off in tbe first 10 to 20 minutes." The catalase of molds, A. W. Dox (Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc, 32 (1910), No. 10, p. 1351-1361, fig. J).— "From the experiments described iu tbis paper it is evi- dent tbat molds contain the enzym catalase. first in the intracellular form, then gradually allow it to escape into tbe medium as an extracellular enzym. Just how this cbange is effected is not definitely known as yet, but it seems probable that some of the fungus cells undergo disintegration, or at least a loss of vi- tality, iiy which an opportunity is afforded the enzyms for diffusion or mechani- cal release into the medium." 122 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. About the fat-splitting ferments, G. Heftee (Osterr. Chem. Ztg., IS (1910), No. 11, pp. 13^-137). — A resume of the theoretical and technical importance of lipolytic ferments. About a new method of isolating peroxydases, A. W. van dee Haar (Ber. Deut. Chem. GesclL, Jf3 (1910), No. 8, pp. 1321-1321, figs. 3).— A method claimed to be an improvement on Bach's method (E, S. R., 23, p. 210) is described. Hedero-peroxydase, a gluco-proteid, A. W. V4n der Haar {Ber. Deut. Chem. GeselL, J,3 {1910) No. S, pp. 1327-1329).— Vtilizing the above method with " hedera helix " and treating the resulting peroxydase with hydrochloric acid yielded a body reducing Fehling's solution and which was capable of yielding osazon. The author was not able to determine whether glucosamiu was present, which might be produced by the hydrolysis of the gluco-proteid. Studies on amylases. I, An examination of methods for the determination of diastatic power, H. C. Sherman, E. C. Kendall, and E, D. Clark (Jour. Amcr. Chem. /S'oc, 32 {1910), No. 9, pp. 1073-1086) .—The authors examined the various methods for estimating diastatic power, with a view to finding one which is reliable with amylases of various origins. The tests were conducted with pancreatiu and taka-diastase. Do grains killed by heat retain their diastatic power? J, Apsit and E. Gain (Compt. Rend. Soe. Biol., 67 (W09). No. 28, pp. 367-369: ahs. in Chem. Abs., 4 {1910). No. 10, p. 1312). — Grain heated for 20 minutes to a temperature of 65° C. and in water was found to be still capable of exerting its amylolytic action. [Examination of barley] (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. xi. Genussmtl., 20 (1910), No. 2, Beilage, pp. 281-296, figs. 10). — The official methods of the physical, physiological, and chemical examination of barley in Germany, under the food and condiment law are described. The determination of nitrogen in dried unground cereals, F. J. Alway and E. S. Bishop (Nebraska Sia. Rpt. 1909. pp. 21-25).— The method, while only approximate, has the advantage of not requiring the cereal to be ground for determining the moisture therein, and which thus makes it rapid of execution. It is performed as follows: " The grain, freed of broken and badly shrunken kernels, is sampled and about 25 gm. transferred to a glass weighing bottle. From 100 to 300 speci- mens thus prepared are placed in a drying oven at 110° C. by a themoregulator. In case of each such charge, from 4 to 6 2 gm. specimens taken from a large sample of wheat used as a check are placed in different parts of the oven. At the end of 4 hours the check samples are taken out, allowed to cool, and weighed. They are then returned to the oven and after 2 hours further dry- ing are weighed again. If the loss in weight during the last 2 hours has been slight and the total loss in weight by all the check samples is normal, it is assumed that all the samples are dried ; otherwise the heating is continued 2 hours longer. Then the weighing bottles are quickly removed from the oven, stoppered at once, and allowed to cool in desiccators. From each dried sample a 1 gm. portion of wheat is weighed out, transferred to a Kjeldahl flask, and the nitrogen determined as in the ordinary method." The method is also discussed and some of the results obtained with it are given. Extraneous mineral matter in rice, F. W. Richardson (Analyst, 35 (1910), No. 412, pp. 293, 294). — The author has devised a method for determining by difference both the insoluble and soluble extraneous mineral matter used for facing rice, as follows : " Five gm. of the rice grains are treated in a platinum dish with 0.5 gm. of ammonium fluorid, 2 cc. of water, and 2 cc. of strong hydro- chloric acid, and stirred occasionally during 10 minutes with a stout platinum AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 123 wire. The rice is then well washed with water, which is decanted off, and the cleaned rice is incinerated over a low flame. The difference between the ash so found and the total ash after recarbonatiou gives the extraneous mineral matter." The method gives higher results than Krzizan's method,* because the latter is based on the assumption that only facing material which is insoluble in dilute acid is employed. The phosphorus of the flat turnip, B. L. Habtwell and W. B. Quantz (Jour. Biol. Chem., 7 (1910), No. 6, p. xxxviii). — The percentage of phosphorus in the dry matter of the flat turnip is influenced by the amount of available phos- phorus which the soil contains. Ten per cent of this phosphorus was soluble in 95 per cent alcohol and 70 per cent of it was subsequently soluble in 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid. From 50 to 70 per cent of the phosphorus in this extract was precipitated by a molyb- denum mixture containing only a trace of free nitric acid. In the fresh turnip 80 per cent of the phosphorus was found in a somewhat colloidal aqueous solu- tion and fourth-fifths of this could be directly precipitated with magnesium oxid and the oflicial mixtures of magnesium and molybdenum. It appears from the work that probably four-fifths of the phosphorus of fresh flat turnips is in the soluble form and in combination as inorganic phosphorus. Estimating the shell content of cocoa, F. Filsinger and W. Botticheb (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 16 (1910), No. 16, pp. 311, 3i2).— The authors examined cocoas according to the Goske method (E. S. R., 23, p. 12), but from their work conclude that it is not satisfactory for quantitative work. Contribution to the chemistry of vinegar (Deut. Essigindus., H (1910), Nos. 1, pp. l-!f, fig. 1; 2, pp. 9-12; 3, pp. 11-20; If, pp. 25-27; 5, pp. 33, 34).— This article has particular reference to the methods for the analysis of vinegar. Pepper and its adulterants, E. Collin (Ann. Falsif., 3 (1910), No. 21. pp. 272-233, figs. 6). — A consideration of the microscopical characteristics of pow- dered white and black pepper and the common adulterants, such as spurge laurel fruit, normal pepper by-products, juniper berries, almond refuse, olive stems, and foreign starches. The technique for the separation and for intensifying the microscopic appearance of the adulteration, as employed in the Laboratoire Central de la Repression des Fraudes, is given. The fluorin content of wine, A. Kickton and W. Behncke (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 20 (1910), No. 4, pp. 193-208).— The authors have modi- fied the Van Dam method " and find it far more accurate than Treadwell and Koch's method.^ They were not able to verify Van Dam's findings in regard to the relation of the intensity of the etching to the amount of fluorid present, but believe that if the etching can be only detected by blowing the breath against the glass less than 1 mg. of fluorin is present. Practically all the wines ex- amined in these tests contained fluorid, and from this the authors assume that it is present under normal conditions. Constituents of lemon oil, E. Gildemeister and W. MIiller (In Festschrift Otto Wallach. Gottingen, 1909, pp. 439-451; Semiann. Rpt. Schimmel and Co., 1909, Oct., pp. 62-65; ais. in Chem. Zentbl, 1909, II, No. 26, pp. 2159, 2160; Jour. Sac. Chem Indus., 29 (1910), No. 2, p. 109).— Low boiling fractions of lemon oil freed from oxygenated constituents with alcohol contained small quantities of « Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr, u. Genussmtl., 11 (1906), p. 645. ^Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 16 (1908), p. 617. ''Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 43 (1904), p. 469. 71257°— No. 2—11 3 124 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. pinene and camphene, particularly l-camphene. Pinene was present in the active and inactive form, but chiefly as 1-a-pineue, which yielded optically active pinonic acid ( [a]p = about — 65° in chloroform) on oxidation. The presence of /3-phellandrene and /3-pinene was also verified. In all the fractions which boiled at 173° C, or over, 7-terpinene could be detected and yielded on oxida- tion with alkaline permanganate a characteristic erythritol (melting point 237°), which corresponded in its properties to 1.2.4.5 tetrahydroxyhexahydrocy- mene. The fraction of sesquiterpene also contained bisabolene found in the essential oil of Bisabol myrrh and probably also cadlnene. Detection of saccharin in fatty, starchy, and protein-rich, foods, Tobtelli and Piazza (Abs. in Chem. Ztg., 34 (1010), No. 10, p. 62i).— The foodstuff is mixed with from 12 to 18 parts of sand and from 7 to 10 parts of slacked lime, and, amid stirring, 50 cc. of concentrated alcohol. During this time the mix- ture is heated on the water bath to the boiling point. From 5 to 15 cc. of a saturated salt solution is then added, well mixed, and the fluid poured off. This process is repeated from 3 to 4 times, the precipitate collected on the filter, and washed with 40 cc. of hot alcohol, which also removes the extractive substances and the fats. The alcoholic solution is then concentrated and extracted with petroleum ether. The saccharin remains behind and the fats, etc., are re- moved. To the salt of saccharin a slight excess of sulphuric acid is added and the mass extracted with ether. The method is apparently also of value in the quantitative estimation of saccharin. Various modifications of the method are made when other sub- stances are examined. Identification of saccharin, Tortelli {Ahs. in Chem. Ztg.. 34 (1910), No. 70, p. 621). — The saccharin obtained by the above method is reduced with mag- nesium in a test tube. From the magnesium sulphid produced, hydrogen sul- phid can be detected with the nitroprussid reaction. A new reaction for glucuronic acid, G. Goldschmiedt (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 65 (1910), No. 5-6, pp. 389-303).— If to a trace of glucuronic acid or glucuron, dissolved in 100 cc. of water, is added from 1 to 2 drops of a 15 per cent alcoholic solution of a-naphthol, and then from 3 to 4 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a green coloration having a bluish hue is obtained. If more water is added the solution will have a violet color. Bapid detection of emulsin, E. F. Armstrong (Jour. Physiol., JfO (1910), No. 3, p. XXXII). — A method which is based on the use of Guignard's sodium picrate paper for the detection of the hydrogen cyanid produced. The caseification of raw milk by the rennets of boiled milk, C. Gebber (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Parish, 150 (1910), No. 19, pp. 1202-1204).— In boil- ing raw milk the lactoglobulin and lactalbumin are coagulated and become inert. The author shows that a close relation exists between the presence of these protein bodies and the resistance to coagulation by rennet. This explains why boiled milk coagulates quicker than unboiled milk. Comparison between the mode of action of certain inhibitory salts and proteins coag'ulated by heat on caseification by boiled milk rennet, C. Gerbeb (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 150 (1910), No. 21, pp. 1357-1360).— The inhibitory action of gold, copper, mercury, silver, and certain metals of the plat- inum group does not exert itself upon the proteolytic diastase but upon the casein, which it makes more resistant against the rennet contained in boiled milk. These metals combine with the casein and do not act as antibodies but as inhibitors. Lactoglobulin and lactalbumin, which are the resisting bodies in raw milk against coagulation by rennet of boiled milk, also act on the casein as inhibitors. Raw milk does not contain these substances in a free state but in combination with the casein, with which it forms a complex. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 125 [Action of various metallic salts on the coagulation of milk], C. Gkrbeb (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 {WIO), Nos. 8, pp. 382-386; 19, pp. 935- 9hO; 69 {1910), Nos. 25, pp. 102-108; 21, pp. 211-216).— The results of tests obtaiued with gold, platniuni, palladium, iridium, osmium, ruthenium, rhodium, iron, and copper salts on the rate of coagulation of raw and boiled milk with vegetable and animal ferments from various sources are reported in these papers, together with notes on the effect of different temperatures. Eefractometry of the calcium chlorid serum of milk, G. Fendleb, C. Bobkel, and W. Reidemeistee (Ztschr. Vntersach. Nahr. u. Gemissmtl, 20 {1910), No. 3, pp. 156-169). — The results of a refractometric examination of the calcium chlorid milk serum of Berlin market milk (See E. S. R., 18, p. 811; 19, p. 707; 20, p. 706 ; 21, p. 11 ; 22, pp. 511, 612; 23, p. 309) are here summarized. About the coagulation of woman's milk, B. Sperk {Ahs. in Miinchcn. Med. Wchnschi:, 57 {1910), No. 9, p. 501).— Woman's milk can be made to coagulate very easily if some calcium chlorid is added before the coagulating reagent. This indicates that cow's milk coagulates much easier than woman's milk be- cause it contains more calcium salts. A new apparatus for determining the acidity of milk, K. Schern {Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 20 {1910), No. 38, p. .',-'i5, fif/. i).— The apparatus described is named the "lacto-acidometer " and consists of a glass-stoppered cylinder which has dilations at its upper and lower extremities. Between these 2 dilations the cylinder is graduated from 0 to 20. The lower extremity holds just 10 cc. of milk. In making the test 2 drops of a 2 per cent alcoholic solution of phenol- phthalein are added to the milk and enough one-fortieth normal sodium hydrate solution from a dropping bottle to produce a permanent pink tint. Acidity of milk. A, Monvoisin {Hyg. Yiande et Lait, // {1910), No. 5, pp. 241-246). — A general discussion of the subject. Raw and boiled milk. A, Rochaix and L. Thevenon {Rev. Hyg. et Pol. Sanit., 32 {1910), No. 5, pp. 497-518). — A critical review of the various methods of differentiating boiled from raw milk. See also previous work (E. S. R., 22, p. 414). The dirt content of milk, II. Weller {Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 19 {1910), No. 11, pp. 654, 655).— A polemical article (E. S. R., 17, p. 587; 21, p. 414; 22, pp. 11, 612), in which the author states that no fat nor casein could ever be detected among the dirt residues obtained with the Weller method in normal milk. The chemistry of milk and dairy products in the year 1909, M. Siegfeld (Chem. Ztg., 34 {1910), Nos. 70. pp. 617-619; 71, pp. 628-630).— A retrospect of the more important advances made in dairy chemistry during 1909. JReport of the food inspection laboratory at Erfurt for the year 1908, W. LuDWiG (Ztschr. Offentl. Chcni., 16 {1910), Nos. 12, p. 248; 13, pp. 264-266).— This report includes the results of an examination of meat, sausages, milk, cream, butter, oleomargarine, and so-called nicotine-free cigars. Progress in tobacco chemistry, R. Kissling {Chem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 55, pp. 486-488).— A report of the progress in tobacco chemistry from the view- point of agriculture, preparation of tobacco, and smoking. A review of discoveries on the mutarotation of the sugars, C. S. Hudson {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 32 {1910), No. 7, pp. 889-894).— A critical and his- torical review of the subject. Occurrence of formaldehyde in sugar cane juice and sugarhouse products, P. A. YoDEK and W. G. Taggart {Internat. Sugar Jour., 12 {1910), No. 137, pp. 239-245; Separate, pp. 8; Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 {1910), No. 6, pp. 260-264; Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 20 {1910), No. 4, PP- 208- 214).— The authors show that La Wall (E. S. R., 22, p. 212) was probably in 126 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. error when he assigned, fiirfurol as the cause for the reaction obtained with Hehuer's modified method and sugar, and that iu all probability the latter con- tained traces of formaIdeh5'de which did not give a reaction with the less sen- .«ltive Rimini's reagent. Ramsey and Trillat's finding in regard to the produc- tion of formaldehyde by caramelization of cane sugar was verified. Where formaldehyde was added to the juice for the purpose of preservation the ultimate products all contained a certain amount of formaldehyde, which however was minimal iu the first sugar. It is therefore evident that all the formaldehyde does not boil away in the manufacture of sugar products. A modification of the Hehner-Richardson formaldehyde test was made by substituting peptone for the albumose. Progress in the manufacture of rice starch, 11. Schbeib (Chem. Ztg., 3.) (1910), No. 59, pp. 522, 523). — A description of some of the newer procedures in the manufacture of rice starch, with a very brief description of some of the machinery. Progress in fermentation chemistry for 1909, O. Mohb (Ztschr. Angcw. Chem., 23 (1910), No. 20, pp. 916-924). — A retrospect of the more important advances made in the field of fermentation chemistry for the year 1909, in which the subjects considered are classified under the following headings: Raw materials and their preparation, fermentation organisms and the fermenting processes, and products of the fermentation industry — vinegar, alcohol, wine, and beer. The custom house laws with reference to methyl and denatured alcohol, R. P. DtrcHEMiN {Rev. Gen. Chim., 13 (1910), No. 8, pp. 137-1 J,8).— A dis- cussion in regard to the taxation and general laws relating to the manufacture of methyl and denatured alcohol. METEOEOIOGY— V7ATER. Meteorological observation in relation to agriculture (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 10 (1910), No. Ii, pp. 135-1.'i5). — This article describes briefly the weather services of different countries and discusses the relation of the meteorological observations to agriculture. Resume of a trial of long-period weather forecasting, Y. Raclot (Assoc. Franc Avanc. Sci., Compt. Rend., 37 (1908), pp. Jtl8-.'i2-'f, dgms. 2).— Trials of two methods during 1907-8 are reported. Climate and distribution of plants in the Harz, J. Schubert and A. Dengler (EUma iind PflanzcnvcrhrcUung im Harz. Eherswaldc, 1909, pp. 36). — Observa- tions on variations of temperature, pressure, and I'ainfall with elevation and on plant distribution with relation to these variations are briefly recorded. A short bibliography of the subject is also given. Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bui. Mount Weather Observ., 3 (1910), pt. 3, pp. 127-199, figs. 12, charts 6).— This number contains the following articles : Free Balloon Ascensions at Omaha and Indian- apolis, September 25 to October 12, 1909 (illus.), by W. R. Bhiir; Studies on the General Circulation of the Atmosphere (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow; Recent Pub- lications Relating to Aerology, by C. F. Talman ; The Argentine Meteorological Station in the South Orkney Islands, by C. L. Chandler ; and Free Air Data at Mount Weather for April, May, and June, 1910 (illus.), by W. R. Blair. Monthly Weather Review (3Io. Weather Rev., 38 (1910), No. 8, pp. 1147- 1308, figs. 13, charts 33). — This number contains the usual climatological sum- maries, weather forecasts and warnings for August, 1910, river and flood obser- vations, lists of additions to the Weather Bui-eau library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology, a condensed climatological summary, and METEOEOLOGY — WATER. 127 climatological tables and charts. There are also special papers on Average Stream Flow of the Cape Fear, Tar, and Roanoke Rivers of Eastern North Carolina; Stream Flow of the Pearl and Pascagoula Rivers in Mississippi (illus.), by F. Montgomery; Heavy Rainfall and Flood at Lincoln, Nebr., by C. C. Garrett ; The Work of the Weather Bureau for the Benefit of Horticul- ture, by M. W. Hayes; Conservation of Water in the Luwer Trinity River (illus.), by H. P. Porter; Relation of the Weather Bureau to the Conservation of Our Natural Resources, by W. Spry; What is a Desert? by J. C. Alter; Mountain Sites for Observatories on the Pacific Slope (illus.), by A. G. Mc- Adie ; Dry Season in Idaho, by C. A. Donnel ; and Review of the Spokane River Hydroelectric Power Plants (illus.), by J. C. Ralston. Meteorological observations at the Massachuetts Agricultural Experiment Station, J. E, Osteander and C. M. Damon (JUassachiisctts Sta. Met. BuJs. 261, 262, pp. If each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during September and October, 1910. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each mouth. Meteorology and climate {Off. Yearhook N. S. Wales, 1908-09, pp. 7-1^),— The meteorological and climatological conditions of New South Wales are described, and tables showing temperature and precipitation at different places in the State are given. British rainfall, 1908, 1909, H. R. Mill (London, 1909, pp. 100+30^, pis. 9, figs. U; 1910, pp. 120+308, pis. 11, figs. 39; rev. in Nature [Lotidoni, 84 (1910), No. 2139, ju). 523, 524; Gard. Citron., 3. ser., J,8 (1910), No. 12U, pp. 311, 312). ~ These reports deal with the rainfall of the British Isles during the years named as recorded by over 4,500 voluntary observers. The report for 190S contains special articles on New Recording Rain Gages, by H. R. Mill; Ratio of Monthly Rainfall between Denton House. Brampton, and Seathwaite, by T. G. Charlton ; Rainfall Observations in Snowdonia, by A. Lockwood; and Twenty Years' Rainfall at Carrablagh, County Donegal. The report for 1909 contains special articles on The British Rainfall Organiza- tion after Fifty Years, by H. R. Mill ; and The Spot in England and Wales where Snow Lies Latest, with Observations of Snowfall on the Snowdonian Range, by J. R. G. Jones. It also records the fact that the British Rainfall Organization had been placed on a permanent footing with a nucleus of an endowment in charge of trustees. The development of the organization is described and the details of the new constitution are given. In addition to the usual data the reports discuss heavy rains in short periods and rainfall days. For the British Isles as a whole the rainfall for 1909 (38.56 in.) was exactly the average, but during the last 21 years dry years have been twice as frequent as wet years. Decline in rainfall, G. Guilbert (Assoc. PranQ. Avanc. Set., Compt. Rend., 37 (1908), pp. J,12-418) .—Dai?i are presented to show that there has been a general diminution of rainfall in France and that this decline bears a well defined relation to the decrease in the forested area. On the quantity of ammonia and nitric acid in the rain water collected at Plahult in Sweden, H. von Feilitzen and I. Lugner (Jour. Agr. Sci., 3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 311-313).— The data here reported have been noted from another source (E. S. R.. 23, p. 220). The effect of cannonading on hailstorms, C. AndrI: (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Parish, 150 (1910). No. 17, pp. 1023, 1024; a^s. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 48 (1910), I, No. 19, p. 604).— The author has compared the hailstorms observed at 32 stations in the Rhone Valley during two periods, 1881 to 1900 and 1900 to 1908, cannonading against hail having been brought into use during the 128 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. latter period. The figures do not show that the cannonading had been an effective means of protection. Geology and water resources of the San Luis Valley, Colorado, C. E. Sieben- THAL (C7. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 2JfO, pp. 128, pis. 13, figs. 15, map 1). — This report is based upon field worli done in 1904. The report attempts " to present such a summary of the geologic conclusions of previous workers together with the observations of the writer as would give to the reader a comprehensive view of the geology of the San Luis Valley and the surrounding rim and enable him to understand the relation of the artesian basin to the geologic structure; to give a description of the artesian basin, its development, and its prospects; finally, to make accessible to the reader such information in regai'd to climate, agriculture, irrigation, and water resources as is available and of general interest." The water supplies, sewerage, and subways of Paris in relation to the present floods, H. A. Soper (Engin. News, 63 (1910), No. 5, p. m,' abs. in Wasser u. Abwasser, 3 {1910), No. It, p. llfl). — This article describes the hy- drology of the Seine and its course and flow with reference to the underground structures, sewers, subways, etc., of the city of Paris. The two separate and complete water supplies, one from spring water and filtered river water for drinking purposes, and the other from the river direct for other uses, are de- scribed, as are also the methods of sewage disposal with reference to the water supply. The data given which are of special agricultural interest are the area and efficiency of the various sewage farms maintained by the city. On these farms irrigation sewage is applied at an average rate of 10,000 gal. per acre per day by the furrow system of irrigation. On the conditions of effective filtration of subterranean waters in limestone formations, E. van den Rroeck .Tud E. A. Martel (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 12, pp. 57^-576; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], J,8 (1910), II, No. 11), pp. Ijlfli, Ji-'t5). — It is shown that waters from certain limestone forma- tions are well filtered and potable and that improper filtration occurs only where there are faults and fissures in the limestone. A pure water supply for the farm (Canad. Farm., 2 (1910), Nos. 17, p. 3; 18, p. 3, fig. 1; 19, p. 2, figs. 2; 20, p. 5, fig. 1; 21, p. 3, figs. 3; 22, p. 2, figs. 2; 23, p 2, fig. 1; 24, p. 2, figs. 2; 25, p. 2, figs. 2; 26, p. 2, figs. 3; 3 (1910), Nos. 1, p. 2, figs. 3; 2, p. 2, figs. J,; 3, p. 2, figs. 2; 1,, p. 2, figs. 3; 5, p. 2, fig. i).— This is a series of popular articles on this subject by F. T. Shutt, F. C. Harrison, O. J. Lynde, W. T. Conuell. Sterilization of polluted water by ultraviolet rays, K. C. Grant (Engin. News, 6.'i (1910), No. 11, p. 275, figs. 3). — The apparatus and methods used in experiments in the physiological laboratory of the Sorbonne in Paris are briefly described. In brief, the process used consisted in exposing the water to the ultraviolet rays from a quartz tube mercury arc lamp (" Westinghouse silica" type) sus- pended close to (2 cm. above) the surface of the water. Two such lamps, requiring 660 watts per hour, were sufficient to sterilize water containing 5,000 micro-organisms per cubic centimeter flowing through a trough below them at the rate of 1,270 cu. ft, per hour, or 960 cu. ft. per kilowatt hour. "At a cost of 1 cent per kilowatt hour, therefore, it costs about $1.40 for lamp energy to sterilize 1,000,000 gal." It is stated that these experiments have demonstrated the commercial possibility of purifying water in large quantities by means of ultraviolet rays. Sewage disposal plants for private houses, A. Marston and F. M. Okey (Iowa State Col. Engin. Expt. Sta. Bill., Jf (1909), No. 6, pp. U, fiffs. 6).— This bulletin embodies the results of experience with four experimental plants built SOILS — FEETILIZEES. 129 at the Iowa Station in 1904 with a view to studying the designing, construction, and operation of sewage disposal plants adapted to private houses, and describes with detailed plans and specifications a model plant which is recommended for this purpose. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soils of the Ozark region, C. F. Marbut (Missouri 8ta. Research Bui. 3, pp. 151-273, pi. 1, map i).— This is a report on the soil groups of the Ozark region of Missouri. The soils are broadly classified, and each kind of soil is described as to origin, character, distribution, and general fertility. Regarding the soils in general the author states : "These soils are all silts of varying colors, running from black, through various shades of reds and yellow, to white or gray. The proportions of clay and sand never or very rarely run high in any of these soils. They are, therefore, usually mellow, or are easily made so with fair treatment. They are well drained, also, and are moderately early and warm. These characteristics are due in part to the greater or less abundance of stone or gravel in the soil. It is almost universal in its occurrence and in some of the types it is very abundant. "The subsoils are universally reddish in color. The intensity of the color varies somewhat but is everywhere greater than that of the soil. Like the soils they contain a considerable proportion of silt, very little sand, but also a con- siderably higher percentage of clay than the soils. The average percentage of clay in the soil runs from 10 to 20 and that of the subsoil is a little higher as a rule but rarely running above 20. " Like the soil, the subsoil has a varying proportion of stones and gravel intimately mixed with the other constituents. Where the soil is extremely stony the subsoil is slightly less stony. Where the soil has very few stones the subsoil usually has a higher proportion. The stone content in the subsoil is more constant over the region as a whole than in the soil." A comprehensive discussion on the agricultural conditions and possibilities of the Ozark region and of the systems of farming adapted to the region is also presented. Soil management in the Ozark region, M. F. Millek (Missouri Sta. Bui. 88, pp. 163-189, figs. 9, map 1). — The work here reported was supplementary to that recorded in the general report on the soils of the Ozark region noted above, and consisted of chemical analy.ses of the different soil types, a study of the agricultural conditions of the region, and investigations on a number of soil experiment fields established on typical soils of the region, for the purpose of determining the best methods of soil management for the soils on which they are located, from which conclusions regarding the most practical methods of fertil- izing and cropping these soils are drawn. " The soil management problems of a considerable part of the Ozark border lands are on the whole not greatly different from those of north Missouri, since these soils include some of the best agricultural sections of the State. There are, however, large areas where the land is so badly eroded and where the soils are so lacking in fertility that the problems approximate those of the Ozark Plateau and Center regions. In the better region, particularly in the Barton and Springfield groups, the lands are devoted largely to the growing of corn, wheat, oats, and hay. and stock farming has reached a high degree of perfection. " Unfortunately, the fact that wheat and corn have given such good returns on a great deal of this land has led to the excessive culture of these crops with- out proper systems of crop rotation, resulting in many cases in a greatly 130 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. decreased humus supply and a consequent decrease in productiveness. In the sections whei-e wheat has been the most important money crop, its continued culture without the proper use of commercial fertilizer, which in many cases is depended upon too largely for securing a crop, has thus caused a much greater depletion of humus than would otherwise be found practicable." The results of chemical analyses of 26 samples show a striking deficiency in nitrogen and usually in phosphorus. The methods of soil improvement recommended are, therefore, based upon the use of fertilizers, especially phosphatic fertilizers, in connection with systems of live stock production, crop rotation, and legume growing, which will build up the humus and nitrogen of the soil and supply the deficiencies of phosphoric acid. Alkali soils. — Irrigation waters, G. S. Fraps {Texas Sta. Bui. ISO, pp. 5-28). — This bulletin discusses the nature, origin, and effect of alkali on plants, the prevention of alkali and the utilization of alkali soils, the occurrence of alkali in Texas, and the quality of irrigation waters of the State with reference to the accumulation of alkali in the soil. The examination of a large number of samples of soil showed that alkali occurs in almost all sections of the State, even in the relatively humid eastern portion. The alkali soils, however, occur, as a rule, in comparatively small areas. A bibliography is appended. Soil moisture studies at the North. Platte substation, W. W. Burr ( Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 62-99, charts 2). — Tabular summaries are given of observa- tions on moisture in soils down to a depth of 6 ft. under different methods of cropping in the experiments which were begun at this substation in 1907 in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Mechanical analyses of the soil are also reported and the method of sampling used is de- scribed. The seasonal rainfall at North Platte for 35 years, 1875 to 1909, is given in tables and diagrams. The movement of water in the soil and the air in the soil, N. S. Nesterov (Diicvn. XII. H"iczcla Ross. Est.-Isp. i Vrach., No. 8, p. 337; ahs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Riiss. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 (1910), No. 1, pp. 86, 87). — The author maintains that the movement, in the soil, of the water which is not subject to the action of the capillary forces but is transported by the force of gravity, depends essentially on the pressure of the air in the soil. This factor determines both the extent of the percolation of the precipitation into the soil and the velocity of the movement of the underground waters. This theory of the author is based upon data of many years' observations under a variety of natural hydrological conditions, and on results obtained from experiments in introducing water into the soil by means of a special form of apparatus. The air in the soil greatly impedes the percolation of the water and brings about two A'ery unfavorable conditions, viz, the run-off of most of the water and the absorption of a small amount by the soil. Conditions may be improved by air drainage of the soil and the boring of holes through it. The investiga- tion of the pressure of the air in the soils is, in the opinion of the author, one of the urgent problems of agriculture. Determination of the absorbed bases in the soil, D. N. Prianishnikov (Dnevrt. XII. 8"iezda Ross. Est.-Isp. i Vrach., No. 7, p. 301; ahs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 147, 148). — It is often assumed that only the zeolitic substances in soils are available as plant food, but there is very little positive data supporting such a view. On the other hand, pot experiments at the Moscow Agricultural Institute begun in 1901 show, in agreement with laboratory experiments by K. D. Glinka, that anhydrous SOILS FERTILIZERS. 131 silicates (mica) are capable of giving in the course of the growing period con- siderable quantities of potash to the plants. Laboratory studies were made of the exchange of bases in soils and silicates in such cases. For this purpose soils of various types were used and also indi- vidual silicates (mostly potash silicate). Of the displaced bases, calcium, potas- sium, and ammonium were determined. Ammonium nitrate served as the dis- placing solution for calcium, potassium chlorid for ammonium, and ammonium chlorid, barium chlorid, and preferably, ammonium nitrite, for potash. On the basis of absorbed lime the richest soil was found to be a chernozem, a poorer a forest clay, and still poorer a podzol. Chernozem also proved richest in displaced ammonium. In the determination of displaced potash muscovite gave higher values than orthoclase and sanidiue (this being in agreement with the pot experiments). Ammonium chlorid displaced more potassium than did barium chlorid. For the displacement of potash, however, ammonium nitrite is most suitable since it gives close duplicates and allows rapid work (being readily removed by mere heating of the aqueous solution). The exchange of bases in the salts of the so-called " weak " acids of the soil, P. Eheenberg {Landiv. Jahrl)., 38 (1909), pp. 857-861; ahs. in Chem. Ats., Jf (1910), No. 11, p. 1521). — The author concludes from his investigations that the absorption of weak acids, such as carbonic acid and phosphoric acid, by clay and clay soils is not due to colloidal but to chemical action. The strong acids, such as bromic, nitric, and chromic acids, form relatively soluble calcium salts, while the weak acids form rather insoluble salts and are thus apparently absorbed by the soil. Availability of soil nitrogen in relation to the basicity of the soil and to the growth of legumes, T. L, Lyon and J. A. Bizzell (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 (1910), No. 7, pp. 313-315; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 15, p. 967). — In a series of comparative experiments results were obtained which confirmed the commonly accepted view that a certain degree of basicity in the soil is favorable to nitrification, and indicate that the addition of lime to a soil deficient in this constituent produces a substantial increase in the nitrates for at least four years after application. The growth of alfalfa and possibly other leguminous plants on a soil well supplied with lime further promotes nitrification. Timothy grown with alfalfa contained a higher percentage of nitrogen than when grown alone, the increase being more marked when the soil was well limed. Organic phosphorus compounds of the soil, J. Korolev (Isv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. (Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscou), 16 (1910), No. 2, pp. i-98).— The author gives a review of investigations on this subject from 1831 to the present time, and reports the results of his own investigations, from which he draws the following conclusions : No appreciable amount of phosphorus of the chernozem soil of Ufa belongs to the mineral phosphates. Lecithin or a similar compound is not found in this soil. A small portion of the organic phosphorus compounds is soluble in 12 per cent hydrochloric acid. The acid solubility of the organic phosphorus of this soil increases on heating the soil with water, resulting in phosphorus com- pounds slightly soluble in water and easily soluble in acids. The solubility of organic phosphorus compounds is greater in ammonia than in water after the soil has been treated with hydrochloric acid. The organic phosphorus of the ammoniacal solution is not fully precipitated with hydrochloric acid, a portion of the phosphorus remaining in the solution. This partial hydrochloric- acid solubility of the phosphorus of the ammoniacal solution is apparently due to the action of the ammonia on the organic phosphorus compounds of the soil 132 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. as well as on that of the ammoniacal solution, resulting in the formation of acid-soluble phosphorus compounds. As a conclusion to his review the author presents two theses regarding the present status of the organic phosphorus of the soil: (1) A part of the phos- phorus of the soil does not belong to the mineral phosphates; (2) there is a definite relation between the organic matter and the phosphorus of a soil. The author believes that the characteristics of these phosphorus compounds of the soil are an important study for the future. The direction of these in- vestigations must be toward an understanding of the properties of humus, the organic colloids, and the organic mineral compounds of the soil. Eeport of the physiologist, O. Loew (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 15-18). — This report is devoted to a brief statement of progress in investigations on " sick " or " tired " soils of Porto Rico (E. S. R., 23, p. 422). Conservation of the purity of soils in cereal cropping, H. L. Bolley {Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. S2.5, pp. 529-5Jfl). — This is an argument in favor of the more general adoption of more careful methods of seed disinfection, soil culture, and rotation of crops to reduce losses from plant diseases. It is stated that it is not necessary, for example, that " wheat yields should fall from the now promising ones of 30 to 60 bu. per acre to the general average of 12 to 15," but that this can not be prevented " unless we recognize this question of soil sanitation, or, if you will, the nec-essity of conserving the virgin purity of the laud." Soil wastes in the cane field (Queensland Agr. Jour., 25 (1910), No. 3, pp. 113-117). — This article discusses the drainage wastes and means of reducing loss from this source, as well as the fertilizer requirements of cane soils. For- mulas for various fertilizer mixtux'es for cane are given, and the best methods of application are discussed. Fractional application and thorough mixing of the fertilizers with the soil to a depth of 3 in. are recommended. Experiments with nitrogenous fertilizers, W. Schneidewind et al. (Landw. Jahrh., 39 (1910), Ergunzungsh. 3, pp. 209-236; ahs. in Ghent. Zentbl., 1910, II, No. 6, p. i05; Jour. 8oc. Che-rn. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 17, pp. 1070, 1071).— These experiments included comparative tests of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, lime nitrogen, organic com- pounds, and green manures, studies of losses of nitrogen with top-dressings of ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate, and the fixation of ammoniacal nitrogen by the zeolites of the soil. The soils used in these experiments were of two kinds, 90 per cent sand plus 10 per cent clay, and 50 per cent sand plus 50 per cent clay. The crops grown in the experiments included oats, rye, and potatoes for the organic fertilizers, and clover, peas, beans, and vetches for the green manures. The effect of the sodium nitrate was most pronounced. The general effect of the ammonium sulphate as compared with the sodium nitrate was rated at 93 per cent, but as a source of nitrogen at only 89 per cent. "With potatoes the ammonium sulphate was as effective as the sodium nitrate. The calcium nitrate as compared with sodium nitrate was rated at 96 per cent both as to general effectiveness and as a source of nitrogen. Its effect was most pro- nounced with potatoes. The lime nitrogen as compared with the sodium nitrate was rated at 85 per cent in general effectiveness and at 82 per cent as a source of nitrogen ; as compared with ammonium sulphate its general effect was rated at 91 per cent and as a source of nitrogen at 90 per cent. The organic fertilizers were much less effective forms of nitrogen. Animal guano was 67 per cent as effective as sodium nitrate, fish meal 73 per cent, meat meal 71 per cent, dried blood 56 per cent, ground horn 55 per cent, and ground leather 15 per cent. SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 133 On sandy soils poor in lime there was no loss of nitrogen with either am- monium sulphate or lime nitrogen applied as a top-dressing. On soils rich in lime, there was considerable loss of nitrogen when ammonium sulphate was applied as a top-dressing, but almost no loss of nitrogen with lime nitrogen. With a high clay content the loss from ammonium sulphate on soils rich in lime was greatly reduced through the absorbent action of the clay. With natural soils neither the natural nor the highly absorbent artificial zeolites were capable of fixhig appreciable quantities of ammoniacal nitrogen in the soil for a long period. Ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate gave like results on soils containing either high or low contents of clay. Green manuring with yellow clover was more effective than with peas, beans, and vetch, espec-ially on imperfectly aerated soils, because of the greater readi- ness with which the clover decomposed. The elTect of the clover was not so pronounced on the sandy as on the clay soil, 40.8 per cent of the nitrogen of the clover being assimilated in the clay soil as compared with 36.5 per cent in the sandy soil. The nitrogen of peas, beans, and vetch was assimilated at the rate of 30.5 per cent in the clay soil as compared with 33.5 per cent in the sandy soil. Fertilizer experiments with sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, lime nitrogen, and Norwegian nitrate, Hey {Sachs. Landw. Ztschr., 58 (1910), Nos. 10, pp. 124-126; 11, pp. I'i2, UiS). — In comparative tests on light loam soil with oats and rye the sodium nitrate gave the best results with rye during the first year and lime nitrogen the best returns with oats. The following year, with spring application, both lime nitrogen and Norwegian nitrate gave better results than sodium nitrate. The nitrogenous fertilizers were especially effective on crops following potatoes which had received liberal applications of manure. Sulphate of ammonia, C. G. Atwater {Penn. Dept. Agr. Bill. 193, pp. 106- 110). — This is a plea for the introduction of by-products of eolje ovens into the United States with a view to saving the large amount of sulphate of ammonia now going to waste in the coking of coal. The nitrogen of the air and its utilization, K. Kaiser {Der Luftfiiclcstoff und seine Verwertung. Leipsic, 1910, pp. 102, figs. 13). — This is a concise summary of the present knowledge T\fith reference to nitrogen in the economy of nature, sources of nitrogen, nitrogen combustion, the formation of ammonia and cyanid compounds from atmospheric nitrogen, and fixation of nitrogen by means of bacteria. The book describes some of the newer processes for manufacturing nitrogen compounds from the air and discusses the industrial aspect of this subject, Calcium cyanamid and some of its decomposition products, A. Stutzeb and F. Reis (Jour. Landio., 58 (1910), No. 1, pp. 65-76; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 98 (1910), No. 572, II, p. 537).— This article is based upon in- vestigations which have been in part reported elsewhere (B. S. R., 23, p. 718). It is shown that the first stage in the decomposition of calcium cyanamid is brought about by the absoiiition of carbon dioxid, followed by the decomposi- tion of the cyanamid by chemical and not biological processes into urea and similar compounds. Ferric oxid is the most important soil constituent con- cerned in this change. The urea is rapidly converted into ammonia and sub- sequently into nitrates. Dicyandiamid is not available as a source of nitrogen for higher plants, but there is no danger from its formation from lime nitrogen in the soil. It remains in the soil unchanged for a long time, and while it may retard germination it is not injurious to growing plants, bacteria, yeasts, and streptothrix if other available forms of nitrogen are present. Comparative tests of the action of 40 per cent potassium chlorid, potas- sium silicate, and feldspar, F. Honcamp et al. (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Oesell., 134 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 25 {1910), Nos. 4, PP- 46-^9; 5, pp. 61-67, figs. 10).— In pot experiments with oats, rye, beans, potatoes, and clover, extending over two years, 1908 and 1909, the 40 per cent potash salt gave much larger yields than either the silicate or feldspar, the latter showing no increase whatever, whereas the silicate gave a slight increase in yield. Ammonium sulphate applied with the phonolite did not increase the solubility of its potash, and there was no beneficial after-effect of the potassium silicate the second year. The utilization of the potash in lime trass fertilizer, A. Stutzeb {Mitt. Deut. Landio. Gesell., 25 {1910), No. J,3, pp. 621, 622).— This article refers to experiments by Remy comparing a patented so-called zeolite fertilizer with phonolite, and reports pot experiments by the author to determine the efficiency of this fertilizer in comparison with potassium chlorid and sulphate on peas and barley. The results show that taking the utilization of the potash of the chlorid as 100, that of the trass fertilizer was 17 with peas and K) with barley. The society for the scientific advancement of the German potash salts deposits, J. H. Van't Hoff {Sitzher. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 1910, XXXIX, pp. 772-7S6). — An annotated list of recent papers and documents bearing upon the German potash salts deposits is given. Experiments with phosphatic fertilizers, W. Schneidewind and D. Meyer (Landw. JaJirb., 93 {1910), Ergdnzungsh. 3, pp. 236-247; abs. in Cliem. Zenthl., 1910, II, No. 6, pp. 405, 406; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 17, p. 1070). — Comparative pot tests of superphosphate, Thomas slag, "agricultural phosphate," and precipitated phosphate are reported, as well as studies of the I'ate at which these phosphates become available in the soil and of their behavior in combination with other fertilizing materials. The soil used in these experiments was sandy clay loam mixed with about 1 per cent of lime. It had not received any phosphatic fertilizer for many years. The crops grown in the experiments were oats and mustard. In soils with a good lime content, with only a little iron and clay, the Thomas slag as well as the superphosphates and the precipitated phosphate retained their effectiveness for many years. In the first two years the excess applica- tion of superphosphate gave better returns than the same application of Thomas slag; in the third, fourth, and fifth years both phosphates yielded the same; but in the sixth and seventh years the Thomas slag yielded more than the superphospate. Greater amounts of phosphorus were assimilated by the plants in seven years from the excess application of the superphosphate than from the Thomas slag. This greater assimilation occurred mainly during the first year. The phosphoric acid of the Thomas slag was more economically utilized by the plants than that of the superphosphate. The so-called agricultural phosphate showed only a slight action, and only a small quantity of the phosphoric acid was available. Its efficiency as com- pared with that of the Thomas slag was only 18.6 per cent. The mixing of lime nitrogen with the superphosphate reduced the efficiency of the latter. The occurrence of phosphorus in Curagao, Aruba, and Bonaire {Indisclie Mercitur, 33 {1910), No. 42, pp. 839, 840). — An account of the present status of the phosphate mines of these islands, and a description of small phosphate de- posits discovered in 1909 near Banki Jessurun, Aruba, are given. Samples of the new deposits contained about 77 per cent of calcium phosphate. Experiments with lime and mag'nesia, D. Meyer {Landw. Jalirh., 39 {1910). Ergdnzungsh. 3, pp. 254-298, fig. 1; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1910, II, No. 6, p. 406; Jour. Hoc. Chem. Indus., 29 {1910), No. 17, p. 1071). — The subjects investigated in these experiments were the relation of the yield of crops to the ratio of lime SOILS — FERTILIZEKS. 135 and magnesia in the soil, tlie action of increased applications of magnesium and sodium salts on the growth of plants, lime content and soil reaction in their relation to the need of lime in the soil, the action of different lime and mag- nesia fertilizers on acid soils, and the determination of the acidity of soils. The soils used included clay loam, sandy, and loam soils. The crops grown included buckwheat, oats, mustard, clover, and potatoes. Detailed data are given for each crop. Correction of an excess of magnesia applied as fertilizer reduced the yield of both buckwheat and oats. No definite relation between the yield of the crop and the ratio of lime and magnesia in the soil was established. Magnesium sulphate, magnesium chlorid, and sodium chlorid, with a high magnesia content in the soil, gave an increased yield with cereals but not with hoed crops and forage plants. With the larger applications (2 per cent) the action of the chlorids was more detrimental than that of the magnesium sul- phate. The smaller the lime content and the lighter the soil the gi-eater was the reduction of the yield. To determine the need of lime in a soil not only the lime content but also the reaction of the soil is important. Neutral soils with low content of lime are sometimes not benefited by applications of lime and the same is true of acid soils with higher lime content, although the lime is beneficial In improving bacteriological conditions. Calcium and magnesium carbonates had a beneficial effect on the yield of red clover, mustard, and potatoes on an acid soil deficient in lime, whereas gypsum reduced the yield. On the alleged refutation of the lime factor theory, O. Loew {Landio. Jahrh., 39 {1910), No. 3, pp. 335-343) .—The author discusses recent work by Hager, Gossel, Doyarenko (E. S. R., 15, p. 127) and de Ruijter de Wildt (E. S. R., 18, p. 532), which led to conclusions contrary to his own views as to the importance of a certain ratio between lime and magnesia in the soil. He ex- plains why in his opinion the work of these investigators does not refute his theory. Fertilizers and their use, J. T. Willard, C. O. Swanson, and R. C. Wiley (Kansas 8ta. Bui. 169, pp. 37-97). — This bulletin gives the main provisions of the state fertilizer law, reports analyses of 52 samples of fertilizers collected for inspection in the State, explains the terms relating to fertilizers, describes materials used in fertilizers, and discusses soil analysis and other means of determining the fertilizer requirements of soils, including physical tests, study of natural vegetation, and methods of making fertilizer experiments. The author is of the opinion that " a thorough chemical analysis of a soil is indispensable to any comprehensive study of its condition and probable dura- bility. Such chemical analysis may not be sufficient alone to give positive indi- cations concerning the present productiveness of the soil, or its needs in respect to fertilizers. Chemical investigation directed toward certain specific points may be of great value in respect to a given soil. Laboratory tests of a purely physical character afford little if any information that can not be obtained better by examination of the soil in its natural condition and position. The immediate fertilizer requirements of a soil are best ascertained by means of systematic fractional fertilization of different crops." The bulletin also deals with the fertilizer constituents and requirements of different crops, the valuation of fertilizers, fertilizing constituents in food con- sumed by domestic animals, and the selection and home mixing of fertilizers. Tables are included showing the composition of standard fertilizing materials, data for calculating the fertilizing constituents in different mixtures and the amounts of fertilizers to apply, and the relation between phosphorus and 136 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. phosphoric acid, potassium and potash, nitrogen and ammonia, and calcium and lime for certain amounts containing equal quantities of the elements named. Commercial fertilizers, J. S. Burd {California Stu. Bui. 206, pp. 51). — This bulletin reports the results of inspection work (including analyses and valua- tions) of the California Fertilizer Control for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910. Tabulated analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. Frear (Penn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 189, pp. 71). — This bulletin gives the results of fertilizer inspection in Pennsylvania from August 1 to December 31, 1909. [Fertilizer manufacturers and importers and licensed fertilizers in Penn- sylvania] (Penn. Dept. Agr. Bid. 191, pp. 37). — This is a list of fertilizer manu- facturers and Importers and of the brands of fertilizers which were licensed for sale in Pennsylvania during 1910. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The plant life of Maryland, F. Shreve, M, A. Chrysler, F. II. Blodgett, and F. W. Besley {Md. Waillicr Scrv. Spec. Pub., 3 (1910), pp. 533, jyls. 39, dgms. 3, maps 12). — This is an ecological study of the plant life of Maryland in which the influence of climate and physiography on the occurrence and distribution of plants is shown. Chapters are also given pointing out the relation of natural vegetation to crop possibilities, the agricultural features of Maryland, and the forests and their products. Additional notes on the number and distribution of native legumes in Nebraska and Kansas, J. A. Warren (U. »S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 70, PI). 8). — These studies are in continuation of those previously reported (E. S. R., 21, p. 424) and were made to determine whether all the native legumes are concerned in nitrogen gathering. Practically all the prairie species of the region investigated have been ex- amined and nodules found in abundance in every one, although they seemed to be more numerous on some species than on others. In general, there seemed to be many more nodules on annuals in proportion to the size of the roots than on pterennial plants. The author notes the occurrence of nodules on the buffalo berry (Lepar- gyrcea argentea). Analyses of the material showed the roots to contain 0.43 per cent nitrogen, while the nodules gave 2.31 per cent. This large increase in nitrogen in the nodules, together with the fact that bacteria have been isolated from them, indicates that this plant can be considered as a nitrogen- gathering one. The indigenous species of cereals found in Palestine and Syria, A. Aaron- soHN {Verhandl. K. K. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 59 {1909), No. 10, pp. 485- 509). — The author reports having found indigenous to Palestine and Syria Triticum dicoccoides, T. monococcum wgilopoides, Hordeum spontaneum, and Secale montanum, which he believes to be the prototypes from which were developed our races of cultivated wheat, barley, and rye. A previous account of his discoveries has been noted elsewhere (E. S. II.. 23, p. 533). The use of the spectroscope in the study of plant life, G. Hensi.ow {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 36 {1910), No. 1, pp. 8:2-97).— The author contributes to the study of the relative effects of different parts of the solar spectrum on the transpiration of plants, the experiments showing the effect on transpiration in comparison with the loss of water by evaporation. After several attempts the author finally adopted the i)lan of growing small plants in miniature pots, covering them with rubber sheeting, which was bound AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 137 about the stem of the plant. This prevented evaporation from the surface, and loss of weight was due to transpiration alone. The experiments were made with a considerable number of plants represent- ing different families. The results are held to corroborate those of Wiesner, who showed that transpiration is mainly effected by the red, blue, and violet rays, while the yellow and green rays, which are optically the brightest, are less able to effect transpiration, even if they do not hinder it. An atmograph, V/. L. Eikenberry {Bot. Gaz., 50 (1910), No. S, pp. 214-218, figs. 4)-— A description is given of a form of apparatus designed to give a con- tinous record showing the maxima and minima of evaporation and transpiration. Transpiration experiments with, the corn plant, T. A. Kiesselbach (Ne- braska Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 125-139, figs. 2, dgms. 2).—K preliminary report is given of experiments carried on with the corn plant to determine if possible some practical means for reducing the amount of water that the plant must absorb for normal growth. Forty plants in two series were grown, one of which was grown in loam watered with well water, while the other was grown in sand to which a complete nutrient solution was added. In the first series the object was to determine the relation, if any, between transpiration and the water content of the soil, while in the second a study was made of the relation of soil fertility to the quantity of water transpired in producing a given dry weight. A special form of pot was devised for growing the plants. It was found that nearly the same amount of water was transpired per gram of dry weight in all saturations excei)t where only 20 per cent saturation was maintained. Where the saturation of the soil varied from 40 to 98 per cent the amount of water transpired per gram of dry matter varied from 224 to 242 grains. Where different strengths of nutrient solution were added to the sand cultures, there was little difference in the amount of water used per gram of dry weight. The strongest solution, 0.6 per cent, proved too strong for normal development, and the amount of water required decreased slightly with an increase in the strength of solution. Summarizing his Investigations, the author states that the quantity of water consumed by similar corn plants in producing a given yield can not be materi- ally affected by vai-ying the water content of the soil, other things being equal. When the soil is dry, somewhat less water is used in producing a given dry weight, but the yield is also decreased. There appeared to be little or no stomatic regulative control which would adjust the rate of transpiration according to the external conditions. The transpiration rate was found to vary with the changes in the several climatic factors, relative humidity of the air being the chief among these. The transpiration curve is fairly parallel with the evaporation curve, and it is possible that by knowing the rate of evaporation from a free water surface the transpiration requirements may be approximately determined. The root development in the plants was found to be proportionately greater in dry than in wet soil, so that plants which make their early growth in dry soil may be expected to better withstand a later period of drought for the rea- son that they would have a greater absorbing surface exposed to the soil particles. Experiments on exosmosis in plants, P. Czapek (Bet: Deut. Bot. Gesell., 28 (1910), No. 5, pp. 159-169; abs. in Bot. Gaz., 50 (1910). No. 3, pp. 234, 235).— K preliminary report is made of investigations conducted to determine the permeability of the plasma of plant cells to various substances, and the critical concentration for securing permeability was determined. On the physiological processes in the sprouting of plants, H. MiJLLER and O. ScHNEiDEB (Landw, Jahrb. Schweiz, 24 (1910), No. 4, pp. 235-243) .—The 138 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. results are given of experiments on respiration, sugar storage, enzyms, etc., of tubers and seeds wlien subjected to a temporary beating (wet or dry) at from 18 to 40° during tbeir dormant periods. The physiological significance of certain glucosids, T. Weevers {K. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, Proc. Sect. Set., 12 {11)09), pt. 1, pp. 193-201; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 113 (1910), No. 11, pp. Ul, U2).—\ study was made of arbutin, the glucosid which occurs in various species of Ericaceae. This glucosid is said to play tbe part of a reserve material and is principally deposited in the leaves. With tbe development of tbe young shoots the amount of arbutin diminishes and that of hydrocjuinone increases for a time and diminishes as soon as assimi- lation begins in tbe young leaves. In studies of different parts of the pear tree a glucosid was found which is believed to be probably identical with arbutin, and an enzym isolated from the young shoots rapidly hydroiyzed this glucosid into glucose and hydroquinone. The glucosid was found to increase during the day and to diminish during the night. During the summer it was deposited in the bark, to be used in the for- mation of new shoots in tbe spring. From young shoots of Salix purpurea a salicin-splitting enzym, salicase, was obtained, and an identical substance was isolated from Populus canadensis. This is not considered identical with emulsin or amygdalase. From young shoots a mixture of enzyms was observed. It contained catalase and two other oxidases, which differ from laccase and tyrosinase. From tbeir typical reactions these have been named saligenolase and catecholase. Studies were made of salicin and populin isolated from shoots. Populiu was found to be formed in lai'ge quantities in the normal shoots but wholly absent in tbe etiolated ones. The examination of a number of species of Populus showed that they contain a considerable quantity of saccharose, which plays the part of a reserve material. The presence and utility of boron in plants, H. Agulhon (Ann. Inst. Pas- teur, 2Jt (1910), Xo. If, pp. 321-329). — This is a summary of work reported else- where (E. S. R., 23, p. 230), in which tbe author shows that boron is a very common constituent of plants and that it can be used by the higher plants in promoting their growth. The action of useful and injurious stimulants on the respiration of plants, N. N. IVANOv (Izv. Imp. Akad. Nank (Bui. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb.), 6. ser., 1910, No. 7, pp. 571-581). — In continuation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 23, p. 230), the author has carried on experiments with wheat seedlings and with etiolated plants of Vicia faba to determine the action of quinin bydrochlorid, sodium selenite, potassium cyanid, phloro,glucin, arbutin, salicin, etc. In summing up the results of these experiments, as well as those previously described, the author claims that living plants may be stimulated by nutritive substances as well as those which prove injurious. The stimulation in both cases results in increased respiration, and but little difference can be observed whether the stimulant is a nutritive or a poisonous one. Phosphates, which have been previously shown to have little or no influence on the respiration of living plants, strongly stimulate the respiration when the plants have been killed. Poisonous substances, however, strongly excite the respiration of living plants, while they have little influence on the respiration of those that have been killed. The effect of these different substances on the living protoplasm, as shown by the respiration of plants, furnishes a means of distinguishing between useful and injurious stimulants. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 139 The action of vapors on green plants, M. Mirande (Contpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 7, pp. //Si-^8^).— According to the author, it has been known for some time that etherization, freezing, ultraviolet rays of light, dry- ing, etc., will cause the blackening of plant tissues and, under certain condi- tions, the liberation of A'olatile substances that have been previously localized in the plant but are set free through the agencies mentioned. A study has been made of the action of numerous substances on the blacken- ing of the cherry laurel and on the liberation of hydrocyanic acid, which is given off from the leaves of that plant. Various hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, acids, ethers, aldehydes, cetones, amins, and amids were tested, some of which blackened the plant and liberated hydrocyanic acid, others caused a change in color but no acid was set free, while still others showed no effect whatever. The property of blackening plants and liberating volatile substances is said to be possessed by various organic compounds the stereochemic structure of which differs w^idely. Investigations on the blackening of leaves, L. Maquenne and B. Demoussy (Bui. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. [Paris], 1010, No. 1, pp. SI, 38).— Attention is called to the fact that leaves are often blackened under the influence of electric light, and the authors have carried on investigations to determine the cause of this phenomenon. Plants were subjected to the action of a mercury lamp, the light of which is very rich in ultraviolet rays. When plants with a thin epidermis were exposed to this light the leaves were blackened within 2 or 3 hours, while if the epidermis was rather thick it required 10 to 12 hours to produce such an effect. The action of the ultraviolet rays seems to result in the destruction of the protoplasm of the cells of the plants, and the effect of these rays on plants is quite similar to that on animals, micro-organisms, fungi, etc. Heat was found to exercise a similar effect. Leaves of the fig, lilac, privet, and aucuba when plunged in water at temperatures of 65 to 70° for half a minute turned black in about an hour. If placed in boiling water for a second a similar effect was produced, but if they were allowed to remain for 2 minutes, blackening did not occur except in the case of the aucuba. The experiments seem to indicate that the action is a diastatic one and is generally due to the effect produced on the oxidase following the destruction of the protoplasm. Some observations on catalase, C. O. Appleman {Bot. Oaz., 50 (1910), No. 3, pp. 182-192, fig. 1). — During the course of an investigation on the physiological behavior of enzyms in the after-ripening of the potato tuber, the author found it necessary to investigate methods for the quantitative determination of cata- lase in this organ. After giving an account of the distribution and function of catalase, the methods adopted are described at considerable length. It was found that there was an insoluble and a soluble catalase in the potato which could be separated by ordinary filter paper, approximately 50 per cent passing through it. None, however, would pass through a Chamberland-Pas- teur filter. Potato catalase was found to be limited in its effect on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxid, a given amount of catalase apparently being required to decompose a definite amount of hydrogen peroxid. The catalase activity was found to bear a relation to the respiratory activity of the potato, decreasing under the same conditions as did the respiration. The physiology of lipoids, W. Palladin (Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 2S (1910), No. 5, pp. 120-125).— A report is given of investigations conducted with wheat seedlings to determine the physiological role of lipoids in plants. 71257°— No. 2—11 4 140 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. The respiration of living and dead plants was compared, and this function was found to vary with the different extractives, the depression depending upon the proportion of phosphorus in the extractives. The action of the lipoids is held to be due to their phosphorus content. Nuclear phenomena of sexual reproduction in algae, B. M. Davis {Amer. Nat., 44 (1010), No. 525, pi). 513-532). — In a paper read before the Botanical Society of America, the author discusses the present status of our knowledge concerning the nuclear phenomena of sexual reproduction in algse. Nuclear phenomena of sexual reproduction in fungi, R. A. Harper (Amer. Nat., 4^ (1910), No. 525, pp. 533-546). — In a paper read before the Botanical Society of America, the author summarizes the results of recent investigations on sexual reproduction in fungi. The chemistry of the higher fungi. V, The maize smut (Ustilago may- dis), J. Zellner {Monatsh. Chem., 31 (1910), No. 6, pp. 617-634) .—The results are given of a series of tests on the chemical substances found in the dried spores of U. maydis. Twenty-four substances were found, including oleic acid, fixed fatty acids, volatile fatty acids, lecithin, glycerin, 2 resins, sclerotinic acid, phlobaphene, tannin, mannit. erythrite, glucose, trimethylamin, ustilagin, a gummy carbohydrate, a carbohydrate soluble in alcohol, a chitinous substance, albuminoid substances, an invert ferment, a fat splitting ferment, and amanitol. The chemistry of the higher fungi. VI, The chemical relation between the higher parasitic fungi and their host, J. Zellnee (Monatsh. Chem., 31 (1910), No. 6, pp. 635-641). — In discussing the chemical composition of sym- bionts it is stated that the chemical constituents of host and parasite are usu- ally very different, although the substance from the host passes over unchanged into the parasite, where it is quickly changed to a different substance, depending on the type of parasite and its substratum. The interaction of the 2 symbionts on each other may result in one of three things: (1) The fungus may draw its nutriments from the substratum (host) and leave therein another substance useful to the host as in Mycorrhiza, fungi, and lichens; (2) the fungus may sap its host without leaving either a beneficial or a noxious substance; or (3) the fungus may iwison its host as do certain bacteria, Claviceps purpurea, etc., by leaving certain injurious substances in the substratum. As to the chemical processes that occur in these fungi, but very little is definitely known. The behavior of bacteria in a nitrous oxid atmosphere, A. Maassen and ScHONEWALD (MUt. K. Biol. Anst. Land u. Porstw., 1910, No. 10, pp. 32-34). — The results are briefly given of culture experiments in an atmosphere of nitrous oxid, with Actinomyces rosaceus, Azotobactcr chroococctim, root tubercle bac- teria. Bacillus prospollcns, B. pyocyaneus, B. sabtilis, Bacterium coli commune, Vibrio phosphorescens, an anaerobic spore- forming bacillus from cow manure, and the bacteria of a garden soil. It was found that the nitrous oxid was not injurious to any of these bacteria, but at the same time there was no evidence that any of them was able to obtain its needed oxygen or nitrogen from it. Nitrogen gain and loss in cultivated soils, A. Koch (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 25 (1910), No. 12, pp. 173-175; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 27 (1910), No. 22-25, pp. 633, 63-^).— The author discusses the gain or loss in fixed nitrogen in the utilization of sodium nitrate by soil bacteria and the value of cellulose as a source of energy for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. It was shown that if the soil is very damp free nitrogen will be liberated from the nitrate of soda, but in well-drained and aerated soils this nitrate will be utilized in forming albuminoid nitrogen by the bacteria. It was found that cellulose as well as sugar and starch was available as a source of energy in nitrogen fixation, as was evidenced by an experiment in which from 100 gm. AGEICULTUEAL BOTANY, 141 of earth mixed with paper and infected with stable manure 29 mg. of nitrogen was obtained. The adaptation of the plant to the soil, A. D. Hall (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [Londo)i], 36 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-21, figs. 11).— These papers are the third and fourth lectures in a series founded in honor of Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, and in them the author discusses the factors in the soil which are believed to influence the distribution of plants. The questions involved are held to be fundamental in plant nutrition, and some of the difficulties attending attempts to correlate the composition of the soil with the plant growth are pointed out. Alterations in the development and forms of plants as a result of environ- ment, G. Klebs (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 82 {1910), No. B 559, pp. 547-558). — This is a lecture delivered before the Royal Society in which the author gives the results of some of his experiments upon the influence of envi- ronment on plants, the effect of light, moisture, and other factors being described. Hybridization methods in com breeding', G. H. Shull (Amcr. Breeders Mag., 1 (1910), No. 2, pp. 98-101, fig. i).— The author calls attention to a de- scription of a method of hybridizing corn given in Bulletin 25 of the Illinois Station (E. S. R., 4, p. 904) which he says does not differ materially from the methods described by B. M. East and by G. N. Collins (E. S. R., 21, p. 427). After discussing these various methods of corn breeding, the author describes some of his experiments and summarizes his investigations, which have been conducted for a number of years. He has come to the conclusion that there are many distinct biotypes of corn continually mingled together in complex hybrid combinations, and that there is a stimulating effect of heterozygosis. This is shown, it is said, by the fact that the progeny of every self -fertilized corn plant is inferior in size, vigor, and productiveness as compared with the progeny of a normally cross-bred plant derived from the same source. The decrease in size and vigor which accompanies self-fertilization is said to be greatest in the first generation, and to become less and less in each succeeding one until a condition is reached when there is probably no more loss of vigor. A cross between plants belonging to two self-fertilized families results in a progeny of as great vigor, size, and productiveness as are possessed by families which have never been self-fertilized. The reciprocal crosses between two distinct self-fertilized families are equal and possess the characters of the original corn with which the experiments were started. The Fi from a combination of plants belonging to certain self- fertilized families produces a yield superior to that of the original cross-bred stock. The yield and quality of the crop produced are functions of the par- ticular combination of self-fertilized parental type, and these qualities remain the same whenever the cross is repeated. The Fi hybrids are no more variable than the pure strains which enter into them, but the F2 show much greater variation than Fi. The yield per acre of the F2 is less than that of the Fi. Twin hybrids (CEnothera laeta and CE. velutina) and their anatomical distinctions, F. M. Andrews (Bot. Gaz., 50 (1910), No. 3, pp. 193^201).— A study of twin Oilnothera hybrids, together with comparisons with (E. lamarcJc- iana and dJ. biennis, was made. From this the author concludes that the twin hybrids CE. Iceta and CE. velutina show themselves by their foliage and flowers, and the greater density and character of the pubescence in CE. velutina, as well as the form of the cells, to be distinct, and in so far as they have been investi- gated, constant forms. The mutation theory: A criticism, G. Henslow (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [Lon- don], 36 (1910), No. 1, pp. IJ/Jf-lJ/S). — The author gives an account of the con- ditions under which the various mutations of CEnothera lamarckiana described 142 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. by de Vries were produced. He expresses the conviction tliat the specific char- acters described for the various species are simply individual variations due to a tendency to degeneration in consequence of the plants having been transferred from a xerophytic (sandy) environment to a soil supersaturated with manure. FIELD CROPS. [Field crops work at the North Platte substation] (Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1909, PI). XIV-XVI). — During the 4 years beginning 1906, summer-tilled land produced an average of about 50 bu. per acre. Adjoining fields not summer tilled yielded from 20 to 24 bu. per acre, except in the unusually wet season of 1906, when they produced 41 bu. per acre. The middle of September proved the best time for sowing winter wheat. Durum wheat varieties yielded from 26.5 to 33.6 bu. per acre in 190S and proved much superior to the local varieties generally used. No other variety excelled common barley with its yield of 21.4 bu. per acre. Among 12 oat varieties, Kherson produced 42 bu. per acre and Burt and Texas Red 38 bu. each. Beport on the Aligarh Agricultural Station of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh for the year ending June 30, 1910, A. E. Parb (Rpt. Aligarh Agr. Sta. United Prov. Agra and Oudh, 1910, pp. 5+II, pi. 1). — American cot- ton sown early with irrigation produced nearly twice as great a yield as that sown later with the rains, while the local varieties showed little difference. The local varieties gave practically equal yields when sown broadcast as when sown in rows 2 ft. apart. Among local varieties Bisawar produced the highest yield, 411 lbs. per acre, but was only moderately high in lint percentage. Other work reported dealt with plant selection in cotton tests, local adaptability of ground- nuts, rates of sowing maize, and variety tests of sugar cane and maize. Variety tests of wheat and oats, J. L. Burgess, F. T. Meacham, and R. \V. CoLLETT (Bui. N. C. Dcpt. Agr., Aug. 1910, Sup., pp. 11).— Among wheat varie- ties tested at the Iredell Farm in 1910. Fulcaster and Miller Choice stood first with yields of 26.1 and 25.7 bu. per acre respectively, while Culberson and Apler oats yielded 51 and 46 bu. per acre respectively when sown in the fall, and Hood Mammoth and Burt Ninety Day stood first among the spring sown oats with yields of 40 and 34.3 bu. per acre respectively. Six varieties produced an average yield from fall seeding much above that of the same varieties when sown in the spring. At the Buncombe Test Farm, Merridy and London native varieties of wheat yielded 14.8 and 12.9 bu. per acre respectively. Winter fodders for the south coast, R. N. Makin (Agr. Gas. N. S. Wales, 21 (1910), No. S, pp. 686-690, figs. )). — The author reports results of tests of different varieties of wheat, oats, rye, and barley for winter fodder. Report on rice and cotton investigations in China and Japan, F. G. Krauss (Hawaii. Forester and Agr., 7 (1910), Nos. 5, pp. 14S-152, pis. 3; 6, pp. 186-193, figs. 6; 7, pp. 210-220, figs. 6; 8, pp. 231-238; 9, pp. 271-275).— These articles report the methods used in rice and cotton production in China and Japan, the experimental methods in use at the stations of these countries, and some gen- eral conclusions based upon their investigations. Trial of leguminous plants from Ceylon (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 8, p. 670). — The results are briefly reported of a test of Crotalaria striata, C. hirsuta, C. laburnifolia, and Indigofera rubra. The two last-named failed to germinate. The first-named yielded a small iimount of thick, coarse fiber and possessed no commercial value, although grown for its fiber in Chutia Mazpur. Cold resistance of alfalfa and some factors influencing it, C. J. Brand and L. R. Waldron (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 185, pp. 80, pis. !,, fig. 1). — The experiments reported were conducted at Dickinson, N. Dak., in co- operation with the North Dakota Station. FIELD CROPS. 143 The observations indicate that the most destructive conditions are lack of sufficient snowfall, successive thawing and freezing, and excessive moisture in autumn, especially when followed by dry winters. The capacity to react promptly to stimuli producing dormancy is perhaps the most important quality in producing hardiness in alfalfas and clovers. Variation in the percentage of hard seed accompanies difference in hardiness, but in a way that is not fully understood. Well inoculated plats were uninjured by a frost which had marked effect on slightly inoculated plats. Of 68 strains tested during the winter of 1908-9 42 lost 80 per cent or more by winterkilling and 3 lost 10 per cent or less. All European alfalfas lost 79.5 per cent or more, those from Arabia lost 100 per cent, those from Turkestan an average of 72.3 per cent, those from Mongolia 33.5 per cent, those from Canada 45.4 per cent, those from Mexico 85 per cent, and those of 18 American strains 83.3 per cent, while the hardiest American strain suffered to the extent of 43.7 per cent. Grimm seed from Fargo, N. Dak., and Clearwater, Minn., winter- killed only 2.8 and 7 per cent respectively, while Turkestan seed from High- more, S. Dak., winterkilled 9.2 per cent. In general the observations recorded indicate that good tillage and suitable strains of seed in favorable winters are the controlling factors in successful alfalfa production on the average fertile Northwest soils. Inoculation deter- mines success or failure. If considerable growth was left on the field in autumn strains of inferior hardiness endured severe conditions, probably because of exhaustion of soil moisture and the protective snow covering held over the crowns by the plants. A thin stand meant high winterkilling save in the hard- iest varieties. The experiments indicate that the most important cause of failure in practice is the use of seed from the wrong regions. The Mongolian alfalfa proved the hardiest newly imported strain, probably because the crowns were the most deeply set in the soil. It is suggested that the long endurance of stands of the Grimm strain may be due in part to its power of putting out new roots after the taproot has been broken. The importance of the inoculation of alfalfa on Nebraska upland soils, F. J. Alway (Nchra.si-a Hta. Rid. 1909, pp. 3-20, figs. 2).— The results of investigations elsewhere are summarized with references to the authorities consulted. A discussion of the recognition of inoculated plants is followed by a statement of observations made in alfalfa fields in various coimties in Nebraska. Crimson clover culture, A. E. Geantham (Delaware 8ta. Bui. 89, pp. 36, figs. 4). — Experiments with fertilizers for crimson clover indicated that acid phos- phate and potash singly or in combination produced marked advantages, but that nitrate of soda did not greatly increase the growth. Suggestions are given for seed production, harvesting, and the detection and removal of weed seed. Replies to letters sent out to several hundred Delaware farmers indicated that those replying have grown crimson clover for an average period of 10 years, that the average area devoted to the crop was 16.6 acres, that moderately good sandy loam is the predominating soil, and that July and August are the best months and September the latest safe month for sowing. Crimson clover is usually grown after another crop. In 95 per cent of the cases the seed is cov- ered, in 73 per cent not more than 15 lbs. per acre is sown, 80 per cent of spring sowings fail, winterkilling results in a majority of cases, fertilizers are rarely applied at time of sowing in com, liming is successful mainly on clay soils, and acid phosphate and potash are most prominently mentioned as fertilizers. About 83 per cent of those replying on this point cut the crop for hay at or just before full bloom, the average yield of hay being 2.12 tons per acre with an average farm value of $10.60 per ton, while the average seed 144 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. yield is 7i bu. per acre valued at $3.80 per bushel. Corn could in most in- stances be matured after the crop of crimson clover and was regarded by the majority as the best crop for crimson clover sod. The majority of the replies indicated that crimson clover hay equalled or excelled cowpea or red clover hay, caused no injurious effects, and excelled cowpeas for soil improvement. The crop was apparently satisfactory as silage where tried, was universally reported equal to or better than red clover as pasture, and increased the pro- ductiveness of the soil by an average of 66 per cent. Fifty per cent of the growers held that the crop gave as good fertilizer results when cut as when plowed under, while S6 per cent state that a notieeaI)le increase in yield follows a short growth, and 94 per cent of the replies on this point indicate that it succeeds on land that fails ttr produce red clover well. A digest is also given of work with crimson clover at several stations. The nitrogen content of inoculated and uninoculated alfalfa plants, F. J. Alway and R. M. Pinckney {Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 33, 3.J). — It was usually possible to determine by the deeper green color the plants having nodules. The inoculated plants analyzed were invariably much higher in nitro- gen content of stalks and roots. The curing and testing of seed corn, R. A. Moore ( Wisconsin Sta. Circ. Inform. IS, pp. 12, figs. 10). — Directions for curing small and large lots of seed corn and making germination tests accompany plans for a corn-curing house. Manchurian millets, A. H. Haywood {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales. 21 {1910), No. 8, pp. 691-093, figs. 3).— At the Grafton Experimental Farm white and yellow varieties of Hsiao-mi Manchurian millet produced estimated yields of 49 bu. and 52 bu. 48 lbs. of seed per acre, respectively, when drilled in rows 2i ft. apart. Trial of varieties of potatoes, 1909-10, G. Valder {Agr. Gas. N. S. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 9, pp. 737-7 J,5, pis. 6, figs. 2).— Brief descriptions of each of the 8 varieties of potatoes tested are given and the yields of each variety on each of the test farms stated in a table. The average yields following applications of 4 cwt. of potato fertilizer per acre showed " a gain by manuring of about 15 cwt. of potatoes per acre at a cost of about 32 s." In another test on red soil at Wollongbar, 500 lbs. per acre of superphosphate produced a slightly greater yield than 500 lbs. of bone dust and each produced nearly twice the yield obtained on unmanured plats. Whole seed produced a slightly greater average yield than cut seed, but the various tests were so contradictory " that no definite rule can be laid down." "Wheat growing and its present day problems, E. J. Rltssell {Sci. Prog. Twentieth Cent., 5 {1910), No. 18, pp 286-301, fig. i).— On the Broadbalk Field at Rothamsted, the increase in wheat yield for each 43 lbs. of nitrogen added varied from 1,172 to 1,885 lbs. of straw and grain. The first increment of nitro- gen increases the root system as well as the amount of material that each unit of root surface can take up. The second increment of nitrogen produces a larger increase than the first increment but this does not go on indefinitely. Other topics dealt with are the relation between precipitation and wheat yield, quality and composition of grain, economic problems of wheat production, and the part plaj-ed by the soil. Wheat experiments, season 1909, G. Valder {Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 8, pp. 671-678, figs. 2). — A table presents the results of variety and manurial tests of wheat on a number of different farms. In 31 trials, " Federation easily takes first place with an average of 24 bu. 23 lbs." In each of the geographical divisions in which it was tested this variety excelled in yield the local varieties. An application of superphosphate produced an apparent increase in yield of nearly 2 bu. and the addition of a FIELD CROPS. 145 small quantity of sulphate of potash appeared, desirable on soils that had long been uuder cultivation. Federation wheat, from, farmers' and millers' point of view, H. Ross {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 8, pp. 694-696) .—Federation waeat proved superior in yielding qualities, ease of stripping, stiffness of straw, and storm resistance. On each of 5 farms it excelled in yield the local wheats. Ou the Wagga Experiment Farm it has averaged 22 lbs. per acre more during the past 8 years than any other variety grown for an equal length of time. The opin- ions of millers as to the color of its fiour varied somewhat but none reported discrimination against it, while one was " inclined to give 1 d. per bushel more for Federation." Breeding' for type of kernel in wheat, and its relation to the grading and milling of the grain, H. F. Roberts {Kansas Sta. Bui. 170, pp. 99-138, figs. 16). — The author presents in tabular and graphic form the results of studies of the packing quality and volume weight of 52 races of wheat. Especial attention was given to the ratio of length to width. In 27 i-aces this ratio varied from 1.88 to 2.14 and in the remaining 25 races from 2.15 to 2.84. Tlie data presented lead the" author to conclude that " a difference of at least 3 lbs. to the bushel in the test weight can be gained by breeding for short- kerneled races of wheat. When other factors than ratio are considered it has been found that as much as 7 lbs. per bushel may be gained by breeding for specific types of kernel." The superior samples were invariably those having the lower ratio of length to width. When the ratio of length to width remains constant a higher kernel-volume is generally accompanied by higher bushel- weight, " except in the higher ratios where the reverse is the case." The author concludes that the grower should produce a wheat that will test high in bushel weight and that the just and scientific grading system will give preference to wheat having a high percentage of grain in the packed measure. He suggests a system whereby wheat with a narrow, shallow crease will receive the advantage justified by its lower bran percentage. A 1,000 cc. graduate may be packed with grain and the volume of air contained measured by pouring in alcohol. The cost per test is 0.8 ct. where 95 per cent of alcohol is used. Ex- periments "indicate that probably 70 per cent and possibly 50 per cent alcohol can be used." The relation of size, weight, and density of kernel to germination of wheat, J. G. LiLL (Kansas Sta. Circ. 11, pp. 8). — In an experiment to determine the relation of size, weight, and density of wheat kernel to germination 246 heads furnished 7,G79 kernels. The kernels heavier than tlie average exceeded the average germination by 0.75 per cent, while the germination of kernels lighter than the average was 1.19 per cent below the average. The difference between the germination of the larger and smaller kernels as separated by sieves was slight and inconstant but the smallest kernels usually showed the poorest ger- mination. Germinating ability varied directly as the density. Production of a new form in wheat, E. G. Montgomery (Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 53-61, figs. 4). — A chart shows the pedigree for 6 generations of a cross of Turkey Red bearded and Big Frame smooth wheat beginning with 1903. The normal bearded, normal smooth, and new types as well as mixtures of types secured are graphically indicated. In 1906 full notes were taken and the study of IMendelian characters dropped. The first unusual form occurred in 1907 when one plat developed new type A. Its straw was from 6 to 10 in. shorter and the wheat ripened a week earlier than that on the other plats. In the fall of 1907, 3 centgeners of this plat were planted and came true to the new type in 1908. Five centgeners planted from plants selected in 1907 came true to the bearded type, except for one case in 146 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. which taller aud later-maturing plants referred to as new type B resulted. In 1908, the new types were divided into 3 groups. Plants selected from each group came true when planted in centgeners, with the exception of less than 1 per cent of reversions to the original bearded aud beardless types. Tabular data show that normal plants selected from plats where a new type occurred for the first time produced about 51 plants of the new type out of a total of 1,650. From 31 selected type A plants a product of 2,170 plants came true except for 23 reversions to the original parent types. Five type B plants gave a product of 350 plants with 3 reversions. Composite samples from 4 plats sister to the one which produced type B produced none of this type in 1908, but in 1909 IS out of their 280 descendants were of type B. New type A therefore appears to be a result of the crossing of Turkey Red and Big Frame wheat which remained latent 4, 5, aud 6 generations, then ap- peared, and when planted came true to type as a mutant is supposed to do. All the other wheat crosses observed in these experiments followed Mendel's laws. This suggests that now and then a cross may act in an unusual way. Handling' wheat from field to mill, L. A. Fitz (U. S. Dept. Agi:, Bur. Plant Indus, Circ. 68, pp. 12). — This circular discusses methods of handling wheat, their effect on quality and market value, the relation of moisture content to test weight, and the effect of exposure to weather on soundness and changes during the sweating process in stack and bin. The absorption of a high percentage of moisture lowers the test weight per bushel. This test weight is not regained by drying the grain. Shock-thrashed grain direct from the machine contained 14.8 per cent of moisture and tested 55.5 lbs. per bushel. It was scarcely safe for shipment and showed an excessive loss in milling. Another sample after 18 days in the bin milled tough and caused difficulty in the removal of the bran. Stack-thrashed wheat from the same portion of the field contained 13.2 per cent moisture and tested 59 lbs. per bushel. It showed less loss in cleaning and milling and pro- duced less bran but more " low grade," shorts, and straight flour than the shock- thrashed grain. The shock-thrashed grain after 60 days' storage had a slight advantage in the color of the bread, but the stack-thrashed grain yielded flour with a higher water absorption. Absorption and loaf volume improved as the wheat aged, but after aging 2 months the flour from the shock-thrashed grain, which was milled immediately after thrashing, was still inferior to flour from wheat which had aged in the bin for the same length of time and no sample milled from shock-thrashed wheat equaled that from stack-thrashed wheat. The average loaf volume from the latter was 2,700 cc. as compared with 2,610 cc. from the earliest milled shock- thrashed wheat. Although Bulletin 73 of the Bureau of Statistics, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 188), indicates a difference of 23.2 cts. per acre in favor of the shock- thrashing method in cost of handling, the author estimates that the improve- ment in quality through stacking more than counterbalances this added cost. Seed sterilization and its effect upon seed inoculation, T. R. Robinson (f7. /S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 67, pp. 11). — In these experiments 50 seeds each of alfalfa, crimson clover, garden peas, beans, wheat, corn, and rad- ishes were used. The germination percentage of alfalfa, bean, wheat, corn, and radish seed appeared higher after sterilization with 1 or 3 per cent of hydrogen peroxid than before but was almost invariably decreased by the use of formaldehyde and mercuric chlorid. Full strength commercial or 3 per cent hydrogen peroxid and 1 per cent hydrogen peroxid both failed to sterilize garden peas or beans by means of 10 or 60 minute applications except in the case of the 60-minute HORTICULTURE. 147 application to garden peas. All other seeds tested were sterilized by either period of application of hydrogen peroxid except in case of a 1 per cent solution on radishes. Formaldehyde or 0.5 per cent mercuric chlorid almost invariaijly sterilized, but 0.1 iwr cent mercuric chlorid completely failed in case of peas and beans and in the shorter or 5-minute application to alfalfa and corn. Treat- ment with formaldehyde and mercuric chlorid resulted in distorted sprouts when the seeds were germinated but affected hard-coated leguminous seeds less than the nonleguminous seeds, most of which were killed. The residual effects were tested by attempts to grow Bacillus suhtilis in wash- ings from the seeds after 2, 3, or 4 rinsings. Two rinsings failed to remove hydrogen peroxid but 3 were sufficient. Seeds treated in vacuum were more perfectly penetrated by the sterilizing agent, but this advantage was more than counterbalanced by the greater difficulty experienced in removing its toxic effects before inoculation. Seeds dried in soil had a much lower number of bacteria 1, 2, or 4 days after sterilization. Culture-treated seed previously washed with sterile water were lower in number of living bacteria 1, 2, or 5 days after treatment when dried in soil or filter paper than in desiccators or open Petri dishes. The author concludes that careful seed disinfection should precede legume inoculation experiments and that metallic poisons such as mer- curic chlorid are objectionable because difficult or impossible to remove from the seeds. Sulphuric acid is more readily rinsed off than mercufic chlorid, while hydrogen peroxid is still less harmful in its residual effect and is effective in eliminating bacterial contamination. Seed testing apparatus. — A study of conditions under which our germi- nation tests are made, H. Garman (Kentucky Sta. Bui. IJfS, pi). 41-62, pi. 1, figs. 8). — This bulletin contains two papers. I. Seed Testing Apparatus. — For blue grass and other small seeds, excellent results are being obtained in germination tests by the use of an ordinary jelly tumbler on top of which is placed a bobeche or candle-drip glass. The seeds are placed in this glass on a disk of blotting paper which is kept moist by a candle wick leading to water in the jelly glass. For the purpose of controlling air pressure in removing foreign seeds and inert matter from pure seeds, a mercury gage registering 2 lbs. pressure was found helpful. It facilitates the determination and maintenance of the pressure needed to remove impurities. II. A Studi/ of Conditions Under Which our Germination Tests are Made. — Results reported with grass seed samples kept in the dark in the headhouse in- variably showed a lower germination test than those treated in any other way, but with clover and alfalfa seeds the differences were of no consequence. The control of quack grass and Canada thistles, A. L. Stone ( Wisconsin Sta. Circ. Inform. 19, pp. 13, figs. ,5).— Descriptions of quack grass and the Canada thistle are followed by directions for their eradication. HORTICULTURE. Report of the horticulturist, C. F. Kinman (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 19-23). — A brief report on the condition of temperate climate and citrus fruits, mangoes, avocados, and miscellaneous plants being tested, together with an outline of the experiments being conducted with fruits and vegetables. The apple, pear, plum, and persimmon trees in the station orchards have made some growth, but it is unlikely that these fruits will prove of commercial value in that locality. Trees of improved varieties of mangoes set out in 1904 are now from IS to 20 ft. tall and it appears that they will prove to be an excellent windbreak for the citrus orchards. The avocados in the station orchard grow fairly well until 148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. they reach a height of from 12 to 18 ft., after which they begin to siclien and slowly die. The trouble, which may be due to unfavorable soil conditions, is being investigated. Of 20 kinds of eucalypts set out, Eucalyptus rohusta, E. jnperita, E. rostrata, and E. tereticornis are making the most rapid growth and will be used for plantings in low, wet, waste lands. Methods for propagating Porto Rican tropical fruits are being studied. Whip grafting young mango seedlings and grafting the Anona cherinwla on a native stock gave promising results. Abcria caffra, Carissa arduina, and Courcoupita guianensis were successfully propagated from cuttings. Notes on varieties of tomatoes, C. C. Newman (Sotith Carolina Sta. Bvl. 153, pp. 3-30, pis. 8). — Tabular data on a test of over 40 varieties of tomatoes are given, showing for each variety the yield per acre in bushels of both sound and decayed fruit, the time of first ripening and last gathering, the loss in paring, the color, form, relative amount of core, average weight, seed cavity, flavor, average dimensions, and general growth behavior. A brief outline is also given of the manner in which the plants were handled before and after transplanting, together with lists of varieties recommended for early planting and for the general crop. A number of the varieties are illustrated. Report of the fruit branch of the Department of Agriculture, Ontario. 1909, P. W. HoDGETTS ET AL. {Rpt. Friiit Branch Dept. Ayr. Ontario, 1909, pp. 112, figs. JfO). — This is the usual report on the work of the fruit branch for 1909 (E. S. R., 22, p. 142). An appendix contains a report by T. B. Revett on the conditions of the grape industry in the Niagara district, including a descrip- tion of cultural methods now in vogue. The use of sulphate of iron introduced into the trunk or into the branches of fruit trees attacked with chlorosis, J. Coffigniez {Jour. 8oc. Nat. Hart. France, Jf. scr., 11 (1910), Sept., pp. 55Jf-556). — As a result of experiments con- ducted during the past 3 years the author reports that he has successfully combated chlorosis in pear trees by the introduction of sulphate of iron into the wood. The operation is performed by preference during the latter part of July. The diameter of the hole is a little less than one-tenth and its depth about one-half of the diameter of the trunk or branch operated upon, and the hole is inclined at an angle of 45° to facilitate the introduction of the sulphate, which should not be put on the bark or on the exterior portion of the sapwood. The sur- face of the hole is refreshed with a pruning knife and covered with grafting wax. The author points out that when the chlorosis is due to impoverished soil or when the tree is too old, seriously diseased, or weakened by insects the effect of the sulphate of iron is only temporary. The art of grafting and budding, C. Baltet (London, 1910, G. cd., pp. 238, pi. 1, figs. 108). — The present work is a translation of the author's L'Art de Greffer. Various methods of grafting and budding are described at length and the trees, shrubs, etc., to which each mode of operation is best applied are enumerated. The work concludes with practical notes relative to the grafting of about one hundred various kinds of trees and shrubs. [Protection of fruit crops from frost injury] (Better Fruit, 5 (1910), No. Jf, pp. 17-19, 21-26, 27-29, 33-36, U-P, 50-52, figs, //i).— The following articles have to do with methods of protecting fruits and vegetables from frost : Pro- tection of Fruit Crops from Frost Injury, by O. W. Whipple (pp. 17-19) ; Frost Prevention in the Rogue River Valley, by P. J. O'Gara (pp. 21-26) ; Orchard Heating in Grand Valley, Colorado, by L. Meyer (pp. 27-29) ; Pre- vention of Frost Injury to Fruit Crops, by G. B. Bracket (pp. 33-36) ; Relation HORTICULTURE. 149 of Weather Bureau to Horticulture, by E. L. Wells (pp. 44-46) ; and Fore- casting the Weather not Guess Work, by E. A. Beals (pp. 47, 50-52). Sug-gestions on planting orchards, O. K. White {Michigan Sta. Bui. 262. pp. 29, figs. 9).— A bulletin discussing in a popular way the details of orchard l)lanting, including selection of site and soil, preparation of soil, planting dis- tances, methods, and operations, sterile and self-fertile varieties, pruning, after care of the orchard, and selection of varieties. Varieties of apples, crab apples, liears, peaches, plums, cherries, and quinces for the home orchard and the mar- ket are suggested, including descriptions of the tree and fruit of the principal varieties in the order of the harvesting period. Pennsylvania model orchard plan, H. A. Surface (Zool. Bui. Pcnn. Dept. Agr., 7 {1910), Xo. S. pp. 227-260).— The Pennsylvania Department of Agricul- ture in cooperation with various fruit growers has established a large number of model orchards throughout the State with a view to furnishing practical demonstrations of modern methods of suppressing plant pests and producing the largest amount and best quality of perfect fruits at the least necessary expense. This bulletin contains a circular of information concerning the model orchards, further explains the work to be conducted, and gives practical direc- tions to be followed in establishing and managing orchards, together with a list of demonstration orchards already established. The effects of planting distances on the yield of apple trees, S. Glasenapp {Trudui Byuro Prlkl. Bot., 3 {1910), No. 7, pp. 275-287, fig. 1).—As a result of observations made on an orchard of some 504 semidwarf trees set out in 1S87 and spaced 5 by 5 meters apart, the author concludes that this planting distance is too small and has a detrimental influence on the yield. In starting orchards of semidwarf trees, he recommends a distance of at least 8 meters between the rows and 6 meters between the trees in the row. Varieties of apples for Massachusetts orchards, F. C. Sears {Agr. of Mass., 57 {1909), pp. Jf2-66). — A paper with the accompanying discussion in which the author outlines a score card for judging commercial varieties of apples and describes 17 commercial varieties of apples with the score card as a basis. A new species of blueberry from JPTew Jersey, K. K. Mackenzie {Torreya, 10 {1910), Xo. 10, pp. 228-230). — A new species of blueberry found in a white cedar swamp in New Jersey is named Vaccinimn ccesariense n. sp. and de- scribed. The East German vine industry: Its natural, economic, and cultural prin- ciples, W. PoMTOw {Der ostdeutsche Weinbau. Berlin, 1910, pp. 231, figs. 18, map 1). — ^A monographic study of the grape industry in East Germany. A bibliography of the works consulted is included. Cacao, J. H. Hart {West India Com. Circ., 2.'f {1909), Nos. 282, pp. 31,0-31,5, figs. 6; 283, pp. 361,-367, pi. 1, fig. 1; 281,, pp. 389-391, fig. 1; 285, pp. 1,12-1,16, 2)1. 1, fig. 1; 286, pp. 43S-U1; 287, pp. 1,62-1,66, fig. 1; 288, pp. 1,81,-^87, figs. 3; 289, pp. 509-513, figs. J,; 290. pp. 533-537, figs. 6; 291, pp. 557-561, figs. 2; 292, pp. 580-583; 293, pp. 606-610. figs. 5; 25 {1910), Nos. 291,, pp. 1,-8, pi. 1, figs. 2; 295, pp. 29-33, fig. 1; 296, pp. 53-57, figs. 3; 297, pp. 80-83, figs. 2; 298, pp. 106-110; 299, pp. 126-130; 300, pp. 151-151,; 301, pp. 175-178, flgs.t2; 302, pp. 198-201; 303, pp. 226-230. fig. 1; 301,, pp. 21,5-21,8, figs. 3; 305, pp. 270-273; 306, pp. 293-295; 307, pp. 315-318; 308, pp. 31,0-31,3) .—K series of articles comprising as a whole a detailed treatise on cacao and its culture. The successive articles discuss botany and nomenclature; some illustrations of pods; selection of land; nurseries; planting cacao ; shading cacao; manuring; pruning cacao ; diseases of cacao; fauna of the cacao field; road making and draining; picking and harvest- ing ; shelling and breaking ; cacao fermentation ; drying apparatus ; agricultural 150 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, chemistry of cacao; temperature aud climate; yield, value and prices of cacao; the land available and the value of a cacao estate; production of cacao; food value and manufacture of cacao; transport of cacao plants and seeds; miscel- laneous; the health of the cacao estate; and How Jose Formed his Cocoa Estate, which is a reproduction at length of a little brochure published in Trinidad some years ago by an anonymous author. Seport of the coffee expert, J. W. Van Leenhoff {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1909. pp. 32-3Jt, pi. J). — Weather conditions were again unfavorable for securing positive results on the various experiments with coffee (E. S. R., 22, p. 241). In the old coffee plantation, which is unprotected by wind-breaks, the size of the berries was small and many ripened prematurely. In the new plantings, which are as yet only slightly protected by shade trees, the size of the berries was nearly normal. Emajagua (Paritimn Uliaceum) and pavonia {Hibiscus rosa sinensis) are to be tried as wind-breaks to surround the coffee on exposed places. New plantings of Porto Rican and foreign coffees are doing well and the quality, especially of the Java coffees, was fine. Leaf weevils are rapidly becoming a serious menace to the coffee plantations located in the higher altitudes, and coffee leaf blight and borers in the shade trees continue on the increase. The renovation experiments in the old coft'ee grove and the experiments with the new plantation were continued along the lines iireviously reported. The old grove yielded 2,723 lbs. of coffee as compared with 2,472 lbs. the previous year. The total cost of gi'owing, harvesting, and pre])aring 100 lbs. of coffee for market in 1909 was $5.18, and the average price obtained was $11.98. The total expense per acre for the fifth year in the new 3-acre planting was $12.73. A small crop of 105 lbs. per acre harvested in 1909 was valued at $12.58, leaving a net expense of 15 cts. per acre for the year, and a total net expense per acre for the 5 years of $91.71. The pecan and its culture, H. H. Hume {Glen Saint Mary, Fla., 1910, 2. ed., pp. XI +195, figs. 79).— The present edition of this work (E. S. R., 18, p. 339) has been largely rewritten to include the more recent knowledge relative to the general requirements of pecans, the behavior of varieties in different regions, improved methods of culture, and similar topics. Ornamental trees and shrubs for Montana, R. W. Fisher {Montana Sta. Bui. 80, pp. ^1-46). — The results of experiments in testing different kinds of ornamental trees and shrubs are reported, together with some general observa- tions on the planting of ornamentals and the success of such plants in various parts of the State. The plants are grouped by genera and the various species are briefly discussed relative to the character of their growth and hardiness as tested on the station grounds. Lists are given of the trees and shrubs which are hardy and of those which are almost hardy aud can be grown at the station. Landscape gardening studies, S. Parsons {New York, 1910, pp. 107, pis. 82). — A number of landscape gardening pi'oblems undertaken by the author are herein illustrated and described. Pollination of Spencer sweet peas, G. M. Tayi^or {Gard. Chron., 3, ser., j^S {1910), No. 1241, pp. 257, 258). — Although it is the general opinion among workers with sweet peas in England that pollination owes little or nothing to insect agencies in the old grandiflora type of sweet peas since fecundation is effected before the blossoms are fully developed, the author points out that the flower structure in the recently introduced Spencer peas is not conducive to self-fertilization, since the stigma protrudes from and rises considerably above the carinal pouch even in the bud stage before the anthers have dehisced, while the carina is open and the stigma unprotected from the weather. It is his opinion that where pollination does take place it is often caused through FOEESTRY. 151 insect agency. Bees may prove valuable agents in assisting the work of setting a good seed crop, although isolation of different colors of flowers may be neces- sary if the stock is required to remain perfectly true. A number of insects which visit the Spencer peas are briefly discussed. The application of refrigeration to the retarding of plants and the pres- ervation of flowers, L. C. Coebett {Cold Storage and Ice Trade Jour., /,0 (1910), No. 4, PI). 32-34).— A paper read at the Second International Congress of Refrigeration, Vienna, 1910. The following phases are discussed : Types of structure used for retarding purposes, holding nursery stock from one season to another, classes of nursery stock which will permit of storage in retarding houses, and cold storage in floriculture. FOEESTRY. The forest, B. E. Fernow (La Foret. Quebec, 1906, pp. 1J,9, pis. 2/,).— This consists of a series of lectures on the principles of silviculture, delivered at the School of Mineralogy, Kingston, Ontario, in January, 1903. Selection forests, M. Wernick (Allg. Forst u. Jagd Ztg., 86 (1910), July, pp. 229-235; Aug., pp. 269-273, pis. 2; Sept., pp. 313-321; Oct., pp. 353-360).— A detailed study of the adaptation of the selection or single tree method of forest management to the sm.all private wood lot, including a discussion of results secured from experimental stands. The general conclusion is reached that the selection system is well adapted for the development and maintenance of the small wood lot. Distribution and utilization of the mangrove swamps of Malaya, F. W. FoxwoRTHY (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 1910, Sup. 3, pt. 1, pp. 319-344, tnap 1). — The author briefly considers the occurrence of mangrove swamps within the principal divisions of the Malayan region and gives a table of distribution and a key to the mangrove swamp species, together with notes on the distribu- tion, common names, chief uses, and special characteristics of the different species making up these swamps. Plantation rubber in Cochin China, P. Morange (Bui. Econ. Indo-Chine, n. ser., 13 (1910), No. 8//. irp. 331-346).— A general report by the chief of the Agricultural Service in Cochin China on the various rubber plantations and the conditions affecting rubber culture in that country. Although a number of rubber species have been tested, thus far Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) alone has proved successful. Relation between the composition of the latex of Hevea brasiliensis and the tapping process, W. R. Tromp de Haas (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 1910, Sup. 3, pt. 1, pp. 443-446) .—Two methods of tapping were compared, namely, V-shaped incisions and double herring-bone incisions. The latex was analyzed during different periods of the tapping to determine any variation in its com- position. The results, which are presented in tabular form, lead to the conclusion that as the tapping period advances the quantity of solid material in the latex diminishes, whereas the noncombustible matter and the nitrogenous matter increases. The V-shaped method of incision gave a slightly higher rubber content. The growing of guayule in relation to the soil, J. E. Kirk wood (Amcr. Rev. Trap. Ag-r., 1 (1910), No. 5-6, pp. 142-158, pis. 10).— In continuation of propagation studies (E. S. R., 2.3, p. 543), the results are given of an experi mental study of the guayule rubber plant in its relation to the physical and chemical conditions existing in the soil where it grows spontaneously and of the effects of different soils on the plant as to its form, structure, and rate of 152 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. growth. The studies, which were conducted in southern Arizona, lead to the conclusion that the guayule shrub must be grown slowly, as under desert con- ditions, in order to produce gum in its highest percentage. Irrigated plants produce very little gum and an amount of woody tissue larger than is usual in desert grown plants. Wood-using- industries of North. Carolina, R. II Simmons (N. C. Geol. and Econ. Survey Econ. Paper 20, pp. 7//, pU. 6). — This report consists of a statis- tical account with discussion of those wood-using industries of North Carolina which produce finished commodities either directly from the log or from rough lumber. The tables given show the sources of such wood used, the kinds of lumber demanded by the wood-working factories, the price paid for each species, quantity consumed, and purposes for which it was used. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Cultures of Uredinene in 1909, J. C. Arthur (Mi/cologla, 2 (1910), No. 5, pp. 2 1 3-2. ', 0 ) .—Conthmmg previous work (E. S. R., 22, p. 451), 345 sowings were made during 1909 from 91 collections belonging to about TO species of rusts, 97 species of hosts being employed for this purpose. In addition to cultures confirming previous work, successful new cultures are reported and descriptions given of the following species: Puccinia ceanothi, teleutospores from Andropogon haUii sown on Ceanothus americanus ; Gym- nosporangium exiguum n. sp., teleutospores from Juniperus I'irginiana sown on Crataegus pnnglei; G. comiculans n. sp., teleutospores from J. horizontalis sown on Amclanchicr erecta and A. canadensis; G. trachysorum n. sp., teleutospores from J. virginiana sown on Crataegus punctata, G. cocclnea and C. cerronis. Especially worthy of note are the cultures with P. pocuUformis, in which successful cross inoculations (present and previous cultures) from various wild and cultivated gi-asses by way of the tecidia on barberry, were made, indicating that in the jecidial stage racial strains play no part, as the barberry acts as a bridging host between each and every other gramineous host. A new genus of the Uredinaceae, E. J. Butlek {Ann. Glycol., 8 {1910), No. If, pp. JflfJt-Jf.'iS, pi. 1). — The author discusses the affinities of a rust on the leaves of Olea dioica from Bombay, India, intermediate in its generic characters be- tween Hemileia and Ravenelia and isolated to Zaghouania, but differing from them and all other known Uredinacese to such an extent that it is made the type of a new genus and species, Cystopsora oleee, a technical description of which is appended. Contributions to the study of the sooty naolds, G. Arnaud {Ann. Mycoh, 8 {1910), No. .'/. pp. JilO-'ilO). — In a taxonomic discussion of several species of sooty molds, the author describes as new two species, as follows : Teichospora {Capiiodiurn) mcridionale on the branches of Cist us nionspeJiensis, Citrus deliciosa, Quercus suberis, and Nerium oleander, and T. olew on the branches of Olea europcea. Studies on the behavior of the black rust of cereals in Bussia, A. von Jaczewski {Ztsehr. Pflanzcnkranlc. 20 {1910), No. 6, pp. 321-359, figs. 8).— The author discusses the various stages in the life cycle of the grain rust (Puccinia graminis) and gives the results of exixu'iments on the germination of the stylospores (spermatia), secidiospores, uredospores, and teleutospores, and of cross inoculations of various wild and cultivated grasses with uredo- spores and acidiospores. The stylospores (spermatia) were germinated after 24 hours in the sweetish liquid which exudes in minute drops from the pycnidia, but further development after germination was not observed. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 153 In the cultural tests on interchanges of hosts by the specialized foi-ms of P. graminis the following results are reported: Uredospores from rye infected Tritlcum repens, T. caninum, Dactylis glomerata, and sparingly Bromus secali- nus and B. inermis, but did not infect wheat, oats, or barley ; uredospores from oats infected Arrhenatherum elatius, Avena tmhescens, Alopecurus pratcnsis, and Festuca ovvna, and sparingly Bromus arvcnsis and Briza media, but not rye, barley, or wheat; uredospores from wheat infected barley, Triticiim repens, T. caninum, Lolium peremie, and Festuca gigantea. Uredospores from Aira ccespitosa were unable to infect any of the cultivated cereals or wild grasses inoculated. Uredospores from Agrostis alha infected wheat, oats, rye, barley, Triticum repens, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus secalinus, B. inermis, Aira cf the diet upon the thyroid gland; this is an illustration of how an intern.i: secretion may be modified in a definite manner by diet. . . . " Season has an important effect upon the resistance of animals to certain poisons ; in some cases these effects seem to depend upon seasonable variations in the activity of the thyroid. " The experiments show that foods such as enter largely into the daily diet of man have most pronounced effects upon the resistance of animals to several poisons ; they produce changes in metabolism which are not readily detectable by methods ordinarily used in metabolism studies. The ease and rapidity with which certain changes in function are caused by diet are in striking con- trast with the essentially negative results obtained by the chemical analyses of animals fed upon different diets." The influence of the salts in drinking water on physical development, R. Berg (Biochcni. Ztschr., 24 (1910), No. 3S, pp. 282-303; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9S {1910), Xo. 511, II, pp. 425, 426). — The author includes data collected by C. Rose and supplements them by the results of his own investiga- tions. According to his conclusions the harder the drinking water of a district the better the physical development of the children. The conclusions were prin- cipally drawn from the examination of the condition of the teeth. The compo- sition of the saliva was also studied with reference to the effect of drinking waters of varying hardnesses, and diets containing varying amounts of calcium. According to the author, the amount of saliva excreted increases with the hard- ness of the water, and childien who habitually drink hard water secrete a saliva both relatively and absolutely more alkaline than is the case with chil- dren in neighborhoods supplied with soft water. Other characteristics of the saliva were also studied. Food poisoning', E. Sacquepee (Les Smpoisonnemcnis Alimentaires. Paris, 1909, pp. O.J).— In this monograph th- author considers gastro-intestinal poison- ing, namely, that due to Bacillus enteriUdis and allied terms, as communicated by meat from diseased animals, animals overworked, cakes with cream filling, etc. ; typhoid poisoning due to Proteus vulgaris, as communicated by meats or potato; poisoning due to Bacterium coli; that due to preserved meats and related topics. Botulism, treatment (.f food poisoning cases, prophylaxis, and general matters pertaining to the subject are also discussed. 174 EXPERIMENT STATION RBCOED. On the metabolism experiment as a statistical problem, H. L. Rietz and H. H. Mitchell (Jour. Biol. Chem., 8 {1910), No. .',, pi). 297-326).— The authors discuss the iuterpretation from a mathematical standpoint of the results of physiological experimenting, particularly in component results such as a standard deviation, by the application of the so-called " probable error " ob- tained from Gauss' exponential equation. " Not only is the probable error a convenient criterion for the evaluation of experimental results in metabolism, but it is a necessary criterion that must, in many cases, be applied before definite, especially quantitative or general con- clusions, may legitimately be deduced. " It follows, therefore, that experiments in this field should be so planned as to conform the most strictly with the requirements for the application of the law of probability and to yield the most valuable results as judged by this method. "Under such conditions, we mny confidently expect that the laws of proba- bility, together with the various mathematical methods for reducing statistical data in common use among statisticians, will render a tremendous service to physiology and physiological chemistry as they have to such problems of general biology as heredity and evolution. Further, we do not hesitate to predict that, by the use of such methods, a greater degi-ee of exactness and precision and, conversely, a narrower field for the exercise of unaided judgment or biased opinion in the interpretation of experimental data will result, fully repaying the extra labor and care involved in conforming to the requirements of these methods." A respiration apparatus for the study of isolated organs and for use -with small animals, O. Cohnheim {Ztschr. Physiol. Cliem., 69 {1910), No. 2, pp. 89-95). — The apparatus, which is briefly described, is of the closed-circuit type and constructed on the principle of the Atwater-Benedict apparatus. The method of operation and sources of error are considered. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The kudzu vine as a forage crop {Rural Xfw Yorker, 69 {1910), No. .'i068, p. 963, figs. 3). — The experience is reported of a farmer in Florida who has grown the kudzu vine {Pucraria tliunbergiana) as a forage crop and thinks it su- perior to cowpeas or velvet bean for hay or pasture. Four different cuttings were made as follows: May 1, at the rate of 3.63 tons; June 12. 2 tons; July 30, 2.89 tons ; and September IS. 2.43 tons of dried hay per acre, making a total of 10.95 tons in one season. Analysis of the first cutting showed that it con- tained 17.6 i^er cent protein and 34.33 per cent carbohydrates; of the third cutting, 14.8 per cent protein and 35.05 per cent carbohydrates. Observations on the use of cactus for feeding animals, E. Baillaud {Jour. Agr. Trop., 10 {1910), Xo. Ill, pp. 257-262). — A summary of feeding tests, in which cactus constituted a part of the ration. Alfalfa hay for hogs, .J. M. Evvard {Nat. Swine Mag., 5 {1910), No. 1, pp. 5-7, figs. 2). — A popular summary of information on the value of alfalfa hay for swine feeding. Notices of judgment ( V. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Notices of Judgment 5S2, 60S, p. I each). — These relate to the adulteration and misbranding of oats and the misbranding of alfalfa meal. Biological observations on the growth of animals at pasture, Falke {Biolo- gische Beohachtungcn iiher das Wachstum dcr Weidetiere. Hanover, 1910, pp. 28; rev. in Zenthl. AUg. n. E.vpt. Biol., 1 {1910), No. 7-8, p. .27'i).— The increase in height of cattle at pasture was often more rapid than the gain in weight. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. l75 Young animals made faster relative gains, while older cattle made higher absolute gains. The nature of the winter feeding affected the gains made during the first few weeks at pasture in the spring. Influence of feed on the streng'th of bone, G. Laurer {Dent. Landic. Tier- ziicht, 14 {1910), 'So. 31, pp. Ji37--'i39). — The experimental animals used were 19 cattle of the Kellheinier breed, which were kept on 3 different farms where the soil was deficient in lime. When compared with gains made in height at the withers and in length of leg, the gains in circumference of the leg were greater both relatively and absolutely when a hay ration rich in calcium and phosphorus was fed than when the roughage consisted principally of straw which was deficient in these elements. The relation of the breaking' strength of hog bones to the composition of the ash, F. J. Alway and W. L. Hadlock {Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 31, 32). — The composition of the ash of weak and strong bones (E. S. R., 20, p. 868) was found to be practically the same, thus indicating that the nature of the feed had no effect upon the relative proportion of the different mineral constituents of bones. A contribution to the knowledge of the stomach digestion in horses with normal rations and with the customary rations of army horses, A. Schattke {Ein Bcitrag zur Kcnittnis dcr Magcnverclauung dcs Pfcrdes bei Normaler, bei den Militdrpferden ubUclicr Fiittcrung. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Leipsic, 1909, pp. 50; rev. in Zentbl. Physiol., 24 {1910), No. 7, pp. 283, 284; Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Ticrzucht, 5 {1910), pp. 175, 176). — There was an acid reaction in all parts of the stomach 90 minutes after feeding ; previous to that time, the esophogeal portion gave an alkaline or neutral reaction. In i hour after eat- ing, syntonin, albumose, peptone, and other degradation products were found in all parts of the stomach. Water passed quickly to the intestine, and hence did not affect the digestion process in any way. The digestion of carbohy- drates was not localized, although it was most rapid in the esophogeal portion. On the influence of the movements of the body on digestion in swine, H. Stambke {iJbcr den Einfluss dcr Korpcrbewcgung auf die Vardauung des Schweines. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909; rev. in Zentbl. Physiol., 24 {1910), No. 7, p. 284; Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 5 {1910), p. ^74).— Moderate exercise checked the muscular contractions of the walls of the stomach but not those of the intestines. As previously found in horses, moderate exercise hastened the process of digestion in the stomach and intestines. Influence of the genital glands on the formation of glycogen, F. Maignon {Gompt. Rend. Acad. ScL [Paris], 150 {1910), No. 11, pp. 721-724; abs. in Zentbl. Allg. u. Expt. Biol, 1 {1910), No. 4-5, pp. 139, 140).—As the maximum content of glycogen in the muscles of guinea pigs, pigeons, and carp occurs in the spring, and as the muscles of female guinea pigs and carp are richer in glycogen than those of males, experiments were undertaken to ascertain if the genital glands were an influential factor. Desexing guinea pigs lowered the glycogen content of males but not that of desexed females. Ingestion of testicular secretions increased the amount in normal males, but not in females nor in castrated males. Hence, it is con- cluded that testicular activity increased the glycogen content. The literature of the Darwin centenary, 1908-1910, W. May {Zool. Zentbl., 17 {1910), No. 9-10, pp. 258-276).— A bibliography, with short reviews of 75 books or articles relating to the influence of Darwin's work, on the study of the evolution of si)ecies, hybridizing, inheritance, and reloted topics of special interest to students of heredity. The domesticated animals in development and inheritance, Hilzheimer {Natiirw. Wegiveiser, 11 {1910), Ser. A, pp. 127, pi. 1, figs. 56; abs in Jahrb. 176 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD, Wiss. 11. Prnkt. Tiersiicht, 5 {1910), pp. 1S8, 189).— Aix outline of the ancestry of domesticated animals and a history of domestication. The origin of domesticated animals, Kkonacher (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gcsell., 25 (1910), No. 19, pp. 281-285). — A review of the numerous theories which have been suggested as to what first led man when in a state of savagery to capture, train, and enslave wild animals. [Remains of domesticated animals in Netherland mounds], L. Broekema (Cultura, 20 (1908), No. 2kh, pp. 121-^2 Jf, pi. 1; 21 (1909), No. 246, pp. 57-59, pis. 2; Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 2/, (1909), Nos. 3, pp. 35, 36; 32, pp. 507-509; 25 (1910), Nos. 12, pp. 181-183; 13, pp. 196-198; flgs. i2).— Illustrations and descriptions of bones found in the ancient mounds of Groningen and Friesland are given, including those of horses, horned cattle, polled cattle, and a 4-horned sheep skull. The skeleton of the prehistoric horse of Holland apparently was much like that of the Turkestan horse. The horned cattle were those of Bos hrachyceros, but apparently these mound dwellers possessed several varieties of cattle. The ancestry of the gray Steppes cattle in the light of previous investi- gations and recent archseological discoveries in southern Russia, A. Berek- owsKi (Die Ahstammung dcs grauen Steppenrindes iin Lichte der Bisherigen Untersvchungen und der Letzten Archeologischen Funde ni Siidrussland. Kra- kow, 1908; rev. in Jahrh. Wiss. u. Pralct. Tierzucht, 5 (1910), p. 288). — Recent investigations in southern Russia confirm the view that the gray Steppes cattle are direct descendants of Bos primigenius, which was domesticated in that vicinity. The cattle breeding question in Roumania, N Peotopopescu (Die Rinder- suclitfrage in Rumdnicn. Inaug. Diss., 1909, pp. 116; rev. in Zenthl. AUg. u. E.rpt. Biol., 1 (1910), No. 1, pp. 39, 40).— A short account of the agriculture of Roumania, with special reference to animal industry. There are two main types of Roumanian cattle, the plains cattle of primi- genius ancestr.v and the mountain breeds of longifrons type. The plains cattle are divided into 3 principal breeds, the Moldau, Buscan, and Jalomitza. Crosses of the Moldau and Simmental produced offspring which made heavier gains in flesh and a better dairy animal than pure native stock. Similar results were obtained with crosses made between the Moldau and Swiss cattle. It is recom- mended for the improvement of the Roumanian cattle that crosses be made with the Simmental and Swiss breeds. The blue breed of the North, R. Dumont (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 20 (1910), No. 35, pp. 279-282, fig. 1). — A description of the characteristics of a sub- Belgian breed of cattle, which originated from crosses of Dutch, Durham, and native Belgian breeds. The Bavarian red cattle, O. Guth (Arh. Deut. Oesell. Ziichtwigsk., 1910, No. 6, pp. 124, pl' 1, flffs. 17). — The topics treated in this monograph are relation of cattle breeding to other industries, principles of breeding, characteristics of the Bavarian red breed of cattle, and methods of management as practiced in regions where these cattle are bred. It is thought that better results would be obtained by improving this general purpose breed in such regions as the Upper Palatinate rather than by importation of foreign breeds. Many measurements of this breed are given, and there are numerous references to the literature on the subject. Cattle breeding in Bind, G. S. Henderson (Agr. Jour. India, 5 (1910), No. 2, pp. 144-152). — An account of the types of cattle and the present status of cattle breeding, including the methods of management and a list of native and intro- duced forage plants. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 177 A partial list of owners of pure-bred live stock in New York State (N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 11, pp. //9), — This is an alphabetical list of the owners of the important breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine. The number of pure-bred live stock of different kinds is given for each county in the State. Annual reports of the live stock associations of Ontario {Ann. Rpts. Live Stock Assocs. Ontario, 1910, pp. 208). — Included with the usual material which makes up this report there are concise definitions of breed types of the principal breeds of domesticated animals in Canada. [Animal husbandry in the Belgian Congo], E. de Wildeman (In Compagnie du Easai, Mission Permanente d' Etudes Scientifiques : Resultats de ses Be- cherches Botaniqiies et Agronomiques. Brussels, 1910, pp. 157-177). — An ac- count of the general conditions in that colony for the development of animal industry. [Cattle raising in Panama], A. G. Snyder (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 13 (1910), No. 101, pp. 402, 403).— The cattle industry of Panama is confined chiefly to the Province of Chiriqui. The number of cattle is estimated to be about 30,000, and these are descendants of the old Spanish stock. The province is well watered and abounds in good pastures. The price of cattle shipped to Panama, where about 5,000 are consumed annually, varies from $32 to $85 per head, while breeding cattle bring about $15. There are about 12,000 horses and mules in the province, while sheep are practically unknown. " The acclimatization of breeding cattle can be carried on under favorable conditions by choosing a cooler climate in the Cordilleras than exists on the coast, but no one has cared to attempt this, owing to the capital required. Suit- able territory abounds in the province awaiting the proper initiative and capital. A few short-horued Durhams and Holstein-Friesians exist in this province, due to the efforts of a few cattlemen to improve their stock. A little more than a year ago the National Government attempted to awaken an interest in the improvement of native breeds by the introduction and sale at public auction of a few head of fine stock." [Sheep and cattle in Greece], Perkins {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 14 (1910), No. 2, pp. 112-116). — A general account of the animal husbandi'y of Greece. Cattle are not kept to any extent except as draft animals and there are few work horses. Pigs are not numerous, and such as are kept have large heads and lean flanks and are leggy. Sheep and goats are the typical live stock of the country and are kept principally for milk. Details are given concerning the characteristics and management of the sheep. The so-called " stone sheep " of the Austrian Alps, L. FiJHRER (Osterr. Molk. Ztg., 17 (1910), Nos. 17, pp. 230-232; 18, pp. 241-243).— A description of the characteristics and methods of management of a long-staple, medium-sized breed which is common in that region. Recently crosses have been made with English Hampshires in order to improve the meat and wool qualities of the native breed. The live stock industry in California, P. Parker (Pacific Rural Press, 80 (1910), No. 3, pp. 41, 55, fig. 1). — A historical account of the remarkable growth of the sheep industry in California, which in 18.52 had only 38,000 sheep but by 1863 had risen to third place among the States of the Union in wool production. [Notes on wool], H. D. Baker (Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 1910, No. 357, pt. 2, pp. 207-211).— It is stated that there is a loss of $1,215,000 per annum because of the presence of twine and vegetable fibers in wool. A new process of packing the bales of wool, which prevents the twine from entering, is described. According to this article. Prof. J. Park, of the Otago University School of Mines, has been studying the problem of spontaneous combustion in wool fiber. 178 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and finds the cause to be beat generated by compressing tbe air into tbe wool. As a remedy be suggests tbat tbe pressing be done in a vacuum cylinder or cbamber, so tbat all of tbe air in tbe wool will be displaced before pressing. Data are given concerning tbe imports to tbe United States of fine wools from Australia, and tbe different varieties of carpet wools from Asiatic Turkey. A contribution to the history of horses, M. Hilzheimer {Dcut. Landiv. Presse, 36 (1909), Nos. 87, pp. 921, 929, 930; 89, pp. 9^8-950, figs. IJ,; abs. in Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 5 (1910), pp. 284, 285).— A discussion of data concerning tbe prehistoric horse in Europe. Tbe author believes in a polyphy- letic origin of. tbe domesticated horse, and also that tbe oriental horse of tbe pile works was domesticated in Gaul and migrated by way of Spain to northern Africa and Egypt. Polydactylism in solid-hoofed animals, H. Lindemann ( Uber Polydaktylie beini Einhufcr.. Inaiig. Diss., Univ. Leipsic, 1909, pp. 50, pis. 2; rev. in Jahrh. Wiss. u. Prakt. TierzucM, 5 (1910), pp. 190, 191). — A discussion of polydactylism in the prehistoric ancestors of single-toe hoofed mammals and a study of cases reported where extra digits have occurred in recent times, especially in horses. Of the cases which have been sufficiently described it was fovmd tbat 36.9G per cent were atavistic, that is, when the structure and position of the extra digits were such tbat they could be correlated as reduced digits of a polydactyl ancestor all otber cases were considered to be of teratological origin. Of the cases reported 48.65 per cent occurred on the right fore limb and 28.05 per cent on the left fore limb ; 60.21 per cent occurred on 1 leg only, 23.66 per cent on 2 legs, and 16.13 per cent on 4 legs. A bibliograpby is appended. Studies on the diluvial and prehistoric horse of Poland, A. Bererowski (Studien ilher Diluviale und Prahistorische Pferde in Polen. Krakoiv, 1909; rev. in JaJirb. Wiss. u. Prakt. TierzucM, 5 (1910), p. 284). — Bones of horses found in the diluvial deposits and caves of Poland were found to be similar to oriental types, tbe French horse of the Solutre period, and tbe horse of the Swiss lake dwellers, as well as to tbe modern horse of Polish peasants. The restoration of an ancient British race of horses, J. C. Ewart (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edint)., 30 (1909-10), No. 4, pp. 291-311, figs. 27).— A study of equine bones found in the Roman fort at Newstead, England, led to the conclusion that this horse was nearly a pure descendant of the slender-limbed race which in Pliocene times inhabited Italy and France, and in Pleistocene times ranged from north Africa to England. The name originally suggested for this species by the autbor was Eqitus graciUs (E. S. R., 21, p. 672), but as this name was not found to be available, E. agilis has been adopted. There are apparently 2 types of this species, tbe northern or celticus, and the southern or libycus. Crosses were made of ponies representing Exmoor, Connemara, Barra, Shet- land, Faroe, Iceland, Norse, Russian, Battak, Java, and Arab breeds. Of some 40 crosses eventually produced some were found to be of the robust " forest " type (E. robustus), some were a blend of the "forest" and "plateau" types (E. agilis), and in others there was a suggestion of the Steppes type (E. prze- walskM). " The results strongly suggest that the ponies of northwestern Europe are mainly a blend of a coarse-limbed, broad-browed, short-faced race of the ' Elephant Bed ' or Solutre type, and a fine-limbed race characterized by a fine muzzle and short-pillared molars, a race (like asses and zebras) without hind chestnuts and (unlike asses and zebras and the wild horse of Mongolia) without fetlock callosities or ergots. ... It thus appears that by mixing the blood of Connemara, Sbetland, and Arab ponies, animals are soon obtained which in the teeth and limbs are practically identical with the 12.2 hands New- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 179 stead horse — a horse which iu its molars agrees with the small fossil Oreston race, and in its cannon bones with the fine-limbed fossil horse of Kent's Cave. Torquay." Measurements and illustrations are submitted which demonstrate the differ- ence between the species discussed. On the fertility of the hybrids of the domestic horse. — The zebroids and hybrids of the horse and Equus przewalskii, I. Ivanov {Izi\ Imp. Akad. Nauk (Bui. Acad. Imp. Sci. S!t. Petersh.), 6. ser., 1910, No. 10, pp. 77^-77// ) .—Micro- scopical examinations were made of the seminal fluid, collected by the sponge method, of a zebroid horse hybrid raised at the Askania Nova park, and found to be free from spermatozoa, contrary to Ewart's observations. Both sexes were fertile in offspring from crosses between the domestic horse and E. pr::eivalskii and the spermatozoa were similar in form to those of the domestic horse. Zebras and zebroids, E. Trouessart (Nature [Paris], 38 (1910), No. i,9////, pp. 194-198, figs. Jf). — An account of the zebras and zebra hybrids in the Museum of Natural History of Paris. [Color correlation in the hair and hoof], Dupon (Mar4ch. Franc, 1909, No. 653; abs. in Jahrh. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 5 (1910), pp. 328, 329).— From careful observations of many animals the author thinks there is a correlation between coat color and hoofs. The hoofs of black and of red horses are often brittle and dry, while in gray and roan horses the horn of the hoof is usually gray in color and of better quality. Horses with white feet usually have a white horn, which is less liable to injury from atmospheric influences and from shoe nails driven into the horn while shoeing. On the inheritance of color in the American harness horse, A. H. Sturte- VANT, Jr. (Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lai). Woods Hole, 19 (1910), No. 3, pp. 20^- 216). — A discussion of the pigments present in the coat color of horses, and a report on the study of the inheritance of coat color obtained from an examina- tion of the oflScial records of the pedigrees of blooded trotters. The chestnut factor which was present in all cases was hypostatic to black ; black was hypostatic to bay, roan, or gray. The relation of roan and gray to each other was uncertain, but either one of them is epistatic to bay. Points of a Clydesdale draft horse, P. R. Gordon (Queensland Agr. Jour., 23 (1910), No. Ji, pp. 213-215, pis. 2). — A detailed statement by an expert judge of the Clydesdales in Queensland of the score-card used, which differs from most of those used in the United States because pedigree and offspring count for 8 points each. The origin of the Percheron horse, A. Gallier (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 18 (1909), No. 32, pp. 209-211, fig. 1; ahs. in, Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 5 (1910), p. 286). — As the author does not find any record in the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries of a horse resembling the Percheron, he considers it a new breed resulting from a cross between a large Norman and the oriental horse, influenced somewhat by food, climate, and selection. Breeding horses for use, or equine eugenics, F. Ram (London, 1909, pp. 19). — The author contends for a more rational method for selecting breeding stock if horses are to be improved. It is emphasized that horses for the English army should be selected for hardness and capacity for service rather than on the present-day empirical methods of judging by unimportant " points." Report on horse breeding, Granard et al. (Ri)t. Roy. Com. Horse Breeding [01. Brit.], 12 (1908), pp. XIV+l^; 13 (1910), pp. i9).— These reports recom mend measures that should be undertaken by the government for the improve- ment of horse breeding. 180 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Horse breeding in Finland, Fabritixjs (Ztschr. Gestiik., 1909, No. 7-9; abs. in JaJirl). Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 5 {1910), pp. 319, 320). — An account of horse breeding in Finland from early records to the present time. The average measuremep, 91-101).— The average percentage of fat in tlie milk of about 40 cows between tbe years 3902-1909 was as follows: Evening milk in winter 3.877 per cent, in summer 3.987 per cent ; morning milk in winter 3.709 per cent, in summer 3.743 per cent. Averages are given for tbe consecutive montbs of the lactation period. The determination of the number of body cells in milk by a direct method, S. C. Prescott and R. S. Breed {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 7 {1910), No. 5. pp. G22-6JtO, fig. 1). — This contains further details of a new method of counting tbe cells in milk by means of a microscope, which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 80). The passage of drug's into milk and of the food fat into the body fat, G. Wesenberg {Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 20 {1910). No. 30, pp. 3.'t9-351).—A review of the literature on this subject, accompanied bj' a bibliography. Milk from the cattle market, C. J. Koning {Separate from Nederland. Tijdschr. Melkliyg., 1910, No. 1, pp. 8; abs. in Milehw. ZentbL, 6 {1910), No. 10, pp. Ji~3->fll). — Analyses are reported of the first milking from cows sold at public cattle markets. Of milk from cows in the Rotterdam market the greatest variation which occurred in 5 samples was that of fat, which varied from 0.9 to 4 per cent. The range in some of the constants from the milk of 13 cows in the Hilverson market was as follows: Fat 0.05 to 5 per cent, solids-not-fat 7.4 to 10.3 per cent, lactose 3 to 5.3 per cent, protein 2.54 to 5.2G per cent, ash 0.73 to 1.07 per cent, acidity 4.4 to 9.2 per cent. The work of the dairy division of the agricultural-chemical control sta- tion of the Saxony chamber of agriculture at Halle, W. Naumann {Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 20 {1910), Nos. J,0. pp. J,12, i,13; 1,1, p. //8^).— Analyses of milk, skim milk, cream, butter, and buttermilk are reported. Notices of judgment {V. S. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 576, pp. 2; 58G-58S, 590, 607, p. 1 each) .—These notices relate to the adulteration of milk and cream, and the misbi'anding of Neufchatel cheese. Dried milk {Mitt. Milehw. Fcr. Allgdu, 21 {1910), No. 8; abs. in Milehw. ZentbL, 6 {1910), No. 10, p. 1,71). — Analyses of dried milk products are reported as follows: Powdered cream, water 4.76, fat 41.28, protein 21.31, sugar 28.39, ash 4.26 per cent; powdered whole milk, water 6.23, fat 24.28, protein 24.27, sugar 39.18, ash 5.84 per cent; powdered skim milk, water 8.54, fat 1.31, protein 32.71, sugar 50.24, ash 7.2 per cent ; partly skimmed milk powder, water 5.31, fat 6.63, protein 29.14, sugar 52.57, ash 6.35 per cent. Biological and biochemical studies of buttermilk, C. J. Koning {Pharm. Weekbl., f,6 {1909), Nos. 26, pp. 658-669; 27, pp. 711-721; abs. in Ztschr. Vnter- such. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 20 {1910), No. If, p. 222). — The composition of but- termilk was found to be influenced by the composition of the milk, the nature of the ferment, the time of acidifying, the temperature, and other factors. The fat content is so low that it is difficult to tell whether a buttermilk is made from skim milk or is pure buttermilk. For the detection of water added while churning the index of refraction and tbe specific gravity are important. These values are lowered by heating, hence it is desirable to know whether or not the buttermilk has been made from pasteurized milk. Results of butter control in the Baltic and northwest region of Russia, H. Happich {Bait. Wchnschr. Landui., 1910, No. 19; abs. in Milchic. ZentbL, 6 {1910), No. 10, pp. Jf78, 479). — Physical and chemical constants are reported of samples of butter taken in March and April. 1910. On the manufacture of Wilstermarsch cheese, O. Lindemann {Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 20 {1910), No, 32, pp. 375, 376).— Details are given for making this DAIRY FAEMING DAIRYING. 183 cheese, which is common in the markets in the vicinity of Hamburg and Meck- lenburg. Methods of paying for milk at cheese factories, S. M. Babcock, E. H. Far- RiNGTON, and E, B. Hart (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 197, pp. 3-24, fiff- !)• — The work reported in this bulletin was undertaken to secure information on the cheese producing capacity of milk produced in various localities in the State, with special reference to (1) the variation in the casein content of milk of the same herd, (2) variation in the casein content of milk in different herds, (3) fluctu- ations in daily casein tests, (4) the relation of casein to fat in milk from a herd, and (5) the effect of fat on the quality of cheese. In the test from the same herd, 35 out of 94 herds showed a variation in the casein content from one week to another of from 0.3 to 0.5 per cent, 7 herds showed from 0.6 to 0.8 per cent variation, while the remaining 52 herds showed less than 0.3 per cent variation. " Between the different herd milks, variations were moi'e noticeable. At Sheboygan Falls during July and August the tests ranged from 1.8 to 2.8 per cent ; at Gotham and Twin Bluffs during August and September the range was from 2.1 to 3.1 per cent, and at Marshfield, during October, a range of from 2.4 to 3.6 per cent was found. The variations were about equal at the three places ; the higher tests at Twin Bluffs, Gotham, and Marshfield were probably partly due to the later season and consequent decrease in milk flow. One might expect that the lower results were those secured in the first week of testing, while the higher ones represent those obtained in the later periods, in this way giving variations incident only to the advance in the lactation period. This, however, is not the case, as some of the higher and lower tests appear in both the first and last weeks of testing." The daily fluctuations were gradual, amounting to as high as 0.7 per cent, and changed from one day to another, usually not exceeding 0.2 or 0.3 per cent. "Although in a great many cases the x'atio between fat and casein was quite constant, the exceptions and variations were so numerous as to make it plain that no fixed rule of general application could be used for the calculation of the casein content from the fat test. ... Of 495 samples tested, 347, or 70 per cent, tested from 2.3 to 2.6 per cent casein, with fat tests varying from 3.2 to 4.7 per cent. The other 30 per cent tested from 1.8 to 3.6 per cent of casein with 2.8 to 6 per cent fat ; 84 samples tested 2.3 per cent of casein, with a fat content of 3.2 to 4.3 per cent; 104 samples had 2.4 per cent casein with from 3.2 to 4.2 per cent fat; and 86 samples tested 2.6 per cent casein with 3.3 to 4.7 per cent fat. . . . With milk having the same fat test, the fluctuations in the casein tests were equally noticeable, the variations running as high as 1 per cent." Cheeses were made from milks in which the fat content was the only variable factor. When these were judged by buyers for the market the results showed that the cheese was of slightly better quality when the milk contained a rela- tively high amount of fat. Other tests showed that under farm and factory conditions there is no indication that fat will be the controlling factor in the quality of cheese because of the nonuniform condition of the milk received. The methods of paying for milk at cheese factories are discussed, and it is recommended that the payment be based on both fat and casein content. "An allowance of equal values for the pounds of fat and casein delivered by the patron is a simple and equitable method for distributing dividends." It is thought that the cost of operating the casein test is insignificant when com- pared with the advantages to be obtained by its use. Though dirty milk may injure the quality of the cheese, the view is expressed that there is no method of scoring the purity of milks close enough for grading the quality of cheese. 184 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOllD. VETERINAKY MEDICINE. Compendium of applied bacteriology for veterinarians, F. Glage {Kom- pendiiwh der Angeivandtcn Balcteriologie fiir Tierdrzte. Berlin, 1910, pp. VII-{- 272, figs. 60). — This brief work bas been prepared especially for the practicing veterinarian and the meat and food inspector. Tbe pbotomicrograpbic plates in the book are a notable feature. State live-stock sanitary officers (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 164, PP- 4)- — The state and territorial live-stock sanitary officers are listed. On the occurrence of prussic acid in sorghum and maize, F. J. Alway and R. S. Trumbull (,NeT)raska Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 35, 36). — In a quantitative study of the prussic acid in sorghum carried on during 1907 Briinnich's findings (B. S. R., 15, p. 355), as to its presence were confirmed. In 3 samples of sorghum taken from the same field, a dark green lot in which the stalks aver- aged 50 cm. iu length was found to contain 0.01215 per cent of prussic acid ; a yellowish green lot, averaging 35 cm. iu length, contained 0.00499 per cent; and a third, or yellow lot, averaging 22 cm. in length, contained 0.00405 per cent. During the same summer samples of corn plants from both fertile and im- poverished fields were tested at frequent intervals from the time they were 4 in. high until they formed ears but in no case was even a trace of prussic acid found. In February, 1907, all the suckers were collected from the cornstalks on an acre of a field in which several cattle had just died. A part of these suckers were subjected to a thorough test for prussic acid, but with negative results. The remainder were fed to calves and these showed no ill effects. Another contribution in regard to the use of the body temperature for diagnosing anthrax in living animals, K. Closer (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 31, pp. 611, 612). — The author relates his experiences with several cases in which the temperature was utilized as a diagnostic aid for anthrax in cows. Diagnosis of glanders by the precipitin reaction, D. Konew (Charlcoff. Med. Jour., 9 (1910), No. 2, p. 138; Centbl., Bakt. [etc.'i, 1. AM., Orig., 55 (1910), No. 3, pp. 251-253; ahs. in CentM. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Ait., Ref., J,7 (1901), No. 5, pp. 138, 139). — The author laments the few instances in which the pre- cipitin reaction has been utilized for diagnosing glanders, and recommends a method (mallease test) which consists of making the precipitant from a 24-hour agar culture of the glanders bacillus dissolved in 10 cc. of a 3 per cent anti- formin solution (24 hours at 37° C), and subsequently neutralizing with a 5 per cent sulphuric acid solution. A contact test is made with this reagent be- tween the precipitinogen reagent and the serum from the suspected animal. The results obtained were generally good. Tetanus in bovines, P. Wolffeb (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 31, p. 612). — A description of 2 cases of tetanus in cows, one of which had calved 10 days previous to the attack. Is Koch's bacillus the cause of cancer? T. G. McConkey (Med. Rec. [N. Y.], 78 (1910), No. 8, pp. 319-322; ahs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 55 (1910), No. 10, p. 884). — The opinion that the tubercle bacillus is the causative agent of cancer is expressed by the author. Tests in regard to the migration of bacteria through the intestinal wall, with particular reference to the tubercle bacillus, A. Dralle (Versuche iiber die Durchldssigkeit der Darmwand fiir Bakterien. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 28). — In tests with pigeons, pigs, sheep, goats, rabbits, and guinea pigs it was found that when the injections were made per rectum no upward migration took place. In those cases when an infection took place after the VETEEINAKY MEDICINE. 185 injection per rectum, as in erysipelas, tuberculosis, and anthrax, it was enter- ogenous. Two cases of tuberculosis showed an infection in the pharyngeal and bronchial lymphatic glands. A simple reaction for tuberculosis, P. Bermbach (Ztschr. Tuberkulose, 16 (1910), No. 3, p. 209). — This test is based on the fact that lecithin when added to an emulsion of horse leucocytes is hemolytic, and further that the blood serum of noncachectic and nonfebrile cases of tuberculosis contains lipoid-like substances. Tuberculosis, A. T. Peters (Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 42-52). — The author states that 281 farms reported by the Bureau of Animal Industry as sending tuberculous stock to the Omaha market were located in 55 counties, 47 of these being reported for swine tuberculosis, 41 for tuberculosis in cattle, and 33 for both cattle and hogs. It is pointed out that tuberculosis, both among cattle and swine, is confined largely to one center in the State. In dealing with the disease, much has been accomplished through the medium of a reading club composed largely of farmers and stockmen throughout the State. A sample of the questions sent to members of this club, with answers, is appended to the account. Of 3,602 head of cattle from 63 herds that were tested with tuberculin, 3.68 per cent reacted. The practice of breeders in allowing their hogs to follow cattle is considered by the author to be responsible for a large percentage of the disease in hogs. Sixtj'-six of the 281 farms reported are said to have cleaned up their herds, either by using the tuberculin test, or by sending their animals to the abattoirs subject to inspection. A mixed infection of coccidiosis and pseudotuberculosis in cattle, G. Bugge and H. Sach (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 33, pp. 6Ji9, 650).— A description of a case in a milch cow, which later came to slaughter and autopsy. Abortion in cattle, A. T. Peters (Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 37-41).— Mention is made of accidental abortion and a brief accoimt given of the symp- toms, cause, treatment, etc., for contagious abortion. The author's investigations show that medicinal treatment has little or no effect on sterility resulting from contagious abortion. " Out of 209 animals that were apparently sterile, 86 remained sterile in the herd for a year or more, 41 for 18 months or more, while conception occurred in 11 which successfully gave birth to a calf. Post-mortems were held on 74 of these animals and all were found to have diseased ovaries, 42 out of the 74 having one ovary affected while 32 had both ovaries affected." Observations on the blood pressure of sheep, M. Dresbach (Amer. Jour, Physiol., 25 (1910), No. 7, pp. 433-438; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 10 (1910), No. 12-13, p. 596). — The average blood pressure in the carotid artery of the sheep was found to be equivalent to 110 mm. of mercury. History of hog* cholera experiments in Nebraska, A. T. Peters (Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 111-124). — The author reports briefly upon hog cholera in- vestigations conducted at the Nebraska Station since those reported in 1898 (E. S. R., 9, p. 93). He does not consider the swine plague bacillus to be in any way serious in the production of disease in swine; while it can be found in most animals affected with hog cholera, it may be compared to colon bacilli which are almost always found in cases of typhoid and yet do not produce typhoid fever. Hogs which had recovered from hog cholera and were placed in a hog cholera pen and there exposed in various ways were found to be immune against the disease, as were also their litters. It is stated that several of a lot of sows (not immune through natural cholera) which were vaccinated with 20 cc. of 186 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD. horse cholera serum and 2 cc. of virus and then several weeks before farrow- ing fed or injected subcutaneously with hog cholera virus died from the disease. In experiments with a number of litters from sows recovered from hog cholera or previously vaccinated and infected 3 weeks before farrowing it was found that after 5 months the litters were not immune to the disease. The details of experiments conducted to test the length of immunity of hogs naturally infected are reported in tabular form but no conclusions are drawn. Studies on hog cholera and preventive treatment, W. E. King and R. H. Wilson (Kansas iita. Bui. Ill, pp. 139-195, figs. 8, dgms. 32). — This bulletin reports the results obtained from investigations conducted since the report of prelimiuai-y experiments, previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 881), was prepared. The results of field work conducted in 1908 with experimental horse serum- hog cholera vaccine have been summarized in part as follows : " Twenty-four- hour horse serum vaccine, as a rule, is lacking in infectious properties. It pos- sesses some degree of protection, which, however, is not constant enough to prove of practical use. Six-hour horse serum vaccine, under certain conditions relative to character of diet and individual variation in susceptibility, produces virulent hog cholera. It possesses greater protective properties than does 24- hour horse serum vaccine, and under certain conditions in the field it may save from 80 to 100 per cent of the treated animals. For practical field conditions, however, 6-hour horse serum vaccine is not safe." In experiments conducted and reported in detail, it was found that "horse serum virus (J-hour horse serum) does not represent a mere dilution of the given hog cholera virus. A residence of hog cholera virus for a half hour in the circulatory system of the horse appears to activate the virus. Half-hour horse serum virus is capable of producing typical acute hog cholera when injected subcutaneously. in relatively small doses (4 cc), into healthy hogs. The minimal fatal dose of highly virulent hog cholera serum may perhaps be found at some point between ^x' ^"d jis cc." The results of preliminary experiments relative to the attempted hyperim- munization of horse serum virus here reported lead the author to conclude that " horse serum and defibrinated horse blood may be injected into hogs in rela- tively large quantities, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, and perhaps intraven- ously, without danger of loss from hypersusceptibility to the foreign blood. Half-hour horse serum virus, when injected into immune hogs according to the general technique employed in the original Dorset-Niles method, causes the production of protective substances in the blood of the treated animals. The degree of potency of the hyperimmune serum, prepared by the experimental, modified method, may depend upon the amount of horse serum virus used and the method of application." In observations relative to the influence exerted by hog cholera virus injected intravenously upon the histological structure of normal horse blood, it was found that the following changes took place after a period of 1^ hours : "A decrease of approximately one and one-half million erythrocytes ; marked leucocytosis. there being an increase of over 4,000 leucocytes ; a loss of approxi- mately 4 per cent of the hemoglobin ; and a decrease in the specific gravity and slight decrease in the time of coagulation." In a comparative study made of the blood of 43 normal swine and 22 suffering from hog cholera, several changes in the case of hog cholera blood were found. " The number of erythrocytes and the hemoglobin content were decreased, the anemic condition increasing according to the progress of the disease. Fre- quently poikilocytosis was observed in the blood from severe cases of the disease. Leucopenia was shown in the blood of the diseased hogs, there being an average decrease of nearly 5,000 leucocytes per cubic millimeter. This VETEKINAEY MEDICINE. 187 depletion in leucocytes, as shown by the average differential counts, involved the decrease of 4 per cent of lymphocytes, 4 per cent of the polynuclears and 0.1 per cent of the eosinophiles. The blood fi-om diseased hogs contained an average increase of 4.8 per cent large mononuclears, 2.8 per cent mast cells and 0.8 per cent transitional forms. The specific gravity vras slightly lowered and the time of coagulation increased one minute. These results suggest that the changes in the structure of the blood of hogs suffering from hog cholera are analogous to those in cases of typhoid fever in man." About hog cholera, J. Pekar (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 31, pp. 610, 611). — The author gives his experiences in regard to this disease, and shows that it can occur in establishments which are kept in first-rate order and where the disease has never occurred before. Attention is also called to the relation which uterine infection and the offspring have to the disease. Where an endometritis exists, the author recommends lavaging with a 10 to 15 per cent solution of alcohol or a J per cent solution of creolin. Krafft's vaccine. — A reply, Krafft {Berlin. Tierdrztl. WchnscJir., 26 {1910), No. 31, p. 612). — A polemical article in regard to the efficiency of the author's serum, in which the reasons why von Sande did not have success with it (E. S. R., 24, p. 86) are stated. The pathological anatomy of colic in the horse, F. Pilwat {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 36 {1910), Sup., pp. 1,36-560, figs. 3).— This work gives the result of observations with material which have come to autopsy at the patho- logical institute of the Tierarztlichen Hochschule at Berlin during the last 3 years. Poultry diseases, G. B. Morse (Quart. Rpt. W. Va. Bd. Agr., 1910, No. 19, pp. 808-850, figs. 6). — This is an illustrated lecture on poultry diseases, deliv- ered before the West Virginia Poultry Association at Huntington, W. Va. The diseases discussed are roup, thrush, pip, chicken pox, and various disorders of the intestinal tract, such as pasting, protozoan enteritis, flagellate diarrhea, coccidial diarrhea, bacterial enteritis, mycotic enteritis, and intestinal worms. Other diseases considered are gapes, bronchitis, aspergillosis (pneumomycosis in fowls and chicks), spotted disease of the liver (from tuberculosis, coccidiosis, cercomoniasis, aspergillosis, pyemia, sarcomatosis, carcinomatosis, visceral gout, or nodular fatty hepatitis), scaly legs, body mange or scab, and white comb or favus. Particular stress is put on the etiology, hygienic and preventive measures, and treatment of the conditions as they arise. The influence of alcohol on the treatment of spirochetosis with atoxyl in fowls, Uhlenhuth and Manteufel (Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 36 (1910), Sup., pp. 66Ii-669). — Alcohol was found to have no influence on lowering the resistance of fowls to infection with spirochseta, nor had it any effect on the action of atoxyl upon these organisms. On the other hand, it was found that the simultaneous use of alcohol and atoxyl often makes atoxyl therapy itself lethal. Blackhead in turkeys: A study in avian coccidiosis, L. J. Cole, P. B. Had- LEY, and W. F. Kirkpatrick (Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 141, pp. 137-271, pis. 12; abs. in Bui. IJ^l {Ahs. Ed.], pp. v-xiv, pi. 1). — This is a detailed report upon avian coccidiosis, or blackhead, in turkeys based upon investigations conducted at the Rhode Island Station during a series of years in cooperation with this Department. After a brief introduction, the authors give a historical resume of the disease. In discussing its distribution and prevalance, it is shown to occur in Europe, Africa, Australia, and America, where its ravages have extended to Canada and nearly all the States. It attacks not only turkeys but also occurs as a 71257°— No. 2—11 7 188 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. generalized coccidiosis among other domestic birds of all ages, being most destructive among tbe young. The symptoms are voluntary isolation, stupor, loss of appetite, drooping of tbe wings, and emaciation ; recovery is infrequent. A detailed account of tbe etiology of tbe disease is tben entered into. "Cer- tain of tbe 'bodies' [found] are identical with the Amceha melcagridis de- scribed by Smith as the cause of blackhead. In tbe majority of cases they are not amebas, but stages in tbe development of a coccidium. This organism is tbe cause of the majority of cases of so-called blackhead, although other or- ganisms frequently produce somewhat similar pathological conditions." Tbe characteristics of the coccidium are described. " The same coccidium in tbe cyst stage was found repeatedly in chicks, fowls, pigeons, ducks, geese, pheas- ants, guinea fowl, quail, grouse, sparrow, thrush, robin, junco, mice, and rats, and probably in rabbits. In many of the birds mentioned above, and in tbe rabbit, a characteristic coccidiosis was frequently observed. This was espe- cially true of young brooder chicks, in which the coccidium is one factor in the disease commonly called 'white diarrhea.' In this disease and in some other varieties of coccidiosis, it is important to observe that coccidiosis may be highly active without tbe presence of the encysted stage. " The infective cycle is probably, in most cases, initiated as tbe result of tbe ingestion of a certain number of cysts. These, probably acted upon by the digestive fluids of the small intestine (pancreatic secretion), liberate tbe sporo- zoites, which at once enter epithelial cells. The sporozoites develop into schizonts, which liberate the merozoites, and these, in turn, develop into other schizonts. This schizogenous cycle is maintained for a certain time before tbe merozoites, instead of forming more schizonts, develop into the sexual products (macrogametes and microgametes). Tbe sexual elements unite and the product (oocyte) develops into the permanent cyst. During these cycles of develop- ment, many epithelial and connective-tissue cells are broken down, and this disintregation i-esults in the characteristic pathological changes mentioned above. " Experiments in transmission showed that blackhead could be transmitted by feeding from poult to poult, from poult to chick, and from chick to poult. In all these cases permanent cysts were present in the material which was used for feeding. It is not known whether the disease can be transmitted by other stages in the development of tbe coccidium. Experiments in transmission indi- cate further: (1) That blackhead may be transmitted by association and, in all probability, through the egg; (2) that bird lice and earthworms probably play no part in transmission." "Although experimental work on the prevention and treatment of blackhead has advanced but little, a few preventive measures are recommended;" these include the protection of yards in which uninfected flocks are kept, the isola- tion of turkeys from other domestic fowls, the immediate isolation of birds which give evidence of the disease, tbe protection from English sparrows, rats, etc., which may carry the causative agent, a gradual increase of rations when fattening, and prompt incineration or burial of fowls dead from the afliection. A bibliography of literature relating to tbe subject is appended. The gospel of cleanliness for poultrymen, G. B. Morse (Rcl. Poultry Jour., J7 {1910), -So. 8, pp. 756, 757, 775-777, figs. 7).— An address delivered before tbe American Poultry Association at St. Louis, August 18, 1910. The chief points worthy of note are tbe author's maxims, which are as fol- lows; "(1) Clean out tbe birds by means of Epsom salts, administered in an evening mash, estimating one-third of a teaspoonful to each adult bird. (2) Clean up by spreading powdered slaked lime over runs, dropping-boards, and floors of houses. (3) Clean water supply, to be obtained by adding perman- ganate of potash, enough to give it a claret red color. (4) Clean food, secured BUKAL ECONOMICS. 189 by application of heat, if perchance contamination has occurred. (5) Clean eggs by dipping them in 90 per cent alcohol just prior to incubation. (6) Clean incubators and brooders by thorough scrubbing with boiling water and good old-fashioned kitchen soap. (7) Clean breeding — breeding from the youngest stock consistent with the requirements of good breeding." Bathing animals, H. Lucas {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 36 (1910), No. 3, pp. 305-355). — Warm baths increase the sensibility of the skin, while cold baths decrease it. Total anesthesia of the skin sets in at from 13 to 15° C. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the skin appear much slower than in man. Cutis anserina could not be observed with animals. The frequency of the pulse is increased in both a cold and a warm bath of short duration ; whereas cold baths with man lower the pulse frequency. Cold and warm baths increase the muscular action. The respiration is decreased in a cold bath but increased, con- trary to the results with man, in a warm bath. Salt-water baths are also of therapeutic value for animals. Our present day disinfectants and disinfection, R. Luders (Ztsclir. Offenil. Chem., 16 (1910), 2Vos. J/, pp. 62-69; 5, pp. 83-95). — A general consideration of the methods of disinfection and disinfectants. Bacteriological testing' of certain disinfectants and the results as affected by varying conditions, C. T. Kingzett and R. C. Woodcock (Pharm. Jour. [London'], 4. scr., 31 (1910), No. 2Ji.il, PP. 157-159, 169).—'' The authors deal for the most part with commercial disinfectants of the coal tar order, classifying them into ' emulsified disinfectants,' and ' homogeneous disinfectants.' The normal Rideal-Walker coefficients in respect of Bacillus typhosus were first determined, then the normal coefficients v^ith regard to other germs, the in- fluences of higher temperature as affecting the B. typhosus coefficient, and an extension of time, simply or coupled with a higher temperature. The results are tabulated for purposes of ready comparison, and they appear to show that while the Rideal-Walker test may very well serve to determine the relative germicidal values of similarly prepared preparations of a coal tar nature, it is not applicable for ascertaining the real or relative value of other disinfectants of a different chemical nature." The bacteriological standardization of disinfectants, S. Woodhead and C. PoNDEE (Pharm. Jour. [London], 4. ser., 31 (1910), No. 2U1, pp. 155, 156, 169).— " In this paper the authors fall back on a comparative valuation of disinfect- ants, taking phenol as their standard, and using modification of the Rideal- Walker drop method, as giving promise in theory of the most precise results. They deal with the following factors : Organisms to be acted upon ; number of micro-organisms and amount of organic matter to be added ; strength and number of dilutions; time during which the disinfectant is allowed to act; tem- perature." Note on the Woodhead-Ponder method of testing disinfectants, R. T. Hew- lett (Pharm. Jour. [London], 4. ser., 31 (1910), No. 2U1, pp. 159, i69).— "The author questioned the necessity of ' seeding ' the sub-cultures with more than a standard loopful. He thinks that the use of Bacillus coli instead of B. typhostis is probably a desirable change, but further investigation is necessary." RURAL ECONOMICS. The agricultural labor problem, von Kahlden (Mitt. Okonom. Gesell. Sachsen, 1909-10, pp. 37-70). — This article discusses in detail the agricultural labor problem in Germany and points out the measures that have been taken and should still be put in operation with a view to its solution. 190 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The author first presents statistics showing the decrease in the rural popula- tion and the causes which influenced it and the more than corresponding in- crease in the number of industrial workers which has taken place with the increase of population from the beginning of tlie nineteenth century to the pres- ent time. The labor problem is then discussed from three points of view, (1) agricultural labor as such, (2) the more agreeable and better paid labor in other lines of work, and (3) the movement of population to the cities. It is shown that, with the increased use of machinery in agriculture and the many privileges now afforded agricultural laborers which add to their income as measured in terms of money, the labor of workers in nonagricultural pursuits is neither more agreeable nor better paid than that of the farm; that the attractions of city life are the great cause which has depopulated rural dis- tricts; and that the movement to the cities can best be met by setting up counter attractions for improving and socializing conditions in rural districts. Attention is also called to the increasing number of foreign agricultural laborers employed in Germany during harvesting seasons, and to its unfavor- able efi'ects on the economic and social welfare of the country. This is shown by the annual withdrawal of large sums of money paid in wages which are spent in foreign countries and by the great increase in contract breaking against which more stringent laws should be passed and enforced. Among the suggestions made for improving agricultural labor conditions in Germany may be mentioned the organization of a labor bureau for placing workmen in those rural districts where there is the greatest demand for their services, the establishment of agricultural colonies, cooperative use of agricul- tural machinery, employment of improved implements, extension of piecework, increase of privileges to the laborers such as dwelling, land, and insurance, improving the social status of the farm hand, pensions for long service, grant- ing a certain portion of the products, legal restrictions against the rural popu- lation crowding into the cities without means and without assui-ance of employ- ment, and the establishment of a tariff sufficiently high to protect the farming Industry. While recognizing the difficulties connected with these suggestions, the author is convinced that they form the basis for the solution of the agricul- tural labor problem in Germany. The agricultural labor contract according to the rights of farm laborers and domestics, W. Asmis (Landw. Jahrb., 39 (1910), No. 2, pp. 173-257).— This article deals in detail with the agricultural labor problem in Germany from both the economic and legal points of view, the purpose being to determine how to increase the number of laborers and to counteract rural depopulation. The general conclusion is reached that the improvement of the social standing of all classes of rural workers is the best means of keeping them on the land, and that land ownership is the most important means to this end. Better treat- ment of laborers and domestics in the homes of farmers and better facilities for acquiring land are urged for the solution of the agricultural labor problem in Germany. An extensive bibliography is included. The agricultural labor contract according to the rights of farm laborers and domestics, W. Asmis [Devt. Landw. Presse, 37 {1910), Nos. 26, p. 290; 27, pp. 303, 304). — This is a reprint of the author's conclusions to his article noted above. Leeds unemployed and afforestation {Country Life [London], 2S {1910), No. 720, pp. 564, 565). — This is an account of the progress made on the moor lands owned by the city of Leeds, England, in afforestation and in furnishing work to the unemployed. EUBAL ECONOMICS. 191 From October, 1905, to and including nine montlis of the season of 1909-10, 703 acres had been planted with 2,523,000 trees of oak, beech, larch, Scotch fir, birch, sycamore, alder, Corsican pine, elm, ash, and poplar varieties, at a cost of about .$48,000. This, in addition to a regular force of foresters, had furnished work to 600 of the city's unemployed men. The housing, standard of living, and wages of these men are briefly discussed, and it is pointed out that afforesta- tion has improved both the health and the moral character of the laborers. Opportunities for profitable farming in northern Wisconsin, E. J. Del- wiCHE {Wisconsin 8ta. Bui. 196, pp. 3-3^, figs. 26). — This bulletin contains advice and information for prospective settlers. Soils and climatic conditions of northern Wisconsin are stated and the opportunities for the production in that region of clover, small grains, corn, fruit and vegetables, and live stock are discussed. It is stated that this section still contains about 10,000,000 acres of good unimproved farm land. Methods of renting farm lands in "Wisconsin, H. C. Taylor ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 198, pp. 3-30, figs. 2). — This bulletin summarizes the experiences of a large number of farmers as to the different methods of renting farms in Wisconsin, and discusses the essential elements of a good contract or lease between land- lord and tenant, the reasons for preferring cash or share tenancy, some special features of cash leases, and the methods of letting land on shares on grain and stock farms and in tobacco production. In regard to the parties to farm tenancy, attention is called to the desir- ability of tenants being honest, efficient, and in possession of the requisite amount of capital for effective farming and of the landlord being " a fair-minded man, capable of giving good advice, but not overfree with his suggestions nor overinsistent upon his own notions being followed in detail." Grain movement in the Great Lakes region, F. Andrews ( TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Bui. 81, pp. 82). — The purpose of this bulletin is to present in statistical form and to discuss the extent of grain shipments from the States which contribute to the traffic in grain crops of the Great Lakes. Statistics of acreage, yields, and domestic and foreign shipments of grain in the 10 principal States which contribute to this industry are given for the years 1871-1909, and this system of inland waterways is shown to have afforded transportation facilities which have done much toward giving better and cheaper service in the marketing of grain crops. Information is also given on freight rates, service and capacity of boats and cars, routes of grain traffic, methods of marketing, and the handling of grain in transit. Exports of farm and forest products, 1907-1909 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Bui. 83, pp. 100). — Detailed statistics of exports of farm and forest products, including the countries to which consigned, are reported. In 1909 the value of farm products exported was $903,238,122, and of forest products $72,442,4.54, decreases from the preceding year (E. S. R., 22, p. 692). Crop Reporter (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. 8tatis. Crop Reporter, 12 (1910), No. 11, pp. 81-88). — Statistics on the condition and acreage of crops in the United States and foreign countries, and the farm values and range of prices of agri- cultural products, monthly receipts and stocks of eggs and poultry in the chief markets, and causes of crop damages in 1909 in the United States are presented and discussed. International Institute of Agriculture: Further information on the same, D. LuBiN (Rome, 1910, pp. 16). — This pamphlet gives information on the work of the institute and its present status, together with the correspondence of adhering governments with reference to making their crop-reporting systems conform to the plan proposed by the institute. 192 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Consolidated rural schools and organization of a county system, G. W. Knorr iU. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bill. 232, pp. 99, figs. 3i).— Tills bulletin is tbe product of 3 years' investigation of the actual workings of school consolidation plans in various parts of the United States. Attention is given to the various types of consolidated schools and their cost of maintenance, educa- tional efficiency, and influence on rural social life. Plans are offered to illus- trate the feasibility of consolidation under apparently adverse conditions. A list of tables showing the principal features of the investigation greatly in- creases the servlceableness of the bulletin to students of education. As a result of his investigations the author believes that consolidated rural schools will eventually supplant the scattered one and two room rural schools over a large part of the United States. That the rate of progress in school consolidation during the first 20 years after its inception was characterized by slow growth is accounted for by the natural conservatism of school patrons, by the lack of a scientific system of school financing, and by lack of cooperation. These hindrances to progress are disappearing and at the rate that schools have been consolidatetl during the past 5 years " the next few decades should see a well coordinated rural school system nearlng its completion." The author finds that the numerous advantages of the consolidated as com- pared with the district school are secured through free conveyance of pupils, and are impossible of attainment except by that means. He states further that in communities where consolidation has had a fair trial, fully 95 per cent of the school patrons give it their Indorsement and hearty support. The advantages of the consolidated over the district school are apparent in financing, supervising, teaching, and attendance. The consolidated school articu- lates better with other schools, the money it expends yields larger results, better teachers are employed at larger salaries, the pupils make more rapid progress (gaining two-thirds of a year from the fourth to the eighth grade) and are better prepared for high school work, the attendance is larger and more regular, and opportunities are afforded for greatly enriching the course of study through the introduction of agriculture and home economics into the upper elementary grades and the high school. Programnae for technical schools and science and art schools and classes (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland [Oirc.], 1910, pp. 26). — This Is an explana- tory circular, with the regulations for 1910-11, for the administration and dis- tribution of grants to schools other than day secondary schools. Ways in which the higher institutions may serve rural communities, A. D. Weeks (Ed. Rev., 40 (1910), No. 3, pp. 229-23.'i).—ln this address before the North Dakota Educational Association the author maintains that " the two chief agencies of social control are education and legislation, closely interre- lated," and points out that the higher institutions of learning are largely re- sponsible for proper ideals of legislation. He would have these higher insti- tutions collect reliable data regarding the civic and social needs of the country population, then study, analyze, and Interpret them, " create attitudes with re- gard to them, and work up momentum for Improved conditions." In his opin- ion " education in the industries of agriculture, stock raising, fruit culture, home making, and forms of manufacturing lies at the very basis of improved conditions," and much good may be expected from institutions teaching these subjects, not only through work in the class rooms but also through " extra- mural education." Farmers' institutes for young people, J. Hamilton and J. M. Stedman (V. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 99, pp. JfO). — This circular calls atten- MISCELLANEOUS. 193 tion to the lack of adequate means for giving vocational training in agriculture to young people in the rural districts after they leave the public schools and before they enter upon their life occupations. As a partial remedy for this the authors recommend the organization of boys' and girls' clubs for children of public school age, and of farmers' institutes for young people for those who have left the public schools, the young people's institutes to become the con- necting link between the agricultural club movement by the school and the regu- lar farmers' institutes for adults. A discussion of the method of instruction best adapted to giving vocational information, subjects for institute study, directions for contests, systematic course in contest work, prizes, boys' encampments, the form of organization and control of the institute, the season for meeting, the institute library, and farm clubs for boys and girls under institute control is followed by a report, by States and Territories, on young people's Institutes organized under the auspices of the institute authorities or with their cooperation. An appendix includes a constitution for a county farmers' institute for young people, a course in con- test and practice work, a form of constitution for boys' and girls' clubs, an order of topics for boys' and girls' institutes, corn and bread contest requirements, record cards for corn and bread, and score cards for seed-corn ears, seed wheat, seed oats, cotton, and bread judging. MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-third Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1909 (Nebraska 8ta. Rpt. 1909, pp. XXXII+139, figs. i2).— This contains the organization list; a review of the work of the station during the year, including notes on field crops, abstracted on page 145 of this issue, and a discussion of the status of the new substations; a financial statement for the fedei'al funds for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1909, for the state funds for the fiscal year ended November 30, 1909, and for the remaining funds for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1909; and special articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Annual Report of Porto Rico Station, 1909 {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 43, 2)ls. 3). — This contains the organization list, a summary by the Special Agent In Charge of the investigations conducted at this station during the year, and separate reports by the physiologist, horticulturist, entomologist, chemist, coffee expert, plant pathologist, and assistant animal husbandman. The experimental work reported is abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Monthly Bulletin of the Department Library, August and September, 1910 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Lihrarij Mo. Bid., 1 (1910), Nos. 8, pp. 201-230; 9, pp. 233-257). — These numbers contain data for August and September, 1910, re- spectively, as to the accessions to the Library of this Department and the addi- tions to the list of periodicals currently received. NOTES, Georgia College. — J. W. Hart has been appointed professor of extension work in dairying in cooperation with the Dairy Division of this Department, with which he has been connected. The college will operate an educational train during February and March in cooperation with the railroads of the State. A federated agricultural association has been formed with the object of bring- ing together and unifying the efforts of all the agencies interested in the agri- cultural development of the State. The cotton school and other short courses have been largely attended. H. W. Moore has been appointed tutor in animal husbandry. Maine Station. — Dr. Frank M. Surface, associate biologist, has resigned to accept a position as research assistant in the department of animal husbandry at the Kentucky Station. He is to be succeeded by Dr. E. P. Humbert, of this Department. W. W. Bonus (Cornell, 1909) has been appointed associate horticulturist. Minnesota University. — Dr. George Edgar Vincent, dean of the faculties of arts, literature, and science in the University of Chicago, has accepted the presidency of the university and will enter upon his duties April 1. Nebraska University and Station. — George K. K. Link has been appointed ad- junct professor of agricultural botany in the university and assistant botanist in the station, vice G. Herbert Coons, whose resignation has been previously noted, and has entered upon his duties. New Jersey Station. — Dr. W. H. S. Demarest, president of Rutgers College, has been appointed acting director. William D. Hoyt, Ph. D., a graduate of the University of Georgia and graduate student and fellow at Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, has been appointed assistant botanist and bacteriologist. •Ohio Station. — Among recent appointments are the following: Paul Thayer as assistant horticulturist. A, E. Perkins as assistant chemist in dairy investi- gations, and J. A. Stenlus as assistant chemist. Washington College. — Recent additions to the staff of the agricultural de- partment include A. B. Nystrom, formerly of the Kansas College, as instructor in dairying; J. D. Charlton, formerly of the Manitoba Agricultural College, as instructor in farm mechanics ; and Miss Lillian Blanchard as instructor in poultry production. Farming demonstration trains over three railway lines in this State, and a farming demonstration boat on Puget Sound operated during the summer months, reached a total of 34,450 people. Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. — This society held its thirty-first meeting in Washington, November 15, 1910. It was addressed by the Secretary of Agriculture, who spoke on the subject of Training Men for Agricultural Investigation. He showed how the Department is a training ground for such men, who are placed under specialists and given instruction and experience in special branches. He urged that more attention should be given to preparing men for instruction and investigation in agriculture. The 194 NOTES. 195 address of the president, Prof. S. M. Tracy, dealt with The Relation of Color to Yield in Corn, summarizing the results with reference to this point of more than 13,000 records of experiments in 16 different States. These showed an average yield for the white varieties of 47.1 bushels per acre, and for the colored varieties of 45.6 bushels, a difference of 1.5 bushels per acre. A possible explanation of this was suggested. Papers on The Influence of Type and of Age upon the Utilization of Feed by Cattle, and Results of Check Tests with the Respiration Calorimeter, were presented by Dr. H. P. Armsby ; and The Influence of Maturity upon Yield and Digestibility of Timothy Hay was reported upon by President H. J. Waters. Dr. W. J. Real described The Vitality of Seed Ruried in Soil for Thirty Years, Dr. L. H. Pammel gave notes on New Fungus Diseases for Iowa, Prof. F. W. Rane presented a review of the work on The Gipsy and Rrown-tail Moth Suppression in New England, and Prof. P. H. Rolfs discussed the Valuation of Carbohydrates in Commercial Feeding Stuffs. An interesting feature of the meeting was a symposium on The Essentials in the Training of the Investi- gator. This was participated in by Dr. A. C. Ti'ue, Dr. H. P. Armsby, Dr. W. H. Jordan, Director C. E. Thorne, and Prof. W. J. Spillman. The following officers were elected for the year : S. M. Tracy, president ; E. W. Allen, secretary-treasurer ; W. J. Real, custodian ; and W. D. Hurd, assistant custodian. American Society of Agronomy. — This society met November 14 and 15, 1910, in Washington, D. C. In the absence of the president of the society, A. M. Ten Eyck. the first vice president, A. R. Whitson, acted as chairman. The program included the address of the retiring president and 20 papers, four of which were read by title. Many of the papers described and discussed experimental methods and sought to lay as much stress upon the methods employed as upon the results secured. While some of them did not bear upon this question so directly, others went into the matter of reliable and trustworthy means of experimentation quite thor- oughly, pointing out why certain methods do not furnish data for definite results and suggesting means for avoiding errors in drawing conclusions or in the determination of the final figures. Much attention was given to the stand- ardization of experiments and two papers treating of this topic in particular were included in the program. This question was regarded as very important and a committee with C. Y. Piper as chairman was appointed to consider the standardization of both soil and crop experiments and to report at the next meeting of the society. Ry invitation, Rert Rail, secretary of the committee on seed improvement of the council of North American grain exchanges, laid before the society a plan to inaugurate a national movement to obtain a larger yield of better grain and requested the society to give its aid to the project. The essential feature of the plan is the perfection of an organization with the object of locating the supplies of grain suitable for seed on the one hand and for determining the local need of seed and the demand for it on the other. The discussion of this plan pointed out the difiiculties iu the way of the experiment station agrono- mists in undertaking much of this work. It was also mentioned that there is DO uniformity of opinion with reference to the value of large and small, or light and heavy, kernels for seeding purposes, and that the results of experi- ments along this line have not as yet settled this question definitely. The paper by E. G. Montgomery, entitled Method for Testing the Seed Value of Light and Heavy Kernels in Cereals, elicited considerable discussion, which finally led to the decision that the recommendations presented by the author be sent to all members of the society, with a view to inducing other investi- 196 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. gators to undertake carefully planned exiaeriments along this line for the purpose of getting comparable data which may form a reliable basis for definite conclusions as to the seed value of light and heavy kernels. In addition to the consideration of this particular phase of field-crop work, papers were presented on methods of conducting cooperative experiments with farmers, the keeping of crop records, field and laboratory methods in wheat breeding, the analysis of yield in cereals, a method of preventing cross pollination of corn by means of muslin screens, methods of planting plats with the same ears of corn to secure greater uniformity in yield, and on the error in yields of wheat from plants and single rows in multiple series. A paper and the discussion on technical terms in agi-ouomy led to the appointment of a com- mittee on terminology, consisting of C. R. Ball, C. G. Hopkins, and J. F. Duggar. This committee was instructed to consider the terminology of agronomy, in- cluding the present use and the need for clearer definition of terms, together with the suggestion of suitable new terms, and to make a reiwrt at the next meeting. Most of the remaining papers treated of some phase of soil work, such as ammonia formation as a measure of decomposition processes in the soil, soil management, soil granulation, long v. short periods of transpiration in plants as indicators of soil fertility, causes for increased yields of cereals by soil sterilization, and uonavailable moisture, its determination, and its relation to the moisture equivalent. The committee on classification of soils made a report of progress of its work, further report being deferred until the sub- committees, which are considering different viewpoints of soil classification, are ready to present results. The committee on publication reported the publication in a cloth-bound volume of 238 pages of 39 of the 69 papers presented at the previous meetings. It was decided to distribute this publication free only to those holding membership for the years covered by the volume, and to leave the matter of price to new members and others in the hands of the committee on publication with power to act. A committee on constitution was appointed and the following persons were elected officers of the society for the ensuing year : H. J. Wheeler, presi- dent ; C. A. Zavitz, first vice president ; R. W. Thatcher, second vice president ; C. R. Ball, secretary ; Lyman Carrier, treasurer ; and L. J. Briggs and E. G. Montgomery, program committee. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. — The association held its twenty- seventh annual convention in Washington, D. C, on November 10-12, with an attendance of over 200. The president of the association, W. A. Withers, delivered the annual address, entitled The Teaching of Chemistry in American Agricultural Colleges. It dealt primarily with the position occupied in the realm of science by the agricultural chemists of to-day, and was accompanied by a statistical study in regard to chemistry as taught in the agricultural colleges to students taking chemistry with the view to becoming chemists, and to those who intend to specialize in other agricultural lines. Drs. Wiley and Cameron, of this Department, in behalf of the section in agricultural chemistry of the Inter- national Congress of Applied Chemistry, discussed the importance to agricul- tural chemistry of the approaching congress and the need for presenting the results of American research work before it. On invitation of the association. Secretary Wilson, of this Department, deliv- ered an address in which special stress was laid upon the function of, and the benefits thus far derived by the people from, the pure food and drug law, and NOTES. 197 the direct and important relation wliicli the agricultural chemists have toward the enforcement of this act. The report of the associate referee on phosphoric acid, II. D. Haskins, dealt largely with the importance of providing state fertilizer control officials with some satisfactory method for handling the five or six different brands of basic slag now on the market. He considered the fineness and other methods now utilized by the association as unsatisfactory and faulty, and recommended the adoption of the Wagner method now employed in Germany. The referee on the determination of nitrogen, C. H. Jones, again called attention to the impor- tance of determining the availability of nitrogen in fertilizers and crude mate- rials, and the advisability of making this a point for future work. E. L. Baker, referee on potash, reported on cooperative work with the official, the volumetric cobalti-nitrite, and the gravimetric cobalti-nitrite methods. This indicated that the majority of analysts obtained good results with the volumetric method, and that this method, with some slight modifications, will be a good, ac- curate optional one. He recommended a further study of the volumetric and gravimetric cobalti-nitrite methods for another year, and a study of the modi- fied official method with some further modifications. The associate referee on potash availability, J. A. Bizzell, pointed out that with our present knowledge of soils an attempt to devise laboratory methods for available potash would be unjustified, and recommended a further investigation of the loss of water- soluble potash in potash salts when mixed with acid phosphate. J. G. Lipman, referee on soils, reported cooperative work with the Drushel modification of the cobalti-nitrite method in connection with the J. L. Smith fusion method for total potassium in soils, and also on methods for determining soil acidity. The potash methods agreed very well amongst themselves, and the referee indicated that the cobalti-nitrite method should be an acceptable op- tional one. The results of the acidity tests were very variable and contradic- tory, and their continuation was recommended. O. M. Shedd introduced a recommendation that the referee on soils for 1911 be instructed to investigate a more exact method for humus estimation, and that certain changes be made in the text of Bulletin 107 of the Bureau of Chemistry, revised. C. G. Hopkins called attention to the fact that it is desirable to report the total amount of A^arious constituents in soils and fertilizers in connection with the so-called available or acid-soluble constituents in order to be able to supply data upon which to base a just estimate of the material and its usefulness. C. C. McDonnell, referee on insecticides, reported on the cooperative work with methods for lead arsenate, London purple, and potassium cyanid. The results obtained were generally good. The referee on water, J. K. Haywood, reported on the cooperative work of 8 collaborators, on the basis of which he recommended a continuation of work with the same methods for next year. As chairman of the committee on the unification of terms for reporting analytical results in soils, fertilizers, and ash, R. J. Davidson stated that the committee had decided to bring the subject to the attention of the International Congress of Applied Chemistry, with a view to securing international agree- ment. The suggestions of the committee were toward the ultimate adoption of the element system, but it was advised that no State discontinue the use of the terms now in use until such discontinuation is also approved by the asso- ciation. The chairman of the committee on the testing of chemical reagents drew par- ticular attention to the indefinite designations often found on labels as to the quality of reagents. L. M. Tolman, chairman of the committee on the unifica- tion of alcohol tables, pointed out that a fundamental question would have to be decided in regard to whether or not 60° F. is to be used as the standard tempera- 198 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ture for these tables. He suggested that the tables of the United States Bureau of Standards be provisionally adopted. Chairman Tolman also made a few remarks on uniform methods for fat and oil analysis, and pointed out the work done by various scientific organizations in this regard. L. L. Van Slyke, chairman of the committee on amendments to the constitu- tion, made certain recommendations which were adopted. As usual much attention was given to the subjects of food and drug analysis. Following a progress report from W. Frear, chairman of the committee on food standards, the associate referee on colors. W. E. Mathewson, reported on coop- erative work with the identification of colors of known origin and a method for oil-soluble colors. The i-eferee on fruit and fruit products, C. P. Moat, made a brief report on the determination of moisture in food products. R. W. Balcom, associate referee on vinegar, gave a progress report and spoke in regard to the question of clarifying before proceeding with the estimation of reducing sugars and the presence of an aldehyde in cider vinegar which reduced Fehling's solu- tion, and, further, of the relation of the alkalinity of the ash to the amount of ash present. A general discussion of the subject of vinegar followed this report. A paper on the estimation of glycerin, etc., was read by B. B. Ross. The associate referee on flavoring extracts, E. M. Chace, reported on the cooperative work on testing the accuracy of the Kleber, Bennett, fuchsin-sul- phite, and Hiltner methods for citi'al in lemon and orange oils. The Kleber method gave the best results and apparently the Bennett method, the figures of which were in close agreement with it, will with some modifications be a good optional one. Recommendations were made for methods for estimating vanillin, coumarin, and acetanilid, and for estimating and identifying vanillin and cou- marin, caramel, and citral in flavoring extracts. A paper on ginger extract by J. P. Street and C. B. Morrison was read, and one on A Quick Method for Determining the Ether Extract in Dried Powdered Substances, such as Cocoa, Coffee, and Spices, by A. E. Leach and R. S. Hiltner. A. F. Seeker, as associate referee on spices, reported on paprika, with particular I'eference to the identi- fication of added oil and the reliability of the iodin number for detecting this oil, and recommended a further study of the chemical characteristics of the paprika extract. The associate referee on baking powder, E. Clai'k. discussed a few personal observations made on the presence of injurious and poisonous substances in baking powders. T. J. Bryan, as associate referee on fats and oils, reported highly satisfactory cooperative results on the determination of palm oil in the presence of vegetable oils by the Eisenschiml and Copthorne method. The associate referee on cocoa and cocoa products, W. L. Dubois, recommended on the basis of cooperative work that the provisional methods for determining sucrose and lactose in milk chocolate be adopted, and that the methods for fat be studied further. The associate referee on coffee and tea, M. E. Jaffa, indi- cated that the pi'esent provisional method for caffein does not yield all the caffein on the first extraction with chloroform. The mo i\ln++ + 2Fe+++. Or the value of the permanganate in terms of iron multiplied by 0.4918 gives the value in terms of manganese." The detection of small amounts of manganese in foods, Dumitbescou and Mlle E. Nicolau (Ann. Falsif., 3 {1910), No. 23, pp. 370-372) .—The method consists of oxidizing the manganese (if present in the ash) with a 40 per cent solution of ammonium persulphate, adding a drop of 2 per cent cobalti-nitrate to the solution, and boiling, when the characteristic permanga- nate color will be obtained. Judging the quality of wheaten and rye fl.our, O. Rammstedt {Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 16 {1910), No. 12, pp. 231-243).— A critical discussion of the 212 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. results obtained by various authors and tlie methods employed for investigat- ing the quality of flour. The author has also conducted some catalase tests, in which it was noted that ignited sea sand was capable of liberating oxygen from hydrogen peroxid mechanically. See also previous note (E. S. R., 22, p. 411). Detection of cotton-seed oil in olive oil, R. Marcille (Ann. Falsif., 3 {1910), No. 20, pp. 235-238; ahs. in Chem. Zty., 3/, {1910), No. 85, Repert., p. 346; Analyst, 35 {1910), No. 413, pp. 356, 357).— lu Halphen's test the author finds the reaction more sensitive if the oil and reagent are heated in a sealed glass tube at a temperature of 120° C. When 1 per cent of cotton-seed'oil is present a distinct coloration is obtained in 12 minutes. With small amounts of oil it is necessary to heat for 6 hours but care must be taken not to exceed a temperature of 120°, as at from 130 to 150° pure fats and oils, especially olive oils, yield a coloration with the reagent. By preparing standards of olive oil containing known amounts of cotton-seed oil an approximation can be obtained, by comparison, as to how much cotton-seed oil is present in the olive oil in question. The detection of urotropin in musts and wines, Voisenet {Ann. Chim. Analyt., 15 {1910), No. 7, pp. 266-268).— The method consists of the following: Take 25 cc. of the wine, acidify with 2 drops of sulphuric acid, distill slowly in a distillation flask, and collect the distillate in a test tube which is graduated up to 50 cc. Reject the first 5 cc, but add to the following 5 cc. 1 cc. of the albumin reagent and 18 cc. of the nitrous-hydrochloric acid reagent, and then agitate and heat in the water bath. In the presence of urotropin a violet coloration will be produced. The chemistry of vanilla beans, S. Iserman (Tea and Coffee Trade Jour,, 19 {1910), No. 1, pp. 21-26, figs. 7). — From a number of careful experiments made to discover the chemical character of the different constituents of the vanilla bean the author reaches the conclusion that the natural flavor of vanilla bean will not be reproduced by artificial means for many years to come. Additional notes for methods in fat analysis, B. B. Holland (Massachu- setts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, p. 139). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 22, p. 212), the author draws attention to the importance of using a definite amount of indicator (1 cc.) and a definite temperature (40 to 45° C.) for con- ducting titrations for the saponification and acid numbers of the fat and the neutralization number of the insoluble acids. Sulphuric acid was found pref- erable to hydrochloric acid for the decomposition of the soaps in the estima- tion of insoluble acids. The variable results obtained in determining the iodin number, are probably due to the volatilization of the iodin, and may be made more uniform by moistening the cork with a solution of potassium iodid. Stability of butter fat samples, E. B. Holland {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 132-138). — The author sought to determine whether butter samples as ordinarily handled underwent any changes, and whether these appreciably affected the analytical results. The results show that light in the presence of moisture produces a loss in color, but no marked acceleration in the loss of color was present in the ab- sence of air. Air, on the other hand, always induced a uniform destruction of color. The chemical i-esults show that added moisture in the absence of air had no appreciable action in excess of the check, nor did light alone in the presence of moisture show any change for a period of 18 months, while the check sample was somewhat decomposed. Moist air increased hydrolysis and water and light hastened the process. When air was absent, added moisture seemed to have no influence on the unsaturated compounds, whereas both light with and without moisture checked the oxidation process somewhat. The AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY — AGKOTECHNY. 213 author points out tbat light is a factor iu both oxidation and hydrolysis, but finds the explanation for the latter difficult. He concludes that " filtered butter- fat samples can be satisfactorily preserved iu well-stoppered bottles." Except for the fact that heating gave a very slight increase in the acid number no other changes were noticeable. It is therefore concluded that butter fat heated to temperatures up to 50° C. undergoes practically no change. The use of the Zeiss immersion refractometer in the detection of watered milk, P. H. Smith and J. C. Reed {Massachusetts 8ta. Rpt. 1909, lit. 1, pp. lJf8-153). — The method recommended by Leach and Lythoe (E, S. R., 16, p. 742) was further studied, and on the basis of results obtained with milk from 3 herds and some samples which were systematically skimmed and watered, the authors conclude that " the serum of a milk of known purity is not likely to have a refractive index below 40. It seems probable that the refractive index depends, to an extent, upon the stage of lactation of the cow, being highest in the advanced stages, when the animal is giving but little milk. More data are needed, however, to confirm this statement. Rich milk, con- taining 4 per cent or more of fat, has a tendency to give a higher index of re- fraction than thin milk (less than 4 per cent fat). This rule, however, does not always hold true. " Many milks, especially those produced by Jerseys and Guernseys and their grades, can be adulterated with 10 per cent of water, or 5 per cent of water and 5 per cent of skim milk, and escape detection by means of the index or refraction. In case of very rich milk, i. e., pure milk containing 6 per cent of fat, it may be possible to add 20 per cent of water, or 10 per cent of water and 10 per cent of skim milk, without positively detecting its presence by the aid of the refractometer. " It is believed that the Zeiss refractometer will prove very helpful in the detection of added water in milk. The evidence furnished, however, must be considered in connection with that secured by direct chemical analysis. It is believed that the percentage of ash in milk is likely to prove fully as helpful in many cases as the index of refraction in detecting the presence of added water. Mixed milk falling substantially below 0.70 per cent of ash must be regarded with suspicion, and that testing below 0.65 per cent of ash as watered." Catalase estimation in milk, N. Gerber and A. Ottikeb (MUchiv. Zenthl., 6 {1910), No. 7, pp. 316-327, figs. 3).— A discussion as to the use of the Lobeck apparatus (E. S. R., 23, p. 13) for determining the catalase in milk and utiliz- ing the results for differentiating normal from pathologic and colostrum milks and pasteurized from unpasteurized milk. The results of the tests are ap- pended. Estimation of butter and coconut fat in margarin, S. H. Blichfeldt {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 {1910), No. 13, pp. 792-79Jt, figs. 2).— The author devised a method and an apparatus, which is illustrated, to overcome some of the diffi- culties encountered with the Polenske method (E. S. R., 15, p. 850). Examination of the constituents of coco butter; composition of coconut oil, A. Haller and A. Lassieur {Ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 57, p. 509). — In order to render the copra edible it is heated with superheated steam, which decolorizes it and drives oft" noxious odors. Coco butter owes its dis- agreeable odor to an oil the chief constituent of which is methylheptylketon and methylnonylketon, but which also contains small quantities of an uniso- lated aldehyde, which is optically active. Determining lactic acid quantitatively by estimating' the amount of aldehyde split off, O. von FtJRTH and D. Charnass (Biochem. Ztschr., 26 (1900), No. 3-4, pp. 199-220, figs. 2).— From the results of the works the authors 214 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. conclude tliat Ripper's method (E. S. R., 13, p. 524) is to be given tlie prefer- ence over the usual titrimetric iodoform method. The oxidative splittiug off of aldehyde from the lactic acid, it is shown, goes on in a uniform manner, and while it does not do this in an absolutely quantitative way the basis of the reaction can still be considered a good one for a quantitative method. Other modifications introduced by the authors included substituting an ordi- nary distillation apparatus for a complicated apparatus, drawing air through the apparatus during the process, and reducing the concentration of the sul- phuric acid used in conjunction with the permanganate. The estimation of salicylic acid by the distillation of its dilute aqueous solutions, N. C. Cassal {Chem. News, 101 {1910), No. 2639, pp. 289, 290).— The author draws attention to the fact that the usual method of extracting salicylic acid with chloroform or ether from wine, sirups, etc., has many dis- advantages, and further that such substances as tartaric and citric acids, alco- hol, glycerin, and sugar have an inhibitory effect on the volatilization of the acid. If purely aqueous solutions are dealt with, and no substances which interfere are present, the salicylic acid which distills over is in proportion to that present in the sample. The application of this principle for wines is given, with the results of some analyses obtained with the method. Estimation of the ash in cane sugar, fillers and sirups by the electrical conductivity method, A. Trenkleb (Osterr. Ungar. ZtscJir. Zuckerindus. u. Landiv., 39 {1910), No. 3, pp. 1,31-^1, figs. 2).— The author, after discussing the Main method (E. S. R., 22, p. 10) and the Lange method (E. S. R., 23, p. 307), reports determinations of the soluble and insoluble ash by the ordinary method and by the electrical conductivity method. The latter method gave good Jesuits for the soluble ash. A cheap form of apparatus for determining the electrical conductivity which the author has found satisfactory is described. Temperature correction in estimating' dry substance in sugarhouse prod- ucts with the immersion refractometer, V. Stanek {Ztsclir. Zuckerindus. Bohmen, 3-'f {1910), No. 9, pp. 501-508). — Correction tables giving the number of scale divisioys to be added or subtracted to the refractometric reading found on examining sugarhouse products are presented. Decomposition products of glucose in cane sugar molasses, H. C. Prinsen (iEERLiGS {Internut. Sugar Jour., 12 {1910), Nos. 138, pp. 293-305; 139, pp. 332-338). — ^The results show that under normal factory conditions some of the invert sugar is broken up into compounds which in part volatilize and in part remain behind and appear in the analytical results as part of the unexplained balance in the juices, sirup, and molasses. The retained bodies are only slightly optically active, are capable of undergoing still further decomposition, and have an indefinite and unstable reducing power, which is less than that of the original invert sugar. As the retained compounds are not volatile but are combustible they are, on analysis, neither found in the aslunor in the water determination, nor are they detected with the real gummy matter, and are only partly precipitated by basic lead acetate. Taking into consideration all the facts, it appears that these bodies still behave like the sugars. Standards for mixed molasses feeds, Neubauek {Dent. Zuckerindus., 35 {1910), No. 28, pp. 557-559; abs. hi Chem. Ztg., 3.) {1910), No. 92, Repert., p. 380). — A discussion of the present standards, in which it is suggested as proper to define accurately what constitutes normal molasses and molasses con- stituents, and further, in what proportion the various constituents are added to the feed. It is not necessary to set down the highest allowable water con- tent. Guarantied amounts of sugar, fat, and protein are not absolutely neces- sary, but desirable. METEOROLOGY WATER. 215 Standards for mixed molasses feeds (Deut. Zuckerindtis., 35 (1910), No. 29, pp. 577-580; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 3Jf (1910), No. 92, Repert., p. 380).— Com- ments on the above article are given. A moisture tester for grain and other substances and how to use it, J. W. T. DuvEL (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant. Indus. Circ. 72, pp. 15, figs. 13). — This ruethod and apparatus, previously reported (E. S. R., 18, p. 3122), has been slightly modified, and specific directions have been prepared for estimating the moisture in the more important cereal grains. An asculin and fat-splitting' enzym in .ffisculus hippocastanum (common horse-chestnut), W. Sigmund (Monatsh. Chem., 31 (1910), No. 7, pp. 657- 670). — In the bark and seed coats of the horse-chestnut the author detected an enzym which splits asculin into asciiletin and glucose, and for which he pro- poses the name " asculase." In the cotyledons of the seeds a fat-splitting enzym was also noted. The drying of cider apples, G. Warcolliee (Bui, Assoc. Franc. PomoL, 27 (1909), No. 2, pp. 81-13It). — An inquiry into the different methods of drying cider apples on a small and large scnle and in different localities. The cost of production, prices received for the product, analyses of the dried cider apples and the cider produced from them, and a comparison of cider made from the fresh and dried apples ai'e discussed. Regulations regarding the use of the pear for cider making are also given. [Manufacture of apple and pear brandy], G. Warcolliee (Bid. Assoc. Franc Pomol., 27 (1909), No. 2, pp. 135-156). — A study with particular refer- ence to the aldehyde content of apple and pear brandy and the methods for its removal. Methods of extracting olive oil, F. Beacci (Bui. Dir. Agr. Com. et Colon. [Tunis], 12 (1908), No. ^8, pp. 387-390; o6s. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 10, pp. 878, 879; Chem. Ads., J, (1910), No. 1), jh 1912).— In one of these methods the olives are ground into a pulp and heated to from 30 to 40° C. with an equal volume. of soda solution. An electric current is then passed through the mix- ture while the air injector keeps the mass in constant motion. After separation the oil is heated with a 1.5 per cent alum solution. This method gives a high yield of virgin oil, but it is off flavor and turns rancid very easily. The use of alum and soda, according to the author, is superfluous, and better results may be obtained by the use of water. Saponification also causes a certain amount of loss in the yield. Manufacture of milk sugar, F. A. ]SfiLSSON and S. A. Hellquist (Swedish Patent 28,264, Feh. 19, 1908; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 34 (1910), No. 65, Repert., p. 254). — Skim milk is deprived of its chief protein content by coagulation and concentrated to a specific gravity of 1.11. Filtration and further precipitation are then resorted to, these removing the remaining proteids and other bodies, and the resulting fluid is concentrated for the crystallization process. The crystals are freed from the fluid by centrifuging. [Potassium cyanid from molasses waste], J. I. Beittain (Wecklp Cons. and Trade Rpts. [U. &.], 1 (1910), No. 15, pp. 700. 701).— A general descrip- tion of the manufacture of potassium cyanid from molasses waste in Germany and Austro-Hungary. METEOEOLOGY— WATER. Dry farming in relation to rainfall and evaporation, L. J. Briggs and J. O. Belz (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 188, pp. 71, pi. 1, figs. 23).— This bulletin was prepared to aid prospective settlers in regions of limited rain- fall, and contains a discussion of the relation of the quantity and distribution 216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of tlie rainfall and of evaporation to crop production under dry-farming methods in various sections of the Western United States, including the Great Plains, Intermountain and Pacific coast regions, and southern Texas. In the discussion account is taken of seasonal distribution of the rain, the rate at which the rain falls, the amount lost through run-off from the surface, and the proportion lost by evaporation. Tables are given which show the normal rainfall at every station in these regions where precipitation records are available. It is shown that while the method of alternate cropping and summer fallow- ing is the most highly developed dry-farming method, it is not the best method for all dry-farming regions. " In dry-farming sections where the rainfall is not so limited as in Utah, and especially in regions having a summer rainfall, other methods give as good or better returns." [Meteorological observations], G. Feilden (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, 1909-10, pp. 15-20). — Tables are given which show the monthly and annual rainfall at the Botanic Gardens of Trinidad from 1862 to 1909; the monthly rainfall at 74 stations in the islands of Trinidad and Tobago during 1909; the mean annual pressure, temperature, humidity, and rainfall at the Botanic Gardens from 1888 to 1909 ; observations at St. Clair Experiment Station on pressure, temperature, humidity, and rainfall, summarized for each month of 1909 ; and the daily and monthly sunshine record at the Botanic Gardens during 1909. The water supply of the earth, W. Halbfass (Wasser, 6 {1910), pp. 88-91; abs. in Wasser u. Abwasser, 3 (1910), No. Jf, p. .^17). — It is maintained in this article that the water supply of the continents is decreasing as a result of the regulation of floods, the reduction of standing water surfaces, the drainage of swamps and moors, and the extension of soil culture. The importance of subterranean water to agriculture and forestry, Keil- HACK (Arch. Deut. Landw. Rats, S.'t (1910), pp. 571-591; Ztschr. Pralct. Oeol, 18 (1910), No. 4, pp. 125-130). — This paper points out the necessity for careful study of the underground water with a view to more strict control of the water supply in the interest of agriculture and forestry. Influence of the forest on the underground waters, G. F. MoEOZOV (Dnevn. XII. ^"iezda Ross. Est.-Isp. i Vrach., No. 8, p. 336; abs. in Zhiir. Optiitn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 (1910), No. 1, pp. 85, 86). — Observations on two wells dug on the same watershed in the Shipov forest in 1901 are reported. In 1903 the forest around one of the wells was cut dowji, and for two years the level of the water did not change. In the spring of 1906, however, a rise of water was observed which continued until the water was 60 cm. in 1908 and 70 cm. in 1909, above its level in 1901. During the 9 years of observation the level of the water in the other well remained unchanged. Notes on some recent contributions to the study of desert water supplies, G. W. Geabham (Cairo Set. Jour., Jf (1910), No. Jf6, pp. 166-17 J,). —This article discusses the sources, nature, extent, and variation of the underground water supply, based mainly upon observations in the Kharga Oasis by H. J. L. Bead- nell. On the creation of an artificial water table in Egypt, H. T. Febeae (Cairo Sci. Jour., .!f (1910), No. ^6, pp. 153-156, dgms. 2). — Observations made in 150 experimental wells in lower Egypt are cited in support of the view that there are two water tables in the Nile alluvium, " (1) a natural water table which is independent of the works of man, except locally where extra permeability allows a constant supply of irrigation water to be added, (2) an artificial water table which was created by the act of the introduction of perennial irrigation by Mohammed Aly Pasha, It is thought that this artificial water table has METEOROLOGY WATER. 217 gradually become highei% owing mainly to excessive watering of crops, until at the present day it has a deleterious effect upon the fertility of the soil." An artificial water table, A. Lucas (Cairo Sci. Jour., 4 (1910), No. Jp, pp. 198, 199). — This is a brief discussion of an article by Ferrar on this subject noted above. The author does not find "any evidence of a secondary perma- nently saturated zone above the level of the infiltration water and separated from and independent of it." Instead of the water table's reaching a maximum position about November 1 the author fixes the date at any time between Sep- tember 28 and January 11. The ground- water level, Haedicke (Ztschr. Prakt. Geol., 18 (1910), No. 5-6. pp. 209-216, figs. 16; ahs. in Wasser u. Alncasser, 3 (1910), No. //, pp. 150-155, flgs. 5). — The author distinguishes between ground water and storage water, the ground water rising and falling independently of rainfall but being maintained in part by precipitation and in part by condensation of the moisture of the air in the soil. Various experiments and observations illustrating the character and behavior of the different forms of soil water are described. The iron content of drainage water, J. Haas (Jour. Landw., 58 (1910), No. 2, pp. lift, llt2).—AJi examination of the drainage water from large casks used in experiments comparing fallow with different systems of cropping showed that there was practically no iron in the drainage from fallow soils but vary- ing amounts in those in which alfalfa had been grown, the largest amount being observed during the period of decomposition of the roots of the alfalfa in the soil. The author concludes that the products of decomposition of the alfalfa roots exerted a solvent action on the iron compounds of the soil. On the suspended matter in water of the Java rice fields, E. C. J. Mohb (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 1910, Sup. 3, pt. 1, pp. 221-225).— In a study of the composition and molecular relation of the suspended matter the author found tliat the principal ingredients were those of clay ( AI2O3, SiOs, H2O ) . There appeared to be a different molecular relation from that of kaolin. Iron occurred in ferric form, probably as 1 F2O3 to 6- or 7 AI2O3. Lime and magnesia were present in small quantities. The titanic acid present was probably formed from the iron titanate through the action of carbon dioxid and water in the presence of organic substances. No definite molecular relation could be established be- tween SiOa and AI0O3 from a study of the hydrochloric acid (20 per cent), sodium carbonate (5 to 10 per cent), and sodium hydroxid (5 per cent) ex- tracts. The author submits the hypothesis that the colloidal silicic acid and alumina are precipitated at the same time as hydrates and in such a way that the silicic acid is not taken up again by sodium carbonate solution. The water of the Columbia and Willamette rivers, C. B. Bradley (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cliem., 2 (1910), No. 6, pp. 293, 29^ ) .—Analyses of samples of Willamette River water collected at Corvallis in July, 1909, and of Columbia River water collected at Mayger in August, 1909, are reported. The results show that -the Columbia water is " relatively rich in carbonate of lime obtained no doubt from its upper course where lime formations are found. The soil of the Willamette Valley, on the other hand, contains only traces of carbonates, which is reflected in the low content of carbonates in the Willamette water. The tributaries of the Willamette are generally high in silica." Water supply of eastern Virginia, A. Jeffers (Manfrs\ Bee, 58 (1910), No. 15, p. .56).— The origin and character of the artesian water supply of this region are described. It is stated that "the question of an ample supply of pure, healthful water for Tidewater, Virginia, is already solved, and a good article is within reach of every enterprise and every home." The purification of muddy waters, A. C. H. Rothera (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 8 (1910), No. 7, pp. ■'i31-fi-'i2, figs. 2).— It is stated that much of the 218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. available water in Victoria contains a considerable amount of mud in suspen- sion wliicb does not sink under the force of gravity. Filters have not proved a satisfactory means of removing this mud, but tests are reported which show that iron chlorid is a very effective precipitant. An analytical and epidemiological study of farm water supplies, K. F. Kellebman and H. A. Whittaker {Amer. Jour. Pul). Hyg., 20 (1910), No. 3, pp. 65-'i-657). — A summary of investigations more fully reported elsewhere (E. S. R., 22, p. 16). Hypochlorite treatment of public water supplies: Its adaptability and limitations, G. A. Johnson {Engin. Rec, 62 (1910), No. 12, pp. 321-323).— This article explains the present status of this method of treatment and its advantages and disadvantages. Recent experiments on the sterilization of large quantities of water by means of ultraviolet rays, Y. Henri, A. Helbronner, and M. de Reckling- hausen (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sd-. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 16, pp. 677-680, figs. 2; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], .',8 (1910), II. No. 18, p. 571).— An apparatus is described which utilizes three-fourths of the rays of the lamp and is capable of sterilizing 25 cubic meters of water per hour at an expense of 26 watt hours per cubic meter. Water containing from 30 to 300 germs per cubic centimeter and from 50 to 1,000 coli per liter before treatment contained only one germ per cubic centimeter and no coli after treatment. Some profitable methods of utilizing municipal waste, L. St. G. Wilkin- son (Surveyor, 38 (1910), No. 972, pp. 327, 328). — This paper gives a short rt'sume of some ways of utilizing what are usually termed the waste products of some of the nonproductive departments of a corporation. Several processes of utilizing night soil and the waste products of sewage works are discussed. The successful use of sewage for growing sugar beets is referred to as well as the difficulty of making any profitable use of sludge. Sewage disposal, W. Ramsay (Jour. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health, 18 (1910), No. 10. pp. 577-588). — This paper discusses the development, present status, and difficulties of sewage disposal in Great Britain, and is based to a large extent upon the report of the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal. Reference is made to the fact that in the early days of sewage treatment it was hoped that precipitation by means of chemicals would yield a sludge of high fertilizing value. The work of the commission and of other investigators has indicated, however, that sludge so obtained is of very little fertilizing value. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. [Papers on soils and soil investigations] (77. Conf. Agrogeol. Internat. Stockholm. 1910, Resume [1], pp. 7-10; 11, 12, fig. 1; 13-16; 17-20; 23, 2Jf; 31-33; 36-38; J,0; 41, -'f2; 51-55; 56-58; Resume 2, pp. 1-3; .'/).— An account of this congress held at Stockholm in 1910 is given on page 298 of this issue. Among the papers presented were the following, dealing with soils and soil investigations : The mechanieal analysis of soils, A. Atterberg (Resume [1], pp. 7-10). — This article explains the principles of the leading methods of mechanical analysis of soils, notes lack of agreement as to classification of soil particles, and proposes a classification of the fine soil in 5 groups as follows: Coarse sand between 2 and 0.3 mm., fine sand between 0.3 and 0.03 mm., microscopic silt (Schluff) between 0.03 and 0.003 mm., fine silt, and colloids, the last two being smaller than 0.003 mm. Various precautions to be observed in order to secure accurate separation by sedimentation methods are described, but it is ix)inted out that all such SOILS FERTILIZERS. 219 methods are more or less defective. The author recommends the use of hydro- chloric acid instead of nitric acid to break up soil aggregates and sodium hydroxid instead of ammonia for extraction of humus. It is pointed out that the root hairs of leguminous plants are too large to penetrate a soil consisting of particles finer than 0.03 mm., which is the dividing line between fine sand and silt. The root hairs of grasses can not penetrate a soil composed of par- ticles finer than 0.002 mm. Most bacteria are not active in soils composed of particles under 0.003 mm. in size. Meohanical soil analysis, P. Vinassa de Regny (Resume [1], pp. 11, 12). — In this abstract is described a modified Appiani sedimentation cylinder which is provided with a movable siphon permitting control of the depth of water used in the sedimentation. The advantage claimed for this apparatus is that it saves time, requires a smaller quantity of water, and secures greater uniformity in size of soil particles. The importance of colloids in soils, B. Ramann (Resume [1], pp. 13-rl6). — In this abstract it is stated that colloids may consist of crystalloids as well as of amorphous bodies. The amorphous bodies, however, were moi*e easily changed into the colloidal state. Very finely powdered crystals went into sus- pension with all the characteristic properties of colloids. Reduction of sur- face, as by drying, freezing, etc., greatly decreased absoi'ption. Fixed com- pounds of a soil rich in colloids went into solution when the soil was dried. Air-dry soils allowed from two to three times as large a quantity of salts to go into solution with water as moist soils. Protective colloids, or bodies with colloidal properties, enable many sub- stances to go into the colloidal state. Certain humus substances act as pro- tective colloids, iron and aluminum hydroxids and silicates becoming active under their influence in the presence of water. Under certain soil conditions and the influence of certain salts the protective colloids lose their characteristic properties and approach the crystalloids in character. Such retarding bodies are called protective crystalloids. The strongest of these are the metallic salts, especially the calcium compounds, the latter being the typical protective crystal- loids of the soil. Absorptive unsaturated bodies lilce clay and humus are very plastic, more or less slimy, swell with water, and form impervious soils. Absorptive saturated soils are porous, and do not swell with water. Absorptive saturated soils were easily made unsaturated and changed into the colloidal state by causing the absorbed bases to go into solution by treatment with acid. The action of the colloids was stronger with soils poorer in soluble salts. The surface soil, unlike the subsoil, is exposed to many factors which were found to reduce the colloidal properties of the soil substances. Periodical drying and freezing showed a tendency to change the " sols " into " gels." Cultivation and fertilizers affected the colloids of the surface soil much less favorably than those of the subsoil. The constituents of the surface soil were more easily saturated and changed into the " gel " condition than those of the subsoil. The action of the colloids is apparently important in the nutrition of plants. The author is of the opinion that the colloids of the roots establish an equilibrium with those of the soil, and thus enable the nutrients of the surface soil to be taken up more readily than those of the deeper layers. The colloid substances in soils and their determination, D. J. Hissink (Resume [1], pp. 17-20). — This article discusses the Van Bemmelen acid method of determining colloids (E. S. R., 16, p. 957) and compares results by this method with those obtained with the Atterberg, the sedimentation, and the color methods (E. S. R., 22, p. 610). 220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. The physiological role of nutrient salts in the soil, D. Dicenty (Resume [1], pp. 23, 24). — The author discusses in this article the bearing on plant growth of the concentration of the soil solution, with reference particularly to phos- phoric acid. It is held that, other conditions being the same, the growth is better the larger the amount of the nutrient salts in the soil solution, and this in turn depends upon the amount of fine particles from which the nutrient salts may be derived. The determination of the assimilable plant food in the soil, A. Rindell (Re- sume [1], pp. 31-33). — This article deals mainly with the kind of solvent to be used in determining the assimilable plant food in soils. The author favors a water solution of carbon dioxid, which gives results comparable with those obtained in vegetation experiments. The concentration of this solution is not specifically stated. New principles of soil investigation, A. Atterberg (Resume [1], pp. 36-38). — In this article the author expresses the opinion that the most important physical properties of soils are firmness, watei--holding capacity, plasticity, and move- ment of water, and that the two most important physiological properties are the degree of fineness of soil particles at which the root hairs of legumes can not penetrate the soil, and the degree at which bacterial life is impossible. The purpose and. fundamental principles of soil classification, E. W. Hilgard and R. H. Loughridge (Resume [1], pp. 40). — The paper of which this is an abstract discusses " first the objects to be attained by soil classification, whether practical or theoretical. It then presents the various points of view from which soils are and may be considered, and the inadequacy of any single one ; finally, the possible agreement upon a common basis of classification and description." The nomenclature and the classiftcntion of soil types, B. de Inkey (Resume [1], pp. 41. 42). — This is an abstract of a paper which deals with soil classifica- tion on the basis of (1) soil components, (2) petrography of the subsoil, (3) geographical and geological genesis of the soil, (4) physicochemical genesis, and (5) relation to climate and vegetation. Plant food, especially phosphoric acid and nitrogen, in acid soils and their detennination, M. Weibull (Resume [1], pp. 51-55). — This is an abstract of a paper in which investigations are reported which show that acid soils responded better to nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers than neutral or alkaline soils. Acid soils yielded much less phosphoric acid to fifth-normal nitric acid by the Stoddart method (E. S. R., 20, p. 1114) than alkaline soils, although containing practically the same total phosphoric acid. The reaction of the soil depends upon the lime and humus content and the presence of certain silicates. If the first two are known the reaction may be reckoned. Soils showing assimilable lime (by the Meyer method) and loss on ignition in the proportion of about 0.1 per cent of the former to 2 per cent of the latter are usually neutral. The author proposes and has undertaken the mapping of soils on the basis of their reaction. Some methods of analysis in soil investigations, A. Vesterberg (Resume [11, pp. 56-58). — In this paper descriptions are given of a titration method for the determination of carbonate, carbonic acid, and organic substances; a rapid field method for the determination of calcium ; a titration method for humic acid solutions ; and a method for determining the water-soluble salts by electrolytic conductivity. Some notes on the mechanical analysis of soils, especially of those of arid regions, W. Beam (Resume 2, pp. 1-3). — In this article the author objects to the of acid to break up soil aggregates. He uses the classification of soil par- ticles recommended by the Bureau of Soils of this Department and follows to a large extent the methods proposed by that Bureau. In an attempt to substi- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 221 tute a fine sieve for the separation of fine silt and clay, as suggested by Lucas, the author found an error of as much as 16 per cent. As a quick method of obtaining useful information in many cases the author recommends that the limit for clay be fixed at 0.01 mm. with a subsidence of 30 minutes in a column of water 7i cm. high. The study of soils in Egypt, W. F. Hume (Resum§ 2, p. 4). — In this article the author makes a plea for a systematic soil survey of Egypt and outlines a plan for such survey. The First International Agrogeolog'ical Congress, E. J. Russell (Nature [London], 84 (J910), No. 2121, pp. 151, i58).— This is a brief review of the report of this conference held at Budapest in 1909, particular attention being given to a paper by Glinka on Russian soils (E. S. R., 23, p. 316). The Mkatta plains, P. Vageler {Tropenpflanzer, Bcihefte, 11 {1910), No. Ji-5, pp. 2Iil-395, pi. 1, figs. 11). — A general description of the Mkatta plains of East Africa with special reference to the topography, hydrography, climatic conditions, vegetation, and soil types is given, and the relationship between the vegetation and different types of soils is discussed. The method of pro- cedure and the apparatus used in the investigation are described. Full data for climatic conditions, and physical and chemical analyses of each of 8 soil types are reported, and the characteristic vegetation of the different types is described. Special attention is called to the fact that very often vegetation changes its characteristics under similar climatic conditions, such change being due to dif- ferences in the character of the soil. The author traces a distinct relation of the formation and the physical, but not the chemical, properties of soils to the vegetation on virgin soils within a given climatic area. A district of similar cli- matic conditions, particularly with regard to quantity and distribution of rain- fall, producing a certain type of vegetation, will have a certain type of soil. By establishing definite soil types for the different climatic districts the number of types will be considerably reduced, lessening the labor and cost of soil investigation. The control of blowing soils, E. E. Free and J. M. Westgate (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. J/El, pp. 23, figs. 10).— -The authors discuss the normal move- ments of the soil, the causes and control of soil blowing on sandy, newly cleared, and other lands, and the control of drifting sand and sand dunes by plants and mechanical devices. Other problems discussed are protection of irrigation ditches, embankments, and roads, and the blowing of frost-loosened and cutover soils. It is shown that the blowing of soils is of much importance in humid as well as in dry regions and although the effects are in the main bad, benefit is some- times derived from the process by the mixing Of soil particles and the renew- ing of surface laj^ers. The most practical means of control consists of the use of systems of cropping and tillage which will provide protection of each plant or rough surface soil at critical stages and will keep the soil well stocked with humus. On methods of bacteriolog'ical soil investigations, J. Vogel (Gentbl. Balct. [etc.], 2. Abt., 21 {1910), No. 22-2.5, pp. 593-605, dgm. i).— The author claims that in investigations on soil bacteriology the experiments should be performed, not in solutions, as is usually done, but with the soils themselves, by which method simplicity in operation and substantial agreement in parallel determina- tions in the laboratory reactions and field experiments will result in the majority of cases. The author illustrates the value of this method by a series of experiments involving various soil bacteriological problems, such as the nitrifying energy 222 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. of soils, seasonal variations in nitrification, the relationship of crop production to nitrifying energy in the soil, and the action of straw or other organic material in the soil on bacterial action. A study on nitrogen transformation in soils, W. KBiJGER (Ein Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Stickstofjumsetztmgen im Boden. Inaug. Diss., Konigsherg, 1908, pp. 58; rev. in Bot. Centbl., lUf (tVlO), No. 9, pp. 238, 239).— Experiments were made on the influence of quicklime, calcium carbonate, and soil aeration on nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, and the decomposition of nitrogenous organic matter in humus, calcareous, and sandy soils, respectively. The experiments were conducted with culture media, using the Buhlert and Fickendey soil suspension method (E. S. R., 18, p. 120). It was found that the quicklime and calcium carbonate exerted a favorable influence on all the bacteria concerned in the transformation of nitrogenous compounds in the soil. The experiments show that each soil exerted a different influence on the nitrogen transforming bacteria independent of the fertilizers and aeration. In the fertilizer and aeration experiments, the sandy soils showed a smaller nitrogen fixation and nitrification power than the calcareous and humus soils, while the denitrification power seemed about equal in all the samples. In the experiments on the influence of different fertilizers on the power of each soil to decompose nitrogenous organic matter, it was found that when limed the humus soil stood first and sandy soil second in this respect. Marked variations were obtained in the effects of the fertilizers on different soils, caused apparently by changes in the physical and chemical composition 0!^:ii^tch soil due to weather conditions. The author claims that by the method used no conclusion can be reached concerning the condition of each soil, and that therefore only by actual tests can it be determined whether liming and aeration will exert a favorable or an unfavorable influence on the growth and multiplication of the bacteria. Legume inoculation and the litmus reaction of soils, K. F. Kellerman and T. R. Robinson (U. *S'. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 11, pp. 11). — This circular reports a continuation of investigations on soil conditions affect- ing legume inoculation (E. S. R., 18, p. 533) and is based upon examinations of " many difterent soils both in the field and by samples, with a view to cor- relating, if possible, certain of their characteristics with their behavior toward the growth of legumes and the nodule bacteria of legumes." The results are recorded of the relation between inoculation for alfalfa, vetch, and crimson clover, and the litmus reaction of the different soils as determined by the following method : " Strips of neutral litmus paper are placed in the bottom of a number of petri dishes; over these are laid four thicknesses of filter paper and on the filter paper are placed the soil samples to be tested. Just enough water (tested and found neutral) is added to satu- rate the soil on the filter paper. Covers are placed on the petri dishes, and they are allowed to stand for one hour. A check petri dish containing only litmus paper and filter paper moistened with the same water is allowed to stand under the same conditions." The authors conclude from the results obtained that " the modified petri-dish method, using neutral litmus paper, gives valuable comparative data for study- ing legume inoculation. "Alfalfa inoculation is most inhibited by soils which redden litmus, and is most successful in soils which blue litmus or in those which leave the litmus paper unchanged. Crimson clover inoculation is limited little, if at all, by soils of varying litmus reaction. Vetch inoculation seems midway between that of alfalfa and that of crimson clover. A sharp distinction must be drawn be- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 223 tween successful inoculation and successful crop production. For alfalfa the conditions favoring successful inoculation seem identical with those favoring the alfalfa crop. While the limitations for either inoculation or crop produc- tion with vetch are less sharply drawn, their relationship or interdependence is perhaps as marked as with alfalfa. Crimson clover, on the other hand, may be inoculated even on soils which redden litmus, yet under these conditions liming or manuring is often of great benefit in crop production." Studies in soil oxidation, O. Schreiner, M. X. Sullivan, and F. R. Reid (Z7. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. 13, pp. 57).— This bulletin, which is based upon investigations by the authors and by others, deals with " reduction and oxidation by roots, concurrent oxidation, and reduction by roots, and oxida- tion within the soil itself. The fact that roots possess the power of reduction was shown by the precipitation of tellurium and selenium from sodium tellurite and seleuite, respectively. The oxidative power of the roots was shown by means of organic compovmds, which, on oxidation, yield dyes which either ■<;olor the solution or are deposited on the root surface. These two opposite properties may occur separately or concurrently, depending upon the reaction of the medium. The oxidation within the soil itself is shown by the same reagents as those showing oxidation by the roots. The reagent most success- fully used in the case of soil is aloin, a yellow water solution of which is changed to a claret red by the oxidation. The depth of color can be measured and is taken as an indication of the extent of the oxidation. " This oxidation appears to be mainly nonenzymotic, the result of interaction between inorganic constituents and certain types of organic matter. It may also be brought about by organic matter in a state of autoxidation and by inorganic oxygen carriers, such as manganese and iron. Both processes activate oxygen. " The oxidation in soils was increased by the addition of salts of manganese, iron, aluminum, calcium, and magnesium, especially in the presence of simple hydroxyacids, such as citric, tartaric, malic, glycolic, and their salts. The best oxidation was obtained by the addition of manganese, and the stimulating action of manganese used as a fertilizer is attributed to its oxidizing power ; i. e., to its amelioration of soil conditions rather than its function as a plant nutrient. Fertilizer salts augment the oxidizing power of roots, and the fertilized soil has an increased oxidizing power after cropping. The fertilizer salts alone sometimes increase, sometimes decrease, the oxidative functions of the soil itself, thus showing that the fertilizer salts are effecting changes directly or indirectly in the soil constituents, more particularly in the organic matter. Some types of organic matter, such as dihydroxystearic acid, isolated from certain soils, inhibit oxidation in the soil, but in the main the oxidative power is augmented by a plentiful supply of organic matter, the nature of which in the soil is the limiting factor of oxidation. Excessive oxidation is harmful to vegetation. , . . " Soils oxidize substances in a manner analogous to an oxidase, and the in- crease noticed by the addition of certain hydroxyacids is closely paralleled by the recently discovered activating action of salts of tartaric and citric acids on the oxidative action of manganese acetate. This analogy between the oxidative power of a soil and the action of an oxidase is especially significant in that an oxidizing enzym, laccase, of alfalfa, has been found to be more simple in com- positon than formerly supposed and to consist of neutral salts, mainly calcium, of glycolic, mesoxalic, malic, and citric, and probably glyoxylic acid. . . . " Whatever decreases the oxidation in soils tends also to bring about the conditions which decrease growth, and the factors which favor oxidation are the factors which favor soil productivity." 77543°— No. 3—11 3 224 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. Some biochemical investigations of Hawaiian soils, with special reference to fertilizing with molasses, S. S. Peck (Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Sta., Agr. and Chem. Bui. 3.'^, jjp. 39, pi. 1). — Ammouification, nitriflcation, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation were studied with three samples of cane soil by (1) in- oculating nutrient solutions with small amounts of the soil, or (2) observing the progress of nitrogen transformation in the soils themselves. The relative effect of varying amounts of dextrose and molasses (the latter containing 42 per cent of sucrose and 11.9 per cent of invert sugar) was tested in these experiments. The results, although not entirely conclusive on all points under investiga- tion, showed that " molasses applied at intervals on land on which cane is growing and fertilizer had been applied will work harm by destroying nitrates already applied or by preventing the formation of nitrates from other sources of nitrogen supplied in the fertilizer. Molasses applied "to land lying fallow or at an interval of several weeks prior to the planting of the crop may produce beneficial results by providing a stimulus to the nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the soil and thereby adding a store of nitrogen to the soil in a form which can be made readily available to the crop at a later date by the other organisms in the soil." The organisms transforming nitrogen were found in considerable numbers down to a depth of 4 ft., but were most abundant near the sui^face except in the case of the nitrogen-fixing organisms, which were apparently equally active at all depths examined. "^%^' In comparative tests of gypsum, calcium carbonate, sodium nitrate, potas- sium sulphate, carbon bisulphid, dextrose, molasses, and superphosphate, " the addition of lime, as carbonate, sulphate, or phosphate, stimulated ammonifica- tion. Nitrate of soda and carbon bisulphid depressed the process. Dextrose had a slightly beneficial effect, but was considerably surpassed in this respect by molasses. The addition of this material and that of potassium sulphate produced equally favorable results. No relation can be discerned between the number of organisms and the degree of ammouification, confirming Lipman and Brown's results [E. S. R., 23, p. 621] referring to the effect of dextrose in increasing the absolute numbers of organisms in a soil, but not the relative ammonifj'ing power. . . . The most eflicieut hindrance to denitrification was rendered by carbon bisulphid." As regards nitrification, calcium carbonate exerted the most favorable action. Carbon bisulphid stimulated nitrification to a slight extent. The soils to which the sugars were added showed the maximum power of fixing nitrogen. The least effect was observed in the case of acid phosphate, and this is attributed to a checking of the activity of Azotobacter by the acidity resulting from the use of the superphosphate. The nitrogen-fixing organisms were not entirely destroyed by carbon bisulphid, and later, under favorable conditions of moisture and temperature, exceeded in numbers those in untreated soil. Both nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing bacteria were killed by an exposure of 10 minutes to a temperature of 85° C. In all of the soils examined there were present num- bers of various forms of Protozoa, but these were entirely destroyed by pasteurization. A bibliography is appended. Whitney's new theory of soil fertility, P. Keische (Erndhr. Pflanze, 6 {1910), No. J,, pp. 37, 38; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 3', {1910), No. 1,1, Repert., p. 162). — This article presents data reported by Mitscherlich to show that fer- tilizing materially affects the composition of the soil solution. Fertilizers, J. Fritsch {Les Engrais. Paris, 1909, vols. 1, pp. 239, flgs. 10; 2, pp. 255, flgs. 15; rev. in Rev. G4n. Chim., 13 {1910), No. S, p. 154).— This is SOILS FERTILIZEKS. 225 stated to be a complete monograph on progress in agronomic science and the manufacture of fertilizers and a useful manual for practical agriculturists and for school use. It treats of the subjects of nutrition of plants, the nature and use of farm and green manures and commercial fertilizers, special fertilizers for different kinds of crops, and -fertilizer legislation and trade. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 22, p. 430). Tests of sodium nitrate on beets grown for seed gave inconclusive results. Nitrog'en content and yield of crops as affected by different nitrogenous manures, B. L. Hartwell, H. J. Wheeler, and F. R. Pember {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. l-'iS, PI). 291-305, pi. 1). — This bulletin records the results of ten years' experiments on barley, Japanese millet, and oats grown in perforated, uncovered ash cans, which were sunk in the ground nearly to their tops, to determine the availability of nitrogen in starfish, bone, hoof meal, tankage, acid fish, horn meal, and hen manure in comparison with dried blood and sodium nitrate. " Considering the entire ten-year period, all of the sources of organic nitrogen, including the dried blood, proved to have about the same high degree of avail- ability. Although the crops from nitrate of soda frequently contained larger percentages of nitrogen, they were not much heavier than those from the organic nitrogenous materials. " It is probable that the high availability of the organic manures was due in part to the fact that a neutral i-eaction of the soil was practically maintained, so that putrefaction and nitrification were favored. Inattention to this factor has doubtless led to misconceptions regarding the availability of many sources of organic nitrogen. " During the ten years, 5.9 gm. of nitrogen per pot were removed in the crops from the soil to which no nitrogen was added in the manures. The sum of the smaller applications per pot, namely, 5.2 gm., nearly equaled this, and resulted in an increase in crops toward the close of the experiment of over 40 per cent in comparison with the crops secured where no nitrogen was added. The sum of the larger applications of nitrogen was about 50 per cent greater than that of the smaller ones; yet, even though this amount was apparently insuflicient for the production of maximum crops, it failed to cause an average increase of more than about 9 per cent in excess of that produced with the smaller amount. The crops were, however, more nitrogenous so that the in- crease in the total nitrogen of the crops was a third greater than the increase in the crops themselves. " The cost of the niti'ogen alone, required to maintain a higher degree of productivity than that represented by the yields from the check pots, was of such magnitude as to emphasize strongly the desirability of adopting rotations including legumes, grass, and hoed crops." The availability of certain unusual nitrogenous manures, B. L. Haetwell and F. R. Pember {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. I ',2, pp. 275-288, pi. 1).—In view of the high price of nitrogen in standard organic fertilizing material and the in- centive thus afforded to use nitrogenous materials whose fertilizing value is not well understood, pot experiments were made with a number of unusual materials, including " nitrogenous manure," an acidulated mixture of hair, felt, wool, and sometimes leather (nitrogen 7.41 per cent) ; " hide and skin meal" (nitrogen 8.09 per cent); "tartar manure," dried residue of tartar yeast (nitrogen 3.68 per cent) ; beet-refuse compound (nitrogen 6.24 per cent) ; and calcium cyanamid (nitrogen 18.08 per cent) ; in comparison with dried blood (13.62 per cent) and nitrate of soda (15.54 per cent). The cyanamid was included in the experiment mainly to ascertain its toxic effect when applied just before planting. Five crops, barley, millet, oats, millet, and oats, were grown successively on the same soil, a stony loam, in the pots. 226 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKD. " The ' nitrogenous manure ' was the most valuable of the first four sources of nitrogen mentioned above, and yet it was only about half as valuable as blood. " The ' hide and skin meal,' ' tartar manure,' and ' beet-refuse compound ' were of very little value as sources of nitrogen, at least when applied imme- diately before planting as would be done in ordinary practice. The ' beet-refuse compound ' was said to contain cyanids, on which account it is advised by the promoters that it be applied some time previous to planting. Under the con- ditions of the experiment slight toxic effects were noted in some cases with this material. The extravagant claims made for these substances as sources of nitrogen seem to be wholly contrary to the facts. " The European calcium cyanamid, when applied immediately before planting, delayed considerably the germination and early growth of barley. The only ill effect observed with oats was the turning yellow of the tips of the seedlings. The millet did not appear to be affected injuriously. The ordinary directions that this material should be applied a few weeks before planting seem to be justified, at least with certain crops. When these directions were not followed, as in the present case, the material increased the crop less than was the case with dried blood." Sodium nitrate as compared with ammonium sulphate, Brehmer {Garten- ivelt, IJj {IS 10). No. 28, pp. 342-34.',, figs. 3).— These fertilizing materials were compared on various kinds of vegetables grown on a sandy humus loai '• The results showed the importance of soluble fertilizers for such crops as well as of the use of lime with ammonium sulphate. It was observed that peas and beans were checked in their early growth when grown on soils deficient in nitrogen and were benefited by applications of the nitrogenous fertilizers. The author is of the opinion that sodium nitrate is better adapted to top-dressing than ammonium sulphate on account of its quick action. Sodium nitrate, moreover, is easily washed into the subsoil, whereas the ammonium sulphate iS" more firmly held in the soil. The continued application of sodium nitrate tends to form crusts on the soil. Comparative fertilizer experiments with, lime nitrogen, Buchner (SdcJis. Landw. Ztschr., 58 (1910), No. 12, pp. 154, 155). — -Lime nitrogen was compared with ammonium sulphate, Norwegian nitrate, and sodium nitrate on oats, wheat, potatoes, and beets grown on a heavy deep clay loam soil containing much organic matter. The results with the oats and wheat showed that sodium nitrate gave the best yields of straw, but that the lime nitrogen and Norwegian nitrate gave as high a yield of grain. With potatoes the lime nitrogen was almost as effective as the other fertilizers, the ammonium sulphate giving the highest yield. In case of beets the lime nitrogen was much less effectice than sodium nitrate. Transformation of calcium cyanamid in arable soil, C. Ulpiani {Gaz. Cliim. Ital., 40 {1910), I, No. 6, pp. 613-666; a&s. in Jour. Hoc. Chem. Indus., 29 {1910), No. 16, p. 1027; Jour. Chem. 8oc. [London], 98 {1910), No. 576, II, pp. 890, 891. — Further experiments are reported which confirm the author's previ- ously expressed view (E. S. R., 20, p. 924) that the transformation of calcium cyanamid in the soil is, at least primarily, a purely physico-chemical process in which micro-organisms play no part, and passes through two stages, (1) forma- tion of urea, and (2) conversion of the latter into ammonium carbonate. Experiments are reported in which the conditions were such as to preclude the existence of life during the first stage, but were not conclusive as to the second stage. The utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, A. W. Crossley {Pharm. Jour. [London], 4. ser., SO {1910), No. 2421, pp. 329-341, pJs. 2, figs. 2).— This paper deals with the progress in 'the manufacture of nitrogen compounds from the SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 227 air and the importance of the subject in England from the standpoint of national defense and welfare. The utilization of peat in agriculture, H. D. Haskins {Massachusetts Sta. Bpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. 39-Jf5). — The average composition of peat as calculated from analyses of 55 samples is given, with a discussion of the use and value of this material as a fertilizer. Pot experiments with millet are referred to, showing a low availability of the nitrogen of peat as compared with that of sul- phate of ammonia. It is stated that peat has been found useful as a drier in fertilizers, but in view of the low availability of the nitrogen it must be ex- cluded from mixed fertilizers as a source of nitrogen. A new nitrog'en-containing fertilizer produced in the electric furnaces, M. DE Nansouty (Engrais, 24 (1909), No. 42, p. 1164; «&s. in Chem. Abs., 4 {1910), No. 7, p. 944) • — ^An electrical process for the manufacture of aluminium nitrid is described. This compound yields ammonia when treated with water. Our greatest plant food, G. E. Mitchell {Nat. Geogr. Hag., 21 {1910), No. 9, pp. 783-791, figs. 6). — The sources, supply, and agricultural importance of phosphates, as indicated by the investigations of the Geological Survey and of several of the experiment stations, are discussed. On the existence of three horizons of tricalcium. phosphate in Algeria and Tunis, J. RoussEL {Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris}, 151 {1910), No. 11, pp. 556, 557). — The origin and character of three beds of phosphate alternating with marl are described. Thomas slag: A short historical review, J. B. Lindsey {Massachusetts Sta. Bpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 77-81). — This article summarizes information regarding the composition, fertilizing value, and use of slag. The effect of gypsum on alkali in soils, W. F. Sutherst (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 {1910), No. 7, pp. 329, 330, figs. 2).— Experiments in which varying amounts of gypsum were mixed with pure sodium carbonate and with alkali containing 24.45 per cent of sodium carbonate, 22.6 per cent of sodium chlorid, and 40.05 per cent of sodium sulphate, showed that gypsum does not fully convert sodium carbonate into sulphate. Using the amount of gypsum which would theoretically convert all of the carbonate into sulphate, it was found that 18 per cent of the sodium carbonate was not acted upon. The limit of conversion was reached when 5 parts of gypsum was added to 1 part •of sodium carbonate in 100 cc. of water and with 10 parts of gypsum to 1 of the alkali. The composition of seaweed and its use as manure, E. J. Russell {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 17 {1910), No. 6, pp. 458-467).— This article discusses the use that has been made of seaweed for fertilizing purposes in various countries, and the fertilizing value of seaweed as indicated by analyses made by Ander- son, Hendrick (E. S. R., 10, p. 934), and Toms. Summarizing these analyses it is stated that wet seaweed as gathered contains water 70 to 80 per cent, average 75 per cent; organic matter 13 to 20, average 18 per cent; nitrogen 0.3 to 0.8, average 0.5 per cent ; potash 0.8 to 1.5, average 1.2 per cent ; and phosphoric acid 0.02 to 0.17, average 0.09 per cent. It is estimated that on the basis of the commercial value of the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash present, a ton of seaweed of average composition is worth about $2.50. It is closely comparable with barnyard manure as a fertilizer but decomposes much more readily in the soil. It is said to facilitate the decomposition of manure when mixed with it in the heap. The practical results of incineration of garbage to produce an ash fertil- izer, T, d'Althoff {Jour. Soc. Cent. Agr. BeJg., 57 {1910), Nos. 7, pp. 181-187; 8, pp. 212-214). — ^A process used in Brussels and other Belgian towns is de- scribed. It is stated that the process yields ashes which contain nitrogenous 228 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. compounds, phosphates, and potash in sufficient quantity to mal^e them of considerable value as a fertilizer. Worthless fertilizers, J. S. Bubd (California 8ta. Circ. 56, pp. 2). — Atten- tion is called in this circular to attempts which are made from time to time to exploit unusual fertilizing materials, many of which have proved on investiga- tion to be " totally without merit." Resume of work of the fertilizer section, H. D. Haskins (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. ^8-59). — This article briefly reviews the activities of the Massachusetts Station during 1909 in " fertilizer control work and the examination of fertilizers, soils, refuse by-products, etc., forwarded by farmers and others interested in agriculture. The results of the year's work would indi- cate that a larger number of private formulas and home-mixed fertilizers had been used by the Massachusetts farmers than ever before. The work of the collection and inspection of licensed fertilizers has also increased during the year. A larger number of fertilizers was licensed this year than during the past season, and the collection and analysis of samples [1,04.2 samples collected and 613 analyzed] reach the highest number ever attained during the history of fertilizer inspection work in Massachusetts." ..,,^-,, Data are presented which show the greater economy in the pui:*aase of high grade as compared with low grade fertilizers. Fertilizer analyses, A. J. Patten, O. B. Winter, and C. G. Clippert (Michi- gan Sta. Bui. 263, pp. 33-74). — This bulletin gives the results of analyses and valuations of 208 brands of fertilizers licensed for sale in Michigan during the season of 1910 and discusses the use of fertilizers. The main provisions of the state fertilizer law and the basis of valuation used are also briefly explained. AGRICTILTURAL BOTANY. Investig'ations on Mendelian heredity, P. de Vilmorin [Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1010), Xo. 11, pp. 548-551). — An account is given of experi- ments with peas in which the author studied the ratio of inheritance of tendril characters, color of leaves, and parchment in pods. A variety of peas that was characterized by the absence of tendrils was crossed with an ordinary garden pea with the result that all the Fi progeny bore tendrils. In the F2 generation the segregation was in the proportion of^ 3 with tendrils to 1 without. The variety of peas that was without tendrils was characterized by wrinkling, while the other variety used in the cross had a round seed. In studying these characters from the progeny of the crosses, the author found a correlation between the wrinkling of the peas and the absence of tendrils. The segregation in the F2 generation of the leaf colors was practi- cally 9 glaucous to 7 green. The presence of parchment was in the same ratio. Plant breeding studies in peas, F. A. Watjgh and J. K. Shaw (Massachu- setts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 168-175).— In a further study (E. S. R., 22, p. 230) of variation, correlation, and heredity in peas, it was found that the plants were markedly more variable in all their characters in 1909 than in 1908. The amount of variation was less and the fluctuation less in the case of vine length, a vegetative character, than in pods per vine, a reproductive character. The vine length is also transmitted much more fully than either the number of pods per vine or the toal peas per vine, showing that the vegetative character is more stable and is more perfectly transmitted than the reproductive character. On the origin and physiological functions of pentosans in plants, C. Ravenna and O. Montanari (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e. Nat., 5. ser., 19 (1910), II, No. 4, pp. 203-207).— Continuing the study of this subject AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 229 (E. S. R., 22, p. 721) the variations iu the quantity of pentosans present in plants during the daytime and at night were especially investigated. In the plants (Vicia faia minor) examined, a tendency to an increase in the absolute quantity of the pentosans during the day and a decrease during the night was observed. It was also found that when sugar was furnished to the leaves a marked increase in the quantity of pentosans occurred, while the ab- sence of carbohydrate foods and of photosynthesis diminished the amount of pentosans present in the plants. On the phosphorus and ash. content of the leaves of perennial plants, G. Andre (Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 1^9 (1909), No. 1, pp. 45--i8; abs. in ZentU. Agr. CJiem., 39 (1910), No. 7, pp. 458-460).— The results are reported of investigations on the variations at diffei'ent periods in the year of the phosphorus and ash present in the leaves of chestnuts. It was found that the phosphorig acid iu the leaves undergoes a marked diminution during the movements of nitrogen toward the inflorescence, while the phosphates soluble in water (mineral phosphates) are most abundant when the leaves are very young. Lecithins were much increased as the flowering period approached, and seemed to play a role in the osmotic phenomena which, at this period, aid in the passage of the nitrogen in the leaves toward the reproductive organs. The ash content was quite small and uniform during the entire life of the leaves of the chestnut and was especially poor in silica. Some observations on the presence of free hydrocyanic acid in plants, C. Ravenna and M. Tonegutti (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. c. Nat., 5. ser., 19 (1910), IT, No. 1, pp. 19-25).— The authors claim that the usual methods used for detecting the presence of free hydrocyanic acid in plants (destroying the enzyms present in the leaves by boiling water or boiling alcohol) are untrustworthy, in that the enzym present in the leaves has time before it is destroyed to form an appreciable quantity of hydrocyanic acid from the glucosid present in the leaves. In the new method proposed, boiling caustic potash is used to destroy the enzym, and the leaves are introduced into it one at a time, thus preventing a lowering of the temperature. The leaves of the cherry laurel tested by this method showed no trace of free hydrocyanic acid. As a result of other experiments it is claimed that the decrease observed in the quantity of hydrocyanic acid found in air-dried leaves, compared to that found in crushed leaves macerated for 24 hours, is not due to a volatilization, but to a true assimilation of the hydrocyanic acid on the part of the leaves. A physiological-chemical research on the root tubercles of Vicia faba, G. Sani (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 19 (1910), II, No. 4, PP- 207-211). — The author claims that at least two nitrogenous sub- stances (asparagin and glycocoll) are elaborated by the bacteria in the root tubercles and are directly available as a source of nitrogen for the host. The assimilation of nitrogen by certain nitrog'sn-fixing bacteria in the soil, W. B. BoTTOMLEY (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London~\, Ser. B, 82 (1910), No. B 560, pp. 627-629). — A report is made of further investigations (E. S. R., 22. p. 122) on the fixation of free nitrogen in culture media and in soils by separate and mixed cultures of Azotobacter chroococcum and Pscudomonas radicicola, the former obtained from garden soil and the latter from the root tubercles of beans and clover. After pure cultures of these two bacteria, separately and in combination, were incubated for 10 days at 24° C. in suitable culture media, the nitrogen content of the flask was determined, and the following averages obtained: For Azotobacter alone, 2.19 mg. of nitrogen in 100 cc. per unit of carbohydrate; 230 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. for Pseudomonas alone, 2.30 mg. of nitrogen ; and for the two combined, 4.51 mg. of nitrogen. Cultures of tliese bacteria under soil conditions were obtained by inoculating limed and sterilized garden soil with pure cultures of both Azotobacter and Pseudomonas, and then incubating for 21 days at 24°. Five grams of this infected soil in 100 cc. of water (plus 1 gm. of glucose) was then incubated for 24 hours and used as inoculating material for a series of tests on limed and unllmed garden soil contained in pots. At the end of an incubation period of 10 days at 24°, the pots inoculated with the mixed cultures of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas showed an increase in nitrogen, both in the limed (35 mg. per gram of soil) and the unlimed (25 mg. per gram of soil), over the unin- oculated soil, amounting in the limed soil to nearly 350 lbs. per acre for a depth of 4 in. The results of experiments now in progress on the utilization by higher plants of this fixed nitrogen will be given in a future paper. On growth stimuli, A. J. Nabokich {Bot. Centbl., Beiheftc, 26 (1910), 1. Abt., No. 1, pp. 7-lJi9, charts 6). — The results are reported of investigations on the secondary action of water, on the action of a vacuum, and S'Pfthe influence of bases, salts (especially halogen compounds), and oxygen on plant growth. It is claimed that resting cells and mature parts of plants with a reduced metabolic assimilation are able to remain for a long time without injury in an oxygen-free atmosphere, but that, on the contrary, young growing cells in the absence of oxygen soon succumb, with the typical symptoms of the poisoning of the protoplasm resulting from certain metabolic assimilation products. The more vigorously the plants manifest their capacity for growth and for metamorphism of organic substances, the more energetically the poison- ing occurs. Air, howevei", with its normal gas content seems to be an unfavorable medium for the growth of young plants. The growth occurs energetically in rarefied atmospheres, in gas mixtures containing small amounts of oxygen, and in water in which insignificant quantities of air are dissolved. The dampening of plants by means of sprays or guttation accelerates their growth. It seems that oxygen acts as a strong chemical reagent by exerting a stimulating influ- ence on the protoplasm. Weak concentration of oxygen materially increased the activity of the protoplasm and therefore the growth of the tissues, while appreciable quantities of this gas checked cell activity, thei-eby hindering and stopping their growth. From the experiments it seems certain that the action of alkalis, acids, and salts on plants is caused by the specific influence on the protoplasm of the ions found in the solution. The cations and anions of most compounds have been shown to produce effects opposite in character. The anions produce a strong acceleration while the cations hinder or limit growth. The growth effects of the sa't solution were found to be the average result of the opposite acting ions. In most cases the cations in the solution are dominant, and therefore determine the resulting effects on plant growth of a given salt. The eflfects of radium rays on plants, C. Acqua (Ann. Bot. [Rome], 8 {1910), No. 2, pp. 223-23S) .—The results are given of the effects of radium rays on the germination of seeds, development of seedlings, carbon assimilation, growth of polien tubes, and movements of protoplasm in several green plants. It was found that a great difference in the reaction to radium rays existed between different species, and even between different organs of the same species. The root system in general responded to the action of radium, where a more or less complete arrest of development was shown, although many exceptions FIELD CROPS. 231 occurred. The aerial parts proved liiglily resistant to its action, showing no general response either in stems or foliage, nor was photosynthesis influenced by the rays. The pollen grains gave diverse results, some not growing at all, while others gave no reaction whatever to the rays. The movements of protoplasm which were studied in the aerial hairs of the pumpkin, the internodal cells of Chara, and in the leaf cells of Elodea cana- densis, were absolutely unaffected by the radium rays. The acid content and acid resistance of various roots, K. Aso {Flora, 100 (1910), No. 2, pp. 311-316). — A preliminary report is given of investigations on the acid content and acid resistance of various plants. Roots of seedlings of mustard, peas, lupines, oats, barley, buckwheat, spinach, and potatoes were placed in solutions containing from 0.1 to 0.01 per cent of citric acid, and the behavior of the plants noted. The greatest dilution of citric acid was found to be quite injurious to spinach, mustard, and peas, while its noxious effect was delayed somewhat with lupines, barley, oats, and potatoes. In general the plants in the earlier stages appeared somewhat more resistant to the acid than in the later stages, when the root hairs had been developed and chlorophyll functions had begun. The resistance to sodium nitrite was investigated with cultures of mustard, lupines, peas, oats, potatoes, and buckwheat, and the amount of injury was found to be inversely proportional to the acid content of the roots. The resistance of Medicago seed to hig'h temperatures, O. Schneider- Orelli (Flora, 100 (1910), No. 2, pp. 305-311). — Experiments were conducted with seeds of a number of species of Medicago to test their resistance to dry and moist high temperatures. The seeds of some of the species are characterized by the hardness of the seed coats, and practically all such resisted temperatures approximating that of boiling water. In some instances the treatment favored the germination. In one of the experiments one lot of seed was filed to cut through the hard seed coat, another placed in concentrated sulphuric acid for half an hour, while a third was untreated. More than | of the treated seed germinated, while only 3 out of 20 in the check lot sprouted. The ungerminated seed were then filed, after which 15 out of 17 sprouted. The experiments showed remarkable resistance to high temperatures on the part of seeds of Bl. denticulata and M. arabica, some of which germinated after 17 hours' exposure to a temperature of 100° C. or a half hour at 120°. A temperature of 130° destroyed all the seed. A small portion of the seed ger- minated after remaining 7J hours in boiling water, or i hour in water heated in an autoclave to 120°. After the seed coats had been made permeable by any of the treatments the seeds were found to quickly lose their resistance to high temperatures. The source of the drug- Dioscorea, with a consideration of the Dioscorese found in the United States, H. H. Bartlett (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 189, pp. 29, figs. 8). — The taxonomic history of the Dioscorese of the United States is given, together with a synopsis of the species of Dioscorea and a discussion of the drug Dioscorea, with illustrations showing the various types of rhizomes now on the market. FIELD CROPS. A study of cultivation methods and crop rotations for the Great Plains area, E. C. Chilcott (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 187, pp. 78, pi. 1, fig. 1). — This bulletin reports the results of 18 comparative tests at 11 stations in the Great Plains area, 3 years' results being obtained at Edgeley, N. Dak., 232 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and North Platte, Nebr. ; 2 at Amarillo, Tex., Dickinson, N. Dak., and Higlimore, S. Dak.; and 1 at Judith Basin, Mont., Belle Fourche, S. Dak., Akron, Colo., Dalhart, Tex., and Hays and Garden City, Kans. The author defines the terms, "ordinary methods," "conservation methods," and "alternate summer tillage" as used in this bulletin. Experiments with wheat, oats, and barley were conducted at each station, the grain being grown (a) continuously by ordinary cultural methods on spring-plowed land; (b) continuously by moisture conservation methods on fall-plowed land; (c) alternating with summer tillage; and (d) with summer tillage alternating with grain. The wheat yields by ordinary, conservation, and summer tillage methods were 17.4, 16.5, and 22.5 bu. per acre, respectively. The same methods yielded respectively 30.2, 30.5, and 44.1 bu. per acre with oats, and 21.1, 22.9, and 30.7 bu. per acre with barley. These averages were for all stations at which the tests were conducted. At each of the 11 stations, 5 identical 3-year rotations were instituted with wheat, oats, and corn, in 2 rotations barley was substituted for wheat, and in 2 others summer tillage displaced corn. " Rotations are so planned as to give an opportunity to compare the several rotations considered as units and also to compare the several crops grown in different rotations under systems of soil preparation and following different crops. As each rotation is represented by three plats, each of the crops entering into the rotation is represented every year." Wheat, oats, and barley in continuous cropping by ordinary methods yielded on the North and South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas plats during 1900-1909 17.4, 30.2, and 21.1 bu. per acre respectively, while in 3-year rotation they yielded 19.8, 36.3, and 24.3 bu. per acre respectively. Tables present the yields of grain in bushels per acre and their farm value per acre in each of the rotations in the 19 tests conducted during 1906-1909. Tables show the aver- age farm value per acre yielded by each of the nine 3-year rotations and the gain or loss of each rotation for each test as compared with continuous crop- ping by ordinary methods. Disked corn stubble proved superior to summer tillage preceding spring wheat and oats, giving an average net gain per acre of $4.08. Omitting the value of the corn from consideration the average gain in favor of summer tillage was ?1.04, but even then disked corn stubble had the advantage in 7 of the 19 tests. Tests of fall and spring plowing gave negligible differences in results. The choice depends upon local conditions of soil and climate. Wheat, oats, corn proved a better sequence for spring plowing than oats, wheat, corn at most of the stations. The author enumerates the experimental difficulties in work on rotations for the conservation of organic matter in the soil, but in the light of work already done, discusses the growing of corn, brome-grass, and small grains, and recom- mends a corn, wheat, brome-grass, brome-grasr, small grain, and other rotations as adapted to the conservation of organic matter. The author regards his conclusions as tentative and subject to modification by future results, but indicates that alternate cropping and summer tillage have not proved profitable and that certain 3-year rotations have proved more profit- able than continuous cropping or alternate cropping. Corn on spring or fall plowing, followed by wheat or barley on disked corn stubble, and then by oats on early fall plowing, has given the best average results. Winter rye has so far given better results for green manuring than Canada field peas and sweet clo^'er (Melilotus alba), perhaps because it can be plowed under before the end of the June rains. Flax may be grown on brome-grass sod as a catch crop after the hay is harvested. Winter wheat possesses several important advantages over spring wheat, fits in well in any rotation adapted to the Great Plains, and FIELD CROPS. 233 wherever it can be safely grown should constitute a considerable portion of the small-grain crop. Systems of rotation adapted to local conditions are considered of greater importance in the Great Plains region than tillage methods. Precipitation records for the stations are appended. Demonstration work on southern farms, S. A. Knapp {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. J/22, pp. 19, figs. J/). — This supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 319 (E. S. R., 19, p. 1027). It gives a brief history of the movement, its plan of organization, and the scope of its demonstrations. A statement of the system used for producing cotton under boll weevil condi- tions includes a discussion of the general principles followed, the destruction of weevils, proper preparation of the soil, early planting of early maturing varie- ties, fertilizing, wider spacing of plants and rows, the use of the harrow, the agitation of stalks by means of brush on the handles of the cultivator or plow, picking up fallen squares, selecting and storing seed, and rotation of crops. The occasional use of topping or of root pruning by means of barring off is suggested as a means of preventing the formation of r useless top crop. Demonstration work with corn is more briefly outlined and the use of cowpeas and other soil renovating ci'ops recommended. The good seed problem is being solved by the establishment of seed farms on which the crop is grown, selected, and stored under the supervision of the cooperative agent. In one county the corn grown b^^ boys' clubs averaged 76 bu. per acre as compared with 16 bu. on the neighboring farms. Report of the agriculturist, W. P. Brooks, E. S. Fulton, and E. F. Gaskill (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 36-'))). — Investigations were continued in accordance with the general plan of previous years (E. S. R., 22, p. 231). In the tests of different sources of nitrogen, the relative yields on the basis of 100 for nitrate of soda, were dried blood 100..5. sulphate of ammonia 87.14, barnyard manure S3, and with no nitrogen 72.34. The corresponding values for the 20 years of the experiment are 92.34, S6.47, 94.05, and 70.99. During 1909, the eighteenth of the test of sources of potassium, sulphate of potash ga\'e a heavier yield of corn by 5 bu. and a lighter yield of stover by 600 lbs. per acre than muriate. Blackberries winterkilled less on a sulphate of potash plat. The yields per acre following applications of muriate and sulphate were 6,002 and 3,257 lbs. respectively of asparagus, 22,786 and 28,349 lbs. respectively of rhubarb. 799.1 and 822.4 bu. respectively of carrots, and 24.344 and 24,400 lbs. respectively of cabbage. There were nearly three times as many pounds of soft heads of cabbage on the muriate plats as with the sulphate. In the tests of manure with three commercial sources of nitrogen, each plat had in addition to dissolved bone black some combination of nitrogen and po- tassium sources. With muriate as a source of potash, applications of sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, and dried blood were followed by yields of 359.2, 565.1, and 515.9 bu. respectively of No. 1 onions. The yields in the same order when the sulphate replaced the muriate were 412, 703.6, and 557.5 bu. per acre. Cauliflowers and asparagus also gave better yields after the sulphate. The plat where manure is used without fertilizers still produces nearly as good yields as those fertilized in addition to the manure. The average yields of hay and rowen on the no-potash plats were 5,744 and 680 lbs. per acre, respectively, as compared with average yields of 6,412.6 and 1,555.4 lbs, on the potash plats. Clover was a comparative failure on the no-potash plats and timothy was notably heavier on the kainit plats. The average yield of soy beans following 10 phosphatic fertilizers was 30.6 bu. per acre as compared with 27.8 on check plats. A 17.7 per cent increase^ 296 lbs. per acre — followed the use of steamed bone meal. Different phosphates 234 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. produced little difference in results among themselves, or as compared with the yields on plats that have received no phosphate in 13 years. The bone meal plats of this series showed a 667 per cent increase of cabbage the previous year as compared with the check plat. With corn, the use of manure alone was followed by a yield of 5,460 lbs. per acre of hay and rowen, and the use of manure and potash by 4,160 lbs. Drought accounts for the low yields. The use of fertilizers rich in phosphoric acid and in potash resulted in yields of 5,094 and 5,320 lbs. respectively of mixed timothy, red top, and clovers. The proportion of clover was greater after the fertilizer richer in potash. Barnyard manure, wood ashes, and a mixture of bone meal and potash have given average annual yields of 6,373, 5,805, and 6,164 lbs. of hay respectively since 1893, and the yields during the past year were 5,394, 4,708, and 5,160 lbs. respectively. Winter and spring applications of uiauure yielded 7,505.6 and 7,141.2 lbs. respectively of hay and rowen. The spring application pro- duced the heavier yield of rowen alone. [Experiments with field crops], W. B. Rawson, W. Dibble, F. Gillanders, J. Drysdale, and G. F. Earnshaw {'New Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 17 (1909), VP. 123-132, 350-35S, 3G5-373, 3S5-//3//, l',2-^J,7).—Geuevdl reports of the progress made in combating noxious weeds and of the condition of crops and of the grass-seed market are given, together with the general plan of experi- mental work at the 6 experimental farms. In experiments for the purpose of finding grasses adapted to infertile lands, Phalaris commutata stood the frost well. All others were killed or injured by the frost or cold drying winds. At the Waerenga farm the use of 10 cwt. of basic slag was followed by a higher yield of green grass per acre during each of the following 4 years than was secured after the same or smaller amounts of slag with kainit, or of super- phosphate, sulphate of potash, lime, dissolved bone, bone dust, and sulphate of ammonia in various amounts and combinations. The sowing of a mixture of Paspalum clilatatum and clover resulted in a pre- ponderance of clover in the stand. Experiments in sowing grass mixtures with wheat and barley as nurse crops are also reported. Applications of superphosphate, cyanamid, bone dust, dried blood, and sul- phate of potash singly or in various combinations were followed by yields of oats approximately three times as great as those secured from the check plats. One cwt. of superphosphate and i cwt. of cyanamid apparently produced higher yields than 1 cwt. of superphosphate alone or 2 cwt. of superphosphate and 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda. Notes are given on the results following applications of calcium cyanamid to oats, prairie grass, carrots, rape, turnips, maize, cow- peas, sainfoin, melilotus, and crimson clover. The Evergood and Dalmahay varieties of potatoes produced approximately equal yields and proved blight resistant. The reports of the results of applica- tions of superphosphate, whale meat, bone dust, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia in various combinations are given. At the Ruakura Farm, 6 acres of Argentina oats yielded well and proved i-ust resistant. As a top dressing for oats 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia proved more profitable alone than with i cwt. of muriate of potash and also excelled i cwt. sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda or 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda. In another manurial experiment with oats, the highest profit followed an application of 1 cwt. superphosphate and f cwt. of bone dust, while a loss fol- lowed an application of the same mixture In addition to li cwt. of dried blood and i cwt. of sulphate of potash. An application of 2 cwt. of superphosphate and f cwt. cyanamid produced a profit of 5d. per acre. In another experiment. FIELD CROPS. 235 the highest profit was secured after au application of 60 lbs. of sulphate of potash, while losses followed the use of superphosphate, muriate of potash, basic slag, nitrate of soda, or sulphate of potash in varying amounts and combinations. In manorial experiments with Algerian oats profits of more than £13 5s. arose from applications of 1 cwt. each of superphosphate, basic slag, and bone dust in different combinations. First grade seed oats produced 75 bu. per acre and second grade 68 bu. Among 8 varieties of rust-resistant oats the Garten produced the most valuable crop. Mangels following sorghum and millet pro- duced the highest profit apparently due to manures, when fertilized with 2 cwt. superphosphate and 2 cwt. basic slag per acre. Notes are given on sowings of sugar beets, carrots, turnips, rape and kale, and various fodder crops. At the Moumahaki Farm, variety tests of wheat, barley, and oats are reported. Only the Algerian oat proved rust resistant. On pasture land, an application of nearly 2 cwt. of steamed bone dust was followed by a greater increase in profit than applications of other sources of phosphorus or of ground lime or Maiden Island guano. Notes are given on the manuring and rate and method of planting of pumpkins, maize, sorghum, millet, cabbage, kohl-rabi, and carrots. Among fodder crops. Golden Beauty maize produced 35 tons per acre, Sinclair Champion carrot 28 tons of tops and OJ cwt. of roots, and Sutton Eclipse Drum- head cabbage 40 tons, 14^ cwt. of feed. In a test of 11 different applications of fertilizers to rape, the highest but least economical increase of yield was secured from the use of 2 cwt. of basic superphosphate. Cross dressings of nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and cyanamid produced no apparent improvement of the crop. On swamp land, an application of 24 cwt. of superphosphate produced an apparent increase in yield of over 20 tons of rape at a cost of 144 cts. per ton of increase. An application of 4 cwt. of superphosphate was followed by a greater increase in yield of potatoes than the same application in addition to 1 cwt. of muriate of potash. Vilmorin Improved sugar beets and Sutton Mammoth Long Red mangels produced the maximum yields of sugar and dry matter per acre respectively, while the most economical increase in yield of mangels after fertilizers was secured by the application of 44 cwt. of superphosphate and 1 cwt. of gypsum. An absolute decrease in yield of 5 tons 94 cwt. followed the application of 44 cwt. of steamed bone dust and 1 cwt. of cyanamid. Garton Superlative swedes produced the maximum yield of total dry matter per acre and the highest yield of roots and tops per acre and had only a trace affected by club root among 17 varieties so affected. The most economical in- crease in yield of turnips followed the application of IJ cwt. of superphosphate and li cwt. Maiden Island guano, in a test of 25 different formulas. Notes are given on the application of lime with fertilizers, the turnip fly, on the breeding of oats, wheat, barley, and alfalfa, and on sowings of more than 75 different grasses and legumes. At the Weraroa Farm, the Great Dakota oat produced the maximum yield of 60 bu. per acre. Four acres of Azov barley gave an average yield of 60 bu. per acre and the Clarence Wonder produced the maximum estimated weight of corn among 5 varieties of field corn, ranging from 50 to 75 tons per acre, while the Broad Yellow sweet corn produced an estimated yield of 70 tons per acre. Among 86 varieties of potatoes, the Up-to-date produced the maximum yield of 14 tons 2J cwt. per acre. The seeding of clovers and grasses, M. F. Millee (Missouri Sta. Circ. 4^, pp. 61-64). — This circular discusses the merits of timothy and clover and other 236 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. meadow and pasture mixtures, orchard grass, various fertilizers, and the free testing of seeds at the station. The seeding of alfalfa, C. B. Hutchison {Missouri 81 a. C ire. JtO, pp. 53-56). — Suggestions are made for inoculation, use of lime, seeding, harvesting, cultiva- tion, and the choice of soil. Alfalfa in New Hampshire, F. W. Taylor {'Neio Hampshire Sta. Circ. 9, pp. 4). — The author discusses the causes of failure in alfalfa growing and gives directions for preparing the seed bed, seeding, inoculating, fertilizing, and harvesting. The feeding value and present status of alfalfa are also discussed. Growing' broom corn in Colorado, A. Keyser (Colorado Sta. Circ. 9, pp. 16). — This ciix-ular contains general information on the soils and regions adapted to broom-corn growing and makes suggestions as to choice of varieties, preparation of land, planting, cultivation, harvesting, tabling, cutting, sorting, thrashing, handling, and marketing. Breeding and selection of corn, F. W. Taylor {New Hampshire Sta. Circ. 10, pp. 8, figs. 2). — Full directions are given for the purpose of enabling the farmer to conduct ear-row work for the improvement of corn. The value of first-generation hybrids in corn, G. N. Collins {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 191, pp. i/5). — -The author discusses the vigor of hybrids as a factor of production and the habits of the corn plant with reference to hybridization, and reviews previous experiments with first-generation hybrids, conducted by W. J. Beal ° and others, in part already noted (E. S. R., 4, pp. 134, 904; 6, p. 29; 22, pp. 3G, 41). The author gives a brief account of 16 hybrids secured by crossing American varieties with a new series of types of corn from China, Africa, and the Ameri- can Tropics. The height, yield, and character of ear of each of the hybrids and their parents are reported. The average percentage increase in yield of 14 of these hybrids over the averages of the parents is 53. A small Chinese variety averaging 0.39 lb. per plant was crossed on 5 varieties which averaged 0.764 lb. per plant. The average yield of the 5 hybrids was 1.004 lbs. per plant. The increased yields reported in the earlier work reviewed ranged from 4 to 95 per cent with a loss of 8 per cent in one case and no difference in another. The work reported is regarded as indicating that corn needs the stimulus of crossing to produce maximum results. Close breeding tends to reduce vigor and yields. Raising hybrid seed requires no special skill or large increase of labor, and may render possible an extension of corn gi-owing to large areas where it is now precarious. The advantages of crossing are equally applicable to sweet corn improvement. Plans are suggested for testing corn hybrids and for producing hybrid seed on a commercial scale at a central location, as the hybrid need not be produced in the locality in which it is used as seed. Corn cultivation, C. P. Hartley {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 41h PP- 32, figs. 25). — The author discusses the possibility of increasing the yield by seed improvement, care in the selection of land for corn, attention to the absorption and retention of soil moisture, and the prevention of washing. Im- provements are also suggested in fertilization, rotation, depth and methods of plowing, and cultivation and planting. Different types of cultivators are dis- cussed. Frequent references to the literature of the subject are given. The seeding of cowpeas, M. F. Miller (Missouri Sta. Circ. 39, pp. 49-52, fig. 1). — This deals with varieties of cowpeas, time and methods of seeding, harvest- ing, and thrashing, and the adaptability of the crop to growth with corn. ^ Rpts. Michigan Bd. Agr., 1876, p. 206 ; 1877, p. 56 ; 1880. pp. 287, 288 ; 1881- 1882, p. 136 ; see also Ann. Rpts. Purdue Univ., 1881, p. 87 ; 1883, p. 72. FIELD CROPS. 237 Milo, A. Keyser and H. M. Cottrell (Colorado Sta. Circ. 7, pp. 16, fig. i).— Directions for growing milo maize are followed by a discussion of its use as a feed for beef and dairy cattle, calves, bogs, sbeep, and poultry. Oats: Growing' the crop, C. W. Warburton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. Ji24, PP- H, figs. 13). — The author outlines the history of oats, describes the plant, and discusses with special reference to oats and oat production, types of soil, fertilizers, liming, rotations, preparation of the seed bed, cleaning, grading, treating for smut, date, rate, method and depth of seeding, cultivation, spray- ing to kill weeds, cutting back to prevent lodging, irrigation, cutting, shocking, stacking, shock tbrashing, stack thrashing, storing, yields, cost of production, seed selection for crop improvement, diseases, and injurious insects. The varieties adapted to each of the different sections of the United States are specified. The publications of this Department and of the state experiment stations are freely cited and many of the statements are accompanied by the results of experimental work substantiating them. Oats: Distribution and uses, C. W. Warburton (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. Ji20, pp. 2-J, figs. 4). — Tbis supplements the paper noted above. It gives statistical figures of the production and value of the oat crop of the world and of the United States, describes the market grades, summarizes data as to the composition of the grain and straw, and discusses their use as food for man and animals. The use of the crop for hay, pasture, soiling, as a nurse and cover crop, and of its by-products are dealt with. Potato investig'ations, A. G. Craig (Washington Sta. Bui. 9.'i. pp. 31, figs. 5). — Tbe autbor outlines experimental work with potatoes under way, and gives brief descriptions of those of tbe 225 varieties tested which have not been discarded and a list of those unworthy of description. A study of the inherited tendencies in hills of several varieties indicates " that the heaviest yielding hills are not always the best for seed, and that . . . the number of plants in a hill must be taken into consideration." Data obtained in tbis test are presented in tabular form. After the first year of the test one plat of each variety was planted with large and small tubers from the best hills, and another with seed from the medium to poor hills. The average yields of 12 varieties were 8,185 and 6,111 lbs. of marketable potatoes per acre respectively, and from 3 varieties used in tbe tbird year's work 9,426 and 4,583 lbs. per acre respectively. The tubers from the good hills were the more uniform in size and appearance. Growing potatoes in Colorado, C. L. Fitch (Colorado Sta. Circ. 8, pp. 22, figs. 10). — The topics discussed include trueness to type, potato growing in Coloi'ado, the essentials of a good eating potato, choice of varieties, seed selec- tion, running out, rotation and plowing, planting, cultivation, irrigation, har- vesting, storing, the most desirable size of potatoes for seed, and dry land and high altitude seed potatoes. A number of varieties are described. The potato: Selection of seed and cultivation, E, A. Rogers (Penn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 190, pp. 81, pis. 13). — This bulletin presents general and popular in- formation for the potato grower. Selection and preparation of the soil, and production, fertilization, harvesting, storing, and marketing of tbe crop are dealt with. Directions are given for combating insects and diseases. Wheat growing in Missouri, F. H. Demaree (Missouri Sta. Circ. ^3, pp. 65-68, fig. 1). — A discussion of wheat varieties and soils is followed by direc- tions for sowing, fertilization, and the prevention of injury by smut and insect enemies. Seed germination and separation, G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. 61-64). — Germination tests for seeds of the onion, tobacco, corn, lettuce, pansy, celery, and several other plants are given. 238 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. It was found that when the faulty and light seeds were taken out, the re- mainder showed a much higher percentage of germination than samples from the same lot which had not been separated. This was especially true of such seed as tobacco, onion, and celery. Seed purity work, 1909, G. H. Chapaian {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. 57-60). — The results are given in tabulated form of purity tests of the seeds offered in the open market of timothy, red clover, redtop, oats, alfalfa, alsike clover, while clover, alfalfa clover, orchard grass, Agrostis, Kentucky blue grass, meadow fescue, millet, Italian rye grass, and yellow oat grass. The most common impurities found in these seeds were plantain, rib grass, sheep sorrel, and dock. HOETICULTTJEE. Experiments in breeding' sweet corn, 11. Pearl and F. M. Surface (Maine Sta. Bui. 183, pp. 249-316, pis. S, figs. 7). — Experiments in breeding sweet corn, extending over 3 years, 1907 to 1909, are reported, including the important data and a brief account of the general features of the work. Further discussion of the more technical results has been reserved for later publication. The experiments w'ere conducted with a view of helping both the farmer and the packer. Two types of corn, differing chiefly in regard to earliness of maturity and fineness and depth of kernel, were dealt with in the experiments. Both types are white in color and the corn designated as type 1 is a superior variety in regard to the above named characteristics. Selection was conducted with both types for improvements relative to earliness of maturity, yield both of ears and stover, and the general conformation of the ear, especially with reference to the shape and covering of the tip with kernels. Selection was made of de- sirable plants in the field and between the ears harvested from these plants. A marked gain in earliness was observed after the first year's selection of type 1 corn, but no further gain in earliness followed the selection practiced in the two subsequent years. Corn selected from type 2 in 1907 was grown in a new locality in 1908. The " new-place " effect appeared to offset the effect of selection as far as the crop in 1908 was concerned. In general the first year's selection has been followed by a marked improvement in respect to the confor- mation of ear and the gain has been maintained where the corn has been grown in localities to which it is well adjusted. Two years' ear-to-row test furnished no evidence that there is any close association or correlation between the size or conformation of the seed ear and the yield of corn obtained from it upon planting. The present experiments point clearly to the conclusion that in any attempt to improve corn by selection, the fundamental datum must be the performance of the row planted on the ear- to-row system rather than the individual ear or plant. The authors, however, do not advocate the isolation of a single pure line of homozygote strain as the thing to be aimed at in practical corn breeding. The aim should be to get rid of poor genotypes from the breeding plats as a whole and to permit broad breeding between the rows of the selected seed. The experiments thus far give no evidence that there is a cumulative effect of the selection of small fluctuating variations in sweet corn. A wide distribu- tion of selected seed over the State in 1908 demonstrated the importance of the factor of local adjustment in the improvement of the crop by breeding. In 1908 type 1 corn did not show the same earliness throughout the State as on the station plats. In 1910, however, the corn appears to have adjusted itself to various localities and superior earliness was again in evidence. HOETICULTUEE. 239 A test of the effect of commercial fertilizer, in addition to manure, upon yield and earliness showed an increased yield of 21 bu. of dry seed per aci'e in favor of the fertilized plat. There were also less corn on nubbins and the remaining ears were of better quality. No effect was noticed on the earliness of maturity. Without going into a discussion of the biological basis of the improvement in earliness, the authors are inclined to believe this improvement is in reality a physiological rather than a genetic or hereditary phenomenon. The bulletin concludes with some practical suggestions regai'ding the growing of sweet corn in Maine, based on the experiments and observations I'eported. A rack for storing seed corn devised by the station and found very satisfactory is described. Cabbage culture, H. P. Stuckey (Georgia Sta. Bui. 91, pp. 111-129, figs. 11). — Fertilizer, cultural, and variety tests with cabbage conducted during the past 2 seasons are reported and general cultural directions based largely on the experimental results are given, together with notes on insects affecting cabbage. The general results secured from the cultural experiments are as follows: " Cotton-seed meal as a source of nitrogen gave better results than nitrate of soda when used under cabbage plants when set in the fall for spring heading. The open-furrow method of setting cabbage plants in the fall of the year for spring heading gave better results than setting the plants on a level, on the south side of the ridge, on top of the ridge, or on the north side of the ridge. The method is to be recommended for well-drained and well-prepared soil. From October 1 to October 20 was found to be the best time for sowing cabbage seed in this section for plants to head early the following spring. Plants from seeds sown early in September are liliely to go to seed the following spring. Nitrate of soda when applied at the i-ate of 900 lbs. per acre as a side dressing gave more profit than did heavier applications." A preliminary report on the vegetable growing industry in Oregon, A. G. B. Bouquet {Oregon Sta. Bui. 109, pp. Jf8, figs. 13). — This report embraces a brief discussion of the existing conditions in the State relative to the vege- table industry, together with practical suggestions for growing a number of the more important vegetables, including suitable varieties of each, A bib- liography is appended. [Fertilizer experiments at the cranberry substation], W. P. Brooks (Mas- sachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 31-33). — Exi^riments with cranberry fer- tilizers (E. S. R., 20, p. 339) were continued in 1909. As a result of observations and records so far made, it was found that the use of some fertilizer will clearly prove profitable on many bogs. During the year an estimated yield of 150 bu. of cranberries per acre was produced on the no-fertilizer plats, whereas 268 bu. per acre is the estimated average for all of the fertilizer plats and 306..5 bu. per acre was the average product on the plats where a complete fertilizer was applied. Nitrate of soda greatly promotes the growth of vines and appears also to be favorable to fruitfulness, although it is believed that nitrate in excess of 100 lbs, per acre will seldom be necessary. High-grade sulphate of potash appears to promote fruitfulness, good color, and high quality. Phosphoric acid has had the least effect of the fertilizers employed, although it appears probable that when applied in soluble form, such as acid phosphate, it will be likely to promote early ripening and high color. Orchard green-manure crops in California, R. McKee (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 190, pp. ^0, figs. 9). — The results of investigations in- volving cultural methods and tests of various crops conducted at Chico, Cal., and 77543°— No. 3—11 i 240 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. in cooperation with many orchardists for the past 5 years, are reported under the following general headings : The orchard districts of California, conditions under which green-manure crops should not be used, qualities desirable in a green-manure crop, methods of handling green-manure crops, winter green- manure crops now used in California orchards, summer green-manure crops, re- sults of green manuring in California, results of tests with various legumes, promising green-manure crops, and the cost of seed of green-manure crops. The investigation as a whole shows that green-manure crops are being used extensively only in the citrus and walnut orchards of the southern part of the State, although observations of a few plantings and experimental work show that by early seeding a good green-manure crop can be grown and in most cases can be profitably used in the northern citrus section. In deciduous orchard sections practically no green-manure crop is used, since water for fall irrigation is not generally available for starting the crop. A volunteer growth of bur clover, however, is usually sufficient by the time the orchards are plowed in the spring to yield considerable humus. In certain sections where adobe or similar soils prevail, the use of green-manure crops does not seem advisable, since cul- tivation must continue on such soils to prevent their becoming hard and packed. Whenever available, stable manure may be used to increase the humus supply in such soils. The work has clearly indicated the superiority of certain crops over others and their adaptation for various purposes and conditions. Common vetch and field peas are the most generally used green-manure crops and together with bur clover are adapted to quite varied conditions. Peas or common vetch sown in the fall will geuei'ally need irrigation to make sufficient growth to be turned under early as a green manure. Earlier and heavier seeding is desirable for obtaining the best results. Woolly podded vetch also promises to be of value for deciduous orchard conditions. Fenugreek appears to be especially adapted to the coastal region. Of the various legumes tested hairy vetch is not well adapted for use as a green-manure crop in California, but black bitter vetch, black purple vetch, woolly podded vetch, horse beans, and the Tangier pea are considered to be promising new crops in comparison with common vetch. With the exception of horse beans in the northern portion, green-manure ci'ops need no inoculation in California. The growing of a summer crop in California orchards is not advisable. Local and sectional conditions should be taken into consideration in determining the kind of crop and the best method of handling it. Varieties of fruit originated in Michigan, S. W. Fletcher (Michigan Sta. 8i)ec. Bui. J{Ii, pp. 3-87, figs. 82). — This bulletin contains descriptions of 185 named varieties of orchai'd and small fruits, which have originated in Michigan and have been announced from timQ to time in the horticultural literature of the State. Introductory remarks deal with the importance of breeding new vari- eties, the kinds of new varieties needed in Michigan, and qualities which go to perpetuate a variety. Although Michigan has contributed very little to the widely grown varieties of fruit in this country, a number of varieties have been produced which are of considerable commercial importance within the State. The Ben Davis group of apples, J. K. Shaw {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 176-193, map 1). — ^A summarized study of the apples of the Ben Davis group i-elative to their history, distinguishing characteristics, and quality. A study of the available literature together with information gleaned from authorities in systematic pomology gave a list of 40 varieties as possible candi- dates for this group. Twenty of these varieties, however, are believed to belong elsewhere or to be synonyms. The remainder are here separately considered and described. HORTICULTURE. 241 Variation in apples, J. K. Shaw (Massachusetts 8ta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp 194-213, pis. J. figs. 2). — The results are given of a 2-years' investigation by statistical metbocls relative to the variation of the Ben Davis apple, vphich variety was selected as being the most widely cultivated of any commercial variety. The subject matter is presented uuder the two headings : The varia- tion in size and form as grown in the Clark orchard of the Massachusetts Agricultural College and the variation in form, quality, and other characters when grown under widely varying couditious of climate and soil in the United States and Canada. Statistical measurements showing the means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variability are giveu and discussed and the variations are also graphically represented. The data secured in the Clark orchard showed little or no relation between the size of the apples and the yield. There were slight differences in the vari- ability in the size of apples from the different trees. The variability of the form of the fruit from different trees was less than that of size but was i)er- ceptible to the eye as were also differences in color. Apples from the top of the tree were a little larger than those from the lower branches and also slightly more variable. Apples from the lower branches were a little longer than those from the top of the tree. Generally speaking, the Ben Davis gradually becomes more and more elon- gated in form the farther north it is grown. In correlating the variations in fruit characteristics with variations in meteorological data, it appears that the poor quality of the northern grown Ben Davis is due to an insufficient amount of heat to fully develop the fruit. The work as a whole is summarized as follows : " Apples vary greatly in response to the widely varying conditions of soil, and more especially, climate, in the apple regions of North America. The Ben Davis variety seems to be especially variable. This variability may be accurately measured and studied by means of statistical methods. The most striking variation is in the external form of the apples, and this is accompanied by corresponding changes of the internal structure. The cause of this variation is some factor or factors of climate, which are closely related to latitude and the proximity of large bodies of water. It is probable that humidity or temperatui-e, or both, may be the controlling factors. The differences in warmth of different growing seasons definitely affect the size of apples for that season. The most favorable tempera- ture for development in size varies with the locality. It is lower in the North than in the South. The cause of the variation in quality is chiefly the varying amount of heat prevalent during the growing season. In order to develop satisfactorily in quality the Ben Davis should have an average monthly mean temperature of not less than 60° F. for the growing season, March to September, inclusive." Natural variation of the apple as a factor in the perpetuation and im- provement of varieties, V. H. Davis {Ohio State Hart. Soc. Ann. Rpt., JfS (1910), pp. -'/0--J4)- — In this paper the importance of selecting buds or scions of known desirable characteristics is discussed. Manuring an apple orchard, W. P. Brooks (Massachusetts 8ta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. 10-20). — Fertilizer expei'iments with apples originally planned by C. A. Goessmann have been in progress at the station for 20 years. A brief statement of the conditions and plan of the experiment and the leading results and conclusions are given. The area devoted to apples is divided into 5 plats of about J of an acre each. Each plat contains 12 trees, 3 each of Gravenstein, Baldwin, Roxbury Russet, and Rhode Island Greening. The soil is a strong gravelly loam, with fairly compact subsoil. The following manures and fertilizers have been applied to 242 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. the various plats each year, starting in 1889, the year previous to planting : Plat 1, 20,000 lbs. of barnyard manure; plat 2, 2,000 lbs. of wood ashes; plat 3, nothing; plat 4, 600 lbs. of bone meal and 200 lbs. of muriate of potash; and plat 5, 600 lbs. of bone meal and 400 lbs. of low grade sulphate of potash. The fertilizei's have invariably been applied bi'oadcast in early spring and were mixed with the soil until 1895, since when the orchards have been kept in grass and the fertilizers used as a top-dressing. As indicated by the circumference of the trees, the order of growth was plats 1, 5, 2, 4, and 3, and as indicated by the total yield of all trees to date, includ- ing 1909, the i-ank was as plats 1. 5, 4, 2, and 3. Plat 2 usually ranked first in color and general attractiveness of appearance of the fruit, followed by plats 5, 4, 1, and 3. During the early years of the experiment, plat 5 ranked first in size of the fruit, followed by plats 4, 1, 2, and 3, but in recent years, whenever the quantity of fruit was not excessive, the apples on plat 1 were usually larger than those of any of the other plats. A number of tests of the keeping quality of the fruit usually gave plat 5 first place, followed by plats 4, 1, 2, and 3. The relative low quality of the fruit from plat 2 is attributed to the fact that it comes to maturity earlier than on the other fertilized plats. The author calls attention to the superiority of plat 5 over plat 4, the trees being much larger and producing a much greater amount of fruit. The only impoi'tant difference in the application of fertilizer made to the 2 plats has been the use of low grade sulphate of potash in plat 5 instead of muriate, but no conclusion is reached as to the nature of the beneficial action, if there be any, exerted by the low grade sulphate. Experiments upon a larger scale are being conducted to test the questions raised in the present work, but the results already show most decisively that apple trees must be fertilized to grow well and bear well. The stable manure furnished too large a proportion of nitrogen, the growth of the trees being rank, the foliage heavy, and the fruit overgrown, as well as coarse and inferior in color. Taking the work as a whole, the combination of bone meal with low grade sulphate of potash has produced the most satisfactory results. Some practical suggestions are given relative to fertilizing orchards, and the question of sod versus tillage is briefiy discussed although the author does not consider it as bearing directly on the experiment reported. The box pack for apples, W. H. Wicks {Neio Hampshire Sta. Circ. 8, pp. 6, figs. 7). — Instructions are given for packing apples in boxes, including informa- tion relative to the package and packing material. Apples and pears for export, C. P. Van der Merwe (Dept. Agr. Orange River Colony, Hort. Div. Leaflet 6, pp. 12), — Lists are given of varieties of apples and pears which have been found to do well in the Orange River Colony and which are recommended to be grown for export. A biometric study of the seeds of a vinifera grape grown both on its own roots and as a graft, P. Seyot {Assoc. FranQ. Avanc. Sci., Compt. Rend., 38 (1909), i)p. 556-569; ahs. in Rev. Vit., 34 (1910), No. 878. p. J,14).—The author made a study of the seeds of the Tannat grape grown on its own roots and on a number of different stocks. The general conclusions reached are that grafting has exerted a marked in- fluence on seed dimensions of this variety and that the extent of this variation is influenced more or less by the particular stock employed. To a certain degree the variations appeared comparable to those produced by sexual hybridization. Coffea robusta as a catch crop for Para rubber, P. J. S. Cbamer (India RuMer Jour., n. scr., 39 (1910), Nos. 12, pp. 791, 792; 13, pp. 861, 862; II,, pp. Ji3, Jilf, 46, figs. 8). — This is essentially an account of robusta coffee (Coffea laurentii) relative to its history, culture, preparation, and commercial value. FORESTRY. 243 special attention being given to its culture as a catch crop with rubber. The author is of the opinion that robusta coffee is especially fitted as a catch crop on account of its early bearing habits. Under proper conditions it yields about 15 cwt. per acre 3 years from planting. The ornamental value of the saltbushes, D. Griffiths (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 69, pp. 6, pi. 1). — A brief discussion of the ornamental value of the saltbushes with special reference to their adaptability to the arid and alkaline soils of the Southwest. Some of the species are evergreen in the warmer situations and will thrive on either alkaline or nonalkaline soils. Other species are hardy in cold climates. A number of species are rapid growers and adapted for hedges, since they shape up well and make a thick impenetrable growth. They thrive with u minimum of moisture, but resiwnd readily to a greater supply. The main disadvantage of saltbushes is the brittleness of the wood. FORESTRY. Report of committee on breeding nut and forest trees, G. B. Sudworth {Amer. Breeders Mag., 1 (1910), No. 3, pp. 185-193). — ^This report deals par- ticularly with the progress made by the forest experiment stations at Flagstaff, Ariz., and on Pike's Peak, near Manitou, Colo., in the breeding of tree seeds and the introduction of exotics. Tests of seed were made from old western yellow pine, ranging in age from 280 to 425 years and from young western yellow pine, ranging in age from 125 to 145 years. The seed from the young pines gave 83.2 i^er cent germination, whereas the seed from the old pines gave only 68.4 per cent. Seed tests were also made of 9 different species of native conifers obtained from National Forests in 38 widely separated localities in the western half of the United States. The results are tabulated and discussed. Plantations with seed obtained from different sources as to region, elevation, age, and soundness of mother trees are to be made and studied for a number of years. During the past year an actual trial was made with 53 exotic species here listed, of which 39 are eucalypts. The judicious selection of tree seeds, improvement of the present forest by silvicultural treatment, and the introduction of exotics for the extension of forest regions are given as the 3 imi)ortant problems for consideration. Walnut-oak hybrid experiments, E. B. Babcock (Amer. Breeders Mag., 1 (1910), No. 3, pp. 200-202).— In the fall of 1907 the attention of the author was called to certain so-called walnut-oak hybrids growing in southern Cali- fornia. "Without any facts to explain the identity of these trees exiieriments were conducted during the past 3 years to secure data that would either sub- stantiate or discredit the hypothesis of origin through hybridization between oak and walnut. In 190S crosses were made between the native walnut of southern California, Juglans californica as the female parent and the coast live oak, Qiiercus agrifolia, and one of the oak hybrids as male parents. Precau- tious were taken to prevent either self-pollination or outside pollination from other sources. Twenty-seven nuts were procured from the oak-walnut cross and 13 nuts from the walnut-oak hybrid-walnut cross. Twenty-four trees were growing from the former nuts in 1909 and 12 trees from the latter. Owing to various adverse conditions no seed was procured from the crosses made in 1909, but in 1910, 151 nuts were secured from crosses between Q. agrifolia and J. cali- fornica and 29 nuts from crosses made between Q. engelmanni and J. cali- fornica. The seedlings are to be studied further. The commercial hickories. A, T. Boisen and J. A. Newlin (TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Bvl. 80, pp. 64, pis. 6, figs. 17). — This bulletin reports a detailed 244 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. study of the commercial hickories conducted with the view of deriving infor- mation relative to the best means of producing and maintaining the necessary supply. The study is reported under the following general headings: Economic im- portance of the hickories, the hickory supply, lumbering, the tree and its forms, range and distribution, soil and moisture requirements, tolerance, reproduc- tion, growth, length of life, susceptibility to injuries, volume and yield, the wood and its mechanical properties, and the outlook for future supply. Growth, volume, and yield tables, based on measurements of different stands, are given. In the mechanical tests which were conducted at the Forest Service laboratory at Purdue University, moisture, weight, rate of growth, heartwood and sap- wood, position in the tree, age, soil and situation, geographic location, species, and defects were considered as factors affecting strength, and the following points were determined : Specific gravity as tested and oven dry, weight per cubic foot as tested and oven dry, fiber sti-ess at elastic limit, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, horizontal shear at maximum load, work or resilience to elastic limit, work to maximum load, and total work. The data are tabulated and discussed. The investigation as a whole showed that hickory has a number of important sijecial uses for which no satisfactory substitute is known. The commercial supply is derived almost entirelj- from the true hickories, including the shag- bark, big shagbark, big shellbark, pignut, and mockernut. Hickory-producing woodland is owned mainly in small holdings. Although the present stumpage prices are comparatively low, the expectations are that hickory will soon bring more adequate returns and it should rank among the more important timber trees of the managed wood lot. The technical value of the wood differs greatly within the same species under similar silvicultural conditions and even within an individual tree. In general the wood put on by a thrifty tree during the period of its gi-eatest vigor is the best and the wood from the butt cuts is superior to that from the upper cuts. For thrifty trees of the same age, there are no differences in value according to geogi'aphic regions or local soil conditions. The best criterion of the value of the wood is its weight. The heartwood, or red hickory, is equally as strong and tough as the sapwood, or white hickory, and should be placed on the same footing to prevent waste. Economy in the usage through closer cooperation and the adoption of a just log measure to improve the economic position of the tree are also recommended. On the saving of damag'ed beeches, Eckstein {Naturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 8 {1910), No. 11, pp. 525, 526, fig. 2). — The author briefly describes the method of saving young beech trees which have been injured by mice by mounding up the dirt around the trees, and also notes a case in which young beeches have reestablished themselves after injury by the production of sec- ondary roots. The secondary root formation appears to have been aided by the presence of a good covering of leaf-mold which retained sufficient moisture for the roots to become established. On the relation between yield performance and soil properties with the pine, W. ScnoENBERG (Ztffchr. Forf^t u. Jogdw., -',2 (1910), No. 11, pp. 6},9~656, fig. 2). — Physical and chemical analyses of a number of forest soils in the vicinity of Eberswald were made with a view of determining whether there is any definite relation between the yield of pine and the soil properties. The data are presented in tabular form and discussed. The soils which consisted of valley sands and alluvial deposits showed con- siderable variation in their content of mineral foods. As a rule the soils con- taining the highest content of mineral foods showed the best yield performance, DISEASES OF PLANTS. 245 this being especially ti'ue as to phosphoric acid, and lime. An examination of the mechanical texture of the soils indicated that there was a direct relation between the clay content and yield performance. Better yields were also noted on soils with a high humus content. The author points out, however, that much of this humus was probably derived from the forests themselves. He is of the opinion that emphasis should be placed upon the physical texture rather than upon the amount of mineral food in soils and that failure of fertilizer experi- ments in many forest soils is due to the poor water-holding capacity of the soil. Such soils may be improved by the incoi-poration of humus, removal of weeds, cultivation, etc. Pine manuring experiments on the dunes of the Kurischen lowlands, K. Eackmann (Naturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landio., 8 (1910), No. 11, pp. 513-522, figs. 2). — The results of some preliminary experiments undertaken in the Kurischen lowlands on the Baltic coast to determine the value of fertilizers for promoting the ^'owth of pine seedlings in shifting sand dunes are reported. The fertilizer ingredients were limited to varying proportions of basic slag, kainit, and dried blood. Considerable improvement was noted in the fertilized seedlings over those in unfertilized plats. The work is to be continued with a view of determining the best individual fertilizer and the best combination of fertilizers for sand dune culture. The life history of Parthenium (guaynle), J. B. Kirkwood {Amcr. Rev. Trop. Agr., 1 (1910), No. 7, pp. 193-205, pis. 3). — In connection with his in- vestigations relative to the propagation of guayule (Parthenium argentatum), the desert rubber bearing plant (E. S. R.. 24, p. 151), the author collected some data on its life history which are here discussed. Among other facts brought out, it appears that guayule produces only about 17 per cent of fertile seed. The explanation of this is being sought in embryological research. The rubber plants in northern Madag'asear, H. Jumelle and H. Pebrieb (Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds. 10 (1910), No. 90. pp. 18^-196).— A further descrip- tive account is given of the rubber yielding landolphias, mascarenhasias, and plectaneias in northern JNIadagascar (E. S. R., 23, p. 246). The natural forests of Switzerland, H. and M. Bbockmann-Jebosch (Ber. Schiceiz. Bot. Gcscll., 1910. No. 19, pp. 171-22.'t, map 1). — A contribution to the knowledge of the plant geography of Switzerland with special reference to timber trees. Consideration is given to the natural development of timber stands in the past as well as the more recent development of timber stands as influenced by human agency. An interesting phase of work in connection with the Davy School of Forestry, L. L. Scott (Ohio State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rpt., ^3 (1910), pp. 93-96).— Some of the more imiwrtant operations in tree surgery as practiced at the Davy School of Forestry are described. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Eeport of the botanists, G. E. Stone and G. H. Chapman (MassacJiusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 69-72). — The work has been similar to that of other years (E. S. R., 22. p. 245). Of the usual number of fungus diseases commonly occurring in the State, several were jnore or less abundant, including rust on apples, beans, qumces, and roses, peach leaf curl, beet scab, leaf spot of the apple, and Alternaria leaf spot on muskmelons and watermelons. Keport on plant diseases from the Station of Vegetable Pathology of Bome, G. CuBONi (Relasione sidle Malattie dcUe Piante Studiate durante il Biennio 1906-7. Rome: R. Staz. Patol. Veg., 1908, pp. VIII +80). —In a report on the 246 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. principal diseases of orchard and forest trees and field and garden crops studied during 1906-7, an undescribed fungus, Gytosporella damnosa n. sp., parasitic on the branches of young pine trees, is described. Notes on insect and fungus pests (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Lotidon], 17 (1910), No. 6, pp. JtlS-.'t81, pi. 1). — ^After discussing several insect pests of forest trees, attention is called to a black, hardened, gummy substance, which filled the interstices of the bark from an apparently healthy oak some 100 years old. This black substance originated from a gummy degeneration of a fungus mycelium grown on the bark, and partially from similar changes in the tissues of the bark itself. A bacterial disease of ash bark is also figured and described. This usually occurs when the trees are situated in damp, low places where an excess of moisture causes minute cracks on the stems, which are later enlarged by frost, thus affording an entrance for the bacteria which eventually destroys the wood. The wounds should be cut out when small, and the surface tarred. The control of scale insects in tlie British "West Indies by means of fungoid parasites, F. W. South (West Indian Bui., 11 (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-30, pis. 2). — Technical descriptions are given of Gephalosporium lecanii, Myrian- giuni durioci, Ophioncctria coccicola, and SphoirosUlhe coccophila, and their distribution throughout the West Indies is indicated. On the basis of the author's observations and the investigations of others, it appears that under some conditions these fungi can be successfully employed in combating scale insects. The factors which affect the usefulness of these fungi are said to be temperature, wind, and moisture, of which the last two are the most important. Where conditions are suitable this means of controlling scale insects may be depended upon, and only under exceptional circumstances is the use of insecticidal sprays to be recommended. On the role that fluorescent bacteria play in plant diseases, E. Gbiffon (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], l.'f9 (1909), No. 1, pp. 50-53).— The author claims that Bacillus fluorescens liqucfaciens and B. fluorescens putridus are capable of producing a wet rot or canker of various vegetables, as the former has been found to be the causative agent in a rot of carrots and ruta-bagas, while the anthracnose of tobacco, common in wet years, is attributed to B. (eruginosus, a synonym, according to the. author, of B. fluorescens putridus. Tomatoes and melons gi-own under glass have also been found attacked by a stem canker due to B. fluorescens. It is also stated that B. caulivorus, B. hrassicocvorus, and B. cerugihosus can no longer be held as distinct species but are probably only forms of B. fluo- rescens which under favorable environments easily change from a saprophytic to a parasitic mode of existence. Prevention of oat and wheat smut, F. L. Stevens (North Carolina Sta. Bui. 212, pp. 75-SJi, figs. 2). — This is a popular discussion of oat and wheat smuts, their nature, cause, infection periods, and methods of prevention. The formalin treatment is recommended for stinking smut of wheat and oat smut, and the hot-water treatments of Freeman and Johnson (E. S. R., 21. p. 455) for the loose smut of wheat. Andropogon sorghum (millet or pyaung): Its cultivation and some of its enemies, L. ArsERT (Agr. Jour. India. 5 (1910), No. 3, pp. 222-230, pis. 6). — In a general discussion of the difficulties attending the growing of this crop in Upper Burma two plant pests are especially noted. One is a white-flowered scrophulariaceous root parasite, Striga lutca, which, in times of drought espe- cially, completely destroys entire fields of the millet, and even in years of suf- ficient rainfall affects both the quality and quantity of the grain produced. The other pest is a bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis, which appears annually in DISEASES OF PLANTS. 247 July and August, and by overrunning the millet plants i-etards their growth and development. A new chytridiaceous parasite of rye grass, E. Griffon and A. Maublanc (Bui. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France, 26 {1910), No. 3, pp. 317-321, pi. i).— The authors describe as nevp Cladochytrium ccespitis n. sp., a fungus which first attacks the sheaths and adjacent tissues of the young stems of rye grass (Lolium perenne) near the ground, producing a species of brown rot which soon invades the roots, and finally causes the death of the plants. Notes on the occurrence of fung'us spores on onion seed, G. H. Chapman (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 16-'f-167). — In 10 samples of onion seed examined. 2 were found contaminated with onion smut spores ( Urocystis cepulw). Spores of onion brown mold (Macrosporium porri) and downy mildew (Peronospora schleideniaiia) were also found, as well as the spores of several species of fungi not parasitic on the onion. Scab and eelworm in potatoes, E. S. Holmes (Jour. Dept. Agr, Victoria, 8 (1910), No. 9, pp. 570-582). — The results are reported of experiments for the prevention of scab and nematodes in potatoes in various parts of Victoria, in which the use of formalin, green and artificial manures, iron sulphate, and spraying for the scab (the term being used here in its widest sense), and the use of green manure, formalin, and spraying for combating the nematode, were tested. It was found that soaking the seed tubers in a 1 : 30 solution of formalin for 2 hours before cutting and planting was efficacious in preventing the scab in that form, at least, which occurs in the Ballarat district, while clean seed and artificial manures were also factors in the production of a clean crop. For combating the nematode, green manure and the use of artificial manures, especially the latter, are worthy of consideration for future experiments, while the formalin treatment did not prove as eflicacious as in the case of the scab. A tabulated statement of the results obtained from 5 experimental plats is appended. The symptoms of internal disease and sprain (streak disease) in potato, A. S. HoRNE (Jour. Agr. ^Sci., 3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 322-332, i)ls. 2).— The author describes the symptoms of two obscure diseases of the potato now found in England. One, known as internal disease, was originally described from Germany by Frank in 1897 (E. 8. R., 9, p. 61) as " buntwerden " or " eisen- fleckigheit," and the other from England and Scotland called " sprain in pota- toes " was described in 1909 (E. S. R., 22, p. 347). The results are also given of experiments on growing potatoes from seed tubers affected with both diseases, and their subsequent development in stor- age. As a result of these investigations the author claims that the internal disease attacks certain varieties of potatoes, occurring even in the very young tubers, while sprain, or streak disease, as the author proposes to rename it, occurs in other varieties. The markings in the diseases may or may not form a connected system in the tissues of the potato. Sometimes the discolored areas are quite isolated, and the diseased cells can easily be traced to within a few cells of the cork layer (skin), terminating occasionally in a slight injury to the surface of the tubers in the case of the streak disease. No trace of a hyphal organism was found within the cells or intercellular spaces of the diseased tissues. The dead cells often retain their starch in an unaltered condition. Neither disease spreads in storage under the experimental conditions described. In every experiment, samples of potatoes affected with either disease produced a certain proportion of tubers affected with these 248 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. diseases. Both diseases were frequently found associated with Phytophthora infestans in the field and with Fusarium solani in storage. On the causes and methods of combating damping off of the sugar beet, K. Stormer and A. Eichinger (Filhling's Landw. Ztg., 59 {1910), No. 12, pp. 393-413; (iM. in Bl. ZuclcerriibetiMu, 11 {1910), Nos. IJf, PP. 229-234; 15, pp. 245-247). — The results are given of a large number of experiments on the causes (fungi and crusting of the soil) of the damping off of beet seedlings, on the effect of turf meal, blanching and seed disinfection, condition (physical and chemical) of the soil, and the value of commercial fertilizers in combating the disease. It was found that three fungi. Phoma betce, Pythium debaryanuni, and Aphanomyces Icevis, the first on the seeds and the other two in the soil, are the main causative agents in producing the disease. P. hetw apparently dominates during dry springs, while the other two seem more prevalent in wet seasons. The crusting of the soil apparently has no influence on the outbreaks of the disease. Blanching the seed and seed or soil disinfection had no practical influence in checking the disease, but it was found that the use of lime, phosphoric acid, and either table salt or potash in combination as fertilizers was of the greatest value in controlling it. The addition of these fertilizers to the soil decreased very materially the number of diseased plants, increased the germination, produced a better stand, and resulted in a more vigorous development of the plants left in the field. The table salt especially seemed to have a very favorable effect on the germination of the seed. The cause of gummosis of tobacco and experiments on its control, J. A. Honing {Meded. DelUProefstot. Medan, 5 {1910). No. 1, pp. 24, fig. /).— The results are given of experiments on a disease of tobacco, known as slime disease or gummosis, due, it is claimed, to bacteria which live in the soil and which infect first the roots, then the stems and leaves, and finally kill the plant. It was found that the rotting stems of diseased tobacco plants, when mixed in the soil around living plants, pi'oduced the disease. Also, various experi- ments in infecting the holes for the plants and the roots of the plants, by spraying with dilute culture solutions of the bacteria, and the roots, stems, and leaves of plants by inoculation with bouillon cultures through punctures, showed abundant evidence of infection by each method, although the soil infection was slower in developing the disease than when the bacteria was introduced directly into the plants through punctures. Experiments on the probable relationship of A-arious wild plants as propa- gators of this disease are also reported, in which apparently a species of sting- ing nettle and an Ageratum are capable of acting as carriers. Experiments in soil disinfection as a means of combating this disease were tried with calcium chlorid. potassium permanganate, copper sulphate, and forma- lin, from which it seems that either the chlorid of lime, from 2 to 2i gm. in from 1^ to 2 liters of water per plant, put in each hole just before the plants are set out, or the same amount of potassium permanganate per plant, may prove of value in reducing the number of diseased plants. Formalin also gave excellent results when used at the rate of 2 liters of a 1 per cent solution to each hole, but its excessive cost prohibits its general use as a field remedy against this disease. Control of certain greenhouse diseases, G. E. Stone {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. 48-54). — It is claimed that experiments covering a period of several years have demonstrated that by proper regulation of the moisture in well-ventilated hothouses, anthracnose, downy mildew, Alternaria, and powdery mildew of cucumbers and melons can be absolutely controlled. The DISEASES OF PLANTS. 249 common greenhouse diseases of tomatoes, lettuce, chrysanthemums, and carnations can also be controlled if the proper moisture, heat, and light condi- tions are present. Malnutrition, G. E. Stone {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. lo.'f- i62).— Several cases of malnutrition in plants are recorded, due principally, it is claimed, to injudicious use of commercial fertilizers, especially in greenhouses. Malnutrition in cucumbers grown under glass is very common, and is char- acterized by a rolling of the foliage producing a convexity of the upper surface of the leaf, while the margins of the leaf are usually slightly burned or dead. The addition of pig, cow, hen, and sheep manures, nitrate of soda, or other con- centrated fertilizers to an already sufficiently fertile soil is claimed to be the cause of the malnutrition. Calico or mosaic disease of cucumber and naelon, G. E. Stone {Massachu- setts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, p. 163). — Attention is called to the occurrence of this disease in cucumbers and melons grown under glass. The trouble is character- ized by a mottled appearance of the foliage, and the whole plant appears abnormal. A similar spotting and mottling occurred on pruned tomato plants. Field studies of the crown gall and hairy root of the apple tree, G. G. Hedgcock {V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 186, pp. 108, pis. 10).—^ The results are reported of several years of investigation and experiments on crown gall and hairy root, including descriptions of their different forms, their probable relations, their development, their effects on apple trees, the suscepti- bility of different varieties, infection in the nursery and orchard, and means of control. As a result of these investigations it was found that crown gall and hairy root occur in nurseries and orchards throughout the apple growing regions of the United States, and has been reported in Europe, South Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. There are two forms of the crown gall on apple trees, the soft and the hard. A similar crown gall is also found on the almond, apricot, black- berry, cherry, chestnut, grape, peach, pear, plum, prune, raspberry, rose, and walnut. The hairy-root type of the disease may occur in four forms, as follows : The simple form, characterized by numerous roots springing at right angles from a large root; the woolly-knot form, composed of numerous more or less parallel roots springing from a hard gall on a longer root; broom root, a side root with much fasciated, fine branch roots, often negatively geotropic; and aerial galls, which are the woolly-knot form on the limbs of the trees. All these forms of hairy root are probably directly related to the forms of crown gall. The soft form of the crown gall is most common on yearling apple seedlings, and is occasionally found on budded and root-grafted trees. The hard form is common on budded trees, and much more abundant on root-grafted ones. Hairy root of the simple form is frequent on apple seedlings and on budded and root-grafted trees, while the woolly-knot form is the most common form of the disease, esi3ecially on 3-year-old root-grafted trees in the nursery and on orchard trees. Crown gall gains entrance almost entirely through wounds. Heavy, stiff, clayey, wet soils apparently increase the amount of crown gall, especially in nursery stock. Orchard experiments indicate that older apple trees in many cases success- fully resist both hairy root and crown gall, and that many may completely recover. Experiments also indicate that the effect of crown gall and hairy root upon apple trees in the orchard has been overrated, at least in the estab- lished apple regions of the Central and Eastern States. 250 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The period when most apple root grafts become diseased with crown gall is when the wounds in the union are being healed by the formation of callus. The disease apparently does not spread from tree to tree in the nursery rows, since there was little or no increase of disease after the first year. Root grafts should be carefully fitted, especially with respect to the lower end of the scion, ' which should have a sharp rather than a blunt end. The wrapping used should cover the union completely and should firmly hold the parts together until the graft is planted in the soil, and then should rot away when growth begins. Crown gall and hairy root of apple trees is principally a nursery disease, gaining entrance most frequently during the first year. In order to keep the nursery as free as possible from it, all diseased trees should be left in the field at the time of digging, and burned as soon as dry. Scions from healthy trees and stocks from seed from sound trees only should be used. Root grafts should preferably be stored in sand, and if the period of planting is delayed beyond two weeks, they should be stored at a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point. Such varieties as the Wealthy, Yellow Transparent, Wolf River, Ben Davis, and Northern Spy, which are quite susceptible to crown gall and hairy root, should be propagated by budding. Growers of seedlings should avoid wounding the young trees during cultivation. A bibliography is appended. Some obscure diseases of the peach, J. B. S. Norton {Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 2, pp. 22S-236). — The author briefly describes a number of diseases of the peach, the exact cause of which is not known or that are of unusual occurrence. Among those described are yellows, rosette, little peach, silver leaf, split pit, root rot, gummosis, canker, shot hole, leaf spot, chlorisis, leaf roll, wilt, leaf and fruit drop, twig spot, and twig blight. Little peach disease, L. Caesar (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 185, pp. S). — The author summarizes the known facts about little peach, compares its symptoms with those of peach yellows, discusses little peach and its ravages in Michigan, and closes with recommendations to Ontario orchardists concerning its control. Persistent and careful yearly inspection looking to its complete eradication by the prompt destruction of all infected trees is the only remedy advised. Experiments with nitrate of silver in combating- the grape mildew, I^aber- GERiE (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 20 (1910), No. 38, pp. 369, 370).— In testing the efllciency of this new silver spray (E. S. R., 24, p. 51) in combating the mildew, two varieties of grapes, one very susceptible and the other fairly resistant to its attack, were used. Both plats received 4 applications of Bor- deaux mixture previous to spraying with the silver nitrate solution, and the results were compared with those obtained with the regular Bordeaux mixture. The silver nitrate in neither case proved effective against the mildew, show- ing a marked inferiority to the Bordeaux mixture in this respect. A bacterial disease of bananas and plantains, J. B. Rorer (In Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago, 10 (1910), No. 4). — The author describes a disease of bananas and plantains which has become rather destructive in Trinidad. The disease is characterized by the drooping of the leaves, and sections of the midribs of the leaf and of the stem showed the fibrovascular bundles blackened and filled with bacteria. An examination of a large amount of material led the author to conclude that the disease was a bacterial one, and an attempt was made to isolate the causative organism. Two organisms were found, one of which was a rapid gas former in beef agar, while the other made a rather slow growth in all the media in which it was tried. Inoculation experiments showed that the gas-forming organism did not cause the disease, while in inoculations with the other species the typical symptoms were produced, and the organism was reisolated. DISEASES OP PLANTS. 251 Attention is called to diseases of bananas in other regions, and while it is not definitely claimed that they are identical, such seems to be the indication. The specific organism has not yet been fully identified, and further investi- gations upon it are in progress. On the blackening' of the seeds of cacao, caused by an Acrostalagmus, F. GuEGUEN {Bill. Trimest. Soc. Uycol. France, 26 (1910), No. 3, pp. 287-297, pis. 2). — A disease of cacao beans is reported from the Island of St. Thomas, in which the beans while still in the pods on the trees are covered by a black growth of the hyphal threads of a fungus, Acrostalagmus vilmorinii thomensis n. var., a technical description of which is given. It is claimed that the fungus is introduced into the pods through the punc- tures of a wood-boring insect, Xyleborus pcrforans, and the preventive measure recommended is the destruction of the beetles by the use of insecticide sprays. A new West Indian cacao pod disease, C. K. Bancroft {West Indian Bui., 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 34, 35, pi. 1). — A description is given of Colletotrichum cradwickii n. sp., a fungus recently observed on samples of diseased cacao pods received from Jamaica. The parasitism of the fungus remains to be established. Report on the outbreak of blister blig'ht on tea in the Darjeeling' District in 1908-9, W. McRae {Agr. Research Inst. Pusa [India], Bui. 18, 1910, pp. 19, pis. 6). — This is a more extended discussion of the outbreak of blister blight on tea, previously reported from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 749), including a more detailed description of the gross and microscopic characteristics of the fungus, additional data as to damage done, and the probable source of introduc- tion into this district. Damages caused by Lophodermium macrosporum, E. Mer (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 70 (1910), No. 7, pp. 652-660). — Attention is called to the damage done by this leaf cast fungus, especially under certain environments, when the trees may be completely defoliated ; this may occur in nurseries or in dense thickets of young trees from 15 to 25 years of age. The remedies recommended are the use of copper sprays, the spreading of nitrate of soda between the rows of trees, and setting the plants farther apart in the nursery. A biological study of Sterigmatocystis quercina, A. Sartory (Bui. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France, 26 (1910), No. 3, pp. 349-357, fig. 1). — The results are given of studies of the sclerotia, microscopic structure, and growth of the fungus on liquid and solid media. It was found that S. quercina was able to grow on all the usual media employed for bacteriological cultures, and formed sclerotia on potatoes and carrots. A leaf parasite of Quercus ilex, H. T. GtJssow (Jour. Bot. [London], 46 (1908), No. 544, P- 123, figs. 4; ahs. in CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 27 (1910), No. 22-25, p. 653). — A technical description is given of a new leaf-spot fungus, Ascochyta qucrcus-ilicis n. sp., which forms irregular spots on the leaves of this oak. A study on the black canker of the chestnut, V. Ducomet (Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Rennes, 3 (1909), pp. 1-70, figs. 40). — After a brief review of the history of the disease and of various fungi claimed by different investigators as its cause, the author discusses with much detail the various mycorrhizal fungi associated with the roots of the diseased chestnuts. As a result of these investigations it is claimed that the disease is due to three different agencies, viz, (1) a mycorrhizal fungus which has become para- sitic on the roots, (2) a filamentous chytridiaceous fungus introduced by the mycelium of the parasitic mycorrhiza, and (3) bacteria in the mycorrhizal regions of the roots, introduced either directly by the normal or parasitic mycorrhizal mycelium, or by the mycelium of the chytridiaceous fungus. 252 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Note on the chestnut fungus, W. T. Davis (Proc. Staten Isl. Assoc. Arts and Scl, 2 (1908-9), No. 3, pp. 128, 129).— In discussing the dissemination of the chestnut fungus (Diaporthe parasitica), attention is called to the presence on a diseased tree of slender, tbread-like gelatinous masses of spores 0.25 of an inch in length which hang from the bark near the ground, and are usually not so commonly noticed as the simple pustules on the bark. The tree was also attacked by a wood-boring beetle (Neoclytus erythroceph- alus), which may aid in distributing the spores from tree to tree. Note on the Oidium of the Japanese euonymus, E. Foex (Bui. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France, 26 {1910), No. 3, pp. 322-326, pi. i).— The author discusses the chai'acteristics of the mycelium and the chemical nature and function of certain thickenings found on the mycelium of this Oidium. These mycelial incrassations gave some of the reactions for callose, and also for cellulose, but seemed to be neither. Sun scorch of the pine, G. B. Stone {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. 65-69). — The author claims that a species of pine blight chai'acterized by a burning of the needles so severe in some cases as to cause the death of the trees, is due to sun scorch and not to any fungus or bacterial agency. This burning of the pine foliage is most severe in hot, windy weather, and is associated with a very dry condition of the soil. An examination of the root system showed that in some cases about 90 per cent of the small feeding roots and mycorrhiza had collapsed, thus producing the scorching or blighting of the foliage. Later, under favorable conditions of moisture, the affected trees may put forth a new growth of foliage and finally fully recover. Root infection of Tranietes pini, A. Hafiz {Indian Forester, 36 {1910), No. 10, pp. 559-562, j)ls. 2). — Attention is called to the infection by this fungus of healthy roots of the blue pine {Pinus excelsa), when by contact they had become fused with the diseased roots of pine trees dying with ring scale {T. pini). On examination, several cases of such fusion showed not only the hyphfe of the fungus present in the tissues of the fused portion of the roots of healthy trees, but also instances in which the root system of an apparently healthy tree was thus diseased, while the trunk and limbs were still free from hyphse. The author claims, therefore, that without doubt infection by T. pint may occur underground when the roots of diseased trees come into contact with healthy ones. The diseases of Azalea indica, J. Hartmann {Gartemcelt, IJf {1910), No. 19, pp. 217-220, figs. J/). — The author discusses (1) two inorganic diseases of this ornamental plant, a stem rot probably due to frost, and injuries caused by the use of too much lime; (2) insect pests, plant lice {Alcurodes vaporiariorum) , and a leaf roller {Acalla schalleriana) ; and (3) fungus diseases, leaf spot {Septoria azalew). and a gall-forming Exobasidium which is very injurious to A. indica, but as yet is not found on the native azaleas. The destruction of the diseased limbs and spraying with a 1* per cent solution of copper sulphate are recommended as remedies for this last-named disease. A new gall-forming fungus on Zizyphus from the Transvaal, P. Magnus {Ber. Dcut. Bat. Gesell., 28 {1910), No. 7, pp. 377-380, pi. 1).—A fungus parasite which forms ovoid to spheroid galls from 3 to 10 mm. in diameter on the petioles and stems of Zizyphus sp. is described as the type of a new genus and species, Hyalodema evansii. Spraying experiments with calcium benzoate, G. E. Stone {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. 55, 58). — Negative results are reported in controlling plum rot (Monilia) with a 2:50 solution of calcium benzoate sprayed on the trees when laden with fruit. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 253 Spraying injuries, G. E, Stone (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. Jt6, Jfl). — ^Attention is called to the noticeable injury during 1909 to apple foliage and fruit from spraying with Bordeaux mixture, and also to foliage burning from arsenate of lead spray, especially on plum trees, but also on maple and beech trees. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The California ground squirrel, C. H. Mebriam ( TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey Giro. 76, pp. 15, figs. Jf). — This is a more detailed account than that previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 153). The California gi'ound squirrel, Citellus heecheyi, also known as the Digger, or Beechey ground squirrel, v/hich is of particular importance because of its role in the spread of bubonic plague, ranges from Lassen Butte and Susanville in northeastern California southward, east of the Sacramento Valley to San Francisco Bay, and south of the bay overspreads practically the entire State and pushes southward into the peninsula of Lower California, avoiding only the higher mountains and the more arid deserts. Its subspecies fisheri in- habits Kern and Owens valleys, the borders of the Mohave Desert, the upper parts of San Gorgonio Pass, and other localities in southern California, and occurs as far east as the Coso, Argus, and Panamint mountains. The Douglas ground squirrel (C. donglasi), which ranges from the north side of San Francisco Bay northward to Columbia River, and the Rocky Mountain or Plateau ground squirrel (C. grammurus), which in California is known only on the east side of the Mohave Desert, are closely related species. The life history, habits, food, distribution, etc., of the California ground squirrel are described. It is stated that more than 3S7 of these squirrels were found in California infected with bubonic plague during the past year. The means of destruction are considered under the headings of trapping, poison- ing, and fumigation. " In places where ground squirrels are abundant over considerable areas the simplest, most effective, and least expensive way to destroy them is by the use of grain poisoned with strychnin. Phosphorus and cyanid of potassium, owing to the great danger attending their use, are not recommended, especially since they are not more effective than strychnin." Coated grain, except during the rainy season, gives far better results than soaked grain and kills the animals more quickly so that they are much more likely to die above ground where they can be seen. The formula perfected and recommended by the Biological Survey, which consists of 20 qt. of clean barley, 1 oz. strychnia sulphate, 1 tea- spoonful of saccharin, I teacupful of starch, and 1\ pt. of water, is prepared in the following manner : " Dissolve the starch in a little cold water and add 1^ pt. of boiling water, making a rather thick solution. While hot, stir in the strychnin and mix until free from lumps ; then add the sacchartu and beat thoroughly. Now pour the poisoned starch over the barley and stir rapidly until the poison is evenly distributed ; then allow the grain to dry. When dry it will keep indefinitely without deterioration, . . . " The most economical method is first to use the starch-strychnin preparation, and later to kill the few remaining animals by using bisulphid of carbon in the burrows that are still occupied. The cost of barley coated with the starch- strychnin preparation varies from about $4 to $4.75 per 100 lbs., . . . and 100 lbs. of the poisoned grain is sufficient to treat from 200 to 300 acres, according to the abundance of the squirrels." Detailed directions for winter poisoning are also given. It is claimed that the methods recommended are not dangerous to stock, but should not be prac- ticed in places accessible to poultry. 254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The pocket gopher, T. H. Scheffer {Kansas Sta. Bui. 172, pp. 197-233, figs. IJf). — This is a revision of Bulletin 152, previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1156). Catalogue of Canadian birds, J. and J. M. Macoun {Ottawa: Oeol. Survey Canada, 1909, pp. VI+761+XVIII).— In the present edition (B. S. R., 16, p. 543) much of the matter has been rewritten, many additional facts recorded, and the whole combined into one volume. In compiling the catalogue, the authors have attempted to bring together facts on the range and nesting habits of all bii'ds known to reside in, migrate to or visit, the northern part of the continent. In addition to the Dominion of Can- ada they have included Newfoundland, Greenland, and Alaska. The nomen- clature and the numbers given in the latest edition and supplements of the A. O. U. check-list published have been made the basis of arrangement. A manual of Philippine birds, R. C. McGregor {Manila: Bur. ScL, 1909, pt. 2, pp. XVI-{-Ji31-769). — This second part of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 353) takes up the order Passeriformes. It is stated that this order includes nearly as many species, among Philippine birds, as all the other orders combined. Zoological yearbook, 1909, P. Mayer {Zool. Jahresber., 1909, pp. VIII + 247+33). — Bibliographical lists are given and summaries of the more impor- tant literature issued during 1909 relating to the various groups of the animal kingdom. Report of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, C. W. Stiles {Science, n. sen, 82 {1910), No. 830, pp. 76^-767).— This brief re- port includes by-laws adopted by the Commission and amendments to the inter- national rules of zoological nomenclature recommended to the Congress. Report of the entomologists, C. H. and H. T. Fernald and J. N. Summers {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 73-76). — A brief account is given of the progress of investigations under way. It is stated that the experiments for the control of the onion thrips have proceeded far enough to show that spraying the onions after this pest has appeared on them is, at best, only a partial remedy. "A study of the life history of these insects shows that they pass the winter at the top of the ground in protected places, such as are furnished by dead grass around the onion fields, in rubbish heaps and similar places; and a few attempts to de- stroy them by burning over the grass and rubbish around the fields have been followed by a reduction in the abundance of the insect the next spring." In speaking of the influence of climatic conditions upon the northern distri- bution of several injurious insects, it is said that for at least one the limits will probably be found within the State. The evidence now available " sug- gests the belief that in Massachusetts the elm-leaf beetle will not be likely to be of much importance in those parts of the State that are more than a thousand feet above sea level, except perhaps, in the southern edge of the State, where the altitude is to some extent offset by the more southern latitude." Insects of the year, H. T. Fernald {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. 70-73). — ^A brief report of the more abundant insect pests of 1909. An outline is given of the history in Massachusetts of the elm-leaf beetle, which for several years has been increasing in abundance and attracting more attention. The San Jose scale is becoming more abundant in orchards and on ornamental shrubs and trees and in some cases is found in wooded areas. The leopard moth {Zeuzcra pyrina) which has increased in abundance in the region around Boston is another menace to shade trees. The gipsy moth has also increased and the brown-tail moth is spreading in the State, nests having been found as far west as Brookfield and Belchertown. The 12-spotted asparagus beetle {Crioceris 12-punctata) has been found fairly abundant at Concord and ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 255 Roslindale, but as yet has not been reported from the Connecticut Valley. It is said that the chalcidid parasite Tetrastichus asparagi, which deposits its eggs in the eggs of the common asparagus beetle, has 2 and probably 3 broods a year, corresponding to those of the asparagus beetle, and that, judging from its work during the summer under report, it promises to be quite effective in controlling this pest. Seventh annual report of the state entoniologist of Montana, R. A. Cooley (Montana Sta. Bui. 79, j)p. 52-58). — In addition to a financial statement and other data, brief mention is made of the entomological features of the year. The pests thus mentioned are the green fruit worm (Xylina sp.), tussock moth (Notoloplms antiqua). buffalo tree-hopper, pear-leaf blister-mite, onion maggot, bronze apple-tree borer, and scale on mountain ash (Aspidiotus sp.). [Monthly bulletin of the division of zoolog'y], H. A. Surface (Zool. Bui. Penn. Dept. Agr., 7 (1910), Nos. 9, pp. 263-291; 10, pp. 295-322; 11-12, pp. 325- 36S, pis. 3). — These numbers contain reports of Pennsylvania orchard inspectors, work In demonstration orchards, bee-keeping, a nursery inspection report, and an index to volume 7. Keport of the entomolog'ist [of Trinidad], F. W. Urich (Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad, 9 (1910), No. 65, pp. 160-163). — In this report notes are presented on the insects of importance during the year ended March 31, 1910. Froghoppers (Tomaspis postica), the giant moth borer (Castnia licus), and the small moth borer (Diatrcea saccharalis) were the chief pests of sugar cane. Others observed during the year were the striped grass looper (Remigia re- panda), the gru-gru beetle (Rynchophorus palmarum), and the small beetle borer (Sphenophorus piceus). The cocoa beetle (Stcirastoma depressum) was the most serious pest in cocoa fields. The leaf hopper (Horiola arquata) was the most important of the in- sects affecting the flowers and young pods. Helioihrips rubrocinctus, while sel- dom absent from the cocoa estates, did only occasional damage. In an investigation of complaints received that beetles were attacking and destroying coconut palms, it was found that " in dead or dying palms still standing, larvje of the bearded weevil (Rhina barbirostris) were plentiful and trees that had been recently felled attracted large numbers of the gru-gru beetle (R. palmarum). At Mayaro a species of Sphenophorus was found attacking a tree that was affected by root disease. Xyleborus perforans was also found on diseased palms. In the Cedros district the adult of a rhiuocerus beetle (Oryctes sp.) destroyed young coconut plants by burrowing into them from beneath and damaging the internal soft tissues." Three species of scale insects, Vinsonia stellifera, Aspidiotus destructor, and Icerya montserratensis were observed in small numbers on coconut palms. The young nymphs of the giant locust (Tropidacrls dux) made their appear- ance in one district in swarms at the opening of the rainy season ; it was de- termined that their nymphal period lasted from May to July. Notes on some insect enemies in Tobago, P. L. Guppy (Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad, 9 (1910), No. 65, pp. 135-139). — The insects noted include the cotton stainer, tobacco hornworm, tobacco bud worm, castilloa blight due to attacks of the "Akee " fringed scale ( Aster olecanimn pustulans), cocoa thrips, tobacco flea beetle, and mealy bugs. Report of superintendent of entomology, E. M. Ehrhorn (Haioaii. Forester and Agr., 7 (1910), No. 11, pp. 336-338) .—The Mediterranean fruit fly Geratitis capitata is reported to have appeared in Hawaii on the Island of Oahu. It is stated that the pest must have been in the islands at least 2 years, if not longer. The mandarin orange, lime, and common seedling orange are reported to be 77543°— No. 3—11 5 256 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. attacked quite severely, while the navel orange is only slightly attacked. It is recommended that a regulation be passed prohibiting the shipping of Oahu grown fruit to the other islands. Annual report on the entomological work for the year 1909, C. W. Jem- METT (Ann. Rpt. Ent. Wo7-lc [Soitth. Nigeria], 1909, pp. 20). — A brief account is given of the work of the year to which are appended two reports, namely. On Insects Observed on the Cotton Plant During the Year, 1909 (pp. 9-15), and On Insects Observed on Cocoa Trees During the Year, 1909 (pp. 16-20). Insects which kill forest trees: Character and extent of their depredations and methods of control, A. D. Hopkins (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 125, pp. 9).— This circular consists of revised extracts from Bulletin 58, Part 5, of the Bureau of Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 260). Insect injuries to the wood of living trees, A. D. Hopkins {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 126, pp. 4)- — This also consists of revised extracts from Bulletin 58, Part 5, of the Bureau of Entomology (E. S. R., 22, p. 260). Insect injuries to the wood of dying and dead trees, A. D. Hopkins (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 127, pp. 3). — This also consists of revised extracts from Bulletin 58, Part 5, of the Bureau of Entomology (E. S. R., 22. p. 260). Insect injuries to forest products, A. D. Hopkins (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 128, pp. 9). — This also consists of revised extracts from Bulletin 58, Part 5, of the Bureau of Entomology (E. S. R., 20, p. 260). Insects in their relation to the reduction of future supplies of timber, and general principles of control, A. D. Hopkins ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 129, pp. 10). — This also consists of revised extracts from Bulletin 58, Part 5, of the Bureau of Entomology (E. S. R., 22, p. 260). Papers on deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. Life history of the codling moth in northwestern Pennsylvania, A. G. Hammar {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 80, pt. 6, pp. 71-111, pi. 1, figs. 15). — The account here pre- sented is based upon investigations conducted at North East, Pa., from 1907 to 1909. Seasonal history studies of these years, in which the separate stages of the 2 generations are considered in detail, are followed by a comparison of life history studies for the .3 seasons in which certain fluctuations were found in regard to the time of emergence of moths and the time of maturity of larvae of the 2 broods, and also a comparison of relative occurrence of larvae of the 2 broods for the 3 seasons. Many tables and charts accompany the account, the maximum and minimum daily temperatures for the 3 years being shown in the form of charts. Brief mention is made of the several insect enemies observed, which include Tenehrioides corticalis, found to devour codling moth larvae, 4 species of ants attacking the larvae, a hymenopterous parasite (Ascogas- ter carpocaps(E) bred commonly from band material of the 2 broods, and others. The following summary of the work is given : " In northwestern Pennsylvania the codling moth produces in the course of a year one full generation and a partial second generation. " The life-cycle of the insect may be briefly summarized as follows : In the spring the overwintering larva pupates in early June, and 3 weeks later the moth emerges. The emergence extends over a period of about 1 month, beginning about the middle of June. Oviposition generally takes place 3 or 4 days after the emergence of the moth, and the egg hatches in 1 week. Eggs showing a red ring are about 3 days old, while those with a black spot in the center will mostly hatch in 1 or 2 days. Shortly after hatching the young larva enters the fruit and feeds about 26 days. On reaching maturity the larva seeks a hiding place beneath the rough bark of the trunk of the tree and con- structs a cocoon within which pupation takes place about 1 week after the ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 257 larva left the fruit. Some of the larvfe do not pupate at this time but winter, and the moths emerge the following spring, together with moths from second- brood larva?. The pupal stage— called the first-brood pupae, though the second set of pupsB of the season— lasts on an average 12 days. The emergence period of this second set of moths, called first-brood moths, begins in early August and lasts about 1 month. With the appearance of new eggs, resulting from the first-brood moths, the life-cycle of the first generation is completed, covering on an average 58 days. The second-brood eggs hatch generally within 9 days and the resulting larvaj feed about 40 days, after which they enter hibernation, making cocoons beneath the rough bark on the trunk of the trees. The life- cycle of the second generation and part of the first generation is first completed with the transformation of the insect the following spring. . . . "The relative number of transforming larv* of the first brood is variable under different seasonal conditions. The relative abundance of second-brood larvae depends more upon seasonal conditions and food supply than upon the number of transforming larvae of the first brood. Larvte of the second brood are always present in injurious numbers, so that measures should be taken to combat the second as well as the first brood. "The time of the emergence of the spring brood of the moths is variable under different seasonal conditions and depends largely upon the relative late- ness of the spring. The time of emergence of the summer brood or first brood of moths is fairly constant and generally commences about the 1st of August. " In the control of the codling moth with poison sprays three applications should be made in this section of the country. The first application should be made after the blossom period just after the petals drop, the second application 8 to 10 days later, and the third application about the 1st of August." Codling- moth in the Hudson Valley, E. P. Felt {Country Gent., 15 {1910), No. 3020, p. 117 Jf, fig. 1). — A brief report is given of spraying experiments in two orchards, one located at Arlington and the other at Washingtonville, N. Y. The data secured in 1910 show that it is possible in the Hudson Valley, with but one spraying, to obtain over 90 per cent of sound fruit in a year when the codling moth is very abundant, even on trees yielding only from 300 to 500 apples. An examination of woi'my fruit showed that from 50 to 60 per cent of the larvse had enteretl at points injured on May 30 by hail. " Caccecia larvae were rather numerous in one orchard, and their operations were frequently followed by codling moth larvae entering at such places. Badly rusted, rough spots on the fruit were also favorite points of attack. Comparative freedom from codling moth injury was observable in orchards where pigs or sheep had been allowed to run, this being especially true if the animals had been pastured in the orchards for several years, even in those where there was no spraying." A comparison made of Bordeaux mixture and lime sulphur wash showed a striking contrast in favor of the latter as a fungicide. Some miscellaneous results of the work of the Bureau of Entomology. — IX, The pecan cigar case-bearer, H. M. Russell (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 6Jf, pt. 10, pp. 79-86, pis. 3, figs. 2).— Studies of Coleophora canjwfoUeJIa, made at Orlando, Fla., during the spring of 1909 are presented. While this pest of the pecan is one of minor importance, at times it occurs in sufficiently large numbers to defoliate entire trees. The species was first described in 1861 from larvsg found feeding in their cases on leaves of hickory during the fall. Records of capture and injury indicate that it is distributed throughout the Austroriparian faunal area of the United States and may also extend into the Carolinian and into the lower edge of the Alleghanian area. It feeds principally on nut-bearing trees, having been observed upon walnut, 258 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pecan, and hickory, with doubtful records on dogwood and Prunus americana. Its injury to the pecan occurs in early spring through feeding on buds and unfolding leaves. Technical descriptions of its several stages are presented. The moths emerge from the pupae during May and June and at that time may be found among the pecan trees. The larvae hatch out in July, mine the leaves of the host plant, and after feeding there for some time cut out the 2 skins of the mine and construct the cases within which they live during the fall and winter. After the cases are made the larvae feed upon the leaves by eating through the lower epidermis and tunnelling out the interior of the leaf in all directions. When the mine becomes so large that to mine further the larvae would have to leave their cases, they move and begin a new mine, so that the leaves become full of irregular rectangular patches of brown with a small round hole in the center on the underside. In October, before the leaves fall, these larvae move from the leaves to the twigs or to the trunk, where they get behind the bark, and between the bud and the twig. Here they fasten the cases to the support and hibernate. Upon becoming active in the spring, the larvae commence to feed, often before the leaves have developed. In such cases each larva eats a minute round hole into a bud and feeds as long as it can reach food without leaving its small case. When this becomes impossible the larva changes position and attacks the bud in a new place, so that infested buds are often found with 4 or 5 holes in the sides. Under such treatment the buds are killed or the tiny leaves start and are killed, and turning brown drop off. Often the larvae attack the young tender leaves and mine out rectangular blotches in them. About the first week in April these larvae outgrow their winter cases, construct larger ones, move to the edge of the leaf and mine between the 2 skins. During May most of the larvae become mature and then either fasten the case tightly to the leaves and pupate or move to twigs, branches, or bits of bark on the trunk of the tree and fasten the cases there. After remaining quiet for a number of days the pupae are formed. As far as observed, this insect has only one brood during the year, the larvae hibernating when only partially grovm. It is thought that this insect can be controlled by spraying the trees with arsenate of lead at the rate of 3 lbs. to 50 gals, of water when the buds are swelling. When the larvae attack the foliage, this should be similarly sprayed. The bibliographical list given consists of 8 references. The moths of the British Isles, R. South (London and New York, 1D07, 8er. 1, pp. VI +343, j)Js. J 59, figs. 23; J 908, Ser. 2, pp. VI +376, pis. 159, flys. 20).— The first of these two volumes takes up the families Sphingidae and Noctuidse and the second the families Noctuidae and Hepialidae. Colored figures are given of every species and many varieties, also drawings of eggs, caterpillars, chrysa- lids, and food plants. More than 2,000 moth species are known to occur in these islands. " The majority assume the moth condition but once in the year, but some species have 2, or even 3, generations in the 12 months, while others occupy 24 months in completing the life cycle. In one or two species the chrysalis stage may last 4, 5, or even 6 years." The type species of the North American genera of Diptera, D. W. Coqtjil- LETT (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 37 (1910), pp. 499-622) .—This paper embodies work extending over a period of several years. The rules adopted by the Inter- national Zoological Congress, as amended at the 1907 (Boston) meeting and ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY, 259 the later decisions as published elsewhere " are said to have been followed in all cases. Mosquito extermination (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health N. Y. City, 1 {1908), pp. 128-185, pis. 13, maps 8). — A report of the occurrence of mosquitoes and the work being conducted against them around the city of New York. Culex pipiens, C. pungens and species of Anopheles and Psophora are those commonly found in inland deposits of fresh water around New York City. The so-called "striped legged" mosquito (C. solUcitans), which breeds exclusively in salt marshes, is said to constitute three-fourths of the mosquitoes found on Staten Island. During the period from April 1, 1908, to January 1, 1909, $440.90 were spent by the city and $17,051.96 by property owners in digging trenches to remove standing water, a total of 39,284.37 cu. yds. of material being removed. The Coleoptera or beetles of Indiana, W. S. Blatchley (Ind, Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources Bui. 1, pp. 1386, figs. 590, map 1; rev. in Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. 832, pp. 838-8JfO).— In this work the author describes 2,535 species of beetles, exclusive of the Rhynchophora, that are known to have been taken in Indiana and in addition 777 that have a known range which renders it probable that they may also occur within the State. Tables for the separation of genera and species are included. The review is by F. Knab. Preliminary studies on the biology of the bedbug, Cimex lectularius. I. The effect of quantitatively controlled food supply on development, A. A. GiKAULT (Jour. Econ. Biol., 5 (1910), No. 3, pp. 88-91). — In "this paper the author reports in tabular form the results of a study made to show how an approximately quantitatively controlled food supply affects the development of C. lectularius. Four individuals (3 females and 1 male) which were given an optimum and normal food supply, all passed 5 ecdyses; they averaged 8.75 meals, and re- quired an average of 69.9 days for the completion of their life cycles. One female from a lot of 5 individuals (2 males, 2 females and one not stated), whose food supply was below the optimum, and thus abnormal, molted a sixth time; the average number of meals for the lot was 18.75, the average duration of the life cycle being 139.09 days. In a third lot of 2 males with an optimum food supply 5 molts were passed, both engorging 5 times and requiring approxi- mately 70 days for their cycle of development. One of 2 males that were given a half or below optimum food supply passed a sixth molt; both fed 9 times, 1 requiring nearly 118 days and the other 116 days for the completion of their development. It thus appears that the reduced quantity of food did not affect reproduction or sex, but lengthened the cycle indefinitely, reduced their size, and increased the average number of ecdyses. The Coccidae of Ceylon, E. E. Green (London, 1909, pt. //, pp. 251-3.'/'/, pis. 39).— This fourth part of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 880) includes descriptions of new species representing the following genera of the subfamilies Lecaniinaj and Asterolecaniiniie : Neolecanium (1), Protopulvinaria (1), Ceronema (1), Pulvinaria (3), Inglisia (1), Ceroplastodes (2), Aclerda (1), Lecaniodiaspis (2), Cerococcus (3), Asterolecanium (11), and Pollinia (1). Filariae in Ixodes, V. Baldasseroni (Bui. Soc. Ent. ItaL, J/0 (1909), pp. 171-17J/; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1910, No. 3, p. 3i7).— The author reports a case in which the embryos of Filaria quadrispina occurred in the intestines of Ixodes ricinus taken from the beech marten (Mustela foina). It is said that there were also many filarise beneath the skin of the marten. o Science, n. ser., 30 (1909). No. 774, p. 603. 260 EXPEEIMEKT STATION RECORD. Eradication of the southern cattle tick, B. H. Ransom (Ad^mnce print from Proc. 7, Internat. Zool. Cong. 1907, pp. 8 [puh. 1910]).— A brief account of the work of eradication of Margaropus annulatus being carried on by this Department, [Observations upon Filaria (Microfilaria) philippinensis], P. M. Ashbtjrn and C. F. Craig {Abs. in Jour. Trop, Med. and Hyg. [London], 12 {1909), No. 11, pp. 167, 16S, fig. 1; Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 8 (1910), No. IJf, pp. 633, 634).— The authors have found that no development of this fllaria takes place in Stegomyia calopus. In CuJex fatigans, its complete development was observed up to the time it became lodged in the mosquito's labium. Fumigation dosage {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 214-2Jf7)j — Greenhouse fumigation experiments with hydrocyanic-acid gas conducted under the direction of and including introductions and notes by H. T. Fernald are here reported. A general summary of the conclusions has been previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 259). Tomatoes, by W. V. Tower (pp. 214-227). The details of 16 experiments conducted to determine the effect, under varying conditions of light, tempera- tui-e, and humidity, of hydrocyanic-acid gas upon tomatoes grown under glass are reported. It is concluded that prolonged exposures to weak strengths of the gas are more liable to cause injury to the plants than are shorter exposures to greater strengths. Until it is determined whether short exposures to greater strengths would be effective against the greenhouse white fly and thrips, it is thought that the best treament for the white fly on tomato plants is to fumigate them with a strength of 0.015 gm. of potassium cyanid per cubic foot for a period of from 45 minutes to 1 hour, on a dark — moonlight, or perfectly cloudy — night, in a house where the humidity is below 70° F. at the beginning of the treatment. Cucumbers, by C. W. Hooker (pp. 227-247). The same general plan was followed in the experiments with cucumbers, and the details are presented for a total of 37 experiments in each of which 4 plants, 2 of Rawson Hothouse and 2 of White Spine varieties, were used. The best results wore obtained by fumigating on clear, starlight nights with little or no moonlight, and on dry, cloudy nights. A small amount of potassium cyanid with a longer exposure seemed preferable to a large amount for a shorter exposure. A comparison of the results of the experiments on cucumbers with those on tomatoes indicates that the former are much the hardier, successfully resisting more cyanid and longer exposures. Papers on deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. — The one-spray method in the control of the codling moth and the plum curculio, A. L. Quaintance ET AL. (C7. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 80, pt. 7, pp. U6, pis. 2, figs. 5).— The authors here report in detail upon investigations conducted during the season of 1909 to determine the relative value in the control of the codling moth and plum curculio, under eastern conditions, of the one-spray method in compari- son with a schedule of applications requiring a total of from 3 to 5 treatments according to locality and representing practically the method of spraying con- sidered best for the localities in question. " The so-called one-spray method of spraying for the codling moth on apples consists essentially in making the application following the dropping of the petals so thorough that it will result in the practical extermination of the first brood of larvae, subsequent treat- ments, therefore, becoming unnecessary." The work was carried out in Vir- ginia, Ai-kansas, and ISIichigan, and included 4 orchards, with a considerable range in climatic conditions. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 261 The percentages of fruit free from codling-motli and plum-cureulio injury on the several plats from the several localities are summarized in the following table : Percentages of fruit free from injury by the codling moth and plum curculio on one-spray, demonstration, and unsprayed plats. Codling moth. Plum curculio. Locality. One spray. Demon- stration. Un- sprayed. One spray. Demon- stration. Un- sprayed. 92. 76 84.07 91.68 93.61 98.12 94.13 92.74 97.66 66.74 53.02 54.00 77.79 86.34 82.88 8.85 Crozet, Va 73.93 86. 89 54.02 Mount Jackson, Va 57.90 97.54 40.82 98.77 27 23 87.42 Average of four localities 91.46 96.57 65.14 77.10 83.37 49.17 The comparative effect of the treatments on the point of entrance of the fruit by th^ codling-moth larvae during the entire season is shown in the following table: Percentages of larvse entering fruit at the calyx, side, and stem, respectively, first and second broods of the codling moth combined. Calyx. Side. Stem. Locality. One spray. Demon- stra- tion. Un- sprayed. One spray. Demon- stra- tion. Un- sprayed. One spray. Demon- stra- tion. Un- sprayed. Slloam Springs, Ark 15.96 4.55 8.99 1.83 54.81 7.73 13.68 2.86 79.73 50.38 77.62 62.74 75.38 89. 64 77.70 96.92 41.93 85.49 77.20 96.83 15.93 37.94 16.26 34.44 8.66 5.81 13.31 1.25 3.26 C.78 9.12 .31 4.34 11.68 Mount Jackson. Va Saugatuck, Mich 6.12 2.82 Average . . 7.67 15. 29 68.17 85.89 79.91 25.50 6.44 4.80 6.33 The following general conclusions are drawn : " It appears that very satisfactory results may be obtained by the one-spray method, in so far as the control of the codling moth and plum curculio is con- cerned, although further experimentation will be necessary before final conclu- sions can be reached. Sight must not be lost, however, of the fact of the necessity, under eastern conditions, of making applications of Bordeaux mixture or other fungicide for the control of fungus diseases ; so that in effect the one- spray method under present practices can not be recommended to orchardists in regions where fungus troubles, such as apple scab, apple fruit blotch, bitter rot, and leaf-spot affections require treatment. The results, however, show the great importance of very thorough spraying to fill the calyx cups with poison. Although the importance of accomplishing this has long been recognized by entomologists and fruit growers, it would appear that this work has not been done with sufficient thoroughness in the past, and eastern apple growers could certainly with great profit give more attention to thoroughness in the first spray- ing for the codling moth, immediately after the falling of the petals. The russetiug of the fruit following such drenching applications of Bordeaux mix- ture, in which the arsenical has been generally applied, may doubtless be avoided by the substitution as a fungicide of dilute or self-boiled lime-sulphur wash." 262 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Papers on deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. — Tests of sprays against the European fruit Lecanium and the European pear scale, P. R. Jones ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Eiit. Bui. SO, pt. 8, pp. 147-160, pis. 2). — This investigation was commenced in 190S and carried on at the San Jose, Cal., laboratory. It is said that at the present time the European fruit Lecanium, L. corni (armeniacum) , and the European pear scale, Epidiaspis pyricola, more commonly known in California as the Italian pear scale, are the most important pests with which orchardists in the Santa Clara Valley have to deal, the former species being especially abundant. Details of the investigation are presented. Distillate-oil emulsion at 5 per cent and 6 per cent strengths, with and with- out caustic soda, and crude-oil emulsion at 12 per cent strength are effective in controlling both of these scales and in cleaning up the trees from lichens and do not injure the trees when applied as a winter treatment. Resin-soda wash gives similar results with the European fruit Lecanium, and distillate oil at 6 per cent strength (mechanical mixture) with the European pear scale. Caustic- soda and creosote-oil emulsion sprays control both of these scales and destroy the lichens, but are injurious to the tree. Lime-sulphur and borax sprays are not so efficient in controlling these scales, especially the European fruit Leca- nium, as are the distillate-oil and crude-oil emulsions, and borax acts on the trees in the same way as does caustic soda. " Distillate-oil and crude-oil emulsions appear to have distinct fungicidal properties aside from their insecticidal value. " Distillate-oil emulsions at 6 per cent strength and crude-oil emulsion at 12 per cent strength, measured by their efficiency against scales and lichens, con- venience of preparation and application, and cost, are the sprays best adapted for the European fruit Lecanium and the European pear scale. The 6 per cent distillate-oil emulsion will cost about 21 cts. for each prune tree and 3 J cts. for each apricot tree. The 12 per cent crude-oil emulsion will cost about 2 cts. for each prune tree and 2i cts. for each apricot tree. "All sprays, to insure the best results, should be applied with a power outfit at a high pressure (180 to 200 lbs.). A coarse, drenching spray applied with crook nozzles is preferable, and February is the best month in which to spray." FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. [Durum wheat flour and other food topics], E. F. Ladd and Emily E. May {Ter cent. The polarization values were: Direct, at 20° C. +60.93; and invert, at 20° C, — 22.16. The average values for the 86 Canadian samples were : Moisture content 34.34, sucrose 62.24, invert sugar 1.41, ash 0.62, and un- determined material 1.59 per cent. The polarization values were: Direct, at 20° C, +59.33 ; and invert, at 20° C, —23.17. The results of a special study of the constituents of maple-sirup ash are also reported. The average results for 100 samples from different States showed that the ash contained 38.07 per cent potash, 21.88 per cent lime, 5.39 per cent phosphoric acid, and 1.59 per cent sulphates. Considering the samples from both the United States and Canada, the average basic lead value was 2.70, calculated to dry substance, and the average neutral lead number was 0.79. The average malic acid value determined by the modi- fied calcium chlorid method was 0.84, and by the calcium acetate method 1.01. In discussing factors which influence the character of the final product, the author considers that it is clearly shown " that the sap run has a decided effect on the total ash and the malic acid content of the maple sirup, the latter being shown by the Increase in the lead number as well as by the malic acid value. As regards taste, there is not much difference between the first and middle runs, but between the first and last runs the change is marked." As regards the effect on composition of using eggs or milk to cleanse sirup, it may be said on the whole "that there is no change in composition of the maple sirup, other than the slight increase of protein, by such cleansing, but its use is of questionable benefit since the same results can be attained by filtering." FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 267 Comparison of sirups from sap collected iu covered aud uncovered buckets stiowed that the difference in color was sliglit but that " the ash content of the sirup from the uncovered budgets is greater than from the covered ones. This increase occurs in the soluble ash, as there is only 0.04 per cent difference iu the insoluble ash of the two samples." The author points out that some of the constituents of sirup decrease as the more northern latitudes are reached. " In general, this is true of the total ash and the lead number and to a less degree of the malic acid value. There are a few exceptions to this general tendency whicli may be due to the altitude of the sugar bush, to the soil, or to the exposure. " Soil data were collected from the individual makers, but on compiling them no distinctions that would admit of any classification wei'e found. No doubt the kind of soil on which the bush is located influences, to a slight extent, the ash content aud possibly the malic acid value and lead number. Also sirup made from soft and that from hard maples in the same locality might show very distinct differences. The few samples of soft maple sirup collected are hardly sufficient to afford any basis of comparison." The bulletin also includes a summai-y of statistics of the maple-sugar industry in the United States, and a bibliography of the general subject of maple sugar. Strained honey, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 217, pp. 19). — Of 148 samples of honey collected in the Dominion of Canada 122 were found to be genuine, 20 doubtful, and 3 adulterated, while 3 were sold as compounds. Dried bananas, M. Winckel (Apoth. Ztg., 25 {1910), Isio. 49, pp. -'i^O; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1911, II, No. 8, p. 588). — Analytical data are reported, and the nutritive value aud digestibility of bananas discussed, particularly dried bananas. The fat and nitrogen content of a number of nuts, H. Kxjhl (Piiarm. Ztg., 54 (1909), No. 6, p. 58; abs, in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 20 (1910), No. 2, pp. 98, 99). — Peanuts, Brazil nuts, hazel nuts, and walnuts were analyzed. Examination of wine musts, C. von der Heide et al. (Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 35 (1910). pp. 132-392). — Results are reported in detail of the analyses made in the different German provinces of musts in 1008-9. Results of the official wine statistics 1908—9, A. Gijnther (Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 35 (1910), pp. 1-26). — Information is given regarding the extent of the studies of wine, and information is summarized on a variety of topics, including among others, the occurrence of arsenic, lead, and copper in fruits sprayed with arsenic or copper solutions. Reports of institutes candying on wine analysis, C. von dek Heide et al. (Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 35 (1910), pp. 21-131). — Reports are given in detail of wine analyses in different German provinces. Preservatives and other materials, A. Betthien, H. Hempel, and P. Sim- MicH (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. n. Genussmtl., 20 (1910), No. S, pp. 514-520). — Data are reported regarding the examination of a number of such materials as food preservatives, a so-called " nutrient salts coffee." and some other materials. Headache remedies (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 26, pp. 89-96). — Headache i-emedies are discussed and the results are reported of the examination of a considerable number of samples of such goods. The preservation of drugs, L. A. Brown (Kentucky Sta. Bui. 150, pp. 121- 118, dgm. 1). — Information is summarized regarding the methods for handling and storing drugs and drug products in such a way as to prevent deterioration. Food tables, H. Schall and A. Heisler (Nahrungsmitteltabellc. Wurzburg, 1909, pp. ^2). — The author has included in convenient form tables showing the 268 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. average composition of different classes of foods, beverages, and mineral waters; also tables of ash content, digestibility, dietary standards, and other material of interest to the student of nutrition. Free-hand cooking on scientific principles {Bui. Ainer. School Home Econ., Ser. 1, 1910, No. 18, pp. 36, figs. ^). — Information regarding such matters as weights and measures used in cookery and time required for cooking foods is summarized in tabular form and basal recipes are given. Micro-organisms and digestion, Metchnikoff et al. (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 23 (1909), No. 12, pp. 931-9J,1; abs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 20 {1910), No. 21, pp. 1198-1200) . — Experiments are reported on the possibility of digestion without the aid of bacteria, the bat being selected on account of its short intestine. It was found that digestion may be accomplished without the action of micro- organisms, and the general conclusion was accordingly drawn that animal life is possible without bacterial aid. Progress report of investigations in human nutrition in the United States, 1905-1909, C. F. Langworthy {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt, 1909, pp. 361-397). — A summary and digest of data classified under a number of topics such as studies of food and food products, cooking and its relation to nutritive value, dietary studies, and experiments with the respiration calorimeter and other technical studies. An earlier summary has been previously noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 459). ANIMAL PKODUCTIOIL Effect of Porto Rico molasses on digestibility of hay and of hay and con- centrates, J. B. LiNDSEY and P. H. Smith {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 82-131). — A study of the effect on digestibility of a ration when molasses is fed in excess, in continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 19. p. 264). On a ration of hay and molasses, when the cane molasses constituted from 10 to 13 per cent of the dry matter of the total ration, it was without pronounced effect on the digestibility of the hay. In the case of one trial with 1 sheep there was a very marked depression, but in the other 5 single trials with different sheep the influence was slight, or contradictory. When molasses composed 20 per cent of a hay and molasses ration the depression was quite noticeable, averaging in the case of 4 single trials with 4 different sheep 10.14 gm. of di- gestible dry matter and 7.37 gm. of digestible organic matter for each 100 gm. of molasses fed. Two experiments were conducted in each case with 2 sheep on a ration of hay, corn meal, and molasses, using 100 and 200 gm. of the last. Unfortunately, in each experiment one of the sheep suffered from indigestion and did not complete the trial. When molasses constituted 11 per cent of the dry matter of the ration the depression was 10.79 gm. of dry matter and 9.51 gm. of organic matter per 100 gm. of molasses. When molasses constituted 20 per cent of the ration the depression was 18 gm. of dry matter and 17 gm. of organic matter per 100 gm. of molasses. On a ration of hay, gluten feed, and molasses the depression was higher with small than with large amounts of molasses, the loss averaging substan- tially 8 per cent. " Why molasses seemed to exert less depression on the hay than on a ration composed of hay and a concentrate is difficult of explanation." Observations showed that there was no warrant for concluding that molasses increased the peristaltic action of the intestines. Other reasons which have been suggested as to the cause of depression are discussed. Analyses of feeds and feces, digestion coefficients, amounts of water drank, methods of feeding, weights of animals, and other data are given. Further investigations are con- templated. ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 269 Beet residues for farm stock, J. B. Lindsey (Massachusetts 8ta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. 21-26). — A discussion of metliods of using dried beet pulp, dried molasses beet pulp, and beet leaves as rations for live stock. An analysis of molasses beet pulp is reported as follovs's: Water 8 per cent, protein 9.5 per cent, fat 0.4 per cent, nitrogen free extract 61.3 per cent, fiber 15.4 per cent, and ash 5.4 per cent. The opinion expressed regarding the feeding value of beet residues may be summarized as follows : Dried molasses beet pulp is a very palatable food for dairy stock, and nearly equal to corn meal in its value for such stock. Dried beet pulp has somewhat less value. Their use may occasionally be necessary, but it should be the rule to produce starchy or carbohydrate feeds rather than to purchase them. When used, they should be moistened before feeding. Beet leaves may be fed to dairy stock with fairly satisfactory result.?, either fresh or in the form of silage, but they should not be largely used as food for cows producing milk for infants. Condimental and medicinal stock and poultry foods, J. B. Lindsey ( Massa- chusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 2, pp. 32-38). — A resume of work previously noted (B. S. R., 17. p. 581). Notice of judgment (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Notice of Judgment 625, pp. 2). — This relates to the alleged adulteration and misbranding of a proprietafry poultry food containing 30 per cent pure bone ash. Ration experiments with swine, 1906-1908, W. L. Carlyle and G. E. Morton (Colorado Sta. Bui. 165, pp. 3-23. figs. 2). — Alfalfa hay, wheat, wheat shorts, field peas, beets, and tankage were contrasted as protein supplements for barley and for corn in feeding tests with grade Poland-China swine during 2 successive years. The results are summarized in the following table: Feeding experimeiifs icitJi. swine in 1906-7 and 1907-8. Num- ber of pigs. Ration. Series of 1908-7 (1^ iveeks). Barley, alfalfa hay Corn, alfalfa hay Barley and corn, equal parts, alfalfa hay Barley and wheat, 1:1 Barley and peas, 1:1 Barley and shorts, 1:1 Barley and tankage, 10:1 Corn and tankage, 10:1 Barley, beets Corn, beets Series of 1907-8 {15 weeks). Barley and corn, equal parts, alfalfa hay Barley, corn, and tankage, 3:3:1 Barley and tankage, 6:1 Corn and tankage, (i: 1 Durum wheat and tankage, 6:1 Durum wheat, corn, and tankage, 3:3:1 Total gain per head. Lbs. 107 115 131 115 111 117 130 142 94 86 116 171 158 164 161 173 Pounds feed per 100 pounds gain. Grain. Hay. Tankage. Beets, Lhs. 508 508 435 476 482 457 405 386 475 544 496 338 367 353 360 334 Lhs. Lbs. 478 498 Cost of feed per pound of gain. Cents, b.n 5.27 4.52 5.95 7.23 4.57 4.97 4.70 5.95 6.69 5.10 4.50 4.S9 4.71 6.60 5.30 The amounts of digestible nutrients required for 100 lbs. gain with the differ- ent rations are also given. There was no advantage in feeding beets in addi- tion to the grain, as the 2 lots so fed ate as much grain as when the beets were not given. Analyses are reported for the barley, durum wheat, tankage, and alfalfa hay used in the tests. Methods of fattening- steers, W. A. Cochel and S. W. Doty (Pennsylvania 8ta. Bui. 102, pp. 3-16, figs. 1/ ) . — This bulletin reports experiments on the compari- son of concentrated and bulky rations, the comparison of heavy and light rations 270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of coru silage for fattening steers, and the value of shelter for silage-fed cat- tle. Tlie average gains per head and day for 2-year-old grade Herefords and Shorthorns for a period of 5 months were as follows : On full feed of grain and one-half feed of corn silage 2.099 lbs., at a cost of 11.24 cts. per pound ; on two- thirds full feed of grain and full feed of corn silage 1.9S lbs., at a cost of 9.75 cts. per pound ; on a full feed of both grain and corn silage when fed to steers in a box stall 2.138 lbs., at a cost of 11.05 cts. per pound; and on full feeds of grain and corn silage when fed in an open shed 2.362 lbs., at a cost of 10.03 cts. per pound. The lots received shredded stover and mixed hay according to appetite. The grain consisted of broken ear corn, shelled corn, and cotton-seed meal. The cost of gains was based on the following prices: Corn 67.7 cts. per bushel, and cotton-seed meal $34, stover $3.50, silage $3. and mixed hay $12 per ton. A study of the consecutive months during the test would seem to indicate that with thin cattle a bulky ration is as efficient as one of more concentrated form, but as cattle fatten concentrates become necessary if the rate of gain is to be maintained. "The results show clearly that when corn is high in price it is more profitable to feed a lighter grain ration with a greater proportion of roughage or, if the heavy grain ration is fed, that the cattle should be marketed before they become as fat as those in lot 1 were at the close of the experiment. The results agree with those reported during the 2 preceding winters in that the chief demand in Pennsylvania is for cattle that are not made fat enough to grade as ' choice' or 'prime' upon the central markets, but for those that grade as 'good butcher' steers or ' good killers.' " The chief value of the large quantities of corn silage was to reduce the cost of production and increase the rate of gain. " Steer feeding was a profitable venture in Pennsylvania under conditions prevailing at the experiment station from December 15, 1909, to May 3, 1910, the average price received for corn fed to experimental cattle being $1.05 per bushel. The margin necessary between buying and selling prices to prevent loss from fattening cattle on a bulky ration was $1.23 per hundredweight, and on a concentrated ration, $1.68 per hundred- weight. The difference in margin necessary for feeding in the shelter experi- ment was 17.2 cts. per hundredweight in favor of outdoor feeding." "Protection from cold is as unnecessary for fattening cattle on succulent feeds as when dry feeds are used." Analyses of feeds are given and also their fertilizing value. Baby beef production, H. W. Nokton, Jr. {Michiyan Sta. Bid. 261, pp. 185- 213, figs. 5). — These feeding trials, which were continued from the fall of 1905 imtil the summer of 1909, were conducted to compare the relative profits of the two methods of handling an ordinary grade beef herd. In herd No. 1, which consisted of 10 grade cows, the calves were nursed by their dams and also received supplementary feed. After weaning they were finished and marketed as baby beeves at 18 months of age. In herd No. 2, also consisting of 10 grade cows, the calves were weaned at birth, reared on skim milk and supplementary feed by the method previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 573), and finished and marketed with the other lot, their dams being milked. The figures obtained for herd No. 1 were as follows: The average cost of the feed per year for the cows suckling calves was $32.32. and that of the supple- mentary feed consumed by the baby beeves $34.65. making the avei-age cost per head of the baby beeves $66.97. The average weight per head was 995 lbs., making the average cost for production per hundredweight $6.73, and no other revenue was obtained from the cows. The corresponding figures for herd No. 2 were as follows : The average cost of the feed consumed by the baby beeves ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 271 raised by the skim mill^ method was $50.77, and their average weight per head 966 lbs., making the average cost of production per hvmdredweight $5.24. In addition, the average value of butter and skim milk produced by the cows was $61.12. and the average cost of their feed per head per year $33.84. This leaves a profit of $27.28 per head for the cows on the skim milk lot and also a differ- ence of $1.49 per hundredweight from the baby beeves. " The average age at the time of marketing was 532 days for the suckled lot and 537 days for the skim-milkers. . . . The quality of the baby beeves produced by the two methods was practically the same and the skim-milk lots brought the same jirices as the suckled lots when put on the market." Australian chilled beef, H. D. Baker {Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.I, 1910, No. 357, pt. 2, pp. 77-79). — An account of the shipments of chilled beef from Australia. The Liuley process for chilling beef is described, and there is a brief note on a new dry -air process of preservation. Some experiments in grazing and soiling, S. E. McClendon { Louisiana Stas. Bill. 12S, pp. 3-16). — This contains brief reports of several tests with forage crops and other feeds for pigs. The average daily gains per head and day were as follows : On oat pasture 0.37 lb., in a second exi^eriment on oat pasture 0.21 lb., on rape 0.12 lb., on rape and oats 0.12 lb., on sweet potatoes 1.23 lbs., on carrots 0.57 lb., on beets 0.42 lb., in a second experiment with beets 0.287 lb., and on beets and corn meal 1.14 lbs. The cost per pound of gain with several feeds was as follows : Using rice bran 6.9 cts., rice polish 5 cts., in a second experiment with rice polish 4.6 cts., rice polish and molasses 5.5 cts., and grazing oats about 4 cts. As these tests were undertaken in different years and under different conditions these figures do not represent the comparative value of the rations fed. Information concerning the Colorado carriage horse breeding station, J. O. Williams (Colorado Sta. Bui. 166. pp. 3-12, figs. 5). — This contains an account of the history and objects of the experiment in horse breeding now in progress at the Colorado Station in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal In- dustry of this Department. The pedigrees of the animals now in service as foundation stock are given. Digestion experiments with poultry, J. M. Bartlett (Maine Sta. Bui. 181f, pp. 317-336, figs. 2). — Digestion coefficients of a number of feeds obtained with cocks, hens, and cajions are reported. The feces were collected with a rubber sheet attached to the fowl. In the case of one capon the feces and urine were collected separately by means of an artificial anus established in the body walls, but this method was abandoned because the bird was in an abnormal condition, though the results obtained compared favorably with the results when the separation was made by chemical means. The results show that the digestion coefficient of most nutrients did not materially differ from those obtained with other farm animals, except that poultry digested very little crude fiber. The nutrients of wheat, especially ether extract, did not seem to be as well handled as most other concentrated grains. Bran, though much in favor as a poultry feed, showed a low digesti- bility. A mixture of equal parts of corn meal and fine cut clover was more digestible than bran and at present prices more economical, providing of course that the poultrymau produces his own clover. An exclusive diet of wheat had a deranging effect upon the digestive system of the birds. Corn was con- sidered as making a valuable grain for iwultry because of its palatability and high digestibility, though it can not be fed alone as it is too concentrated a feed and also deficient in protein. Oats and India wheat were found to be desirable grains and may be used to some extent to give variety to the ration, though 77543°— No. 3—11 6 272 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. more expensive than corn unless in a section of the country where they can be bought or produced much more cheaply than at the commercial centers. The digestion coefficients of the different feeds are given in the following table : Average of the digestion coefficients obtained with pant try- Kind of feed. Wheat bran (coarse) Corn (whole) Corn (cracked) Corn meal Corn meal and clover, 1:1 Clover, calculated Corn meal and beef scrap, 1:1 Beef scrap, calculated Corn meal and beef scrap, 1:1 India wheat Oats (whole) Oats (rolled) Wheat (hard) Wheat (soft) 3,000 gm. bran, 1,125 gm. corn meal, 1,125 gm. gluten feed, fiOO gm. beef scrap 200 gm. bran, 100 gm. corn meal, 50 gm. linseed meal, 40 gm. beef scrap 200 gm. bran, 50 gm. corn meal, 50 gm. linseed meal, 100 gm. gluten feed 200 gm. bran, 50 gm. corn meal, 50 gm. lin- seed meal, 100 gm. gluten feed, bone ash Number of experi- ments. Organic matter. Per cent. 46.7 86.6 83.3 83.1 56.4 27.7 82.1 80.2 87.0 72.7 60.6 89.3 81.8 81.8 51.3 51.4 42.3 46.9 Protein. Per cent. 71.7 08.3 72.2 74.6 71.5 70.6 90.0 92.6 81.5 75.0 78.2 80.1 71.3 74.4 78.6 78.6 75.8 79.0 Fat. Per cent. 37.0 87.0 87.1 87.0 66. 9 35.5 95.0 95.6 91.5 83.8 85.6 92.2 56.9 54.4 74.8 78.5 68.7 68.8 Nitrogen- free ex- tract. Per cent. 46.0 91.6 88.1 86.0 61.6 14.3 75.8 90.5 83.4 64.1 94.3 80.8 51.4 46.7 37.8 45.3 Crude fiber. Per cent. 13.5 10.4 10.4 20.9 There are references to other literature on the subject, and a table has been prepared showing the average digestion coeflicieut obtained with poultry by other investigators. Seven methods of feeding young chickens, J. E. Rice and Clara Nixon (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 2S2, pp. Jil5-.'i62, figs. 25).— The purpose of this experiment was to test the efficiency of chick rearing by 7 different methods of rations and methods of feeding. The eggs used were from vigorous, mature single comb white Leghorn stock on free range. The methods of incubating and brooding are described. The cost of rearing the different flocks of chicks for the first 6 weeks is given in the following table : Average gain and cost of feeding chicks the first 6 iceeks hg different methods. Ration. Cracked grain and bran Cracked grain Cracked grain, dry mash. . Dry mash Wet mash, powdered milk Wet mash, skim milk Variety ration Number of chicks in experi- ment. 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 Number of chicks at end of 6 weeks. 90 85 97 94 106 102 110 Average Total weight of amount of chicks at food con 6 weeks, sumed Pounds. 0.370 .375 .343 .345 .542 .511 .503 Pounds. 129.73 125. 88 166. 13 167. 56 193. 91 232. 93 196. 57 Cost per pound gain. .100 .173 .193 .190 .115 .123 .117 Cost of food per 100 chicks. $2. 940 3.228 3.589 3.00S 3.805 3.725 3.571 Cost of labor per 100 chicks. 11.423 1.507 1.320 1.362 1.505 1.565 1.464 •' Considering the number of chicks reared, the vigor of the chicks, and the continued palatability of the ration, the variety ration gave best results for the first 6 weeks. In total weight of flock, average weight of chicks, rapid growth and development, cost per pound gain and per pound weight, the wet mash- powdered milk ration gave best results. In feeding the wet mash rations and ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 273 tlie variety ration, great care must be taken that the chicks are not overfed, and that they do not get spoiled or moldy food. After the first 3 vv-eeks there is less danger of overfeeding on the variety ration." At the end of (i weeks all flocks were gradually accustomed to a fattening ration, and the results are shown in the following table : Siuiiinanj per flock for 6 wcck.s of fattening. Ration. Cracked grain and bran Cracked grain Cracked grain, dry mash.. Dry mash Wet mash, powdered milk Wet mash, skim milk Variety ration All flocks Number in fatten- ing ex- periment. 90 85 97 94 107 102 110 G85 Number died in (i weeks. Average weight chicks marketed. Pounds. 1.093 1.204 1.153 1.114 1.204 1.137 1.139 1.150 Total amount food con- sumed. Pounds. 250.8 243.1 201.4 260.8 280. G 271.4 286. 5 1,854.6 Total cost food con- sumed. $5. 58 5.38 5.83 5.86 6.21 5.82 6.32 41.00 Total cost labor. Total cost per pound gain. $0. 108 .097 .094 .109 .107 .118 .113 .106 Some of the conclusions drawn from marketing the chicks are as follows : " Squab broilers are not profitably marketed in September and early October. Dry picking of broilers by amateurs is too expensive as a market proposition. Broilers should be of proper size to meet the demands of summer and fall trade, which requires a dressed weight of a ]b., or of 1* lbs. each, to be served whole in the former case as a squab broiler, or in halves in the latter instance. "The cost of rearing a chick to 6 weeks averaged $0,098 for all flocks, or $9.80 per 100 chicks. The greatest cost per chick was in the cracked grain ra- tion flock, $0,104, and the least in the variety ration flock, $0,094, a saving for the variety ration of $1 on 100 chicks to 6 weeks old. . . . Since this experi- ment was specifically a broiler-raising proposition, it would be impossible to de- cide from this data which ration, of the 7 tested, would be best for rearing laying stock." Feeding' and management of poultry for egg production, J. S. Jeffrey (North Carolina Sfa. Bui. 211, pp. -'i3-6.'i, figs. 8). — A discussion of the requisites for profitable egg production, with a report of experiments in feeding fowls from which a number of conclusions are drawn, including the following: " The best i-esults in egg production during the first period were obtained from the two pens fed a mash containing meat meal and bone meal. During the second period the best results were obtained from the pens fed skim milk. Rations which gave the lowest cost per hen for feeding did not give the greatest profit per hen during either feeding period. . . . " Pullets were slower in developing and in coming to laying maturity on a ration containing cottonseed meal than on one containing meat meal. Hens did better than pullets on rations containing cottonseed meal ... As far as can be judged from the work done, the main objection to cottonseed meal is its lack of palatability. " High protein meat meal, although readily eaten by the fowls, did not give satisfactory results either in egg production or development of the fowls. . . . " Hens fed skim milk during the second period not only laid more eggs at less cost per dozen, but gained more in weight and came to molting time in better condition than those on any other ration. " Bone meal did not seem to be as necessary when skim milk was fed, as pens 13 and 24 gave good returns during the second period. The mash for 274 EXPEEIMENT STATIOIST EECOKD. the former was corn meal and wheat bran and for the latter corn meal only. . . . " Lime furnished by oyster shells did not supply the deficiency of ash in some of the rations, as all pens had oyster shells available at all times." [Poultry experiments], W. P. Brooks, E. S. Fulton, and E. F. Gaskill (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 4'h -{5)- — The moist mash system of feeding poultry was continued during the year, and in 4 out of 6 experiments proved to be superior to the dry feed. Averaging the results of 3 experiments in summer and 3 in winter, the number of eggs laid daily per 100 hens was 36.3 eggs on the moist mash and 34.5 eggs on the dry ration. Poultry raising-, W. E. Yaplon (Colorado Sta. Bui. 16-'f, pp. 3-14). — This is a bulletin of information relative to the conditions for successful poultry rais- ing in Colorado, and is the result of a study of methods practiced among expert poultrymen of the State. The chief topics are location of the poultry farm, breed.s, feeding, incubation, marketing, records and accounts, and poultry buildings. Productive qualities of fowls, J. Dryden (Oregon Sta. Circ. 10, pp. 16). — A lecture given at the poultry section of the Graduate School of Agriculture, 1910, which discusses the characters desirable in fowls kept for egg production. The American Standard of Perfection is criticised, as it does not consider egg yield in its scale of points. Biology, C. Letoukneau (La Biologic. Paris [1910], pp. XI +506, figs. 113). — This is a book on general biology and treats of the chemical constitution of living matter, the physiology of the cell, motility, nutrition, assimilation, growth, generation, innervation, and the physical forces involved in the life of both plants and animals. The biological writings of Samuel Butler and their relation to contem- porary and subsequent biological thought, M. Hartog (Sci. Prog. TivcntietJi Cent., 5 (1010), No. 11, pp. 15-31). — Besides a review of Butler's works there are extended notices of recent writings on heredity by Semon, Jennings, Driesch, and other investigators. The author draws the inference that in recent years there has been a growing tendency to accept some form of the memory theory of heredity because at present the problem of heredity can only be elucidated by the light of mental and not material jirocesses. The geometrical relation of the nuclei in an invaginating gastrula (e. g. Amphioxus) considered in connection with cell rhythm, and Driesch's concep- tion of entelechy, R. Assheton (Arch. Enttcickl. Mcch. Organ., 29 (WIO), No. 1, pp. 46-18, figs. 9). — After a review of recent investigations on the mechanics of the invagination process, the author concludes that cell division can not be explained on purely physical and chemical grounds, but states that if we are to have. a vitalistic theory instead of a mystical conception, it must be based on some principle which can be studied by mathematical methods. " If we regard cell division in a general way, apart from the details of the process, we are led to conclude that there is an evolution of some form of energy within the cell which may very well be peculiar to living matter, show- ing, or appearing to show, alternately unipolar and bipolar states, the latter in most cases resulting in the complete separation of the portions of pro- toplasm dominated respectively by either pole. It is not inconceivable that although the two poles within the cell repel one another, yet in the real or apparent unipolar state one cell as a whole may attract another cell.'' Chromosomes and heredity, T. H. Morgan (Amer. Nat., 44 (1910), No. .524, pp. 449-496, fig. 1). — After weighing the evidence afforded by recent investiga- tions on the function of the chromosome the following conclusions are reached : " The essential process in the formation of the two kinds of gametes of DAIEY FAKMING — DAIRYING. 275 hybrids in respect to each pair of contrasted cliaracters is a reaction or response in tlie cells, and is not due to a material segregation of the two kinds of materials contributed by the germ cells of the two parents. The reaction differs in the germ cells of the hybrid from that of either of the parental types because the material basis of the germ cells differs owing to its dual origin. The results are due, how'^'er, to difference in reaction and not to a separation of mixed materials. The general point of view that underlies this conclusion is epi- genetic, while the contrasting view, that of separation of materials, is essen- tially one of preformation. . . . " The old view that sex is determined by external conditions is entirely dis- proved, and we have discovered an internal mechanism by means of which the equality of the sexes where equality exists is attained. We see how the results are automatically reached even if we can not entirely understand the details of the process." The logic of chance in problems of genetics, A. S. Dewing {Anier. Nat., ///f {1910), No. 525, pp. 567-571). — The word "chance" has so many different meanings in biological literature that the author presents a formula by which a definite usage of the term " chance " may be established. " In problems of genetics the occurrence of an event said to be due to chance may be ascribed to two separate but independent sets of conditions. The inter- nal conditions are those which are entirely confined to the original universe of discourse of the problem — as for instance, the conditions of the gametes in the chance union of a Mendelian hybrid. The external conditions are those which are not centered in the immediate elements. They are such as age, strength, and the like, of the gamete producing animals. Let cp represent the chance occurrence of any event, and let a, I), c, . . . represent a series of internal con- ditions either known or unknown, and let the coefficients A, B, C, , . ., etc., represent the intensive value of a, h, c in determining the result. Similarly let m, n, o represent certain external conditions and M, N, O their coefficient of intensive value. Then the formula for the chance occurrence, 4>. of an event becomes (p=f (Aa, B?>, Cc, . . . Mm, Nn, Oo . . .)." The application of this formula in three different uses of the term in genetics is illustrated by examples. DAIRY FAEMING— DAIRYING. The bacteriology of commercially pasteurized and raw market milk, S. H. Ayers and W. T. Johnson, .Jr. {U. 8. Dept. Agr./Bur. Aniiii. Indus. Bui. 126, pp. 98, figs. 16). — A study of the bacterial flora of commercially pasteurized and raw milk. Both kinds of milk were examined when fresh and on each succeeding day, as long as the milk was fit for consumption, in order to study the rise and fall of the various groups of bacteria. Experiments were made with milk by the " flash " and " holder " methods of pasteurizing in the laboratory, where the process could be controlled. Raw milk high in bacteria as it was produced for butter making was heated in a small pasteurizer of the " flash " type for from 30 to 40 seconds at different temperatures and then cooled. The bacterial production varied at the same temperature with different samples, due it is thought, not to careless methods of controlling the temperature or to contamination, but to the varying propor- tion of heat-resisting species of bacteria or to bacteria in the spore form. When held at 10° C. the proi)ortion of peptonizing bacteria was very low for from 3 to 4 days. Held at room temperatures, 22 to 25°, the raw milk in one series remained sweet until the second day. The pasteurized milk soured with normal acid curds on the third day. In the second series, where the counts were all 276 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. higher, both the raw and the pasteurized milk soured in 24 hours with solid curds and a little gas. These experiments indicated that pasteurization does not prevent milk from souring, but merely delays the process. A few experiments were made in using the " holder " process for pasteurizing. The milk was heated in the same " flash " machine used in the preceding experi- ments, from which it flowed into a steamed-covered can where it was held at 2° lower than when pasteurized. Twenty minutes" holding was found to be almost as eflicient as the 40 minutes' holding. Another experiment was carried out under the same conditions, except that the milk was pasteurized in a jack- eted can and lield for varying lengths of time. Two samples heated to 60° and held for 40 minutes and 2 samples heated to 65.6° all curdled with an acid curd in 48 hours, when held at room temperature. On the other hand, one of the 2 samples heated to 71.1° curdled with a rennet curd after 24 hours at room temperature, while the other curdled after 48 hours with an acidity of 0.41 per cent and was partly digested. " These experiments show that a high temperature for a considerable period is required to prevent souring. It is evident, too, that peptonizing bacteria are of no more importance than in raw milk, for the milk must be held 4 or 5 days before their numbers in pasteurized milk are as great as those in raw milk. The results also indicate that milk always sours when pasteurized under conditions that would prevail in commercial work, although the souring is delayed." An examination of the pasteurized milk of a small city showed that at the time the consumer would receive it the average group proportion was : " Pep- tonizers, 9.92 per cent ; lactic-acid bacteria, 56.70 per cent ; alkali and inert forms, 33.97 per cent. After holding 24 hours at room temperature the pro- portion of acid bacteria rapidly increased to 99.03 per cent, while the alkali or inert forms decreased to 0.19 per cent and the peptonizers to 1.14 per cent. The average acidity was 0.64 per cent, indicating a sour milk." Studies of commercially pasteurized milk obtained from the regular milk supply of Boston and New York also showed that commercially pasteurized milk always sours because of the development of lactic-acid bacteria, which, on account of their high thermal death point survive pasteurization, and per- haps in some cases because of subsequent infection with acid-forming bacteria during cooling and bottling. The results in this paper hold only for commercially pasteurized milk heated from 60° to 65.6° in the "holder" process, or up to 71.1° in the flash process. It is pointed out that it is not reasonable to expect the use of high temperatures in commercial pasteurization. At the above temperatures milk, when lieated under commercial conditions, may be expected eventually to sour, and the bacterial content will be comparable to the average group curves for pasteurized milk as shown in this paper. These temperatures would be sufficiently high to afford protection against pathogenic bacteria and yet would probably leave in the milk the maximum proportion of lactic-acid bacteria and the group pro- portions would be very similar to those of all grades of market milk. If higher temperatures are used a degree of heat may be reached which will result in the destruction of all but spores, which, when allowed to develop, will un- doubtedly produce peptonization of the milk. " The relative proportion of the groups of peptonizing, lactic acid, and alkali or inert bacteria is approximately the same in efficiently pasteurized milk as it is in clean raw milk. In both cases the alkali or inei-t forms constitute the largest group, the lactic-acid bacteria next, while the peptonizers are in the minority. When both of these milks — the efficiently pasteurized and clean raw DAIEY FAEMING DAIRYING. 277 milk — are held, the group relations change; but if the changes which take place are compared it will be found that they are the same in each. At the time of souring, the group proportions have changed so that the lactic-acid bacteria constitute the largest group with the alkali or inert forms next in order and the pept^"Izers in the smallest proportion as initially. In both of these milks the group of peptonizers may increase slightly in its proportion to the other two groups during the first two days, but it then gradually de- creases and always forms the smallest group. " When milk is less efficiently pasteurized the position of the groups may be reversed so that the lactic-acid bacteria constitute the largest group with the alkali or inert forms next in order, but here again the peptonizers form the smallest proportion of the total bacteria. This group arrangement is the same in a dirty raw milk. " The more efficient the pasteurization, the smaller the percentage of lactic- acid bacteria ; and, similarly, the cleaner the raw milk, the smaller the per- centage of lactic-acid bacteria. " The peptonizing bacteria are present in smaller numbers in the inferior grades of commercially pasteurized milk during the first twenty-four hours after receiving than in raw milk of the same quality, and the peptonizers may increase to slightly higher numbers in the pasteurized milk when held several days than in the raw milk of high initial lactic-acid bacteria content; but it should be x'emembered in this connection that milk is usually consumed within twenty-fours hours after delivery. The number of peptonizers in a good grade of commercial pasteurized milk on the initial count and on succeeding days is approximately the same as in a clean raw milk when held under similar temperature conditions. "All milk, whether pasteurized or raw, must necessarily be infected during cooling and bottling by bacteria in the receiving tanks, in the pipes, on the cooler, and in the bottles; but the low bacterial counts obtained from pasteur- ized milk in these investigations show that the reinfection must have been very small. . . . "The 'holder' process of pasteurization is superior to the 'flash' process. With the ' holder ' process a high efficiency may be obtained with a low tempei'a- ture, while to obtain the same efficiency with the ' flash ' process a high tempera- ture would be required. A temperature of 62.8° C. (145° F.) for 30 minutes seems best adapted for efficient pasteurization. . . . " Pasteurization should always be under the control of competent men who understand the scientific side of the problem. It is believed that ignorance of fundamental bacteriological facts often accounts for inefficient results rather than a willful lack of care on the part of the dairyman." The daily variation in the bacterial content of raw and pasteurized milks during the incubation period is presented in tabular form. References to the literature on the subject are appended. The bacteriolog-y of soured milk, R. T. Hewlett (JBrit. Med. Jour., 1910, No. 260S, pp. 158Ji-l586). — This article is concerned with the methods of prepa- ration and administration of soured milk in lactic-acid therapy. The fermentation of citric acid in milk, A. W. Bosworth and M. J. Prucha {New York State Sta. Tech. Bui. IJf, pp. J,3-48).—A study of the disappearance of citric acid in sour milk. Milk containing 0.224 gm. citric acid was found to be free from the acid in 60 hours. In order to determine whether the citric acid could be fermented under conditions other than those present in milk, 5 gm. of calcium citrate were placed in 4 fiasks containing 500 cc. of bouillon and 1 per cent of lactose. After sterilizing, 2 flasks were kept for checks and into each of the other 2 flasks 1 cc. 278 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED, of buttermilk was introduced. The flasks were shaken every morning and evening. It was noticed that the calcium citrate in the flasks "to which the buttermilk was added was slowly going into solution, and on the twelfth day no insoluble citrate remained. An examination showed the checks to be sterile, and with the calcium citrate still on the bottom of the flasks as an insoluble powder. Further experiments showed that the volatile acid in sour milk was derived from citric acid and proved to be acetic acid. Of several common dairy bacteria tried, Bacterium lactis aerogenes was the only one found to have the power of fermenting citric acid, and this produced two molecules of acetic acid for every one of citric acid. In the process of cheese making the citric acid all disap- pears before the cheese is put in the press. In one cheese examined the milk used contained 0.203 gra. citric acid per 100 cc. ; the whey when drawn con- taind 0.118 gm. ; the first whey from the pi-ess contained none; the curd when the whey was drawn contained a trace; and the curd when put in the press contained no citric acid. On the influence of feeds poor in lime upon the lime content of cow's milk, L. Frank (Chcm. Zty., 3J, (1910), A^o. Ill, pp. 97S, 979).— The milk from 10 cows fed hay from sewage meadows which were deficient in lime contained on an average 0.1576 per cent of calcium oxid. The average percentage in milk from cows fed similar rations supplemented by ground chalk was 0.1595. Composition of doge's milk, L. S. Dijkstra (Molk. Ztg. IHildesheim], 2^ {1910), No. 79, p. lJf9.'f). — Analysis of the milk of a female house dog 6 days after parturition gave the following percentages : Fat 7.25, protein 6.65, sugar 2.85, ash 0.96, water 82.29. A second analysis 14 days later gave the follow- ing: Fat 5.65, protein 6.95, sugar 2.25, ash 1.04, water 84.11. There was less volatile fatty acids and potassium and more phosphorus than in cow's milk. Casein constituted about one-half the nitrogenous constituents. Feeding' for milk production, C. H. Eckles (Missouri Sta. Circ. .'/'/, pp. 69-S^, figs. 3). — This contains information of a popular nature concerning the feeding of dairy cows. The principal topics treated are turning on pasture in the spring, grain feeding while on pasture, providing for periods of short pas- ture, winter feeding, reasons for feeding balanced rations, home grown bal- anced rations, succulent feeds, the silo, and buying concentrated feeds. The cost of producing market milk, J. B. Lindsey {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. {1909), pt. 2, pp. 27-31).— A resume of the food cost in 1907 and 1908 of the station herd, consisting of grade and pure bred Jersey cows producing 5 per cent milk. " The average yield per cow for the 7 cows in 1907 was 5,874.4 lbs., the food cost per cow was $78.19, and the cost of a quart of milk 3 cts. In 1908, the yield per cow in case of 9 cows was 5,639.5 lbs. (2,564 qts.), the food cost per cow $82.21, and the food cost per quart of milk 3.3 cts." If other items of cost are added it is believed that the total cost of produc- ing milk satisfactory in sanitary quality and containing from 4 to 5 per cent of butter fat will usually be found to amount to from 4 to 5 cts. per quart. The cost of keeping 1 cow for 1 year is estimated at $137.07. Milk produced under more than average sanitary conditions or certified milk will naturally cost con- siderably more than the figures presented in these estimates. The Illinois competitive cow test, C. C. Hayden {Illinois Sta. Circ. IJ/'i. rev., p. 12). — This outlines the plan and rules which govern the state competi- tive cow test. Notices of judgment {U. S. Dept. Agr., Notices of Jadginent 628, 629, 632, 638, p. 1 each). — These i-elate to the adulteration of milk. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 279 Reading' the Babcock test, P. H. Smith {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. Vf2-147). — Six bottles, having as wide a diversity In size of neck as could be brought together, were used to test variation In methods of reading the test. Pure butter fat was weighed into the bottles, which had been washed out with ether to remove all traces of fat, and enough hot water added to make 18 gm. The bottles were then placed in the Babcock tester and whirled 3 times, for 5, 3, and 2 minutes respectively, as for the regular test. The results were as follows: " With one exception the readings taken to the top of the upper meniscus were too high, the amount of error being in most cases proportional to the diameter of the bottle neck. Where the readings were taken to the bottom of the upper meniscus the results were much more uniform. In several cases. however, there was considerable variation, due very likely to the difficulty of determining accurately the lowest point of the upper meniscus. " The alcohol method, where used, showed more concordant results, espe- cially for the 10 and 30 per cent bottles. The difference between these results and the theoretical test was no greater than might be expected between duplicate tests by the gravimetric method. The tests made in the 50 per cent bottles varied materially, which might reasonably be attributed to the difficulty of reading these bottles accurately on account of the large diameter of the neck." Further tests were then made in reading mixtures of butter fat and skim milk. "As in the former trials, reading to the top of the meniscus gave high results, proportional in most cases to the diameter of the graduated neck ; reading to the bottom of the meniscus gave results more nearly corresponding to theory, while the results with the alcohol method were quite uniform and consistent. The high results obtained by attempting to read to the bottom of the meniscus in the case of the three cream bottles was due to the cloudiness of the fat, which made an accurate reading difficult, if not impossible. . . . With our present knowledge, and pending further investigation, the writer would advocate reading the tests made in 10 per cent milk bottles from the bottom to the extreme top of the fat column, including the maniscus, as is now generally practiced ; while for 30 per cent 6-in. Connecticut cream bottles the reading should be taken from the extreme bottom of the fat column to the bottom of the upper meniscus, preferably by the use of alcohol, as described by Eckles or Farrington." [Dairy inspection], P. H. Smith {MassachuseMs Sta. Rpt. 1909, pt. 1, pp. 63-68). — This is a brief report of the work of the station in testing glassware, inspecting Babcock machines, examining candidates for proficiency in Babcock testing, analyzing milk and drinking water, and testing pure-bred cows. The text of a section of the dairy laws amended by the legislature in 1910 is given, whereby the director of the station is given power to revoke the cer- tificate of an operator of the Babcock test who is not doing satisfactory work. Of 4,071 pieces of glassware examined at the station, 1.06 per cent were found to be inaccurate. Directions for testing' milk on the farm, H. E. McNatt (Missouri Sta. Circ. Jfl, pp. 57-60. figs. 8). — Popular directions for using the Babcock test for milk are given. Farm butter making', H. M. Bainer (Colorado Sta. Bui. 163, pp. 3-16, figs. 8). — This contains detailed directions for making a good quality of butter on the farm under Colorado conditions. Creamery butter making, A. G. Shirley (Jour. New Zeal. Dept. Agr., 1 (1910), No. 4, pp. 2.'f2-264, figs. 2). — An account of modern methods of making butter in New Zealand creameries. ^80 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Notes on the fornaation and working of cooperative dairy factory com- panies, W. E. GwiLLiM (Jour. 'New Zeal. Dept. Agr., 1 (1910), No. 1, pp. 28-65, figs. 4). — Tlie progress of the dairy industry, advantages of cooperative dairy- ing, cost of equipping butter and cheese factories, and the by-laws of a dairy association are the topics ti'eated in this article. Mottled butter, H. H. Bukton et al. ( N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 31 (1910), No. 2, pp. 1(2, 4-',, 46).— A classification of the causes of mottled but- ter, with comments thereon. Tests of parchment paper as a wrapping for butter, A. Burb and A. Wolff (Ahs. ill Anah/st, 35 (1910), No. 1,15, pp. J,35, 436; Molk. Ztg. [HUdeshcim], 24 (1910), No. 94. pp. 1765-1767).- — This is an abstract of an article previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 61G). The inference that may be drawn from these investigations for the practical butter maker is that a good parchment paper should contain not more than 8 per cent of sugar, 10 per cent of substances soluble in water, and 4 per cent of mineral matter. The best safeguard is to give the paper a preliminary treat- ment with hot and then with cold brine. There are numerous refereucs to other investigations on this subject. Cheese: Its position in history, commerce, and dietetics, R. J. Blackham (Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 31 (1910), No. 10, pp. 44O-45O). — A popular article on the varieties, manufacture, nutritive value, and examination of samples of cheese. Improved methods for making cottage and Neufchatel cheese, J. Michels (North Carolina Sta. Bui. 210, pp. 29-38, figs. 8). — Details are given for using pure cultures of lactic-acid bacteria in making cottage and Neufchatel cheese on a commercial scale. Dairying industry in foreign countries, H. D. Baker et al. (Daily Cons, and Trade Rjjts., 13 (1910), No. 127, pp. 809-817). — These reports include accounts of the growth of the dairying industry in Canada, Australia, Holland, and Sweden. VETEKINARY MEDICINE. Reports on the subjects discussed in the general meetings [at the Ninth International Veterinary Congress] (Trans. IX. Internat. Vet. Cong. The Hague, 1 (1909), pp. 7S9, 2)1 s. 3, figs. 6). — The papers presented include dis- cussions of the following subjects : Combating hog cholera and swine plague by the veterinary police, by M. Dorset, F. Hutyra, R. Ostertag, and S. Stockman (see page 2S4) ; the protection of the practice of veterinary medicine, by I*. Cagny, V. Kotlar, and ]\I. Preusse ; the role of the veterinary surgeon as an expert in zootechnical questions, by C. Eisner, C. Matthiesen, Lavalard, and P. P. Van Der Poel ; requirements for the doctorate in veterinary science, by F. Hutyra, E. Leclainche, and R. Schmaltz ; the sanitary control of milk and the obligatory systematic inspection of meat, by R. Edelmann, H. Martel, A. D. Melvin, Porcher. H. Rievel, and A. M. Trotter ; the methods employed in treat- ing the carcasses and meat with the object of rendering them harmless, by A. Moreau, F. Puntigam, and Zwick ; the prophylaxis and pathology of protozoan diseases (piroplasmosis, trypanosomiasis) with demonstration of the specific parasites and of the transmitting animals (ticks, mosquitoes, etc.), by E. Dschunkowsky and J. Luhs, I*. Knuth, J. Eignieres, C. S. Motas, C. A. Penning. P. Bey, and A. Theiler (E. S. R., 22, p. 3SG) ; the governmental control of sera and bacterial products and their preparation by the government, by E. Leclainche, H. E. Reeser, and C. Titze: avian tuberculosis in its relation to tuberculosis in mammalia, by S. Arloing, O. Bang, and J, R. Mohler and H. J. Washburn; the VETERINAEY MEDICINE, 281 sterility of cows and its I'elatiou to infectious diseases of the genital organs. by Albrechtsen and E. Hess (see page 284) ; governmental efforts against tuber- culosis with regard to the ways of infection in this disease, by B. Bang, J. R. U. Dewar, R. Ostertag (see page 283), and J. Poels; and construction and interior of stables in relation to the prophylaxis of diseases of animals, especially tuber- culosis and also to milk hygiene, by Dammanu, II. M. Kroon, and J. S. Lloyd. The reports or abstracts thereof are in English, German, and French. Reports on the subjects discussed in the meetings of the sections [at the Ninth International Veterinary Congress] (Trans. IX. Internat. Vet. Cong. The Hague, 2 (1909), pp. 1023, figs. 9). — The subjects and authors reporting at the meeting of the sections are as follows : Inspection of fish, game, poultry, crustaceous animals and mollusks and of other animal foods in relation to the hygiene of man, by E. Cesari and O. Oppenheim ; insurance of stock in relation to obligatory meat inspection, by R. Edelmann, A. Pirocchi, and F. Hendrickx ; disinfection of the vehicles of transport and animal products in international traffic, by A. Conte and A. A. Overbeek ; serotherapy, seroprophy- laxis and vaccination in foot-and-mouth disease and the value from the point of view of legal sanitary police, by E. Leclainche and H. Vallee, F. Loeffler (see page — ), L. F. D. E. Lourens, and E. Ferroncito; the diagnosis of in- fectious diseases by means of the recently discovered reactions of immunity (except the subcutaneous injection of tuberculin and mallein), by L. De Blieck, J. Liguieres, L. Panisset, J. Schniirer, and Schiitz ; etiology and pathogeny of malignant tumors, especially of cancer, by H. Apolant, B. F. Bashford, and A. Jaeger; vaccination against tuberculosis, by E. Eber, J. F. Heymans, M. Klimmer, H. Vallee, Schutz, and S. Arloing; anatomo- and histo-pathological diagnosis of rabies, by L. Frothingham, R. Hartl, and S. von Ratz ; specific chronic enteritis of cattle, by B. Bang (see page 283), J. Bongert, E. Lienaux, II. Markus, Miessuer, and W. Stuurman; infectious pleuro-pneumonia of horses, by Malkmus, J. Szpilman, M. G. Tartakowsky, and D. Koneff; hemostasis in the modern methods of castration, by A. Degive, H. Frick, A. Labat. J. Mac- queen, B. Plosz, J. Vennerholm, and B. Vrijburg; pathology and therapeutics of streptococcic infections in the domestic animals, by A. Labat, J. Lignieres, E. Pison, and R. Torro ; chronic arthritis deformans in horses, by M. J. Jacoulet and G. Joly ; physiology of milk secretion ; relation between the external form of cows and the production of milk, by P. Godbille and C. Kronacher ; influence of the various foods upon the quality of the products (meat, milk) and appli- cation of Kellner's principles in the feeding of animals from the point of view of the production of milk, meat, and strength, by F. Maignon and S. Weiser; prevention of the prejudicial effects of the forced breeding for special purposes, by Dammann ; teaching of zootechny, by P. Dechambre, A. W. Heidema, and J. Kudovsky; hygiene in the maritime transport of cattle, by L. J. Hoogkamer and W. Rickmann ; sanitary police in colonies, by J. A. Gilruth, C. A. Penning, and W. Rickmann; and teaching and laboratories for research in tropical dis- eases, by L. De Blieck, J. K. F. De Does, P. Knuth, and H. Vall§e. The reports or abstracts thereof are in English, German, and French. Resolutions of the Ninth International Veterinary Congress at The Hague, September 13-19, 1909 {[1910], pp. 61).— The resolutions adopted by the Congress are presented in French, German, and English. Examination of the teeth and dental caries, H. Holterbach (Berlin. Tierurztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 33, pp. 652-655).— This is a general dis- cussion in regard to the status of veterinary dentistry at the present day. Antiproteolytic substances in urine and serum, J. Baueb (Ztschr. Inimuni- tdtsf. u. Expt. Then, I, Grig., 5 (1910), No. 2-3, pp. 186-200; alts, in Zenthl. 282 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. Biochem. u. Biophys., 10 {1910), No. 4, P- 183). — The so-called antitrypsin which occurs in urine and blood serum is not a specific body but a complex of colloidal active substances. In experimental nephritis an excess of antitrypsin is ex- creted. Serum antitrypsin was not increased by immunizing tests, but on the other hand, an increase was noted when the ureters were tied or the kidneys extirpated. Investigation in regard to the bactericidal power of the leucocytes, C. A. Klino (Ztschr. Imimntitatsf. u. Expt. Thcr.. 1. OrUj.. 7 {1910). No. 1-2, pp. 1-93, pi. 1). — By heating polymorphonuclear leucocytes for one-half hour at 50° C. in bouillon, at 37 to 38° in dilute hydrochloric acid or sodium hydrate, or by repeated freezing and thawing, the endolysins are extracted from the proto- plasma. Endolysins destructive to the Bacillus subtilis or typhosus could not be obtained by digesting in bouillon, salt solution, or in 5 per cent inactivated serum for one-half hour at 37°. The extract of polymorphonuclear leucocytes from rabbits, guinea pigs, and cats was capable of destroying the timothy hay bacillus, the grass bacillus II. Koni's acid-fast bacillus I, and Rubner's butter bacillus. Rabbit leucocyte extracts behave in a like manner toward the tubercle bacillus Arloing and the human type of tubercle bacillus. The living polymorphonuclear leucocytes do not when inoculated into the guinea pig lessen the virulency of the human tubercle bacillus. Serotherapy, seroprophylaxis, and vaccination against foot-and-mouth dis- ease, and their value for the veterinary inspector, F. Loeffler {Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 35 {1909), No. 48, pp. 2097-2101; abs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 20 {1910), No. 15, pp. S.'fO, 841). — A report read at the International Veterinary Congress held at the Hague in 1909, which deals with the progress made in combating foot-and-mouth disease among hogs, calves, and sheep during the last few years. The value of the immunizing serum is discussed. Hypo- and histo-eosinophilia in foot-and-mouth disease, G. Vallillo {Clin. Vet. [Milan], Scz. ScL, 33 {1910), No. 1-3, pp. 1-9; ahs. in Berlin, Tiemrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 34, p. 671). — The author determined that in the ex- anthematous stage of foot-and-mouth disease a hypoeosinophilia took place, while in the areas of the body where the disease is localized or where the virus is discharged without any visible lesions (rennet stomach and intestines) a hypereosinophilia is present. Diagnosis of glanders with the complement binding method, J. de Haan {Berlin. Tierarzil. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 32, pp. 6,93-638).— This is a study of the circulation of antibodies in the blood serum of glandered horses in Java. The author shows on the basis of his tests, bacteriological examinations, and autopsies that the examination of the serum for antibodies has almost the same value as the mallein test, but considers that when a negative antibody reaction is obtained and a positive mallein reaction the benefit of the doubt is to be given the mallein test. The treatment of suppurative conditions in animals by bacterial vaccines, including a preliminary report of the use of a hyperimmune serum in canine distemper, J. I\I. Phillips {Amer. Vet. Rev., 36 {1910), No. 6, pp. 656-671).— The author describes his (and McCampbell's) method for preparing autogenous bacterial vaccines. This consists of making 24-hour cultures on agar slopes of the material taken directly from lesions and then suspending the growth in a 0.85 per cent sodium chlorid solution preserved with 0.5 per cent carbolic acid. The author makes use of McFarland's nephelometer ^ for obtaining the pi-oper dilution of the bacteria. ojour. Amer. :^Ied. Assoc, 49 (1907), pp. 1176-1178. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 283 The treatment and results of 31 horses with fistulous withers, 2 of which had also poll-evil, are given. Twenty-seven of the horses made a complete recov- ery. " The shortest length of time required for healing was 2 weeks, and this was a bad case of a year's duration, and the longest 11 weeks. Most of the cases lasted about 7 weeks. In one case the fistula recurred in about 7 months." Work in regard to foot canker and the treatment of canine distemper with a hyperimmune serum are also reported. About the complement binding- and rabicidal substances in the blood of rabid animals, S. KozEWAr.OFF {Oentbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 5.'f {1910), No. 6, pp. 564-566; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 10 {1910), No. llf, p. 670). — A serum from animals infected with "serum fixe" contained no comple- ment Lnnding nor rabicidal substances. Rabies, G. H. Glover and B. F. Kaupp {Colorado 8ta. Bui. 162, pp. 8, figs. Jf). — This is a popular account of the disease. It is said that the recent out- break of rabies in Colorado was started about 2 years ago at Greeley by a dog brought from the East. One protective vaccination with antitetanin is usually sufficient, Pecus {Jo^ir. Med. V6t. et Zootech., 60 {1909), Oct., pp. 591-593; abs. in Berlin. Tier- urztl. Wchnsclir., 26 {1910), No. SI/, p. 671). — Observations were made on 1,500 immunized horses, 500 of which had injuries due to stepping on nails. In no instance were symptoms of tetanus present. Particular attention is called to the use and antiseptic value of tincture of iodin for resisting the activities of the tetanus spores and toxin. Passive anaphylaxis, with particular reference to the endotoxin of the tubercle bacillus, G. Fmzi {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 {1910), No. 23, pp. 1099, 1100). — The serum of horses, which was rendered hypersensitive by long immunizing with the tuberculous endotoxin, was capable of conferring passive anaphylaxis on guinea pigs and rabbits. The significance of tuberculosis opsonin for immunity, E. Ungermann {Arh. K. Gsndhtsamt., 34 {1910), No. 3, pp. 286-292, figs. 2).— The work indi- cates that the real significance of the opsonic serum bodies against tuberculosis has not been established and that further work must be done in this direction. About antitubercular vaccination in cattle, J. F. Heymans {Arch. Intcrnat. Pharmacod. ct Th&r., 20 {1910), No. 1-2, pp. 11,7-156; abs. in Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Ref., 47 {1910), No. 7-8, pp. 251, 252; ZentU. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path. Stoffwechsels, n. ser., 5 {1910), No. 16, p. 629). — A report of the vaccina- tion of 4,000 cattle in 192 barns by Heyman's method (E. S. R., 20, p. 1188), in the first precinct of Southeast Flanders. The results obtained were encour- aging. The solution of tubercle bacilli in neurin, Lindemann {Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. E.rpt. Ther., I, Orig., 7 {1910), No. 1-2, pp. 191-196).— Nenrin (trimethyl- viuylium hydrate) dissolves the tubercle bacilli partly but not completely. Tuberculosis of the tong-ue, J. Pillmann {Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 20 {1910), No. 4, pp. 128. 129; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Ref., 47 {1901), Ao. 7-8, p. 204). — The author reports 2 cases of tongue tuberculosis in cattle. Both animals, however, were affected with generalized tubercolosis. Combating tuberculosis by the government, with particular regard to the sources of infection, B. Bang, J. R. U. Dewar, R. Ostertag, J. Poels, Bongert, and Dammann {Trans. IX. Internat. Vet. Cong. The Hague, 1 (1909), 8. O. XI, 1, pp. 19; 2, pp. 10; 4, PP- 16; 5, pp. 12; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 38, pp. 741-744).— A general discussion of the subject. Specific chronic enteritis of cattle (Enteritis pseudo-tuberculosa bovis, Johne's disease), B. Bang {Trans. IX. Internat. Vet. Cong. The Hague. 2 (1909), 8. Ill, 1, 1, PP, 27). — Following a review of the literature relating to 284 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. this disease in which it is shown to be spread over many countries of Europe and North America, accounts are given of the pathological alterations, symp- toms and course of the disease, and experimental Investigations personally con- ducted. Medicinal treatment seems to have only a transitory influence, although on account of the spontaneous recovery that often occurs, it is difficult to judge its value. The author has been uuable to cultivate the bacilli that cause the dis- ease and inoculation experiments on small animals as a rule proved unsuccess- ful. Whether the disease is spread from animal to animal through contamina- tion of the food by the bacilli in the excrements, or whether it can likewise be caused by saprophytic bacilli, was not decided. The importance of the discov- ery by the author's cooperator, O. Bang, of an apparently trustworthy diagnos- tic agent in tuberculin prepared from avian tubercle bacilli (E. S. R., 22, p. 287) is emphasized. The sterility of cows and its relation to the infectious diseases of the genital org'ans, Albrechtsen and E. Hess (Trans. IX. Internat. Vet. Cong. The Hague, 1 {1909), S. G. X, 1, pp. 14-16; 3, jrp. 18; ahs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 39, p. 760). — ^A discussion in regard to the causes of sterility in cattle. Dropsy of the amniotic sac in cattle, Joachim {Mitt. Ver. Bad. Tierdrztc, 9 {1909), No. 6, pp. 90-93; al)s. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wclmschr., 26 {1910), No. 29, p. 583). — A description of 4 cases, in 3 of which it was necessary to slaugh- ter the animals despite the fact that artificial abortion was produced. The fourth animal survived. Combating' hog cholera and swine plague by the veterinary police, M. Dorset, F. Hutyra, R. Ostertag, and S. Stockmann {Trans. IX. Internat. Vet. Cong. The Hague, 1 {1909), 8. G. 1, 1, pp. 11; 2, pp. 22; 3, pp. 17; J,, pp. IJ, ; ahs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 37, pp. 727-729).— These papers have particular reference to preventing hog cholera and swine plague in the light of the newer researches. About Krafft's vaccine: A reply, K. Poppe {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr,, 26 {1910), No. 3Jt, pp. 667, 668).— On the basis of his new researches (E. S. R., 23, p. 486), the author insists that Krafft's vaccine against swine plague with rabbits and guinea pigs does not furnish a protection against Bacillus suisep- ticus. Meningo-encephalitis (blind staggers), T. P. Haslam {Kansas Sta. Bui. 173, pp. 235-251). — This disease, commonly known as staggers, blind staggers, sleepy staggers, and mad staggers, has occurred in outbreaks of greater or less severity in many sections of the United States, particularly in Kansas, Texas, Louisiana, North Carolina, Delaware, and Arkansas. A severe outbreak of the disease in Kansas was investigated at the station in 1891 by Mayo, who attributed it to Aspergillus glaucus, which had badly dam- aged the small crop of corn grown that year because of dry weather. In 1902 and 1906 there were severe outbreaks in various portions of the State. There has also seemed to be a continual loss of horses from staggers in any locality in which much corn of an inferior grade is fed. In investigations made during the outbreak In 1906, the author failed to find A. glaucus present but discovered 3 molds, Mucor rhizopodoformis, Rhizopus nigricans, and Fusarium sp. The details of the investigation, since continued by the author and Dr. P. J. Meenen, are reported. The conclusions drawn are as follows : " Feeding horses upon immature corn badly infected with molds and worm dirt, with its accompanying bacteria, produces typical cases of staggers. The extract of such corn is rapidly fatal to rabbits, A. flavus, A. niger, and R. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 285 nigricans have been found abundantly on the corn only in localities which lose horses from staggers. Corn containing any molds should be thoroughly cleaned or ' floated ' before feeding. Mixing corn with bran and oats seems to lessen the danger. Treatment to be effective must be begun early." The complement binding' reaction in equine pneumonia, W. Pfeilek (Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 36 (1910), Sup., pp. J^23-J,3o). — The author was able to prepare, by a method which is descril)ed, an antigen which was capable of stimulating the production of complement-deviating substances in the animal body. A serum was produced which was capable of producing a deviation of complement for the Diplo-streptococcus plcuro-pneumoniw of Shiitz. Summer sores of horses. — Their treatment, V. Drouin {Rev. Gen. Med. V6t., 15 {1910). No. i77, i)p. -',97-510; abs. in Vet. Rec, 23 {1910), No. 1159, pp. 183, 184). — The author thinks it probable that the nematodes which cause this affection {Filaria irritans) gain access to the skin by local inoculation, in which insects may play a part. The numerous forms of treatment which have been attempted jire discussed. Of these the author places most confidence in excision of the diseased tissue. Treatment of umbilical hernia in horses, M. Casper {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 36 {1910), Sup., pp. 19-36). — Hernia umbilicalis is either inherited or acquired. The methods of treatment are divided into 2 stages, (1) the re- duction of the hernia and its replacement by taxis; and (2) the retenton of the hernia in the abdominal cavity. The actual treatment consists of either (a) the so-called palliative or non- radical operative methods, or (b) the radical operative methods. The first of these includes the application of a binder, the use of sinapisms, etc., or caustics the subcutaneous injection of sodium chlorid solution, the use of a truss, stitch- ing up the orifice, and clamping. The second includes the various forms of radical operative measures. Bone sequestrum in the forearm of a foal, Kitt {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 36 {1910), Sup., pp. 177-182, figs. 3). — A description of an unusual case of traumatic necrosis of the diaphysis of the left forearm of a foal, in which a new bone was formed which sequestrated and enveloped the old radius. Abstracts of work done in the laboratory of veterinary physiology (JV. Y. State Vet. Col. [Puh.^ No. 7, pp. 36, pi. 1). — This paper contains articles on Canine Tetanus, A Fly-Blown and Distempered Dog, and A Case of Auto- Enterectomy in the Bitch, by P. A. Fish; The Diastases in the Saliva of the Dog and Cat, by C. E. Hayden ; and Blood Examination of Dermatoses in Dogs, by H. Welch. A preliminary report of the bacterial findings in canine distemper, N. S. Ferry {Amer. Vet. Rev., 37 {1910), No. -), pp. //99-.504 ) .—During the course of an investigation of this infection in which nearly 300 dogs suffering from an acute infection were studied and given post-mortem examination, the author was able to isolate an apparently new organism, the characteristics of which are here reported. He states that the disease was experimentally produced by artificial inoculation, and that with this organism a vaccine has been made which has given favorable results. '■ Taking the disease in the early stages, I was able in almost every case to isolate the organism uncontaminated from the smaller bronchi, and often the trachea. Later in the disease, I could often isolate the organism from the smaller bronchi in pure culture, but from larger bronchi and trachea I would almost invariably get a contamination with one or more of the pus organisms. In the last stages the secondary or terminal infections would extend to the lungs, when it would then be more difficult and at times impossible to isolate the germs. 286 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. • " Whether this organism is the cause of distemper remains to be proved. Out of 93 autopsies where the organism was isolated it was found In pure culture uncontaminated in 71 cases. In 15 cases it was isolated from the blood. In 12 cases the organism was found contaminated in the smaller bronchi with the staphylococcus. In 9 cases It was found associated with organisms other than the staphylococcus. In 2 cases where the organism was isolated the exact bacterial findings have been lost. In a few cases I have seen the organism in smears from the lungs, but was unable to isolate it or grow it." About an epizootic goose disease, P. Loeffler {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tier- heilk., 36 (1910), Sup., irp. 289-298, i)l. 1).—A description of the clinical, ana- tomical, and bacteriological findings of an epizootic goose disease which occurred in 1904 at Kleiu-Kiesow, near Greifswald, Germany. The bacterium isolated practically simulated the one isolated by Riemer.'^ A transmissible avian neoplasm (sarcoma of the common fowl), P. Rous (Jour. Expt. Med., 12 (1910), No. 5, pp. 696-705, pis. 3, chart i).— This paper reports the first avian tumor which has been capable of transplantation to other individuals. Throughout the process the sarcoma retained its character- istics and was infiltrative and destructive. It resembled the typical mammalian neoplasms that are transplantable. Bespiratory exchang-e in fowls with, g'out, G. m Gristina (Internat. Beitr. Path. i(. Tlicr. Enidhrungsstor. Stoffic. u. Verdauungskrank., 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. 29-47; ais. in Biochem. Centbh, 9 (1910), No. 17, p. 7//7; Chem. Ahs., k (1910), No. 17, p. 2322). — When fowls were fed food rich in nuclear protein the same condition of uremia and intoxication was produced as in man. Beef liver produced these conditions quicker than horse meat. A depressed oxidation and a lower respiration coefiicient was observed in these birds. The feeding of corn did not alter the status. Liver disease in poultry, G. B. Morse (Rel. Poultry Jour., 17 (1910), No. 7, pp. 680-682; 697-704, figs. 5). — A popular, illustrated discussion in regard to the infectious, noninfectious, and doubtfully infectious liver diseases of poultry. Attention is called to the crude terms often applied to the various liver diseases and to the preventive measures and treatment thereof. A guinea pig epizootic associated with an organism of the food poisoning group but probably caused by a filter-passer, G. F. Petrie and R. A. O'Brien (Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge], 10 (1910), No. 2, pp. 287-305). — "An epizootic killing 90 per cent of a stock of 500 guinea pigs has been described ; cultures from these guinea pigs frequently gave an organism indistinguishable by cultural or serological tests from the Bacillus wrtryck and the B. siiipestifer. This or- ganism was highly pathogenic when inoculated subcutaneonsly into guinea pigs and of low pathogenicity when given to them with food. Healthy contacts put with animals infected subcutaneously or fed with the bacillus did not die. Sterile filtrates of organs of guinea pigs of the infected stock administered by different methods frequently killed. The evidence definitely suggests that the essential infecting agent in the epizootic was a filter-passer." Guinea pigs as chronic carriers of an organism belonging to the food poisoning group, R. A. O'Brien (Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge], 10 (1910), No. 2, pp. 231-236). — Five of the surviving guinea pigs mentioned in the account noted above, which showed definite immunity, proved to be carriers excreting the bacillus intermittently 5 months later and the serum of all of them agglutinated the bacillus. «Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Grig., 37 (1904), No. 5, p. 641. RURAL ENGINEERING. 287 RURAL ENGINEERING. Reclamation of the southern Louisiana wet prairie lands, A. D. Morehouse {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1909, pp. Jfl5-439, pis. 5, figs. 6').— This article is based on reports of investigations made during 1909 and 1910 by A. M. Shaw, W. B. Gregory, and C. W. Okey. The formation of the alhivial lands is first taken up, the natural levees along the bayous and streams discussed, and profiles given illustrating some of the typical forms. The purpose of the investigations was to determine the volume of water, or percentage of the rainfall, which it is necessary to pump from the fields in order to secure adequate drainage of these soils; the area of the field surface occupied by ditches, and the depth, width, and arrangement of the ditches and levees required in a drainage system ; the influence of bad physical condition of ditches upon the efficiency of the system; the distance from the ground surface at which the water table should be maintained ; the difference in the level of the water in the ditches while the pumps were in operation ; and the percentage of saturation or the quantity of water which the soil should contain when in the best condition for growing crops. To carry out the investigations four reclaimed tracts of land were chosen, three equipped with pumping plants of ample capacity antl the fourth having a gravity outlet. Rain gages were established on all of these tracts and by rating the pumping plants the amount of water removed during the course of a year was estimated, except in one case where the water was measured by means of a weir and automatic water register. The results of measurements of rainfall and run-off show that for the mouths from June to December, 1909, inclusive, the average percentage of run-off to rainfall for the four tracts was 35, ranging from 43.7 to 9.99 per cent, the latter tract not including a 5-in. rainfall of the first part of June, and also not being as thoroughly ditched or in cultivation. Comparing the daily rainfall and run-off and also the daily pumping record for 1907 and 190S for one plantation, it was found that during 1907 it took 1-1.8 hours' pumping for each inch of the 66.32 in. of rainfall, whereas in 1908 the pumps ran 12.9 hours per inch for the 51.06 in. of rainfall. This indicates that the uneven distribution of the rainfall throughout a year, as well as the fact that one part of the plantation may re- ceive a very heavy precipitation during certain storms while only a small shower may affect the rest of the land, has but slight effect on the general yearly average, and that year by year the ratio of the necessary pumping to the rainfall will be fairly constant. Methods of reclamation are considered under the heads of early methods, levees and seepage, canal systems, interior ditch systems, and pumping plants. Where a tract does not adjoin a bayou or other good outlet, it is necessary to construct outfall canals. The tract is next surrounded by a low levee to pre- vent flooding and ordinarily a large reservoir canal is constructed along the inside of the levee nearest the outlet, and at some convenient point on this canal the pumping plant is established. Connected with the reservoirs are col- lecting ditches of somewhat smaller size, and at right angles to these latter are lateral ditches which are still smaller. Ordinarily the main reservoir canals range in width from 30 to 60 ft. and in depth from 5 to 8 ft. The deeper the canal the greater storage capacity it possesses and the better outlet it fur- nishes for the collecting ditches or laterals. For the tracts under consideration this reservoir capacity amounted to from 0.1 to 0.4 in. of rainfall over the entire area. The proportion of land occupied by the interior ditch system varied from 3 per cent to nearly 6 per cent of the land surface. The collecting ditches range from 4 to 10 ft. in width and from 4 to 5 ft. in depth, while the lateral 77543°— No. 3—11 7 288 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ditches in heavy soils are placed about 100 ft. apart and are dug some 3 ft. deep with a bottom width of 2 ft. and a top width of 4 ft. An open traction ditcher used for digging lateral ditches is illustrated. Attention is called to the plant growths, particularly the water hyacinth, which frequently obstruct the ditch systems, often to the extent of practicallj' making them useless for drainage purposes. Several methods for getting rid of this pest are u)entioned. Under pumping plants are noted the various types of pumping machinery in use, which was found to vary greatly. As the necessary water lift in the plantations of this section varies from 3 to 10 ft., it is desirable to choose a pump which will only raise the water to the height that may be required at any particular time, thus avoiding unnecessary operating expense. The size of the tract and the number of days through the year when the plant will be operated determine in a large measure the class of machinery which it is best to employ. If the pumps are called on for regular work it will usually pay to install automatic high-speed engines, feed water heaters, and other fuel saving devices. The principles and practice of land drainage, E. R. Jones {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 199, pp. 3-30, figs. 15). — This bulletin discusses the reasons for land drainage, the extent and nature of wet lands in Wisconsin, the leading types of drains and drainage systems, the proper depth, size, and gradient of drains, their cost and durability, some details of tile laying, and some common mis- takes in land drainage. Plans for a number of drainage projects are included, with cost data in some cases. Replies from township assessors, verified by general and detailed field studies, indicated that over 7,000,000 acres in Wisconsin are in need of better drainage. Of this about one-third consists of muck and peat marshes and the remainder is largely made up of wet clays. Recent irrigation legislation, R. P. Teele {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1909, pp. 399-Jil4). — This article summarizes and discusses state legislation affecting irrigation enacted since 1905, previous legislation having been already noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 287). The legislation is discussed under the headings of administrative law, acquirement of rights, distribution of water, transfers, irrigation districts, and general legislation. [The comparative cost of travel by horse and wagon and automobile] {Boston Evening Transcript, 1910, Oct. 8, pt. 2, p. 6). — A report of a 6-day test between a Maxwell automobile and a horse and wagon. The automobile covered 457.9 miles, at a cost of $6.20 for gasoline and oil, and the depreciation was $8.24, making a total cost per mile of 3.15 cts., and the cost per passenger mile 1.5 cts. The cost of oats and hay for the horse one week was $5.80, the number of miles traveled, 193.3, and the depreciation, $1.47, making the total cost per mile 3.68 cts., and the cost per passenger mile 1.84 cts. There were no repairs in either case. The depreciation in the case of the automobile was rated at 20 per cent a year on the basis of 10,000 miles a year, which amounts to 18 cts. a mile. The depreciation on the wagon, harness, and horse was based on the original cost of $275, the outfit being supposed to last 10 years and to be capable of 10 miles' travel every day, making a depreciation of 0.75 ct. per mile. Life and care of farm machinery in Colorado, H. M. Bainer and H. B. EoNEBKiGHT (CoJovado Sta. Bui. 167, pp. 3-19, figs. 8).— After an investigation of farm conditions the authors estimate the valuation of agricultural imple- ments on Colorado farms at not less than $10,000,000. In connection with the selection of machinery they offer suggestions as to type, size, accessibility to repairs, oils and oiling devices, painting, and care in securing undamaged RUEAL ENGINEEEING. 289 machinery from the dealer. The relation between proper adjustment and the life of the machine is discussed. Investigation of 1,716 machines in service indicated that 60.6 per cent needed no repairs. Although but 27.15 per cent were reported on the farms as in need of repair, casual examination showed that 12.25 per cent in addition that were not reported needed repairs, and careful inspection showed that 6.35 per cent needed repairs in addition to those reported on the farm. Implements were reasonably sharp with the exception of smoothing harrows. These were found too dull for good service in 77 per cent of the cases investigated, with 7 per cent too nearly new to be very dull and only 16 per cent in which the teeth had been reversed or sharpened. In dry farming sections, 83 per cent of the harrows, aside from the new ones, were sharp. Nine per cent of the farms investigated had suitable shops, and on these farms the percentage of machinery not needing repairs was 71.36 as compared with 59.25 per cent on those without shops. The respective percentages of machinery reported by the owners as needing repairs were 22.4 and 27.7, those discovered by the investigator 6.24 and 20.2, and those discovered by the investi- gator on the machinery reported by the farmer as needing repairs 0 to 7.15, respectively. All machinery was housed on 22.15 per cent of the farms investigated, part on 39.6, and none except vehicles on 38.25 per cent of the farms. Closed machine sheds were found in 19.46, open sheds in 34.23, and none whatever in 46.31 per cent of all cases investigated. Machinery served as a hen roost in 74 per cent of the open sheds and 31 per cent of the closed sheds, while other farm animals had access to 19.6 and 10.3 per cent, respectively. The machinery was fre- quently stored without proper cleaning and oiling. Plans are presented for an implement house and an implement shed. Iron cow stall. — Hoard-Schulmerich stall, F. L. Kent {Oregon Sta. Circ. 9, pp. 4, figs. 3). — A common form of iron cow stall and the Ploard wooden stall, as modified by Schulmerich, are illustrated and briefly described. Constructing- a concrete hen house, A. A. Houghton (New England Home- stead, 61 {1910), No. 15, pp. 316, 326, figs. S). — Details are given for construct- ing a cement poultry house 14 by 40 ft., containing 4 pens, and costing about $195. The advantages of building with this material are discussed. Colleg-e dairy barn at the Kansas State Agricultural Colleg-e, A. Miyaw.\ki {Hoard's Dairyman, U {1910), No. 38, p. 1103, fig. 1).—A description of the remodeled dairy barn at the Kansas College, in which sanitation was the chief consideration. Cork brick {N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 30 {1910), No. 2//, p. 872). — A brief note on a new floor material for dairy barns. The cork bricks are 9 by 4 by 2 in., and weigh about 2i lbs. each. They are nonabsorbent and with a smooth, easily cleaned surface. Water supply for the farm, F. C. Reike {Farm, World, 4 {1910), No. 12, p. 3). — A brief description is given of a system of supplying water to the farm house and outbuildings and of disposing of the sewage. It is based upon the use of a deep well and windmill and elevated storage tank. Installing' a private water system, W. B. W.\llacb {Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Agr., 1,2 {1909), pp. 2.90-29//).— The system installed by the author in his home at Bunceton, Mo., is described. Earm home water supply, C. A. Ocock {Amer. Thresherman, 13 {1910), No. 4, pp. 22, 23, figs. 3). — A system using a force pump and a pressure tank is described. Disposal of house sewag-e, J. T. Stewart {Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Agr., 42 {1909), pp. 294-300, figs. 5.— The septic tank system adapted to farm houses is de- 290 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. scribed and illustrated by the system installed at the Northwest Experiment Farm at Crookston, Minn., which has been described in a bulletin of the Minne- sota Station (E. S. R., 20, p. 484). The country kitchen, C. Barnard {Housekeeping Expt. Sta. [Conn.] Bui. 7, pp_ y^). — As a means of diminishing labor and increasing comfort, the author on the basis of trials which he has conducted recommends the use of denatured alcohol and fireless cookers for preparing food, with a separate heater in the cellar for supplying hot water. For the latter purpose a combined laundry stove and water heater of the smallest size was selected and installed in the cellar as nearly under the kitchen boiler as possible and connected with a flue in the chimney, the heater being connected with the device connecting the water- back of the kitchen range with the boiler. The new house cleaning, C. Barnard ( Housekeeping Expt. Sta. [Conn.] Bui. 8, pp. 4). — The advantages of vacuum cleaning are pointed out and sug- gestions made regarding the use of hand and power cleaners. The lighting- of farm houses, I. T. Osmond (Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 103, pp. 3-19, figs. S). — This is substantially a reprint of an article previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 592), but also includes a test of an additional kerosene burner which gave very satisfactory results. The new lamps, C. Barnard {Housekeeping Expt. Sta. [Conn.\ Bui. 0. pp. y^). — From experimental studies the author concludes that denatured alcohol lamps are to be recommended. RURAL ECONOMICS. The relation of capital to agriculture, JM. Whitney {Amer. Rev. of Reviews, 1,2 {1910), No. 3, pp. 335-337).— The purpose of this paper is to show that capi- tal will invest in agriculture when the same status prevails as in the case of industrial enterprises, namely, (1) when the material and processes are under- stood and control is certain, and (2) when labor can be obtained and is under directive control, consequently when the products of labor are certain. To ac- complish the best development in agriculture, it is believed there must be an organized cooperation of effort between the various agencies of agriculture, capital, transportation, and State and Federal effort, while to commercialize agriculture and make it a safe line of investment for capital, the soil must be understood and its use determined, and an additional supply of labor must be furnished which at present must be drawn from immigrant farmers. The conservation of natural resources in the United States, C. R. van Hisb (New York, 1910, pp. XlV+JflS, lils. 16, figs. 20).— This volume contains the substance of 20 lectures delivered at the University of Wisconsin dealing with the conservation of the minerals, waters, forests, and soils of the United States. It gives the history of the conservation movement and discusses the relations of the subject to the welfare of the v,'hole population. The data are sum- marized largely from the report of the National Conservation Commission (E. S. R.. 21, p. 400). Agricultural development in the northwest of Canada, 1905 until 1909, J. Mavor {Rpt. Brit. Asmc. Adv. Sci.. 1909, j)p. 209-230, dgm. 1).— This paper discusses the agricultural conditions in the three prairie provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, with more particular reference to the adaptability of the region to wheat culture for export purposes. The region comprises some 350,000,000 acres, of which it is estimated that about 17,250,000 acres are annually available for wheat with a possible pro- duction of 317,375,000 bushels. Of this yield about 232,250,000 bushels could be exported, which is much less than the quantity of wheat annually imported EUBAL ECONOMICS, 291 by Great Britain. The actual yield of wheat in 1909 was 147,500,000 bushels. On this basis " the immense natural resources of the rich soil of Manitoba and of portions of Saskatchewan and Alberta are not even yet being fully exploited. Very considerable improvements in agricultural methods must yet take place if these resources are to be fully utilized." The cost of wheat production was, on new land, 57 cents per bushel; on old land, 3G cents. This makes the mar- gin of profit for the farmer exceedingly small and possibly accounts for the gradual reduction in the acreage of wheat during the period under investigation. Other information in this article relates to the meteorology of the region, population, immigration, depletion of public lands, the government policy as to the distribution of immigrants, collection of agricultural statistics, agricultural production and progress, irrigation, dry-land farming, land values, and railway development. The number of immigrants from the United States for the j'ears 1901-8 was 333..'j61. The developm.ent of wheat culture in North America, A. P. Brigham {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1909, pp. 230-2Ji6). — This paper discusses the develop- ment of wheat culture in the United States and Canada from the earliest settle- ment of the country to 1908. Statistical data are presented and discussed on the acreage and yields of wheat ; the successive positions of the wheat center and its future location ; the development of the industry by the introduction, culture, and breeding of varieties; the effects of wealth production, manufacture, and transportation on wheat culture ; the future of the United States and Canada in the world's wheat markets; and the means emploj^ed for increasing the output of wheat to meet the demands of increasing population. The place that the United States and Canada take among the world's great wheat-producing countries is regarded as supreme for many generations, because " it is North America which has the land, the progressive appliances, the skilled energy of production, and the facilities of transportation to supply the bread market of coming decades. [But] no citizen of the great Republic need harbour a jealous thought if in that market the major place should come to his northern neighbor." Small proprietary holdings, F. Bernard {Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. MonipcUicr, n. scr., 10 (1910), No. 2, pp. 105-129). — This article reviews the causes which have been in operation in various countries of Europe, in the United States, and in Canada, tending to form an independent class of small agricultural proprietors, and discusses in detail the more recent legislation which has been promulgated for the conservation, encouragement, and protection of the peasant class, particularly in France and other European countries. While recognizing many defects in recent legislation which the future is ex- pected to correct, it is believed that the policy of the French government in rendering unseizable for debt the propei'ty of small holders, who depend upon their holdings wholly or partly for a livelihood, is in the right direction for the maintenance of the peasant class in economic independence, for the social welfare of their families, and for the best interests of their posterity. Farm manag'ement. J. H. Haynes (Tnd. Farmer, 65 {1910), No. 36, p. 1). — The economic losses which occur on farms as a result of bad management are outlined in this article. Among the sources of loss mentioned are failure to make the best use of land, to employ intelligent help, to keep laborers con- stantly employed, to utilize farm waste products to the best advantage, to pro- vide proper storing places for implements and products, to maintain a fruit and vegetable garden for home consumption, and to be in ignorance of the buying and selling prices of farm conmiodities. Making' good farmers out of poor ones, Rosa P. Chiles {A)ncr. Rev. of Revieivs, Jt2 {1910), No. 5, pp. 563-512, figs. 73).— This is an account of the 292 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, farmers' cooperative demonstration worli of this Department (E. S. R., 19, p. 1027). The work has increased " from one agent in 1904 to 430 agents at the present time ; from one farm it has extended to 60,000 farms and 75,000 farmers ; from one State to 13 States," and in addition the boys' corn clubs interest 40,000 boy farmers between 10 and IS years of age. The economic effects of the move- ment in increasing the yields and profits of growing cotton, corn, and other crops are described and illustrated. The mission of cooperative demonstration work in the South, S. A. Knapp (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 33, pp. S). — This is an extempore address delivered before the agents in immediate supervision of the demonstration fields (see above). The author discusses the need of tile di-ainage, live stocli farming, properly cured hays, farm motors, improved education for country people, and the readjustment of the home. The agents are expected to co- operate with the teachers of the public schools as well as to assist farmers to increase their wealth and obtain greater earning power. The first aid to shipping fruits, vegetables, butter, eggs, and game for profit to market, T. G. Thomas (Houston, Tex., 1910, pp. 98, figs. 2).— A practical treatise on the marketing of southern produce. Return of prices of crops, live stock, and other Irish agricultural prod- ucts, W. G. S. Adams (Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Statis. 1909, pp. XIX+116, dgms. 17). — Statistics of prices in Ireland of live stock and other agricultural produce for the period ended December 31, 1909, together with tables of average prices for the 20 years 1890-1909 and of the quarterly average prices during 1908 and 1909, are presented and discussed. Crop Reporter (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 12 {1910), No. 12, pp. S9-96; Sup., pp. 9~-10.'i). — These give statistics on the condition and acreage of crops in the United States and foreign countries, the farm values and range of prices of agricultural products, monthly receipts of eggs and poultry in the chief markets of the United States, a summarized statement of exports of farm and forest products for the years ended June 30, 1909 and 1910, and a portion of the annual report of the Bureau of Statistics of this Department for the fiscal year 1910. AGKICTJLTUEAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education, C. W. Dabney (In Education in the United States. New Yorlc, Cincinnati, Chicago, 1910, pp. 595-651). — This is one of a series of monographs edited by Nicholas Murray Butler. It gives an account of the earliest discussions of agricultural education, the first agricultural societies and fairs, the rise of agricultural schools, the beginnings of the United States Department of Agriculture, the first agricultural colleges, the land-grant col- leges, their classification, requirements for admission, courses of study, mili- tary instruction, and expenses of students, statistics, extension work in agricul- ture, agriculture in the common schools, and the origin of the agricultural experiment stations. Progress in agricultural education, 1909, D. J. Crosby (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1909, pp. 251-325, pis 6).— This is a review for 1909 of the leading features of pi'ogress in agricultural education in this country and abroad, including the educational work of this Department, the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, the National Educa- tion Association, the Second National Corn Exposition, and the third session of the Graduate School of Agriculture, and of items of interest as to the differ- ent agricultural colleges, normal schools, and secondary and elementary schools. AGKICULTURAL EDUCATION. 293 Statistics of land-grant colleges and agricultural experiment stations, 1909, Marie T. Spethmann (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1909, pp. 211-250). — A compilation from official sources of general statistics, courses of study, attendance, value of funds and equipment, revenues, and additions to equipment of the land-grant colleges, and of the liues of work, revenues, and additions to equipment of the agricultural experiment stations in the United States for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909. Technical milling education, J. Elliott {Atner. Hay, Flour and Feed Jour., 11 (1910), No. 6, pp. 3 l-S.'f).— This paper, read before the Pennsylvania State Millers' Association, discusses the need of technical education for millers and the opportunities for graduates, and outlines the 4-year course in milling intro- duced last year at the Pennsylvania State College. The new kind of country schools, Jessie Field (Farm and Fireside, 34 (1910), No. 2, pp. 3, If, figs. S). — The author describes some of the practical features of school work as conducted in Page County, Iowa, such as the exer- cises with the Babcock milk tester, supplementary reading and study with Farmers' Bulletins and other agricultural publications, school garden work, making farm devices in manual training, teaching farm problems in connec- tion with arithmetic, and conducting boys' agricultural contests and girls' domestic science contests, with township and county exhibits. Agricultural extension schools (Ohio State Univ. Bui. IJf (1910), No. 33, pp. 3-15, figs. 13). — This circular contains the Ohio law relating to agricultural extension work and a description of the work thus far organized as agricul- tural extension schools, demonstrations in spraying and pruning fruit trees and mixing commercial fertilizers, field meetings, agricultural trains, fair ex- hibits, bulletins, suggestions for agricultural work in the rural schools, personal visits to agriculturists, and lectures at institutes, granges, clubs, and other organizations. Information in considerable detail is given concerning agricultural extension schools, including outlines of courses, rules governing the holding of the schools, suggestions for local organizations, items of local expense, and the daily schedule. The farmers' institutes in the United States, 1909, J. Hamilton and J. M. Stedman (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1909, pp. 327-355 ) .—This is the annual report of the Farmers' Institute Specialist of this Office for 1909 concerning the work of the Office in promoting farmers' institutes and the development of the farmers' institute movement in the different States and Territories. It includes a discussion of agricultural college and experi- ment station aid to institutes, agricultural college extension work and insti- tutes for women, an account of the annual meeting of the American Associa- tion of Farmers' Institute Workers, and statistical tables showing the number of institutes held, attendance, funds appropriated, cost, and number of lecturers employed. The Home Gai'dening Association (Ann. Rpt. Home Card. Assoc. [Cleve- land], 10 (1909), pp. 35, figs. 25). — This is a report of the work of this asso- ciation in 1909, including seed distribution, school gardens for normal, back- ward, defective, and delinquent children, kitchen gardens, a public school botanic garden, fiower shows, closing exercises, correlation with other school subjects, a training garden, and vacant lot gardens. A unit in agriculture, J. D. Elliff ( Univ. Mo. Give. Inform., 1910, July, pp. 65). — In this circular of information, issued by a committee on accredited schools, and approved by the faculty of the Missouri College of Agriculture, the author gives suggestions concerning the course of study, methods of teach- ing, and equipment of laboratories and libraries for teaching agriculture in 294 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. the accredited high schools of the .State. The circular is divided into two parts, part 1 dealing with equipment and courses of study, and part 2 with exercises and problems in agriculture. In part 1 the suggestions for equipment include materials and apparatus for soil studies, plant studies, text-books, and works of reference, and those con- cerning the course of study include general suggestions to teachers on the use of materials and methods of teaching, with an outline course taking up the subject of agriculture in tlie following order : Farm crops, the soil, plant propagation, plant growth, enemies of plants, animal husbandry, and problems of farm management. In part 2 there are exercises, problems, and score cards corresponding to this outline course. The course includes the work usually i-ecomnieuded for two years of high school work but it can probably be covered in one full high school year pro- vided not too much collateral reading is insisted upon. Forest nurseries for schools, W. ^I. ^Moore and E. R. Jackson ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 1/23, pp. 2'f, figs. 8). — The authors have included in this publication specific suggestions and dii'ections for preparing, planning, and car- ing for small forest nurseries in connection with the public schools. The work outlined includes the collecting, storing, and testing of seeds, preparing the seed bed, treatment of seeds before planting, planting the seeds, care of the seed bed and seedlings, transplanting to the nursery bed, and final disposal of young trees. A nursery planting table for forest trees is also given. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations, 1909 ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. HUis. lipt. lUOO. pp. J,3n, pis. 19, figs. 6).— This includes the usual report on the work of this Office for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, and of the work and expenditures of the agricultural experiment stations in the United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Island of Guam; statistics of the land-grant colleges and experiment stations for 1909; and several articles and reviews abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-second Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1909 {3Iassnchv- setts 8ta. Rpt. 1909, pts. 1, pp. 257. pis. 6, figs. 2; 2, pp. 7S).— Part 1 of this report contains the organization list, a rei)ort of the director, a financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, re])orts of heads of departments, and numerous special articles. Part 2, which is the portion designed for gen- eral distribution, consists of papers of a popular nature, based on the results of the observations and experiments of the station, and of a brief summary by the director of the more important conclusions from these articles. The exi)erimental work reported in each part of the report is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Monthly Bulletin of the Department Librai-y, October, 1910 {V. S. Dept. Agr., Library Mo. Bui., 1 (1910), No. 10, pp. 26/-294).— This contains, in addi- tion to the usual data for October, 1910, as to the accessions to the Library of this Department and the additions to the list of periodicals currently received, the rules adopted by the Department Library with reference to interlibrary loans, and references to recent articles of interest to those connected with agricultural libraries. Experiment Station Work, LX (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. Ji25, pp. 2k: figs. 3). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Commercial bean growing, digestion experiments with range forage crops, stallion legislation in the United States, substitutes for oats in rations for horses, and simple quantitative tests for casein. NOTES California University. — Excavation has begun for the new agricultural build- ing. Tbis is to be a white granite structure, 162 by G4 feet. The main floor will contain a lecture room to accommodate appi'oximately 500, a museum, the agricultural library, offices, and a laboratory for horticulture and viticulture. On the second floor will be laboratories for entomology and plant pathology, and additional offices and lecture rooms. A laboratory for experimental work in plant pathology, the mailing rooms, a lecture room, and other offices will be housed in the basement. The third annual series of short courses at Davis has closed with an attend- nanee of nearly 300, of whom 63 were enrolled in the work in household eco- nomics. The regular enrollment of the school at the close of its second year is 77. Connecticut College and Stations. — The various agricultural organizations of the State, including the college and the stations, have recently formulated a budget giving the amounts to be asked of the State legislature for agricultural purposes for the ensuing biennium. In this budget the college asks for addi- tional appropriations of $7.5,000 for a dormitory, $25,000 for a poultry school building, .$.5,000 for extension work, $40,000 for additions to the dairy building and barns, $6,000 for the installation of electric lighting, $5,000 for a students' infirmary, $5,000 for furnishing the new dining hall, and $15,000 for a farm machinery building. The Storrs Station asks an increase of its appropriation from $4,000 to $9,000, and the State Station for $6,500 additional to replace fire losses. Accompanying the budget is a statement discussing the comparative State expenditures for various purposes during the last 10 years, from which it appears that the appropriations for agriculture aggregated $011,049.86, which is but 2.35 per cent of the total. Clinton Grant, who for the past three years has been cheese maker at the Storrs Station in connection with its investigations in cooperation with this De- partment, has accepted a position as assistant in agronomy at the Ohio State University, and entered upon his duties January 1. To fill the vacancy caused by the death of Prof. William H. Brewer, the Sheffield Scientific School has appointed J. W. Alsop, of Avon, a member of the board of control of the State Station. G. A. Hopson has been elected secretary of the board. Idaho University.— L. C. Aicher, superintendent of the Caldwell substation, has been appointed assistant in farm mechanics, a new position, and has en- tered upon his duties. Courses are to be offered in elementary and advanced farm machinery and in farm buildings. Illinois Station. — Recent appointments of assistants include E. M. McDonald in crop production, E. E. Hoskins, F. C. Grannis, and J. E. Whitchurch in soil 295 296 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. fertility, Francis D. Abbott in chemistry, L. W. Summers in animal husbandry, Josephine Kerr in bacteriology, and W. H. Sacks in soils. Purdue University and Station. — Among the estimates submitted to the legisla- ture by the university are a 50 per cent increase in maintenance for the school of agriculture, $100,000 for a university library, $25,000 for a horse barn, $25,000 for a beef cattle barn, $25,000 for a veterinary laboratory, clinic, and hospital building, $60,000 for a dairy building and equipment, $25,000 for green- houses, and $15,000 for a horticultural building. Mary A. Fitch has been appointed scientific assistant in botany in the station. Kansas College. — A spring school of agriculture, home economics, and related subjects for teachers, continuing from March 2S to June 14 and preceding the summer school from June 15 to July 27, is announced. Louisiana Stations. — Dr. Harry Morris, a graduate of the veterinary depart- ment of the University of Ohio, has been appointed to the position of animal pathologist of the State Station to succeed Dr. Thomas C. Paulsen, recently resigned. Maine University. — V. R. Gardner has resigned as professor of horticulture and acting dean to become associate horticulturist at the Oregon College and Station. Leon S. Merrill has been designated acting dean. Michigan College and Station. — William H. Brown, Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins) has been appointed research assistant in plant physiology, with three-fourths of his time to be in connection with Adams fund investigation and the remainder in instruction in advanced plant physiology. Missouri Station. — E. S. Yanatter has been appointed assistant in soil survey work beginning January 1, and T. R. Douglass assistant in agronomy beginning February 1. Montana Station. — H. B. Bonebright, professor of farm mechanics at the Colorado College, has been engaged to take charge of the agricultural engineer- ing work, and entered upon his duties February 1. New Hampshire College and Station. — The new dairy building has now been completed. It is a terra cotta, tile, and cement fireproof structure, with a main portion two stories in height with about 55 ft. frontage and 48 ft. in depth, flanked by two one-story wings 37 by Hi ft. On the ground floor is a large demonstration room for dairy machinery and a laboratory equipped for dairy chemistry work, with the college creamery in the rear. The second story is occupied by offices, class rooms, and a reading room. New Mexico College and Station. — R. E. Willard, formerly of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, has been appointed assistant professor of agronomy in charge of soil work. F. W. Christensen, assistant in animal nutrition at the Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition, has arrived to take charge of chemical work of extensive nutrition digestion experiments in cooperation with the department of animal husbandry. W. A. Lassell has succeeded Louis lies as dairyman. Cornell University and Station. — The enrollment in the college of agriculture has now reached 1,254, an increase of more than 34 per cent over last year. The trustees have decided to charge tuition to students in the college of agri- culture who are not residents or citizens of the State. It is announced in the daily press that 16 students in the short winter courses were college graduates. A department of forestry has been established with Walter Mulford, junior professor of forestry of the University of Michigan, as its head. Professor Mulford takes up his regular work at Cornell at the beginning of the next college year, but has been giving about a month to its organization during the present winter. NOTES. 297 Walter W. Hall, instructor in cheese making from 1894 to 1008, died at Gouverneur, N. Y., December 15, aged 61 years. M. M. McCool lias been appointed assistant in plant physiology in the col- lege and station. North Dakota Station. — Leon A. Congdon, whose resignation from the New Jersey State Station has been previously noted, has entered upon his duties as assistant chemist at this station. Ohio Station. — George R. Green has been appointed assistant forester, and Fred K. JNIathis assistant botanist. Oklahoma College and Station. — Members of the station staff assisted the col- lege on the better seed and live stock train which recently traversed the eastern part of the State. This train was most enthusiastically received, the average daily attendance being over 4.000, of whom fully 60 per cent were farmers. At one stop six rural schools were in attendance. The department of chemistry has recently completed a special laboratory for nitrogen and other determinations requiring an atmosphere practically free from ammonia. Oregon College and Station. — C. E. Bradley has resignetl as professor of agri- cultural chemistry and chemist to engage in commercial work in Indiana. Charles A. Cole has resigned as assistant professor of pomology and assistant horticulturist to take up commercial work in Idaho. Rhode Island College and Station. — The college is asking the general assembly for an appropriation of $75,000 for a new science building. This is expected to house the departments of chemistry, botany, zoology, geology, and bacteriology, including the biological department of the station. On account of the rapid growth of the Agricultural Experiment Union in Rhode Island and continued applications for admission, it has decided to take out articles of incorporation. The work is expanding so rapidly on account of demands from the farmers themselves that steps may possibly be taken by the organization to secure an appropriation from the State for the continuance of the work on a scale to meet the demands of the people. Its work is carried on in cooperation with the station. J. E. Seabright has been appointed assistant chemist. South Dakota College and Station. — Clifford W. Willis has resigned as agronomist to become editor of Northioest Farmstead, a new publication. Tennessee University. — Tlie Southern Farm Advocate, of Memphis, Tenn., announces that C. H. Lane has resigned as instructor in agronomy to accept the editorship of that journal. Texas Station. — William H. Dean, jr., of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, has been appointed assistant enton»ologist. H. C. Holmes has been appointed superintendent of the Temple substation, F. L. Young of that at Pecos, and T. W. Buell of that at Denton. West Virginia University. — The college of agriculture has begun the publica- tion of School Agriculture, which is issued monthly from November to April, and is sent free to all teachers and school officers making application. The first number was devoted to soil studies and the second takes up seeds and seedlings. The first state corn show was held January 5-7, in connection with the short course of the university. A state corn growers' association was organized to further the development of the industry. Wisconsin University and Station. — A Wisconsin country life conference was held at the university February 14 and 15 under the auspices of the college of agriculture. Special attention was given to social and economic aspects of country life. 298 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. M. E. Jahr has been appointed assistant in soils in tlio college and B. D. Leitli assistant in agronomy in the college and station. Wyoming Station. — A new barn for the agronomy farm has just been com- pleted at a cost of about $3,500. This barn will be primarily a horse barn, with a large room for the storing of station machinery. It has been proved definitely that the woody aster is a poisonous plant. The losses from it throughout Wyoming have been very great, being estimated at $30,000 for sheep at Medicine Bow alone in 1909. American Association for the Advancement of Science. — The sixty-second annual meeting of this association and its affiliated societies was held at Minneapolis, December 28-31, 1910, in the buildings of the University of Minne- sota. The officers elected for 1911 are as follows: President, C. E. Bessey, University of Nebraska ; general secretary, J. Zeleny. University of Minnesota ; and general secretary of the coinicil, T. S. Palmer, of the Bureau of Biological Survey of this Department. The next meeting place will be Washington, D. C. The American Chemical Society had the largest representation of any indi- vidual society at the meeting, A notable feature of this session was the first meeting of a section of biological chemistry, under the chairmanship of C. L. Alsberg and I. K. Phelps, of this Department, and with an unusually large number of papers. A. Smith, of tlie University of Chicago, was elected presi- dent for the ensuing year, the secretary and the treasurer being reelected. Its next meeting will be held at Indianapolis, Ind. Among the other oi-ganizatious represented, the American Association of Economic Entomologists elected for its president F. L. Washburn of the Minnesota University and Station; vice presidents, E. D. Ball, of the Utah College and Station, and R. II. Pettit, of the Michigan College and Station; and secretary, A. F. Burgess, of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department. The American Association of Horticultural Inspectors formed a permanent organiza- tion, with the following officers: President, F. Sherman, jr., of the North Caro- lina State Station ; vice president, T. J. Headlee, of the Kansas College and Station ; and secretary-treasurer, T. B. Symous, of the Maryland College and Station. The American Phyto-Pathological Society, at its second annual meet- ing, elected for president A. D. Selby. of the Ohio Station ; vice president, R. A. Harper, University of Wisconsin ; and secretary-treasurer, C. L. Shear, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. American Home Economics Association. — Tlie third annual meeting of this association was held at St. Louis, December 27-30, 1910, in conjunction with the American Sociological Society, American Economic Association, American Political Science Association, American Association for Labor Legislation, ami American Statistical Association, Its program in consequence gave special emphasis to the economic and sociological phases related to home economics, but there was also a long list of scientific papers, particularly in the field of dietetics and nutrition, where 15 papers were offered. There was also a session devoted to courses of instruction in home economics and on extension work as carried on by colleges of agriculture. Among the officers elected were the following: Honorary president. Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, JNIassachusetts Institute of Technology ; vice presidents. Dr. C. F. Langworthy of this Office, Mrs. Mary Schenk Woolman of Teachers College, Columbia University, and Miss Martha Van Rensselaer of Cornell University, and secretary-treasurer. Dr. Benjamin R. Andrews of Teachers College. The International Agrogeologieal Congress of Stockholm. — The widespread revival of interest in the matter of securing uniformity of methods of soil investigation is shown by the organization of the International Agrogeological NOTES. 299 Congress, the first meeting of wliicli was held at Budapest in 1909 and the second in connection with the International Geological Congress at Stockholm in 1910. According to an account in Nature the Stockholm meeting was attended by over 160 members. There was an interesting exhibition of soil maps, appa- ratus, and typical soils. Among the more important papers presented were the presidential address on Swedish Soil Types and Their Distribution, by Gunnar Andersson (Sweden) ; The Mechanical Analysis of Soils, by A. Atterberg (Sweden) ; Mechanical Soil Analysis, by P. Vinassa de Regny (Italy) ; The Importance of Colloids in Soils, by E. Ramann (Germany) ; The Colloid Substances in Soils and Their Deter- mination, by D. J. Hissink (Holland) ; Netherlands Diluvial Loam, by G. H. Ijeopold (Holland) ; The Physiological Function of the Plant Foods of the Soil and Their Relative Proportion, by D. Dicenty (Hungary) ; On the Preparation of Soil Solutions for Chemical Analysis, by A. von Sigmond (Hungary) ; The Determination of the Assimilable Plant Food in the Soil, by A. Riudell (Fin- land) ; The Preparation of Soil Extracts for Chemical Analysis, by A. Vester- berg (Sweden) ; New Principles of Soil Investigation, by A. Atterberg (Sweden) ; Agrogeological Investigations in Finland, by B. Frosterus (Finland) ; The Pur- pose and Fundamental Principles of Soil Classification, by E. W. Hilgard and R. H. Loughridge (California) ; The Nomenclature and the Classification of Soil Types, by B. de Inkey (Hungary) ; The Chemical Analysis of Moor Soils in Their Valuation for Culture Purposes, by H. von Feilitzen (Sweden) ; Botan- ical-Geological Investigations of the Swedish Moor Culture Society, by E. Hag- lund (Sweden) ; A Climatic Zone Soil Map for Croatia-Slavouia, by K. Gorja- novic-Kramberger (Hungary) ; Plant Food, Especially Phosphoric Acid and Nitrogen, in Acid Soils and Their Determination, by M. Weibull (Sweden) ; Some Methods of Analysis in »Soil Investigations, by A. Vesterbei'g (Sweden) ; Some Notes on the Mechanical Analysis of Soils, Especially of Those of Arid Regions, by W. Beam (Egypt) ; The Study of Soils in Egypt, by W. F. Hume (Egypt) ; Nomenclature and Classification of Soils, by P. Kossovich (Russia) ; Systematic Soil Surveying, by K. O. Bjiirlykke (Norway) ; and Systematic Soil Surveying, by F. Sandor (Hungary). Abstracts of several of these papers will be found in this number of the Record. The papers emphasized especially the lack of uniformity in methods of examination and classification of soils, stress being laid uinni the chemical, physical, and physiological relations rather than on the geological relations of soils. The next meeting of the Congress is to be held in St. Petersburg in 1014. Agriculture at Southern Educational Association. — At the convention of the Southern Educational Association in Chattanooga, December 27-29, considerable attention was given at both general and special sessions to the ditferent phases of agricultural education. Representing this Department, Assistant Secretary W. M. Plays gave an illustrated address on A^ocational Education, Dr. A. C. True read a paper on Correlating the Work in Agricultural Education, Dr. S. A. Knapp gave an address on Our Losses or What We Might Have Had, and D. J. Crosby gave an illustrated talk on Community Work in Rural High Schools. Dean Russell, of the University of Wisconsin, spoke at one of the evening sessions and showed lantern views to illustrate the Value of Demonstration Methods in the Agricultural Education of the Rural Population, J. F. Duggar read papers on Preparing Teachers to Give Instruction in Agriculture and Courses in Agriculture Adapted to High Schools, and P. H. Rolfs discussed Technical Education, our Greatest Need. There were also several other papers and discussions of this nature in the departments of higher technical education, secondary education, superintendence, and secondary industrial education. 300 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. State School of Agriculture in Vermont. — The legislature of Vermont has passed a bill establishing a State school of agriculture with an appropriation of $20,000 for buildings, repairs, and equipment, and $10,000 annually for main- tenance. The bill also makes provision for the discontinuance of the State Normal School at Itandolph, and the transfer of its property to the trustees of the new school of agriculture. This will give a fairly good equipment of build- ings to begin with, and it is understood tliat suitable land can be procured in the vicinity. The act is to take effect at once and it is expected that the school will open in the fall of 1911. The board of trustees is to consist of the gover- nor and the commissioner of agriculture, ex officio, and three practical agricul- turists to be appointed by the governor, and the trustees are to appoint a local director. Agricultural Instruction at Columbia University. — It is announced that the projected agricultural school of the university will be located at Fishkill-on- the-Hudsou, where William Blodgett has given the university a farm of about 750 acres for the purpose, and that active development of the property will be- gin this spring. Continuing the work inaugurated last winter the university is conducting a course of 16 lectures on economic agriculture, the lectures being given weekly at 4.30 o'clock by different specialists and by farmers in the vicinity of New York City. The enrollment for these courses, according to the Country Gentle- man, was 170, as against 35 last year. Experiment Station at Oaxaca, Mexico. — According to a recent note by Consular Agent E. M. Lawton, of Oaxaca, Mexico, the formal opening of this station (E. S. R., 22, p. 408) occurred in connection with the recent centennial celebi-ation of Mexican independence. The equipment includes 2,000 acres of diversified soils and altitudes, an electric pumping plant, an irrigation system, and extensive buildings. Stock raising, dairying, forestry, and plant propagation are among the lines of work contemplated. It is also planned to open a school for the practical instruction of prospective overseers and foremen of haciendas and ranches early in 1911. New Jersey Country Life Meeting. — A rural life conference was held at Morristown, N. J., November 19. The speakers included President Henry A. Buttz, of Drew Seminary, who presided ; President K. L. Butterfleld, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, who spoke on the rural church in country life; Assistant Secretary W. M. Hays, of this Department, who discussed the rural school systems and agricultural high .schools ; Miss Sarah B. Askew, of the New Jersey State Library, who spoke of the benefits of traveling libraries to country people; Mrs. Frank Ambler Pattison, president of the New Jersey State Federation of Women's Clubs, as to the possibilities of such clubs in rural districts; and Preston G. Orwig, organizing secretary of the Boy Scouts of America, tand Dr. George E. Fisher, of the International Committee of the T. M. C. A., regarding certain phases of their work for country boys. During the conference a commission was appointed to study rural conditions in Morris and Essex counties, with a view to putting into practical working the sugges- tions presented. Montana Country Life Commission. — A country life commission of five has been oi-ganized in Montana, among the members being F. S. Cooley, of the Montana College. Among its suggested projects is the organization of farmers' clubs. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {b.'w.' Tillman. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology -j-^y" pj' l^j^^ ' -o- 1 ] ri fJ. I. SCHULTE. FieldCropsjj Q j^^^^j^ Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker. Tr X • TIT J- • fW. A. Hooker. Vetermary Medicine j^. w. Fetzer. Rural Engineering Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIV, NO. 4. Page. Recent work in agricultural science 301 Notes 400 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. Studies of the changes occurring in heated soils, Pickering 301 Chemical nature of soil organic matter, Schreiner and Shorey 301 Studies of the ammonia-soluble organic matter of the soil, Fraps and Hamner. . 302 The ammonia in soils, Russell 303 Vegetable proteins, Osborne, trans, by Schlesinger 304 The partial hydrolysis of proteins. — II, Fibrin-heteroalbumose, Levene et al... 304 Refractive indexes of solutions of certain proteins. — II, Robertson 304 Differentiation of proteins by the precipitin reaction, Welsh and Chapman 304 The adsorption of acids by carbohydrates, Robinson 305 Micro-photographic records of artificial sucrose-rafEnose crystals, Zitkowski... 305 Viscosaccharase, an enzym which produces slime from cane sugar, Beijerinck. . 305 The normal weight of dextrose, Browne - 305 Time factors in the determination of nitrogen and other observations, Hibbard . . 306 Note on the Kjeldahl estimation of nitrogen in fatty substances. Brown. 306 Formaldehyde method for estimation of nitrogen in organic substances, Wright . . 306 Volumetric determination of potassium by the cobalti-nitrite method, Shedd. . 307 Quantitative analysis of animal tissue. — V, Estimation of chlorin, Koch 307 Estimation of iodin and separation from other halogens, Seeker and Mathewson . 307 Quantitative determination of ergot in flour, Bernhart 307 Characteristics and external examination of honey. Van Giersbergen 308 I II CONTENTS. Page. Chemical examination of honey, Voermann 308 The examination and judging of marmalades, Beythien and Simmich 308 The proportion of sugar contained in grapes during ripening, Bouffard 308 [The proportion of sugar contained in grapes during ripening], Roos and Hugues. 308 The diminution of acidity in nonsugared and sugared wines, Halenke and Krug. 308 The diminution of acidity in nonsugared and sugared wines, Omeis 308 Estimation of free and combined sulphurous acid in wines, Cazenave 309 Some rare oil fruits, Grimme 309 Detection of lemon oil in orange oil, Chace and Albright 309 Quantitative determination of benzoic acid in foods. Van der Laan and Tijdens. 309 The analysis of Emmenthal cheese, Koestler 309 Quantitative determination of rice spelts in feeds and fertilizers, Katayama 310 Color reactions for oils, Royer 310 The utilization of tomato cannery refuse, Accomazzo 311 Canning peaches on the farm, Gould and Fletcher 311 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Improving the forecasts, McAdie 311 The Gulf Stream — and climate and crops in northern Europe, Johnstone 311 Meteorological evidence for supposed changes of climate in India, Walker 311 The influence of the moon on vegetation, von Ollech 312 Air and water, Bleuel 312 Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory 312 Monthly Weather Review 312 Report of chief, meteorological division, Lyle 312 Some ol)servations of dew at Kimberley, Sutton 312 [Local variation of rainfall in Ireland], Lyons 313 Water powers of the Cascade Range. — I, Southern Washington, Stevens 313 Surface water supply of South Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf, Hall and Bolster. 313 Surface water supply of the St. Lawrence River basin, 1909, Covert et al 313 The underground waters of north-central Indiana, Capps and Dole 313 Underground waters for farm use. Fuller 314 Sterilization of large quantities of water by ultraviolet rays, Urbain et al 314 The results of sterilization experiments on the Cambridge water, Woodhead 315 Agricultural utilization of the sewage waters of Strassburg, Clodot 315 SOILS FERTILIZERS. Chemical characteristics of western prairie soil, Shutt 315 Petrographic and soil conditions of red sandstone formations, Blanck 315 The characteristics of " schlier ' ' soils, Gruner 315 The origin of the " wattpolder" soils of the North Sea coasts, Mansholt 315 Black soil and lime crusts in Morocco, Fischer 316 Investigations on the black soil of Morocco, Schwantke 316 The mechanical analysis of soils of Java, Mohr 316 Soil waters, Harrison and Stockdale 316 Results of observations on evaporation from sod, 1897-1907, Shipchiuskii 317 Functions, availability, and conservation of soil moisture, King 318 Moisture studies of semiarid soils, Alway 318 Results of irrigation of szek (alkali) soil meadows, Roszler, jr 318 Shallow versus deep cultivation on sandy soils, Biederstedt 318 Nitrifying energy of soils and its importance in soil fertility, Vogel 318 Nitrogen economy of arable soils.- — II, Pfeiffer, Guttm.ann, and Thiel 319 The nitrogen problems of dry farming, Alway 319 Pineapple culture. — VII, Nitrates in the soil, Blair and Wilson 319 The humus content of cultivated soil and new land, and its solubility, Pankov. . 319 The humus acids of peat, Stutzer 320 On the humus acids of bleisand and ortstein, Hornberger 320 The determination of the plant food content of a soil plat, Kaserer 320 The importance of a knowledge of the soil to colonial agriculture, Vageler 321 The conservation of the fertility of the soil. Hall and Russell 321 Agricultural practice in the Indies, Van Warmelo 321 Soil robbery and fertilizing in the light of recent experiments, Schneidewind . . 321 Different kinds of stable manure as sources of phosphoric acid, Egorov 321 The manurial value of different legumes, Thatcher 321 CONTENTS. Ill Page. The action of ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate, Liudenberg 321 The solubility of organic forms of nitrogen in fertilizers, Street 322 Nitric acid from air nitrogen 323 Calcium cyanamid: Its analysis and the changes it undergoes, Brioux 323 The decomposition of cyanamid by mineral constituents of the soil, Kappen. . 323 Experiments with potash fertilizers, Schneidewind, Meyer, and Miinter 323 Increase in the world's consumption of potash for agriculture, Maizieres 324 [Meeting of scientists interested in the potash industry] 324 The geological investigation of phosphorite deposits, Arkhangelskii et al 324 The method of formation of tricalcic phosphate in Algeria and Tunis, Roussel. . 324 An important new source of phosphate, Maizieres 324 The availability of the phosphoric acid of different phosphates, Gedroits 324 Agricultural value of calcined and ground phosphates, De Molinari and Ligot. . 325 Gypsum deposits of New York, Newland and Leigh ton 325 Can the lime of calcium silicate serve as plant food? Mieth 325 The use of gas liquor for fertilizing purposes, Rygard 325 Report on commercial fertilizers, 1910, Jenkins and Street 325 Report of analyses of commercial fertilizers and Paris green, Halligan 326 Commercial fertilizers in 1909-10, Fraps 326 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Soil bacteriological investigations, Heinze 326 Bacteriological relations under greenhouse conditions, Lipman and Owen 327 Measuring the activity of aerobic bacteria in the soil, Hesselink van Suchtelen . . 327 Assimilation of nitrogen by micro-organisms, Bierema 327 Wliite mustard in its relation to nitrogen assimilation, Lemmermann et al 327 The influence of fertilizers on straw 328 Effect of salts on respiration of plants and enzyms, Zaleski and Reinhard 328 The action of ultraviolet rays on plants containing coumarin, Pougnet 328 Exchange of gases during formation and destruction of anthocyanin, Combes. . 328 The role of catalase in plants, Rosenberg " 329 The chemistry of chlorophyll, Willstatter 329 Perception of light in plants. Wager 329 Effect of longitudinal compression on mechanical tissue in stems, Pennington. . 329 The delayed germination of seeds, Pammel 330 Relation of soil moisture to desert vegetation, Livingston 330 The fundamental causes of succession among plant associations, Cowles 330 Mineral content of the leaves of fruit trees, Richter 331 Amount of copper in tea sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, Annett and Kar 331 FIELD CROPS. The electrification of crops, Robertson 331 Report of cooperative forage crop work at Chillicothe, Tex., 1909, Connor 332 [Variety tests of grains and alfalfa], Willis 334 Agronomy and seed division, Macmillan 334 Variety tests of cotton and corn, 1910 335 Barley culture in the Southern States, Derr 335 A new awnless barley, Derr 335 Clover in the Palouse country. Severance 336 [Work with cotton on the Iredell Test Farm in 1903-1909], Kilgore et al 336 Cultivation of guinea grass, Narayan Rao 336 A new fodder plant, Kenny 337 Cloth made from seaweed, Baker 337 Experimental work, 1909, Charlan 337 Report of the tobacco expert, Stella 337 The management of tobacco seed beds, Hinson and Jenkins 338 The burning quality of tobacco, with suggestions for improvement, Mathewson. 338 Distribution of seeds and plants, Wickson and Mansell 338" Agricultural seeds and their weed impurities, Johnson and Hensman 338 Report of the seed tester, Treleaven 338 Cuscuta obtusiflora hreviflora, Mal'tsev 338 The error of experiment in agricultural field trials, Hall and Russell 339 Plant breeding, Cockayne 339 IV CONTENTS. HORTICULTURE. Page. The California vegetables in garden and field, Wickson 339 The Lamao Experiment Station, Burrell 339 Wild ginseng in Manchuria, Tomiiye and Yoshida 339 The influence of the hygrometric condition on the growth of mushrooms, Ponroy. 339 Parthenogenesis among gooseberries, Ewert 339 The correlative influences of seed on the ripening process of fruits, Ewert 340 The blossoming of apple trees, Bedford and Pickering 340 The Hitchings apple, Beach 341 Some modern viticultural methods, Adcock 341 Pollination experiments with Anonas, Wester 341 Amonnecious date, Bois _ 342 Relation of asexual or bud mutation to California citrus orchards, Coit 342 The citrus grove, its location and cultivation, Rolfs 342 Orchard heating, Howard 342 Frost prevention work in the Rogue River Valley, Oreg., 1910, O'Gara 342 Kinds of fruit to plant in different districts, Thornber 342 FORESTRY. The forest resources of the world, Zon 342 Second annual report of the state forester in Vermont, Hawes 342 Report of the superintendent of forestry, Campbell et al 343 [Report on] silviculture 343 Contribution to the knowledge of trees of Argentina, Venturi and Lillo 343 Report on the introduction of exotic species in Belgium, Visart and Bommer. . 343 Some West African timbers 344 Variation among forest trees with special reference to spreading, Hauch 344 The algaroba in Hawaii, Wilcox 344 Utilization of California eucalypts, Betts and Smith 344 The natural regeneration of old spruce stands on high situations, Bavier 345 How to grow black walnuts, Scott 345 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Diseases of economic plants, Stevens and Hall 345 Plant diseases, Hoffmann 345 Report on plant diseases, Jordi 345 Mycological review for the year 1909, Briosi 345 Mycological notes, Bubak and Kabdt 346 New or rare fungi, Bubak 346 Report on cultures of Uredinese, Fischer 346 Apparatus for the treatment of grain by the hot-water method, Schander 346 Control of loose smut of wheat and barley by hot water and hot air, Schander. . 346 On the control of the loose smut of barley, Gisevius and Bohmer 346 Relative rust resistance and yield of varieties of v:heat and oats, Lamont 346 Some observations on bunt and fungicides, Darnell-Smith 347 A new disease of alfalfa, Arnaud 347 Cotton diseases in Mississippi, Hibbard 347 Cotton diseases in Mississippi, Hibbard 347 On the leaf roll and other diseases of the potato, Stormer 347 Varieties of potatoes resistant to wart disease 347 Diseases of sugar cane, Maublanc 348 Blackleg or Phoma wilt of cabbage, Manns 348 Mycological notes, von Hohnel 348 Apple bitter rot, Lounsburj^ _ 348 The use of sulphate of iron in attacks of chlorosis, Coffigniez 348 Silver-leaf disease, Bedford and Pickering 349 The deformation of Primus mahaleb by a parasitic fungus, Moreillon 350 The principal diseases of our vineyards, Perold 350 On a case of court-noue of grapes in France, Jaccard 350 The gray rot (Botry tis) of grapes in 1910, Lebrun 350 The red leaf spot of grapes and its control, Diimmler 351 Note on coffees resistant to Hemilcia vastatriz, Dussert 351 The bud rot of palms in India, Butler 351 The rot of roses, Beauverie 351 CONTENTS. V Page. Mildew injuries in the forest district of Lekenik, Eigner 352 The mildeAV of the oak, Vuillemin 352 A parasite of the oak Oidium, Vuillemin 352 A maple tree fungus, Hollick 352 Some diseases of rubber trees 352 The dry rot of construction timber, Billiet 353 Dry rot in timber, Ransom 353 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Animal migrations and their cause, Knauer 353 A bibliography of California ornithology, Grinnell 353 A check list of the birds of South Africa, Gunning and Haagner 353 Examination of contents of stomachs and crops of Australian birds, Cleland 353 The toads of the northeastern United States, Miller and Chapin 353 Fish and game laws of Massachusetts, 1910, Field, Delano, and Garfield 353 A report on the fresh water protozoa of Tahiti, Edmondson 353 Bionomical observations on some British millipedes, Evans 353 Friendly insects, Froggatt : 353 The effects of parasitic and other kinds of castration in insects, Wheeler 354 Vegetable pests, French, jr 354 Some insect pests affecting cultivated plants in the West Indies, Newstead 354 Insects and disease, Doane 354 The North American dragonflies (Odonata) of the genus Macromia, Williamson. 354 A list of the Neuroptera of Ireland, King and Halbert 354 Froghoppers, froghopper fungus, and froghopper control, Urich and Rorer 354 The wheat louse. Van der Merwe 354 Pachypsylla celtidis-mammss. — A study in comparative morphology, Stough 355 White fiy control, Berger 355 A mealy bug injurious to the lebbek trees of Cairo, Willcocks 355 Nomenclature of scale insects, Ballon 355 Notes on lime cultivation, Ballou .' 355 Some experiments on Bombyx mori, Inouye 356 Some notes on the Arctianas of Japan, Miyake 356 Fruit flies and other insects attacking fruits in New South Wales, Gurney 356 An outbreak of gadflies in Kentucky, Garman 356 Som-e observations on the bionomics of Tabanus par and T. txniola, King 356 Role of flies in parasitic diseases and means for combating them, Galli-Valerio. . 356 A note on the blood sucking flies of Roumania, Leon 356 Oviposition of Stomoxys calcitrans and breeding of muscid larva, Langeron 356 The house fly (Musca doinesiica), Hewitt 356 The modern mosquito extermination campaign. Smith 356 How to control mosquitoes, with special reference to Anopheles, Herms 356 The natural history of Bombay malaria, Bentley 356 Observations of mosquitoes, Galli-Valerio and Rochaz de Jongh 357 A synopsis of the fleas found on Mus, Rothschild 357 The oak pruner, Chittenden 357 Note on beetles on Turkish tobacco leaf, Wright 357 Determinate evolution in the color pattern of the lady beetles, Johnson 358 The sta.tus of the cotton boll weevil in 1909, Hunter 358 Studies of North American weevils. Pierce 358 Brood diseases of bees, their treatment and the law in Massachusetts, Gates. . . 358 The present status of our knowledge of African bees, Friese 358 A contribution on the bee fauna of the Lesser Antilles and Bermudas, Friese. . 359 A Bembex preying on Glossina in Dahomey, Roubaud 359 An introduction to the study of the ants of northern Colorado, Bobbins 359 A note on the development of the gall fly, Diastrojjhus nebulosus, Ives 359 A contribution to the biology of the stone-fruit sawfly, Schmidt 359 Further notes on the acarids attacking the tea plant, Bernard 359 On some acarids indirectly related to tea culture, Bernard 359 A new gall mite on Cratsegus oxyacanthoides, Cotte 359 A flagellate parasite of Leptomonas in the latex of Euphorbiaceas, Lafont 359 Eradication of ticks by the starvation method, Laws and Manning 360 The relationship of ticks and animal disease. Jack 360 The insects injurious or beneficial to sugar cane in Formosa, Matsumura 360 The insect galls of Michigan, Cook 360 VI CONTENTS. Pa;?e. Note on two new insecticidal agents, Pettit 360 The Mantispidse of Japan, Miyake 360 The Panorpidse of Japan, Miyake 360 Some insects injurious to truck crops 360 Animal enemies of the sugar beet, Fallada 361 Some enemies of rhododendron, Naumann 361 Rules and regulations for the insecticide act of 1910 361 The use of insecticides in Hawaii, Fullaway 361 Grease banding of fruit trees, Theobald 361 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Studies of poultry from the farm to the consumer, Pennington 361 Beef, its quality and classification, Villain 362 Chemical composition of samples of bread made from whole grain, Kalning 362 Edible beans from the East Africa Protectorate 363 Maple sirup, McGill 363 Contribution on jelly making, Goldthwaite 363 Recipes for tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers, Hyde 363 Solubility of copper in preserved vegetables, Behre 363 Solubility of zinc electroplate in citric acid solutions, Barnard and Bishop 363 Concerning preservatives, Vandevelde and Wijsman 364 Notices of judgment 364 Bacterial condition of foods at restaurants, markets, and stores, Barnard 364 [Diet in a students' boarding home, University of Minnesota], Kellar 364 Dietary studies of undernourished school children in New York City, Sill 364 Some facts concerning certain undernourished children, Perkins 365 The diet of Japanese farmers, Inaba 366 [The Japanese victory in Manchuria and vegetarianism], Matignon 366 The cost of living, Luce et al 366 Sta:ndard of living [of mill operatives in Switzerland and Italy], Besso 367 The composition of East Indian food material, Bosz 367 Nutritive value of soluble pentosans, mannans, levulane, and galactans, Swartz. 367 Influence of cooking on tryptic digestion of milk, Stassano and Talarico 36S The influence of sour milk on metabolism, Harley 368 The limitations of curdled milk therapy, Bryce 368 Metabolism of purins in rabbit, dog, pig, and man, Mendel and Lyman 368 The effect of muscular work upon animal organs, Gerhartz 369 The influence of mental and muscular work on nutritive processes, Benedict. . 369 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Utilization of ammonium salts and nonprotein nitrogen compounds, Morgen et al . 369 Horse chestnuts as a feeding stuff, Kling 371 [Soy cake r. linseed cake], Bruce 371 Chemical analysis of fodder plants in southwest Africa, Grimme 371 Notices of judgment 371 Fattening cattle on beet pulp 371 Economical beef production, Smith 371 Hog-feeding experiments, Burns 373 Yearbook of animal breeding, edited by Wilsdorf and Miiller 374 Recent works in the literature of animal breeding, Kraemer 374 Evolution, biological and human, Sacco 374 Sociological and political significance of heredity and selection, Schallmayer. . 374 Modern study of heredity, Gallardo 374 The crisis of transformism, Le Dantec 374 The Mendelian theory of heredity and the augmentation of vigor, Bruce 374 The significance of the correlation coefficient, Brownlee 374 Product moment method of calculating the coefficient of correlation, Harris. . . 375 Inheritance of color and of supernumerary mammae in guinea pigs, Sollas 375 Sex-limited inheritance, Hadley 375 Investigations on the cause of hair whorl in domesticated animals, Bosch 375 Who has seen a European wild ox? Hilzheimer 376 Study of sheep's wool as a help in judging the purity of the breed, Macalik — 376 Growth measurements of horses, Schottler _. 376 Lord Morton's quagga hybrid and origin of dun horses, Wilson 376 CONTENTS. VII Page. [Lord Morton's quagga hybrid and origin of dun horses], Ewart 376 Lord Morton's quagga hybrid and origin of dun horses, Wilson and Ewart 377 The inheritance of dun coat color in the horse, Robertson 377 History and peculiarities of the mule-foot hog, Spillman 377 Origin and historical development of bulldog and pug-faced animals, Poetting. . 377 Report of committee on animal hybrids, Spillman et al 377 Problems of animal morphology. Bourne 377 The relation of nucleoli to chromosomes, Jordan 378 The process of fertilization and other cytological problems, Nemec 378 Three examples of duplicity in chick embryos, O'Donoghue 378 [The anatomy of the sex organs of hermaphrodites] 378 Live stock and farming fifty years ago 378 Cooperative live stock insurance, Stopford 378 Safety and comfort of stock in transportation 378 Regulations governing certification of recognized breeds and pure-bred animals . 378 Live stock commercial literature. Plumb 378 The acclimatization of European animals in Algeria and warm countries 378 The acclimatization of Eiu-opean live stock at Tonkin, Douarche 378 Longhorn cattle 379 Cattle in Central America, Downing 379 Cattle breeding in Sweden, Richardsen 379 Cattle breeding in the German colonies, Schilling 379 Study of bovine races in the lower basin of the Yangtze, Patrigeon 379 Conformation and selection of cavalry horses. Barrier 379 The Fort Reno remount station. Short 379 Endurance races, Thomas 379 Prevention of damage to hides, skins, and wool 379 Dalgety 's annual wool review for Australasia 379 Animal breeding 379 The business hen, Collingwood 379 Experiments with ostriches, Duerden 380 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Milk records of Allgau cows, 1894-1909 380 Report of the cow-testing associations in Lolland-Falster County, 1908-9, Skov. 380 Report of the cow-testing associations in Malmohus County, 1909-10, Nilsson. . 380 Fifth competition for dairv herds in Funen County, Ove and Morkeberg 380 The dauy industry in the State of Sao Paulo, Arthaud-Berthet and Perrier. . . 380 Dairy industry developing in Russia, Snodgrass 380 First century of dairying in New South Wales, McCaffrey 381 [Literature on dairjdng for 1909], Miiller 381 Report of the attorney general in the matter of milk investigation, O'Malley.. 381 State or municipal control? Whitaker 381 Cooperative milk depot in England, Loop 381 [Graded milk and cream], Fuller 381 Milk and cream, raw and pasteurized, Gudeman 381 Sterilizing sweet milk and cream at from 120 to 130° C, Hof man-Bang et al 381 Standards for evaporated milk and condensed skim milk, Hunziker 382 Notices of judgment 382 Testing cream for butter fat, Hunziker 382 The influence of soy-bean cakes on the quality of butter, Rosengren 382 Report on the Irish butter industry, Campbell et al 382 Butter substitutes, Cutler 382 Acidity in cheese making, trans, by Monrad 382 Production of volatile fatty acids and esters in Cheddar cheese, Suzuki et al. . . 382 The cheese of Loiret and Loir-et-Cher, Relet 382 On paraffining of cheese, Rosengren 382 Paying for cheese milk, Monrad 383 [Payment for milk at cheese factories], Anderson et al 383 [Plans of cheese factories], Culbertson et al 383 Casein production, Monrad 383 Studies in sheep dairying, Burr and Berberich 383 Goat dairying. Downing 383 The goat, Escobar 383 A model separator house, Watson 383 The depreciation of dairy machinery, Antz 384 Vlir CONTENTS. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Page. The prevention and treatment of diseases of the domestic animals, Winslow. . . 384 The people 's home stock book, Fair 384 A text-book of histology, Bailey 384 Manual of poisonous plants, Pammel 384 The immunization of animals to the poisons in fungi, Ford 384 The principles of pathology 384 A text-book on disease-producing micro-organisms, Herzog 384 Pathogenic micro-organisms. Park and Williams 385 The disease-producing bacteria, Loehlein 385 Standardization of bacterins, Pettit 385 Influence of Anchylostorna caninum on coagulation, Loeb and Fleisher 385 Effect of cold on diseases of small animals, Ross and Williams 385 Pathogenic spirochetosis in mammalia. Carter 386 Concerning Trypanosoma theUeri and the related trypanosomes of cattle, Mayer. 386 Trypanosoma cvansi and methods of combating surra in Java, Schat 386 Piroplasmosis among cattle in the Mombera district, Nyasaland, 1909, Stannus. . 386 A contribution to our knowledge of gall sickness, Theiler 386 Rabies and its methods of control in New York State, De Vine 386 Reaction of human and bovine tubercle bacilli on udder of the goat, Knobbe. . 386 A contribution to the knowledge of intestinal tuberculosis in cattle, Griittner. . 387 Report of the International Commission on the Control of Bovine Tuberculosis. . 387 Bovine tuberculosis legislation, Reynolds 387 Methods employed in northern Europe to control bovine tuberculosis, Moore. . 387 A new tuberculin, Rosenbach 388 Investigations in regard to bacillary pseudotubercular diseases, Glasser 388 Epizootic abortion in cattle, McFadyean et al 388 Contagious abortion, Stouder 389 Abortion in cattle, Johnson 389 The sterility of cows, its causes and treatment, Albrechtsen 389 Granular venereal disease of cattle, Sorensen 389 Infectious vaginitis in cattle, Alexander 389 The curative treatment of blackleg with pyocyanase, Fortineau 389 In regard to vaccination against blackleg by O. Thomas' method, Husson 389 Observations in regard to occurrence of epizootic panaritium of cattie, John. . . 389 The microbe of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, Borrel et al 390 Morphology of the microbe of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, Bordet. . 390 Methods for the eradication of gid, Hall 390 Epizootic papillomatous stomatitis of goats in the Congo, Firket 390 Hog cholera investigations, Dammann and Stedefeder 390 Immunity in young pigs from cholera immune sows, Reynolds 391 The activities of Bacillus suipestifer and various antisera, Rickmann 391 A contribution on the occurrence of Ascaris lumbricoides, Meyer 391 Trichinosis, StaubH 391 Anthrax and helminthiasis in the horse, Charon, Valada, and Texier 392 Behavior toward saponin of blood in pernicious anemia, Abderhalden and Frei . . 392 Osteoporosis affecting horses in Ceylon, Sturgess 392 Strangles. — Vaccination tests with Schreiber's lymph, Zorner 392 The cure of surra in horses by the administration of arsenic. Holmes 392 The preventive dose of tetanus antitoxin for the horse, Hitchens 392 Impaction from alfalfa hay, McGinnis 393 Some new results in treating dog distemper with serum, Piorkowski 393 The influence which licking has upon the healing of wounds in the dog, Suffran . 393 Excretion of virulent fowl cholera bacteria by highly infected animals, Miiller. . 393 On the occurrence of schizogony in an avian leucocytozoon, Fantham 393 Studies on avian hemoprotozoa. — I, Woodcock 393 Dipping and tick-destroying agents, Watkins-Pitchford 393 Electrical recording thermometers for clinical work, Callendar 393 RURAL ECONOMICS. The farmer as a business man, Coulter 393 Exchange values of farm products 39^^ The South and the world's cotton supply 394 Cooperation at home and abroad, Fay 394 CONTENTS, IX Page. The cooperative movement in Denmark, Nielson et al 394 Agricultural cooperation in Denmark, Koefoed 394 State assistance to agriculture in Denmark 395 Associations for the manufacture of products in Italy, Magaldi 395 The principles of agricultural reform, De la Rosa 395 Our rural districts depopulated, our cities overpopulated, Didier 395 Small holdings and agricultural credit societies 395 [Agricultiu-al conditions in Bavaria], Ehrenbacher 395 Mortgage relations in Prussia from 1904 to 1908, Kuhnert 396 [Agricultural statistics and conditions in New South Wales], Trivett 396 Outlines of agriculture in Japan, Shimooka 396 The introduction of improvements into Indian agriculture, Mann 396 Statistics of cultivated areas and of crop and live-stock production 397 Agricultural statistics of Ireland, with detailed report for 1909, Gill 397 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Soil fertility laboratory manual, Hopkins and Pettit 397 Domesticated animals and plants, Davenport 397 Farm friends and farm foes, Weed 398 Dumb animals and how to treat them. Whitehead 398 A secondary course in animal production, Smith 398 How to agriculturize the teaching of botany in the high school, Bergman. . . . 398 Winthrop rural school and home institute 398 Elementary agriculture and school gardening at Winthrop, Macfeat 398 [Outlines of work for the Nebraska boys' and girls' clubs] 399 School gardens, Couchman 399 Arbor Day in the Philippines, Potter 399 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-second Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1909 399 Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1910 399 Twenty-second Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1909 399 Monthly Bulletin of the Department Library, November, 1910 399 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. .. 338 . . 338 322, 325 344 361 California Station: Seed Bui. 1910-11 Connecticut State Station : Bui. 166, Nov., 1910 Bien. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 5 Florida Station: Bui. 103, Sept., 1910 355 Bui. 104, Oct., 1910 319 Georgia Station : Circ. 66, Dec, 1910 335 Hawaii Station: Press Bui. 26 Press Bui. 27 Indiana Station: Bui. 143, popular ed., May, 1910 Bui. 145, popular ed., Oct., 1910 Kansas Station : Circ. 13 Cii-c. 14 Kentucky Station: Bui. 151, Oct. 1, 1910 356 Louisiana Stations: Fertilizer Rpt . 1909-10 326 Mississippi Station: Bui. 140, July, 1910 347 Bui. 140-B, July, 1910 347 Nebraska Station: Bui. 116, Dec. 15, 1910 371 New York Cornell Station: Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1909. 399 South Dakota Station: An. Rpt. 1910 334,399 Texas Station: Bui. 129, June, 1910 302 Bui. 131, July, 1910 373 Bui. 132, 1910 332 Bui. 133, Sept., 1910 326 Vermont Station: Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1909. 399 382 382 345 389 Stations in the United States — Continued. Washington Station: Page. Popular Bui. 31, Sept., 1910. . 336 Popular Bui. 32, Nov. 1, 1910. 321 U. S. Department of Agriculture . Circ. 34 361 Farmers' Bui. 426 311 Farmers' Bui. 427 335 Notices of Judgment 649-691 .264,371,382 Bureau of Animal Industry: Circ. 165 390 Order 175 378 Bureau of Chemistry : Circ. 64 Circ. 65 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 82, pt. 6 Circ. 122 Circ. 130 361 307 360 358 357 Forest Service: Bui. 83 342 Circ. 179 344 Bureau of Plant Industry: Doc. 629 338 Bureau of Soils: Bui. 74 301 Weather Bureau: Bui. Mount Weather Observ., vol.3, pt. 4 311,312 Monthly Weather Rev., vol. 38, Nos. 9-10, Sept.-Oct., 1910 312, 342 Office of Experiment Stations: Circ. 100 398 Library : Mo. Bui., vol. 1, No. 11, Nov., 1910 399 Note.— The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per volume, and two volumes are issued annually. It may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The publications of the state experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIV. Abstract Number. No. 4. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Studies of the changes occurring in heated soils, S. TJ. Pickering (Jour, Agr. ScL. 3 {1910), No. 3, pp. 258-276, charts 5).— "The water extracts ob- tainable from soils are of constant composition as regards organic matter when the time allowed for the extraction varies from 20 to 320 minutes, the tempera- ture from 7 to 23°. and the proportions from 5 to 10 of soil to 100 of water. The inorganic matter is not affected by the time, but is by the temperature and proportions. " The increase in soluble matter produced by heating a soil, and the accom- panying toxic qualities toward the germination of seeds in it, is gradually reduced by exposing these soils in a moist condition to the air, even under aseptic conditions, but is not reduced when the soils are kept moist in the absence of air. The destruction of the toxic substance is probably, therefore, due to oxidation. " Unheated soils, or soils heated only to a low temperature, exhibit on keep- ing an increase in soluble matter ; this occurs whether air is admitted or not, and this change, therefore, is probably not an oxidation process; the substance formed, moreover, in such cases appears to have little or no toxic action on germination. This increase of soluble matter, due to the formation of a non- toxic substance, is preceded by a preliminary diminution of soluble matter, precisely similar to the diminution of toxic matter occurring continuously in the more highly heated soils; such toxic matter, therefore, appears to be present in all soils, whether heated or not, though, in the latter case, it is present in such small quantities that it soon becomes completely oxidized. " Air-dried soils, heated and unheated, when kept for some months show an appreciable retluction in soluble constituents, and also in toxic properties (where such properties were originally present), closely similar to the reduction exhibited by moist soils kept in air for about 10 days." Chemical nature of soil organic matter, O. Schreiner and E. C. Shorey {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. 74, pp. 48, pi. i).— The authors herein report the results of investigations of numerous soils, from which they have isolated 16 definite organic compounds which " belong to 8 different classes of chemical compounds, some containing carbon and hydrogen only, some containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and some containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Paraffin hydrocarbons, acids, alcohols, esters, carbohydrates, hexone bases, pyrimidiu derivatives, and puriu bases are represented. The list of isolated and identified compounds comprises: Hentriacontane, C3iHe4; mono- 301 302 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. liydroxystearic acid, CisHaeOa; parafBnic acid, C24H4s02; liguoceric acid, C-ilLsOa; phytosterol, C26H440.H.,0 ; pentosan, CsHsO* ; liistidin,C6H902N3 ; arginin, C6H14O2N4; cytosin, C4H5ON3.H2O ; xantbin, aH402N4 ; liypoxantliin, C5H4ON4 ; fatty glycerids and several resin acids and esters. " The conclusion is reached that while the worli here reported shows the complex character of the organic matter of soils, this complexity is not so great that the chemical nature of all of the organic matter of soils can not be determined by modern methods of research." A schematic representation of the methods utilized for separating and isolating the above bodies is given. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 919). Studies of the ammonia-soluble organic matter of the soil, G. S. Fraps and N. C. Hamnee (Texas Sta. Bui. 129, pp. l--i9). — The first section of this work deals with a comparative study of methods for estimating the humus in soils. The authors use the term " humus " in this paper for convenience in desig- nating the ammonia-soluble organic matter, but do not mean to subscribe thereby to any theory which concerns the importance of the ammonia-soluble material. A comparison between the official method (E. S. R., 19, p. 506) and the Snyder method (E. S. R., 5, p. 857; 7, pp. 477, 484; 9, pp. 632. 641; 16, p. 956) showed that the latter gave lower results on igniting the extract but that the solution contained more clay (ash). Correcting by the Peters-Averitt method (E. S. R., 18, p. 114) by subtracting 10 per cent of clay showed the Snyder method to give the lower results of the two, from which the authors conclude that " a correction of the loss on ignition by subtracting 10 per cent of the ash, as proposed by Peters and Averitt, is better than no correction." The authors consider that the selecting of a method for this work is greatly dependent upon its ease of execution. The official method has the advantage of bringing less clay into suspension and apparently extracts just as much organic matter (or more) as the Snyder method. On the other hand, when utilizing this method for heavy clay soils gumming occurs and a long time is required for the extraction process. " Filtration through unglazed porcelain removes the clay, but a portion of the organic matter may not pass through. The clay may be precipitated by means of various salts, such as ammonium sulphate or chlorid and sodium sulphate or chlorid." A further study is to be made of the electrolytic method for removing the clay. It was also noted that '" evaporation and solution of the residue in ammonia as proposed by Mooers (E. S. R., 19, p. 714) appears to be the most promising method for the estimation of humus. Precipitation with acid, as is to be expected, removes only a portion of the dissolved organic matter. The average recovery is 64 per cent. Extended washing with acid increases the quantity of ash in suspension but has little effect on the organic matter. Strong ammonia extracts more organic matter than dilute ammonia. This is evidence that material goes into solution which is not ' ammonium humate ' but is merely organic matter soluble in ammonia, or converted by it into soluble compounds." Part 2 treats of the formation of ammonia-soluble oi'ganic matter in the soil, and shows that " organic matter added to the soil already contains ammonia- soluble material. When no correction is made for the ammonia-soluble sub- stances in the added material, ammonia-soluble humus is apparently formed in the decay of cotton-seed meal, etc., but when correction is made for the added ammonia-soluble material the ammonia-soluble material is found to decrease. The least loss of organic matter takes place with a soil containing water equal to 77 per cent of its saturation capacity." Section 3 deals chiefly with the composition and properties of the precipitated liumic acids as prepared from various soils. AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTEY AGROTECHNY. 303 The conclusions from this worli are as follows : " ' Humic acid ' was pre- pared by two methods, with ammonia and with sodium hydroxid and sodium phosphate. Humic acid shaken with salt solution according to Hopliins' method for soil acidity (E. S. R., 14, p. 1045) exhibits only about 12 per cent of its real acidity." The authors also point out that the humates do not behave toward precipitating agents as in ordinary reactions but almost always require an excess of the reagent before the precipitation occurs, and further that a difference exists in the humates obtainetl from various soils. " Magnesium salts do not precipitate some humates, and magnesium humate is much more easily soluble in water than calcium humate. Humic acid is dissolved by caustic soda in presence of calcium carbonate. Analyses of humic salts gave an equivalent [combining weight] of about 2.50 for the mixed humic acids. Humic acid boiled with hydrochloric acid gave about 2 per cent reducing sugars. The humus preparations contain easily diffusible material, when dissolved in ammonia. After 2 or 3 diffusions, the ' ammonium humate ' diffuses at the nearly constant rate of about 1 to 2 per cent of the humate. The quantity of phosphoric acid in the humus preparations by ammonia varies from 0.13 to 0.54 per cent, which is a small amount. The purified humic acid (by ammonia) contains 44 to 5G per cent carbon and 4.3 to 5.4 per cent nitrogen. Humic acid extracted by phosphate contains a high amount of ash. The water and ash-free material contains 52 to 64 per cent carbon and 3.7 to 5.2 per cent nitrogen. The humic acids from the California soils are not rich in nitrogen. Humus soluble in alcohol contains higher per- centages of carbon than that not soluble. The clay precipitated by ammonium salts from the humus solution contains from 1.53 to 7.80 per cent carbon, equivalent to 2.64 to 13.45 per cent organic matter. The suspended clay may thus contain considerable percentages of organic carbon. The loss on ignition, less the organic matter, varies from 1.77 to 13.04 per cent of the clay. The average is 8 per cent. This is the amount of the correction which should be made, if any is to be made." The ammonia in soils, E. J. Russell {Jour. Agr. Sd., 3 {1910), A'o. 5, pp. 233-2.'f5, flgs. 2). — The author for the purpose of this worlv considers a sub- stance an ammonia compound if it evolves ammonia quicklj", completely, and in one stage, when treated with alkalis at a low temperature. " When soils are distilled at low pressures with small quantities of potash dissolved in alcohol, a definite amount of ammonia is evolved and the reaction then comes to an end. It is considered that this amount represents the am- monium salts in the soil. When larger quantities of potash are used, or when baryta or magnesia in aqueous suspension is substituted, the decom- position is not definite but continues indefinitely. During the progress of the first distillation, however, magnesia gives off the same quantities of ammonia as small quantities of alcoholic potash. " Two methods based on these observations are given for estimating the amount of ammonia in soils. If the amount of organic matter is not too high distillation with magnesia at reduced pressure gives accurate results, otherwise it is necessary to use alcoholic potash. The quantity of ammonia in samples of soil taken at different periods of the year is found to be con- stant but very small, being only about one or two parts per million of soil. The higher the amount of organic matter the greater the ammonia content, rising to five or six parts per million on heavily dunged arable or garden soils. "As there is no tendency for ammonia to accumulate it follows that the rate of nitrification must be greater than that of ammonia production and in normal conditions is limited by this rate. Reviewing in the light of this observation the various methods of studying the rate of nitrification in soil, 304 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKD. it is seen that they really deal with three separate things — the rate of am- monia production in soil, the rate of nitrification in soil, and the rate of nitrifi- cation in a culture solution. In these circumstances it is not surprising that concordant results have not been obtained. When ammonium salts react with soil a certain proportion enters into a stable combination which is not decom- posed on distillation with alcoholic potash or magnesia and is therefore not an ammonium compound. Its constitution has, however, not been determined.^' Vegetable proteins, T. B. Osborne, trans, by Helene Schlesinger {ErgcJ). Physiol., 10 (1910), pp. Jfl~215, figs. 7). — In this publication the author presents the work done in the field of the chemistry of the vegetable proteins, and which includes much of his own work (E. S. R., 22, p. 509; 23, p. 410). The subject is treated from the standpoint of the proteins, and their ultimate cleavage products as they occur in the individual seeds or plants. The partial hydrolysis of proteins. — II, On fibrin-heteroalbumose, P. A. Levene, D. D. Van Slyke, and F. J. Birchaed {Jour. Biol. Chcm., 8 {1910), No. If, pp. 269-284)- — The authors report work on the preparation and hydrolysis of hetero-albumose. Out of a total of 58.05 parts of amino acid obtained from 100 parts of albumose, glutaminic acid constituted 9.51, prolin 4.27, aspartie acid 4.73, arginin G.35. lysin 4.S0, and eystin 4.10 pai-ts. On the refractive indexes of solutions of certain proteins. — II, The para- nucleins, T. B. Bobertson (Jour. Biol. Chem., 8 (1910), No. Jf, pp. 287-295). — " The refractive indexes of solutions of paranuclein, prepared from casein in the manner described in the body of the iraper, are connected with their concen- trations by the formula n — ni=flXc, where n is the refractive index of the solution, ni is the refractive index of the solvent, in this instance fiftieth- normal potassium hydroxid (1.3334 at 22°), c is the percentage concentration of the protein in the solution, and c is a constant which is numerically equal to the change in the refractive index of the solvent which is brought about by dis- solving 1 gm. in 100 cc. The same law has previously been shown to hold good for solutions of casein and of ovomucoid in various solvents. "The value of a, in the above formula, for paranuclein is 0.00140. 'Para- nuclein A' is prepared from paranuclein by partial digestion with calcium hydrate and differs from it mainly in its lower phosphorus content. It is im- possible to distinguish between paranuclein and Paranuclein A by the change which their presence causes in the refractive index of an alkaline solution, since for this substance the value of a is also 0.00140. " [The author has] previously shown that a substance is synthesized through the action of pepsin at 36" upon the concentrated products of the complete peptic hydrolysis of casein which closely resembles Paranuclein A in its proi^er- ties. It is shown in this paper that it also resembles Paranuclein A in its effect upon the refractive index of an alkaline solution, the value of a for this sub- stance being also 0.00140. " [The author has] previously shown that a substance is synthesized through the action of pepsin at 60° vipon the unconcentrated products of the com- plete peptic hydrolysis of casein, which is apparently identical with the above- mentioned substance and with Paranuclein A. In this paper it is shown that for this substance also the value of a is 0.00140. " These data may be regarded as affording confirmation of the view that the above-mentioned substances, synthesized through the action of pepsin from the products of the complete peptic hydrolysis of casein, are members of the para- nuclein group." On the differentiation of proteins of closely related species by the precipi- tin reaction, D. A. AVelsh and H. G. Chapman (Jour. Hyy. [Cambridge], 10 (1910), No. 2, pp. 177-18-'f). — "It is possibleclearly to distinguish heterologous AGRICULTUKAL. CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 305 proteins of closely related species from the homologous protein by precipitin interactions arranged with regard to the fact that in the conditions of the ex- periment the weight of precipitate is proportional to the weight of antiserum employed. By ' saturation experiments ' it is possible to indicate in an avian egg-white antiserum the presence of a general avian antisubstance (precipitin) together with the specific antisubstance." The consistency of these results, with the interpretation of the precipitin reac- tion, lends further support to the working hypothesis which the authors have advanced in previous papers." The absorption of acids by carbohydrates, F. Robinson {Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc, 15 {19 JO), No. 6, pp. .'T.'/8-5.5.S). — "Carbohydrates adsorb hydrogen chlorid and hydrogen bromid with great readiness at the ordinary temperature, but the quantity of acid adsorbed varies greatly with the carbohydrate consid- ered. The relative order of adsorption seems to show no relationship to the chemical constitution and properties of the various carbohydrates and hence no method has been obtained for characterizing them. There appears to be no definite connection between the adsorbing power for these acids and the produc- tion of bromo or chloromethylfurfuraldehyde, since starch gives an extremely minute yield of bromoniethlyfurfuraldehyde, yet it adsorbs most acid. The liexaldoses always appear at the bottom of the table. ^laltose and lactose differ widely in their powers of absorption, although they bear a great resemblance in their chemical properties. The initial phenomenon agrees with that gen- erally accepted for adsorption, and some constant values have been determined by experiment. " The process probably consists of a rapid condensation of the acid on the surface of the solid and afterwards it works its way into the interior; this is evidenced by fructose and sucrose and hydrogen bromid, in which case the sugar first becomes pink and eventually black ; this black color may be either due to chemical action or to the formation of an ' adsorption compound ' as in the case of the so-called ' iodid of starch.' " Micro-photographic records of artificial sucrose-raffluose crystals, H. E. ZiTKOwsKi (Ajiici: Sugar Indus, and Beet Sugar Gaz., 12 {1910). No. 10. pp. 36f/-366, flgs. 10). — Tests and micro-photographs were made with mixtures of sucrose and rafiinose for the purpose of determining the effect of temperature and varying proportions of those substances on the shape and the rate of crystallization. The rafiinose was prepared from cotton-seed meal. Viscosaccharase, an enzym which, produces slime from cane sugar, M. W. Beijerinck {K. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, Proe. Sect. Sci., 12 {1910), pt. 2, pp. 635-6Ji9, pi. 1; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 98 {1910), No. 572, I, p. Jf50).— Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus, B. megatherium, and like organ- isms, when grown on a medium containing agar (2 per cent), saccharose (2 per cent), potassium nitrate (0.02 per cent), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (0.02 per cent), and tap-water produce an emulsion which is due to the presence of viscosaccharase and which produces a colloidal substance and a reducing sugar. Viscosaccharase apparently is also a synthesizing enzym, and a rela- tion evidently exists between the colloidal substance produced and dextran. The normal weight of dextrose, C. A. Browne {Abs. in Science, n. scr., 32 (1910), No. 823, p. -P'5). — The pure dextrose value (dissolved to 100 true cc. at « Austral. Med. Gaz., 25 (1906), No. 1, pp. 7-13. Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 78 (1906), No. B 525, pp. 297-313; 79 (1907), No. B 534, pp. 465-473; 80 (1908). No. B 538, pp. 161-164; 82 (1910), No. B 557, pp. 398^06. Trans. 8. Austral. Med. Cong., 2 (1908), pp. 269-273. Jour. Path, and Bact, 13 (1909), No. 1, pp. 206-231. 306 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 20° C.) was found by the author to be 32.25 gin. when calculated according to Tollen's formula. Other authorities have found this to be from 32.5 to 33 gm., according to the concentration of the dextrose in solution. In using this noi'mal weight the actual dextrose scale divisions are found by means of a table or a formula which is accurate for variations in specific rota- tion due to concentration. The advantage in employing the method lies in the fact that the percentage of dextrose is found in one operation without making a preliminary analysis in order to find out how much material is to be weighed out. Time factors in the determination of nitrogen and other observations on the Kjeldahl method, P. L. Hibbard (A/j.-?. in Science, n. ser., 32 {1910), No. 823. p. ^i76). — "Organic substances such as blood or bone have their nitrogen completely converted into ammonia by boiling 3 hours with 25 cc. of sulphuric acid, 10 gm. potassium sulphate, and i gm. copper sulphate ; in most cases. In distillation of this digestion practically all the ammonia is obtained in less than 15 minutes. Bumping of the digestion is prevented by addition of 1 to 2 gm. ferrous sulphate. Using the Ulsch-Street method, only a few minutes are re- quired to change the nitrogen of nitrates to ammonia. During the acid diges- tion loss of ammonia occurs when a large portion of the acid has been driven out by too much or too long-continued heat, but not because the flask is heated by the bare flame above the level of the acid." Note on the Kjeldahl estimation of nitrogen in fatty substances, J. A. Brown {Cliem. News, 102 {1910), No. 26U, p. 51).— "Ou distilling off the am- monia into standard acid in the Kjeldahl estimation of nitrogen in such sub- stances as cheese, milk, etc., the author has frequently found that a trouble- some frothing ensues in the alkaline liquor, which compels the operation to be conducted very slowly, and with constant attention, to prevent the alkaline liquor frothing over into the distillate and vitiating the result. . . . " The author has found that the fi'othing is caused by traces of fatty acids, which escape decomposition in the digestion with strong H2S04 by volatilizing and condensing firmly, in minute disks, on the long neck of the Kjeldahl flask, where they are with great difficulty, if at all, rinsed back into the tub. These fatty acids appear to be identical with those which constitute the insoluble volatile fatty acids in the Reichert distillation of butters, i. e., the Polenske value. The undecomposed fatty acids combine with the excess of alkali, added for the subsequent distillation of ammonia, to form a soap, which causes the liquid to froth when boiled. This may be prevented by diluting the digested sub- stance, previous to adding excess of alkali, to about 100 cc. with distilled water and boiling briskly until only about 40 cc. remains in the flask. On now making alkaline and proceeding in the usual way, the distillation can be conducted with the greatest rapidity, without even attending to the initial ebullition." The formaldehyde method for the estimation of nitrogen in organic sub- stances, A. M. Wright {Trans, and Proc. New Zeal. Inst., 42 {1909), pp. 22k, 225). — The author shows that Bennett's method* can be advantageously em- ployed for organic substances such as meat extracts, mixed commercial fer- tilizers, dried tankage, and dried blood. It is carried out as follows : " The substance under examination is digested with sulphuric acid and sul- phate of potash until the liquor is clear ; the excess of acid is neutralized with sodium hydrate solution, using pheuolphthalein as the indicator ; a neutral solu- tion of formaldehyde is added, liberating the sulphuric acid present in combi- nation with ammonia ; hexamethylenetetramine is formed, which is neutral to o Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 (1909), p. 291. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 307 phenolphthalelu ; the liberated acid is titrated witli deciuormal alliali solution until the pink color returns." The results of comparative tests between this and the Kjeldahl method are given. Volumetric determination of potassium by the cobalti-nitrite method, O. M. Shedd {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 (1910), No. 9, pp. 379-384). — After studying the various factors which influence the ultimate results of this method, the author states that the Drushel modification of the cobalti-nitrite method (E. S. R., 20, p. 307) is very accurate if "properly handled, but an in- experienced worker not knowing its weak points may not have this opinion with his first use of it." Briefiy stated, the outline of the method which has given the best and most uniform results in this work is as follows : " The solution containing the potassium salt, after the preliminary work has been done to get it at this stage, is evaporated in a 500 cc. casserole to a small volume of about 5 cc, slightly acidified with acetic acid and 15 cc. fresh nitrite reagent added. The larger amount of nitrite reagent makes possible a better filtration and a good excess of reagent after the evaporation is made. The solu- tion is evaporated on the water bath for about 45 to 60 minutes, or until the contents become a thick sirup while hot and pasty on cooling. Continued heat- ing is to be avoided, and this is important to obtain good results. After the filtration is made and the casserole washed, the Gooch crucible and contents can be put in the same casserole and treated with permanganate, as prescribed in the method." See also previous notes (E. S. R., 22, p. 510; 23, p. 509). Quantitative chemical analysis of animal tissue. — V, Estimation of chlorin, W. Koch (Abs. in Science, n. set:, 32 (1910), JS/o. 823, p. //77). — The estimation of chlorin and aqueous extracts of lipoid-like substances or in the ash is some- times difficult and often yields inaccurate results. This is particularly so with the ash, because the chlorids are often displaced by the sulphates or phosphates during the burning of the organic combinations. "In connection with the methods previously outlined (E. S. R., 22, p. 411) it was found that the chlorids all pass into the fraction 2 or the alcohol soluble fraction. By precipitating the lipoids in this fraction without chloroform and with nitric instead of hydrochloric acid a solution is obtained in which the chlorids can be titrated direct by Volhard's method. The estimation of chlorin can be thus combined with that of any other tissue constituent described in these methods. Some results obtained on the brain are given." The estimation of iodin in organic compounds and its separation from other halogens, A. F. Seeker and W. E. Mathewson ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 65, pp. 5). — As accurate results could not be obtained with the Carius method for estimating the iodin in erythrosin, the authors elaborated a satisfactory method which is based on treating the erythrosin with potassium permanganate and nitric acid. This decomposes the organic matter, volatilizes the chlorin and bromin, and leaves the iodin as iodic acid. Quantitative determination of ergot in flour, R. Bernhakt (Ztschr. Ricch u. Geschmackst., 2 (1910), No. 11, pp. 122, 123; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 12, p. 778; Analyst, 35 (1910), No. 1,13, p. 557).— "The amount of ergot in fiour can be determined as follows : Two hundred gm. of flour are boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid (not less than 2 per cent) till all the starch is converted into sugar. The solid matter is filtered off through silk, and washed. The filter while still moist is dipped, first into dilute, then into 98 per cent alcohol. The residue is extracted with acetone and carbon tetrachlorid to remove the fat. It is then shaken with strong, freshly prepared ammoniacal 81088°— No. 4—11 2 308 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. copper oxid for half au hour, diluted with 10 times its volume of water, and the Insoluble matter filtered off through silk and washed with dilute hydrochloric acid. The substance so obtained is boiled for an hour with 3 per cent potassium hydroxid solution, and dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid. After 12 hours the liquid is rapidly filtered through asbestos, and poured into 50 times its volume of ice-cold water. The precipitate is collected, washed, dried, and weighed. The substance so obtained is chitin, which is present to the extent of 2.305 per cent in ergot." Characteristics and external examination of honey, L. van Gieksbergen (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 16 (1910), No. 19, pp. 369-375; Pharm. WeekM., J,l (1910), No. 21, pp. 730-739).— After discussing the various processes for ob- taining honey, the author discusses the characteristics of honeys from various sources and the judging of their quality on this basis. Chemical examination of honey, G. L. Voermann (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 16 (1910), No. 20, pp. J,01-'i08; Pharm. WeekbL, J,7 (1910), No. 27, pp. 739- 7-J8). — A general discussion of the subject. In regard to the examination and judging of marmalades, A. Beythien and P. SiMMiCH (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 20 (1910), No. 5, pp. 2Jf 1-272). — The authors conclude that the figure giveh for the specific rota- tion of German starch sirups according to Juckenack,*^ -M34.1, should stand, particularly as this is rather high and there is no danger of doing an injustice when judging these products. The ratio of glucose to fructose in fruits does not fluctuate to any great extent, and therefore the specific rotation of the total sugars does not always express that of the invert sugar. These deviations, however, have no great influence on the specific rotation of the inverted marmalade extracts, with the exception of that of the apple, the left-handed rotation of which is favorable for the manufacturer. In calculating the specific rotation according to Jucke- nack, the extract content of the inverted solution must always serve as a basis. The authors recommend that the nonsugars be determined by difference, sub- tracting the total sugars as invert sugar from the extract in the inverted solu- tion. It was further found that when various amounts of sugar were added the results for insoluble matter were very variable and not relative, so that care must be exercised in declaring that a marmalade contains added dregs. The authors give a scheme of analysis based on the findings of many analysts with fruits. Observations in regard to the proportion of sugar contained in grapes during ripening, A. Bouffard (Ann. Falsif., 3 (1910), No. 23, pp. 39^, 395). — This is a polemical article (B. S. R., 23, p. 414). [Observations in regard to the proportion of sugar contained in grapes during ripening], L. Koos and E. Hugues (Ann. Falsi/., 3 (1910), No. 23, p. 395). — A reply to the above. Comparative tests in regard to the diminution of acidity in nonsugared and sugared wines of the year 1908 in the Palatinate, Halenke and Krug (Ar&. K. Gsndhtsamt., 35 (1910), pp. 1,0 Ji-Jt29) .—In all wines a decided diminu- tion of acidity took place, this being greatest in the unchanged and dry sugared wines. With a decrease in total acidity and extract there was a parallel increase in lactic acid. Comparative tests in regard to the diminution of acidity in nonsugared and sugared wines of the year 1908 in Franconia, Omeis (Art). K. Osndhtsamt., 35 (1910), pp. 393-.'f03). — Observations in regard to the loss of acidity in non- sugared and sugared Franconian wines during storage showed that in no "Ztschr, Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 8 (1904), No. 9, p. 548. AGEICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY AGEOTECHNY. 309 instance did a decided diminution of the acidity talie place. Such diminution as did occur is due in part to a precipitation of the tartaric acid and partly to the action of the succinic acid decomposing bacteria. The influence of the climatic condition on the above results is also considered. Estimation of free and combined sulphurous acid in wines, P. Cazenave (Ann. Falsif., 3 {1910), No. 18, pp. 154-158, fig. 1; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 98 (1910), No. 512, II, p. 5/,-i).— The author observed by actual test that the iodometric estimation of sulphurous acid is untrustworthy, and recom- mends determining it by oxidation and gravimetric analysis. It was concluded that the total sulphurous acid is best estimated from the quantity of sulphate present before and after oxidation with iodiu. The free sulphurous acid can be removed by distilling the wine for 5 minutes under reduced pressure at 50° C. The fixed or residual sulphurous acid is determined after the distillation, and the free sulphurous acid estimated by difference. It was found that it was not necessary to distill the free sulphurous acid in an atmosphere of carbon dioxid. . Some rare oil fruits, C. Grimme {Chem. Rev. Fett u. Uars Indus., 17 {1910), Nos. 7, pp. 156-158; 8, pp. 178-183; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 {1910), No. 16, pp. 1019, 1020; Chem. Zenlbl., 1910, II, No. 8, pp. 5.80-582).— Chemical and physical data are reported in regard to the fat, oil, etc., obtained from the following fruits: Acrocomia fotai, Ximenia americana, Moqulliu tomentosa, Pentaclethra macrophylla, oil fruit from Guatemala, Canarium olcosum, Carapa procera, oil fruit fi'om Mexico, Sterculia appendiculata, Mesua ferrea, Termir nalia catappa, Acanthosicyus horrida, and Citrullus naudinianus. Detection of lemon oil in orange oil, E. M. Chace and A. R. Albright {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 32 {1910), No. 823, p. 475). — The authors rely on the refrac- tive indexes of the aldehydes contained in lemon and orange oil as a basis. These aldehydes are separated by the formation of double sulphite compounds, which are eventually decomposed with sodium carbonate and caustic soda uuder ether. The ether is then evaporated and the refractive index is taken of the residue after drying and purification. Citral has practically the same index as the aldehydes from pure lemon oil. The method is only approximately quantitative. Quantitative determination of benzoic acid in foods, F. H. Van Der Laan and H. Tijdens {Chem. Weelcbl, 7 {1910), No. 27, pp. 603-615; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1910, II, No. 7, p. .!,96). —li is stated that this is best done by adding alkali to the sample, extracting with warm water, acidifying, and extracting with Van Ledden Hulsebosch's perforation apparatus for 5 hours with an acid solution of benzol. After the extraction process the benzol is washed with a little water to remove the foreign acids which may be present and then titrated with a decinormal sodium hydrate solution and phenolphthalein. If salicylic acid is simultaneously present with the benzoic acid the salicylic acid may be destroyed by oxidizing with potassium permanganate in a weak alkaline solution. The analysis of Emmental cheese, G. Koestler {Milchic. Zentbl., 6 {1910), No. 7, pp. 289-299). — In determining the dry substance in Emmental fat cheese no difficulty was experienced in obtaining good constant weights when from 5 to 8 gm. of finely ground cheese were weighed out quickly (with the weighing bottle and by difference) into flat porcelain dishes, placed in a vacuum desic- cator for a day, and finally dried in a hot-water oven from 2 to 2* hours until comparative estimations yield no more than a difference of 2 mg. The fat in Emmental cheese which is manufactured uniformly is very evenly distributed throughout the cheese mass. When sampling cheeses which are not overripened the results show that it is best to take the sample in the 310 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. middle of a line whicli runs from the center to the edge of the cheese. From the results of niimerons analyses and observations it was noticed that 45 per cent of fat (calculated to dry substance) is the limit of fat which can be obtained, considering technical losses, in full-fat Emmental cheese. The quantitative determination of rice spelts in feeds and fertilizers, T. Katayama (Laiidw. Vers. Stat., 73 {1910), No. 1-3, pp. 171-185).— The author made numerous analyses of rice spelts for ash, silicic acid, crude fiber (by the Henneberg-Stohmann method," and crude fiber, pentosans, and incrust- ing substances (lignin and kutin) by the Kouig method^ (E. S. R., 10, p. 411; 18, pp. 524, 664), with a view to testing the validity of Schrodei-'s method (E. S. R., 20, p. 611; 21, p. 211), which is based on the assumption that rice spelts contain the silicic acid in different proportions from other feeding stuffs. The results show that the silicic acid content of the spelts is greatly dependent upon the climate, the variety, and the soil, while the crude fiber, lignin, and kutin vary very little in this respect. Comparative tests were further made between average samples of rice feed meal and wheat bran, from which it is noted that the silicic acid of the wheat bran is mostly soluble in hydrochloric acid, while that from the rice feed meal is difficultly so. The silicic acid content of the former fluctuated only slightly and is less in amount than that in the latter, which also fluctuated very markedly. The crude fiber content of the wheat i)ran varied considerably and had a direct relation to the different characters of the bran, average bran containing from S to 12 per cent. The results further indicate that Schroder's method leaves much to be desired when compared with both the Henneberg-Stohmann and- the Konig methods. On the basis of these results, preference is to be given the Konig method, but, owing to the fact that average figures from numerous analyses with the method are lacking, the Henneberg-Stohmann method must be resorted to for the present at least. The method for determining the incrusting substances was found by the author to be cumbersome and costly and to yield variable results. The author believes that the results of the crude fiber determination would not be a fair criterion for detecting rice spelts in wheat bran, but can be absolutely relied upon in determining the spelts in rice feeds and fertilizers. See also previous notes (E. S. R., 9, p. 220; 23, p. 110). Color reactions for oils, J. Royer (Ann. Falsif., 3 (1910), No. 23, pp. 380- 385). — The author examined 5 genuine samples of poppy oils, 3 of which were northern oils, 1 being cold pressed oil, 1 hot pressed, and the third heated after refining. After determining some of the chemical and physical constants, he submitted the oils to the Bellier and to the Villavecchia-Fabris reactions. From these tests it is seen that the first pressing oils do not give the reaction for oil of sesame, but oils which are prepared for ordinary commercial pur- poses (hot pressed) often do, this perhaps to some extent because sesame oil and poppy oil are often made on the same press. It is further noted that the 2 reactions are not sufficiently characteristic to say definitely whether oil of sesame is present, and the author therefore recommends the determination of the chemical and physical constants in addition, when adulteration is suspected. "Landw. Jahrb., 1S77, Sup., p. 103; Jour. Landw., 21 (ISSO), p. 273; Die Untersuchung Landwirtschaftlich und Gewerblich wichtiger Stoffe, Berlin 1891, p. 235. ^Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 6 (1903), No. 17, p. 769. METEOROLOGY — WATER. 3ll The utilization of tomato cannery refuse, P. Accomazzo (Riv. Agr. [Parma], 16 (1910), Nos. 24, pp. 311, 312; 25, pp. 381-389; 26, pp. 401-403; 21, pp. 41^-420; 28, pp. 433-435; 29, pp. 450-453; 30, pp. 465, 466; 31, pp. 4S1-484; 32, pp. 491- 499; 34, irp. 531-533; 35, pp. 545, 546; 36, pp. 561, 562; 31, pp. 518, 519; 38, pp. 593-595; 39, pp. 611-613; 40, pp. 625-621; 42, pp. 658, 659; 43, pp. 613, 614; 44, pp. 689-691; 45, pp. 106, 101). — The author points out the uses to which the refuse from tomato conserving plants can be put. He notes its physiological- chemical composition, its value as an animal food, both for fattening and milk production, its nutritive value, its use in conjunction with other feeds, its value as a fertilizer (E. S. R., 22, p. 325), as a source of oil for soap stock, as a fuel, etc., the methods of drying the material and extracting the oil, and the ma- chinery employed for this. Canning peaches on the farm, H. P. Gould and W. F. Fletcher ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 426, pp. 26, figs. 14). — This publication discusses the success- ful canning of peaches on the farm, under the heads of extent and location of the peach-canning industry, principles underlying successful peach canning, equipment, accessories, cans, handling the fruit for canning, grades of canned peaches, maturity of fruit for canning, preparing the fruit for the cans, exhaust- ing, tipping, processing, and marketing the canned product. METEOEOLOGY— WATER. Improving the forecasts, A. G. McAjdie {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bui. Mount Weather Ohserv., 3 {1910), pt. 4, pp. 235-238). — The correlation of compen- sating meteorological conditions, particularly atmospheric pressure, in different so-called centers of action as an aid to forecasts in Japan and on the Pacific coast of the United States is briefly discussed, and the importance to the Pacific coast forecasts of the movements of great pressure areas over the Pacific Ocean is pointed out. Two general laws relating to such movements as affect- ing meteorological conditions on the Pacific coast are given. A brief bibliog- raphy of the subject is appended. The Gulf Stream — and climate and crops in northern Europe, J. Johnstone (Sci. Prog. Ttcentieth Cent., 4 {1910), No. 15, pp. 414-491, figs. 6).— This article is based largely upon recent memoirs of general interest, particularly those re- porting work of Norwegian hydrographers, and explains the influence of the Gulf Stream upon the sea temperature and air temperature and the growth of crops in northern Europe. The observations reviewed show not only that the climates of Norway and Sweden, and to a less extent of the British Isles, are much milder than would be the case if the Gulf Stream did not reach those shores, but also " indicate the probability that the character of the seasons in the Scandinavian countries may be predicted about six months to a year ahead ; while that of the sea off the Murman coast might be foretold about two years in advance." On the meteorological evidence for supposed changes of climate in India, G. T. Walkek {Mem. Indian Met. Dept., 21 {1910), pt. 1, pp. 21, pis. 7; rev. in Nature [London'], 84 {1910), No. 2128, p. 118). — From a review of available me- teorological data, especially that relating to monsoon rainfall, the following con- clusions are drawn : " The recent deficiency of monsoon rainfall in a large part of central and northwestern India must be attributed to something abnormal in the larger movements of the atmosphere and not to human agency in India ; the deficiency has not lasted long enough to justify the conclusion that there has been a permanent change of climate ; and there are marked indications of a return to good seasons." 312 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The influence of the moon on vegetation, von Ollech {Oartenwelf, Df (1910), No. 18, pp. 213, 21Jf). — Various crops planted in the new moon, first quarter, full moon, and last quarter showed a very slight variation in yield in favor of full moon planting. It is pointed out that this variation may have been due to other factors. Air and water, G. Bleuel {Jahresher. Agr. Chem., 3. scr., 12 {1909), pp. 3-38). — This is a review of recent scientific literature on these subjects similar to those of previous years. Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory {TJ. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bui. Mount Weather Observ., 8 {1910), pt. 4, pp. 201-27Jf, figs. 9. charts 6). — This number contains the following articles: Variations of Temperature and Pressure at Summit and Base Stations in the Rocky Mountain Region (illus.), by A. J. Henry; Recent Publications Relating to Aerology, by C. F. Talman; Studies in the General Circulation of the Atmosphere, by F. H. Bigelow ; Photographs of the Aurora Borealis and a New Method of Measuring Its Altitude, by C. Stoermer; Improving the Forecasts, by A. G. McAdie (see p. 311) ; On Passing Through the Tail of Halley's Comet, by W. J. Humphreys; and Free Air Data at Mount Weather for July, August, and September, 1910 (illus.), by W. R. Blair. Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., 38 {1910), Nos. 9, pp. 1309- 11,68, figs. 5, charts 33; 10, pp. lI,69-162Jt, figs. 11, charts 33).— In addition to the usual climatological summaries, weather forecasts and warnings for Sep- tember and October, 1910, river and flood observations, lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology, a condensed climatological summary, and climatological tables and charts, these numbers contain the following special papers: No. 9. — Dry Farming in the East, by L. H. Bailey ; Average Stream Flow of the Santee River System in South Carolina, by J. W. Bauer; Conservation of Flood Waters of the Colorado River, by B. Bnnnemeyer; Early Rain at Fresno, Cal., in September, by W. E. Bonnett ; Conservation of the Purity of the Air — Prevention of Smoke (illus.), by A. G. McAdie: The Fort Hall Irrigation Project, Idaho, by J. J. Granville; Payette-Boise Project, Idaho (illus.), by F. W. Hanna ; Frost Prevention Work in the Rogue River Valley, Oreg., During the Spring of 1910, by P. J. O'Gara (see p. 342) ; and The Experiment Station at Wagon Wheel Gap, Colo, (illus.), by H. C. Frnnkenfield. No. 10. — Effects of the Erection of New and High Buildings on the Records of Wind Velocity and Direction at the New York Weather Bureau Office (illus.), by E. S. Nichols; The Tropical Hurricanes of October, 1910 (illus.), by C. F. von Hernnann ; Heavy Rainfall in the Ohio Valley, October 3-G, 1910, by F. J. Walz; Duty of Water, by A. L. Fellows; Forest Fires of 1910 and Their Causes, by L. N. Jesunofsky ; Sixty Years of Rainfall in California (illus.), by A. G. McAdie; and Forecasts for Raisin Makers, by W. E. Bonnett. Report of chief, meteorological division, J. Lyle {Dept. Agr. Orange River Colony, An7i. Rpt., 5 {1908-9), pp. 189-219). — Tables are given which show the average rainfall for each district of Orange River Colony during the year ended with July, 1909; also the rainfall at certain selected stations as compared with the average for preceding years, and records of temperature and pressure for various places during the same period. Some observations of dew at Kimberley, J. R. Sutton {Set. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n. ser., 12 {1910), No. 2.',, pp. 266-214) .—Fvom data secured in a series of observations on the formation of dew under clear and cloudy skies the conclusion is drawn that " dew making is not a function of the clearness of the sky merely, but rather of the dampness of the air and the length of the night." METEOROLOGY — WATER. 313 [Local variation of rainfall in the counties of Dublin, Wicklow, Kildare, and Meath, Ireland], W. J. Lyons {ScL Proc. Roy. Dithlin Hoc, n. sci:, 12 {1910), No. 30, pp. 354-373, map 1). — Summarizing the available rainfall records for this region, the author finds a clearly defined dependence of the distribution of the rainfall on the marked configuration of the country, the rainfall increasing with the elevation, with tbe slope as distinct from the height of the elevated area, with the position of the slope with reference to the direction of the wind, and with the extent of the sea or evaporating area over which tbe wind has previously passed. A study of rain frequency indicated " that tbe great differences observed in annual rainfall over a limited area are generally not due to rain days being more frequent in the mountains tban in tbe low-lyiug districts, but rather to the rain being more intense, or possibly more prolonged in the course of each rain day." Water powers of the Cascade Range. — I, Southern Washington, J. C. Stevens ( U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 253, pp. 91t, pis. 21, figs. 3). — This bulletin is the first of a proposed series dealing with the water ix)wers of tbe streams flowing from the Cascade Range in Wasbington and Oregon, and gives tbe results of measurements and estimates of water power in the drain- age basins of the Klickitat, White Salmon, Little White Salmon, Lewis, and Toutle rivers. Surface water supply of the South Atlantic coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico, 1909, M. R. Hall and R. H. Bolster (U. 8. Oeol. Survey, Water- Supply Paper No. 262, pp. 150, pis. 5). — This is one of the series of papers on the surface water supply of the United States, and contains results of flow measurements on the principal streams of the South Atlantic and eastern Gulf of Mexico drainage systems. Surface water supply of the St. Lawrence River basin, 1909, C. C. Covert, A. H. HoRTON, and R. IT. Bolster (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 261f, pp. 130, pis. 5). — Tbis is one of the series of papers on the surface water supply of tbe United States and gives the results of flow measurements of streams in tbe St. Lawrence River basin. The underground waters of north-central Indiana, S. R. Capps and R. B. Dole (U. 8. Oeol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 254, PP- 279, pis. 7, figs. 12). — This paper reiwrts a study of conditions met in endeavoring to obtain supplies of underground water over an area of 7,611 square miles in north- central Indiana. Tbe geograpby and general geology of the region are also described. " The conditions in 378 cities, towns, and villages were investigated, and a considerable amount of work was done in tbe country districts between these communities. Especial attention was paid to tbe water conditions in communities having public supplies. . . . More or less complete records of about 1,200 wells were procured. ... In all, S3 areas in which flowing wells occur were visited and their outlines mapped." It is stated that there are few places in the area investigated where enough water for domestic purposes can not be obtained at moderate depths. " Difli- culties are often met, however, in obtaining wells of sufficient yield for public supplies or for manufacturing purposes where large quantities of water are needed." Recommendations are made as to possible improvements wbere public water supplies are inadequate or sbow bad sanitary conditions. Wells furnish most of tbe water for drinking and for general domestic pur- poses in this region of Indiana. Many of these well waters contain so much free hydrogen sulpbid that they are unfit for use. They also as a rule contain a high percentage of chlorids, but this is not due to animal pollution. The 314 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. hardness ranges from 150 to 500 parts per million and seldom falls below 200 parts. " Considered as to bacteriological purity the well waters of north- central Indiana are good." Underground waters for farm use, M. L. Fuller ( U. S. Geol. Survey, Water- Supply Paper No. 255, pp. 58, 2)?s. 17, figs. 27). — This paper states that of the needs of the farmers of the United States " few are greater than that of purer water supplies. Farms, which are generally remote from towns, cities, or other areas of congested population, seem to be almost ideally situated for obtaining pure and wholesome water. In reality, however, polluted water is exceedingly common on them and typhoid-fever rates are usually greater in country districts than in cities. Typhoid fever is now almost universally believed to be transmit- ted solely through dfuik or food taken into the stomach, and is especially liable to be comniuiilcated by polluted waters obtained from shallow wells near spots where the discharges of typhoid patients have been thrown upon the ground and subsequently carried down through the soil and into the wells, and it is doubtless principally this fact that makes the disease so common in farming regions. " Many of the failures to protect adequately the water supplies used for drink- ing arise from a lack of knowledge of the manner in which waters circulate through the ground and of the ways in which they may become polluted. In- formation on these subjects must needs be of value, and it is with the object of supplying this information in so far as it may be possible to furnish it in a brief paper, that the present report has been prepared." The paper discusses sources of water supply, underground waters (springs and wells) and their protection, cisterns, and the combination of wells and cisterns. Discussing the relative safety of water from different water-bearing materials the author states that in general waters from sands and gravels if taken from a considerable distance below the surface are safe to use. Waters from clay are likely to be mineralized, but are as a rule free from contamination. Waters from till, sandstone, conglomerate, quartzite, shale, and slate are generally free from contamination. Waters from limestone, particularly in the vicinity of buildings or settlements, are frequently contaminated and unfit for use. " This is not because of the amount of lime dissolved, but because of the fact that the water falling on the surface as rain often plunges directly through basins or sinks into the underground channels instead of slowly filtering downward through the soil and into the rock, as in most other materials. This water carries with it the impurities washed or otherwise brought to the sink and bears them along through underground passages to distant points." On account of the joints and fissures which occur in granite, gneiss, and schist, waters from these rocks are frequently contaminated, particularly in cities and other thickly populated regions. " Of the various sources of water supply the ground water is the most satis- factory for farm use, because it is least liable to pollution, and streams and ponds are the most unsatisfactory, because of the ease and frequency with which they are contaminated. Fortunately, however, the latter are very seldom used for drinking and domestic purposes, being utilized mainly for stock, on which the effect of moderate pollution is not apparent. The underground sup- plies, whether from wells or springs, although safe in many localities, are far from being universally so, the safety depending mainly on their location and on the nature of their protection." When carefully made, cisterns are generally safe to use, and cistern water being very soft is highly prized for domestic purposes. Sterilization of large quantities of water by ultraviolet rays, Urbain, C. SCAL, and A. Feige (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris}, 151 {1910), No. 18, SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 315 pp. 770-772). — An improved apparatus giving more thorough action of the ultraviolet light on water is described. It is stated that with this apparatus perfect sterilization was accomplished at an expenditure of 20 watts per cubic meter of water. The results of sterilization experiments on the Cambridge water, G. S. WooDHEAD {Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc, 15 {1910), No. 6, pp. 559-573).— Ihe successful use of bleaching powder for the sterilization of the water is dis- cussed, and a method in which complete sterilization was obtained without the necessity of using sodium bisulphite to destroy the escess of chlorin is described. Agricultural utilization of the sewage waters of Strassburg, C. Clodot (Monatsber. Gesell. Ford. Wiss. Aclcerb. u. Eilnste Unter-Elsass, 44 (1910), No. 2, pp. 109-127). — The experience of other cities in disposing of sewage by using it for agricultural purposes is described, and the applicability of this method of disposal to the city of Strassburg is discussed. The great obstacle in the way of the use of methods of sewage irrigation is stated to be the difficulty of securing a sufficient area of suitable land for the purpose. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Chemical characteristics of western prairie soil, F. T. Shutt (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1909, pp. 708-710). — As a result of analyses of 200 samples of soil collected from different parts of the Great Plains region of Canada it is stated " that the essential and distinguishing feature of the western prairie soils is their high organic matter and nitrogen content. . . . They contain for the most part fairly abundant stores of phosphoric acid, potash, and lime." The nitrogen content of the Manitoba soils examined ranged from 0.2 to 1 per cent, of Saskatchewan soils from 0.2 to 0.5 per cent, and of Alberta soils from 0.3 to 0.5 per cent. As a rule, however, the percentage of nitrogen de- creased toward the westward, indicating a direct relation between the rainfall and the amount of nitrogen accumulated in virgin prairie soil. The water- holding capacity of these soils, rich in humus, is very large. The system of grain growing now in practice on some of the lands results in a large loss of nitrogen annually. On the petrographic and soil conditions of the red sandstone (buntersand- stein) formations in Germany. E. P>lanck (Jahrcsh. Ver. Vaterldnd. Naturk. Wiirttemb., 66 {1910), pp. /iOS-506). — Following a general resume of the sig- nificance of geological formations in the study and classification of soils, the author reports extended data on the red sandstone formations of Germany. A general discussion of the geological formations of the soil is given, and mechanical and chemical analyses are reported. The characteristics of " schlier " soils, H. Gruneb (Landw. Jahrb., 39 {1910), No. Jt-5, pp. 613-622). — This article reports the results of mechanical, physical, and chemical studies of " schlier " soils from St. Martin, Haag, Sigharting, and Kirchberg, Austria, and of loess soils from Passau and Meissen, Saxony. In general the term " schlier " signifies types of soil, of varying geological formation, which readily wash or slide on account of their fine sandy, clayey, or marly nature. As compared with analyses made in 185S the St. Martin soil of the present time shows a higher calcium, magnesium, and potassium content, whereas the phosphorus, nitrogen, and humus content is somewhat lower. The origin of the " wattpolder " soils of the North Sea coasts, Mansholt (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 24 (1909), Nos. 1, pp. 7, 8; 2, pp. 20-25, fig. 1; 25 (1910), No. J^l, pp. 598-601, fig. 1). — These articles present a new theory regarding the source of the " schlick " (clay) particles of the beach polders S16 EXPERIMENT STATlOlST RECORD. (wattpolder) soils formed by the action of tlie ebb and flood of the tide. The author believes that the fine, suspended (schlick) particles which are observed in the shoal water on the beaches where the polders form are derived mainly from the excrement of a sand worm {Arenicola piscatorum) that feeds upon the sands of the beaches. Results of pot experiments with oats showed that the sand, very poor in plant food, is rendered comparatively fertile upon passing through the body of the worm. Black soil and lime crusts in Morocco, T. Fischer (Ztschr. Prakt. Geol., IS il'JlO), No. 3, PI). 105-11-',; ahs. in Chcm. Zcnthh, 1910, I, No. 2J,, p. 1985).— It is stated that this soil, which is widely distributed in Morocco, is very pro- ductive with aimual plants but does not support tree growth ovping to its shal- lowness and the scarcity of rainfall during the summer months. Results of microscopic examination show the soil to contain a large number of small mineral particles foreign to the underlying rock strata. The author believes that the soil contains eolian deposits, the sand particles being carried by the wind and deposited where vegetation and moisture tend to hold them in place. A high water-holding capacity and high organic matter content are important characteristics of the soil. Investig'ations on the black soil of Morocco, A. Schwantke {Ztschr. Prakt. Geol., IS (1910), No. 3, pp. lVt-119; ahs. in Chcm. Zenthl., 1910, I, No. 24, p. 1985). — Results of microscopical and chemical investigations strengthen the views held by Fischer (noted above) regarding the eolian origin of these soils. The mechanical analysis of soils of Java, E. C. J. Mohr (Bill. D6pt. Agr. Indes N6erland., 1910, No. J,!, pp. 33, pi. 1; Teysmannia, 21 {1910), No. 7, pp. l/55~Jf71, 2)ls. 3). — The author calls attention to the fact that on account of the rapid changes which go on in soils in tropical countries like Java, me- chanical analysis at any given time is of less value than in case of soils of temperate regions, and it is more necessary to follow closely the changes going on in the soil. The methods -used (based to a large extent on those of the Bureau of Soils of this Department) are described, as well as methods of stating and interpret- ing the results of mechanical analysis. A grai)hic classification by means of an equilateral triangle, the three points of which are sand >50,ti, silt 50-5/li, and clay< 5^1, is explained. The author's results indicate that mechanical analysis does not always furnish a basis for an exact classification of soils. He is of the opinion that determi- nation of hygroscopicity as proposed by INIitscherlich is often a simpler and, for practical purposes, a better method of classifying soils, although it can ne\er entirely take the place of careful mechanical analysis in the investigation of soils. Soil waters, J. B. Harrison and F. A. Stockdale (Rpt. Expt. Agr. Work Dept. Sci. and Agr. [Brit. Guiana], 190S-9, pp. 16-21). — This is a report of a continuation of the study of the composition of soil and subsoil and under- ground waters on the experimental farm of Demerara at Georgetown, showing that there was a great increase in ammoniacal nitrogen and decrease in nitric acid in the soil water of a wet season as compai'ed with a dry season. Water taken from a depth of 12 ft. from an exceedingly fine grained sand called " caddy " showed a relatively high ijroportion of nitrogen present in the form of ammonia and of organic matters with a relatively low proportion as nitrates. A soil of low fertility showed a high proportion of ma.gnesium to calcium in both the clay and sand, the molecular ratio in the former being 1 of calcium to 6.6 of magnesium, and that of the sand 1 of calcium to 7.08 of magnesium. Soils — fertilizers. 3l7 The proportion of sulphate decreased with the depth at which the water was obtained. The proportion of ions in the deep water from two fields, one old and the other new, as compared with those present in normal sea water indicate that " the sulphate ion present in the sea water, from which the majority of the salts were doubtless directly or indirectly derived, has been replaced by the carbonate ion, the proportion of calcium has been somewhat reduced, that of the potash somewhat increased, whilst the proportions of magnesium and of sodium have been increased at rates of nearly 20 per cent, the additions, probably de- rived from the land, being in the form of carbonates." Taking the weight of an acre-foot of the soil just below the water table as 4,278,.3G0 lbs., with a water content of 42.8 per cent, estimates are made of the amounts of various solid constituents in the water of an acre-foot of soil. These show that " the soil waters in the fertile parts to a depth of 12 ft. from the surface contain in one acre about 43 tons of sodium chlorid (common salt), 3§ tons of magnesium carbonate, 3* tons of magnesium sulphate, 2 tons of magnesium chlorid, 1 ton of potassiimi chlorid, 4 cwt. of sodium carbonate, and nearly 3 tons of calcium carbonate. " On the nonproductive section the quantities of sodium chlorid and potassium chlorid are simi\ar in amount to those on the fertile parts, but the total mag- nesium salts, which are a little less than in the fertile land — 9 tons as com- pared with 9.3 tons— contain, in round figures, (> tons of magnesium carbonate in place of 31 tons, whilst only about half as much (1| tons) of calcium carbonate is present in it as there is in the fertile land." In experiments in which (1) soil water was allowed to evaporate into the air and (2) caused to evaporate into an atmosphere consisting almost entirely of dry carbon dioxid, it was observed that " where the evaporation takes place in air nearly free from carbonic-acid gas, practically the whole of the calcium salts are deposited as calcium carbonate whilst the water is being concentrated to about one-third of its original bulk, and the remaining water becomes a highly saline one containing large proportions of magnesium salts — the chlorid, sulphate, and carbonate — in solution. The calcium salts, which are well known to exercise a profound influence in reducing the highly toxic action of the magnesium chlorid and carbonate on plants, are almost completely re- moved from solution and the soil water becomes in a condition which is poison- ous to vegetation. This is what probably takes place during periods of pro- longed dry weather on more or less wornout sugar-cane soils in which, by in- judicious cultivation and especially by long-continued destruction of the trash by burning, the normal proportions of organic matter have been largely reduced. Where, on the other hand, the evaporation takes place in an atmosphere heavily charged vv^ith carbonic-acid gas as is the air present in soils containing the proportion of organic matter normal to good soils, the lime salts remain in solution until the liquid commences to become a saturated brine and thus for a prolonged period continue to modify the toxic action of the magnesium salts. It is possible on such land that the soil water during drought may become concentrated in the upper layer of the soil without very material injury to the plants until, by concentration of the soil water, the toxic action of the sodium chlorid exerts itself." Results of observations on evaporation from sod, 1897-1907, V. Rhip- CHiNSKii {Zliur. Ojnjtn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landtv.), 11 {1910), lS!o. 2, pp. 161-177). — Observations on evaporation from sod by means of a special form of apparatus are reported. The apparatus used was a modification of that devised by Rykachev and consisted of a i-eservoir sunk in the soil to its top with an inner box 40 by 25 by 30 cm. in size, into which a piece of sod was 318 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. closely fitted. The bottom of this box was perforated with holes 1 mm. in diameter and was in contact with water which was kept at a height of 5 cm. in the reservoir. "Weighings were made three times a day. The apparatus was designed with a view to imitating as closely as possible natural conditions, and the observations with it showed a much lower rate of evaporation than that indicated by Wild's evaporimeter. Furthermore, there was no regularity in the variations between the two sets of observations. The observations indicate that under natural conditions the evaporation was greater than precipitation during the summer. Observations were made by the same method on bare soils and on soils planted to oats. These showed a wide variation in the evaporation under different methods of handling the soil. The author expresses the opinion that the apparatus used gives reliable and comparable data on evaporation, malcing it possible to determine the water actually used by plants and that remaining in the soil. The functions, availability, and conservation of soil moisture in crop production, F. H. King {Rj)t. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Set., 1D09, pp. 113, 7i4).— This article discusses the amount of water required to produce a unit of dry matter in crops, the physical conditions affecting the availability of the soil water for crop uses, and soil mulches for conserving the moisture of the soil. " The author recommended growing cereals in strips 2 ft. wide, leaving 2 ft. as cultivated fallow between the strips. In the following year the strips are alternated, so what is now fallow will next year be cultivated, and vice versa. He considers this better than the usual arrangement of leaving the whole field fallow in alternate years." See also a previous note (E. S. R., 22, p. 124). Moisture studies of semiarid soils, F. J. Alway {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. 8ci., 1909, pp. 698, 699). — This is a summary of investigations which have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 714). Results of irrig'ation of szek (alkali) soil meadows, K. Roszler, Jr. {KisMet. Kiklem., IS {1910), No. J,, pp. J,2S-U6).^The character of the szek or alkali soils of the Hungarian Alfold (E. S. R., 20, p. 818) is described and experiments are reported which showed that irrigation in connection with fer- tilizing with phosphates and nitrates greatly increased the yield of hay on a field of such soil. Harrowing in the spring, however, decreased the yield. Shallow versus deep cultivation on sandy soils, Biederstedt (Illus. Landiv. Ztg., 30 (1910), No. 75, pp. 707, 708).— Two fields of sandy soils were cultivated, one to a depth of 4 in., the other to a depth of 7 in., and planted to lupines, rye, and potatoes during the three years of the investigation. Both fields received the same application of kainit, Thomas slag, and barnyard manure during the first, second, and third years, respectively. The deeply cultivated soil gave decidedly greater yields than shallow culti- vation in all cases. A noteworthy point bi'ought out in the investigation was the drought-resisting ability of the rye on the deeply cultivated soil during the season of 1904, Thomas slag being used as fertilizer. The nitrifying energy of soils, its determination and importance in soil fertility, Vogel (Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 59 (1910), No. 18, pp. 626-636, fig. i).— This article reviews recent investigations bearing on this subject and reports laboratory experiments on the rate of nitrification of horn meal in soil (5 gm. of meal to 500 gm. of soil) and in field experiments with different kinds of soils treated in various ways. The rate of nitrification varied widely with the time of year, being highest in October and November, then falling steadily until April, when it rose again but not so high as in the autumn. SOILS FERTILIZEES. 319 The treatment of the soil had less effect upon nitrification than the time of year, although the application of straw greatly reduced the nitrifying power of the soil. Heavy applications of calcium carbonate did not appreciably affect nitrification, but the addition of peat increased it to a marked degree. The results with applications of clay to the soil were inconclusive. Experiments with potatoes and barley on the soils indicated that the produc- tiveness was in direct i-elation to the nitrifying capacity. Plowing under of straw decidedly decreased the yield. The author suggests that by the applica- tion of straw in the fall nitrification may be retarded and loss of nitrogen reduced and that it may be possible so to regulate the nitrification process as to produce plants low in nitrogen. Nitrogen economy of arable soils. — II, T. Pfeiffeb, A. Gttttmann, and F. Thiel (Mitt. Landw. Inst. Breslau, 5 {1910), No. 5, pp. 657-713; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 98 {1910), No. 572, II, pp. 535, 536; Zentbl. Agr. Chem., 39 {1910), No. 12, pp. 793-797). — This article reports the results of a large num- ber of pot experiments made to ascertain the amounts of nitrogen fixed by soil in its natural state after fallow, oats, and mustard ; in the same soil sterilized by steam under three atmospheres pressure and by carbon bisulphid; and in soil to which sugar was added. Pots holding 13 kg. (28.66 lbs.) of loam were used. Data for yields and nitrogen in crops and soils are given. There were gains of nitrogen in every case. The greatest gain after fallow was in soil treated with carbon bisulphid (1.275 gm. per 13 kg. of soil), the next largest in steamed soil (1.031 gm.), and in the natural soil the gain was 0.901 gm. The crop grown on steamed soil contained the highest nitrogen content. Carbon bisulphid had little effect upon the nitrogen content of the crop, but the addition of sugar reduced the amount of nitrogen taken up by the plant, although the soil showed a distinct gain in nitrogen. The total gain in soil and crop was practically the same without sugar as with it. The untreated natural soil showed gains of nitrogen in addition to that taken up by the crops. In sand cultures there was a very slight gain of nitrogen accompanying a luxuriant growth of soil algae. The nitrogen problems of dry farming, F. J. Alway (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1909, p. 710).— ^ee a previous note (E. S. R., 22, p. 221). Pineapple culture. — VII, Nitrates in the soil, A. W. Blair and R. N. Wilson {Florida Sta. Bui. lOJf, pp. 31-51, figs. ^). — In connection with the series of studies on pineapple culture (B. S. R., 22, p. 640), the authors investigated the formation and accumulation of niti'ates in a coarse white sand, containing over 99 per cent of insoluble matter, which had been planted to pineapples since 1901 and had received two applications annually of a fertilizer contain- ing 5 per cent of nitrogen at rates of from 2.250 to 4,500 lbs. per acre. The nitrogen of the fertilizer was supplied by dried blood, cotton-seed meal, nitrate of soda, castor pomace, and steamed bone meal. Nitrates were determined in 10 sets of samples of the soil, taken usually at intervals of 4 to 6 weeks. There was a decided increase of the nitrates with increase of nitrogenous fertilizers. The nitrates were most abundant at the surface. The amount was small beyond a depth of 1 ft , but increased slightly from the second to the fifth foot. The nitrates were more abundant where the surface soil was protected by a covering of plants and decaying leaves. With heavy rainfall there was a falling off of nitrates, but an increase after the rain subsided although no fertilizer had been applied. The highest average amount of nitrates for the whole period was found in the soil to which cotton-seed meal had been applied, the soils receiving dried blood and bone meal being next in order in this respect. The humus content of cultivated soil and new land, and its solubility, M. Pankov (Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Rtiss. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 2, 320 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. /)/). 1S7-195). — During 10 years plats represeuting 7 different kinds of soil were used for a regular rotation of crops, with a clieck plat on which no plants wex'e grown except the natural vegetation, which was allowed to die and decay on the soil. Determinations of humus in the soils of the different plats showed that the humus content of the uncropped soil was greater than that of the cultivated soil, and that the finer the particles of the soil the greater the humus. The water extract was neutral in the case of the cropped soil but acid in the case of the uncropped soil. The water extract of the cropped soil was less highly coloi-ed than that of the uncropped soil, but at the same time the amount of water-soluble substances in the uncropped soil was smaller than in the cropped soil. The water-soluble humus in the light open soils was higher than in the heavy soils. The amount of carbon dioxid yielded by the water-soluble organic matter was ])ractieally the same in cropped and uncropped soils, indicating the same number of carbon atoms in the liumus of the two soil types, although in varying degrees of oxidation. Oxidation by means of potassium permanganate showed practi- cally the same results as regards total humus, but when applied to the water extract the results by this method varied widely from those obtained by the combustion method, indicating that the potassium permanganate method shows only humus of a certain stage of oxidation. The humus acids of peat, A, Stutzer {Deut. Landw. Pressc, S7 {1910), 'No. 81, pp. S82-883; lUiis. Landw. Ztg., 30 (1910), No. 82, pp. 769, 770; Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 23 (1910), No. 37, pp. 1760, 1761; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 19, p. 1171). — This is a note on investigations by Baumann and Gully which have already been referred to (E. S. R., 23, p. 715), in which certain pi-actical conclusions are drawn regarding the cultivation of upland moors. On the basis of the investigations referred to, it is recommended that potash be used on such moors in liberal amounts, but only in the form of 40 per cent potash salt and not as kainit and carnallit, phosplioric acid in liberal amounts in the form of Thomas slag, and only so much burnt lime as is sufficient to neutralize the mineral acids set free in the soil from the potash salts used. The larger the amount of Thomas slag used, the less will be the quantity of lime required, and in many cases it may be entirely dispensed with. On the humus acids of bleisand and ortstein, Ii. IIorndergee (Landw. Vers, ^iat., 73 (1910), No. 1-3, pp. 221-233; al)s. in Chem. Al)s., 4 (1910), No. 19, p. 2703). — The author finds from 63.5 to 64.1 ]ier cent of cai'bon in the humus extract of bleisand (gray sand) and from 42.4 to 42.5 per cent in ortstein (hardpan). These results agree in general with those of Mayer (E. S. R., 15, p. 761; 16, p. 859) in showing a higher percentage of carbon in the humus of bleisand than in that of ortstein. The higher carbon content was associated with a lower ash content. With the method used a large amount of alumina was precipitated with the humus and this alumina when heated to 120° retained as much as 86 per cent of water, with the result that the calculated composition of the humus was too high in hydrogen and oxygen and too low in carbon in some cases. The author did not find in his experiments the reduction of the carbon con- tent of the bleisand humus acids through the action of iron chlorid as reported by Mayer. A contribution to the question of determination of the plant food content of a soil plat, H. Kaserer (Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Ostcrr., 13 (1910), No. 8, pp. 7}f2-7Jf7, fig. 1). — In view of the variation in plant food within very small areas, the author undertook a study on a plat of known history of methods of sampling to obtain reliable data as to the amount and distribution SOILS FERTILIZERS. 321 of plant food in the soil. His general conclusion is in harmony with conclu- sions from previous work at the same place, namely, that it is necessary to (leal with composites of a large number of samples of soil carefully taken over the area of the plat, about one sample for each square meter being necessary. The importance of a knowledge of the soil to colonial agriculture, P. Vagelek (Tropcnpjkinzer, 1// {1910), No. 10, pp. 521-527). — The importance of a knowledge of the soil to the pioneer farmer is pointed out. The conservation of the fertility of the soil, A. D. Hall and E. J. Russell (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1909, pp. 710-713). — This article covers practically the same ground as an article already noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 519). Agricultural practice in the Indies, H. Van Warmelo (Cultura, 22 {1910), Nos. 262, pp. 317-329; 263, pp. 372-377; 26Ji-265, pp. 437-////8).— This is a dis- cussion of factors affecting the fertility of the soil, such as composition, soil flora and fauna, depth of surface soil, physical properties, and climatic condi- tions, which are beyond the control of man, and soil cultivation and improve- ment which are more or less within his control. The discussion applies par- ticularly to conditions such as prevail in the Dutch Bast Indian possessions. Soil robbery and fertilizing in the light of recent experiments; Schneide- wiND {Landio. Wchnschr. Sachscn, 12 {1910), No. 12, p. 93; ahs. in Cheni. Ztg., S.'i {1910), No, 62, Repert., p. 2-^1). — Experiments which have been carried on for a number of years by the author indicate that under ordinary methods of intensive culture with liberal use of manure and fertilizers there was a marked depletion of the nitrogen and potash supply of the soil. There was a relative increase of the phosphoric acid under such a system. Different kinds of stable manure as sources of phosphoric acid, M. A. Egorov {Zhitr. Opijtn. Ayron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 2, pp. 178-186, fig. 1). — Comparative tests were made of monopotassium phosphate, phytin, iron phosphate, mouocalcium phosphate, and pigeon, cow, and horse manure in pot experiments with pure sand (8.S lbs. per pot), the crop grown being oats. A basal fertilizer mixture of calcium nitrate, magnesium sulphate, potassium chlorid, and ferric chlorid was used, and the different materials named above were used in amounts furnishing 0.2S3S gm. of phosphoric acid per pot. It was found that in general the phosphoric acid of phytin was well assimi- lated by the oats. The phosphoric acid of the different kinds of manure was more assimilable than that of the normal culture solution. The amount of phosphoric acid assimilated was greatest in the case of horse manure, and this is in agreement with the results of analyses, which showed the largest amount of easily soluble phosphoric acid in this material. The author is of the opinion that while the results of these experiments do not warrant generalizations they show that it is important to take into account not only the total phosphoric acid, but also the forms in which it occurs in manures. The manurial value of different legumes, R. W. Thatcher {Washington 8ta. Popular Bui. 32, pp. //). — This publication reports the percentage of nitro- gen in tops, roots, nodules, and whole plant of a number of legumes grown on the college farm in 1909, and discusses the needs of the soil of different parts of the State with reference to growth of legumes for green manure. The nitro- gen in dry matter of the whole plant varied from 1.5 per cent in alfalfa to 3.5 per cent in Tangier pea {Latliyrus tingitanus), and that of nodules from 1.6 per cent in case of sanfoin to 6.92 per cent in case of alfalfa. The action of ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate, Lindenberg {Ilhis. Landw. Ztg., 30 {1910), Nos. 81, pp. 757, 758; 82, pp. 768, 769).— A resume of the results of various experiments shows that the relative efficiency of 100 per 322 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. cent for sodium nitrate to 90 per cent for ammonium sulphate is correct in most cases. However, the ammonium sulphate gave better yields in a few instances than the sodium nitrate. From the results of his own experiment on sugar beets, with superphosphate and sodium nitrate as the basal fertilizer, the au- thor found that a fall application of ammonium sulphate gave better yields than "^-a spring application. The sokibility of organic forms of nitrogen in fertilizers, J. P. Street (Connecticut State 8ta. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 5, pp. Ji30-Jili2). — As preliminary to a study of the availability to crops of water-soluble and permanganate-soluble forms of nitrogen, and to devise if possible a laboratory method for determin- ing the agricultural value of organic forms of nitrogen, the ammonia evolved on distillation with magnesia, the water-soluble, and the permanganate-soluble nitrogen were determined in 117 samples of organic nitrogenous materials used in fertilizer mixtures. These included 35 kinds of materials of all grades of a.gricultural value. The average results obtained with the principal materials are given in the following table : SoluhilUy of nitrogen of fertilizinn materials. Material. Num- ber of sam- ples. Nitrogen. As am- monia. As water- soluble As per- man- ganate- soluble or- ganic. As in- soluble or- ganic. Solubility of or- ganic nitrogen. Total. Water- insolu- Tile or- ganic. Dried blood Hoof meal Cotton-seed meal. Bone Pried fish Tankage Tankage (alleged) Castor pomace. . . Peruvian guano. . Garbage tankage. Sheep manure Peat Tobacco stems . . . Per ct. 11.67 15.00 7.03 3.84 7.94 5.80 5. .57 5.24 5.40 2.54 2.42 2.89 2. .51 Per ct. 0.11 .35 .08 .00 .67 .27 2.33 .08 1.77 .07 .39 .09 Per ct. 0..32 1.19 .08 1.12 1.69 1.52 .65 .68 1.11 .40 .38 .08 .52 Per ct. 10.77 12.78 5.85 2.56 5.07 3.61 1.63 3.95 2.02 1.06 .79 1.13 .44 Per ct. 0.47 .68 .42 .16 .51 .40 .96 .53 .28 1.01 .86 1.59 .08 Per ct. 96 95 94 90 93 93 70 90 92 59 58 43 59 These results indicate that digestion with a 2 per cent neutral solution of potassium permanganate " may offer a means of determining the approximate relative value of the organic nitrogen found in commercial fertilizers." The method was applied to 252 samples of mixed fertilizers with the following results : SoIuMlity of nitrogen of mixed fertilizers. Number of brands. Total ni- trogen. Permanganate solu- bility of water- insoluble organic nitrogen. Number of brands. Total ni- trogen. Permanganate solu- bility of water- insoluble organic nitrogen. Variation. Average. Variation. Average. 3 Per cent. Under 1.00 1.01-1.50 1.51-2.00 2.01-2.50 2.51-3.00 Per cent. 56-60 50-85 46-91 48-93 51-92 Per cent. 58 65 71 74 73 65 Per cent. 3. 01-4. 00 4.01-5.00 5-01-6. 00 6. 01-7. 00 Over 8. 00 Per cent. 58-98 37-97 71-94 92-94 83-89 Per cent. 81 16 32._ 87 32 8 86 49 2 93 43 2 86 SOILS FERTILIZERS. 323 The solubility of the nitrogen of the mixed fertilizers agreed closely with that of the nitrogen of the materials used in the fertilizer, and showed that with few individual exceptions the high grade fertilizers (those containing the most nitrogen) had a higher nitrogen solubility than the low grade goods. Pot tests of several of the nitrogenous materials on rye showed that all of the materials classed as inferior by determination of solubility in permanganate showed a decided inferiority to dried blood, which was used as a standard for comparison. Peat appeared to be almost worthless as a source of nitrogen, and the nitrogen of the other materials was found to be from about one-fifth to four-tenths as available as that of dried blood. Nitric acid from air nitrogen (Ainer. Fcrt., 33 (1010), A'o. Jl, pp. 26, 27, figs. 2). — The operation of the Paulling process as applied at Innsbruck in Austria and La Roche de liame near P.riancon in the French Alps is briefly described. It is stated that this process is second in commercial importance only to the Birkeland and Eyde process. Calcium cyanamid: Its analysis and the changes it undergoes when ex- posed to the atmosphere, C. Krioux (Ann. Chim. Analyt., 15 (1910), No. 9, pp. 3',l-3'i6; a'bs. in Jour. Soc. Clicm. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 19, iw. 1171, 1172).— This article describes the changes which calcium cyanamid undergoes when exposed to the air, and gives a method for determining the relative proportions of cyanamid and dicyandiamid in calcium cyanamid. This method is based upon the fact that calcium cyanamid or cyanamid yields, with an ammoniacal solution of silver nitrate, a precipitate which contains all of the cyanamid ni- trogen, and further that silver nitrate in the presence of potassium hydroxid precipitates all three substances. The decomposition of cyanamid by mineral constituents of the soil, H. Kappen (FiihUng's Landw. Ztg., 59 (1910), No. 19, pp. 657-679).— From studies of the action of natural compounds of iron, manganese and aluminum, and of precipitated iron, aluminum, and manganese hydroxids, and of silicic acid on calcium cyanamid, as well as on the behavior of the cyanamid in soils, the author concludes in agreement with Stutzer and Reis (E. S. R., 23, p. 71S), and with Ulpiani (E. S. R., 24, p. 22(5) that the decompositiim of the cyanamid may be purely inorganic in character, although bacteriological action is not ex- cluded. Experinients with potash fertilizers, W. Schneidewind, D. Meyee, and F. MiJNTER (LandiD. Jahrh., 39 (1910), Ergdnsungsh. 3, pp. 2.'i7-253, pis. 2; ahs. in Cliem. Zenthl., 19:10, II, No. 6, p. Ji06; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind%is., 29 (1910), Xo. 17. p. 1070). — These pot experiments included comparisons of phonolite with potassium chlorid and carbonate, and tests of the effect of sodium chlorid, sodium sulphate, magnesium chlorid, and magnesium sulphate applied with the phonolite on beets. The soil used was composed of SO per cent sand from uncultivated land and 20 per cent clay loam from the Lauchstiidt district. Ayith potatoes, beets, summer wheat, and a mixture of clover and grass on sandy clay loam, phonolite showed very little fei'tilizing effect, even the potash of the phonolite soluble in hydrochloric acid being much less effective than potassium chlorid and carbonate. The application of sodium chlorid and sodium sulphate with the phonolite increased the yield of fodder beets con- siderably, but magnesium sulphate did not increase the yield, and magnesium chlorid materially retarded it. The increase with sodium chlorid was greater than with sodium sulphate. Both sodium chlorid and magnesium chlorid in- creased the utilization of the soil potash, but with no increase in yield in the latter case. 81088°— No. 4—11 3 324 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. » The increase in the world's consumption of potash for agricultural pur- poses, Maizieres {Engrain, 25 (1010), lA'o. ////, pp. 1217, 121 S). — According to the figures given in this article the total consumption of potash for agricultui'al purposes was 2,701,715 quintals (about 297,189 tons) of pure potash in 1901 and 5,878,211 quintals (646,603 tons) in 1909. The largest consumers were Germany, 3,057.962 quintals (336,376 tons) and the United States, 1,476,143 quintals (162,376 tons). [Meeting of scientists interested in the potash industry] {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 23 (1910), No. Jjl, pp. 1953-1957). — This is an account of the meeting held at Halberstadt in October, 1910, of representatives of the Association of German Chemists and of the Society for the Scientific Advancement of the German Potash Deposits. Various papers bearing upon investigations on potash salts and deposits are noted. Report on the geological investigation of phosphorite deposits, I, Govern- ment Kostroma, A. D. Arkhangelskii, A. P. Ivanov, and Y. V. Samoilov {Abs. in Zliur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 2, pp. 231}- 236). — Investigations of the phosphate deposits along the Volga and TJnzha rivers indicated the presence of 150,000,000 poods (2,705,250 tons) of rather high grade phosphates and 80,000,000 poods (1,442,800 tons) of rather low grade phosphates in these deposits. On the method of formation of tricalcic phosphate in Algeria and Tunis, J. RoussEL {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 {1910), No. 13, pp. 600-602, figs. 2; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], J/S {1910), II, No. 15, p. /^77).— It is held that at the time of formation these phosphates consisted of a mixture of calcium phosphate aud calcium carbonate deposited under water, the deposition going on in some cases without interruption and in other cases with frequent inter- ruptions, resulting in a replacement of the calcium carbonate. The author is of the opinion that the sedimentary tricalcium phosphate is of animal origin. An important new source of phosphate, Maizii:res {Engrais, 25 {1910), No. J/l, pp. 1132, 1133). — Reference is made to deposits in the Mazapil Valley, Mexico, which are said to be of considerable extent. The availability of the phosphoric acid of different phosphates, K. K. Gedroits {Trad Hi Selsk. KJioz. Khim. Lab. Si. Petcrb., 6 {190.'f-1907), pp. 3^3- 405, figs. 18; abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 2, pp. 228-230). — Pot experiments with freshly precipitated, dried, and ignited phosphates of calcium, aluminum, and iron on barren sand (with flax and mustard) and on sandy chernozem (with flax, oats, and mustard) are reported. The effect of calcium carbonate and of different sources of nitrogen on the availability of the phosphoric acid was studied in these experiments. The results on both the chernozem and the liarren sand indicated that the availability and the effect of the different phosphates depended lax'gely upon the kind of soil aud plant used in the experiments. The iron phosphate was the least available without regard to kind of soil or crop. The comparative availability of calcium and aluminum phosphates clearly depended upon the character of soil and crop. Where the effect of the soil did not enter into account the aluminum phosphate was more available than calcium phosphate in case of mustard, but when the soil, and especially its supply of carbon dioxid, was the active factor there was no difference in the availability of these two phosphates. Even in this case, however, the aluminum phosphate was more available than calcium phosphate for flax and oats. Without regard to the kind of nitrogenous fertilizer associated with them, all the phosphates were more readily assimilated by mustard than by flax and pats, and some were more readily assimilated by flax than by oats. Ammonium SOILS FEETILIZERS. 325 sulphate and ammonium nitrate increased ttie availability of the phosphoric acid of the soil and of the phosphates but did not always increase the yield. Calcium carbonate reduced the availability of calcium phosphate. On nearly neutral soils such as were used in these experiments, containing little free organic acids stronger than carbon dioxid, calcium carbonate slightly increased the availability of aluminum and iron phosphates. Agricultural value of calciaied and ground mineral phosphates, M. de MoLiNARi and O. Ligot (Ann. Gcnihloux, 20 {1910), A'o. 11, pp. 601-607, pis. 2). — Two samples of such phosphate, containing 24.8 and 18.3 per cent of phos- phoric acid, respectively, of which only a small proportion was soluble in am- monium citrate or citric acid, were compared with Thomas slag in pot experi- ments with oats grown on soil and sand. In no case did the calcined phosphate show any appreciable effect, while the Thomas slag showed a marked benefit. Gypsum deposits of New York, D. H. Newland and H. Leighton (iV. Y. State Mas. Bnl. l-'/S, pp. 94, pis. 18, figs. 8, maps //). — This bulletin deals quite fully with the history of the gypsum industry in New York, the composition, character, and uses of gypsum, the general geology, distribution, and character of the gypsum deposits of New York, the permanence of the gypsum supply, the methods of prospecting and exploiting gypsum deposits, the origin of gyp- sum, the properties of gypsum and theory of its transformation to plasters, and the technology of gypsum plasters. It also contains a bibliography of papers and reports relating to the gypsum deposits of New York, It is stated that " the most important use of raw gypsum is as a soil amend- ment, for which purpose the rock, pure or impure as it may be, is simply crushed and ground to a powder." The use of land plaster is very ancient, but recently there has been a decided falling off in the land plaster industry, probably due to the development of other uses of gypsum. Can the lime of calcium silicate serve as plant food? H. Mieth {Lnndio. Vers. Stat., 74 (1910), No. 1-2, pp. 81-120).— The author reviews other investi- ' gations bearing on this subject and reports water culture experiments on oats in which part of the lime of tlie culture solution was supplied by different forms of calcium silicate. The lime of the silicate wms taken up readily and without injury by the plant. There was no marked difference in growth with the different silicates used. The plants took up much more silicic acid than lime. The silicates were apparently decomposed by the life activities of the plant (excretion of carbon dioxid by the roots) with the prodviction of free silicic acid and cal- cium carbonate. That the r»lant tried to obtain silicic acid was shown by the fact that those not supplied with this substance in the culture solution took up a small amount from the glass of the vessels in which the experiments were amde. Account should be taken of easily decomposable calcium silicate as a source both of lime and silicic acid. The use of gas liquor for fertilizing purposes, H. Rygard (Jour. OasheleucM., 53 (1910), pp. 21,6, 247; abs. in Cheni. Zentbl., 1910. I, No. 26, p. 2132).— The gas liquor was neutralized with sulphuric acid, mixed with peat, and used only after it had been allowed to decompose for some time. Report on commercial fertilizers, 1910, E. H. Jenkins and J. P. Street (Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 5, pp. 375-430, 4//2-//54 ) .— This report gives the results of analyses and valuations of 661 samples of mixed fertilizers and fertilizing materials examined during the year. The fertilizing materials included 22 samples of nitrate of soda, in which the average percentage of nitrogen was 15.24, the average cost of nitrogen per pound being 16.1 cts. ; and 157 samples of cotton-seed meal, in which the average 326 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. percentage of nitrogen was 6.79, and the average cost of nitrogen per pound was 24.7 cts. These figures, as well as those given for other organic sources of nitrogen, show that the nitrogen of nitrate of soda, which is unquestionably the most quickly and fully available form accessible, is also the cheapest at present prices. Beport of analyses of commercial fertilizers and Paris green, J. E. Halli- GAN {Louisiana Bias. Fcrt. Rpt. 1909-10, pp. 76). — This bulletin reports an- alyses and valuations of 6,599 samples of fertilizers and 1 sample of Paris green examined during the year 1909-10. The fertilizers examined included besides complete fertilizers and other standard fertilizing materials, 2.37 sam- ples of bone meal, 829 samples of tankage, and 408 samples of cotton-seed meal. The quality of the different classes of fertilizers is discussed, and it is shown that there is a tendency for the complete fertilizers to be deficient in nitrogen. Commercial fertilizers in 1909-10, G. S. Fkaps {Texas Sta. Bui. 133, pp. ff-18, fig. 1). — This bulletin reports analyses and valuations of fertilizers in-, spected under the Texas fertilizer law during the season 1909-10. It is stated that the quantity of commercial fertilizers exclusive of cotton-seed meal sold during the year in Texas was 34,000 tons as compared with 23,800 tons the previous year. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Soil bacteriological investigations, 13. Heinze {Landio. Jahrh., 39 {1910), Erganzimgsb. 3, pp. 31^-343; ahs. in Chcm. Zcntbl, 1910, 11, No. 6, p. 40Jt).— Investigations begun in 1904 on bacteriological conditions in fallow soils, on the assimilation of nitrogen by different kinds of bacteria, and on nodule-forming bacteria as related to the cultivation of leguminous plants, are reported. It was found that repeated cultivation of fallow land materially increased the number of organisms, the number being highest in the summer months and lowest during the fall and spring. Phosphoric acid and potash apparently had no effect on the number of bacteria but aided materially in the breaking down of organic matter. The organic substances (straw, sugar, starch), as well as the organic nitrogenous compounds (asparagin, peptone, albumin), materially increased the number of organisms, although the inorganic nitrogenous com- pounds (sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate) did not exert an ap])reciable Influence in this respect. Among the most important soil organisms found in the fallow were those which ferment pectin compounds, cellulose, and hunuis, ammonifying and nitrifying organisms, and Azotobacter. For the assimilation of nitrogen, Azotobacter and other organisms require the presence of large quan- tities of organic substances (sugar, starch, cellulose, humus, etc.), the neces- sary mineral compounds, and a neutral or weak alkaline reaction of the soil. The author describes a method of culture by which the original strength can be restored to Azotobacter which has apparently been greatly reduced in nitro- gen-fixing power. Humus substances and phosphoric acid were especially fa- vorable to the growth and nitrogen-fixing power of Azotobacter. The nitrogen which was assimilated by Azotobacter and fixed in form of protein compounds was quickly broken down again. Lupine-sick and clover-sick soils were restored to normal condition by the ap- plication of inoculated serradella soil. Hiltner's recent views regarding the two groups of legume organisms were not substantiated by these investigations, although his earlier conclusions regarding the identity of specific legume organisms were confirmed. All of the more re- cent observations show that serradella and lupines do not show any special pref- erence for sandy soils. An important point brought out in these investigations is that utilization of the nitrogen of the soil and of the air goes on simultane- AGEICTJLTUEAL BOTANY, 327 ously and that there does not have to be a complete or even lai'ge depletion of soil nitrogen before the nodule-forming processes begin. Some bacteriological relations in soils kept under greenhouse conditions, J. G. LiPMAN and I. L. Owen (Jonr. Agr. 8ci., 3 (1910), No. 3, i)p. SOl-310).— The results are given of the effects of varying quantities of acid phosphate and citric acid on the number of colonies on agar plates, the influence of small additions of fertile soil on the bacterial content of quartz sand properly sup- plied with plant food, the number of bacteria in greenhouse soils as affected by the addition of organic matter and of cultures of Bacillus mycoidcs, and the influence of gypsum on the number of soil bacteria that form colonies on ngar plates. Considered in their entirety, these experiments indicate that in greenhouse soils there may be at first a very rapid increase of decay bacteria to numbers above the normal and then a gradual decline to numbers decidedly below the normal, while the nitrifying organisms become more prominent as the others gradually decrease. There were indications of periodicity in the increase and decrease of the decay bacteria in the soil, and it is possible that with a much loiiger period of observation, the numbers of bacteria-producing colonies on agar plates would rise again to very considerable proportions. On measuring' the activity of aerobic bacteria in the soil by the amount of carbon dioxid produced, F. H. Hesselink van Sltchtelen (Ccntbl. Bakt. [cfc], 2. Ahf., 28 (1910), No. 1-3, pi). J,5-89, fig. J).— The author gives the re- sults of experiments on the activity of soil micro-organisms, in which the amount of carbon dioxid evolved is used as a means of determining the in- tensity of their activity. By this method the effects on bacterial activity of pulverization, aeration, water content, frosts, the addition of different substances to the soil, such as dextrose, mannit, straw, minerals, .etc., and of the partial sterilization of soils by carbon bisulphid, were tested, as well as the activity of soil bacteria at different depths and in different soils. The method consists of passing a measured quantity of carbon-dioxid-free air for a given time through S-liter flasks, each containing usually 6 kg. of the soil at a temperature of from 10 to 12° C., and then measuring the quantity of the carbon dioxid evolved. Comparisons made of the results obtained by this method and those obtained under similar conditions by plate cultures show in many instances approxi- mately equivalent results for the activities tested. It is therefore claimed that by the carbon dioxid method one can determine with accuracy the more important factors which influence the bacterial life of the soil, especially under ordinary field conditions. The assimilation of ammonia, nitrate, and amid nitrogen by micro- organisms, S. BiEREMA (Die Assimilation von Ammon-, Nltrut-, und Amiil- sticlxstoff (lurch Mikroorganlsmen. Inaug. Diss., Leipsic, 1909, pp. 83, pis. 7; ahs. in Jahreshcr. Lamln:, 2.'f (1909), p. Jfl). — The author claims that the microbiological utilization of most nitrogen compounds occurs both in crudt» and pure cultures under suitable conditions, that is, when the appropriate carbohydrate is present as a source of energy. He also states that molds can assimilate nitrogen compounds. A further contribution on white mustard in its relation to nitrogen assimi- lation, O. Lemmermann et al. (Landw. Vers. Stat., 73 (1910), No. 6, pp. Jf2.5- 1,56; abs. in Illus. Landw. Ztg., 30 (1910), No. 75, p. 709).— In a series of experi- ments similar to those previously reported (E. S. R., 20, p. 717), it was found that during the growing period soils on which white mustard was grown had a slight, but plainly evident, nitrogen increase over similar plant-free soils, but 328 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, after the mustard was harvested there was no appreciable difference in the niti'ogen content of the two soils. The addition of sugar to the soils increased the nitrogen gain in each, but not more so in the mustard than in the plant-free soil. The influence of fertilizers on straw {Rev. Sci. [Pat-is], J/S {1910), II, No. Ut, J)]). J/SS, Ji39). — This is a note on a review by J. Kissel of investigations by Vogeler and Thiele on the effect of various combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash on the growth of plants. It was found that phosphoric acid thickened the cell walls and reduced the size of the cells, thus increasing the density of the straw. The opposite effect was produced by nitrogenous fertilizers. The results with potash on oats and grasses were inconclusive. Lime produced the same effect as nitrogen but to a less degree. The combined action of these four constituents thickened the cell walls but increased the size of the cells. A complete, well-balanced fer- tilizer produced better results as regards the cell structure than one-sided fertilizing. The effect of various salts on the respiration of plants and upon respira- tory enzyms, W, Zaleski and A. Reinhaed {Biochem. Ztschr., 27 {1910), No. 5-6, pp. 450~Jf73). — The authors state that the effect of various common salts on the activity of plants depends upon a number of factors, and they report a study of the action of potassium nitrate, dipotassium phosphate, disodium phos- phate, calcium nitrate, potassium carbonate, magnesium sulphate, etc., on the respiration and respiratory enzyms of wheat, maize, peas, rape, and lupines, comparing the respiration of the plants grown in distilled water with those receiving varying amounts of the salts in solution. In nearly every instance a depressing effect of the salt was noticed in the lowered respiration of the seedlings. In a similar way the effect of the neutral salts lowered the action of the enzyms, reductase, catalase, and zymase. The authors hold that their exjlpriments show that the salts in nutrient solutions have no stimulating effect on the respiratory enzyms of seeds and that whatever stimulation is exerted is due to other causes. Their effect is held to be an indirect one. Some, acting on the hydrolytic ferments, assist in the breaking down of the proteids and carbohydrates, while others assist in the synthesis of the protoplasm in the cells. The action of ultraviolet rays on plants containing coumarin and also plants whose odor is due to the splitting' of glucosids, Pougnet {Compt. Bend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151\ {1910), No. 12, pp. 566-569). — Experiments were carried on with a quartz mercury lamp to test the action of ultraviolet rays on Meli- lotus, Asperula. Anthoxauthum, and Herniaria, which are characterized by the odor of coumarin, and on cress, horseradish, radish, and the leaves of cherry laurel, which owe their characteristic odor to the splitting of the glucosids contained in them. The action of the ultraviolet rays soon resulted in the appearance of the characteristic odor In all the plants. The cells were found to be killed by the light rays, while the ferments remained active. In this respect the action of ultraviolet rays is said to be comparable with that of other agents which induce changes following the death of the cell. The exchange of gases during the formation and destruction of antho- cyanin, R. Combes {Bcv. Gen. Bot., 22 {1910), No. 257, pp. 177-212).— A pre- liminary account of the author's investigations on the exchange of gases in the leaves of plants during the formation and disappearance of red coloring matter in the leaves has already been noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 52S). In the present paper a full account is given of the experiments in which he studied the correlation between oxygen and anthocyaniu in Rumex, CEnothera, Allan- AGEICULTUKAL BOTANY. 329 thus, and other plants the foliage of which is characterized at times by a deep red coloration. The author claims that the appearance of anthocyanin is correlated with an accumulation of oxygen in the tissues and its disappearance with a noticeable loss of that gas. The variation in the gas exchange is regulated by the chloro- phyll activity; hence the formation of the red coloring matter is intimately connected with assimilation. The actual formation of the red pigment Is due to the accumulation of carbohydrates in the cells, and perhaps the glucosids undergo a kind of oxidation by which they are transformed into anthocyanin. The role of catalase in plants, Anna Rosenberg {Ber. Dent. Bot. GeselL, 28 (1910). No. 7, pp. 280-2SS). — A study was made of the catalase activity of various seeds, the seed being digested with water, allowed to stand for an hour, mixed with Merck's Perhydrol (hydrogen peroxid), and the oxygen given off determined by a manometer. A number of experiments were carried out with seeds representing cereals, leguminous plants, and oil-bearing plants, and also with wheat seedlings, which showed that the catalase acted as an aerobic ferment. The chemistry of chlorophyll, R. Willstattee (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adi\ Sci., 1909, pp. 667, 668). — An abstract is given of a paper read by the author before the British Association in which he gives a summary of the present state of information relative to the chemistry of chlorophyll. He claims that the older investigations showed little regarding the nature of chlorophyll, but that the recent discovery that phylloporphyrin, a degra- dation product, is closely related to derivatives of hjemin, is very important. The difference between chlorophyll and haemin in regard to the metal held in their molecules is of vital importance. The author has established that the chlorophyll of all classes of plants contains magnesium and no other metal, and that the magnesium in the chlorophyll has an important part in the assimi- lation of carbon dioxid. He claims that failure to detect the presence of magnesium in chlorophyll is probably due to the fact that chlorophyll is very sensitive toward acids, which completely eliminate the metal. In investigating the action of alkali on chlorophyll it was found that the continued action yields first green chlorophyllins, then blue glaucophyllin and red rhodopliyllin, and finally red pyrrophyllin and phyllophyllin. Gentle warming with acids has led to the discovery of phytol. This appeared to be present in nearly all plants examined, although it is not believed to be an essential component of chlorophyll. Out of more than 100 species of plants examined, only in a few species of Labiatte and Solanacese was there any ex- ception to the occurrence of phytol in the chlorophyll. Perception of light in plants, H. Wager {RjH. Brit, Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1909, p. 67 Jf). — Attention has been previously called (E. S. R., 22, p. 26) to the sug- gestion of Haberlandt that light perception on the part of plants is a function of the cytoplasm lining the epidermal cell walls. The author thinks that on morphological and physiological grounds this is not a satisfactory explanation, and proposes the alternative view that the chlorophyll grains are the percipient organs. He claims that the rays of light which are absorbed by the chlorophyll are the only ones which appear to be functional in heliotropism, and that these by their action on the various coloring materials contained in the chlorophyll may set up in the cytoplasm changes necessary to bring about the stimulus. The effect of longitudinal compression upon the production of mechanical tissue in stems, L. H. Pennington (Bot. Gaz., 50 {1910), No. J,, pp. 257-28Jf, flgs. 2). — An investigation was luidertaken with woody and herbaceous plants to determine experimentally the effect of weight which produced longitudinal compression in vertical stems. The experiments with woody plants were con- 330 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ducted iu the garden during the spring and summer, while those upon the herbaceous plants were carried on in the greenhouse during the winter and in the garden during the summer. The conclusions of the author are as follows : " The four woody stems show no increase in mechanical strength or in the amount or kind of mechanical tissue under the influence of longitudinal com- pression. " In young herbaceous stems the development of mechanical strength in the tissues is somewhat retarded by a longitudinal compression caused by compara- tively heavy weights. " Neither light weights nor heavy weights have any appreciable effect upon the growth and strength of herbaceous stems which have already formed a cylinder of mechanical or woody tissue. " Continuous longitudinal compression causes no marked differences in the size or form of any part of the stem which is subjected to the compression, excepting of course mechanical changes which might be caused by excessive compression." A bibliography is appended to the article. The delayed germination of seeds, L. H. Pammet. {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1909, pp. 673, Gl'i ) . — A report is given of investigations on the germination of weed seeds, a preliminary account having been noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 15, p. 49) of earlier work, in which it was found that in general the effect of freez- ing and thawing was to increase the percentage of germination, especially of seeds with hard coats. The later investigations were conducted with the seeds of 130 species of weeds, part of which were placed in paper packages and planted each month. Another lot was stratified in sand and subjected to Iowa conditions. This experiment was begun in the fall of 1905 and continued until the spring of 1909. The germination of the seeds was low during all the months, but in most instances was better for the samples stratified iu sand than those kept in paper packages. The fluctuation in germination is believed to be due to factors that are not yet known. In the case of studies made on the vitality of soft maple seed, it was found that these seed ordinarily soon lose their vitality but may be kept for a number of weeks in the refrigerator without losing their germinating power. Relation of soil moisture to desert vegetation, B. B. Livingston {Bot. Oaz., 50 (1910), No. 4, pp. 241-256, dgms. //). — In continuation of a previous report on the relation between vegetation and environmental conditions ( E. S. R., 22, p. 325), the author presents data on the relation between soil moisture and desert vegetation. Studies were made of soils occurring on the hill where the Carnegie Desert Laboratory is situated, the plain below, and the slopes and wash, the water-holding power of each being determined. During the driest months of the year the water-retaining capacity of the different samples was 22.7, 16.1, 15.5, and S.4 per cent, respectively. Viewed from the general plant activities, the different soil types respond to their pro- portionate water-retaining capacities, the hill soil being fir.st, followed by that of the plain, with the slope and wash soils in the order named. The results of the study emphasize the importance of considering the water- holding power of soil in its relation to plant distribution. The fundamental causes of succession among plant associations, H. C. CowLES {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1909, pp. 668-670).— The most important factors that contribute to changes iu plant formations are held to be changes in the humus content of soils and an increase or decrease in the amount of shade. Other factors are plant invasions and topographical changes. Geolog- FIELD CROPS. 331 ical changes affect plant successions, but of necessity they are very slow in their action. Mineral content of the leaves of fruit trees, L. Richter (Landw. Vers. Stat., 73 (1910), No. 6, pp. 457-478). — As a contribution to the autumn translocation of mineral materials the author gives the results of a study of the mineral con- tent of the leaves of the apple, pear, cherry, and plum at different stages of growth, and of comparisons of the ash content of leaves and flower buds. Comparing the leaf and flower buds of the cherry and plum, the water con- tent of the flower buds was found to be higher than that of the leaf buds, while in the dry substance the flower buds were poorer in lime and phosphoric acid than the leaf buds. Nitrogen and potash were similarly distributed, although the differences were not so marked. In regard to the autumn changes, samples of 100 leaves each of the different species were analyzed at intervals of about .3 weeks, covering the growing period. The proportion of nitrogen to total dry substance was found gradually to diminish from the period of its maximum, which varied in different species, until the last period, when the loss was quite marked. A similar translocation of phosphoric acid was noted. The potash content was almost constant, although it diminished considerably during the later stages of growth. The lime content increased until nearly the end of the growing period, when there was a similar falling off. The ash content of all leaves except the plum was fairly constant during the second stage of growth, but during the time that elapsed between the last two samplings there was a decided falling off. The author claims there is a decided relation between the weather and translocation. If warm weather continues well into the autumn much of the mineral material of the leaves will be translocated, but if a sudden early fall in temperature occurs the leaves are liable to drop from the trees before translocation can be effected. Amount of copper in tea sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, H. E. Annett and S. C. Kar (Jour. Agr. 8cl., 3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 3Vi-316).— Tests for the presence of copper in unsprayed tea and that sprayed with Bordeaux mixture showed that the unsprayed tea contained ttj gr. per pound, while the sprayed tea contained * gr. per pound. Tests were also made of the infusion from 36 gm. of sjirayed tea leaves, and showed that if one drank as much as S cupfuls, only an inappreciable amount of copper (0.0002 gr.) would be taken into the system. FIELD CROPS. The electrification of crops, J. W. Robertson (Field [London], 116 (1910), Nos. 3012, p. 516; 3013, p. 622; SOU, p. 665; 3015, p. 709, figs. 13).— In this series of articles the author has gathered together the results obtained in various countries in investigations of the influence of electricity upon growing crops. J. E. Newman could discover no effect on strawberries at Evesham, but the entire field was abnormal and yielded 4 tons per acre of jam fruit. A wire run down the middle of a greenhouse and not more than 3 ft. from the straw- berries apparently caused a marked improvement of the electrified fruit, the crop being sweeter though not heavier. Both English and German investigators are quoted as finding that electrification increases the sugar content of the sugar beet. Mr. Newman reports in his work with wheat that " the result last year was a difference between 30 and 36i bu. per acre. In Scotland last year barley gave a small increase in the grain. . . . They have had a very dry season indeed in Scotland until a fortnight ago, and when I walked over the oats I could not see that there was any advantage gained by the electrified plats this 332 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. season." The Scotcti experiments were conducted at Balmakewan, Kincardine- shire, where the electrified portions of the tests include 23 acres in approxi- mately 4i-acre plats, each in one stage of a 5-year rotation. The author presents a table of British results, secured with the use of high tension electricity from a coil and valves, except that the larger portion of the experiments at Bitton were with electricity from an influence machine. At Bitton, the yield of beans was decreased 15 per cent but their earliness was increased 5 days and that of cabbages 10 days. The yield and the earliness of cucumbers were increased. One-year old strawberry plants had their fruit production increased 80 ])er cent and sent out more runners. Five-year plants yielded 36 per cent increase. At Gloucester, beets showed a 33 per cent increase and carrots a 50 per cent increase in 1905. At Evesham, strawberries showed a 25 per cent increase in yield in 1907, a 9 per cent decrease in 1908, a 2 per cent decrease in 1909, and less than 1 per cent difference in 1910. The electri- fied plats of tomatoes produced more pounds of fruit per plant than the non- electrified plat, while Red Fife and White Queen wheat were increased 39 and 29 per cent respectively in 1906 and lied Fife 29 per cent in 1907. In 1908 the increase of square head wheat at this point was 24.3 per cent, in 1909 that of Red Fife 23 per cent, and in 1906 there was a 5 per cent increase in barley yield but the crop was very irregular, probably because of irregularity in manur- ing. At Balmakewan, mangels showed an increase of IS per cent, potatoes an increase in leafage but none in tubers, oats an increase of 6* per cent in grain and 8 per cent in straw, and turnips only a small increase. At Dumfries, Miss E. C. Dudgeon finds that onions show a marked difference, beets and carrots less. Potatoes show more leafage. This experiment is to be increased from 0.1 acre to a 6-acre field. At Falkenrede, Germany, the results indicated in the following table have been obtained : Relative yields in 1910 at Falkenrede, Plat. Rye. Wheat. Barley. Oats. Grain. Straw. Grain. Straw. Grain. Straw. Grain. Straw. 1 Per cent. 92.1 87.1 94.9 100.0 Per cent. 90.5 86.0 84.3 100.0 Per cent. 125.5 117.0 114.0 100.0 Per cent. 84.1 88.5 88.6 100.0 Per cent. 109.5 91.0 104.8 100.0 Per cent. 112.8 78.5 92.6 100.0 Per cent. 118.7 90.8 105.2 100.0 Per cent. 95 9 2. 71 2 3 4 78.7 100 0 The plats in this experiment ran north and south. Plats 1 and 2 were each 75 yds. wide and electrified, and the control plats 3 and 4 were each 37* yds. wide, but " plat 3 is believed to have been more or less electrified." At Halle no advantage was obtained from electrification although the equip- ment worked well. The plats are said to have been arranged in a chessboard pattern. J. E. Newman is quoted as saying that " in a German experiment, chalk was scattered on the ground and it was found that the chalk under the wires con- tained more nitrogen than the chalk outside the wires. The discharge from our wires must add some nitrogen to the soil. Various analyses seem to show that the amount is not inconsiderable." Report of the cooperative forage crop work by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture and the Texas Experiment Station at Chillicothe, Tex., 1909, A. B. Connor {Texas Sta. Bui. 132, pp. 7-35, figs. i9).— Among 7 sor- ghums tested S. P. I. No. 19744 proved an excellent strain of pink Kafir corn FIELD CROPS. 333 and No. 19751, a tall, slender, sweet-stemmed, red strain, of probable vahie as a dual purpose sorghum. No. 21936 was a very drought-resistant, leafy-dwarf type, and 19775, tall, sweet-stemmed and entirely distinct from the remainder. Among 60 recent sorghum introductions, 39 failed to head and none made satisfactory growth, but 4 of unusual leafiness may be of value for hybridiza- tion and for soiling and ensilage purposes in the South. Of those that pro- duced heads all were dry and lacking in sweetness, but Nos. 23361 and 24126 were drought resistant although otherwise not superior to the native red variety. Of 15 sorghums received late and planted May 21, all were killed by drought, while 8 pennisetums from Africa and India, planted the same day, were still less drought resistant, but Nos. 25343 and 24446 were most resistant. Breeding work was taken up to increase leafiness, juiciness, sweetness, seed yield, and feeding value. Milo maize head rows varied from 11.8 to 13.8 in leafiness. Although the seasonal conditions and rate and date of seeding affected the leafiness, " the selections this season have shown no advancement," but progress is expected in future favorable seasons. Attempts to obtain cross-pollinated seeds from Fetertia and Black-hulled Kafir failed and in future the flowers will be washed in the hope of better results. In close drilled seedings. Sumac excelled other sorghums in yield and 1 bu. Ijer acre proved the optimum rate of seeding. Orange and Minnesota Amber planted from * to 1 in. apart in the drill produced the heaviest yields. A test of 13 sorghum-legume mixtures indicates that Brabham and Iron cowpeas and Dnlichos Mflorus are the best legumes for this purpose and D. biflorus is most drought resistant. An Amber-Whip-poor-will mixture in the ratio of 1 : 7 produced the maximum yield of forage obtained with cowpeas, of 3,600 lbs., while an Amber-Z>. hiflorus mixture yielded 4,400 lbs. per acre. It was found that mixtures yield best when sown in drills, but will not feed readily through the ordinary grain drill. The shock of the harvester sickle caused the leaves to fall from the cowiieas and pack very solidly under the lower ele- vator chains. In a test of 5 varieties of cowpeas, Brabham produced the heaviest yield but was excelled by Iron in drought resistance, while Cream and Common Whip-poor-will were excelled by Chinese Whip-poor-will in yield, earliness, and drought resistance. Larger yields were secured from plantings of cow- peas in IS-in. rows than in 36-in. rows, but the reverse was true in plantings of Kulthi and Moth Beans. The latter excelled the former in yield per acre, but lacked drought resistance. Among 12 varieties of peanuts the small Spanish and Tennessee Red excelled the remainder and proved about equal in the production of forage. Sowings of alfalfa gave negative results and seeding in rows proved less satisfactory than broadcast plantings. Millets planted in 36-in. rows and cultivated made promising growth in some cases. Of 18 foxtail millets the most promising was the Big German variety, 20694. Three Burmese varieties reached a height of 3 ft. but were late and a little coarse. None of 6 Proso or 4 Eleusine millets proved of value and the barnyard millets lacked drought resistance. Plantings of hairy vetch with oats, 8 miscellaneous legumes, Chloris gayana, Eragrostis, AstreMe triticoides, Andropogon leucopogmi, Laganaria, and Leguna corn gave negative results. Sorghum halapense, No. 25017, proved entirely devoid of root stocks, reached a height of 4* ft., suckered about as native Johnson grass and was moi-e seriously affected by drought, but recovered quickly after cutting even under drought conditions. Rescue grass seeded in October produced a good crop of seed early in the spring. The plat was then plowed, planted to cowpeas, cultivated 3 times and 334 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. in the latter part of October the grass seed which had shattered' from the spring crop germinated spontaneously and produced a very thick stand. Black-hulled Kafir corn proved best in the yield of forage and feeding value when planted from 2 to 4 in. apart in 36-in. rows. Planting milo maize at the same rate gives a high pei'centage of erect heads, while a 2-in. seeding ordinarily gives 100 per cent of erect heads, except at the ends of plats where moisture is abundant. Thinner seeding results in goose-necked plants. The thick seeding reduced the leafiness of the individual milo maize plants. The rates of leafiness ranged from 8.G for 6-iu. sowings to 10 for 16-in. sowings. Sowings between April 15 and May 1 gave the best yields of forage and seed, while seedings June 15 or later are undesirable for all varieties. [Variety tests of grains and alfalfa], C. Willis (South Dakota 8ta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 16-23). — Among 15 varieties of corn tested Early Tuscarora produced the highest yield, 31.9 bu. per acre. A table states the source of seed, number of ears per 100 lbs., shelling and germination percentages, and pounds per bushel of grain obtained from each variety. A brief history and progress report of work with 6, 500 alfalfa plants grown from seeds secured from Siberia is also given. The following table shows the results obtained with the highest-yielding small grains: Some rc>iults of varirtij tests ivith cereals in 190D. Grain. Varieties in test. Num- ber. Oats ; 1 Wheat ! 10 Barley 11 Durum wheat 9 Average yield. Leading varieties. Bush. I „, f,r, i/SixtyDay '*'•■" i \S wed ish Select 1- 1- (Red Fife ^'■^"^ i^VelvetChall.. in no '/Minnesota ^^•"'^ jtodessa 15.60 Arnautka Yield. Bush. 58.1 44.0 21.8 23.8 36.9 26.3 19.0 Resistance. Smut. Per ct. 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 Rust. Stem. Leaf. Per ct. 25 40 (iO 85 90 90 90 Per ct. Agronomy and seed division, E. J. Macmillan (Dcpt. Agr. Orange River Colony. Ann. Rpt., 5 ( 1908-9), pp. 63-71).— Alfalfa sown broadcast produced 3 cuttings per year with a total dry weight per acre of 4,990 lbs. When sown in drills, from 9 to 18 in. apart, the yields ranged from 3.5.50 to 4,8.50 lbs., but when sown in drills 24, 30, and 36 in. apart, 4 cuttings per year produced yields per acre of 5,300, 7.350, and 9,150 lbs. per acre, respectively. " In growing lucern on dry lands the drill system with cultivation is best." Efforts to obtain a field crop of sainfoin have failed, but a small i>lat yielded 3 cuttings aggregating 8,850 lbs. of green crop per acre. " The seed should be sovra in the later part of March at the rate of 20 lbs. per acre." Six acres of burnet, sown January 31, afforded good winter pasturage June 30. Broadcast seeding produced fair results but was excelled by seeding in IS in. rows. Three cuttings aggregated 1,050 lbs. of green crop per acre. " Burnet is one of the best perennial plants under trial for the production of winter pasturage." In a variety test of millet, Munga (pearl) and Golden yielded 4.37 and 2.11 tons respectively of dry hay per acre. Paspahim dilatatmn proved a persistent grower and was drought but not frost resistant. Its hay yield was 1,050 lbs. per acre. Johnson grass proved drought resistant, while Teff grass yielded FIELD CKOPS. 335 3,100 lbs. of baj- per acre 7 weeks from the date of seeding, and EragrosUs supcrha in 2 cuttings yielded a total of 5,700 lbs. per acre. " The frost cuts it down in early winter." Phalaris commututa appeared frost resistant and a strong grower. The Up-to-date, Carmen No. 1, and Grootvlei Gem potatoes yielded 98.34, 62.48, and 62.21 bu. per acre respectively. Yellow Cango and Brazilian White corn produced the highest yields. Variety test of cotton and corn, 1910 (Georgia Sta. Circ. 66, pp. 2). — Among 33 varieties of cotton tested McElhanny Cleveland and J. R. Cleveland Im- proved yielded 2,256 and 2,206 lbs. of seed cotton per acre respectively. Cov- ington-Toole, I^ayton Improved, and Wannamaker Cleveland had lint percent- ages of 3S.6 or more. Among 15 varieties of corn averaging 31.74 bu. per acre, Wannamaker Marlboro and Sander Improved yielded 36.15 and 36 bu. per acre, respectively. Barley culture in the Southern States, H. B. Derr (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers'' Bui. -}27, pp. 16, figs. 6). — Discussions of the varieties of barley grown in the South and the soils, fertilizers, and green manures adapted to the crop are followed by directions for the preparation of the soil, sowing, fertilizing, harvesting, thrashing, and the prevention of attacks of diseases and insects, and data as to the uses of the crop and the opinion of Southern seedsmen and farmers regarding it. The greater portion of nearly 200 varieties and selections of two and six- rowed bearded and hull-less varieties failed to mature grain on the Arlington Experimental Farm. Spring hooded barley sown broadcast in Tennessee on river bottom land, February 1, at the rate of 1^ bu. per acre ripened May 15 and yielded 40 bu. per acre. The test of two and six-rowed spring and six- rowed winter barleys previously noted (E. S. R., 6, p. 539) is also summarized. On clay soil, cowpeas and rye plowed under as green manures in addition to barnyard manure and 200 lbs. of acid phosphate per acre have given excellent yields with wheat, barley, and oats. At the North Carolina Station, sowing December 6 has resulted in higher yields than at any earlier date, but at the Tennessee Station sowing September 17 has been followed by higher yields than sowings made on any of six later dates. At the Maryland Station and the Arlington Farm, seeding October 1 has proved too late for the best results. Data from the time-of-seeding test at the Virginia Station have already been noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 932). A new awnless barley, H. B. Derr (Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. 823. pp. 473, Jfllf, fig. 1). — ^A true beardless or awnless barley has been produced by selection among hydrids resulting from the crossing of Tennessee Winter and white six-rowed barley (Hordeuin vulgare), and Black Arabian, a two-rowed variety (H. distichum). In the third generation a form occurred in which the awns on the median spikelets were from 3 to 4 in. long, while grains with short awns appeared in some lateral spikelets. The short-awned rudimentai-y grains produced heads like those from which they were secui-ed, except that on one plant most of the lateral spikelets contained perfect short-awned kernels. From these short- awned kernels was secured a plant which " contained heads upon which all of the spikelets were fertile, the heads being 6-rowed, with large plump grains without awns. ... Of the several hundred heads produced in 1910, 99 per cent were of the awnless type." The progressive reduction of the awns and a persistence of the awnless con- dition for 2 seasons, lead the author to believe that the type is fixed. He proposes the name " hooded " barley for that which was formerly called " beardless," and the restriction of the term " beardless " to the new hybrid. 336 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Clover in the Palouse country, G. Severance {Wasliiiigton Sta. Popular Bvl. 31, pp. ^). — Tlie comparative value of alfalfa and red clover in the Palouse country is briefly discussed. During the years 1895 to 1909, sowings of from 1 to 25 acres were made at the station. Since 1904, the yields have ranged from 2.35 to 3.9 tons per acre with no failure except that one good stand was spoiled by ground squirrels and wild oats. Prior to 1904 failures were experienced and the highest yield obtained was 1.77 tons per acre. After tests of red, mammoth, alsike, white, crimson, berseem, burr, and Japan clovers, the author recommends red clovers for this region or alsilie in case of wheat lauds. Two years' trials of fall seeding proved failures. April seeding in 1909 produced the unusually favorable yield of 0.66 ton of hay per acre the first season. ■Other topics popularly treated are seed selection, soil preparation, method of seeding, nurse crops, and protection from squirrels. [Report of work with cotton on the Iredell Test Parm in 1903-1909], B. W. KiLGORE ET AL. {Bill. N. C. Dcpt. Agr., 31 (1910), No. 8, pp. 65).— This bulletin contains two studies. I. Fertilizer experiments with cotton on Piedmont red clay loam soil. — This portion of the bulletin reports the fertilizer experiments with cotton conducted on the Iredell Test Farm during the period 1903-1909. Nitrogen alone was used at a loss. Potash alone gave a small increase in profits but proved more effective than potash and nitrogen combined. Phosphoric acid alone produced good profits in all cases but these profits were not increased by the addition of nitrogen to phosphoric acid. The addition of potash to phosphoric acid proved profitable. The combination of the three yielded larger returns than any one, but two-thii-ds of the increase appeared to result from the phosphoric acid. Lime appeared to decrease the yield when applied with a complete fertilizer, but when used alone yielded a small profit and gave good returns on a plat where peas had been grown for 4 years. The application of 400 lbs. per acre of a fertilizer supplying 10 lbs. each of nitrogen and potash and 28 lbs. of phosphoric acid was regarded as normal. A larger profit arose from the use of half this amount of nitrogen, but varia- tions in the amounts of potash and phosphoric acid from this normal failed to increase the profits. When 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 lbs. per acre were applied to different plats the net profits per 100 lbs. of normal fertilizer were $8, $6.70, $5.38, $4.23, and $3.69 respectively. Tests of dried blood and nitrate of soda gave no distinctive advantage to either. The most profitable method of applying either these nitrogen sources or complete fertilizers was their disti-ibution in the drill before planting. Another method tested was broadcasting before planting, one-half in the drill before planting and the other half as a side dressing about July 1. II. Varieties, culture, and fertilization of cotton on Piedmont red clay loam, red clay and valley soils. — The author gives directions for the preparation of the soil and the cultivation and fertilization of the crop, and discusses a 7 year's test of 60 varieties of cotton. Some results secured during one year of this test have already been noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 38). Among the varieties that have done well are King, Simpkins, Sugar Loaf, Williams, Edgeworth, AVebb, Hodge, Shine Extra Early, and Dozier. Cultivation of guinea grass, D. L. Narayan Rao {Agr. Jour. India, 5 (1910), No. 4, pp. 362-366). — The author reviews a part of the literature on guinea grass and states his experience on sandy or gravelly loam plats that have been producing the grass for 16 years. They were first planted 1* ft. apart each way, and during the first year yielded 4 tons of grass per acre. During the 5 FIELD CROPS. 337 succeeding years the annual yield ranged from 25 to 100 tons per acre. The author summarizes his experience and ventures to assert that " there is no other plant, wild or cultivated, that yields 100 tons per acre of green stuff every year for a generation." A new fodder plant, E. G. Kenni' {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 7 (1910), No. 5, pp. 139S-1400, fig. 1). — The author suggests the name of Napier's fodder {Pen- nisetum sp.) for a plant resembling pearl millet (P. typhoideum) . He de- scribes the plant, pronounces it very drought and frost resistant, and gives this analysis: Water 55.33, ether extract 0.S4, protein 3.10, carbohydrates 21.16, fiber 15.66, and ash 3.71 per cent. The plant is adapted to light dry soil and propagated by subdivision of the roots and by cuttings or slips. Cloth made from seaweed, H. D. Bakee {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U.S.I, 13 {1910), No. 125, p. 790). — Posidonia australia, a submarine plant, yields fiber which is not inllammable except at a very high temperature. It is suit- able for bedding, upholstering, rope, string, mats, the packing of fruit and eggs, paper making, and other purposes. Its libers are larger and finer than those of P. oceanica, and when mixed with wool appear " to weave into an ex- cellent cloth which may be dyed various colors." As a seaweed it grows on a limestone bottom and is found in large deposits from 4 to 20 ft. in thickness along the southern coast of Australia. Experiments indicate that the deposits contain but 1 per cent of the pure fiber, the remainder being sand, shells, and debris. Experimental work, 1909, F. Charlan {Canada Dept. Agr., Tohacco Div. Bui. A8, pp. 2Jt, pis. 9). — This bulletin consists of 3 parts. I. Experiments in the growing of seed plants. — The exi)eriments reported verify conclusions already noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 337). In the later germina- tion tests it appeared that light had a considerable influence on the results and that a higher proportion of seedlings may be expected from dry seeds germi- nated before sowing. The objection to artificial germination is the weakening effect produced on the germ by canrying on the work in the dark, II. Sterilization of soils. Seed tests. Thickness of seeding. — Steam sterili- zation of the soil in beds to be u.sed for tobacco seedlings retarded the growth of the seedlings, and formalin treatment proved preferable. Although the l)lants started slowly after it, they rapidly overtook the plants in the un- treated bed and were the first ready for setting out. Formalin treatment does not destroy the weed seeds and for this purpose steam is more effective. A solution of 2i, or, in doubtful cases, of 5 lbs. of formalin in 50 gal. of water is suggested. The stronger solution may delay germination and early growth. Best results were obtained with seeds from 2 to 6 years old which is per- fectly formed and is unimpaired in vitality. Seed 10 or more years old may give excellent results but lapse of time causes partial loss of vitality. The author suggests that the tobacco grower should collect seeds in the most favor- able year and keep them available for 5 to 6 years. A good stand was secured by sowing 7 oz. of seed with a germination test of 90 per cent ou 100 sq. ft. Axillary capsules gave slightly earlier but less vigorous plants, which yielded 1,161 lbs. per acre as compared with 1,.591 lbs. from seeds out of other capsules. Late or imperfectly formed capsules should not be harvested. III. The value to Canadian farmers of home-grown tobacco seed. — In a va- riety test Wisconsin Special produced 1,163 lbs. per acre as compared with 1,241 lbs. from Canadian Wisconsin. Imported and Canadian grown Comstock Spanish seed yielded 1,101 and 1,471 lbs. per acre respectively. Report of the tobacco expert, L. M. Stella {Rpt. Dept. Agr. Cape Good Hope, 1909, pp. 120-126, pis. 2).— The highest yield of tobacco, valued at £32 6s. per 338 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. per acre was secured after an application of 4^ tons of Icraal manure per acre, but the crop was coarse in texture and bitter. The leaf secured after an appli- cation of 200 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 220 lbs. of superphosphate, and 160 lbs. of sulphate of potash was valued at only £14 16s. per acre, but was mild, sweet, and pleasant and considered the " most hopeful of samples." Plats on which vaporite was sown in the hope of preventing loss from pests suffered greater damage in 2 cases than the checks. The cost per acre of gi'ow- ing Turkish tobacco is estimated at £15 including rent, cultivation, fertilization, picking, handling, priming, and warming. The management of tobacco seed beds, W. M. Hinson and E. H. Jenkins {Connecticut State Sta. Bui. 166, pp. 3-11, fig. 1). — This bulletin reports the results of work in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. It discusses the advantage of sterilizing tobacco seed beds, the use of fertilizers, and the apparatus for and the operation of steam sterilizing. A pressure of 70 lbs. maintained for 30 minutes sufficed to kill all seeds. The labor cost of sterilizing ISO sq. yds. of seed beds was $6, while that of weeding 90 sq. yds. of unsterilized beds until the seedlings were pulled was $12. Steam sterilization is more convenient if a boiler is at hand, and more effective in killing weed seed. On a small scale the formalin treatment may be more feasible and is best applied to a dry soil in the fall. It is stated that " the calico disease can be carried in the stems of the plants infected with it," or in tobacco water prepared for them, but that no evidence has been obtained to show that infection arises from stems plowed into the soil. The fact that alternate plants in the row may be " calicoed " may be accounted for if only one of the two workmen has handled a diseased plant. Other topics discussed are the rate of seeding, use of sprouted and dry seed, and the watering and ventilation of seed beds. The burning quality of tobacco, with sugg-estions for its improvement in the fiue-cured types of eastern North. Carolina and South Carolina, E. H. Mathewson (Z7. /S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant. Indus. Doc. 629, pp. //). — Complaints of the defective burning quality of certain new belt types from North and South Cai-olina are thought to arise from the lack of sufficient potash in the soils on which they are grown. The use of certain formulas supplying this fertilizer is suggested. Distribution of seeds and plants, E, J. Wickson and R. E. Mansell {Cali- fornia 8 fa. Seed Bui. 1910-11, pp. Jf). — This bulletin gives data as to the seed distribution of the California Station from 1903 to 1910, and describes the varieties of flower and vegetable seeds now on hand for distribution. Agricultural seeds and their weed impurities: A source of Ireland's alien flora, T. Johnson and Miss R. Hensman {Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n. ser., 12 {1910), No. 33, pp. /j-'f6-^62, pis. 2).— The authors present in parallel columns the results of their own investigations and those of the Ziirich Station and 21 different German stations. The object of the paper is to show " from what par- ticular agricultural seed and region the alien weed comes, and also to indicate how the alien flora of Ireland is being added to from the agricultural seeds sown." A reference list of 5 titles is given. Beport of the seed tester, S. Treleaven {Rpt. Dept. Agr. Cape Good Hope, 1909, pp. 116-119).— The^e pages report the results of germination tests of tall fescue, alfalfa, and tobacco seed, and purity tests of alfalfa and oat seeds. Lists are also given of the useful forage plants, weeds, poisonous plants, and medicinal plants submitted for identification. Cuscuta obtusiflora breviflora, A. I. Mal'tsey {Trudui Bijuro Prikl. Bot., 3 {1910), No. 8, pp. 289-308, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The author reports the occurrence of this dodder on a species of pepper {Capsicum longum) in Astrakhan. HOKTICULTURE. 339 The error of experiment in agricultural field trials, A. D. Hall aud B. J, Russell (C/iem. News, 102 (1910), No. 265 Ji, p. 180; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 {1910), No. 20, p. 1218). — In analyzing the causes of error the authors classify them under lack of uniformity of soil, lack of uniformity in conditions of growth, and effect of season, and estimate the total magnitude of the error of experiment at Rothamsted as 10 per cent. They would not generally " lay stress on differences of less than 15 per cent." Plant breeding-, A. H. Cockayne (Jour. Neio Zeal. Dept. Agr., 1 (1910), No. If, pp. 234-241)- — This article very briefly summarizes the plant breeding work of the world on cereals, fruits, vegetables, sugar beets, root crops, and forage plants, and suggests lines of investigations for New Zealand. HORTICULTURE. The California vegetables in garden and field, E. J. Wickson (San Fran- cisco, 1910, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. 367, pi. 1, figs. 20). — Although this work deals primarily with vegetable growing in California, it is offered as a manual of practice with and without irrigation for semitropical countries. The Lamao Experiment Station, O. B. Burrel (PhiUppirie Agr. Rev. [Eng- lish Ed.], 3 (1910), No. 10, pp. 581-586, pis. 2).— A description of the work of this station, which has been confined chiefly to the testing of vegetables and the growing of nursery stock, fruits, and other plants for distribution. More recent lines of work taken up are the selection and bi'eeding of native vege- tables and fruits. Short descriptive and cultural notes are given of a number of native vegetables of special value for general use. Wild ginseng in Manchuria, M. Tomiiye and T. Yoshida (Spec. Crops, n. ser., 9 (1910), No. 100, pp. //7I--'/7,{). — An account of wild ginseng in Man- churia relative to its history, distribution, and habitat, gathering, preparation, marketing, etc. The influence of the hygrometric condition on the growth of mushrooms, M. PoNROY (Separate from Bui. Soc. Mycol. France, 26 (1910), No. 3, pp. 9, map 1). — A discussion of conditions of temperature and humidity suitable for the development of mycelium and of fruit. The author attributes numerous failures and poor success in mushroom culture to neglect to regulate atmos- pheric conditions in conformity, as far as possible, with such as favor the development of mushrooms in the open air. Parthenogenesis among gooseberries, Bwert (Landw. Jahrb., 39 (1910), No. 3, pp. 4GS-410, pis. 2). — In continuation of the author's previous studies of parthenogenetic fruit (E. S. R., 22, p. 639), two varieties of gooseberries were studied to determine whether fruit could be produced by decorticating or ring- ing the branches in the absence of pollination, which was mechanically pre- vented (B. S. R., 19, p. 142). Seedless fruit was suecessfully produced in this way. The seedless fruit was somewhat smaller and matured about 14 days earlier than the seeded fruit of the check plants. Studies of the anatomy and chemical composition of the seedless fruit showed that, contrary to the results secured by Miiller-Thurgau in his work with grapes (E. S. R., 11, p. 932), the cells in the fruit pulp were much larger and the fruit walls much thicker in the seedless than in the seeded fruit. Tile enlargement was principally in the portion between the vascular bundles and the endocarp. Furthermore, chemical analysis showed the seedless fruit to contain a higher sugar and acid content than the seeded fruit when both kinds were fully ripe. There was a weaker development of vascular bundles in the seedless fruits. 81088°— No. 4—11 4 340 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Miiller-Tliurgau's results are believed to have beeu influenced by the com- petitive struggle of seeded grapes with seedless grapes growing on the same vine or bunch. This phase is further discussed in the work with pears noted below. The correlative influences of seed on the ripening' process of fruits, Ewert {LandiD. Jahrh., 39 {1910), 'No. 3, pp. 471-486). — In continuation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 22, p. 039), analyses of the fruits of a number of varieties of pears and one variety of apple made in 1909 are reported with special reference to the influence of seeds on the total sugar and acid content of the fruit. In a number of instances, tests were also made for starch. The data are fully discussed. With most of the varieties, very little starch was found in either the seeded or seedless fruits. When starch was present, it disappeared in both the seeded and seedless pears at the same period before maturity. In general the seedless fruit ripened first, though there was only a few days difference in this respect and the ripening period of individual varieties was not materially influenced by the presence or absence of seed. Cane sugar was rarely present in ripe pears and exerted no influence on the total sugar content relations. Generally speaking, with seeded and seedless fruits taken from the same tree, the seeded fruits were richer in sugar and also richer in acid. The seed- less fruits, however, which were taken from trees possessing strong partheno- genetic tendencies and upon which fertilization had been artificially prevented (E, S. R., 19, p. 142), were richer in sugar and lower in acid than seeded fruits of the same variety. An exception to this rule in the case of a strongly acid variety indicates that the tendency to produce less acid in parthenogenetic fruits may be outweighed by the varietal characteristic. In so far as seedless fruits come into competition with seeded fruits on the same tree, the author concludes that the seeded fruits make the storing up of sugar in the seedless fruits diflicult. Aside from the fact that the greater number of seeds creates in many cases a slower maturity of the fruit, it is believed that the seeds also exert an important influence upon the metabolism processes in the fruit with special reference to the development of vascular bundles and upon the protein metabo- lism. This phase is discussed to some extent, although no conclusions are formed in the light of the present investigations. The importance, however, of taking the mutual relations of fruits into consideration when studying the nutritive processes of fruits is pointed out. The blossoming of apple trees, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering (Woburn Expt. Fruit Farm Rpt.. 12 {1910), pp. 35-51).— In a search for fac- tors governing the blossoming order of different varieties of apples, trees of 117 varieties of English apples and 67 varieties of Scotch and foreign apples were observed at the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm during the seasons 1905 to 1909, inclusive. The combined results of the 5 seasons' work showed that apples which ripened early usually blossomed 2 or 3 days earlier on the average than late varieties. The character of the fruit, with reference to its use for dessert or cooking, had no effect on the relative date of blossoming. The duration of the blossoming period of a number of different varieties in any particular year was influencecl largely by the prevailing weather conditions, rather than by the actual date on which the earliest variety blossomed. Likewise the tendency of certain varieties to blossom habitually earlier or later than others exerted only about one-third as much influence in determining the order of blossoming as the prevailing weather conditions. The same variety occupied a place with reference to the order of blossoming averaging 2A days difference in one season HORTICULTUEE. 341 from what it occupied in auotber, wliereas 2 differeat varieties selected at random occupied in tlie same year positions averaging 3* days difference from tliose of auotlier year. There was, however, a certain tendency to preserve the same order of flowering in successive seasons. Varieties of apples of foreign origin* showed no peculiarities in the date of their blossoming. The Hitchings apple, S. A. Beach (Rural Neto Yorker, 69 {1910), No. Jf073, p. 1069, figs. 2). — A new sport of the Twenty-Ounce apple originating in the Hitchings' orchard, near Syracuse, is here pictured and described. This variety, which has been called the Hitchings, is of the same texture, flavor, and quality, as the Twenty Ounce, but is about 2 weeks later in season and has a red, un- broken color, which in the best specimens, practically covers the entire fruit. Some modern viticultural m.ethods, G. H. Adcock (Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 12 (1909), pp. 606-612). — This is a resume of the progress made in the State of Victoria with the reconstitntion of phylloxera infested vinej^ards on American resistant stocks. Pollination experiments with. Anonas, F. J. Wester (Bui. Torrey Boi. Cluh, 31 (1910), No. 2, pp. 529-5^9, figs. 5).— Of the members of the Anona family which have been introduced into south Florida the sugar apple (A. squamosa), the custard apple (A. reticulata), and the cherimoya (A. cheri- molla), together with one indigenous species, the pond apple (A. glabra) ap- pear to grow well, but the failure of the cherimoya to set fruit after having bloomed for several years led the author to begin investigations in 1907 rela- tive to the probable cause of the sterility of this species in Florida. Pollination studies of the flowers of all of the above species during the past 4 seasons led the author to conclude that the flowers are proterogynous and entomophilous. A small beetle (Colastus truncatus) was found acting as pol- linating agent in the flowers of the sugar apple and cherimoya. Two other beetles (TriphJcps insUliosus?) and a small, brownish beetle, identified as belonging to the group Fharaxonothi, were also present in the flowers. In ad- dition a small thrips frequents the flowers and probably to some extent assists in their pollination. In the experiments to verify the theory of proterogyny, fruit failed to set where the pollen was applied to the stigma simultaneously with the discharge of its own pollen. Applications of pollen made from 15 to 48 hours previous to the discharge of self pollen, howevei', led to the setting of considerable fruit. The author concludes that the sterility of the cherimoya in Florida has been due to the scarcity of blooms, which are only one-third of the number on the sugar apple, as well as to an insufficient number of insects to assist in the pollination of the flowers. As the cherimoya trees increased with age and produced more flowers during the course of the investigation, they have set fruit sparingly without artificial pollination and at less than 20 ft. above tide water. Fruit of this species is also set at low altitudes in California and southern France but in Hawaii it fruits only at an elevation of many hundred feet above sea level. It is suggested that this may be due to the absence of certain pollinating insects at lower altitudes in Hawaii. The sugar apple has been found to hybridize readily with the cherimoya, custard, and pond apples and the cherimoya has been successfully crossed with the pond apple. Attempts to cross the soursop (A. muricata) with the cheri- moya, sugar apple, and custard apple have failed. It is suggested that the extraordinary productivity of a few individual Anona trees may be due to a change in regard to the pollination of the flowers of these trees, such as synacmy and self-pollination. The value of such trees for breeding work in case this hypothesis should be confirmed is pointed out. 342 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. A monoecious date, D. Bois (Rev. Hort. [Paris], 82 (1910), No. 21, pp. Jf92- 494, fig- !)• — The author here describes and illustrates the infloresence of a date palm received from C. Henry, gardeuer-in-chief of the Khedive, Cairo, Egypt, which is monoecious in character, whereas the date palm has generally been considered as dioecious. Some of the iutloresceuces on this tree consist entirely of either male or female flowers and others are mixed, the female flowers being situated at the base of the spadiees and the male flowers at the summit. The extremities dry up after fecundation and the fall of the staminate flowers. The relation of asexual or bud mutation to the decadence of California citrus orchards, J. E. Coit {Proc. [Cal.] Fruit Growers' Conv., SI {1910), pp. 32-39). — A paper on this subject, with the discussion following, in which the author presents the idea that a part of the decadence in the citrus orchards is due to divergence of fortuitous bud-mutations. It is further suggested that these mutations may be retrogressive and if not checked by intelligent pruning and bud selection may cause the fruits to become a mixture of bad types. The importance of rebudding trees with desirable sports arising from progressive mutations is pointed out. The citrus grove, its location and cultivation, P. H. Rolfs (Fla. Quart, Bui. Dept. Agr., 20 {1910), No. 2, pp. 81-96).— A popular account of citrus cul- ture with special reference to Florida conditions. Orchard heating, R. F. Howard {Bui. Nebr. State Hort. Soc. No. 32, 1910, pp. 10, figs. 2). — This paper discusses frost protection from the standpoint of Nebraslva conditions. A test was made of the sliding lid type of oil heaters in the Nebraska Experiment Station orchard in the spring of 1910. Two acres were heated, 60 heaters per acre being employed, and the temperature was kept up from 3° to 4° higher than that outside against a prevailing 20-mile wind. Erost prevention work in the Rogue River Valley, Oreg., during the spring of 1910, P. J. O'Gara {Mo. Weather Rev., 3S {1910), No. 9, pp. I't37- I44O). — This article shows that the results obtained with flres and smudges to prevent fi-ost injury to orchards in 1910 confirm those obtained in 1909 (E. S. R., 23, p. 441). In view of the uniform success both in forecasting and in preventing injury the author is of the opinion that the problem of protection of orchards from frost injury in Rogue River Valley has been settled. Kinds of fruit to plant in different districts, W. S. Thornber (Better Fruit, 5 (1910), No. 6, p. Jf2). — Lists are given of varieties of orchard and small fruits and nuts recommended for planting in the coastal slope region, inland valleys, and upland valleys in Washington State. FORESTRY. The forest resources of the world, R. Zon (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Bui. 83, pp. 91). — This bullethi presents a statistical study of the forest re- sources of the principal timber-producing countries of the world with special reference to the influence of foreign resources upon the forest resources and future supply in the United States. The topics discussed for each country are as follows: Forest area, distribution of the forests throughout the country, composition and character of the forests, annual consumption, cutting, growth per acre, and wood prices. Except for slight modifications the subject matter is similar to that presented in the author's report to the National Conservation Commission on Foreign Sources of Timber Supply (E. S. R., 23, p. 43). Second annual report of state forester on the progress of forestry in Ver- mont, A. F. Hawes (Ann. Rpt. State Forester Vt., 2 (1910), pp. 52, pis. 5, FOEESTRY. 343 map 1). — A progress report on state and private forest operations in Vermont. It contains a statement of forest educational worlc, including lectures, exhibits, publications, and assistance to private owners, private planting operations, and work in the state forest nursery, a brief discussion of forest administration in various countries, detailed reports on tbe lumber industries of Caledonia, Chit- tenden, and Addison Counties, Vt., and a report of forest fires for 1909, together with conclusions and recommendations regarding forest fires. On July 1, 1910, there were some 2,073,000 trees of different species in the state nurseries. During the spring of 1910, 376,700 trees were sold to private parties as compared with 195,500 trees in 1909. White pine was the principal species planted, although some Norway spruce, Scotch pine, locust, and a few red pine trees were purchased. The white pine blister rust (Peridermium strobi) was found on a number of Imported seedlings. Measures are under way, however, to eradicate all infested stock and it is believed that the disease will be entirely stamped out by the spring of 1911. Beport of the superintendent of forestry, R. H. Campbell et al. {Rpt. Supt. Forestry Cannda, 1910, pp. 77, pis. 12). — A general report of the work of the forestry and irrigation branch of the Canadian Department of the Interior for the year 1909-10, together with the reports of the officials in charge of the different divisions of the work. [Report on] silviculture {Ann. Escola Polytech. Sao Paulo, 10 {1910), pp. 129-135, j)ls. 6). — A report on a number of species of timber trees which have been under observation at the experiment station of the Sao Paulo Polytechnic School for the past 5 years. Contribution to the knowledge of trees of Argentina, S. Ventuei and M. Lillo {Contribucion al Conocimicnto de los Arholes de la Argentina. Buenos Aires, 1910, pp. VI-\-121). — This consists of determinations by M. Lillo of some 371 timber species of Argentina, based upon collections and observations made by S. Venturi in behalf of the Argentina Centennial Expositou of 1910. The genera and the species are arranged in alphabetical order, and the data given for each species include the provincial name, previous references, habitat, aver- age circumference of trees observed, and economic value of the wood. A number of new species were named by Lillo, including Blepharocalyx gigan- teus, B. monianus. Ilex argentina, Prunus tucumanensis, Gyrotwnia {?) argen- tina, Lonchocarpus sylvaticus, and Bauhinia venturii. Report on the introduction of exotic species in Belgium, A. Visart and C BoMMEB {Rapport stir V Introduction des Essences E-rotiques en Belgique. Brussels: Govt., 1909, pp. 881, pis. G). — This report embraces the salient features of an investigation, commenced in 1900 under the direction of the Belgian Su- perior Council of Forests at the suggestion of the Minister of Agriculture, to determine the results which have been secured during the past in acclimating exotic species of trees in Belgium, and to secure information relative to addi- tional species of possible value in developing forestry in various parts of that country. In arriving at the value of the various species, the experience gained in neighboring countries has also been drawn on. Consideration is first given to the climate of Belgium, after which the various deciduous and coniferous trees which have either been grown in Belgium or are recommended for trial are considered in detail, relative to their characteristics, economic value, and origin. The appraisement of the various species is sum- marized and a number of conclusions are drawn from the investigations as a whole. A bibliography is appended. Thus far the exotic species having great importance in Belgium and which are all of either Euroi:>ean or North American origin, are Populus canadensis, 344 . EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Quercus rubra, Robinia pseudacacia, Juglans nigra, Picea excelsa, Larix euro- pcea, Pintis laricio, P. laricio austriaca, P. strobiis, Pseudotsuga douglasii, and Abies pectinata. Some West African timbers (Bui. Imp. InM,. [So. Kensington], S {1910), No. 3, pp. '231-2^5). — Samples of wood of a number of different timbers from the Gold Coast Colony, Northern Nigeria, and Gambia are reported on relative to their distinguishing characteristics, working qualities, and the purposes to which they can be applied. A majority of the woods are considered of more value for local use than for export. On the variation of growth among forest trees with special reference to the so-called spreading' faculty, I^. A. Hauch (Forstiv. Centbl., n. ser., 32 {1910), No. 11, pp. 565-578, pis. 6, dgm. 1). — The author defines the " spreading faculty" (Ausbreituugsvermogens), which he considers as hereditary, as the faculty of a given tree species to develop, out of a certain number of plants grown under the same environment and cultural treatment, a greater or smaller number of individuals of the first or middle size classes. The smaller the num- ber of trees in the larger size classes, the greater the spreading faculty of the species. The importance of considering the spreading faculty of a species in connection with its cultural treatment is discussed at length. The evidence secured from beech and oak stands in the Bregenzer Wald region tends to show that the great spreading faculty of these species can be best regulated so as to produce the most uniform stand of trees by starting the cultural area with a dense plant cover, and following this up by early, frequent, and light thinnings rather than by severe thinnings at long intervals. Although the cause of the beneficial action of a dense stand of seedlings or plants in promoting uniformity of growth is diflicult to determine, the author suggests a possible greater bacterial activity under the dense cover. In lieu of this hypothesis it is suggested that the greater number of plants in the initial stand may include a greater number of individuals possessing desired character- istics in form and size. Portions of Johannsen's statistical study of variation (E. S. E., 21, p. 771) are cited in suppoi't of the latter theory. The algaroba in Hawaii, E. V. Wilcox {Haicaii Sta. Press Bui. 26, pp. S). — A brief account of the algaroba {Prosopis juUflora) relative to its introduction into Hawaii, botany, habits, and uses with special reference to the use of algaroba beans as stock feed. Utilization of California eucalypts, H. S. Betts and C. S. Smith {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest 8erv. Circ. 119, pp. 30, figs. 7). — This circular gives in con- densed form the results of mechanical tests conducted in cooperation with the University of California of 5 of the more common species of eucalypts being grown in that State. The status of other unfinished experiments in seasoni'ng, together with some information in regard to the uses of eucalyptus wood in California and Australia, are also considered. The results of the tests thus far made show that the strength of the same species grown in different localities or of different trees cut in the same locality may vary considerably. Sugar gum ( Eucalyptus coriinocaliia') which gave the highest strength values, together with blue gum {F. globulus) and red gum {E. rostrata), compare favorably in strength with white oak, pignut, and shag- bark hickory, while gray gum {E. tereticornis) and manna gum {E. viminalis) rank with the weaker varieties of hickory. Sufficient data have not been secured to compare the toughness of eucalypts with that of hickory. It is pointed out that in wood from trees as young as the California growers generally count on cutting, the tendency to warp, shrink, and check in drying is much stronger than in wood from mature forest-grown trees in Australia and DISEASES OF PLANTS. 345 Tasmania. The shrinkage tests on blue gum showed an average shrinlcage in vohmie of 21.8 per cent when dried from a green to an oven-dry condition as compared with an average of about 18 per cent for eastern red oali. Seasoning experiments basett partly upon Australian practice are being conducted to determine the best methods of handling California grown eucalypts. What are the causes of the serious failure of natural regeneration of old spruce stands on high situations and how can this unfavorable condition be overcome? How are su.ch. stands to be treated in the future? B. Bavieb (Sclmeiz. Ztschr. ForsHc, 61 (1910), Nos. 5, pp. U5-152; 6-7, pp. 195-201; 8, pp. 227-236). — In this thesis the author aims to answer the above questions. How to grow black walnuts, C. A. Scott (Kansas Sta. Circ. 13, jjp. 3). — This circular contains brief suggestions relative to preparing the seed for plant- ing, where and how to plant, and the cultivation and care of black walnut. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Diseases of economic plants, F. L. Stevens and J. G. Hall (New York, 1910, pp. X+513, figs. 219). — This work treats primarily of the diseases of economic plants which are due to attacks of fungi, bacteria, slime molds, etc., although some attention is given to those troubles generally attributed to physiological disturbances due to environmental or other causes. The book is designed for those who wish to recognize and treat plant diseases without an extended investigation as to their causes, and the information is largely drawn from the authors' experience, supplemented by the published results of investigations at the various agricultural experiment stations and this Department. The characters used in describing diseases are the more obvious ones, such as appear to the eye with or without a hand lens, and technical discussions are eliminated as far as possible. After describing the disease the best methods of combating it are given. The diseases are grouped according to crops, and chapters are given on fungicides, spraying, soil disinfection, plant sanitation, etc. Plant diseases, M. Hoffmann (Jahresber. Landw., 2If (1909), pp. 203-210). — Brief abstracts are given of several of the more important papers on fungus diseases of economic plants issued in Germany, mainly during 1909, including articles on rusts and smuts of cereals and their control (B. S. R., 21, p. 44G; 22, p. 745; 23, p. 46), the heart or dry rot of sugar beets (E. S. R., 21, p. 446), and the leaf-roll disease of the potato (E. S. R., 21, p. 243). Report on plant diseases, E. Jordi (Jahrcsher. Landw. Scliule Ri'ittl, 1909-10, pp. 108-llJt). — Tabulated statements are given of reports from various sections on the prevalence of grain smuts and the use of seed soaking as a remedy, on the leaf roll and blackleg of potatoes and the most susceptible varieties, and on the general appearance and yield of cherries and other stone fruits. In experiments conducted by the station on the control of stinking smut of wheat and rye it was found that soaking the seed in a 0.2 per cent solution of formalin gave the best results with both crops, while a 0.1 per cent solution of formalin and a 0.5 per cent solution of copper sulphate was less favorable. The germination of the rye was not more injured by the soaking than the wheat. Comparisons of the yields of certain varieties of cereals from rusted plants and from healthy plants showed that the rusted plants gave from to to ^ less yield in grain. The breeding and cultivation of rust-resistant varieties is there- fore recommended. Mycological review for the year 1909, G. Beiosi (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, c Coin. [Rome], 9 (1910), 8er. C, No. 5, pp. 79-88). — After discussing the common diseases of the clovers and vetches, a list of plant diseases examined and iden- tified during the year at the botanical station at Pavia is given. 346 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Mycological notes, F. Bubak and J. E. Kabat (Hedwigia. Jfl (1908), No. 6, pp. 35Ji-361t, fig. 1). — In a taxonomic discussion of several species of fungi from Bohemia, the following of economic importance are described : Phyllosticta albomaculans n. sp. on the leaves of Prurius padits, Phyllosticta iseraiia n. sp. on the leaves of Sallx fragtlis, Ascochyta wsculi n. sp. on JEsculus hlppocas- tanum bicolor, Ascochyta grandispora u. sp. on Symphoricai'pus orMciilatus, A. lappce on Lappa minor, A. pallida n. sp. on Acer platanoides bicolor, Asco- chyta pruni n. sp. on Prunus padus, A. populicola n. sp. on Populus alba, A. symphoriw n. sp. on Symphoricarpus raccmosa, A. syringicola n. sp. on Syringa vulgaris, and Uromyccs bdinnlerianus n. sp. on Melilotus alba. New or rare fungi, F. Btjbak (Ann. MycoL, 6 (1908), Xo. 1, pp. 22-29, figs. 8). — In a taxonomic discussion of several species of fungi the author describes as new Puccinia bdiimlcriana on Anthenvis tinctoria from Hungary, Phyllosticta malkoffli on Gossypium herbaceum from Bulgaria, and Ascochyta ferdlnandi on Sambiicus ebulus, also from Bulgaria. Report on cultures of Uredineae, E. Fischer (Centbl. Balct. [etc.], 2. Abt., 28 (1910), No. Jf-5, pp. 139-152). — The author reports successful inoculation cultures as follows : ^cidiospores of /Ecidium euphorbice gcrardiance from Eu- phorbia geradiana on Saponaria ocymoides produced both uredo and teleuto- spores of XJromyces caryophyllinus, but the attempt was unsuccessful on Dian- thus silvestris. Teleutospores of Gymtwsporangium tremelloides from Junip- erus communis produced secidia on Sorbus aria, S. hybrida, S. latifolia, and 8. chamcemespilns (in one instance). JEcidiospores of Ochropsora sorbi from Anemone nemorosa produced sori on /S. auciiparia, 8. aria, 8. fennica, 8. ameri- cana, and Pints communis, and fecidiospores from the same host also produced sori on Arnncus silvestris. Teleutospores of Puccinia albulensis from Veronica alpina produced sori on V. bellidioidcs and V. aphylla. Apparatus for the treatment of grain by the hot-water method, R. Schan- DER (Deut. Landw. Presse, 87 (1910), No. 30, pp. 333, 334, figs. 5).— Descrip- tions and figures are given of several types of apparatus for use when treating wheat, barley, etc.. by the hot-water method for the loose smut of grain, to- gether with a brief account of this method and the results obtained by its use. Experiments on the control of loose smut of whea.t and barley by means of hot water and hot air, R. Schander (Landiv. Centbl. Poscn, 1910, No. 5; ubs. in Centbl. Bald, {etc.], 2. Abt., 28 (1910), No. 9-11, p. 302).— The results are given of tests with wheat and barley seed, in which the grain after soaking for 4 hours in cold water was placed for 10 minutes in hot water at 56° C, and also at 54°. In the first instance the smut was entirely destroyed, and in the second, practically so. Tests of the hot-air treatment did not give satisfactory results. On the control of the loose smut of barley, P. Gisevius and Bohmer (Illus. Landiv. Ztg., SO (1910), No. 77, p. 125. fig. 1). — The authors describe a drying apparatus to be used in the hot air method (E. S. R., 23, p. 46) of combating loose smut of grain, which is smaller and cheaper than those usually described and offered for sale, and is intended for farmers planting small areas to barley where a large machine is unnecessary. Relative rust resistance and yield of various varieties of wheat and oats, W. J. Lamont (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 31 (1910), No. 3, pp. 2Jf3-2J,8).— The author compares 22 varieties of wheat tested during 1909 as to rust re- sistance, growing characters, bread-making qualities, milling properties, and yield. The old Rietti, a variety imported in 1S96, has so far proved to be the only wheat which has withstood rust uniformly well in the Western Province, but it is not a good milling wheat, is very late, and sheds its grain very easily. Of DISEASES OF PLANTS. 847 the other varieties tested, only Theunissen, a strain of Rietti, and Thew promise to be valuable. Of the 4 varieties of oats tested, all proved rust resistant during 1908 and 1909, while the variety called Texas was especially valuable on account of its good hay and heavy yield of grain. Some observations on bunt and fungicides, G. P. Darnell-Smith {Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 9, pp. 151-156, pi. 1, figs. S).— A report is made on a series of observations on bunt of wheat {Tilletia triiici and T. levis) con- ducted at the Milson Island Experiment Station, in which the point of infec- tion on the grain, resistance of certain varieties of wheat to smut, and the effects of certain fungicides on the germination of the grain, were tested. It is claimed that in artificially infected grain, the bunt spores adhere chiefly to the brush or tuft of hairs on the end of the grain opposite to the embryo, which situation affords ideal conditions for their development by reason of the air entangled in the tuft of hairs. The seed coat, being weakest at that end, bursts there first during germination, thereby permitting the easy access of the smut hyphse into the interior of the grain. Three varieties of wheat proved immune to both species of bunt, even when the seed planted were previously dusted with bunt spores, while non-resistant varieties treated in the same manner produced smutty heads. In the tests with fungicides, formalin, copper sulphate and lime, and copper sulphate alone being used, it was found that the 2 per cent solution of copper sulphate injured seriously the germination of the seed. Subsequent treatment with lime prevented this deleterious effect. A new disease of alfalfa, G. Arnaud (Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 {1910), No. J/S, pp. 511-519, fig. 1). — Attention is called to the appearance on alfalfa in France of this well known wilt of cotton, cowpeas, etc. The causal organism, Neocosmospora vasinfecta (E. S. R., 11, p. 944), is figured and de- scribed. The selection of resistant varieties, crop rotation, and the disinfection of the soil with carbon bisulphid and formalin are suggested as remedies. Cotton diseases in Mississippi, R. P. Hibbard {Mississippi 8ta. Bui. U/O, pp. 21, figs. 8). — This contains a popular discussion of cotton diseases in general and of the symptoms, cause, and remedies of the following specific diseases : Cotton wilt {Neocosvwspora vasinfecta), anthracnose {CoUetotrichum gossypii), cotton rust (physiological), red rust {Tctranychns tclarius), sore shin {Rhizoc- tonia sp.), bacterial blight {Bacterium malvacearum) , shedding of bolls (physi- ological), root galls {Heterodera radicicola), root rot {Ozonium omnii^orum), areolate mildew {Ramularia areola), and cotton leaf blight {Cercospora gossy- pina). A bibliography of cotton diseases is appended Cotton diseases in Mississippi, R. P. Hibbard (Mississippi 8ta. Bui. V/O-B, pp. 16, figs. 8). — A i-epriut of those portions of the above bulletin which deal with the specific diseases of cotton. On the leaf roll and other diseases of the potato, K. Stormer {Illus. Laiidw. Ztg., SO {1910), No. 11, pp. 661, 668).— In a discussion of the causes of leaf roll and late blight of the potato, the author claims that if the weather condi- tions during the fall are favorable to a thorough ripening of the tubers and such tubers are used for seed the following spring there will be no epidemic of leaf roll or Phytophthora that year. Varieties of potatoes resistant to wart disease {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 556-558). — The results are given of a series of experiments conducted in 1909 and 1910 on the resistance of various varieties of potatoes to the wart disease. The potatoes were planted in soil thoroughly infected with the spores of the fungus. For 1909, 5 varieties were found resistant, though of these only 2 348 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. proved absolutely immune in 1910. All of the 5 varieties gave a fairlj" clean sample during both periods. In some .of the soils the resistant varieties gave poor yields, while in others they gave good returns. On the same soils the check experiments with non- resistant varieties gave badly infected tubers. It is therefore claimed that, by planting resistant varieties which are suited to the soil conditions, a good crop can be obtained even on land badly infected with the disease. Diseases of sugar cane, L., C. and A. Maublanc {Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 10 {1910), Nos. 90, piJ. 232-252, figs. Jf; 91, pp. 312-320, fig. 1; 92, pp. 879-400, figs. 4; 93, pp. 502-506, fig. 1). — Descriptions are given of a number of the more important diseases of the sugar cane, the information being largely drawn from the notes and work of G. Delacroix. The principal fungi causing the diseases are ThielaiHopsis paradoxa, Gonio- thyrium sacchari, LasiodiplodUi theohromw, Marasmius sacchari, Scliizophyllum commune, and Ithyphallus Impudicus. Descriptions are also given of some of the bacterial diseases of cane, together with an account of the disease known as sereh and a number of the other less known diseases. Blackleg' or Phoma wilt of cabbage, T. F. Manns (Science, n. ser., 32 (1910). No. 829, pp. 726, 727 ) .^Attention is called to the appearance of Phoma oleracea in the cabbage districts of Clyde and Fremont, Sandusky County, Ohio, where it has, in conjunction with the Fusarium wilt, driven many cabbage growers out of business. During 1910 the disease has been reported from several other localities in the State. It is apparently new to the United States, but has been for many years a source of serious loss to cabbage and cauliflower growers in various European countries, and also in Australia. White, slightly sunken, elongated oval areas appear on the stems, usually below the point of leaf attachment. Soon small black pycnidia appear in these lesions, from which myriads of spores are discharged at the time of trans- planting. Later these lesions break and bacterial decay sets in. The collar rot is effected by the confluence of the lesions involving the destruction of the cambium, causing the margins of the outer leaves to take on a reddish color, followed shortly by wilt and a quick collapse of the entire plant. Soon the stem becomes so badly rotted that the wind often breaks the plant loose from the roots and blows it away. One-half to two-thirds grown plants are usually the worst attacked by the disease. A preliminary bulletin concerning the nature of the disease and methods of control is being prepared. Mycological notes, F. von Hohnel (Sitzber. E, Akad. Wiss. [Viennali, Math. Naturw. Kl., 118 (1909), I, .Yo. 9, pp. 1J,61-1552, fig. i).— In a taxonomic dis- cussion of various species of fungi the author describes a new cruciferous rust, Puccinia streptanthi n. sp., on the stems of Streptanthus sp. in California. Apple bitter rot, C. P. Lounsbury {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 37 {1910). No. Jf, pp. 355-36^, pi. 1). — The presence of bitter rot (Glomerella rufomacu- lans) is reported in several districts in Cape Colony, where in some instances it has become a serious menace to the culture of certain varieties of apples. The symptoms, means of distribution, and methods of control are given. The use of sulphate of iron in attacks of chlorosis, "SI. Coffigniez (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 (1910), Yo. J,5, pp. 577-579).— The author gives a report of experiments begun in 190S. in which he introduced sulphate of iron into pear trees badly attacked with chlorosis. In subsequent seasons when the leaves were put out they had regained their normal green color and heavy crops of fruit were produced. DISEASES OP PLANTS. 349 It is recommended that in tliis treatment lioles be bored in the trunk or limbs to a depth of about half the diameter of the trunk or limb, and inclined at an angle of 45°. This will facilitate the introduction of the sulphate of iron, after which the holes should be closed and covered with grafting wax. So far as the author's investigations have gone, they indicate that the operation should' be carried on at about the end of July. Silver-leaf disease, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering {Woiurn Expi. Fruit Farm Rpt., 12 (1910), pp. 1-34; 'rcv- in Qard. Chron., 3. ser., 1,8 (1910), No. 1246, pp. 356, 357, figs. 7). — A description is given of inoculation experi- ments with this disease, which attacks many kinds of trees, especially plum and other stone fruits. The disease is of long standing in England, and manifests itself by the foliage of infected trees becoming light and silvery in appearance. Later the trees may die, although death may not occur for several years, during which time the diseased trees may still bear some fruit and show considerable vigor of growth. In one series of experiments 48 2-year-old plum trees were inoculated by inserting under the bark pieces from 2 to 3 mm. in diameter of the sporophore of Stereum purpureuni obtained from a plum tree killed by silver leaf. Of these 39, or 81 per cent, showed silvering before the end of July, 4 of which were killed outright, 2 partially killed, 8 others entirely silvered, and the remaining 2.5 only partially silvered. Of 64 uninoculated trees, not one showed any signs of silvering. Nineteen of the inoculated trees died during the first 2 years after planting, all of which developed jS. purpurcum on the dead wood, while none of the uninoculated trees died or showed any signs of the fungus during this period. The results are also given of inoculating different parts of the trees, such as stems, branches, and roots, and of inoculating various kinds of trees, such as plums, apples, laburnums, laurels, and pears, with Stereum from various sources. None of the trees tested were found immune to the disease, although no Stereum could be obtained from the silvered laurels. No trace of the fungus hyphje was found in the silvered leaves, nor could Infection be produced by using crushed silvered leaves as inoculating material; neither could trees be infected by alternately using pruning tools on the living parts of diseased and healthy trees. Attempts to graft diseased scions on healthy stocks and healthy scions on diseased stocks were unsuccessful, as no juncture between scion and stock would result. Apparently the disease can not be communicated from one tree to another through the roots or from the soil, as diseased and healthy trees were grown in such close proximity that the roots must have intermingled, while healthy trees planted in the position formerly occupied by diseased trees showed no special tendency to the disease. The silvering of the leaves on the inoculated trees may occur in one week from the date of inoculation, while the entire tree may become seriously affected within 4 or 5 weeks. Soft wooded varieties of plums seemed to be more susceptible to this disease than any other, although in a plantation of many thousands of trees only 2.S per cent were affected, while other varieties showed from 0.1 to 0.4 per cent of silver leaf. As a result of these experiments the authors claim that S. purpureum is undoubtedly the primary cause of silver leaf, and that the outward manifesta- tion of the disease is due to a poison formed during the growth of the fungus, while the silvery appearance of the leaves is caused by their cells becoming partially disconnected, owing to changes bi'ought about in the nutritio)i of the 350 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. plant. Some of tlie trees which were affected by the disease apparently fully recovered. Treatment with iron sulphate proved valueless, and the only known method of combating the disease is by destroying the badly affected trees, especially the dead limbs, or the entire tree when dead, as it seems that the fungus enters by means of the spores which are produced only on dead wood. The deformation of Prunus mahaleb by a parasitic fungus, M. Moreillon (Jour. Forest. Suisse, 61 {1910), No. 2, pp. 31-35; Schweiz. Ztschr. Forstio., 61 {1910), No. 5, pp. 152-155, figs. 3; ahs. in Bot. Centbl, 114 {1910), No. IJ,, p. 361). — Attention is called to a disease of this plant which kills portions of the inflorescence and of the young foliage, this being followed by a development of young axillary buds after each yearly attack, until in the course of time the bush shows a peculiar dichotomous like type of branching. The fungus was identified by D. Cruchet as Cucurbitaria pruni maJialeb, and was associated with another parasite which he named and described as Myxo- sporiuDi priaii mahaleh n. sp. The principal diseases of our vineyards, A. I. Perold {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 37 {1910), No. 4, pp. 370-377). — It is claimed that in the southwestern districts of South Africa the most dreaded vine diseases of other countries have not yet made their appearance, mainly because of the dry summers which are unfavorable to the development of most fungus diseases. However, two diseases are prevalent there, viz, white rust {O'klium tiickeri) and anthracnose. For the Oi'dium, sulphuring the vines 3 times with flowers of sulphur is recommended, first, when the young shoots are 6 in. high, second, when the vines begin to flower, and third, just before the berries become soft and transparent. For combating the anthracnose during the summer, a mix- ture of lime and sulphur is dusted on the vines, but a winter treatment con- sisting of washing the bark with a mixture of 110 lbs. of sulphate of iron, 1^ bottles of strong sulphuric acid, and 22 gal. of hot water, gave better results. On a case of court-noue of grapes in France, P. Jaccaed (Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat. [Geneva], 4. ser., 28 {1909), No. 11, pp. 519-521; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. letc], 2. AM., 28 {1910), No. 9-11, pp. 282, 283).— The author states that in a vineyard of some 10,000 5-year-old grafted vines this disease has become so prevalent that three-fourths of the plants are attacked, resulting in a much reduced yield. No evidence of animal or plant parasites was found in the diseased tissues, but an examination of the twigs and leaves during the latter part of August showed a lignification and an accumulation of starch in the smaller branches, an arrested development of the leaves, and an alteration of their chlorophyll. The leaves, when viewed by transmitted light, showed a brownish or reddish color along the veins, while the cells at the base of the petioles showed alterations in the middle lamellje and an excess of calcium oxalate throughout the petioles. The author claims that it is a true physiological enzymatic disease, due prob- ably to an imperfect adaptation of the grafted stocks to the soil or subsoil. The gray rot (Botrytis) of grapes in 1910, L. Lebrun {Prog. Agr. et Vif. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 31 {1910), No. J/S, pp. 502-509).— The author discusses the serious loss during this year to Burgundian vineyardists due to the widespread and severe attacks of this fungus, and gives tables showing the amount and number of hours of rainfall for each May, June, and July, from 1907 to 1910, inclusive, together with the mean temperatures for these months. . After comparing the relative amount of gray rot during each of these years with the temperature and rainfall, the conclusion is reached that the unusual amount of rot for 1910 is due to the extra amount of continuous rainfall, es- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 351 pecially during June, coupled with tlie prevalence of an optimum temperature for the germination of the spores. The red leaf spot of grapes and its control, DtJMMLER (Wchnbl. Landio. Vcr. Baden, 1910, p. Jil5; ahs. in Ztschr. Landiv. Versuclisw. Osterr,, 13 {1910), No. 6, p. 597). — It is claimed that an early spraying with a 2 per cent Bordeaux mixture before the disease appears will prevent it, and that if the disease has already appeared, spraying will put a stop to further injury. The injury can also be lessened by improving the soil conditions. Note on coffees resistant to Hemileia vastatrix, P. Dussert {Agr\ Prat. Pays Ghaiids, 10 {1910), No. 91, pp. 337, 338).— An account is given of observa- tions on a number of species of coffee cultivated in Madagascar, some of which seem more or less resistant to the coffee leaf rust {H. vastatrix) . Among the forms which are somewhat resistant are Coffca congensis chalotii, C. canephora opaca, and 0. javanica. The author states that unlike the Liberian coffee the quality of the beverage produced from the Madagascan berry is very agreeable. The bud rot of palms in India, E. J. Butler {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 3 {1910), No. 5, i)p. 221-280, pis. o, map 1, fig. i).— The author discusses the history of the bud rot of palms, the area affected, the first appearance and spread of the disease, the species of palm attacked, the seasonal prevalence, symptoms, and characteristics of the causal organism, and measures for con- trolling the disease. It is claimed that the special bud rot under discussion is caused by Pythium palmivorum (E. S. R., 20, p. 454), a fungus parasite which attacks principally the palmyra palm {Borassus flaiellifer) , and has caused the death of thousands of trees in the Godavari and Kistna districts since its first ai>pearance in 1S90. The spores of the fungus are usually found between the soft inner leaf sheaths, and are therefore not readily disseminated by the wind. The chief agency in spreading the disease is supposed to be the palm climbers, who, while gathering the leaves for thatching or tapping the trees for toddy and jaggery (raw sugar), carry the fungus from diseased to healthy trees. Insects or other animals may also aid in its dissemination, especially the rhinoceros beetle and the palm weevil. Four species of palms are common in the Delta, viz, the palmyra {B. flabel- lifer), the coconut {Cocos nucifera), the areca {Areca catechu), and the date {Phoenix sylvestris). Of these, the first three are subject to the disease, while the date is apparently immune. The palmyra palm is more subject to attack than the other two, because it is the one climbed most frequently, and is there- fore oftener infected. For the same reason the disease is far less common on seedlings and young trees of the palmyra than on mature trees which are large enough to be climbed regularly. The disease is usually confined in its earlier stages to the large, fleshy leaf sheaths just below the expanded crown 6f leaves, and is not observable as a rule until the fungus reaches the young soft tissues of the unexpanded leaves, where it spreads rapidly and soon destroys the center of the bud. The cluster of partially expanded leaves in the center of the crown is next affected, causing the central sheath to wither, which is usually the first external indication of the disease in standing trees. The affected leaves turn pale, wither, and finally become dry and yellowish brown in from 10 to 12 days. Systematic cutting and destruction of all diseased trees is the only remedy found of value in combating the disease. The rot of roses, J. Beauverie {La Pourriture des Roses. Lyon, 1910, pp. 8, flgs. 5; reprint from Les Amis des Roses, 1910, Juhj-Aug.). — The author de- scribes the symptoms of this disease, its cause, and the microscopic character- 352 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. istics of the causal organism, Botrytis cinerea, and gives the methods usually employed in combating the disease. The rot attacks the peduncles and buds just at flowering time, producing brown areas on the peduncles and causing the petals to wither and turn a brownish color. Spraying with limewater, sulphate of lime, bisulphite of mag- nesia, sulphate of nickel, sulphate of copper, formalin, and silicates of magnesia are suggested as preventives. Mildew injuries in the forest district of Lekenik, Eigner (Natunc. Ztschr. , Forst II. Land a-., 8 {1910), No. 10, pp. .'i<)S-500) .—In a discussion of the death of large numbers of oak trees in Croatia, the author claims that it was not due alone to the mildew, as many hold, but also to the defoliation of the trees for two years by caterpillars, this being followed in 1909 by the destruction by the fungus of the new leaves subsequently formed, thereby weakening the trees until they died. The mildew of the oak, P. Vuillemin (Rev. Gen. Set., 21 {1910), No. 19, pp. 812-816). — The author discusses the taxonomic position, probable source of introduction into Europe, and subsequent dissemination of the oak mildew, which has become epidemic in many Euroijean countries during recent years. It is claimed that the fungus belongs neither to the genus Phyllactinia nor to Microsphsera, but judging from its conidia, is a Sphserotheca, and will probably prove to be 8. lancstris. A parasite of the oak Oidium, P. Vuillemin {Coinpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 {1910), No. 15, pp. 647, 648; Bui. Trimest. Soc. My col. France, 26 (1910). No. 4, pp. 390-393). — Attention is called to the appearance in the for- ests of France of Cicmnobolus cesatii evonymi, a fungus parasitic on the Oidium, which has become so prevalent throughout European countries in re- cent years on various species of oaks. It is claimed that by the introduction of this beneficial parasite into regions where the Oidium is so injurious, thp disease may be held in check. A maple tree fung'us, A. Hollick {Proc. Staten Isl. Assoc. Arts and Sci., 2 (1909), No. 4, pp. 190-192) .—Attention is called to the death of silver maples (Acer saccharinum) and other vegetation along the north shore of Staten Island from New Brighton to West New Brighton, N. Y., caused primarily by the smoke and gases from factories on the New Jersey shore which year after year have either partially or completely defoliated the trees, occasionally two to three times in a season, until the twigs and branches have died and. broken off. The wounds thus formed became the center of infection for fungus invasion which finally completed their destruction. The fungus found on the maples was Pyropolyporus igniarius, a well-known wound parasite of trees. Some diseases of rubber trees (Agr. News [Barbados], 9 (1910), Nos. 219, pp. 802, 303; 220. p. 318; 221, pp. 334, 335).— In a summary of the diseases to which rubber trees are subject in different parts of the world, attention is called to their close similarity in external symptoms and causative fungi to many diseases of cacao. The field symptoms, causal organisms, present distribution, and methods of control for the following are given : Root diseases, caused by Fames semitostiis, Irpex flavus, Hymenoch(Bte noxia, and Poria vincta, and a foot rot of Ca^tilloa trees in Ceylon due to Fusarium sp. ; stem diseases, Ceylon canker (Nectria ■ddversispora) , Ceylon bark disease (Cortidnm javanicum) , Malay bark disease (C. calceum), die back {Gloeosporium aWornhrum and Botryodiplodia elasticce), black canker {Fusicladlum sp.), bark disease (Diplodia rapax), stem disease (Eutypa cavUvora), and horsehair blight (Marasmius sp.) on Hevea. and Funtumia canker (Nectria funtumice) and Corticium javanicum on Castilloa in ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 353 Java; fruit diseases, caused by fruit rot (PJiytoplithora sp.) on Hevea fruit, which is also found on cacao and bread fruit; seedling diseases, caused by gray blight (Pcstalozzia gueplni), also found on tea, and leaf spot (Cercospora sp.) ; leaf diseases, due to several species of fungi, none of very much importance. The dry rot of construction timber, P. Billiet (Assoc. Fran£. Avanc. Sci., Gompt. Rend., 31 {1908), pp. 553-557). — A description is given of the destruc- tion caused by Merulius lacrymans in lumber and construction timber, the author claiming that the mycelium produces a considerable amount of liquid and that this liquid acts as a ferment, dissolving the cellulose of the cell walls, or, in more resistant wood, causing their swelling and finally their de- struction. Dry rot in timber, W. Ransom (Surveyor, 38 (1910), No. 982, pp. 61f3, 6U). — It is stated that in this disease, which appears to be on the increase, moderate warmth, moisture, and want of ventilation are favorable conditions for the development of the fungus (Merulius lacrymans), and that its attacks are confined almost exclusively to wood felled in the sap. Thoroughly seasoned timber made from trees cut at the proper season, with sufficient ventilation around the timbers used in the building, will usually escape attacks of dry rot. The application of carbolic acid, creosote, car- bolineum, etc., is also i-ecommended as a preventive. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Animal migrations and their cause, F. Knauee (Tierwandemngen und Hire Vrsachen. Cologne, 1909, pp. XI +288, flgs. 80, map 1). — The migrations of mammals, birds, insects, etc., are discussed in this work. A bibliography of California ornithology, J. Grinnell (Cooper Ornithol. Cliil). Pacific Coast Avifauna, 1909, No. 5, pp. 166). — In this bibliography 1,785 titles are listed in chronological order. Indexes to authors, local lists, and bird names, and a list of the serial publications from v.'hich articles are cited, are appended. A check-list of the birds of South Africa, .1. W. B. Ounning and A. Haagnee (Ann. Transvaal Mus., 2 (1910), Sup., pp. 75-156). — In this list 920 species are recorded as occurring south of the Zambesi-Cunene line, the six- teenth degree of south latitude. Examination of contents of stomachs and crops of Australian birds, ,1. B. Cleland (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 5, pp. 401-405).— The results of an examination of the stomach contents of 57 birds are here reported. The toads of the northeastern United States, W. DeW. Miller and J. Chapin (Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. SIS, pp. 315-317).— The authors discuss the range of Bufo americanus and B. foivleri, which they have collected and studied in New Jersey and neighboring regions. Fish and game laws of Massachusetts, 1910, G. W. Field, .T. W. Delano, and G. H. Gakfield (Boston, 1910. pp. IX-\-128). — The fish and game laws of Massachusetts have been brought together in this pocket guide. A report on the fresh water protozoa of Tahiti, C. H. Edmondson (Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. 819, pp. 349-351). — Forty-four species were observed and studied by the author during July and August, 1908. Bionomical observations on some British millipedes, T. J. Evans (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8 ser., 6 (1910), No. 33, pp. 284-291). — The observations re- ported deal with the habits, especially the breeding and molting habits, of 5 species and as many genera of British millipedes. Friendly insects, W. W. Feoggatt (Producers Rev., 5 (1910), No. 5, pp. 190- 195, figs. 15). — A popular account in which a number of beneficial insects ai-e described and figured. 354 EXPERIMEKT STATION RECORD.. The effects of parasitic and other kinds of castration in insects, W. M. Wheeler (Jour. Expt. Zool., S (IDIO), No. //, pi). 377-^37, figs. 8). — In this paper the author first considers the effects of stylopization in wasps and bees. He then takes up and discusses the various ways by which castration takes place, including surgical, alimentary, nutricial, phasic, individual parasitic, and social parasitic castration. An extensive bibliography is appended to the account. Vegetable pests, C. French, Jr. {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 7 {1910), No. 12, pp. 770-773). — Brief notes are presented on the various pests which attack vegetables. It is stated that thrips occur in Victoria in large numbers on early tomato plants, causing the flowers to turn brown, shrivel up, and fall. As a deterrent spraying with coal tar water or a weak kerosene emulsion is recommended. The coal tar water is made by boiling 1 lb. of coal tar in 2 gal. of water and while hot adding from 50 to 100 gal. of water. Some insect pests affecting' cultivated plants in the "West Indies, R. New- stead {Jour. Roy. Jfort. Soc. [London], S6 {1910), No. 1, pp. 53-63, pis. .), figs. 2). — In this paper the author mentions ants {Solcnopsis sp.) as destroying the flowers of cacao, the larvse of a wood-boring beetle injuring the cacao tree, the girdler- weevil of tbe orange and cacao {Prepodes vittatus), slugs destroying Para rubber plants, the cabbage butterfly {Pieris sp.), a pyralid moth injuring beetroots, thfe sweet potato weevil {Gylas formicarius) , the cotton stainer (DydercKs ? andrew), scale insects infesting rubber, and others. Insects and disease, R. W. Doane {New York, 1910, pp. XIV +227, pis. 51/). — This popular account of the way in which insects may spread or cause some of the common diseases includes a classified bibliography of nearly 50 pages of books and articles dealing more or less directly with the subject. The North American dragonflies (Odonata) of the genus Macromia, E. B. Williamson (Proc. U. 8. Nat. 21 us., 37 {1910), pp. 369-398, pis. 2, figs. 7).— The American species of Macromia are said to be distributed generally over the United States and southern and eastern Canada. So far as known, M. illinoien- sis is the only species frequenting lakes as well as streams. Nine species are recognized of whicb 3 are described as new to science. A list of the Neuroptera of Ireland, J. J. F. X. King and J. N. Halbebt {Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 28 {1910), No. 2, Sect. B, irp. 29-112; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1910, No. 2, p. 166). — This new list of Neuroptera, which includes 240 species representing 105 genera, is shown to be rather less than two-thirds of the number recorded from Great Britain. The nomenclature is brought up to date and emphasis is laid on cases cf interesting geographical distribution. A bibliography of tbe literature relating to the subject is included. Froghoppers, froghopper fungus, and froghopper control, F. W. Ueich and J. B. RoRER {Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago, 10 {1010), No. 9, pp. 368-382; separate, pp. 10). — An interim report on froghoppers, which includes a bib- liography of the subject, is presented by F. W. Uricli, an account of the frog- hopper fungus by J. B. Rorer, and one on froghopper control by the first named author. Tomaspis postica is the insect concerned. The wheat louse, C. P. Van Der Merwe (Dept. Agr. Orange River Colony Bui. 22, 1910, pp. 33, figs. 3). — ^An account is riven of the so-called green bug or spring grain aphis {Toxoptera graminv.n), which has been known in the Orange Free State for a long time and also occurs in Cape Colony, Transvaal, and Basutoland. It is said that while cases where the insect becomes destruc- tive are not uncommon, these outbreaks are usually more or less local in ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 355 character. An outbreak similar to that which occurred in the spring of 1908 has not been known before in the grain growing districts of the Colony. The hackberry psylla, Pachypsylla celtidis-mamnise. — A study in com- parative morphology, H. B. Stough (Eanft. Univ. 8ci. Bui., 5 {1910), No. 9, pp. 121-165, pis. 9, figs. 3). — In this paper the author reports studies of the comparative morphology of the mouth parts, thorax, and genitalia, and of the development of wing venation and wing pattern. A bibliography of 37 titles is appended. White-fly control, E. W. Bergeb (Florida Sta. Bui. 103, pp. 5-28, figs. 2).— The essential facts concerning white-fly control through the use of fungi and by spraying are here brought together in brief form. Experiments on the artificial spreading of fungi show that there are definite advantages to be gained. It has been found that the yellow fungus thrives only on Aleyrodes nuMfera. White-fly pupse appear to be more or less immune to fungus attacks. The operations and experiments of the past year indicate clearly that effective spraying can be done. " Temperature, as well as stage of development, is ap- parently a factor in successful spraying, since we would expect the solutions to be more penetrating when several degrees warmer. Thus only 91.3 per cent of the stages 1 to 3, and 30 per cent of the fourth stage, were killed with Golddust with an initial temperature of 88° and a mean for 7 days of 74.5° ; while 99.5 per cent of the stages 2 and 3, and 89 per cent of the fourth and fifth stages were killed when the initial temperature was 99° and the mean for 7 days, 80.8°. The results of June 15 to 17 . . . on fourth-stage larvae with the soap solutions were excellent, with an initial temperature of 98° and a mean of 83.1°." Directions are given for winter treatment, spring, summer, and fall spraying, etc. It is stated that the freezing destroys directly but few, if any, of the larvje on leaves that remain uninjured. The food plants of A. citri are listed, and it is recommended that the cape jasmine, chinaberry, umbrella trees, prickly ash, privets, wild olive, trifoliate orange {Citrus trifoliata) and all useless and abandoned citrus be condemned and destroyed in all citrus-growing communities. A mealy bug injurious to the lebbek trees of Cairo, F. C. Willcocks {BuJ. Ent. Research, 1 {1910), No. 2, pp. 121-1^1, pi. 1, figs. 10).— The mealy bug con- cerned, which is described by the author and by R. Newstead in an appendix as Dactylopius perniciosus, may destroy the crown if not the entire tree in the short space of a few months. " In addition to the lebbek {Albizzia Ichhelc) and cotton {Gossypium spp.), D. perniciosus has been found on Christ's Thorn {Zizyphus spina-christi) and on the Sunt Tree {Acacia arahica) .'" Nomenclature of scale insects, H. A. Ballou {West Indian Bui., 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 35-38). — The names of 46 species of the better known West Indian scale insects are presented in 3 columns, the first containing the old scientific names, the second the new scientific names, and the third the common names. Notes on lime cultivation, H. A. Ballou {West Indian BuL, 11 {I9t0), No. 1, pp. 39-1/9). — "The results obtained from the cultivation plats in Montserrat over a period of 3 years indicate that clean cultivation and frequent tillage pro- duce vigorous growth, and heavy early bearing. This, however, is offset by the severe attacks of scale insects. The other plats are much alike in the condition of the trees, and in the yields. The effect indicated by plat 2, that clean culti- vation is followed by attacks of scales, seems to be confirmed by the condition of the spineless limes at the Botanic Station, and of the abandoned trees at Richmond. . . . The scale insects concerned in the injury to the lime trees in Montserrat at present are the purple scale { Mytila spis citricola), the white scale {Chionaspis citri), and the green scale {Lccaiiium viride)." 81088°— No. 4—11 5 356 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Some experiments on Bombyx mori, R. Inouye {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 2 {1910), No. 3, pp. 223-235, figs. 2). — The author reports investigations made (1) of the quantity of mulberry leaves consumed by the several stages or instars in the develoiiraent of the silkworm, and (2) of the influence of carbon dioxid on the silkworm. Some notes on the Arctianse of Tapan, T. Miyake {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 2 (1910). No. 3. pp. 201-212. fig. i).— The larvte of 2 of the species here noted feed upon the mulberry tree, making 9 species of the subfamily known to be injurious to the mulberry. Fruit flies and other insects attacking cultivated and wild fruits in New South Wales, W. B. Gurney {Agr. Guz. N. 8. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 5, pp. .'i23- 433, pis. 2, figs. 8). — This is a report of field investigations of the fruit flies. The Queensland fruit fly {Dacus tryoni) and the Island fruit fly {Trypcta musw) are found to be natives of New South Wales and to develop in wild fruits, but the common or Mediterranean fruit fly {Ceratitis capitata) has not been found at yet to develop in the native wild fruits. A braconid parasite was found in considerable numbers attacking the Queensland fruit fly maggots in thin-pulped wild fruits. An outbreak of gadflies in Kentucky, H. Garman {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 151, pp. 181-192, pis. 2, figs. 6). — The large, brown gadfly Talyanus exul is described as having been the source of considerable injury to beef and dairy cattle in Henry and adjoining counties in 1910. Observations made at Tarascon on Au- gust 25 are reported, with suggestions for remedial and preventive treatment. A technical description of the fly accompanies the account. Some observations on the bionomics of Tabanus par and T. taeniola, H. H. King {Bid. Ent. Research, 1 {1910), No. 2, jyp. 09-10-',, pi. l).—lt is stated that nothing has hitherto been published on the life history of any African species of the family Tahanid;?, except in the case of T. higulUitus. The present status of our knowledge of the role of flies in the dissemina- tion of parasitic diseases and of means for combating them, B. Galli-Valerio (GentM. Bakt. \.ctc.^, 1. Aht., Orig., 5-', {1910). No. 3, pp. 193-209) .—This is a general review in which references are given to the literature. A note on the blood-sucking flies of Roumania, N. Leon {Cenlhl. F>s. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [Lon- don], 1910, No. 2, p. 165). — The author finds that beetles from Turkish tobacco- 358 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. leaf apparently thrive in napthalin. Bisulpbid of carbon, however, effectually disposes of them. Determinate evolution in the color pattern of the lady beetles, R. H. John- son {Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 122, pjp. lOlf, figs. 02). — A bibliography of 49 titles is appended to this account. The status of the cotton boll weevil in 1909, W. D. Hunter (V. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Cire. 122. pp. 12. fig. 1). — At the end of the year 1909 all of Louisiana was within the infested territory, while in Mississippi, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, 23, 20, and 15 counties, respectively, were more or less infested. " Of the total cotton acreage in the States concerned, the weevil is found in about 80 per cent in Texas, .30 per cent in Arkansas, 25 per cent in Mississippi. 35 per cent in Oklahoma, and practically 100 per cent in Louisiana. This area com- prises very nearly 30 per cent of the cotton acreage in the United States in the year 1909, or about 37 per cent of the total number of square miles found within the cotton belt. . . . The season of 1909 was very peculiar as regards damage by the boll weevil. . . . Experiments performed with many thousands of weevils in large field cages showed a survival of about 3 per cent as against 12 per cent after the winter preceding the season of 1907. That is, about 4 times as many weevils survived to damage the crop in 1907 as in 1908. . . . It was found that in the representative fields examined there was an average of only 3 weevils per acre in northern, and eastern Texas in 1908 as against 226 per acre in 1907." As a result of the drought in 1909 the cotton plant was so stunted that it was unable to derive any advantage whatever from the comparative scarcity of the weevils. " In spite of the most unfavorable conditions the parasites caused a con- siderable weevil mortality. The average total control of the boll weevil by its insect enemies throughout the season of 1909 was 16 per cent. ... It is very noticeable that the w^ork of the parasites in hanging squares was considerable. It ranged in Texas from 46 to 54 per cent. That is, nearly half of the weevil stages found in hanging squares were destroyed by natural enemies. ... The list now includes 49 forms, of which 26 are parasites in the true sense — that is, dependent upon the boll weevil for furnishing food for their young, because their eggs are deposited upon the weevil — and 23 are predatory species, which merely devour the boll weevil but do not deposit their eggs ur)on or in It." The dispersion in 1909, history of the boll weevil in Texas, use of the chain cultivator to carry the infested squares from shaded areas to the middles where they are exposed to the sun. and the use of arsenate of lead in combating the weevil as previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 756), are discussed at some length. Studies of North American weevils, W. D. Pierce (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.. 31 ilOlO), pp. 325-36-'i). — This paper includes descriptions of 12 new species of t 'urculionidje. Brood diseases of bees, their treatment and the law for their suppression' in Massachusetts, B. N. Gates {Bd. Agr. [Mass.]. Apiary lusp. Bui. 1. 1910, pp. 12). — A popular account. The present status of our knowledge of African bees, H. Fbiese {Die Bienen Afrihas nach dem Stande unserer heutigen Eenntnisse. Jena, 1909, pp. 85-475. pis. 2, fig. 1, viaps 19; rev. in Science, n. ser., 31 {1910), Xo. 798, pp. .580-582).— Practically all that is known of the bee fauna of the Ethiopian region south of a line drawn from Senegal to Abyssinia has been brought to- gether in this work. A series of maps of Africa show the distribution of various species, while other maps show the distribution throughout the world of important genera ECOlSrOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 359 of African bees. The work includes a list of 35 genera and some 783 forms of African bees (including the subspecies of Apis meUifica), 53 of wbich species are described as new in tlie present volume. Two colored plates of bees are included in the work. The review is by W. M. Wheeler. A contribution on the bee fauna of the Lesser Antilles and the Bermudas, H. Friese (Zool. Jahrb., 1008, *S'»/j. 11. No. 1, pih .33-// 0).— The author describes 2 new species and 1 variety and presents a list of 60 species known to occur in the Lesser Antilles, Bahamas, and Bermudas. A Bembex preying on Glossina in Dahomey, E. Roubaud (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1010), No. S, pp. oOo-oOS). — The wasp mentioned, which apparently belongs to the genus Bembex, is one of the small number of species that are known to capture blood-sucking flies. An introduction to the study of the ants of northern Colorado, W. W. RoBBiNS (Univ. Colo. Studies, 7 (1010), No. Jf, pp. 215-222, figs. 3). — This paper includes an artificial key to the genera and a preliminary list of the species known to occur in northern Colorado, together with notes on their distribution and habits and a partial list of papers mentioning Colorado ants. A note on the development of the gallfly, Diastrophus nebulosus, J. D. IvES (Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc, 26 (1010), No. 2, p. 76). — The author reports the average number of larvje taken from blackberry knot galls in Janu- ary to be about 85. " In certain of the galls the number of parasitic or in- quilinus larvfe, namely, those of Torymus sackeni and Eurytoma sp. exceeded those of D. nebulosus." A contribution to the biology of the stone-fruit sawfly, H. Schmidt (Ztschr. Wiss. Insektenhiol., 6 (1010), Nos. 1, pp. 17-23, figs. 18; 3, pp. 86-92, figs. 3). — The species here considered, Lyda nemoralis, was the source of con- siderable injury to stone fruits in the vicinity of Griinberg, Silesia, in 1908. Further notes on the acarids attacking the tea plant, C. Bernard (Bui. Dept. Agr. Indes Neerland., 1010, No, J/O, pp. 1-0). — Remedial measures for Brevipalpus ohovatus and other acarids that attack the tea plant in Java are discussed. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 21, p. 658). On some acarids indirectly related to tea culture, C. Bernard (Bui. Dept. Agr. Indes Neerland., 1910, No. JjO, pp. 25-36, pis. 2). — Mention is made of an acarid belonging to the genus Phytoptus that forms galls upon Indigofera galegoides, a plant used in green manuring, and a red spider (Tetranychus sp.) that appears in nurseries on the leaves of cinchona and manioc or cassava. A new gall mite on Crataegus osyacanthoides, J. Cotte (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1010), No. 12, pp. 6.',3-6.',5, fig. i).— The author describes a new species (Eriopliyes cratcegumplicans), which makes galls on the upper surface of hawthorn leaves (C. oxyacanthoides). On the presence of a flagellate parasite of the genus Leptomonas in the latex of three species of Euphorbiaceae, A. Lafont (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 24 (1910), No. 3, pp. 205-219, figs. 7).— Further investigations (E. S. R., 22, p. 251) have resulted in the discovery of this parasite in 2 additional species of Eu- phorbia that occur on the Island of Mauritius, namely. Euphorbia thymifolia, and E. hypericifolia. Its injury to the plant has been termed flagellosis. Of 205 E. pilulifcra plants examined. 70 were found to be parasitized. The sap of 50 additional species was examined without finding the parasite. At the time of writing the flagellate had been found or reported to occur in the neigh- boring island of Reunion or Bourbon, in Madagascar near Tamatave, and at Madras, India (E. S. R., 22, p. 288). It is said to have been discovered several times in the intestines of lygeid bugs, captured upon parasitized plants. 360 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Eradication of ticks by the starvation method, H. B. Laws and B. Man- ning (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 37 (1910), No. 1, pp. 9-17; Natal Agr. Jour., 15 (1910), No. 2, pp. 196-206; abs. in Vet. Jour., 66 (1910), No. 1,23, pp. 549-553). — From the experiments reported the authors conclude that so long as game have access to an inclosed area total eradication of the several species concerned will be Impossible. Periodic dipping in an efficient dip at intervals of not moi'e than 14 days is considered more effective in the extermination of ticks of all kinds than starvation, and at the same time has the advantage that it can be carried on in conjunction with the ordinary farm work. The relationship of ticks and animal disease, II. W. Jack (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 7 (1910), No. 6, pp. I.'f78-U97, pis. 3).— A brief summarized accoimt. The insects injurious or beneficial to sugar cane in Formosa, S. Matsu- MUEA (Ztschr. Wiss. InscMcubioL, 6 (1910). Nos. 3, pp. lOl-lOJ,; 4, pp. 136- 139). — This gives a list of 125 injurious and 41 beneficial species collected by the author in Formosa. The insect galls of Michigan, M. T. Cook (Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv. Pub. 1, Biol. Her. 1, 1910, pp. 23-33). — The host plants upon which the 59 species of galls here mentioned occur are distributed among 14 genera of 11 families of 9 orders. Note on two new insecticidal agents, R. H. Pettit (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Set., 10 (1908), pp. 159, 160). — A remedy devised for use against Cimex lectularius, and another for use against ants in houses, are described. The Mantispidae of Japan, T. Miyake (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 2 (1910), No. 3, pp. 213-221, pi. i).— All of the 5 species known from Japan be- long to the genus Mantispa. Three of these are new to science and 1 is new to Japan. A further contribution towards the knowledge of the Panorpidae of Japan, T. Miyake (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 2 (1910), No. 3, pp. 183-205, pi. 1, fig. 1). — Nine species are here described as new, making a total of 36 species of Panorpidifi known to occur in Japan. Some insects injurious to truck crops (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur, Ent. Bui. 82, pt. 6, pp. 67-84, figs. 5). — This contains two papers. Notes on the cucumber beetles, F. H. Chittenden (pp. 67-75). — This paper presents notes on 5 species of beetles of the genus Diabrotica. The saddled cucumber beetle (D. connexa) has been found to attack cucurbitaceous plants at Corpus Christi, Tex., and has been commonly met with in western Texas. The painted cucumber beetle (D. picticoniis) has been found at San Antonio, Tex., attacking okra, beets, vetch, horse beans, squash, and cotton. The belted cucumber beetle (D. baltcata) attacks wheat in Mexico and occurs in great numbers on beans, corn, and okra, especially in the blossoms, and on cucumbers and other plants at several points in southern Texas. The western 12-spotted cucumber beetle (D. soror) is recorded from California as a source of injury to beets, melon, cucumber, squash, beans, corn, and other vegetables; the beetle is described and notes are given on its life history and habits with records of injury. The western striped cucumber beetle (D. trivittata) which is common throughout the State of California and extending into Oregon is said to injure beans, cucumbers, squash, and the silk of corn in the vicinity of Salem. Oreg., and melons at Imperial Junction, Cal. Biologic notes on species of Diabrotica in southern Texas, H. O. Marsh (pp. 76-84). — Four species are considered in this paper. D. picticornis was observed to attack the blossoms and foliage of cucurbits at Brownsville, Tex., in May and June of 1908. D. balteata is stated to be active during the year in southern Texas and by far the most injurious and common Diabrotica in the lower Rio Grande valley. Notes are given on its food plants, character of injury, occur- FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 361 rence, and life history. Eggs deposited in May liatched in 9 days, the larval stage requiring 25 days and the pupal stage 11 days. Experiments conducted and here reported indicate that arsenate of lead is an excellent remedy. D. vittata is usually rare in southern Texas (as compared with D. balteata) audits injuries are confined to cucurbits. It was found that eggs deposited early in May hatched in 8 days, that the larval stage required 14 days and the pupal stage 5 days, making a total of 27 days for development from egg to adult. D. duodevimpunctata occurs only in small numbers in southern Texas. Eggs deposited in May hatched in 0 days, 15 days were passed in the larval stage and 6 days in the pupal stage. Animal enemies of the sugar beet, O. Fallada {Osterr. TJngar. Ztschr. Zuckerindiis. u. Landw., 39 (1910), No. 1, pp. 37-Jf2). — Notes on the insects injuring sugar beets in Austria-Hungary during 1909. Some enemies of rhododendron, A. Naumann (Jahresber. Ver. Aiigeic. Bot., 9 (1909), pp. 171-18S, pi. 1, figs. 2). — The author notes the occurrence of the greenhouse white fly, Acalla schalleriana azaleaiia, and Otiorhynchus sulcatus on rhododendrons in the vicinity of Dresden. Bules and reg'ulations for carrying' out the provisions of the insecticide act of 1910 (17. H. Dept. Agr., Office See. Circ. SJf, pp. l.'t). — The rules and regu- lations here promulgated relate to " the collection and examination of specimens of insecticides, Paris greens, lead arsenates, and fungicides manufactured or offered for sale in the District of Columbia or in any territory of the United States, or which shall be offered for sale in unbroken packages in any State other than that in which they shall have been respectively manufactured or pro- duced, or which shall be received from any foreign country or intended for ship- ment to any foreign country, or which may be submitted for examination by the director of the experiment station or any State, territory, or the District of Columbia (acting under the Secretary of Agriculture), or at any domestic or foreign port through which such product is offered for interstate commerce or for export or import between the United States and any foreign port or country." The text of the act is appended. The use of insecticides in Hawaii, D. T. Fullaway { Hawaii Sta. Pi-ess Bui. 27, pp. 8).— A revision of Bulletin 3 previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 989). Grease banding' of fruit trees, F. V. Theobald (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 17 (1910), No. 7, pp. 5Jf2-552). — Experiments and observations made during a period of 6 years are here reported upon. "Of the 3 classes of greases experimented with, namely, (a) yellow and white, (b) the black German moth glues or raupenleims, and (c) greases of birdlime type, or tanglefoot, it was found that the first dries too quickly, the second has a low catching power, but that the third lasts ' tacky ' for well over the period of attack, and by moving it with a piece of wood, is at the end of 10 to even 15 months nearly as ' tacky ' as before. The black greases do not seem to attract insects to the same extent as the white and yellow and shiny or birdlime preparations." FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Studies of poultry from the farm to the consumer, jMary E. Pennington (U. /S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 64, PP- 42, figs. 9). — A review of scientific work on this subject is included, together with a statement of the industrial application of refrigeration to the handling of dressed poultry and eggs, based on a study of existing conditions, and a discussion of the application of scien- tific data so far obtained to industrial uses. Chilling poultry, containers for 36^ EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. shipping poultry, poultry refrigerator cars and other matters of transportation, refrigeration in the market, and the refrigeration of eggs are among the topics considered. In connection with the discussion of refrigerator cars a number of thermograph records are presented. According to the author, " it is a comparatively simple matter to keep birds in good condition from one season of production to the next in a well-constructed cold storage warehouse, provided those birds are received at the warehouse properly dressed, chilled, and packed, and with such promptness that decompo- sition has not obtained even a slight foothold. Under such conditions the re- sponsibility of the warehouse is the maintenance of cleanliness and a constant temperature which is not above 15° F. ( — 9° C), and which preferably should be nearer 10° F. ( — 12° C). If, on the other hand, the poultry is not properly prepared for storage, or if decomposition has begun (even though it may be scarcely perceptible to any of the senses), it is impossible with the lowest tem- peratures obtainable to prevent deterioration. " Poultry, even in the best condition, is not improved by being kept frozen for any length of time. About the sixth month of carrying, a careful observer, judging by the taste alone, can tell the difference between frozen poultry and that which is freshly killed. Up to nine months, however, this difference is so slight that it is of scarcely more than scientific interest. But after nine months, though undoubtedly the flesh is wholesome and nutritious, there is a loss in flavor the degree of which is dependent upon the length of time for which the storage has been continued. " The thawing of the frozen chicken pi*eparatory to its use as food is a matter of great importance if the good qualities of the fowl are to be preserved. It was formerly customary to thaw birds by throwing them into cold water. This method, on a commercial scale, is practically certain to result in thawing in dirty water, thereby so contaminating the flesh that decomposition proceeds very rapidly. It is also deleterious, in that it extracts a considerable part of the flavor of the flesh. This being the first attribute of the fresh chicken to be lost by cold storage is the one which should be most carefully guarded. To pre- serve it, as well as the appearance of the fowl, thawing should be accomplished by hanging the bird in cool air, if possible at the temperature of an ordinary ice refrigerator for 24 hours. This time is suflicient to thaw a bird of the usual size. A slightly longer period may be required for large roasting chickens." As regards eggs, the author states that the length of time they can be kept in cold storage depends very largely upon their condition when they enter it. " Eggs laid early in the season during cool weather keep best. Carefully graded, packed, and transported, such eggs are good food at the end of nine months. It is likely that they will not soft boil or poach with entire satisfaction at the expiration of that period, but for all the other methods of cooking they are avail- able. If the eggs are of strictly first quality when they enter storage they will soft boil after six or seven months and compare satisfactorily with the ' strictly fresh ' eggs of the market." The author is decidedly of the opinion that the results of scientific investiga- tion are of great importance in the industrial use of refrigeration, and discusses this matter at some length. Beef, its quality and classification, L. Villian {Rec. MM. VSt., 86 {1909), No. 23, pp. 799-812, figs. 6; 87 {1910), No. 1, pp. 26-32).— Information is given regarding French methods of cutting meat in connection with discussions of quality and grading. The chemical composition of a number of samples of bread made from whole grain, H. Kalning (Ztschr. Gesam. Getreidew., 2 (1910), No, 7, pp. 167- 169). — Analyses are reported and discussed. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 363 Edible beans from the East Africa Protectorate (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Ken- sington], 8 (1910), No. 3, pp. 252-261). — Analyses of a number of samples of beans are reported and discussed. In most cases the east African beans ex- amined agreed closely in composition with well known leguminous seeds already on the market. Maple sirup, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 214, pp. 13). — Of the 138 samples of maple sirup collected in Canada, 117 were found to be genuine, 4 doubtful, and 17 adulterated. According to the author, " it is certain that although many genuine samples of sirup are of such a character as to admit of their dilution with cane sugar sirup, and still fall within such limits as to pass for genuine, the great majority of fraudulent samples will be clearly indicated while genuine maple sirup is quite safe from being adjudged as other than it is." Contribution on jelly making', Nellie E. Goldthwaite (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 (1910), No. 11, pp. 457-462, fig. 1). — Tests were made with apple and quince juice and with the juices from such small fruits as currants, raspberries, strawberries, blackberries, blueberries, and cherries, the results in general strengthening the conclusions drawn from the author's earlier work (E. S. R., 21, p. 461). Tests were also made of the jelly-making qualities of orange juice, and with the whole fruit, the whole skins, and the inner and outer portion of the skin of oranges, under different conditions. Some tests were also made with lemons. According to the author's summary, " in what is usually a waste product (the white inner skins of oranges and lemons) we have an abundant source of pectin from which excellent jelly can be made if properly acidified. . . . " It was noteworthy that the purest pectin yet prepared in this research was obtained from oranges and lemons. It was isolated . . . and was reprecipitated three times. By long manipulation of the precipitated pectin (supported on a very fine cloth suspended from the corners) the liquid was so completely worked out of the substance that a powdery white body, somewhat starch-like in appearance, was obtained. This was dried in a current of dry hydrogen over sulphuric acid. " Ash determinations of orange pectin so obtained showed less than 0.5 per cent of ash — of lemon pectin about H.^ per cent. ... No melting point of this pectin could be obtained, but the substance, when out of contact with air, chars strongly at 170° C. It is hoped to continue this work on the isolation and examination of pure pectin." The report also contains a number of interesting deductions regarding suc- cessful jelly making from the housekeeper's standpoint. Recipes for tomatoes, peppers, and cucumbers, Carrie B. Hyde (Winthrop Norm, and Indus. Col. 8. C. Bui., 3 (1910), No. 6, pp. 14). — A number of recipes for utilizing these materials are given. Solubility of copper in preserved vegetables, A. Behre (Ber. Chem. TJnter- such. Ami. Chemnitz, 1909, p. 36; ahs. in ZtscJir. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 20 (1910), No. 10, p. 655). — Artificial digestion work was undertaken to deter- mine whether the proteid copper compound present in preserved spinach was soluble in gastric juice. Copper could not be directly identified in the filtered liquid, but about one-half of that originally present was recovered in the material after evaporation and incineration. The solubility of zinc electroplate in lemonade and citric acid solutions, H. E. Barnard and H, E. Bishop (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Iiid., 27 (190S), pp. 254-256). — Experiments were undertaken to determine the amount of zinc dis- solved when lemonade and citric acid solutions were kept for varying lengths of time in galvanized iron receptacles. 364 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Tlie results showed that the citric acid solutions were much more active than the lemon solutions, though their acid flavor was about the same. The length of time the solution was in contact with the container also exercised a marked effect, much more of the zinc being dissolved on the second and third day than on the first. Considering both lemonade and citric acid solutions, a range was noted of from 0.0815 gm. zinc sulphate per 100 cc. in the case of a sample of lemonade kept in a container 24 hours to 3.032 gm. in the case of lemonade in contact with the container for 72 hours. "As the dose of zinc citrate runs from 0.2 to 0.8 gm., it is evident that a person drinking an ordinary ' schooner ' of this lemonade would be taking into his system a very large dose of this salt." The state board of health accordingly issued a rule forbidding the use of zinc-coated metal containers in the manufacture and storage of acid drinks. Concerning preservatives, A. J. J, Vandevelde and H. P. Wijsman {Cliem. Weekbl., 7 {1910), No. 26, pp. 573-587).— A summary and digest of data. Notices of judgment (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 649, pp. 4 J 65i- 653, pp. 2 each; 654-655, p. 1 each; 656, pi). 2; 657, p. 1; 658-660, pp. 2 each; 661, pp. 5; 662, pp. 2; 663-668, p. 1 each; 669, pp. 2; 670-672, p. 1 each; 675-678, p. 1 each; 679, pp. 2; 681, pp. 2; 682, p. 1; 683, pp. 2; 684, p. 1; 685, pp. 2; 686- 687, p. 1 each; 688-690, pp. 2 each). — These notices of judgment have to do with the adulteration of olives, ice cream cones and ice cream clams, canned tomatoes, catsup, fish, desiccated egg product, macaroni, " crystal eggs," and desiccated eggs ; the misbranding of cheese, egg macaroni and egg noodles, olive oil, pep- per, molasses, coffee, lemon flavoring, and vinegar; and the adulteration and misbranding of vinegar, lemon flavor, vanilla flavor, vanilla, orange, and lemon flavoring extracts, vanilla flavoring jjowder, calcium acid phosphate, eggs, brandy, and " Yando egg noodles." The bacterial condition of protected and unprotected foods at restaurants, meat markets, grocery stores, bakeshops, and fruit stores, H. E. Barnard (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Ind., 27 (1908,), pp. 517-523, pis. //).— From his experi- mental work the author concludes that foods kept in glass cases were in every case practically free from dust and accompanying bacteria, while food on ex- posed tables and racks was surrounded by air heavily laden with dirt and bac- terial life. It was also shown that cleanliness of floors and utensils lessened to a certain extent the number of bacteria present, and that on the contrary counters and stands near sidewalks are always surrounded with atmospheric dust and dirt. The author's studies were concerned chiefly with the relative number of bac- teria found on the culture plates inoculated under different conditions and the types of bacteria were not thoroughly differentiated. " But there can be no doubt that they were varied and included both harmless and injurious forms, originating in the manure of the streets, the spittle from diseased lungs and nasal passages, and in evei'y other form of the waste products of men and animals." [Diet in a students' boarding home, University of Minnesotal, P. R. Kel- LAR (Cooking Glut) Mag., 12 {1910), No. 11, pp. 10, 11). — Information is briefly summarized regarding food at the college commons, University of Minnesota, where the author states that board is supplied at 22 cts. per man per day. [From the data given regarding typical menus for breakfast, dinner, and sup- per, it was calculated that the food supplied 105 gm. protein and 3,715 calories of energj^ per person per day.] Dietary studies of undernourished school children in New York City, E. M. Sill {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 55 {1910), No. 22, tip. 1886-1891).— The author briefly reports the results of 28 studies of families with malnourished children FOODS HUMAN" NUTRITION. 365 in the thickly congested districts of New York City and of 6 studies made with fairly well-to-do families. In the first group the average cost of the food was 19 cts. per man per day. It supplied 95 gm. protein, 68 gm. fat, and 407 gm. carbohydrates, the fuel value being 2,614 calories. The author states that these families were engaged in active or moderately active work. " Some six of these dietaries were up to or above the recognized standards, and therefore raised the general average considerably, but most of the dietaries were considerably below the ordinary standard, few being up to 3,000 per man per day and some as low as 1,600 calories per man per day, with corresponding low fat, proteid, and carbohydrates, thus showing the undernourished condition due to lack of i)roper food. " In those families whose dietaries were up to or above the standard there were always other good and sufficient reasons for the malnutrition of the chil- dren, such as close quarters, overcrowding, late hours, infrequent bathing, eating candy between meals, and tuberculous infection, or convalescence from disease; also adenoids and enlarged tonsils in some cases, or organic disease." In the fairly well-to-do families the food on an average cost 35 cts. per per- son per day, and supplied 149 gm. protein, 115 gm. fat, and .569 gm. carbohy- drates, the fuel value being 3,884 calories. These families were engaged in moderately active work. The author points out that these quantities were adequate, and the adult members were well nourished. This was not the case with the children, and he attributes their malnutrition " to the fact that they ate cheap candy between meals and thereby spoiled their appetites for nour- ishing food, lived in crowded quarters, sat up late at night, had organic disease, or were convalescing from disease. All of these were good reasons for their condition." Considering all of the dietary studies, the results showed that 61 per cent of the total expenditure was for animal foods, and 39 per cent for vegetable foods, about the same amount of protein being obtained from the one group as from the other. Detailed suggestions are made for improving the diet. According to the author's general conclusions, the " improper and unscientific feeding of children from the time of birth to maturity is one of the most fruit- ful causes, both directly and indirectly, of disease, disability, incapacity for work, both mental and physical, loss of energy, susceptibility to contract and inability to withstand disease. . . . This paper, however, deals with the child after the stage of babyhood has passed; in other words, the school child, up to the age of 10 or 12 years. " My experience has been in treating hundreds of these children that they contract disease much more easily and have less power of resistance than well- nourished children, and when disease is contracted it is apt to be more severe and prolonged." The author believes that efforts should be made to spread information regard- ing food and nutrition topics. The paper is followed by a discussion. Some facts concerning' certain undernourished children, Frances Perkins {Purvey, 25 ( 1910), No. 1, pp. 68-72).— The effects of food and other conditions were studied with 107 undernourished children in a public school in New York City. According to the author's summary, " physical disabilities of one kind and another are closely associated with malnutrition, and make it doubly dangerous. " In many cases the money spent on food is not spent to the best advantage from the point of view of nutritive value, and this is chiefly due to ignorance. 366 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. "Actual underfeeding due to lack of income is the chief cause of malnutri- tion. To the low wages paid to worliingmen may be attributed the real reason for the underfeeding of children which so seriously menaces the vitality of the next generation." The diet of Japanese farmers, R. Inaba {Mitt. Med. Gesell. ToMo, 21 (1907), No. 21, pp. 1-88). — Diet in rural regions in Japan is discussed and the results of 14 dietary studies are reported. In the first 7 studies the principal food was a mixture of rice and barley and in the remaining studies, rice, these materials being supplemented by soy bean products and similar food materials. The barley and rice diet supplied per man per day 125.89 gm. protein, 31.57 gm. fat. and 6G3.40 gm. carbohydrates, the energy value being 3,529 calories. The rice diet supplied on an average 77.79 gm. protein, 16.92 gm. fat, and 530.46 gm. carbohydrates, the energy value being 2,676 calories. Considering all the studies together, the daily foods sup- plied on an average 101.88 gm. protein, 24.24 gm. fat, and 597.36 gm. carbohy- drates, the energy value being 3,091 calories. On an average less than half the protein and about one-eleventh of the carbohydrates of the diet were supplied by the foods other than rice or rice and barley. The diet supplied on an average 55.90 calories per kilogram of body weight or 1,678 calories per square meter of surface area. According to the author's results, the coefficients of digestibility for the rice and barley diet were protein 69.6 per cent, fat 62.91 per cent, and carbohy- drates 98.83 per cent : and for the rice diet protein 77.27 per cenr, fat 72.73 per cent, and cai'bohydrates 99.44 per cent. Detailed studies of the urine are also reported. The author's conclusions were in effect as follows : It may be inferred from the facts reported that the farmers' families studied lived almost entirely on vegetable foods. However, they select, arrange, and cook their food in such a manner as to make it palatable and digestible. Although the supply of protein is not sufflcient to meet the requirements of Volt's dietary standard, and fat is also limited, yet the farmers carry on hard labor and secui-e sufficient energy, mainly in the form of carbohydrates, to compensate for the consumption of body substance. Thus, they spare protein and at the same time become fat, and attain to a strong physical development. Furthermore, the nearly equal apportionment of food for the several daily meals keeps the digestive organs from overwork and diminishes the possibility of digestive and metabolic disturbances. Their diet, however, is by no means an ideal one and it is hoped that by increasing the amount of animal food it may be brought up to perfection. This can not be easily realized under the present economic conditions in Japan. It is necessary, therefore, to encourage cattle farming as a part of agricultui'e in order to increase the supply of animal food and to decrease the cost of such food. The article is supplemented by an extended bibliography containing a large number of references to literature published in Japanese. [The Japanese victory in Manchuria and vegetarianism], J. J. Matio.non (Rev. -SV-i. [Parifi], J,8 (WW), II, No. 9, pp. 265-269).— In his discussion the author summarizes data regai'ding the ration of the Japanese troops in Man- churia and directs attention to the relatively large amount of meat and other animal food which it contained. The cost of living-, R. Luce et al. (Boston, 1910, pp. 752, dgms. 6). — This report, made by the Massachusetts Commission on the Cost of Living, eom- Iirises the results of an exhaustive study of living conditions, including such topics as price statistics, wages and hours of labor, chief items of expenditure, social and individual wastage, changes in supply and demand, and changes in FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION, 367 the value of money. The question of changes in supply include'S among other matters the effect on cost of living of transportation facilities, advertising, adulteration of foods, package goods, and short weights. In the appendix are summarized data on public markets in Boston, family budgets, food prices in Canada and the United States, statistics of agriculture in Massachusetts, statistics of meat supply, comparative expenditures at state institutions, and other topics. Some quotations from the findings of the commission follow: " The advance of prices in the United States has been accelerated greatly by the enormous waste of income, through uneconomic expenditure for war and national armament and through multiple forms of extravagance, both public and private, and of wastage, both individual and social. The increasing burden of disease, accident, crime, and pauperism imposed upon society, and the loss through expenditure on a rising scale for luxuries and through wasteful methods of management in the household, have been potent contributing factors to the advance of the cost of living. " The advance of prices has been further promoted by a complexity of causes, operating on the side of supply to reduce the volume and increase the expenses of production, and on the side of demand to extend and diversify the consump- tion of commodities. The main factors in restricting supply and enhancing the cost of commodities are the drain of population from the land, which has decreased the proportion of persons engaged in producing the food supply ; the exhaustion of natural resources, which has resulted in increased expenses of production or diminished returns from the soil ; and uneconomic methods of production and distribution, especially the latter. The chief influences on the side of demand which have worked parallel to the forces affecting supply are the growing concentration of population in great cities, which has increased the proportion of nonproducing food consumers; the general advance of the standard of living, which has enlarged the requirements on the part of indi- vidual consumers of all classes; and the national habit of extravagance, which has further extended and diversified the demand for comforts and luxuries created by the advance of the standard of living." As a result of its investigation, the commission made a number of recom- mendations with special reference to conditions in Massachusetts. Standard and cost of living [of cotton mill operatives in Switzerland and Italy], S. L. Besso (In The Cotton Industry in Sicitzerland, Vorarlberg, and Italy- Manchester and London, 1910, pp. 79-8^; 193-195). — Information is summarized regarding the kinds and amounts of food eaten, the dietary habits, the cost of food, and other similar topics, the data being discussed in compari- son with conditions prevailing in England. The investigation of which this forms a part was undertaken by the Victoria University of Manchester, England, as a part of a series of studies of industry and commerce. The composition of East Indian food material, J. E. Q. Bosz (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. a. Gcmissmtl., 19 (1910), No. 12, pp. 747-756).— Continuing the study of East Indian food materials, previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 665), the author reports analyses of a large number of food materials, including cereal grains and cereal products, beans and other legumes, nuts, tropical fruits and other fruits, vegetables, spices, turtle eggs and eggs of poultry, edible birds' nests, meat, fish, dairy products and many other food materials. The nutritive value of some soluble pentosans, m.annans, levulans and galactans, Maey D. Swartz (Proc. Amcr. »S'oc. Biol. Chem., 1 {1910), No. 5, pp. 257, 258). — Studies were made of the fate in the animal body of certain water-soluble hemicelluloses, obtained from marine algae and similar substances. 368 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, They were found to be very resistant to the action of animal and vegetable enzyms. Experiments showed that galactans were not affected by the ordinary aerobic bacteria of the alimentary tract, or by mixtures of soil and fecal aerobes, of soil and fecal anaerobes, or of powerful putrefactive organisms such as Bacillus anthracis symptomatici and B. vialigni aedemaPis. Pentosans, maunans, and levulans were found to be gradually decomposed by soil and fecal bacteria and by putrefactive anaerobes, sometimes with the formation of reducing substances. " When introduced parenterally, either subcutaneously or intravenously, they are not i-etained or altered by the organism, but are gradually excreted in the urine. Feeding experiments on dogs and human subjects show that those hemicelluloses most readily attacked by bacteria disappear most completely from the alimentary tract. Galactans, which are unaffected to any appreciable extent, are excreted in amounts averaging 75 per cent; pentosans and manuans, hydrol- yzed by bacteria, disappear almost entirely during the processes of digestion. " It is manifestly impossible to treat of the digestibility of hemicelluloses as a class; each group must be studied separately, and distinctions made also between soluble and insoluble forms. " The experiments give little justification for considering these carbohydrates as typical nutrients for man." The influence of cooking upon the tryptic dig'estion of milk, H. Stassano and J. Talarico {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 69 {1910), No. 28, pp. 251- 253). — Artificial digestion experiments are reported with milk cooked for differ- ent lengths of time at 100° C. The digestibility was at first considerably increased and then again decreased to about the value observed with raw milk. Similar ranges were noted with samples cooked at higher and lower temperatures as compared with 100°. For earlier work see a previous note (E. S. R., 23, p. 374). The influence of sour milk on metabolism, V. Harley {Brit. Med. Jour., 1910, No. 2603, pp. 15S8-L593). — Experiments are reported in which sour milk was added to a simple diet. Food, urine, and feces were analyzed. According to the authors conclusions, the amount of aromatic sulphates in the urine was decreased a little and the feces tended to become neutral or acid in reaction. Api)arently, there was a decrease in intestinal putrefaction when sour milk was taken, but the analytical data reported show that small quan- tities of sour milk added to an ordinary diet do not seem to bring about any improved absorption of the food. The paper is followed by a discussion. The limitations of curdled milk therapy, A. Bryck (Brit. Med. .Tour., 1910, No. 2603, pp. 1586-1588) . — From his summary of data the author draws some deductions of general interest. " It is absolutely certain," he states, " that there is no indication for the indiscriminate and widespread use of curdled milk as a therapeutic agency. If the practice of moderation in eating be the keynote of the whole life, if a daily alvine evacuation be the rule — and this is by no means the prerogative of vegetarians — then we can afford to despise the much advertised ravages of the putrefactive organisms in the colon." The metabolism of some purin compounds in the rabbit, dog, pig, and man. L. B. Mendel and J. F. Lyman {Jour. Biol. Chem., 8 {1910), No. 2, pp. 115- H3). — Experiments with men and animals are reported. In the experiments with man hypoxanthin nitrate, xanthin, guaniu, and adenin were added on different days to a purin-free diet. According to the authors, the examination of the urine showed that all four purins produced a marked rise in urinary uric acid and a small, yet noticeable increase in the ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 369 elimination of pnrin bases. The smaller and lighter of the two subjects ex- creted, in every case, a larger percentage of uric acid and purin bases than the other subject, and, according to the authors, " may possess a more limited power for uric acid destruction." The effect of meat purins (largely free hypoxanthiu), on the elimination of purin compounds is illustrated by data cited from a series of experiments by Hilditch, also made at Yale University, in which meat was substituted for the milk and eggs of a puriu-free diet. The resulting increase in the excre- tion of uric acid nitrogen, it is stated, is quite comparable with the figures obtained in the experiment with pure hypoxanthiu. In discussing their work in comparison with that of earlier investigators, the authors point out that the data which they report " emphasize the fact that all of the familiar purins may lead to an increase in exogenous uric acid in the urine of man, with (quantitatively) little influence on the elimination of the jiurin bases. They may be interpreted to support the most preA'aleut view that uric acid is a stage in the metabolism of exogenous purins in the human body, a view rendered especially plausible by the growing statistics on tissue enzyms. The inequalities in the quantitative aspects of this uric acid production are striking, a far larger proportion of uric acid being eliminated after ingestion of hypoxanthiu and xanthin than after the amino purins. We may call atten- tion to the absence of any further metabolic disturbance associated with the introduction of the purins in the doses used. They did not act conspicuously as diuretics. The absence of any marked perversion of nitrogenous metabolism and the uniformity of the conditions observed is attested by the constancy of some of the urinary features, notably the endogenous creatinin elimination, and the figures for ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus. . . . " It will be noted in our protocols that an increased output of uric acid was attained just as well by feeding pure hypoxanthiu as through the agency of the extract of meat with its hypothetical ' tf>xins.' " The effect of muscular work upon animal organs, particularly their water content, H. Gerhartz {Pfliiger's Arch. Physiol., 133 {1910), No. 7-10, pp. 397- 'i99, Ogm. 1). — According to the author's conclusions, from experiments with dogs, muscular work increases the renal excretion and consequently the excre- tion of sodium chlorid and water. The heat produced by muscular work is chiefly eliminated by the evaporation of water, only about one-fourth leaving the body by radiation and convection. Under the experimental conditions, the water taken after work did not fully comjiensate for that excreted, so that the organism had a lower water content as a result of work. Increased dry matter content is the principal characteristic of muscle hyperti'ophy due to muscular work. Other conclusions are also presented. The influence of mental and muscular work on nutritive processes, F. G. Benedict (Proe. Amer. Phil. /S'oc, 49 (1910), No. 195, pp. lJf5-163, ffgs. 3).— The experiments summarized have been reported in a bulletin of the Office of Experiment Stations (E. S. R., 21, p. 68). ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Investig'ations on the utilization of ammonium salts and the nonprotein nitrogen compounds of feeding' stuffs, A. Mokgen, C. Beger, and F. West- HAUSSER {Landic. Vers. Stat., 73 {1910), No. 4-5, pp. 285-394).— Thef^e investi- gations were continued with some slight modifications along the lines pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 666). Analyses are given of the basal rations, which consisted of hay, dried beet chips, and straw, supplemented at times by dried slop, starch, sugar, and peanut oil. 370 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Experiments in milk production were made witli milcli goats and slieep. In one test ammonium acetate was used as a supplement to tlie normal ration, and in another test it was used as a substitute for the pure protein part of the ration. In other tests amid extracts were used, the ration always containing the same amount of pure protein as the basal ration, but the amount of crude protein varying according to the nature of the source of the extract. The average milk production when a change was made from the normal ration is given in the following table : Average yields of milk and milk solids and percentage of milk fat with different rations as compared with yields on a normal ration. Ration. Ammonium acetate as a supplement Ammonium acetate as a substitute. . Amid extract of grass Amid extract of beet chips Amid extract of malt sprouts Yield of milk. Per cent. 97.3 92.6 89.9 96.4 Yield of dry matter. Per cent. 96.0 67.8 91.8 87.3 92.8 Yield of nitrogen. Per cent. 95.2 67.6 87.0 83.7 88.7 Yield of fat. Per cent. 97.1 67.2 102.2 89.7 Relative percent- age of fat. Per cent. 99.4 97.8 113.0 100.4 102.1 The highest yield of milk and its constituents was obtained from the basal ration except in a few cases, where the sub.stitute ration gave slightly higher percentages of fat. The addition of ammonium acetate to the basal ration did not materially decrease the yield, but when the protein of the basal ration was largely replaced by ammonium acetate the yield was decreased as in former experiments. The form of carbohydrate did not affect the values- of ammonium acetate. There was no appreciable effect on the live weight of the animals. The introduction of amid extracts decreased the yield slightly but somewhat less than in previous years. Ammonium acetate as a supplement was without effect upon the valuation of nitrogen metabolism, as in the case of substitution. During the amid extract period there was a larger amount of protein in the feces than in the normal ration. A substitution of ammonium acetate caused no increase of protein in the feces ; hence, the formation of so-called indigest- ible bacterial protein out of ammonium acetate, as formerly suggested, was not substantiated. The average coefficients of digestibility of rations are given in the following table : Average coefficients of digestibility of rations. Basal ration Ammonium acetate supplement. . . Ammonium acetate as a substitute Amid extract of grass Amid extract of beet chips Dry matter. Per cent. 69.0 69.9 66.7 66.4 66.5 Crude Pure protein, protein. Per cent. 85.7 90.5 85.4 80.8 82.3 Per cent. 85.1 85.0 67.0 78.4 81.3 Fat. Per cent. 77.1 72.4 76.9 81.1 73.0 Nitrogen- free extract. Per cent. 80.5 79.7 77.3 75.4 77.7 Fiber. Percent. 48.0 46.2 44.5 51.9 47.9 In metabolism experiments with wethers on similar rations the nitrogen bal- ance showed a daily loss of 3 gm. of niti'ogen during the period of feeding straw and ammonium acetate. On adding a small amount of distillery slop this was reduced to 1.78 gm., and to 0.29 gm. by adding a large amount of slop. The favorable effect of the slop showed that the straw was poorly digested without it. The depression was due to a lack of protein in the straw. The excess of nitrogen in the feces was due to products of metabolism and not to bacteria. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 371 The general conclusions drawn from tlie entire series of experiments are tliat an excess of protein .in the feces is due to indigestible protein of amid extracts and products of metabolism, and that ammonium salts cau be substituted in part for pure protein both for maintenance and for milk production. The smaller the protein content of the feces, the higher is the feeding value of the ammonium salt. Horse chestnuts as a feeding stuff, AI. Kling (Landw. Vers. Stat., 73 (1910), No. 6, 1)1). S97-42Jf). — The fresh horse chestnuts consisted of 82.61 per cent kernel and 17.39 per cent shell. Chemical analysis showed that the kernel of the fresh nut was made up of water 50.G per cent, protein 3.99 per cent, fat 3.47 per cent, nitrogen-free extract 39.04 per cent, fiber 1.21 per cent, and ash 1.06 per cent. The husk contained water 52.03 per cent, protein 1.70 per cent, fat 0.11 per cent, nitrogen-free extract 34.80 per cent, fiber 10.25 per cent, and ash 0.51 per cent. The air-dried kernel contained 14.20 per cent of water and the air-dried husk 13.99 per cent. The article contains a review of investigations in feeding horse chestnuts, and a bibliography of the subject is appended. [Soy cake v. linseed cake], W. Bruce (Edinb. and East Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 21, pp. 15, charts 2; Irish Farming World, 23 {1910), Nos. 1181, pp. 103^ 1035; 1182, p. 1060). — Experiments were carried out on 2 different farms under the auspices of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture. In the first experiment 2-year-old Irish bullocks were fed for 121 days on a basal ration of linseed cake, Swede turnips, oat straw, and hay. With linseed meal as a supplement the cost of gains in live weight per hundred were f 1 16s. 4d. ; with soy-bean cake containing 6 per cent oil £1 18s. IJd. ; and with compound soy-bean cake £1 19s. Ifd. In an experiment on another farm the gains per hundredweight were with linseed £2 Is. 7d. ; with soy-bean cake containing 6 per cent of oil £1 17s. 3d. ; and with soy-beau cake containing 11 per cent of oil £2 3d. When linseed cake was fed as a supplement to home-bred cattle the corresponding gains cost £2 2s. 8d. The conclusion drawn is that at £0 15s. per ton soy-bean cake is a more expensive feeding stuff than good linseed cake at £9 per ton. The poorer in oil the better the results. Chemical analysis of fodder plants in southwest Africa, C. Grim me (Jahrb. Deut. Landw. Gcsell., 25 {1910), No. 3, pp. 658, 659). — The grasses and other forage plants which were analyzed included the following : Cynodon dactylon, Aristkla uniplumis, Andropogon contortus. Acacia hercroen, PeUophoritm afri- canmn, Croton gratissi)n'us, Flueggea obovata, Combretum primigenium, Nido- rella auricnlata, Tribulus pechuelii, Tamarix articulata, Catophractcs alexandri, Tribulus terrestris, Atriplex vesicaria, RMgoziim trichotomum, Leucosphwra haincsii, ZijgophijUum sp. and Aitonia capensis. Notices of judgment ([/. K. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 650, pp. 12; 691, pp. 2) . — These relate to the adulteration and misbranding of *' No. 3 White Oats" and the misbranding of stock feed. rattening cattle on beet pulp {l\icifw Rural Press, SO {1910), No. 2'/, p. 480). — ]\Iethods of fattening steers on beet pulp and straw hay or alfalfa are described. Economical beef production, H. R. Smith {Nebraska Sta. Bui. 116, pp. 52, figs. 15). — A series of experiments is reported on the economy of beef produc- tion as affected by the food and by the individuality of the animal. In feeding supplements to corn in rations for steers, 2-year-old grade Short- horns and Herefords weighing about 1.150 lbs, each were fed for 8 weeks on a S10S8"— No. 4—11 6 372 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. basal ration of corn and prairie liay. The average gains per head and day on the different supplements were as follows: On bran 1.98 lbs., at a cost of 9.31 cts. per pound, on linseed meal 2.52 lbs., at a cost of 7.87 cts. per pound, on cotton- seed meal 2.29 lbs., at a cost of 8.59 cts. per pound, and on alfalfa hay 2.29 lbs., at a cost of 7.4 cts. per pound. In a second test, lasting 20 weeks, with 2-year-old grade Angus weighing about 975 lbs. each, the basal ration consisted of corn and unshredded corn stover. The average gains per head and day with the different supplements were as follows: On bran 1.76 lbs., at a cost of 10.49 cts. per pound, on linseed meal 2.33 lbs., at a cost of 7.64 cts. per pound, on cotton-seed meal 2.11 lbs., at a cost of 8.26 cts. per pound, and on alfalfa hay 2.42 lbs., at a cost of 6.99 cts. per pound. A further test was made with 2-year-old grade Shorthorn steers that were given a basal ration of corn and corn stover. In 12 weeks the average gains per head and day with the different rations were as follows : On bran 2.53 lbs., at a cost of 9.24 cts. per pound, on linseed meal 2.43 lbs., at a cost of 9.64 cts. per pound, on cold pressed cotton-seed cake 2.8 lbs., at a cost of 8.29 cts. per pound, and on alfalfa hay 2.55 lbs., at a cost of 8.77 cts. per pound. The alfalfa lot gave the largest percentage of dressed weight and the carcasses were appraised higher than those of the other lots. These experiments show conclusively that in ]S;ebraska a combination of corn and alfalfa is the best and most economical ration for beef production. A feeding test was then undertaken to determine the most economical pro- portion of corn and alfalfa, with the following results : On a heavy feed of corn, and of alfalfa hay and corn stover in equal parts as a roughage, the average daily gain per head was 2.42 lbs, at a cost of 6.78 cts. per pound. Corresponding figures on a light feed of corn, and with alfalfa and stover in the proportions of 6 : 4, were 2.01 lbs. at a cost of 6.51 cts. On a heavy feed of corn, and with alfalfa and stover 4.5 : 5.5, the gain was 2.55 lbs. at a cost of 8.77 cts. per pound. On a medium feed of corn, with alfalfa and stover 5.5 : 4.5, the gain was 2.34 lbs. at a cost of 8.76 cts. per pound. On a light feed of corn, with alfalfa and stover 6:4, the gain was 2.08 lbs. at a cost of 8.03 cts. per pound. On a heavy corn ration, with alfalfa as the only roughage, the gain was 2.73 lbs., at a cost of 8.62 cts. per pound, on a medium corn ration and alfalfa 2.86 lbs., at a cost of 7.76 cts. per pound, and on a light corn and alfalfa ration 2.71 lbs., at a cost of 6.95 cts. per pound. The groups fed the medium and heavy grain rations dressed practically the same, with a slight difference in favor of the medium group. Those fed the light grain ration dressed somewhat light because of their lower condition. These experiments were made in different years and the price of feeds varied .somewhat, but from the entire series it is concluded " that with corn above 35 cts. per bushel and with alfalfa not to exceed $7 per ton, the old method of fattening cattle for market, namely, that of crowding with grain and using but little roughage, is much less profitable than a more moderate use of grain and correspondingly more roughage. Not to exceed three-fourths of a full feed of corn and a correspondingly larger quantity of alfalfa will give practically the same daily gains." In order to study individuality, the records of each group were kept separately and the results as presented in tabular form show a great variation in the capacity of individuals to make gains under similar conditions. " Nearly all of the largest gainers of both exi^eriments were steers which measured large middle girths at the beginning of the feeding period, and it would seem that size of middle girth is an important factor in determining future gains. In these experiments the size of bone did not seem to bear any definite relationship to rate of gain, some of the best gainers being large in bone and some relatively ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 373 small ; nor was there any definite relationship between heart girths and rate of gain, though the large majority of the best doers of the several groups were large in heart girth. With but few exceptions the best gainers showed more pliability and softness of skin." Hog feeding experiments, J. C. Burns (Texas 8ta. Bui. 131, pp. 7-33, figs. IJf). — A series of 4 experiments in feeding hogs is reported. Blackstrap molasses was compared with corn for fattening hogs. In a 90- day test with 24 large improved Yorkshires, 8 to 10 months of age, the average daily gains per head and day for the different rations were as follows : On corn chop and molasses 1 : 1, 0.9 lb. at a cost of 10.75 cts. per pound ; on corn chop and molasses 3 : 1, 1.45 lbs. at a cost of 7.53 cts. ; and on corn chops alone" 1.66 lbs., at a cost of 7.36 cts. per pound. Another lot of 8 was turned on a Spanish peanut patch for a time and later transferred to a dry lot and fed skim milk and the same amount of corn chop as the previous lot, and on this ration made in 63 days an average daily gain of 2.19 lbs. at a cost of 6.71 cts. per pound. Grade Poland-Chinas were compared with scrub stock (razor backs) in a feeding test lasting 144 days. The razor backs on a ration of corn chop, rice bran, and tankage in the proportions of 4 : 4 : 1 made an average daily gain per head of 0.98 lb., at a cost of 6.02 cts. per pound. The best animals of the grade Poland-Chinas on the same ration made an average daily gain of 1.31 lbs., at a cost of 5.94 cts. per pound. The superiority of the Poland-Chinas was evi- dent, as to make 100 lbs. gain the razor backs ate 205.6 lbs. of corn chops, 205.6 lbs. of rice bran, and 44.2 lbs. of tankage, while the Poland-Chinas in making the same gain ate 202.5 lbs. of corn chops, 202.5 lbs. of rice bran, and 43.8 lbs. of tankage. The Poland-Chinas suffered a greater loss than the razor backs dur- ing transportation to the Fort Worth stockyards. The average of the weights taken at College Station and at Fort Worth would show that there was prac- tically no difference between the 2 lots as to the cost of making 100 lbs. gain, but the Poland-Chinas sold for 65 cts. per hundredweight more than the razor backs. Excluding the cost of labor and expense of shipment the profit derived from each hog in the razor back lot was only 15 cts., while that from the Poland-China lot was $1.63. In a feeding test with 18 Poland-Chinas during a period of 91 days a lot fed a ration of corn chop made an average daily gain per head of 0.21 lb., at a cost of 14.49 cts. per pound. The corresponding gains for a lot on rice bran was 0.73 lb., at a cost of 3.84 cts. per pound, and for a third lot on Spanish peanuts 0.67 lb., at a cost of 13.46 cts. per pound. The rations were then changed for the same lots of pigs during a period of 39 days. The first lot on corn chops, rice bran, and tankage in the proportion of 4:4:1 made an average daily gain per head of 1.06 lbs., at a cost of 3.15 cts. per pound. The corresponding figures for the second lot fed corn chops and rice bran 1 : 1 were 1.24 lbs., at a cost of 3.37 cts. per pound, and for the third lot fed corn chops and Spanish peanuts 1: 1, 1.58 lbs., at a cost of 4.76 cts, per pound. " Rice bran was much cheaper than corn and yielded a larger gain. The pork produced by it was of an inferior quality to that produced by corn. The shrinkage from the dressed weight hot to the dressed weight chilled was much greater and the percentage of dressed carcass much less. Rice bran should be used more extensively in pork production when corn is so much higher in price, and, for the best results, should be fed in connection with feed rich in pro- tein. Spanish peanuts fed alone yielded a larger gain than corn fed alone. The results indicated that an acre of peanuts of a yield of 40 bu. would produce approximately $18.40 worth of pork at $6.25 per 100 lbs. With pork at $9 per 100 Iba. the same acre would produce $26.64 worth. Peanuts and corn cnin- 374 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. biued produced much more rapid gains tliau peanuts alone. The quality of the pork produced by peanuts was much inferior to that produced by corn." Analyses are given of corn chops, rice bran, tankage, peanut kernel, peanut hull, and the entire peanut. Yearbook of scientific and practical animal breeding, edited by G. Wilsdorf and K. Muller {Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 5 (.1910), pp. V+392, figs. 35). — Part 1 of this yearbook contains original articles by Bosch, Hilzheimer, Macalik, and Schottler (noted below). Part 2 consists, as usual, of abstracts of current literature on zootechny. Part 3, which is a new feature, includes brief notes by breeders concerning their observations and experiences connected with practical breeding operations. Recent works in the literature of animal breeding, H. Kraemer {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gsell., 25 {1910), Nos. 26, pp. JfOS-W ; 32, pp. Jfll-JtW ; 1,5, pp. 653- 656). — A review of a number of important publications relating to animal in- dustry which have recently appeared in the German, French, English, and Scan- dinavian languages. Evolution, biological and human, F. Sacco {U Evolution Biologique et Jlumaine. Turin and Paris. 1910, pp. VIIl-\-.'i30, pi. 1). — A synthetical account of the evolution of the higher forms of plants and animals from lower types during the succession of geological epochs, including both organic and psychic human evolution. The sociological and political significance of heredity and selection, W. ScHALLMAYER {Verehung und Auslese in ihrer Soziologischen und PoUtischen Bedeutung. Jena, 1910, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XVIlI+Ji63, figs. 10). — This book summarizes the i-esults obtained by investigations of biologists concerning variation, heredity, and selection. The necessity of profiting by this informa- tion in the improvement of man as well as other animals is pointed out. There are numerous references to the literature on the subject. Modern study of heredity, A. Gallardo {Las Invesligaciones Modrrnes sobre la Uerencia en Biologia. Cordoba, 1909, pp. 72; rev. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1910, A'o. 5, pp. 557). — A review of recent work on heredity, with particular reference to biometry and Mendelian studies. The crisis of transforniism, F. Le Dantec {La Crisc du Transformisme. Paris, 1909, pp. VI+292; rev. in Ztschr. InduMive Ahstam. u. Vererbungslehrc, 4 {1910), No. 2, pp. VfJi, lli5). — In this book the mutation theory of species is criticised, and the author advocates the use of chemical terms in describing bio- logical phenomena in order to avoid ambiguity. The Mendelian theory of heredity and the augmentation of vigor, A. B. Bruce {Science, n. ser., 32 {1910), No. 827, pp. 627, 628). — Assuming that domi- nance is positively correlated with vigor, the author offers a mathematical demonstration to show that the crossing of two pure breeds produces a mean vigor greater than the collective mean vigor of the parent breeds, and that the inbreeding of a Mendelian population leads to a decrease in the mean number of elements of the types (DD) and (DR). The significance of the correlation coefficient when applied to Mendelian distributions, J. Brownlee {Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 30 {1909-10), No. 6, pp. .',73-507). — Investigations are reported of the conditions under which the Men- delian theory is capable of accounting for the facts concerning the transmission of characters from parent to offspring. The various factors which influence correlation, such as (1) the influence of different methods of calculating cor- relation of coefficients, (2) assertive mating, (3) correlation coefficients when more than 2 races mis, are treated mathematically. The results obtained are applied to the work of Karl Pearson on the inheritance of coat color in horses, cattle, and greyhounds. ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 375 The arithmetic of the product moment method of calculating the coefficient of correlation, J. A. Harris (Amci: Nat., J,.i {1910), No. 527, pp. 693-699).— A short method is described which consists in taking for y arrays of variates O instead of the grade thought to be nearest the mean origin. In this way the total for the array may be obtained by adding the products of the frequencies by their grades. By multiplying up by the grade of a? character 8(x'y') is then at once obtained. Inheritance of color and of supernumerary mammae in guinea pigs, with a note on the occurrence of a dwarf form, Igerna B. J. Sollas (Rpts, to Evolu- tion Com. Roy. Soc. [London], 1909, No. 5, pp. 51-79, pi. 1, figs. 2; abs. in Ztschr. InduktivG Ahstam. a. YercrhungsWire, 4 (1910), No. 2, p. 155). — A report of 5 years' experhiieuts with guinea pigs, in which the characters studied were pig- mentation, dwarfness, and supernumerary mammfe. Albinism was found to be recessive to the fully colored forms. The other color factors were G, ticking of the hairs ; B, black pigment in the eye and skin ; R, red pigment in the hair, and red and chocolate pigment in the skin and eye; and Ch, chocolate pigment in the hair, skin, and eye. These colored forms fall into 2 series, a dark-eyed series and a ruby-eyed one, according as the factor for black pigment is present or absent. Each of these forms may exist in a dilute condition, and such dilute foi'ms behave as recessive to the corresponding form with intense pigmentation. A peculiar dwarf form appeared wliich was remarkable in the shortness of the body and limbs and the unusual form of the head. No oflspi-ing were obtained. The proportions in the families where they occurred, 74 normals to 25 dwarfs, point to the condition as being recessive. Four-fifths of the dwarfs were males. Supernumerary mammae were present in both sexes. More than one addi- tional pair were never observed, and in many cases an additional mamma was present on one side only. The heredity of this character resembles that of the extra toe in guinea p'igs and poultry, in apparently showing neither dominance nor recession. Thus, normal offspring of abnormal parents may give some abormal young. Sex-limited inheritance, P. B. Hadley (Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. 831, p. 797). — This is a note concerning numerous crosses of poultry made at the Rhode Island Station in 1892, which illustrates sex-limited inheritance. In the Indian Game-Plymouth Rock crosses the cockerels were between In- dian Game and Plymouth Rock in shape. The combs resembled those of the Indian Games and the plumage that of the Plymouth Rocks. The pullets were black and more like the Indian Games in shape. Investigations on the cause of hair whorl in domesticated animals, with special reference to the forehead " star " and its practical significance for judging live stock, E. Bosch (Untersuchungen iiber die Ursache der Haarwir- helhihliing hel den Hausticren mit hesonderer Beriicksichtigung des Gcsiclits- wirbcls und dessen praktische Bedeutung fiir Beurteilung, Leistiing und Zucht der Haustiere. Inaug Diss., Univ. Bern, 1910, pp. 55, figs. //; Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. TierzucM, 5 (1910), pp. 9-'i-lI,0, figs //.—The prevalence of many maxims among breeders concerning the hair whorls as a sign of a good breeding animal has led the author to study minutely the anatomy and physiology of the hair and surrounding tissues and the development of the hair and hair follicles in the embryo. As a result the author finds that the position and size of the whorl on the forehead is dependent upon the movements of the ears, eyes, nose, and lips and the texture and thickness of the skin. He has illustrated the action of the different muscles by stretching a sheet of rubber perforated with pins 376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. over the skull of the horse. A pull from any portion of such a sheet w^ill alter the longitudinal axis of the pins. Reasoning from analogy, the author believes that the position of the hair whorl will depend upon the part of the head which has the best development of muscles. A horse with a well developed nervous system will have an active movement of the eye and ear muscles, while large respiratory organs will necessitate a strong musculature about the nose. Therefore, it is argued that a conspicuous facial whorl signifies a highly bred animal with a nervous temperament. The author also ventures to draw other conclusions regarding hair whorls as indications of an animal of superior qualifications. A bibliography is appended. Who has seen a European wild ox? M. Hilzhkimer (Jahrh. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierziicht, 5 (1910), pp. 42-93, figs. 17). — A discussion of the characteristics of Bos primigenius, which inhabited Europe within historic times, as described or depicted by different authors and observers both ancient and modern. The Augsburg painting of the wild ox is considered to be the best repre- sentation made in the Middle Ages, while the pictures in Herberstain's Travels can not be true to life, although Herberstain's account of B. primigenius is an important document in furnishing evidence that the species in the wild form lived in the sixteenth century. The author finds no substantial evidence that any wild form of B. longifrons lived in eastern Europe. A bibliography is appended. Morphological-microscopical study of sheep's wool as a help in judging the purity of the breed of sheep, B. Macalik {Jnhrl). Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 5 {1910), pp. 141-153, figs. 12). — This article contains discussions, measure- ments, and micro-photographs of wool hairs, of pure-bred sheep of the Balkan States and crosses of these with the Rambouillet and Merino breeds. The value of using the microscope in studying the strength of the wool fiber and in classifying wool and related problems is pointed out. Growth measurements of horses, F. Schottler (Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 5 {1910), pp. 1-^1) ■ — Measurements were made of different lots of horses in the Province of Hanover, those of one lot of 48 horses being as follows : At 6 months of age, cii'cumfereuce of cannon bone 15.75 cm., height of withers 131.04 cm., girth 135.S1 cm. ; at 1 year of age, circumference of cannon bone 10.73 cm., height at withers 139.83 cm., girth 14G.83 cm. ; at 1* years of age, circumference of cannon bone 23.81 cm., height at withers 147.58 cm., girth 167.1 cm. The author found that the cannon bone on the right foreleg was generally larger than that on the left. Several other conclusions are also drawn, and a bibliography on the subject is appended. Lord Morton's quagga hybrid and origin of dun horses, J. Wilson {Nature [Lundon], 84 {1910), No. 2133, p. 328; Vet. Rcc, 23 {1910), No. 1159, pp. 189, 190). — Because the author thinks that a chestnut mare could not produce a bay offspring, he has some doubts about the ancestry of the famous quagga hybrid of liOrd Morton. It is further stated that the dun color in horses is not a reversion. [Lord Morton's quagga hybrid and origin of dun horses], J. C. Ewart {Nature [London], 84 {1910), No. 2133, p. 328; Vet. Bee, 23 {1910), No. 1159, pp. 189, 190). — This is an answer to the objections raised by Wilson in the article noted above. It is pointed out that the prevailing color of all the wild Equidfe now living in Asia is dun. Crosses between varieties of Burchell's zebras with white points and crosses between zebras and ponies have usually dark patches at the fetlocks, and the body color of zebra-horse hybrids is usually yellow. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 377 rufous, or leather-dun, so it may be assumed that the remote ancestors of the modern zebras only differed in their coat color from Prejvalsky's horse in being moi'e richly striped. It is also stated that there are 2 kinds of duns, first, those without either a dorsal band, shoulder or leg stripes, and, second, those with the band and as a rule with more or less distinct bars on the legs. " Yellow-duns with a dorsal band and at least vestiges of leg bars are in all probability either the desceudauts of a long line of dun ancestors or are reversions. . . . That dun is latent in some bays and blacks was proved recently by a black Shetland mare from Unst producing to a bay Arab (lusaf), with a dorsal band and leg bars, a richly striped yellow-dun." "A light chestnut Iceland pony mare in my stud produced a bay-dun with dark points to a yellow-dun Prejvalsky stallion, and a richly striped yellow- dun Highland mare produced first a dark bay with dark points and then a light bay (also with dark points) to a chestnut thoroughbred (Diplomat). I am, hence, not surprised that Lord Morton's chestnut Arab produced a filly of a bay or bay-dun color to a quagga." " My crossing experiments do not support the view that chestnut never contains bay or that yellow-dun is always dominant with chestnut, bay, brown, and black. They, on the whole, support the view that characters are ' patent ' or 'latent' rather than, as Mendelians say, 'present' or 'absent.'" Lord Morton's quag'ga hybrid and origin of dun horses, J. Wilson and J. C. EwART {Nature [London], 8Jf (1910), No. 2138, pfi. J,9J,, 7/95).— A further discussion in support of the contentious noted above. The inheritance of dun coat color in the horse, J. B. Robertson {Yet. Rec, 23 {1910), No. 1161, pp. 225-22S) .—Data were obtained from Weatherby's studbook and the early Racing Calendars with reference to the dominance of dun, but are not sufBcient from which to draw definite conclusions. History and peculiarities of the mule-foot hog% W. J. Spillaian {Amer, Breeders Mag-, 1 {1910), No. 3, pp. 178-182, figs. 3).— This contains further details concerning the history and characteristics of this breed (E. S. R., 22, p. 379). Investigations on the origin and historical development of the bulldog and pug-faced animals, B. Poetting {Untersuchungen ilher die Entstehimg und die historische Entwicklung der Bulldogge und des Mopses, Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 33, pis. 7; rev. in Arch. Rasscn u. Gesell. Biol., 7 {1910), No. 4, pp. 498, 499). — The author finds that under domestication there is a tendency for the facial parts of all domesticated animals to become shortened because the teeth are used less than when in a wild state, where any tendency of this kind would not survive long enough for the individual to breed. The changes in the teeth and other portions of the skull correlated with short-headeduess are discussed. Report of committee on animal hybrids, W. J. Spillman et al. {Amer. Breeders Mag., 1 {1910), No. 3, pp. 193-196).— This contains an account of the work in animal hybridization now in progress at the experiment stations and elsewhere in the United States. Problems of animal morphology, G. C. Bourne {Science, n. ser., 32 {1910), No, 830, pp. 729-7/(2).— An address before the zoological section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1910. It is pointed out that in the past the study of animal form has placed the evolutionary theoi-y on a sound basis, but that if morphology is to advance in the future the work must be so broadened as to study the causes which produce changes in the animal body. The ground is taken that investigations show that external conditions modify the germ cell and that such modifications are 378 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. probably inherited. It is suggested that the characters segregated during segmentation may in some way be identified with the enzyms in the germ cell. The relation of nucleoli to chromosomes, H. E. Jordan (Arch. Zellforsch., 5 (1910), No. 3, pp. 39^-405, figs. 9). — In studies of Echinoderms the author finds that the chromotin substance of chromosomes appears to arise from the nucleolus by a process of budding and dispersing. Evidence obtained by other observers is also cited which does not support the hypothesis of the morphologi- cal individuality of the chromosome. The process of fertilization and other cytolog'ical problems, B. Nemec {Das FroNem der Befruchtungsrorgdnge und andere Zytologische Fragen. Berlin, 1910, pp. 532, pis. 5, figs. 119). — Among the many problems connected with nuclear union and division treated in this book are the following: Micro- chemistry of the nucleus, effect of chloroform, plasmolysis, and other factors on nuclear and cell division, individuality of the chromosomes, relation between the nucleus and size of the cell, chromosome reduction, and the nucleus as the carrier of the idioplasm. In the transmission of characters from cell to cell and from generation to generation, the author ascribes less influence to the nucleus than do many other investigators. An extensive bibliography is appended. Three examples of duplicity in chick embryos with a case of ovum in ovo, C. H. O'DoNOGHUE {AnaU Anz., 37 (1910), N-o. 20, pp. 530-536, figs. .',).— Two cases of syncephalie monsters, one a case of independent embryos in the same egg, and a case of an egg within an egg, are illustrated and described. The literature I'elating to similar cases is cited. [The anatomy of the sex organs of hermaphrodites] (Nature [London}, 85 (1910), No. 2140, p. 19). — A note on some ancient museum specimens of the sex organs of cattle and poultry. Live stock and farming' fifty years ago (Live Rtock Jour. [London], 70 (1909). No. 186-',, pp. 671. 672; 71 (1910), Nos. 1867, pp. 31, 32; 1868, p. 55).— An account of the live stock industry gleaned from visits to Scotland, the Cots- wold Hills, and Suffolk and Essex counties, in the early sixties. Cooperative live stock insurance, E. A. Stopford (Jour. Ed. Agr. [London], 17 (1910), No. 8, pp. 6.'i3-6Jf9). — A summary of the principles on which coopera- tive live stock insurance in the continental countries of Europe is organized. Safety and comfort of stock in transportation (Breeder's Gaz., 58 (1910), No. 21, pp. 1079, 1080, figs. 3). — A discussion of the causes of shrinkage in live stock transportation. A new type of live stock car, which has many humani- tarian features, is illustrated and described. Regulations governing the certification of recognized breeds and pure bred animals (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Order 175, pp. 6). — These regulations apply to animals imported into the United States for breeding pur- poses. There is also a list of recognized breeds and books of record in Canada and Europe. Live stock commercial literature, C. S. Plumb (Breeder's Gas., 58 (1910), No. 22, pp. 1136, 1137). — A discussion of the live stock sale catalogue, in which it is pointed out that if the pedigrees and other data which these catalogues contain should be accurately compiled they would serve as valuable reference books for breeders to keep on file. Factors concerned in the acclimatization of European animals in Algeria and warm countries (Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie, 16 (1910), No. 17, jrp. 413- 41 8). — A brief accouut of the buffalo, zebu, and French breeds of cattle which have been introduced into Algeria. The essential factors in the acclimatization of European live stock at Tonkin, E. Douakche (Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 10 (1910), No. 91, pp. 271- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 379 290). — A general discussion of this topic, with a brief i-eport of the success already obtained with the importation of live stock from Europe and Australia. Long'horn cattle (Country Life [London], 28 (1910), No. 72Jt, pp. 727-729, figs. 6). — An account of the interest recently taken in England in this breed, including a description of the desirable points of a modem type of Longhorn. Cattle in Central America, J. E, Downing (Breeder's Gaz., .T8 (1910). No. 19, pp. 961, 962, figs. 3). — An account of the unsatisfactory condition of the cattle industry in Central American countries because of poor stock, inadequate methods of handling, Texas fever and other pests, and unstable conditions of government. Cattle breeding in Sweden, A. Richakdsen (Landw. Jahrl)., 39 (1910), No. 4-5, pp. 623-774, pis. 9, fig. 1).—A report of a study of the cattle industry of Sweden by a German professor of agriculture. The principal topics discussed are characteristics of breeds, feeding and management, yields of milk and milk fat, control unions, methods of registering pure breeds, and official measures for the improvement of cattle breeding. Comparisons are drawn between cattle breeding in Sweden and Germany. Cattle breeding in the German colonies, Schilling (Tropenpfianzer, 14 (1910), No. 11, pp. 555-566). — An account of progress made in the adaptation of European breeds of live stock to the conditions which exist in the colonial possessions of the German Empire. Contribution to the study of bovine races in the lower basin of the Yangtze, Patrigeon (BhI. 8oe. Cent. MM. V^t., 87 (1910), No. 14, pp. 298- 300). — A brief report on cattle breeding in that region. The native cattle con- sist of zebus and buffaloes. Durhams, Ayrshires, Jerseys, and other breeds have been imported from Europe, Australia, and America. Confoimiation and selection of cavalry horses, G. Barrier (Rec. M^d. T^t., 87 (1910), No. 13, pp. //.'/i-//59).— This is a report to the Hippological Congress in June, 1910, in which the desirable points of cavalry horses are discussed. The Fort Reno remount station, W. C. Short (Jour. U. 8. Cavalry Assoc, 21 (1910), No. SI, pp. 399-403). — An account of the methods of training cavalry and artillery horses at this station. Endurance races, E. D. Thomas (Jour. U. 8. Cavalry Assoe., 21 (1910), No. 81, pp. 444-462). — An account of an endurance test of horses in the saddle and buggy. The characters desired for an ideal cavalry horse for the United States Army are also discussed. Prevention of damage to hides, skins, and wool (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 17 (1910), No. 8, pp. 620-62S). — A discussion of the causes and means of pre- vention of damage to hides by the warble fly, sheep scab and other parasites, the tar branding of sheep, sheep dii»s, dirty condition of animals, and improper methods of flaying. Dalgety's annual wool review for Australasia (Dalgely's Ann. Wool Rev. Austral., 1909-10, pp. 63, charts 5). — This is the usual annual review, contain- ing statistics and discussions of the production, exportation, and value of the wool clip of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand for the season 1909-10, which has exceeded that of any previous year both in quantity and quality. Animal breeding (Jahresher. Landio. Kimigr. 8achs., 1909, pp. 161-198). — This contains the live-stock statistics of the Kingdom of Saxony for the year 1909. There was a slight decrease in the number of cattle, sheep, and goats, and an increase in horses and swine. The business hen, H. W. Collingwood (New York, 1910, pp. 192, figs. 46). — A practical book on breeding, hatching, raising, and handling poultry for egg production. Several chapters ha^e been contributed by station officials. 380 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Experiments with ostriches, J. E. Duerden (Agr. Jour. Cape Oood Hope, 35 {1909), Nos. Ji, pp. ^7Jf-487; 5, pp. 600-603; 6, pp. 687-692; 36 (1910), No. 1, pp. 27-32; 37 {1910), No. 2, pp. 133-138, pis. 3, figs. 12).— This is a continuation of articles previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 473). The topics discussed are acclimatization of ostriches, principles of ostrich breeding, structure and nutrition of the green feather, cause of bars, cause of weakness and density of flue, and the influence of nutrition, season, and quilling on the feather crop. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Milk records of Allgau cows, 1894-1909 {Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 20 {1910), Nos. 48, pp. 567, 568; 50, pp. 590, 591).— The milk production of 3,000 regis- tered cows of the Allgau breed ranged from 1,238 to 6,008 kg. per year. The average yield for 16 years was 3,113 kg, of milk, containing 3.64 per cent of fat. As a rule, the highest yields occurred in the fifth and sixth lactation periods and when the cows freshened in the winter months. A high yield usually was accojnpanied by a decrease in the percentage of fat. Age did not appear to affect the fat content to any appreciable extent. There seemed to be a corre- lation between form and function, as the heavy milkers scored high when judged according to the usual " milk signs." Beport of the cow-testing associations in Lolland-Falster County, 1908-9, C. P. Skov {Bcr. Kontraifor. Virks. LoUatid-Fulsters Htift, 1908-9, pp. 58).— Average data for the year for the production and feed consumption of 750 lierds, aggregating 17,263 cows, with summaries, are given in the report. Report of the cow-testing associations in Malmohus County, 1909-10, J. NiLSSON {Malmo. Ldns HusMll. Siillsk. KvrtJsskr., 1910, No. 3, pp. 403- 518). — Data for 154 associations, including 2,398 herds and 47,659 cows in the aggregate, are given for the year 1909-10, with summary figures for 10-year periods in the case of 5 of tlie associations. Report of the fifth 2-years' competition for dairy herds in Funen County, 1907-8, N. A. OvE and P. A. Morkeberg {Bcr. To-Aar. Konkur. Hele Krocghold, Fyns Stiff,. 5 [1907-8], pp. yiI+256, pis. 7/2).— The object of the competition, which was restricted to herds of the red Danish breed of cows in Funen County, was to discover the herds from the side of both breeding and production that would be of most value in the improvement of the general dairy herds of the county. The cows in the best herd averaged 9,016 Danish pounds of milk (about 9,917 lbs. avoirdupois), containing 3.77 per cent of fat. Descriptions of the methods of management and the history of the competing herds and of the breeding of the animals are given. The dairy industry in the State of Sao Paulo, J. Arthaud-Berthet and A. PERRifiR {Bol. Inst. Agron. [Sao Paulo], 1909, No. 11, pp. 289-295).— A brief statistical account of the progress in dairying, which is slow in spite of the natural advantages of soil and climate. Dairy industry developing in Russia, J. H. Snodgrass {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. -S'.], 13 {1910), No. 150, pp. 1193-1198).— An account of the growth of the dairy industry in Siberia, European Russia, and Finland. Because of the form of land tenure creameries have sprung up in all sections where there are adequate transportation facilities. In Siberia there are now 1,868 creameries, about 30 per cent of which are managed by artels (union associations). In 1909, 124,416,000 lbs. of butter was exported from West Siberia, an eightfold increase during the past 10 years. In Finland there is an Export Association of Dairy Farmers, which owns about 100 dairies and which exports annually to Englnnd $1.. ^00,000 worth of butter. DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 381 First century of dairying in New South Wales, F. McCaffrey (Sydney, 1009, Pi). 336, figs. 128). — A popular work ou dairying, with a historical account of the development of dairying in Australia but more particularly in New South Wales. The author has gleaned considerable material from records and news- jtapers concerning the introduction of pure breeds in the early days in Australia. [Literature on dairying for 1909], M. Mijller (Jahresber. Landic, 2Jf (1909), PI). 375-396). — This contains brief reviews of leading articles on dairy- ing which appeared in the German language during the year. Report of the attorney general in the matter of the milk investigation, E. R. O'Malley (Albany, N. Y., 1910, pp. 32.9).— This consists of testimony of experts concerning the cost of producing and distributing the milk supply of cities, which was obtained during an investigation of an alleged milk trust. State or municipal control? G. M. Whitaker (Amer. Food Jour., 5 (1910), No. 12, pp. 28-36, fig. 1). — A lecture before the meeting of the Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments at New Orleans, November 30, 1910. The advantages and disadvantages of both municipal and State control over milk and dairy products are discussed, and the author, although having reached no positive opinion, is favorably inclineTitic earth in agriculture. Vera 427 Water plants as fertilizer, Oelker 428 Fertilizers, Rose and Heimburger 428 Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers. Hand et al 428 Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers, Cathcart et al 428 Commercial fertilizers, Hills, Jones, and Benedict 428 The inspection of cotton-seed meal. Hand et al 428 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The conditions of parasitism in plants, MacDougal and Canon 428 Studies on the development of bulbous plants, Andre 429 A study of elm-tree seedlings showing Mendelian results, Henry 429 Male sterility in potatoes, a dominant Mendelian character, Salaman 429 On right and left handedness in barley, Compton 430 On the nitrogen supply of soils and of plants, Heinze 430 A contribution to the biochemistry of soils, Moll 430 The fixation of nitrogen by free living soil bacteria, Bottomley 431 The amid nutrition of green plants, Lefevre 431 The production of hydrocyanic acid in Arum macidntum, Heliert and Heim. . 431 The oil of bitter almonds in Centaur ea aspera, Gerber and Cotte 431 Photochemical synthesis of carbohydrates, Stoklasa and Zdobuicky 431 The utilization of xylan by Xylaria hypoxylon, Molliard and Gatin 431 Water requirements of crops in India, Leather 432 The type localities of plants first described from New Mexico, Standley 432 The North American species of Panicum, Hitchcock and Chase 432 FIELD CROPS. Field experiments with farm crops, Saunders et al 432 Results in 1910 from grain, fodder corn, field roots, and potatoes, Saunders.. 435 Main conclusions from the Poltava Experiment Field, Tretyakov 436 Breeding drought-resisting forage plants for the Great Plains area, Dillman 436 Alfalfa investigations, Kennedy 437 Relation of albumin content, etc., to malting qualities of barley, Wlokka 437 Stand and soil fertility as factors in testing varieties of corn, Mooers 437 Breeding new tj'pes of Egyptian cotton, Kearney 438 Correlation between diameter of potato tubers and starchiness, Renski 439 The soy bean; history, varieties, and field studies. Piper and Morse 439 Influence of manure on yield of winter wheat and beets, Frankfurt 440 Mineral fertilizers under summer wheat at Poltava Field, Tretyakov 440 Results of seed tests for 1910, Taylor 440 IV CONTENTS. HORTICULTURE. rage. How to grow flowers, fruits, vegetables, slirubbery, Tritschler and Buchanan.. 440 Up-to-date truck growing in the South, Davis 440 [Horticultural work at the Canadian experiment stations], Macoun et al 440 Fruits and plants introduced in Georgia during past 50 years, Berckmans 441 [Varieties of fruits and ornamentals for Nebraska], Marshall et al 441 The Royal Botanic Garden and Royal Botanic Museum at Dahlem, Engler et al. 441 The cultivation of deciduous fruits in Naples, Savastano 441 Summer apples in the Middle Atlantic States, Gould 441 [Orchard investigations in Nevada], Kennedy 442 Influence of leaves which immediately accompany fruits of pears on increase in weight and chemical composition, Riviere and Bailhache 442 Fig culture in the vicinity of Mistretta, Portale 442 Drought resistance of the olive in the Southwestern States, Mason 442 The after effect of commercial fertilizers in vineyards, Gvozdenovic 443 Experiments in blueberry culture, Coville 443 Dimorphic branches in tropical crop plants, Cook 444 Banana experiments, St. Augustine estate, Carmody and Mclnroy 445 The walnut, Price 445 The Greening pictorial system of landscape gardening. Greening 445 FORESTRY. The silva of California, Jepson 445 The comparative anatomy and morphology of coniferous roots, Noelle 445 Moss cover and wood accretion, Bohmerle 445 Determination of quality of locality by fiber length of wood, Mell 446 How to cruise timber, Shaw 446 A comparison of ]\Iaine and Blodgett log rules. Stetson 446 Report on state forest administration in South Australia for 1909-10, Gill 446 [Report of chief of forestry division], Carlson 446 The development of forestry in Ohio, O'Byme 446 Reforesting, Pettis 446 Results of experiments in tree planting on Sable Island, Saunders 446 Forest nursery stock for distribution in the spring of 1910, Hawes 447 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report on plant diseases in Ohio for 1909, Selby 447 The smuts and rusts of Utah, Garrett 447 [Report of the botanist on plant diseases], Giissow 447 Notes on mycology and plant pathology, Griffon and Maublanc 447 Plant diseases ; potato spraying, Lutman 447 Notes on Chilean fungi, I, Thaxter 447 Three interesting species of Cla\dceps, Stevens and Hall 448 Fusarium epidemics on cucumbers, peas, and grain, Voges 448 The spongy bodies, spheres, and globular bodies in bracken and potato. Home. 448 Conservation of the purity of soils in cereal cropping, Bolley 448 On the formation of bacterial zoogloea on the roots of barley, Zikes 449 A yellows of oats, Clausen 449 Black scab or wart disease of potatoes, Malthouse 449 The mosaic disease of tomatoes, Westerdijk 449 Combating diseases and insects of the orchard. Chandler 449 Apple canker (Nedria ditissima) , Ducloux 450 "Sooty blotch:" A new fungus disease of apples, Salmon 450 The control of Fusicladium, Voges 450 The development of Gnomonia erythrostoma, Brooks 450 Winterkilling of twigs, cankers, and sun scald of peach trees, Rolfs 450 Spraying for the control of peach brown rot and scab, Scott 451 Control of pear blight on the Pacific coast, O'Gara 451 Silver-leaf disease. Brooks 451 Crown gall, Massee 452 New experiments on the control of the American gooseberry mildew, Wagner. . 452 The treatment of the mildew in 1910, Brunet 452 The breeding of grape hybrids resistant to Peronospora, Serlupi 452 Studies on the Roesleria of the grape, Viala and Pacottet ^ 452 CONTENTS. Pecan scab, Waite 452 Rhizina undulata, Brooks 453 Injuries to pines from late frosts, Dengler 453 Witches' broom on spruce and larch, von Tubeuf 453 The spruce scab (Lophodermium macrosporum), Mer 453 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Raising deer and other large game animals in the United States, Lantz 453 Twenty-fifth report of the state entomologist, 1909, Felt 454 Notes of the season in Connecticut, Britton 454 Report of entomological work, Stene 454 Report of the entomologist, Hewitt 454 How to control the pear thrips, Foster and Jones 455 On some new species of leaf-hopper (Perkinsiella) on sugar cane, Muir 456 The San Jose scale and some experiments for its control, Worsham and Chase. . 456 The Coccidse of Audubon Park, New Orleans, La., Barber 456 The Coccidae of Boulder County, Colorado, Cockerell 456 Parasites of gipsy and brown-tail moths introduced into Massachusetts, Fiske. . 456 The natural control of Heterocampa guttivitta, Fiske and Burgess 457 Report of field entomologist, Weldon 457 The orange tortrix ( Tortrix citrana), Quayle 457 Preventive and remedial work against mosquitoes, Howard 458 Biology of oxwarble fly ( Jlypoderma hovis) and methods of combating it, Strose . . 458 The alfalfa leaf- weevil, Titus 458 The plum curculio and methods for its control, Chase 459 The bark-weevils of the genus Pissodes, Hopkins 459 Hosts of Strepsiptera, Robertson 461 Bees, Robertson 461 Aphelinus diaspidis, Quayle 461 New parasites of the genus Meraporus, Tucker 461 Tetranychus Mmaculatus and Bryobia pratensis, Weldon 461 Spraying, Macoun _. 461 Spraying machinery, Goodwin 462 Fumigation box materials. Hinds 462 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Principles and practice of ice cream making, Washburn 462 Ice cream, McGill 463 [The examination of butter and other food products], Foust 463 [Miscellaneous food topics], Burke 464 Notices of judgment 464 [Meat and fish goods], Kickelhahn. ._. 464 The policy in the inspection of meat in German cities, GerUch 464 Note on the setting of gelatin, Patterson and Benson 464 Microscopical study of cereal foods, Kendell 464 Iroquois uses of maize and other food plants, Parker 464 The chemical composition of Kafir corn, I, Baird and Francis 464 Plantain meal in Dominican RepubUc, Holland 465 Milling and baking tests, Saunders 465 Bleached flour, Shutt 465 Preserved vegetables, Jaensch 466 The dietetic value of fruit, Lazenby 466 Fruit products, Baier 466 Marmalade, jelly and fruit pastes, Hartel and Soiling 466 Grape, fruit, and berry wines. — Pastes and other products, von Canstein 467 Nuclein content of foods, particularly those of East Indian origin, Jebbink 467 Notes on the diet of professional athletes, Siebert 467 The feeding of school children, Simon 467 The food of school children in Mannheim, Simon _. 467 Report of the penny lunch experiment in Boston, 1910, Richards 467 A day's metabolism, Benson et al 467 Total nitrogen excretion of either kidney, Barringer 467 The work of digestion in a carbohydrate diet, Miiller 467 Transformation of the glycogen into glucose by the animal tissues, Maignon 468 Fatigue poisons, Weichardt 468 VI CONTENTS. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Page. The respiration calorimeter at the Pennsylvania State College, Armsby 468 Influence of type and age on utilization of feed by cattle, Armsby and Fries. . 468 Commercial feeding stuffs. — Principles and practice of feeding, Hills et al 470 The relative value of field roots, Shutt 470 The feeding value of mangels, Wood 470 [Experiments with alfalfa hay and alfalfa silage], Diusmore 471 Wiue-residue molasses, Fallada 471 Calcium carbonate for the preservation of molasses feeds, von Czadek 471 Results of the feed inspection for 1910, Curry and Smith 471 Uniform commercial feeding stuffs law 471 [Feeding experiments in 1909], Grisdale et al 471 Cattle production in Belgium, Gregoire 472 Cattle survey of the Amritsar district, Walker 472 Working oxen, bulls, and cows, Wrightson 472 Working oxen v. present condition of live stock industry 472 Microscopical investigations of wool of caracul and zackel sheep, Kereszturi. . . . 472 Report of horse breeding investigation, Williams 472 The Government and Morgan horses. Gay 472 Notes on equitation and horse training 472 The horse as a motor, Davidson 473 [Poultry work and experiments in 1909], Gilbert 473 Comparison of warm v. cold houses as regards egg production, Kempster 473 Egg-laying competitions at Hawkesbury College and Farm, Thompson 473 The Wyandottes, edited by Drevenstedt 473 Conference of poultry farmers, Potts et al 473 [Literature on animal industry for 1909], Miiller 473 Annual review of investigations in general biology, edited by Delage 473 The method and arrangement of biological studies, Tschulok 474 The cultivation of tissues of the chick embryo outside the body, Burrows 474 The sex-limited inheritance of the barred color pattern. Pearl and Surface 474 On a modified Mendelian ratio among yellow mice. Castle and Little 475 Effects of one-sided ovariotomy on sex of offspring, Doncaster and Marshall 475 Horns and antlers, Fambach 475 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Lectures on dairying, Boggild 476 Dairy bacteriology, Wolff 476 Has the dry matter in different root crops the same feeding value? Hansson. . 476 Dairy cattle, Grisdale „- 476 Should one produce butter fat with milk high or low in fat content? Akerberg. 476 The Relation between the placenta and the activity of the mammary gland, Lederer and Pribram 477 Contribution to the knowledge of individual cow's milk, Mezger et al 477 Yeast in milk and milk products, Dombrowski 477 Two cases of ropy milk, Barthel 477 Examination of milk from a health standpoint, Lamb 477 Milk in its relation to infant mortality, Landis 477 An outbreak of milk-borne scarlet fever, Hutchinson 477 An outbreak of scarlet fever, Dittmar and McGowan 477 Butter, McGill 477 The composition of butter in Holland and northern Russia, Fritzsche 477 Report on Swedish butter exhibitions, 1909 478 The manufacture of butter for storage, Rogers 478 Dairy industry in Saskatchewan, Jones 478 Studies of kumiss, Rubinsky 478 Cheese defects, Monrad 478 Construction and arrangement of cheese factories, Reinisch 478 Refrigeration in dairying, Ertel 478 Additional remarks on refrigeration in dairying 478 A milk foam preventer 478 CONTENTS. VII VETERINARY MEDICINE. , Page. Manual of tropical medicine, Castellani and Chalmers 479 Tropical medicine and hygiene 479 A compend of parasitology, Brumpt 479 Sixteenth semiannual report of the chief of the cattle bureau, Peters 479 Report of proceedings under the diseases of animals acts for the year 1909 479 Report of the chief veterinary surgeon for the year 1909, Borthwick 479 [Veterinary reports], Grist et al 479 Annual report of the civil veterinary department. United Provinces, for 1910. . 479 Experimental and clinical hypersensitiveness (anaphylaxis), Moro 479 The error in differential leucocyte counting, Barnes, jr 479 The value of collodion membranes as filters, Steinhardt 479 The bacterial integrity of collodion sacs. Fuller 480 Poisonous and medical plants of Missouri, Pammel 480 Forage poisoning or cryptogamic poisoning, Stange 480 An organism simulating anthrax, Baldrey 480 Causes of hog erysipelas, erysipeloid, and mouse septicemia, Rickmann 480 Experimental treatment of epizootic lymphangitis in Senegal, Teppaz 481 The pathogenesis of Micrococcus melitensis, Eyre 481 The diagnosis of glanders by the precipitation reaction of Konew, Mohler 481 Tsetse fly and cattle disease in the Nyasaland Protectorate, Keeble 481 Five day spraying. — The brown tick and the East Coast fever. Cooper 481 The piroplasmoses, Salmon 481 Diagnosis of the diseases in cattle caused by small piroplasms, Lichtenheld 481 The cultivation of piroplasmata in artificial media, Deseler 481 Investigations of oriental eore, Nicolle and Manceaux 481 Sarcosporidiosis in the opossum and guinea pig. Darling 481 Experimental investigations of Streptococcus equi, Pricolo 482 Transmission of surra, Baldrey 482 Elephant siura. — Trypanosomiasis in the elephant, Evans and Rennie 482 Passage of a human trypanosome through animals, Bevan and MacGregor 482 Fhe tendency of the lungs toward tuberculous disease. Hart 482 Trequency, origin, and channels of infection of tuberculosis in man, Beitzke. . 482 New type of tubercle bacillus pathogenic in man and lower animals. Spongier. 483 Use of antiformin for detecting tubercle bacilli in milk, Miessner and Kuhne.. 483 Application of tuberculin of avian tubercle bacilli as diagnostic agent, Bang 483 Bovine tuberculosis in Iowa herds, Talbot 483 The prevention of tuberculosis in cattle, Niven 483 Specific chronic enteritis of cattle, Bang 483 Coccidiosis of African cattle, Balfour 483 Bacillus abortus the cause of contagious abortion in cattle, MacNeal and Kerr. . 483 The microbe of contagious abortion in cows, Tidswell 484 The pathogenesis and treatment of hyposersemia [milk fever], Bredo 484 Gall-sickness of South Africa (anaplasmosis of cattle), Theiler 484 Piroplasmosis of cattle in Queensland, Dodd 484 Preliminary note on a trypanosome of British cattle. Stockman 485 Report of an outbreak of hemorrhagic septicemia in sheep. Ward and Beebe. . . 485 Osseous cachexia: A malignant bone disease of sheep, Reid and Aston 485 The caseous suppuration of sheep and goats, Carre 485 Results with Suptol-Burow in swine plague, Tillmann 485 An atlas of equine anatomy. Schmaltz 485 The treatment of equine pneumonia by hydrogen peroxid, Bouchet 485 Infectious epidemic epididymo-vaginalitis of the hoi;se. Guide 485 Some canine notes, Jowett 486 White diarrhea in chicks, Rettger 486 Malta fever in fowls, Dubois 486 The microbe of avian diphtheria, Bordet and Fally 486 The parasitic protozoa of ruminants' stomachs, Liebetanz 486 Concerning Trichosomum papillosum and Heteralcis cylindrica, Blome 486 The cestodes in Procavia, Janicki 486 An extracellular coccidium, Cryptosporidium muris n. g. and n. sp., Tyzzer. . . 486 Contagious diseases of bees of interest to veterinarians, Topfer 486 Formaldehyde disinfection, Holm and Gardner 486 VIII CONTENTS. RURAL ENGINEERING. Report on the St. Francis Valley drainage project, Morgan and Baxter 487 Reclamation of overflowed lands in Marais des Cygnes Valley, McCrory et al. . 487 Preliminary report on drainage of Fifth Louisiana Levee District, Morgan et al. 487 The drainage situation in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, Hidinger 488 The selection and installation of machinery for small pumping plants, Gregory. 488 Delivery of water to irrigators, Adams 488 Duty of water investigations. True 489 Bitumens and their essential constituents for road construction, Hubbard 489 RURAL ECONOMICS. Bibliography of economics for 1909, Laughlin et al 489 Concerning intensive culture and the profitableness of agriculture, Brinkmann. 489 Congress of agricultural nnitual aid societies, Sagnier 490 Village banks in Holland , Listoe 490 Agricultural labor, Summers et al 490 Students as farm laborers, Bippart et al 490 Statistical yearbook of Belgium, 1909 _ 491 Agricultural population and production in Algeria, Meuriot 491 The American farmer: His past, present, and future, Dorsett 491 Good farming and attractive country homes, Splllman et al 491 The farmer and the cost of living, Yoakum 491 Crop Reporter 492 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Report on the distribution of grants for agricultural education and research 492 Agricultural education, Schurman 492 Aids to agricultural advancement in the Middle West, DaA^enport 492 The opportunity of the California high school, Hyatt 493 Agricultural schools, Crosby 493 Experiments with plants and soils in laboratory, garden, and field, Edwards. . . 493 Children: Their care, training, and happiness as future citizens, Kelso 494 College extension in agriculture, edited by Hamilton 494 List of directors of farmers ' institutes and lecturers, Hamilton 494 Organization lists of agricultural colleges and experiment stations, Agnew 494 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty -second Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1909 494 Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1 909 494 Twenty-third Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1910 494 Concerning Bulletins 145, 147, 148, and 150 494 A neglected field in photomicrography, Doten 494 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States — Contd. Stations in the United States. California Station: ^^se- Circ. 58, Nov., 1910 493 Colorado Station: Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1909. 457, 472, 494 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Agr. and Chem. Bui. 35, 1910. 411 Ent. Bui. 9, Dec. 16, 1910. ... 456 Massachusetts Station : Met. Buls. 263-264, Nov.-Dec, 1910 416 Michigan Station: Tech. Bui. 5, June, 1910 408 Mississippi Station: Bui. 142, Nov., 1910 428 Bui. 143, Dec, 1910 428 Missouri Fruit Station : Bui. 17, May, 1910 450 Nevada Stations: Bui. 72 (An. Rpt. 1909), Dec, 1909 . 415,417, 437, 442,471, 489, 492 Bui. 73, Aug., 1910 494 New Hampshire Station: Bui. 148, Sept., 1910 440 Bui. 149, Oct., 1910 471 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 233, Oct. 10, 1910 428 Ohio Station: Bui. 216, Apr., 1910 462 Pennsylvania Station: Bui. 104, Oct., 1910 468 Bui. 105, Nov., 1910 468 Tennessee Station: Bui. 89, July, 1910 437 Utah Station: Bui. 109, Aug., 1910 422 Bui. 110, Sept., 1910 458 Vermont Station: Bui. 152. Apr., 1910 470 Bui. 153; May, 1910 447 Bui. 154, June, 1910 419, 428 Note —The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per volume, and two volumes are issued annually. It may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents Washinoton D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The pubhcations ot the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. Vermont Station — Continued. Bui. 155, Sept., 1910 Circ. 4, Jan., 1910 Circ. 5, Jan., 1910 Twenty-third An. Rpt., 1910. . U. S. Department of Agriculture. Notices of Judgment 692-709 Bureau of Biological Siu-vey: Bui. 36 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 88 Bui. 20, pt. 1 (tech. ser.) Circ. 131 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 192 Bui. 193 Bui. 194 Bui. 195 Bui. 196 Bui. 197 Bui. 198 Bui. 199 Bui. 200..... Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 13, No. 1, Jan., 1911 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 229 Bui. 230, pts. 1 and 2 .... Bui. 231 Bui. 233 Bui. 234 Circ. 101 Circ. 103 Circ. 104 Circ. 105 Office of Public Roads: Circ. 93 462 447 494 494 464 453 458 459 455 442 443 441 414 436 439 444 409 438 492 488 487 494 494 487 487 494 489 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIV. April, 1911. No. 5. The growth of the National Department of Agriculture during the past ten years has far exceeded that of all of its preceding his- tory. This was pointed out by Hon. Charles F. Scott, chair- man of the House Committee on Agriculture, in submitting the new agricultural appropriation bill last winter. Its growth as marked by a decade has been phenomenal, viewed either from the standpoint of its scope and authority, its material resources, or its personnel. As a full fledged department with a Cabinet minister at its head, the Department dates only from 1889. But if we go back to 1839, when $1,000 was appropriated for " agricultural statistics," and in- clude every dollar appropriated out of the Treasury of the United States for agricultural purposes down to and including the year 1900, the total sum is, as Mr. Scott pointed out, only $45,102,616, while the aggregate of all the money appropriated from the end of 1900 to the end of the current fiscal year reaches a sum nearly double this, or $90,012,058. For the fiscal year 1901 the appropriation for maintenance was $3,304,265.97. This year the Department has at its disposal $15,470,634.16. " Ten years ago the total number of per- sons employed in the Department was 3,388 ; this year if all the rolls were called an army of 12,480 men and women would respond." Under the bill which the committee submitted, and which after considerable discussion and amendment received the signature of President Taft March 4, provision is made for an even greater de- velopment during the ensuing year. The aggregate amount carried by the act is $16,900,016, which by far exceeds that granted in any previous measure, and is $887,950 in excess of the estimates sub- mitted by the Department. There is an apparent increase over the appropriation act for 1911 of $3,412,380, but of this $720,000 is only nominal, since it merely replaces what has hitherto been provided automatically as a perma- nent appropriation to the State experiment stations under the Adams Act. It will be recalled that by the terms of that act as subsequently construed in the appropriation act for 1907, definite appropriations were made only until July 1, 1911. The action taken by Congress now provides for the continuance of the Adams Fund on the same 401 402 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. basis as the Hatch Fund, requiring the amounts to be appropriated annually in the agricultural bill. With due allowance for this item, however, there is still an actual enlargement of the appropriations of every bureau, and a net increase of fully 20 per cent for the Depart- ment as a whole. In general the increased appropriations are for the purpose of extending and developing lines of work already under way rather than the undertaking of new projects, and some of the principal increases are for what may be termed the administrative activ- ities of the Department. One of the largest new items is an appro- priation of $1,000,000 for fighting and preventing forest fires in the National Forests in cases of extraordinary emergency. This appro- priation is in addition to the regular appropriation of $150,000 for fire fighting under ordinary conditions, and supplements deficiency appropriations of over $900,000 incurred as a result of the disastrous fires of last summer. The Federal meat inspection, which has been enforced by the De- partment from a permanent annual appropriation of $3,000,000, receives an indirect increase of $155,000 through the transfer of its clerical force to the statutory roll of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The Bureau of Chemistry receives $60,000 additional for the enforce- ment of the Food and Drugs Act, and the Weather Bureau $75,490 additional for its weather service. Provision is also made by an appropriation of $87,000 for the enforcement of the Insecticide Act, which became effective January 1, 1911, and for which a deficiency appropriation of $35,000 had been allowed for expenses to July 1. A number of propositions involving general legislation were con- sidered in connection with the bill, but as finally enacted the law remains substantially a routine measure. The Secretary was again authorized to continue investigations on the cost of food supplies at the farm and to the consmner; and a special appropriation of $5,000 was added for a study of chestnut bark disease. Comparison of the allotments to the various bureaus in this act and those preceding it is rendered difficult because their clerical em- ployees will, in accordance with a clause inserted in the act of 1911, be transferred on July 1 from the various lump-fund appropriations on which a portion of them had been carried to the roll of positions specifically provided for. These transfers in certain cases — as, for example, in this office and the Bureau of Statistics — involve but a few employees, but in the case of the Forest Service, where 1,894 forest rangers and similar employees are to be transferred, they occasion an apparent increase in the appropriations for statutory salaries from $60,200 for the current year to $2,318,680, with a cor- responding deduction from lump-fund appropriations. The lump- fund appropriations, therefore, for a particular purpose, such as EDITORIAL. 403 biological investigations or soil-survey work, no longer indicate so completely as the}^ did previously the entire expenditures for these objects. Comparison is still possible, however, as regards the aggre- gate appropriations of the bureaus. The Weather Bureau receives a total of $1,600,250. Of this amount, $15,000 is for the restoration of the Weather Bureau station at Key West, Florida, wrecked by hurricanes in October, 1910. The allot- ment for maintenance of the bureau printing office was reduced to $18,000 by reason of the recent transfer of a portion of the equipment to the Government Printing Office. For investigation of climatology and evaporation $120,000 was provided, as at jDresent. The appropriations to the Bureau of Animal Industry aggregate $1,654,750. Aside from the increase due to the transfers from the meat-inspection act, previously referred to, the chief additions are those of $7,120 for the tick-eradication work, making that appro- priation $250,000; an increase of $7,000 for the work of the Dairy Division, making its total $150,000; and of $7,640 for the Animal Husbandry Division, or $47,480 for that work. Under a new clause inserted in the act, the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to per- mit, under certain conditions, the admission of tick-infested cattle from Mexico into those portions of Texas below the quarantine line. New appropriations were made of $65,000 for the purchase of land for quarantine stations near Baltimore, Maryland, and Boston, Mas- sachusetts; $10,000 for equipping the 475-acre experiment farm which has recently been acquired at Beltsville, Maryland ; and $16,500 for constructing buildings at this farm and that at Bethesda, Mary- land. It is expected to utilize the Beltsville farm for the experi- mental work of the Animal Husbandry and Dairy Divisions, and to reserve that at Bethesda for pathological investigations. One of the largest increases in the bill was accorded to the Bureau of Plant Industry, which will receive $303,480 additional, making its total $2,061,686. The lump-fund appropriation for general expenses is $1,441,536, which is divided among thirty projects. Some of the largest of these are $350,000 for the boll-weevil campaign (a net increase of $106,945) ; methods of crop production in the semiarid or dry-land sections, and for the utilization of lands reclaimed under the Reclamation Act, for which a net increase of $38,270 and a total of $143,060 is granted ; $142,920 for the farm management studies, of which $4,000 is to be used in agricultural reconnoisance work in Alaska ; studies of the production, handling, grading, and transporta- tion of grains, for which $135,005 is available, an increase of $24,500 ; and the studies of fruit improvement and the methods of growing, packing, and marketing fruits, which will have $87,735. The investi- gations of the cotton industry were extended to include the ginning and wrapping of cotton. 404 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, For the purchase and distribution of vahiable seeds and plants the allotment made was $289,680. This is an ajDparent decrease of $19,910, but it is accounted for in part by transfers of clerical em- ployees to the statutory roll of the bureau, and in part by the segre- gation as a distinct project of $20,000, which was formerly supported from this fund. The two items comprising this appropriation are the congressional seed distribution, which is continued on the usual basis, with $237,160, and the allotment for the introduction of seeds and plants from foreign countries, which is increased to $52,520. The appropriations to the Forest Service reached a total of $5,533,100, in addition to the various emergency appropriations to which reference has been made. This, as usual, represents the largest appropriation to any one bureau, and is also the largest in- crease over the previous year, the total for 1911 having been $5,008,100. The policy of definite allotments to each of the 161 National Forests for maintenance was continued. The Nebraska National Forest was authorized to furnish young trees free of charge to settlers in the surrounding region. The sum of $150,000 was granted for fighting forest fires and for other unforeseen emergencies, of which $70,000 is immediately avail- able. The allotment for permanent improvements on the National Forests was increased from $275,000 to $500,000. Provision was made for the refunding to claimants of moneys erroneously collected in the administration of the National Forests, and for the granting of easements under certain conditions for rights of way across the public lands, National Forests, and reservations, for the transmission of electrical power and for telephone and telegraph purposes. Liberal provision for the development of investigational work was also made, $177,040 being granted for investigations of methods for wood distillation and preservation and the economic use of forest products, including the testing of woods for paper making, together with $18,420 for investigations of range conditions within National Forests and range improvement, $251,168 for silvicultural and den- drological experiments, and $33,760 for miscellaneous forest investi- gations and the preparation and dissemination of results. The appropriation of the Bureau of Soils was increased to $262,060. No appropriation was made for soil erosion investigations, for which $5,000 has been allotted annually for many years. The soil survey work received $145,000, a net increase of $13,040, with a provision added limiting to 10 per cent the expenditures in any State. The bureau was authorized to undertake a new line of work by the appropriation of $12,500 " for exploration and investigation within the United States to determine a possible source of supply of potash, nitrates, and other natural fertilizers," $2,500 being made immediately available. It is expected that particular attention will EDITOKIAL. 405 be devoted to possible sources of potash in view of the present situa- tion as regards the German j^otash supply. The work will also be supplemented by researches to be conducted by the Geological Survey, which received authority in the sundry civil ajDpropriation act to expend $40,000 " for chemical and physical researches relating to the geology of the United States, including researches with a view of determining geological conditions favorable to the presence of potash salts." According to a recent announcement from the Survey, the expenditure of half this appropriation for the potash exploration is contemplated. The Bureau of Entomology receives an aggregate of $601,920. This is an increase of $69,740, mainly for the extension of work to the alfalfa weevil and for enlarging the investigations on insects affecting rice and sugar cane, for demonstration work against forest insects, and for additional studies in bee culture. The largest single allotment is for the continuation of the campaign against the gipsy and brown-tail moths, for which the appropriation is $284,840. The large proportionate increase of $52,780 was accorded the Bureau of Biological Survey, making its total $139,700. All the various lines of work were continued on a more comprehensive basis, and ncAV items were included of $2,500 for the purchase, capture, and transportation of game for national reservations, and of $20,000 for the feeding, protecting, and removal of elk at Jackson's Hole, Wyo- ming, and vicinity. The latter appropriation is made immediately available and remains available until exj^ended. The activities of the Office of Public Roads have been rapidly increasing in recent years, and to keep pace with the growing de- mands the appropriation was increased from $114,240 to $100,720. A new line of work authorized is the conducting of field experiments in road construction and maintenance, for which $10,000 is granted. The total appropriation of the Office of Experiment Stations is $1,864,000, of which $1,440,000 is allotted to the State experiment stations under the Hatch and Adams Acts. Of the remainder, $56,500 is for statutory salaries and $37,500, a net increase of $5,000, is for general expenses. The allotment of $10,000 for the agricultural edu- cation service was continued as at present. The nutrition investigations received an increase of $5,000, making $15,000 available for this purpose. This increase will enable further extension of these investigations and the preparation of popular bulletins setting forth plans for the more economical and effective utilization of agricultural products as human food, for which data a strong demand has been in evidence. An estimate of $20,000, submitted for the prej^aration, publication, and dissemination of original technical reports of the scientific in- 406 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. vestigations of the experiment stations by the Secretarj^ of Agricul- ture in cooperation with the Association of American AgricuUural Colleges and Experiment Stations, was favorably recommended by both the House and Senate Committees, but failed of passage. The Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Eico experiment stations were given $30,000 each, an increase of $2,000 in each case to equalize their funds with those received by the State stations from Federal funds, and the Guam Station was continued at $15,000. The clause requir- ing the expenditure of $5,000 by the Porto Rico Station for coffee experiments was omitted, thereby restoring the coffee work to the same basis on which it has been conducted for many years previous to the passage of the act for 1911. The irrigation and drainage investigations each received $100,000, a net increase of $32,820 and $25,980, respectively. These increases will enable the extension of these lines of work, especially in the rendering of assistance to settlers in newly irrigated regions, and in formulating plans for the reclamation of swamp lands. The pro- vision requiring a special report of the aggregate expenses in the drainage investigations to date and the areas in the several States and Territories which have been investigated was continued. The work of the remaining bureaus was provided for along sub- stantially the present lines. Including the increase previously noted for the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act, the Bureau of Chemistry wall receive $68,080 more than at present, and a total of $963,780. The Bureau of Statistics is given $231,620 ; the Library, $40,500; the Office of the Secretary, $276,450; the Division of Ac- counts, $97,520; the Division of Pui3lications, $209,960; and the fund for contingent expenses, $110,000. These all contain small increases, occasioned in general by the growth of the Department. In addition to the sums carried in the appropriation act itself, there should also be considered the appropriation of $470,000 for the Department printing and binding, which appears in the appro- priation act for sundry civil expenses. This represents a nominal increase of $10,000, but $22,000 more than at present is assigned to the Weather Bureau by reason of the transfer of a portion of its branch printing office, making a virtual decrease of $12,000 for the remainder of the Department. There is also to be added the perma- nent appropriation of $3,000,000 for the meat-inspection work. De- ficiency appropriations were granted, as well, of $923,192.90 for the fighting of forest fires in 1910, the relief of employees of the Depart- ment killed or injured in that campaign, and for horses and equip- ment destroyed during it, and $35,000 for the enforcement of the Insecticide Act during 1911. EDITOKTAL. 407 Additional funds which will be administered b}^ the Department are provided in the measure enacted at the recent session of Congress for the protection of the watersheds of navigable streams, and popularl}^ known as the "Appalachian Forest Tleserve " Act. Under this act the Secretary of Agriculture may expend $200,000, in co- operation with States requesting it, in the protection from fire of the forested watersheds of navigable streams, irrespective of owner- ship. He is further authorized to purchase, following a favorable report by the Geological Survey and the approval of a National Forest Reservation Commission, of which he is ex officio a member, lands located at the headwaters of navigable streams, and to admin- ister these lands as permanent National Forests. An aj)propriation of $2,000,000 is made annually until July 1, 1915, for the examination and acquisition of these lands, together with $25,000 additional annu- ally for the expenses of the commission. A more extended summary of this act appears on another page (p. 498). Eliminating the deficiency appropriations and that for the Forest Reservation Commission, these various appropriations, which are intimately connected with the work of the Department, would if added to the regidar appropriations make a grand total of $22,570,016. This is a large sum, but as was pointed out by Chairman Scott in concluding the presentation of the bill, " the money appropriated for the Department of Agriculture is an investment and not an ex- pense. And that it has been a good investment, the statistics showing the expansion of agriculture and the improvement in methods throughout our country bear eloquent witness. During these past ten years, while the Department of Agriculture has been expending $90,000,000, the farmers of the United States have added to the wealth of the world the stupendous and incomprehensible sum of $80,000,000,000. Without anything like a corresponding increase in the area of land under cultivation, the value of the farm products of our country has risen from slightly more than $4,000,000,000 ten years ago to nearly $9,000,000,000 in 1910. " The conclusion is inevitable, therefore — and that conclusion could be made incontestable by innumerable other proofs if time per- mitted— that the farmers of America are applying better methods and getting better results from their labors than ever before. And in devising these better methods, in pointing the way for better results, the Department of Agriculture has been the undisputed leader, as it should be, and has thus beyond cavil or question derived from the money it has expended a percentage of profit to all the people which can not be calculated." 85408°— No. 5—11 2 RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. International catalogue of scientific literature. D — Chemistry {Iriternat. Cat. Sci. Lit., 7 (1910), pp. YIII-\-llS~).—T\\e literature luclexed comprises material received between December, 1907, and December, 1908, and continues previous work (E. S. R., 21, p. 112). Methods and results of micro-chemistry, A. Prenant {Jour. Anat. et Physiol. [Paris], 40 {1910), No. //, pp. S'/S-J/O^)- — The evolution of the science of micro-chemistry is considered, with particular reference to the reactions employed in vegetable and animal histology and physiological chemistry. Methods for producing colloidal solutions of inorganic substances, T. SvEDBERG {Die Methoden ziir Herstellung Kolloider Losunyen Aiwrganischer Stoffe. Dresden, 1909, pp. XII+507, pis. S, flgs. 60).— A clear description of the condensation and dispersion methods for producing colloidal solutions of inorganic bodies. Analysis and determination of the constitution of organic compounds, H. Meyer {Analyse und Konstitutionsermittclung Organischer Vcrbindungeii. Berlin, 1909, 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XXXII+lOnS, figs. 235).— This is the second edition of this work, which has been entirely rewritten and brought up to date. The usefulness of curves in the interpretation of microbial and biochemical processes, O. Rahn {Miehigan 8ta. Tech. Bui. 5, pp. 29, figs. 18). — A discus- sion of the possibility and value of interpreting microbial or biological processes mathematically. " If a curve of a biochemical process is platted, taking us abscissa the time elapsed and as ordinate the total amounts of compounds produced, the shape of this curve will in many instances indicate the nature of the change taking place. In a purely chemical or enzymic change, the active mass does not increase, and therefore the rapidity of the process measured by the angle of elevation of the curve does not increase. . . . The curve changes with the time, becom- ing gradually parallel to the base line. If we are dealing with changes caused by micro-organisms, the active mass increases as long as micro-organisms in- crease, and consequently the rate of the process or the angle of elevation will rise as long as the increase continues. This elevation of the curve is charac- teristic for compounds produced by any multiplying organism. From the time the increase ceases, we are dealing with a purely enzymic curve. " The exact platting of the curve allows us to make fairly accurate statements about the multiplication and the duration of the increase of bacteria, even if they can not be counted by our present methods. The point of inflection of a curve shows the moment when the organisms producing the substance under study reach their maximum number and can be studied with greatest con- venience. " In some instances, the point of inflection Is changed to a straight line, indi- cating a strain of bacteria very resistant to their own products; this seems to 408 AGBICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 409 take place especially in poor media, as soil extracts. A few experiments indi- cate that iX)orly nourished bacteria are able to produce a larger amount of fer- mentation products than well nourislied bacteria though they need a much longer time to accomplish it." The employment of curves for indicating biocliemical processes, O. Rahn (C'entbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 28 {1910), KIo. 4-5, pp. 111-126, dgms. i6).— Sub- stantially a German translation of the article noted above. Occurrence of arsenic in soils, plants, fruits, and animals, W. P. Headden (Proc. Colo. Sci. *S'oc., 9 {1910), pp. 3.'i5-360; ahs. in Jour. CJiom. Soc. [London], 98 {1910), No. 516, II, p. 890).— The author found arsenic in a form slightly soluble in water to be widely distributed in the virgin soils of Colorado, especi- ally in those of a marly character, the amount varying from 2.5 to 5 parts per million. It was found in the marls underlying the soils in amounts varying from 4 to 15 parts per million. Soils on which crops had been grown, which had been sprayed with arseiiic preparations, were found to contain from 10 to 28 times as much arsenic as the virgin soils. Arsenic was found in alfalfa, oats, potatoes, apples, and pears grown on such soils, as well as in the flesh and kidneys of animals which had been fattened on the alfalfa. Arsenic was also found in the urine of persons who had eaten freely of apples grown on trees sprayed with arsenic compounds. About the estimation of phosphates, Schuyten {Ahs. in Chem. Ztg., S^ (1910), No. 80, p. 717). — The investigations show good results with the Woy- Maude method (E. S. R., 23, p. 613). The properties of Lintner's soluble starch, E. D. Clark {Jour. Biol. Chem., 7 (1910), No. 6, pp. Zv-^m).— " Litner's soluble starch carries associated with it certain amounts of dextrius with reducing power, from which it can be only partially freed by dialysis or alcohol precipitation. It is probable, also, that the method by which commercial starch is prepared renders such starch less capable of yielding Lintner's soluble starch of the least possible I'educing power." The use of methylene blue as an indicator in iodometric titrations, F. S. SxNNATT (Analyst, 35 (1910), No. J,12, pp. 309, 310).— It is shown that a solu- tion containing 0.05 gm. of methylene blue per liter can be used in place of starch for iodometric titrations. One cc. for each 50 cc. is a sufficient amount to give a good depth of color. A new form of extraction apparatus, C. W. Greene (Jour. Biol. Chem., 7 (1910), No. 6, pp. 503-507, fig. 1). — A device is described in which the essential features of the Soxhlet extraction apparatus are retained and the objectionable ones such as the extraction with a cold or lukewarm menstrum avoided. A Gooch crucible can be easily placed in this form of apparatus and the latter used in connection with the usual Hopkins condenser. Sulphurous acid in chopped meat, B. Ktjhn and J. Rxjhle {Ztschr. Unter- such. Nahr. u. Gemissmtl., 20 (1910), No. 1, pp. 10-19). — The authors investi- gated as to whether sulphurous acid or sulphur compounds could be transformed into sulphuric acid when distilling with iodin solution, but the results indicated that this is not the case. They could not verify the findings of other investi- gators (E. S. R., 17, p. 1177; 19, p. 706) with reference to the oxidation of sulphur compounds to sulphuric acid when working with decomposed meat. The determination of the deterioration of maize, with incidental refer- ence to pellagra, O. F. Black and C. L. Alsberg (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 199, pp. 36). — The authors in the first part of this bulletin point out the almost entire lack of methods, particularly in the English language, for testing the fitness of corn for human consumption, and give a detailed descrip- tion of a method for determining the acidity of corn as used in the Bureau of 410 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Plaut Industry, and which can be carried out by untrained persons and without much chemical apparatus. Part 2 considers the physical, chemical, and bio- logical methods, which require more skill in manipulation, for examining whole and ground deteriorated corn, and criticizes the results obtained with them. lu this connection the authors discuss the relation of the moisture content to the deterioration of this cereal, and point out the advantages to be attained by its proper curing and drying. In determining the acidity by the method referred to it is shown that grind- ing to a 16-mesh (sieve) fineness and an extraction period of 24 hours with alcohol is satisfactory, variation of the concentration of the solvent, due to various amuunts of water in tlie corn, being without signfflcance. Selected sam- ples of various varieties of high-grade seed corn tested showed an acidity equivalent to from 13 to 24 ce. of normal alkali per kilogram of corn, a moisture content ranging from 7.56 to 10.09 per cent, and ash from 1.18 to 1.59 per cent. Samples of commercial corn meal, purchased in -various cities of the United States, gave an acidity content per kilogram varying from 13 to 78 cc. of normal alkali. With a carload of decomposed corn, the samples of which were taken at different depths of the car, acidity figures were obtained for from 64 to 95 cc. of normal alkali per kilogram. A few preliminary experiments were made to determine the relation of the protein to the acidity formation in spoiled corn, but yielded negative results. The significance and value of the fat and ash determination are discussed, par- ticularly as to the degree of degerniination of the corn. Ori's catalase test, according to the authors, may give wath degermiuated spoiled corn a reaction no more intense than a normal, unspoiled corn, since the catalase exists chiefly in the germ. The toxicity test, Gosio's phenol reaction, and the test for micro- organisms and for a tendency to become moldy are also discussed. Detection of urotropin in wine, C. Blarez {Bui. Trav. Soc. Phann. Bor- deaux, WIO, p. Ji9; (lbs. in Chem. Ztg., 3-'i (WIO), No. 79, Repert., p. 319).— The author not finding the official test conclusive, recommends the following pro- cedure: Of 50 cc. of the wine containing 10 drops of sulphuric acid, 3 fractions of 10 cc. each, and one of 5 cc. are distilled. To one-half of the first fraction (a) is added, after acidifying, some bisulphite fuchsin solution, and to the other half from 2 to 3 drops of hydrochloric acid-phenylhydrazin solution, 1 drop of 50 per cent iron perchlorid solution, and from 5 to 6 drops of hydrochloric acid. The solution becomes yellow and remains so in most cases, even when the wine contains sulphurous acid and urotropin at the same time. When large amounts of urotropin (0.05 per cent or more) and small amounts of sulphurous acid are present the solution has a bilberry color. Fraction ft is treated with hydrochloric acid-phenylhydrazin solution, ferric chlorid, and hydrochloric acid. At times this solution quickly assumes a blue color and at other times only after 5, 10, or 15 minutes. Fractions c and d (10 and 5 cc, respectively) are treated in the same manner and observed for 15 minutes, and on the basis of the slow or rai)id and depth of coloration of the liquid the author estimates the amount of urotropin jiresent. Methods of analysis for the German brandy tax {Ztschr. Anali/t. Chem., JfO (1910), No. 6, App., P'p. 11-21). — This includes the methods of sampling, testing, and analyzing collodion, varnishes, polishes, soap, denaturizing sub- stances such as wood alcohol, pyridin bases, lavender and rosemary oils, shellac solution, camphor, benzol, animal oil, pure methyl alcohol, castor oil, vinegar, brandies, etc. Caramel and its adulterations, P. Carles {Ann. Falsif., 3 {1910), No. 20, pp. 255. 256; ab.s. in Chem. ZUi.. 3'y (1910). No. 89, Repcrt.. p. 3^5).— Caramel which is produced from sugar or molasses and by heat is more or less pure, AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 411 and ill France it is legally allowed as a coloriug matter for brandies, vinegar, cordials, etc. It is also employed for coloring spoiled wines wliich have pre- viously been decolorized with animal charcoal. The chief adnlterant of cara- mel consists of an addition of either ammonium or sodium carbonate, which has the faculty of increasing the coloring power of the product. Recent progress in the chemistry of the sugars, J. S. Hepburn (Jour. Franldin Inst., 170 {1910), 'No. 2. pp. S6-ii6).— This paper reviews the work of E. Fischer upon sugars and ferments. The syntheses of monoses, disac- charids and glucosids are described. The fermentation of the sugars and the action of the various inverting enzyms are discussed, as is also the lock-and-key theory of enzym action. The splitting of racemlc sugar derivatives into their active components and asymmetric syntheses within the sugar group are also considered. Important work in pure sugar chemistry which has appeared in the first half year of 1910, E. O. von Lippmann {Deut. Zuckerindus., 35 (1910), Nos. 21, pi\ 5'i'i, S'/.-j: 28, pp. 559-561; 29, pp. 581, 582; 30, pp. 595, 596).— A review of literature. The inversion of cane sugar under the influence of acids and neutral salts, N. Deerr (Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Sta., Agr. and Chem. Bui. 35, pp. 36, fig. 1). — This work summarizes the literature and reports additional results, dealing chiefly with the physico-chemical processes involved. The topics dis- cussed, and in most instances studied experimentally, are the following: Rate of inversion of cane sugar by acids, relative strength of acids as determined by the rate of inversion, effect of temperature on the inversion, effect of concentra- tion of the acid, inversion in pure aqueous solution at high temperature, inver- sion of cane sugar under the influence of salts, influence of neutral salts, action of nonconductors, the action of neutral salts on the rate of inversion of cane sugar by acids, action of chlorids of the alkalis in concentrated solution, the action of salts in concentrated solution on the rate of inversion of cane sugar at ordinary temperatures under the influence of acids in more concentrated solutions, increase in velocity of inversion due to the presence of nitrates, action of sulphates, influence of varying amounts of salt on the rate of inversion, the action of glucose on the inversion of cane sugar, the action of ammonium salts on inversion, the effect of neutralization of an acid on the rate of inversion, the process of making sugars for direct consumption, and experiments with juice. The influence of micro-organisms upon the quality of maple sirup, H. A. Edson (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 (1910), No. 7, pp. 325-327).— Fre- viously noted from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 64). Lipase of molds, N. Deleano (Arch. Sci. Biol. [St. Petersl).], 13 (1907), No. 2, pp. 207-209; ahs. in Chem. Abs., Jf (1910), No. If,, p. iS77).— Filtrates of extracts of Aspergillus nigcr, A. flaws, and Penicillium glancum contained a lipase which was capable of splitting simple artificial fats. About an antiprotease in yeast press juice, E. Buchneb and H. Haehn (Biochem. Ztschr., 26 (1910), No. 3-.'i, pp. 171-198). — From the experimental data it appears that an antienzym, antiprotease, exists in boileQl yeast press juice. The action of light upon catalase, F. Batelli and L. Stern (Compt. Rend. Soo. Biol. {Parish. 68 .(1910), No. 22, pp. lOJtO-1042) .—Catnlase is destroyed by light, no difference in the rate of destruction being evident whether it is in media of oxygen or not. No oxycatalase is produced by the light rays. Philo- catalase has not the capacity to regenerate catalase which has been destroyed by the light rays. Alcohol, aldehyde, and formates, etc., in certain concentra- tions protect catalase from the destructive action of light. 412 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The origin of the catalase in milk and its significance for the control of the milk supply, A. Faitelowitz {MUclnv. Zentbh, 6 {1910), Nos. 7, pp. 299- 316; 8, pp. 361-381; 9, pp. ^20-427).— According to the author the most certain and rapid method for estimating the catalytic activity of milk is by use of the formula C=-/| — ^ )• where t is the time, a the number of cubic centimeters t \a—xj of oxygen in the hydrogen peroxid originally taken, and x the cubic centimeters of oxygen in the hydrogen peroxid evolved. This value in fresh unneutralized milk fluctuated between 0.0025 and 0.0055. The increase of the catalytic activity of fresh milk in these tests began at room temperature only after from 24 to 30 hours, at 37° C. in from 6 to 8 hours, and with iced milk only after from 3 to 4 days. Chloroform did not influence the catalytic activity of fresh or old milk in which the catalase had already developed, but its addition (2:100) prevented the formation of new catalase, and in this way it was possible to determine the catalytic activity of milk as drawn from the animal in barn samples. Formalin, on the other hand, was found to weaken the catalytic process, the reaction being influenced to the greatest extent when the formaldehyde was added to the hydrogen peroxid first. Lactic and acetic acid also weakened the catalysis, but with fresh milks the "action is doubled upon neutralization. If alkali is added above the point of neutralization this increase in strength does not occur. On the other hand, milk which has been allowed to become acid or curdled in the incubator, or coagu- lated with lactic acid, does not increase in the amount of activity when neu- tralized. The maximum amount of catalysis was present when milk was allowed to acidify and coagulate at room temperature and after neutraliza- tion. Milk which had been boiled and allowed to curdle gave, as a rule, a higher maximum catalytic activity than raw milks. The catalase seems to be present in the solid particles (precipitate portion) of the serum and in the curd. The multiplication of catalase takes place quicker in the curd than in the serum. From the serum, however, a strong catalytic substance could be isolated. Some color reactions for differentiating heated from raw cow's milk, T. Sames (Mdlchw. ZentU., 6 {1910), No. 10, pp. Ji62-Ji68) .— After describing the various color reactions utilized for detecting boiled and raw milk, the author details his findings in regard to the enzymic and nonenzymic characteristics of the supposed ferments of milk. With the methylene blue reductase test the author was never able to note a decoloration within i hour, and therefore concluded tliat the view expressed by others that the reductase reaction is probably of bacterial origin and is of no value for differentiating boiled from raw milk is correct. The Schardinger formaldehyde-methylene blue reaction does not depend upon bacterial sources, as was shown in an article previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 709). Rendering 10 cc. of boiled milk alkaline with 6 drops of normal alkali produces the re- action, and this also renders doubtful the presence of enzyms, as a solution of milk sugar to which 2 drops of an alkaline substance has been added produces the identical reaction. In regard to the oxidase reaction the author shows this to be caused by the true protein in an alkaline medium, i. e., by the precipitate obtained with alcohol from serum after the casein has been previously removed with acetic acid. This reaction was still present when the solution was heated to 52° C, but was absent at 60°. The author points out that the guaiac and guaiac-hydrogen peroxid method still remains one of the best methods for differentiating raw and boiled milk, AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 413 but that in any event none of the reactions proposed for this test should be wholly relied upon without taking other factors into consideration. About blue milk, Van Melckebeke (Abs. in Chem. Ztg., 3'/ {1910), No. 80, p. 717). — Milk when boiled in an aluminum vessel for a long time takes on a blue hue, especially when starch is present. The aluminum in the milk seems to be in a colloidal state. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 1006). Methods for the examination of milk and dairy products, K. Teichert (Method'en zur Untersuchung von Milch und Mollcerelprodukten. Stuttgart, 1909, pp. 374, flos. 5Jt). — In addition to the usual bacteriological and chemical methods employed in the examination of dairy products, this work considers the newer methods in vogue in Europe and America. A modification in the method for determining the ester number in butter. J. Han us and F. Petkik {Ahs. in Cliem. Ztg., 5// {1910), No. 82. p. 736).— The Hanus and Stehl method (E. S. R., 18, p. 811) has been modified in so far that after the esterification, 150 cc. and then 100 cc. of the aqueous fractions are caught successively. By saponifying both fractions and titrating the remain- ing alkali the amount of decinormal alkali used for saponifying the volatile ethyl esters is determined. For cocoa fat this amount Is about 80 cc. and for butter from 18 to 22 cc. The presence of salicylic or benzoic acid does not in- fluence the results. Report of the agricultural-chemical experiment station of the chamber of agriculture at Schleswig-Holstein for 1909, H. Wehnert {Jahrest)er. Agr. Chem. Vers. Stat. Landiv. Kaminer Schles.-Holst., 1909, pp. 26). — A report of the activities of the station is given for the year 1909, with a statement as to the number of analyses made of feeding stuffs from various sources and mis- cellaneous substances and a discussion of the results. The number and kind of animal and vegetable pests found in the various seeds, woods, etc., examined are also reported. Report of the senior analyst, 1909, C. F. Juritz {Rpt. Senior Anal. Cape Good Hope, 1909, pp. 133-164). — A report of the activities of the senior analyst for the year 1909. The analyses made during this time included dairy products, fermentation products, fertilizers, cereals, mineral analyses, and miscellaneous substances, such as cotton goods, wood charcoal, etc. The technology of fats and oils, edited by G. Hefter (Technologie der Feite mid die. Berlin, 1910, vol. 3, pp. XlI+1023, i)ls. 13, figs. 2.92).— This volume deals chiefly with the edible oils ; butter, its history, chemistry, manufacture, laws, and sale; butter substitutes, their manufacture, etc.; lard and lard sub- stitutes; vegetable butters; vegetable and animal lubricating and burning oils and fats; boiled oils and varnishes; textile oils; stearin and candle manu- facture, etc. Drying and dryers, O. Marr (Das Troclcnen und die Trockner. Munich and Berlin, 1910, pp. IX +416, figs. 215). — This work deals with the theory and prac- tice of desiccation. Its chapters describe the various methods and kinds of dryers in use for various industries, and particularly in ngrotechny, including potatoes, beets, gi-ass, green corn, brewer's grains, distillery slop, fertilizers, fruits, vegetables, etc. The manufacture of compressed dried vegetables, A. Hausner (Pure Products, 6 (1910), No. 8, pp. 449-453, fig. 1). — A general description of a proc- ess for drying vegetables and packing the resulting products. Preserving potatoes by steaming and storage, M. Schmoeger (Fuhling's Landto. Ztg., 59 {1910), No. 19, pp. 652-656).— The author reports an experiment on the storage of steamed potatoes in a pit. The pit, which was in a sandy loam soil, was 4 meters long, 11 meters wide at the top, 1 meter at the bottom, and 1 meter high. The potatoes were steamed 414 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. in a Henze apparatus and placed in the pit, which had been previously sized with lime and water glass, so that they f(n-med a heap about i meter above the regular level of the ground. The upper surface of the potatoes was covered over with a thin layer of a lime-water glass cement, and a tube was placed in the center of the mass to provide an opening in which the tempera- ture could be noted from time to time. At the completion of the stack the temperature was from 35 to 40° C. After a few days the heap was covered with from 30 to 40 cm. of soil and during the winter with a layer of potato foliage. After a period of 10 mouths a loss of 15.2 per cent by weight of the total mass could be noted. The nitrogen-free exti-active substances diminished somewhat, particularly starch. The manufacture, preservation and use of unfermented grape juice, G. C. HusMANN (Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Hart., 3 (1909), pp. IS^-U/S, fig. 6).— This paper treats in a popular way of the food value and composition of unfer- mented grape juice, the composition of the grape, the causes of fermentation and methods of preventing it, the commercial and home manufacture of must, flavor and quality in grape juice, and the use of unfermented grape juice, sillabub, Bohemian cream, grape nectar, grape punch, grape sherbet, and grape ice cream. The preparation of wine in Algiers, J. Foussat (Gouvt. G6n. Algerie, Dir. •Agr., Inform. Agr., Bui. 8, pp. 50, figs. 10). — A brief scientific and practical discussion of the manufacture of wine. The uses of the defibered pulp of Agave rigida, P. Dechambee, A. Herbert, and F. Heim (Assoc. Franc. Avanc. ScL, Compt. Rend., 31 (190S), pp. 1182- 1193). — The authors report an analysis of the pulp of agaves and draw attention to the possible uses this material may be put to, such as stock feed, fertilizer, etc. Utilizing agave residues for producing alcohol, F. H. d'Herelle (Jour. Agr. Trop., 10 (1910), Au. 108, pp. lGl-161). — Details are given of the author's experiments in the production of alcohol from agave leave residues (Agave rigida var. sisnluna), etc., in Mexico. Saccharification of cell substance, H. Ost and L. Wilkening (Chemr. Ztg., SJf (1910), No. 52, pp. Jftil, Ji62). — Experiments in regard to the use of wood for manufacturing alcohol are reported. The production of volatile oils and perfumery plants in the ITnited States, F. Rabak ([/. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 195, pp. 55, Jigs. 5). — This bulletin deals chiefly with the possibilities of cultivating volatile oil and per- fumery plants in the United States. In it are discussed the growth, cultiva- tion, and harvesting of perfume plants, aroma of plants, as to the nature of the odors and their localization, the development of the aroma, and the ex- traction of the aroma with volatile solvents, and liquid and solid fats. The methods of obtaining the odoriferous bodies, such as by steam distillation and expression, are considered, with the apparatus utilized therefor, and the methods of handling it. The after-handling of the oils is treated at length, especially the purification, separation, filtration, drying, and the preserving of the product. Data as to the yield of oil from iteppermiut, bergamot mint, and wormwood at various stages of development are also reported, in which it was found that the odor was developed during the advance in growth and the ap- proach of the flowering period. The bulletin shows that the cultivation of perfume-yielding plants has been very limited in the United States and chiefly confined to a few kinds of plants. A possibility exists as regards the climate of duplicating a certain part of the perfumery industry which is carried on in Europe to-day. The author, how- ever, points out that much experimental work will be required in this direction METEOROLOGY WATER. . 415 in this country foi- finding suitable localities for certain plants and, further, as to the establishing of proper labor conditions and transportation facilities. The commercial aspect of the industry is also considered. Technical-niicroscopical differentiation of fibers, R. Korn {Jahresher. Ver. Angcw. Bot., 7 {lOOD), pp. 18d-23-'i, pis. 2, figs. 12). — This investigation has par- ticular reference to microscopy, chemistry, micro-chemistry, and the optical' behavior of hemp and linen fibers. Philippine fibers and fibrous substances; — their suitability for paper making, G. F. Richmond {Philippine Jour. irecipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during November and December, 1910, are presented. The general character of the weather for November is briefly discussed, and the December bulletin gives a summary for the year. The principal data, in this summary are as follows : Pressure, reduced to freezing and sea level (inches). — Maximum, 30.87, Jan- uary 4 ; minimum, 29.11, January 29 ; mean, 30. Air temperature, in ground shel- ter (degrees F. ). — Maximum, 97, July 24; minimum, — 9, January 5; mean hourly, 47.4. Humidity. — Mean dew-point, 38.3 ; mean relative humidity, 76. Precipitation. — Total rainfall or melted snow, 36.11 in.; number of days on which 0.01 in. or more rain or melted snow fell, 117 ; total snowfall, 44.5 in. Weather. — ^Total cloudiness recorded by sun thermometer, 1,661 hours, or 37 per cent; number of clear days. 142. Bright sunshine. — Number of hours re- corded, 2,793. or 63 per cent. Wind. — Prevailing direction, west-northwest; total movement, 59,242 miles; maximum daily movement, 468 miles, November 27; minimum daily movement, 28 miles. January 17 ; maximum pressure per square foot, 15 lbs., January 3, north-northwest, and February 23, west-northwest. METEOROLOGY WATER. . 41*7 Dates of frost.— Jjast; May 6 ; first, September 23. Dates of snow.— L,ast, March 14 ; first, October 27. Report on the work of the station of agricultural climatology of Juvisy during 1909, C. Flammarion (Bui. Mens. Off. Renscig. Agr. [Paris], 9 {1910), No. 10, pp. 1133-llJi9, figs. 6). — The usual summaries of observations on tem- perature of the air, soil, and underground water, atmospheric pressure, rela- tive humidity, rainfall, and sunshine and cloudiness are given. Changes in climate since the last glacial period in Germany, T. Abldt (Naturw. Rundschau, 25 {1910), Nos. 7/7, pp. 599-602; -JS, pp. 611-61 'i).— Recent contributions to the subject of changes of climate during different geological periods are reviewed. The fertilizing value of rain and snow, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts, 1910, pp. 216-218). — This is a brief report of a continuation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 22, p. 316), summarizing the results for the three years ended February 28, 1910. The amounts of nitrogen brought down to the soil in rain and snow during the three years were 4.323, 8.364, and 6.869 lbs. per acre respectively. Approxi- mately 85 per cent of the total nitrogen was furnished by the rain and 15 per cent by the snow. Of the total nitrogen, approximately 65 per cent was free and organic ammonia and 35 per cent nitrates and nitrites. The constitution of water {Trans. Faraday Soc, 6 {1910), No. 1, pp. 71-123, figs. 13; abs. in Cheni. Trade Jour., 1,6 {1910), No. 1199, pp. ^78, 479).— This is a series of papers bearing on this subject presented before the Faraday Society as follows: Is Water an Electrolyte? by P. Walden; The Chemical Nature of Molecular Association — A Special Study of the Case of Water, by P. A. Guye; Liquid Water a Ternary Mixture — Solution Volumes in Aqueous Solutions, by W. R. Bousfield and T. M. Lowry ; and The Specific Heat of Ice, Water, and Water Vapor, by W. Nernst. General discussion of the subject by various investigators is also reported. The genesis and function of the dew-pond, H. Gibson {Symons's Met. Mag., 45 {1910), No. 532, pp. 63-67; Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts, 58 {1910), No. 3011, pp. 847-849). — The author maintains in this article that the term dew-pond is a misnomer and that the water collected in such ponds is derived from rain. He discourages the construction of dew-ponds. The dew fiction, H. Gibson {Pastoralisfs' Rev., 20 {1910), No. 4, pp. 403- 405). — This article sets forth the same views as those noted above. Dew-ponds, W. G. Cox {Pastoralists' Rev., 20 {1910), No. 6, pp. 645, 646, fig. 1). — The author recommends the trial of dew-ponds in Australia. Bacteriological standards in water analysis, E. J. McWeeney {Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 31 {1910), No. 7, pp. 263-276).— In the author's opinion a complete routine bacteriological analysis should include determinations of (1) physical properties, (2) general germ content, (3) content in organisms of presumably intestinal origin, and (4) microscopic examination of the sediment. He de- scribes standard characters of 1 cc. gelatin and agar plates for (1) pure water, (2) dirty water, and (3) sewage. Water analyses, S. C. Dinsmore {Nevada 8ta. Bui. 72, pp. 40-44). — Mineral analyses of the water supply of six towns in Nevada are reported. In three cases the water was obtained from wells. The water supply of farm homesteads, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1910, j)p. 218-221). — Analyses of 79 samples of water are reported, of which 31 were considered wholesome, 26 suspicious, 11 seriously contaminated, and 11 saline. Attention is called to the unwholesome condition of much of the farm water supply, but it is stated that over the larger part of the Dominion it 418 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. is by no means a difficult matter to obtain a good supply in sufficient abundance for bouse and stock use. Water supply for country homes, K. A. McVey (Univ. Mo. Engin. Expt. Sta. Bui. 2, PI). 35~5Jf, figs. 5). — "It is tbe purpose of tbis bulletin to outline some metbods of water supply, draw attention to tbe importance of tbe sanitary aspect of tbe supply, and to give an idea of tbe cost of making sucb improve- ments." Tbe bulletin deals witb springs, wells, and cisterns as sources of supply, and describes various metbods of making tbe supply available in tbe house. Tbe possibility of introducing plumbing into bouses already built is also discussed. Potable water supply for rural communities, A. Theunis {Rev. G&n. Agron., n. set:, 5 (1910), Nos. 9, pp. 353-360; 10, pp. 397-411).— This is a report presented to tbe Superior Council of Agriculture of Belgium, dealing witb tbe character of tbe rural water supplies in tbat country and tbeir improvement. It is based upon a wide study of tbese supplies. It is stated tbat tbe greater part of tbe well waters are contaminated and unfit for buman use, and tbat tbese contaminated waters are tbe cause of various diseases, particularly typhoid fever. Tbe report makes tbe general recommendation tbat wells and local sources of water supply be abandoned and tbat tbe supplies for the different communities be brought fi'om a distance where there is less danger of contamination. Sterilization of polluted water by ultraviolet rays at Marseille, France (Engin. News, 64 (1910), No. 23, p. 633, fig. 1; Eng'in. Rec, 62 (1910), No. 24, p. 672, fig. 1). — An apparatus, which sterilized 1.330 cu. ft. per kilowatt hour, is described. Bacterial purification of sewage waters, Mahieu (Ann. Fonts et Chaiiss6es, 8. set:, //? (1910), pt. 1, No. 5, pp. 87-133, pis. 4, figs. 6).— Various metbods used in purifying tbe sewage of Paris before it is discharged into tbe Seine are de- scribed, and tbe efficiency of tbe methods is discussed. Sanitation and sewage disposal for country homes, W. C. Davidson ( Univ. Mo. Engin. Expt. /S.7«. Bill. 3, pp. 55-72, figs. 6). — This bulletin explains the necessity for home sanitation and describes systems and methods adapted to tbe country home, including methods of disposing of dry sewage, the use of cess- pools and septic tanks, sewage irrigation, and discbarge into running streams. A system of iilumbing adapted to country bouses is described. A new method of handling sewage sludge, K. Imhoff and C. Saville (Engin. Rec, 62 (1910), No. 2-'/, pp. 673-676, figs. 12). — A system in use in tbe Ems district of southwestern Germany, in which tbe sludge is separated out and allowed to decompose in deep wells under water pressure which holds tbe gases produced during decomposition in tbe sludge, is described. Tbe sludge is dried on beds, yielding a material which is consideretl much more valuable as a fertilizer and for general use than ordinary sludge. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soils and fertilizers, T. Dietrich, C. Schaetzlein, and A. Stift (JahresJ)er. Agr. Chem., 3. srr.. 12 (1909), pp. 38-175). — Tbis is a review of recent scientific literature on tbt'se subjects similar to those of previous years. The use of photography in agronomy, and especially in the study of soils, J. Schroeder (Agro^, 2 (1910), No. 1, pp. 4-14, figs. 7). — Tbe great value of photography as a means of preserving a permanent record of physiographic conditions, character and condition of soils, and growth of plants is discussed and illustrated. SOILS FERTILIZEES. 419 Soil classifications and adaptations, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and P. A. Benedict (Tcrmont Hia. Bill. 15'/, pp. 703-743). — This article discusses the four principal soil classiflcutions which have been proposed, as follows: (1) That developed by Merrill and based upon the origin and method of formation of the soil, (2) that based upon physical characteristics of the soil, (3) that suggested by Snyder and based mainly upon the use to which soils are put, and (■i) that employed by the Bureau of Soils of this Department and based upon its soil surveys In different parts of the United States. Soil adaptations are discussed in their relations to size of soil particles and methods of soil forma- tion and deiwsition, as well as on the basis of personal observations in the course of soil surveys. A glossary of technical terms and a list of the principal authorities consulted are given. Physical analysis of soils, E. A. Mitscherlich (Ztschr. Angeiv. Chem., 23 (1910). No. 39, pp. 1SJ,0, 1841, fig. 1; Chem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 113, pp. 1000, 1007; ahs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 20, p. 1217).— It is stated that in determining the size of soil particles the mechanical analysis by the sieve and sedimentation method has given no positive results because it does not account for the differences in form, in specific gravity, and in colloidal structure of the soil particles. For similar x'easons microscopic examination does not serve the purpose. As determined by the author's method the soil surface furnishes a measure of the fineness of the soil type, without, as is the case in the sieve and sedimentation method, presupposing a definite form and the same specific gravity of the soil particles. In his method the author distinguishes between the outer and the inner sur- face of the soil, both being wetted with water but only the outer one with organic liquids of high molecular weight. To determine the hygroscopicity and the outer soil surface the air-dried soil is exposed over 10 per cent sulphuric acid in a vacuum desiccator and after vapor tension equilibrium weighed, then dried for 4 hours over phosphoric finhydrid at 100° C. and weighed, and finally placed over a 15 to 25 per cent benzol oil mixture and after vapor tension equilibrium again weighed. The first weighing after deducting the weight of the dry soil (second weighing) gives the total soil surface (hygroscopicity) in percentage of the dry soil. The last weighing multiplied by 3.S6 gives the outer soil surface. The total surface is a measure of the productivity, while the outer surface relates to the mechan- ical state of the soil and is indicative of the ease of working. A series of pot experiments with mustard on a mixture of sand with varying quantities of peat was made to show the relation between the yield and the total surface or hygroscopicity as determined by the above method. From the results obtained the author deduces the following equation for determining the relation between yield (?/) and hygroscopicity (j^) : log ((50 — 2/) =1.4 — l/24a?. The niech.anical analysis of soils in Buitenzorg', Java, E. C. J. Mohr (Bui. Dept. Agr. Indes N6erlmid., 1910, No. 41, pp. 33, pi. 1; Teysmarmia, 21 (1910), No. 7, pp. 455-471, pis. 3). — The author calls attention to the fact that on account of the rapid changes which go on in soils in tropical countries like Java mechanical analysis at any given time is of less value than in case of soils of temperate regions. It is more necessary in the former case to follow closely the changes going on in the soil. The methods used (based to a large extent upon those of the Bureau of Soils of this Department) are described as well as methods of stating and interpret- ing the results. Classification by means of an equilateral triangle, the three points of which are sand >50/a, dust 50-5ja, and finest particles . Influence of manure on the yield of winter wheat and the beets following, S. L. Frankfurt (Khoziaistvo, 1909, Nos. 18-20; ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 2, pp. 236-239). — The experiments were begun in 1902 and the present article reports the results obtained in 1906-1908. Manure to the amount of 13,360 lbs. per acre gave a marked increase of the yield of winter wheat, but larger quantities of manure were no more effective. Of the mineral fertilizers only superphosphate was helpful. Simultaneous applications of manure aud mineral fertilizers gave higher yields than those of either manure or mineral fertilizers separately. Manure introduced under the preceding winter cereals increased both the yield of the beets following and the percentage of sugar in them. Mineral fertilizers acted similarly but did not in- crease the percentage of sugar as much as manure. Mineral fertilizers directly applied under beets increased both the yield and the sugar percentage of the beets more than the application of manure to the preceding winter wheat. Mineral fertilizers under summer wheat at the Poltava Experiment Field, S. Tretyakov {Batsion. Udobr., 1909, No. 6; ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 2, p. 21,2).— It is pointed out that Kulomzin phosphorite does not exercise any influence on the forest loam of the Poltava Experiment Field when applied under winter wheat and the following summer wheat. Manure under the same conditions increases the yield. Results of seed tests for 1910, F. W. Taylor {New Hampshire Sta. Bui. lJf8, pp. 187-209, figs. 2). — The text of the New Hampshire law of 1909 regulat- ing the sale of agricultural seeds is followed by a discussion of its object, a statement of the germination standards for seeds of different crops, and direc- tions for submitting samples for test. Tables give the results of purity and germination tests of 238 samples of seeds examined during the first 6 months of 1910. Among these, the average germi- nation of field corn found was 10 per cent below the standard. Peas and beans were also below the standard but the average for sweet com was practically up to standard. HORTICULTURE. A practical treatise of how to grow flowers, fruits, vegetables, shrubbery, evergreens, shade trees, ornamental trees. — Plant pests, diseases and reme- dies. C. H. Tritschler and W. D. Buchanan (Nashville, Tenn., 1910, pp. 167, pis. 2). — The purpose of this work is to present to the amateur a concise knowl- edge of each subject embraced. Up-to-date truck growing in the South, J. R. Davis (Atlanta, Oa., 1910, pp. 188, pi. 1, figs. J/O). — A practical treatise representing largely the experience of the author but including special chapters by experts on the culture of a number of crops. [Horticultural work at the Canadian experiment stations], W. T. Macoun, R. Robertson, J. Murray, A. Mackay, W. H. Fairfield, G. H. Hutton, and T. A. Sharpe (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1910, pp. 128-l-',3, 155-157, 327-329, S72-S79, 1,03-1,13, US-U6, 458-468, 486, 487, 504-511, pis. 7).— This is the custom- ary report on the condition and character of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and orna- mental shrubs tested during the year at the different experimental farms in Canada. The data are quite similar to those found in previous reports (E. S. R., 22, p. 338). A large number of seedling apples. 3 seedling plums, and a seedling goose- berry received at the Central Farm for examination are described. Eighty-nine additional A-arieties of the seedling apples which were originated on the farm fruited during the year,, 14 of which are here described as being of considerable HORTICTJLTTJKE. 441 promise. The closely planted Wealthy apple orchard (E. S. R., 21, p. 331) has given an average net profit per acre from the date of planting, 1896 to 1909, of $68.14 and an average net profit per acre from the date of fruiting, 1899 to 1909, of $100.36. Other early bearing varieties are being tested to see how they will succeed when planted closely. The Omaha and Yuteca, 2 new plums of considerable promise, fruited during the year and are discussed. Lists are given of the best varieties of sweet corn, garden peas, and tomatoes tested at the farm. As a result of 9 years' selection for earliness and 6 years' selection for large early production, an improved strain of the Sparks Earliana has been originated at the farm. A descriptive list is given of the best varieties of Philadelphus tested in the arboretum. At the Indian Head Farm, Saskatchewan, 17 varieties of seedling plums ob- tained from the South Dakota Experiment Station in 1908 came through the winter safely. A review of the fruits and plants introduced in Georgia during the past fifty years, P. J. Berckmans [Ga. Bd. Ent. Bui. 33, 1910, pp. J,8-55). — A brief review of some of the more important fruits and plants either originated or introduced by the author. [Varieties of fruits and ornamentals for Nebraska], G. A. Marshall et al. (Ann. Rpt. Xchi: Hart. Soc, H (1909-10), pp. 23-3o).—A revised list prepared under the direction of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society is given of orchard and small fruits which are recommended for planting in the 19 dis- tricts into which the State is divided. A list including trees, shrubs, roses, vines, bulbs, etc., which applies to the entire State, except where otherwise specified, is also given. The Royal Botanic Garden and Royal Botanic Museum at Dahlem, A. Engler et al. (Der KonigJiche Botanische Garten und das Konigliche Bota- nisclie Museum zu Daldcm. Berlin, 1909, pp. 158, figs. 78, map. 1). — This work, which is issued by the Prussian ministry of ecclesiastical, educational, and medical affairs, consists of a descriptive account of the purposes, equipment, and various collections of the Royal Botanic Garden and the Royal Botanic Museum at Dahlem. The cultivation of deciduous fruits in Naples, L. Savastano {Boh Arbor. Ital., 6 (1910), No: 2-4, pp. 113-216).— This is a critical and synthetical exam- ination of the fruit industries of Naples. Part 1 discusses general conditions relative to the culture, marketing, and commerce in export fruits; part 2 con- tains a detailed study of the peach, apricot, cherry, prune, and almond indus- tries; part 3 treats in a similar manner of the apple, i^ear, and other pome fruits. General conclusions of a cultural, commercial, and industrial nature are given, together with special conclusions relative to the culture of different fruits. A bibliography of works consulted is appended. Summer apples in the Middle Atlantic States, H. P. Gould (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 194, PP- S6, pis. 4, figs. 7). — This bulletin reports the second of a series of systematic fruit district investigations which are now in progress by the Bureau of Plant Industry fE. S. R., 20, p. 641). It de- scribes the Coastal Plain region of the Middle Atlantic States relative to its geographic position, topogi'aphy, elevation, soil, climate and other conditions, discusses the advantages and possibilities in relation to the production of early apples, the general character of cultural and fruit handling methods now prevailing, and also takes up the principal varieties of apples now grown there with a view of indicating their relative value in the further development of the early apple industry in that section. Summarized data are also pre- 442 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. sented showing the use. relative importance, and season of edible maturity suitable to growing in the Middle Atlantic States. Pheuological records compiled from data secured from a large number of cooperative observers are given for several of the important varieties. The data for each variety show the State, approximate latitude, elevation, slope, soil, and year in which the observation was made, age of tree, and the fol- lowing dates: First bloom, full bloom, last spring frost, opening of leaf buds, forming of terminal buds, first picking, first fall frost, when fit for use, and keeping period. Although much of the information is only directly applicable to the region studied, it is believed that the discussion will prove of value to growers of summer apples generally. [Orchard investigations in Nevada], P. B. Kennedy {Nevada Sta. Bui. 12. pp. 19, 20, pi. 1). — The blooming dates for 1909 are given of the various varieties of apples growing in the station orchard. As with all other low-lying orchards in the State the blossoms were destroyed by killing frosts on May 11. Only a single variety, Rome Beauty, produced a few apples from blossoms coming out after the above date. The influence of the leaves which immediately accompany the fruits of pears on the increase in weight and chemical composition of the fruit, G. RivifeRE and G. Bailhache {Jour. 8oc. Nat. Hort. France, 4. .scr., ii {1910), Nov., pp. 678-6S0). — A study similar to that previously reported for the Chas- selas Dore grape (E. S. R., 21, p. 140) was made with pears of the variety Directeur Hardy to determine what influence the leaves accompanying the fruit on the spur have on the weight and chemical composition of the fruit. Twenty-four fruit spurs were selected for the experiment, one fruit being left on each spur. Twelve of the spurs were defoliated in the spring and on the other 12 the leaves were allowed to grow but no further fruit buds were allowed to develop. The data secured show that the average weight of pears from the defoliated spur was 105.4 gm. as compared with an average weight of 130 gm. where the leaves were allowed to grow. The sugar content and density of the fruit from the defoliated spurs was slightly decreased and the acid content slightly higher. Fig culture in the vicinity of Mistretta, F. Portale {Bol. Arhor. Ital., 6 (1910), No. 2-4, pp. 49-101, figs. 5). — A monographic study of the fig relative to its biology, culture, harvesting, preparation for market, and commerce, with special reference to the improvement and extension of the industry in the region of jNIistretta. A bibliography of the works consulted is appended. Drought resistance of the olive in the Southwestern States, S. 0. Mason {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 192, pp. 60, pis. 6, figs. 20).— The author gives an account of a number of plantations of olives which had been previously made along with plantings of apricots, figs, grapes, and some other fruits in the more arid parts of Arizona and California and wliere through failure of the irrigation systems the trees were thrown on their own resources. The behavior of these abandoned plantations is studied in connection with examples of successful dry-land olive culture in California, as well as in the light of the dry-land olive culture in Tunis, as described by T. H. Kearney in a previous bulletin of the Bureau of Plant Industry (E. S. R., 20, p. 42). The adaptation of olive root systems to limited rainfall and of leaf and stem structure to moisture economy is discussed, together with the area of possible dry-land olive culture in the United States as limited by the minimum tem- perature, heat requirements, and rainfall. A description of the anatomy of olive roots, leaves, and stems, prepared by T. Holm, is appended. HORTICULTURE, 443 The varieties of olives growing in the nonirrigated plantations described were of European origin and accustomed to abundant moisture. In view of the remarkable drought resistance of these varieties, the author concludes that by the use of the desert variety Chemlali, together with the adaptation to our conditions of the Tunisian methods of planting and culture, large areas of land in the Southwestern States, possessing a suitable soil and climate, but now undeveloped from lack of irrigation water, may be utilized to produce olive oil. Trial plantations are now being made at various points in the arid region to determine whether such dry-land olive culture will prove a com- mercial success. The after effect of coinm.ercial fertilizers in vineyards, F. Gvozdenovic (Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Ostcrr., 13 (1010), No. 11. pp. S35-S'il). — In con- tinuation of previous demonstration experiments conducted in various vineyards in Gorz-Gradiska, Austria (E. S. R., 21, p. 738), data are given to show the residual effect of fertilizers the year following application. The returns from some 43 experimental areas show an average net increase in yield of 1,030 kg. (over 1 ton) of grapes per hectare on the vineyards re- ceiving a complete fertilizer over the unfertilized vineyards, the value of the fertilizers having been deducted. Since sufBclent quantities of stable manure are difficult to secure, it is recommended that as a general thing the vineyards be rather heavily manured at least every 5 years and that every second year a moderate quantity of commercial fertilizer be applied. Experiments in blueberry culture, F. V. Coville {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bill. 193, pp. 100, pis. 18, figs. 31). — A full account is given of the author's investigations, conducted largely with swamp blueberries {Vaccinium corymbosum) , and consisting primarily of extensive pot cultures and laboratory studies, relative to their soil requirements and method of nutrition. From the knowledge thus gained, a system of pot culture, herein fully described, has been developed by the use of which seedlings of the swamp blueberry have been grown into robust plants to a maximum height of 27 in. 12 months from germination, at which period 70 per cent of the plants had laid down flowering buds for the next spring's blossoming, whereas J. Dawson, an earlier investi- gator, found that the swamp blueberry required from 4 to G years to produce fruit from seed.** The growth development of the swamp blueberry seedlings, a method of pollination in the absence of outside agencies, possibilities of im- provement by breeding and selection, and preliminary experiments in propaga- tion and field culture are also considered. The results of the soil investigations as a whole led to the conclusion that the swamp blueberry does not thrive in soils generally favorable to the devel- opment of agricultural crops, such as rich garden, heavily manured, or heavy clay soils, soils made sweet by lime, or even thoroughly decomposed leaf mold such as has a neutral reaction. For vigorous growth the swamp blueberry re- quires an acid soil, the favored type of which is peat. The author is of the opinion that peat is particularly satisfactory because the acidity of peat, al- though of a mild type, is continually maintained. Although the roots of the swamp blueberry may be submerged in water during a portion of the year, they require a well-aerated soil in the growing season. Aeration conditions sat- isfactory for the blueberry are prevalent in sandy soils, drained fibrous peat land, and in masses of live, moist, but not submerged sphagnum. In the latter situation the chief nourishment of the blueberry plant comes from the bog water sucked up by the sphagnum and not from the sphagnum itself. The failure of previous experimenters to domesticate and improve the blueberry are oCult. and Country Gent., 50 (1885), p. 660. 444 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. attributed largely to the failure to recognize soil acidity as a fundamental requirement of these plants." The author found that the root-system of the swamp blueberry is devoid of root hairs by means of which ordinary agricultural plants absorb their moisture and food. The rootlets of healthy plants of the swamp blueberry are inhabited by an endotrophic mycorrhiza which appears to have a beneficial effect upon the plant. The acid peaty soils in which the swamp blueberry thrives contain large amounts of nonavailable nitrogen, but are deficient in available nitrogen, owing to the inability of the nitrifying bacteria to thrive in such a soil because of its acidity. From the evidence at hand the inference is drawn that the mycorrhizal fungus transforms the nonavailable nitrogen of such soils into nitrogen available for the nourishment of the plant. Furthermore, in accord- ance with the work of Miss Charlotte Ternetz with mycorrhizal fungi of certain related European plants (E. S. R., 19, p. 425), it is suggested that the mycor- rhizal fungus of the swamp blueberry may transform the free nitrogen of the atmosphere into a form of nitrogen suited to the use of the blueberry plant. The principal features of successful pot culture are the autumn germination of the seeds, the use of suitable acid soils, plunging the pots in sand to control conditions of moisture and aeration, partial shading of plants during the heat of summer, thereby prolonging the active growing season, and exposing dormant plants to outdoor conditions to facilitate normal growth in the spring. When grown in acid soils the swamp blueberry is little subject to fungus diseases or insect pests. Based upon experiments already made, 2 methods of experimenting with the field culture of the swamp blueberry are suggested. Dimorphic branches in tropical crop plants: Cotton, coffee, cacao, the Central American rubber tree, and the banana, O. F. Cook (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. riant Indus. Bui. 19S, i)p. 6-'t, pls. 7, figs. 9).— A study of the branching systems of cotton, coffee, cacao, the Central American rubber tree (Castilla), and the banana leads the author to conclude that these have been specialized on independent lines that can hardly be described on the basis of the usual classification of branches into the 2 general classes of axillary and adventitious. " Each normal plant produces 2 kinds of branches with regular differences of form and function." This bulletin contains general considerations relative to the structural sig- nificance of dimorphic branches, their similarity to alternating generations, and different types of dimorphic branches, describes the nature and extent of branch dimoiTohism in each of the above named crop plants, and points out numerous cultural applications of these specialized habits of growth, including the relations of dimorphic branches to acclimatization and to weevil resist- ance in cotton plants, to the methods of propagating and pruning of rubber trees and coffee trees, to the habits of growth and the pruning of cacao, and to the propagation of the banana. The banana plant produces 2 forms of suckers or offshoots corresponding to the dimorphic branches of the woody species. -These are the so-called sword suckers which represent true permanent branches of the rhizome and the so- called broad-leaved suckers which arise as relatively small shoots from near the surface of the ground. Although the sword suckers are generally used for propagating purposes, an experiment conducted by H. Pittier in Costa Rica has shown that dormant tuber-like suckers of the broad-leaved type which are formed on uprooted rhizomes constitute a readily portable form of propagating '^The possible value of this acid condition was suggested but not followed up in the blueberry work at the Rhode Island Station (E. S. R., 15, p. 42). FORESTRY. 445 stock from which vigorous and productive plants may be grown. The author suggests the possible use of such tubers in the production of bananas under a system of rotation with other tropical crops. The general conclusion from the study of these tropical crop plants is in sub- stance that the factor of branch dimorphism must be included in the scientific study of their structure and habits, as well as in the breeding and adaptation of varieties. Systems of cultivation and pruning must likewise be planned with reference to the habits of branching. Banana experiments, St. Augustine estate, P. Carmody and J. McInroy (Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad, 9 (1910), No. 66. pp. 201-215).— This is a report on experiments in banana cultivation extending over a period of 4 years and in- cluding the condition and treatment of the experimental plats, together with the detailed receipts and expenditures. The results as a whole show that a profit of $200 i3er acre may be expected from intensive cultivation of bananas in Trinidad under present conditions and prices. The walnut, E. M. Price (Sacramento, Gal., 1910, pp. 68, pi 1, figs. 15). — A concise treatise on walnut culture, based upon 20 years' experience in gi-owing- walnuts in the California Sierras. The Greening pictorial system of landscape gardening, C. E. Greening (Monroe, Mich., [1910], pp. 165, pi. 1, figs. 2'i6). — This work consists of over 200 photographic plates with descriptive reading matter attached portraying various examples of landscape design. Descriptive notes are also given on varieties of trees, shrubs, roses, etc., suitable for avenues, parks, and gardens. FORESTRY. The silva of California, W. L. Jepson (Mem. Univ. Cah, 2 (1910), pp. J,SO. pis. 85, maps 3). — In this descriptive account the author has aimed to bring together the present knowledge of the taxonomy and geographical distribution of the timber trees of California. The results, based upon field studies and collections made by the author during the last 19 years, dealing with the dendrological characteristics of various species, their habits, architectural form, seed reproduction, stump-sprouting, longevity, and relation to drought periods are included, together with collected facts regarding nanism and spontaneous hybrids, the behavior of trees attacked or mutilated by fire, animals, or man, and some supplementary notes regarding the economic features of the species especially in regard to wood characteristics. A short account of the " walnut- oak hybrids" by E. B. Babcock (E. S. R., 24, p. 243) is also included. A 'list is given of the more important general reference works and a short reference list is included under each species. Numerous photographic illus- trations and drawings are appended. Studies on the comparative anatomy and morphology of coniferous roots, with special reference to their systematic classification, W. Noelle (Bot. Ztg., 1. AM., 68 (1910), No. 10-12, pp. 169-266, figs. 50).— The author first pre- sents special studies of the root systems of Araucariacepe, Abietinese, Taxodiese, and Cupressinese, on the basis of which a key has been prepared for the determi- nation of the various species according to the structure of their root systems. A general discussion is then given of the anatomy and morphology of coniferous roots as a whole, including a discussion of the primary cortex, central cylinder, secondary wood, secondary cortex, mycorrhiza, and heterorhizia. A bibliog- raphy is appended. Moss cover and wood accretion, K. Bohmerle (Centbl. Gesam. Forstw., 36 (1910), No. 12, pp. 523-526). — In the litter experiments conducteer cent, an average of 12.34 per cent; turnips, Bortfeld 8.47 and Oestersundom 10.09 per cent, an average of 9.28 per cent ; and carrots, 13.GT per cent. The feeding experiments were conducted according to the Fjord group system, 6 cows being placed in each group. The average daily allowance of roots in the rations of the cows ranged in these experiments from 15.5 kg. (Light Red Bottle mangel) to 49.2 kg. (Bortfeld turnip), the average amounts of dry sub- stance furnished in the form of roots being about 2.4, 3.8, 2.4, and 3.6 kg. per cow daily for the 4 trials. The general couclusion is drawn that no difference could be traced as re- gards the influence of the several root crops on the milk yields or the- live weights of the cows, or on the fat contents of the milk produced, and that the dry matter in the various root crops may, therefore, in general be considered of equal value for milk production. Dairy cattle, J. H. Gbisdale (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1910, pp. 64-78). — • This contains records of the station herd in 1909 and details of the methods of feeding practiced. Brief notes on feeding experiments are also reported. Should one produce butter fat with milk high, or low in fat content? K. Akerberg (Dciit. Landw. Fresse, 37 (1910), No. 100, pp. 1093, 109-',; MUeh Zfg., 40 (1911), No. 7, pp. 65-67). — The view is suggested that when feeding stuffs rich in protein ai'e high in price a cow which gives a small quantity of rich milk may be more profitable than one which gives a large yield of milk containing a small percentage of fat, because in the latter case a large amount of surplus protein must be secreted. According to tables presented, the average cow of the East Friesian breed must produce 281.4 kg., the Angler breed 256.1 kg., and the Simmental breed 224.9 kg. of solids-not-fat in order to produce 100 kg. of fat. Consequently, the East Friesian cow will be required to produce 56.5 kg. more of the unnecessary solids-not-fat than the Simmental cow, and this can not be done without consuming more digestible protein than the cow giving milk containing a high fat content. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING, 477 Experimental contribution to tlie question of the relation between the placenta and activity of the mammary gland, 11. Ledeseb and E. Pkibram (Pfliiffer's Arch. Physiol., 134 {1910), No. 9-10, pp. 531-5U, pi. 1).— Intrave- nous injections of fresh placental extracts stimulated the action of the mam- mary gland in goats. After a few days the effect was wealcer and the extract had to be more highly concentrated. The entire effect was lost in 2 or 3 weeks. Contribution to the knowledge of individual cow's milk, O. Mezger, K. FucHS, and H. Jessek (Ztschr. Untersiich. Nahr. u. GcnussmtL, 19 (1910), No. 12, pp. 720-725). — Analyses are reported which show the variations in chemical, physical, and biological constants of the milk from the same cow. Deviations from the normal are discussed. Yeast in milk and milk products, W. Dombrowski (CentU. Bakt. [etc.'], 2. AM., 2S {1910), No. 12-15, pp. SJiS-J/OS, pis. 2). — Yeasts were found present in all samples of milk and milk products. The Torula group were more fre- quent than those belonging to the Saccharomyces aud Mycoderma groups. The activities of the yeasts were not limited to alcoholic fermeutatiou, as they were found to produce colors and flavors, while others showed no fermentative activ- ity whatsoever. Idethods of distinguishing the different species that grow in pure cultures and their adaptability to lactic acid, salt, and concentrated sugar solutions are described in detail. Numerous references to the literature are given. Two cases of ropy milk, C. Babthel (E. Landtbr. Akad. Hamll. och Tidskr., 1,9 {1910), No. 6, pp. 516-519; CentW. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 28 {1910), No. 25, pp. 611,-617). — The cause of the trouble was found to lie in the presence in one case of Bacterium lactis viscosiis, isolated by Adametz, and in the other of a species belonging to the aerogenes group. Examination of milk from a health standpoint, F. H. Lamb (Quart. Bill. Ohio Bd. Health, 2 (1910), No. J,, pp. 2J,2-2't6) .—K critical discussion of the technique employed in determining the temperature, specific gravity, and the content of fat, sediment, aud bacteria. Milk in its relation to infant mortality, J. H. Landis (Quart. Bui. Ohio Bd. Health, 2 (1910), No. J,, pp. 21,6-251). — A consideration of the reduction of infant mortality in a number of large cities, due to an improved milk supply. An outbreak of milk-borne scarlet fever, J. R. Hutchinson (Pub. Health [London], 21, (1911), No. J,, pp. 11,3-11,8). — An investigation of this epidemic seemed to indicate that it was caused by a mild attack of scarlet fever in an attendant who unwittingly infected the milk either when acting as a milker or a can washer. The disease was apparently contracted in a very mild form by two others in the house who assisted in the conduct of the milk trade. An outbreak of scarlet fever, F. Dittmae and J. P. McGowan (Pub. Health [London], 21, (1911), No. 1,, pp. 138-11,2). — ^A case was investigated where milk was apparently the cause of spreading scarlet fever, but a human source of infection of the milk was not discovered. There was a teat eruption in a num- ber of cows during the height of the outbreak but there was no evidence that it was the cause of the scarlet fever. Butter, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 219, pp. 19). — Analyses of 211 samples of butter collected in June aud July, 1910, are reported. A statistical contribution to the knowledge of the composition of butter in Holland and northern Russia, M. Feitzsche (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genuss7ntl., 20 (1910), No. 7, pp. 1,09-1,1,8, figs. 16; abs. in Rev. G&n. Lait, 8 (1910), No. 18, pp. 1,25, 1,26). — A compilation and tabulation of the physical and chemical constants of butter as reported from official sources. On an average, in Holland butter the Reichert-Meissl number was about 28, but somewhat higher in April and lower in October. The index of refraction at 478 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 40° C. ranged from 40 to 48.4. lu the butter of uorthern Russia the Reichert- Meissl number and the index of refraction were lower, and the saponification number was higher than in the Holland butter. Report on Swedish butter exhibitions, 1909 {Meddel. K. Landtbr. 8tyr. [Sweden], 1910, No. 1 {l-'/S), pp. 4.5+-J0).— During the year 482 creameries took part in the exhibitions and 2,337 butter tubs were scored and examined. The average percentage of water in the samples from any one creamery was 13.8, with a range of from 11.6 to 15.8 per cent; the average refractive index was 51.4, and the Reichert-Meissl numbers were 29.48, 28.82, and 29.15 cc. for the winter, summer, and fall periods, respectively. The manufacture of butter for storag'e, L, A. Rogers (Cream. Jour., 21 {1911), No. 24, pp. 11, 16, 17, charts 2). — An address before the American Ware- housemen's Association, Washington, December, 1910, on factors which cause the changes in the flavor of butter during storage, with suggestions concerning practical methods of controlling them. Dairy industry in Saskatchewan, J. E. Jones {Daily Cons, and Trade Bpts. [U. 8.], U {1911), No. 6, pp. 90, 91).— The output of butter in the Prov- ince of Saskatchewan has increased 300 per cent since the organization of the dairy branch in 1906. This is due largely to the policy of the government, which is encouraging the centralizing of creameries at points best adapted to dairying. Studies of kumiss, B. Rubinskt {Ccntm. Bald, {etc.], 2. AM., 28 {1910), No. 6-8, pp. 161-219, pi. 1). — Four species of organisms were commonly found present in kumiss; namely, a kumiss yeast, a kumiss bacterium, Streptococcus lactls, and Bacterium uerogencs. Frequently there was a fifth organism. Bac- terium caucasicum Nicolajewa. The first two organisms, however, were the only species absolutely necessary in the preparation of kumiss. The others assist indirectly by the formation of acid and thus prevent the growth of un- desirable species. The role of each of these organisms is described in detail, and the therapeutic action of kumiss is discussed. There are many references to previous investi- gations. Cheese defects, J. H. Monrad {N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 31 {1910), Nos. 1, pp. 20, 21; 2, pp. 78, 80, 81; 3, pp. 110, 111; J,, pp. 150, 151).— An alphabetical list of terms used to describe cheese defects. These are also classified as follows: (1) Bacterial, yeast, and mold defects, (2) defects due indirectly to feed, (3) chemical defects, and (4) manufacturing defects. Those of the first class are further subdivided according to changes in (a) texture, (b) color, (c) flavor, and (d) formation of poisons. Construction and arrangement of cheese factories, M. Reinisch {Osterr. MolJc. Ztg., 17 {1910), No. 24, pp. 325-328, figs. iO).— Plans of several small and medium size establishments for the manufacture of cheese are illustrated and described. Refrigeration in dairying, F. Eetel {Osterr. Molk. Ztg., 17 {1910), Nos. 19, pp. 257-260; 20, pp. 272-27Jf; 21, pp. 283-286, figs. 2).— A discussion of the comparative merits of refrigeration in dairies with ice, ammonia, sulphur dioxid, and carbon dioxid. Estimates of the cost of installation, operation, and depreciation of the different systems are given. Additional remarks on refrigeration in dairying {Osterr. Molk. Ztg., 17 {1910), No. 24, p. 328). — A criticism of the article noted above. A milk foam preventer {Osterr. Molk. Ztg., 17 {1910), No. 24, p. 331, fig. 1 ) .—A patented apparatus to prevent the formation of foam is illustrated and described. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 4Y9 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Manual of tropical medicine, A. Castellani and A. J. Chalmers (London, 1910, pp. XXIII+12J'i2, pis. U, figs. 313; rev. in Jour. Trap. Med. and Hijg. [London^, 13 {1910), No. 11, pp. 173, i7//).— This work on tropical medicine is divided into 3 parts: (1) Introduction (pp. 1-S2), (2) the causation of disease in the tropics (pp. 85-628), and (3) the diseases of the tropics (pp. 631-1165). Subject matter and author indexes are appended. Tropical medicine and hygiene (London, 1909, pt. 1, pp. IV+26Ji, pis. 2, figs. 62; 1910, pt. 2, pp. VIII+283, pi. 1, figs. 98).— The first volume, devoted to diseases due to protozoa, is by C. W. Daniels and E. Wilkinson. The second volume, devoted to diseases due to metazoa, is by C. W. Daniels and includes a chapter by A. Alcock on snakes. A compend of parasitology, B. Brumpt (Precis dc Parasitologic. Paris, 1910, pp. XXII+915+32, pis. J,, figs. 683),— Part 1 of this work is devoted to the animal parasites and part 2 (pp. 683-890) to the vegetable parasites. Sixteenth, semiannual report of the chief of the cattle bureau, A. Peters (Agr. of Mass., 57 (1909), pp. 131-163). — The diseases the occurrence of which is here recorded include rabies, glanders, tuberculosis, and others. Under the heading of meat inspection the importance of a rigid state inspection is em- phasized. Beport of proceedings under the diseases of animals acts for the year 1909 (Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Rpt. Diseases Anini., 1909, pp. 79. pis. 2, dgnvs. 2, map 1). — The chief inspector of the veterinary branch, M. Hedley, presents a special report on hog cholera and other diseases of animals in the island in 1909 with maps, diagrams, and photographs (pp. 11-31), and the superintendent of transit of the veterinary branch. D. S. Prentice, a special report on the transit of animals (pp. 32^1). Statistical and other data are given in the appendixes. Report of the chief veterinary surgeon for the year 1909, J. D. Borthwick (R2)t. Dept. Agr. Cape Good Hope, 1909, pp. 35-46). — The occurrence during the year of important diseases, including anthrax, epizootic ■ lymphangitis, glanders, lung sickness, redwater, scabies, quarter evil, tuberculosis, and East Coast fever, is reported. [Veterinary reports], A. Grist et al. (Dept. Agr. Orange River Colony, Ann. Rpt., 5 (1908-9), pp. 75-106, pi. 1). — The occurrence of diseases of stock in Orange River Colony during the year ended June 30, 1909, is reported upon. Annual report of the civil veterinary department, United Provinces, for the year ending March 31, 1910 (Ann. Rpt. Civ. Vet. Dept. United Prov., 1910, pp. 21). — Brief accounts of the occurrence of disease are included in this report. Experimental and clinical hypersensitiveness (anaphylaxis), E. Moro (Ergeb. Allg. Path. Mensch. ii. Tiere, l.'t (1910), pt. 1, pp. 7/29-593).— This is an extensive review of practically all of the clinical observations and experi- mental work done in regard to anaphylaxis. A large bibliography is appended. The error in differential leucocyte counting, F. M. Barnes, Jr. (Folia Haematol., 9 (1910), No. 1, pp. 87-93; abs. i/n Zenibl. Gesani. Physiol, u. Path. Stoffwechsels, n. ser., 5 (1910), No. 18, p. 704). — This is a comparative study of various microscopic preparations with Ehrlich's triacid and Hastings' (modi- fication of Romanowski's method) stain. The results favor the Hastings method. The value of collodion membranes as filters, Edna Steinhardt (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 7 (1910), No. 5, pp. 675-679). — Dilute diphtheria toxin was 480 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. retained by the collodion membrane, while the undiluted toxin passed through freely. When dilute cobra venom was filtered, all toxicity was lost, but on fil- tering successive quantities through the same collodion membrane, the filtrate gradually became toxic, until the fourth filtrate was practically of the same strength as the control. This result is in accord with the work of Marbe," on the successive filtration of agglutinins through collodion sacs, and also with the gradual passage of complement through a Berkefeld filter, as shown by the author.* and later found by Muir and Browning " working on the same subject. " Evidently filtration through collodion sacs, as through Berkefeld filters, is a phenomenon of adsorption, the substances in solution passing through when adsorption has reached a certain degree. Formed particles, however, if able to pass through at all, would pass through more rapidly in the beginning of filtration, and later, as the pores become clogged, they would be retained, while the opposite would occur with soluble substances, which appear in the filtrate only after adsorption has become more or less complete. " Thus, by changing the concentration, the quantity to be filtered, or the thick- ness of the sac, results may be obtained varying from total retention to complete passage of the active substances through the collodion membrane." The bacterial integrity of collodion sacs, C. A. Fullek {Jour. Infect. Dis- eases, 7 {1910), A"o, 5, pp. 66.'i-Gllf, figs. 4). — The author states, as the result of his work with Bacillus typhosus, B. coli, B. prodigiosus, B. pijocyanens, and the bacteria of crude sewage or septic tank effluent, that collodion sacs made ac- cording to Frost's method will retain their bacterial integrity for months. Poisonous and medical plants of Missouri, L. H. Pammel {Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Hort., 3 {1909), pp. 17-'i-193, pis. 26; Missouri Bd. Hort. Bui. lit [1910^, pp. 46, figs. 26). — ^A condensation of the publication previously noted (B. S. R., 24, p. 384). Forag'e poisoning' or cryptogamic poisoning; also called enzootic cerebri tis, epizootic cerebro-spinal meningitis, leuco-encephalitis, etc., C. H. Stance {Amer. Vet. Rev., 38 {1911), No. 4, pp. 473-.',88, figs. 24).— Two outbreaks of this affection that came under the author's observation during the year are reported. In the first outbreak, which was caused by the feeding of moldy silage. 9 out of 11 animals died. In the second outbreak, which was among animals fed on hay cut from an old swamp that had been plowed up and seeded, 3 out of 4 affected animals succumbed. Part of a report by R. E. Buchanan (E. S. R., 23, p. 630) on the mold Monascus purpureus, thought to have been responsible for the death of the 9 animals to which moldy silage was fed, is reprinted. A brief account of chronic bacterial enteritis (Johne's disease), including the report of a case that occured in Iowa, is appended to the paper. An organism simulating anthrax, F. S. H. Baldrey {Jour, Trop. Yet. Sci., 5 {1910), No. 4, pp. 580-583). — The author describes an organism which is sel- dom sufficiently pathogenic to cause death by subcutaneous inoculation, but which frequently induces a severe necrosis and a gangrenous condition at the seat of inoculation which tends to spread and can be cured only with great difliculty by surgical and antiseptic means. In some cases only a severe edema- tous and inflammatory swelling or lymphangitis is induced. In regard to the identity of the causative agents of hog erysipelas, ery- sipeloid, and mouse septicemia, Bickmann {Ztschr. Byg. u. Infektlonskrank., 64 {1910), No. 3, pp. 362-364; ahs. in Hgy. Rundschau, 20 {1910), No. 17, p. "Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 67 (1909), p. 809. &Jour. Med. Research, 13 (1904), p. 409. « Jour. Path, and Bact., 13 (1909), p. 232. VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 481 965). — The author considers the bacteria causing the 3 above-named diseases as identical. Experimental treatment of epizootic lymphangitis in Senegal, L. Teppaz (Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 3 (IDIO), No. 7, pp. 450-453). — In the exi^eriments here briefly reported, in which a number of drugs were used, the injection of potassium iodid into the jugular vein was the only treatment that gave appre- ciable results. The pathogenesis of Micrococcus melitensis, J. Eyre (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinl)., 29 (1908-9), No. 6, pp. 537-581, charts 22).— A detailed report of studies of M, melitensis, which is virulent to a greater or lesser degree for all the usual laboratory animals, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, dogs, and monkeys. By means of suitable passages its virulence for any particular species can be con- siderably increased. The diagnosis of glanders by the precipitation reaction of Konew, J. R. MoHLEK (Amer. Yet. Rev., 38 (1911), No. 4, pp. 518-524, fig. i).— The author describes the test, which has been previously noted (B. S. R., 24, p. 184), and details his findings with it in the laboratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department and in the field. The results obtained were considered good. He further found that the cloudy ring formed in the test can be made more distinct by adding a few drops of an aqueous solution of methylene blue to the mallease reagent previous to adding the serum. Precis of reports submitted by district residents concerning tsetse fly and cattle disease in the Nyasaland Protectorate, J. B. Keeble (BuJ. Eitt. Re- search, 1 (1910), No. 3, pp. 203-212, map 1). — ^Abstracts of reports sent in by district residents are presented. Five-day spraying. — The brown tick and the East Coast fever, W. F. Cooper (Jour. Agr. Sci., 3 (1910), No. 3, pp. 285-296).— " Though these trials are the first of their class to be recorded, and only form a preliminary experi- ment, I certainly do think that they show that, until we have more exi^eri- mental data, very little reliance can be put on the five-day spraying as a pre- ventive against East Coast fever; at any rate, unless the cattle have been dipped continually for some time previously." The piroplasmoses, D. E. Salmon (Rev. Med. Vet. Mrmtevideo, 1 (1910), No. 1-6, pp. 24-98, figs. 20). — Following a brief discussion of the role of ticks in the transmission of piroplasmosis, summarized accounts are given of bovine, canine, equine, ovine, African Coast, tropical bovine, and English piroplas- mosis. A contribution to the diagnosis of the diseases in cattle caused by small piroplasms with a consideration of their distribution, G. Licpitenheld (Ztschr. Hyg. u. InfektionskranJc, 65 (1910), No. 3, pp. 378-390. figs. 3; abs. in Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 4, PP- 621-624). — Piroplasma parvum and P. mutans are the species concerned in this discussion. A contribution on the cultivation of piroplasmata in artificial media, B. Deseler (Ztschr. Hyg. u. InfelctionslcrO'nk., 67 (1910), No. 1, pp. 115-134, pl. 1). — Cultivation experiments with Piroplasma canis are reported. A bibliog- I'aphy of 26 titles relating to the subject is appended to the paper. Investigations of oriental sore: Cultivation, experimental reproduction, immunization, C. Nicolle and L. Manceaux (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 2-^ (1910), No. 9, pp. 673-720, figs. 3). — This is a detailed account of the investigations noted from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 483). Sarcosporidiosis in the opossum and its experimental production in the guinea pig by the intramuscular injection of sporozoites, S. T. Darling (Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 3 (1910), No. 8, pp. 513-518),— The author here records 482 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the occurrence of sarcosporiclia iu au opossum (Didclphis sp), captured at Ancou. Canal Zone. "The fresh sporozoites m saline solution after intramuscular in- oculation into the tissues of a guinea pig took on an atypical development and produced sporozoa not unlike those found by the writer in man (1) and in the guinea pig (2) after feeding with sporozoites from Sarcocystis imiris from the rat." Experimental investigations of Streptococcus equi, A. Pricolo {Clin. Vet. [Milan], Sez. 8ci., 32 {1909), Nos. 1, pp. 1-10; 2-3, pp. 96-107; Jt-5, pp. 207- 227; 6, pp. 279-284; 33 {1910), No. 1-3, pp. 89-1^3; ahs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 8 {1910), No. 8, pp. 3Jf9, 350). — Investigation of the cultural and biological properties of 8. equi are reported in this monograph. Transmission of surra, F. S. H. Baldrey (Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 5 {1910), No. 4, pp. 595, 596, charts 6). — Trypanosomes were demonstrated in the blood of a pig 5 days after it was inoculated with 2 cc. of blood from a surra pony, remaining present for 5 days. They appeared again 18 days after inoculation and remained for 3 days. The possibility of the pig being a carrier of surra is therefore considered to have been demonstrated and, because of its habits, it is considered a source of danger. Charts of 2 animals are attached showing the course of the disease in the pig and in a test guinea pig. Elephant surra. — Trypanosomiasis in the elephant, G. H. Evans and T. Rennie {Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 5 {1910), No. 4, pp. 5S5-56cS ) .— The authors record the results of inoculations of a number of laboratory animals with trypanosomes obtained from elephants in the Tamethin district of Burma. Note on the passage of a human trypanosoiue through domestic animals, L. E. W. Bevan and M. E. MacGregor {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 23 (1910), No. 2, pp. 160-167, fig. 1). — Experiments in which the guinea pig, rabbit, white rat, sheep, and mule were used are reported. "In the case of the sheep (a native fat-tail ewe), artificial inoculation gave rise to an infection no less severe than that occurring in sheep under observation at the same time which had been inoculated with the Trypanosoma dimorphon of Northern Rhodesia and the animal trypanosome of the dimorphic type of Southern Rhodesia. Again, the mule offered no resistance to a single inocula- tion with the human trypanosome, which produced a far more severe reaction than the animal trypanosome of Southern Rhodesia — a point of some importance, since that parasite has been held by some to be T. dimorphon, a trypanosome first discovered by Button and Todd in Senegambia and responsible for a serious disease in equines. Indeed, the human trypanosomes in the mule were always far more plentiful and mdre constantly present in the peripheral blood than the animal parasite, which required repeated inoculations to produce infection in mules, horses, and donkeys. Although careful observations in sleeping sickness areas have failed to discover T. ganiMense existing naturally in the blood of domestic animals, further observation appears necessary befoi'e these can be excluded as possible hosts of the human parasite." The anatomic principle underlying the tendency of the lungs toward tuberculous disease, C. Hart (Ergeb. Ally. Path. Mensch. u. Tiere, 14 (1910), pt. 1, pp. 337-428). — After giving an extensive review of the literature on this subject, the author states that aside from the actual infection by the tubercle bacillus the prevailing view in regard to the importance of the tendency of the lungs toward tuberculosis is justified. An excellent bibliography is appended. The frequency, origin, and channels of infection of tuberculosis m man, H. Beitzke (Ergel). Allg. Path. Mensch. u. Tiere, 14 (1910), pt. 1, pp. 169- 336). — This is an extensive review of the work done and views expressed in VETERINARY MEDICINE. 483 regard to the frequency and origin of tuberculosis in man. The chapter on the origin of tuberculosis considers both the human and animal sources. The bibliography appended is very large. A. new type of tubercle bacillus pathogenic in man and the lower animals, 0. Spengler {Ztschr. Expt. Path. n. Tlier., 6 (1909), No. 3, pp. 7V,S-75S, fifjs. 7; al)s. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1910, No. J,, p. 501).— The author describes a new variety of tubercle bacillus to which he gives the name " humano-longus." It occurs principally in severe cases of phthisis, more par- ticularly in patients from the East. It grows slowly upon glycerin serum and glycerin agar, but upon a somatose-peptone-glycerin-agar medium colonies appear in from 2 to 6 weeks. It is longer and thicker than Koch's bacillus, forms spores which can be stained by Gram's method, and possesses a relatively high degree of pathogenicity for man and animal. The use of antiformin for detecting tubercle bacilli in milk and milk sediment, Miessner and Kuhne {Mitt. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. Landw. Brom- herff, 2 (1910), No. 3, p. 309; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrtzl. Wchnschr., 2o (1910), No, 37, pp. 730, 731). — The authors show that a 2 per cent antiformin solution is capable of preventing coagulation of milk for a period of 5 days and that tubercle bacilli can be detected in such milk providing the antiformin has not been added more than 2 days. See also previous notes (E. S. R., 20, p. 9S6; 21, p. 711; 23, p. 389). On the application of tuberculin of avian tubercle bacilli as a diagnostic agent in contagious chronic intestinal inflammation of cattle, O. Bang (Ber. E. Vet. Off Landhohojskolcs Lab. Landdkonom. Forsog [Copenhagen], 66 (1910), pp. 41-50). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 22, p. 287). Bovine tuberculosis in Iowa herds, H. E. Talbot (Amer. Vet. Rev., 37 (1910), No. 6, pp. 736-71/5). — A paper read before the Iowa Veterinary Associa- tion. The prevention of tuberculosis in cattle, J. Niven (Brit. Med. Jour., 1909, No. 25^1, pp. 699-702; ahs. in Intetmat. CentU. Gesam. Tvherkulose Forsch., /f (1910), No. 9, p. 491). — "An abstract of the measures in force in Manchester, and a series of suggestions, which are as follows : That money be lent at a low rate by the country to pay for rehousing, in farms where there is much tuber- culosis; that the country shall provide veterinary surgeons and tuberculin to examine herds of cows, and shall make good any losses in the first instance; that the maintenance of nontuberculous herds be made compulsory, the farmer to pay for any renewal of stock ; that consuming communities shall have the right of control over the production of milk which they consume ; and that millc dealers entering into contracts shall be obliged to satisfy themselves that the milk is produced under reasonably healthy conditions." Specific chronic enteritis of cattle, B. Bang (Ber. E. Vet. og Landbohoj- skoles Lah. Landdkonom. Forsog [Copenhagen], 66 (1910), pp. 5-40, pis. 3, figs. 3). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 24, p. 283). Coccidiosis of African cattle, A. Balfour (5m?. Soc. Path. Exot., 3 (1910), No. 7, pp. 429-431). — The author reports the probable occurrence of coccidiosis in cattle at Wau, Bahr-El-Ghazal. Bacillus abortus of Bang, the cause of contagious abortion in cattle, W. J. ilAcNEAL and Josephine E. Kerr (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 7 (1910), No. 3, pp. 469-475; Jour. Trop. Vet. Sei., 5 (1910), No. 4, pp. 629-634).— Following a review of investigations relating to this subject, 19 cases studied are briefly reported, a summary of which is as follows: " Of the 19 cases examined 2 were sows and 17 were cows. Of these latter, 10 were delivered at term. In the other 7 delivery was premature. Of these, one ease, No. 6, was clinically not an abortion due to infection. This leaves 6 484 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. cases wliicli were clinically cases of contagious abortion. Two of these, cases 1 and 2, were examined before the plate method was employed, and cultures were negative. A guinea pig inoculated from case 2 aborted. Of the 4 remain- ing cases. No. 3 and No. 11 gave positive cultures of B. abortus from the placenta in each case. lu case 7 only a bit of membrane without placental tissue was available and in case 10 only some of the discharge gathered from the ground. Both of these, examined by the plate method, gave negative results. " Subcutaneous inoculation into a pi-eguant female guinea pig of a broth culture of the mixed bacteria of a contaminated placenta produced abortion in 26 days. Intravaginal application of the same material in another pregnant female guinea pig was without result. Subcutaneous inoculation of a broth suspension of infected placenta into a pregnant female guinea pig produced abortion in 10 days, and the subcutaneous inoculation of a pure culture of B. abortus isolated by the Nowak plate method from the same placenta caused a premature delivery after 3i days in one guinea pig and an abortion 8 days after inoculation in a second guinea pig. From this last animal the bacillus was recovered from the point of inoculation, from the interior of the uterus, and from each of the 2 placentre. " From this rather limited series of examinations and experiments we may conclude that the bacillus of Bang is the microbic cause of at least some of the contagious abortion of cattle in this country." The microbe of contagious abortion in cows, F, Tins well (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 11, lyp. 991-1000). — This is a summarized account of the present status of our knowledge of this disease. A contribution to the pathogenesis and treatment of hyposersemia [milk fever], H. R. Bredo (Bui. Soc. Cent. Med. Tit., S6 {1909), No. 12, pp. 228- 21,2; abs. in Amcr. Yet. Rev., 31 {1910), No. 6, pp. 799-802) .—An abstract of this paper has been previously noted (E. S. It., 23, p. .'jST). Gall-sickness of South Africa (anaplasmosis of cattle), A. Theiler {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 23 {1910), No. 2, pp. 98-11-5).— In this article the author reviews the literature on Anaplasnia marginale, showing that it occurs in the United States and South America as well as in South Africa. It is shown that this parasite is the cause of a typical disease, a grave anemia, which to a great extent resembles that caused by Piroplasma bigeminum. " We may safely state that anaplasmosis repi-eseuts the genuhie gall-sickness, since the piro- plasmosis is usually accompanied by hemoglobinuria, and this symptom per- mits of the differentiation." The various forms of anaplasmosis and the lesions are described. (See also a previous note, E. S. R., 24, p. 386.) Piroplasmosis of cattle in Queensland, S. Dodd {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 23 {1910), No. 2, pp. l-'il-160).—T'he author finds that there are 2 dis- tinct forms of pathogenic piroplasms in Australia, namely, Piroplasma bigemi- num and a smaller form that is morphologically identical with P. miitans. In Queensland with cattle infected by this smaller form, which is referred to as "rings and rods," the period of incubation is from 3 to 33 or even 54 days in cases of mixed infection and from 5 to 15 days in cases of pure infection. "The disease caused by the smaller piroplasm (rings and rods) when re- produced by inoculation of blood by means of a syringe has so far been of a mild character as a rule, even when large doses of blood were used, but in spite of this there is evidence to show that the disease when naturally set up by the tick is of a much more virulent nature. Variation in virulence between artificially and naturally infected cases is not peculiar to the organism under consideration. The disease caused by the small piroplasm (rings and rods) can in Australia be transmitted by means of the ordinary cattle tick {Marga- ropus australis), the same tick as is responsible for ordinary redwater or tick VETERINARY MEDICINE. 485 fever. Therefore the same tick can, and probably often does, infect an animal with both diseases simultaneously." Preliminary note on a trypanosome of British cattle, S. Stockman {Jour. Conipar. Path, and Tlicr., 23 {1910), No. 2, pp. 189-192, fig. i).— The discovery of a nonpathogenic trypanosome in the blood of English cattle is recorded. Attempts to cultivate this trypanosome on artificial media have failed. Mor- phologically it appears to be indistinguishable from Trypanosoma theileri. Report of an outbreak of h.emorrhag'ic septicemia in sheep, S. H. Wabd and W. L. Beebe {Amer. Vet. Rev., 38 {1911), No. 5, pp. 6 ',9-6 5 5). —The authors here report on an investigation made of an outbreak of hemorrhagic septicemia in a flock of 2,700 sheep that were shipped from Cle Eluni, Wash., to Chicago. Bacterium ovisepticus was isolated and proved by inoculation to be the cause of the disease. Osseous cachexia: A malignant bone disease of sheep, H. A. Reid and B. C. Aston {Jour. New Zeal. Dept. Agr., 1 {1910), No. 6, pp. 1,22-1,21, figs. 2). — The occurrence in New Zealand of osseous cachexia, more commonly known as osteomalacia, is recorded for the first time. The caseous suppuration of sheep and goats, H. Carr^ {Rev. G6n. Med. V^t., 16 {1910), No. 191, pp. 617-627, fig. i).— This is a further discussion of the subject (E. S. R., 22, p. 788.) Results with Suptol-Burow in swine plague, Tillmann {Berlin Tierdrztl. Wchnsclir., 26 {1910), No. 39, p. 75S). — Good results were obtained with this preiia ration. An atlas of equine anatomy, R. Schmaltz {Atlas dcr Anatoinie des Pferdcs. Berlin, 1909, pt. 2, pp. US'], pis. 21,-62). — This second part deals with the topo- graphical myology of the horse. The treatment of equine pneumonia by hydrogen peroxid, Bouchet {Rev. Gdn. Med. V6t, 16 {1910), No. 181, pp. 1-7 ; ahs. in Vet. Rec., 23 {1910), No. 1170, pp. 367, 368). — The author records the results of a new treatment which he adopted during an epidemic of equine pneumonia. All of the 11 pneumonic horses that were daily injected inti'avenously with from 40 to 180 cc. of peroxid of hydrogen recovered. Only two accidents, neither of them serious, occurred in the course of the numerous injections that were made. One was a slight case of hcmoptj'Sis; the other was a local re- action in the jugular region, due to the injection of some of the solution into the peri-venous connective tissue. The peroxid of hydi'ogen used was of 12 volume strength, free from impurities and excessive acidity, and not more than 150 cc. was injected at one time. Infectious epidemic epididymo-vaginalitis of the horse: A clinical, anat- omo-pathological, and bacteriological study, F. Guido {Rev. Gen. Med. V6t., 16 {1910), No. 183, pp. 129-150, figs. 15; ahs. in Vet. Rec., 23 {1910), No. 1168, pp. 3J,0, 31,1). — The author reports upon anatomo-pathological and bacteriologi- cal studies of material obtained by Yallee, Lesueur, and Lavergne during an epizootic among a troop of 39 horses at Havre in 1S05. The causative agent was found to be a very small polymorphous bacillus of from 3 to 5 micro-millimeters long by from ^ to 1 micro-millimeter broad; it is found either in an isolated form or as a strepto-bacillus. It is extremely mobile and stains well with all the basic aniline dyes, but does not take either the Gram or Claudius stain. It is aerobic and grows well in all the ordinary media, particularly in glycerinated media between 20 and 38° C. Vallee believes in an ascending infection by the urethra, but an experimental attempt to infect in this way gave a negative result. A fresh culture of the organism was injected into the urethra but no pathogenic effects resulted. 486 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD, Some canine notes, W. Jowett (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 37 {1910), No. 5, pp. 518-521). — In continuing experiments witli canine piroplasmosis (E. S. R., 23, p. 589) the author finds that susceptible canines may be "salted" by infecting them with a virus and injecting tryi^anblue as soon as the parasites appear in the blood. Two canine diseases often confounded with biliary fever, namely, canine distemper and epizootic gastro-enteritis, are briefly considered. White diarrhea in chicks, L. F. Rettgee (Amer. Poultry IForkZ, 1 {1910), No. 3, pp. 160, 213). — This account is based on investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 489). Malta fever in fowls, Dubois {Rev. V^t. [Toulouse], 35 {1910), No. 8, pp. ^90-492). — In this preliminary note the author reports upon an epizootic that occurred among fowls in the suburbs of Nimes, France, resulting in a mortality of 70 per cent. Ten of 17 fowls that were tested gave the agglutination reaction for Micrococcus melitensis. The microbe of avian diphtheria, J. Boedet and V. Fally {Ann. Inst. Pas- teur, 24 {1910), No. 7, pp- 563-568, pi. 1; ahs. in Vet. Rec, 23 {1910), No. 1167, p. 323). — The authors describe a micro-organism in connection with avian diphtheria which differs essentially from those dealt with by other investi- gators. It does not develop on the ordinary culture media, and even upon media which contains deflbrinated blood the growth is so thin that it almost escapes observation. Giemsa's stain gave the best results. The micro-organism is nonmotile, grows fairly rapid, and its vitality is fairly great. The disease was transmitted to fowls, causing the characteristic lesions, and an extraordi- nary abundance of germs were found in the exudate. The parasitic protozoa of ruminants' stomachs, E. Liebetanz {Arch. Pro- iistcnk., 19 {1910), No. 1, pp. 19-80, pis. 2, fig. i).— A bibliography of 42 titles accompanies this account. Concerning two new species of wonns: Trichosomum papillosum and Heterakis cylindrica, K. L. Blome {Ztschr. Vetcrindrk., 21 {1909), No. 8-9, pp. 353-368, pis. 3; ahs. in Rev. G6n. MM. Y6t., 15 {1910), No. 180, pp. 716, 717). — Nematodes found (in 2 instances) associated in the intestines of grouse {Tetrao urogallc), for the death of which they were responsible, are described as representing the new species, T. papillosum and //. cylindrica. The cestodes in Procavia, C. Janicki (In L. Schultze's Zoologische und Antliropologische Ergehnisse einer Forschungsreise im WestUchen und Zentralen SUdafrika, 1903-5. Jena, 1910, vol. 4, pt. 3, pp. 373-396, pis. 3).— Seven species of Inermicapsifer, of which 2 are new, and 2 species of Taenia are recorded from this host. An extracellular coccidium, Cryptosporidium muris n. g. and n. sp. of the gastric glands of the common mouse, E. E. Tyzzee {Jour. Med. Research, 23 {1910), No. 3, pp. 487-509, i)ls. 2). — The author presents a report of biological studies of C. mtiris, a parasite frequently found in large numbers in the gastric glands of the tame varieties of the common mouse {Miis musculus). Contagious diseases of bees of interest to veterinarians, Topfee {Berlin. Tierarstl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 46, pp. 889-899).— An account of bees and bee-keeping with a review of the present status of bee diseases. Formaldehyde disinfection, with special reference to the comparative value of some of the proprietary products, M. L. Holm and E. A. Gaednee {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 7 {1910), No. 5, pp. 641-663). — Experiments carried out in an ordinary papered room, the cracks in the doors, window frames, etc., of which had been carefully stopped up, are reported with the permanganate- formalin method ^ and a number of proprietary products. « Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 27. RURAL ENGINEERING. 487 ETJRAL ENGINEERING. Eeport on the St. Francis Valley drainage project in northeastern Ar- kansas, A. E. Morgan and O. G. Baxter {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. 8tas. Bill. 230, pts. 1, pp. 100, pis. 2, figs. 9, dgms. 2, maps 5; 2, pp. 58).— This is a detailed report on the project previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 190). Part 1 contains the general report of the survey and part 2 a list of the bench marks set during its progress. Following a description of the valley as to its location, history, ownership, development of the levee system, topography, climate, soil, native vegetation, crops, land values, and drainage conditions, the run-off and factors affecting it are discussed, together with a detailed presentation of construction methods and cost, excavating machinery, the basis of estimates, hydraulic problems and coefficients, the survey and plan of work, the results to be expected, the advan- tages of a large district, the proper administration, future problems, and unit prices of estimates. A report of a board of consulting engineers endorsing the feasibility of the project is appended. The estimated cost of the project is .$7,595,703. or $9.04 per acre, with an annual expense for maintenance of from 2 to 4 per cent of the entire first cost. The benefits expected are in the improvement of the health conditions, fisheries, rice irrigation, roads, lumbering, railroads, power development, and water transportation. A report upon the reclamation of the overflowed lands in the Marais des Cygnes Valley, Kansas, S. H. McCrory, D. L. Yarnell, and W. J. McEathron (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bill. 23^, pp. 53, figs. 2, dgm. 1, maps 3).— This report embodies the results of special field investigations and surveys made by engineers of this Office in 1909, and inchules a discussion of the injury to agricultural lands by the overflow of the river, together with recommenda- tions for relief and estimates of the probable cost of drainage works. " By means of the improvements discussed in this report it is proposed to protect from overflow and make available for continuous cultivation 33,365 acres of fertile land in the Marais des Cygnes Valley at a cost of $665,500, or an average cost of $19.95 per acre of protected laud. It is proiwsed, further, to increase the carrying capacity of the river channel throughout its length in Kansas and in Bates County, Mo., and thus reduce the height and duration of floods in the valley. This end is to be accomplished by clearing the channel at a cost of $139,720, or $1.76 per acre of benefited land. It is also planned to widen the river channel at Main Street, Ottawa, and thus relieve the con- gestion that occurs at this point, under present conditions, in time of flood. The cost of this channel is estimated at from $25,000 to $40,000." Appendixes give data as to precipitation and stream flow measurements in the locality and a list of the permanent bench marks set. A preliminary report on the drainage of the Fifth Louisiana Levee Dis- trict, A. E. Morgan, S. H, McCrory, and L. 1j. Hidinger ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 104, PP- 35, figs. 2). — This report presents the drainage prob- lems as they exist in the Fifth Louisiana Levee District, points out certain general methods of inaugurating and proceeding with its drainage, and sub- mits a crude estimate of the probable cost of main and lateral drainage under the conditions which are described. It discusses the necessity of adequate pre- liminary surveys and careful stream investigations, submits an estimate of their cost, and also suggests the order in which drainage works may most profitably be developed. The estimated cost of the proposed improvements is $10,687,000, or about $7 per acre. " Before any considerable amount of money is spent in drainage 85408°— No. 5—11 7 488 EXPERIMENT STATTOlSr EECOED. impi-ovements, a complete draiuage survey of the district should be made and a plau for the improvement be devised." Suggestions for making such a survey and forming a drainage organization are given, as well as available data regarding the rainfall of the region. The drainage situation in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, L. L. HiDiNGER {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 103, pp. 36, figs. 2, map 1). — This report on the lower Rio Grande Valley, which when first settled gave promise of large crops but markedly deteriorated after the first year or two of cultivation because of seepage and the rise of alkali, discusses the soils, crops, rainfall, alkali in the region, the movement of water and alkali in soils, the allowable salt content of irrigation water, the rise of ground water in soils, and methods of reclaiming soils. A plan for the drainage of a single planta- tion is included. The general conclusions drawn as to the situation are as follows : " There is not an excessive amount of alkali in the most of the lower Rio Grande Valley soils if it is kept distributed, but if allowed to become con- centrated by seepage and evaporation there is suificient in nearly all of the soils to prevent plant growth. . . . " The Rio Grande water is a good irrigation water. Any large amount of alkali concentrated by its use will necessarily come from the soil. " It is very probable that in time the soils of the lower Rio Grande Valley will fill up with ground water near enough to the surface to cause the alkali to concentrate in harmful quantities, and that extensive drainage works will be required. " In general, the drainage of the lower Rio Grande Valley lands can best be accomplished by parallel lines of tile with or nearly with the slope, together with an intercepting ditch along the upper side of the affected tract if the water comes from a canal or higher lying irrigated lands. Where the seep spot is small and a gravity outlet is not available it will be necessary to pump the drainage water. This method will probably be necessary until enough land has been swamped to force the construction of expensive outlet ditches. These outlet ditches will be necessary after a time and should be constructed as soon as districts can be organized." The selection and installation of machinery for small pumping plants, W. B. Gregory {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Office Expt. 8ias. Circ. 101, pp. JfO, figs. 22).— This circular, continuing work previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 88.5), is in- tended primarily for persons who intend to install plants too small to warrant the employment of a consulting engineer. It presents and summarizes data as to the various types of pumps used for the purpose, dynamic head or " head on pump," losses in pump installations, foundations for pumps, cost of centrif- ugal pumps, types of engines, points to consider in choosing an engine, founda- tions for engines, types of boilers, setting for boilers, boiler fittings, and heaters. The data on many of these points are presented both in tables and graphically. Delivery of water to irrigators, F. Adams {XJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. ^tas. Bill. 220, pp. 99, figs. 9). — In this bulletin are described the systems adopted for distributing water to irrigators on about 50 irrigation systems in California, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Idaho. Washington, Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico. Each system is discussed individually and a summary follows which deals with plans of deliA^ery, delivery force, rules and regulations, records and forms used, suggested water charges, cost of water delivei'y, lateral organizations, and the measurement of water. Of the 3 general plans of water delivery, that of continuous flow is deemed unsatisfactory under ordinary conditions; that of rotation is found the most KURAL ECONOMICS. 489 generally accepted aud in nearly every way the most satisfactory plan now in nse ; and that on demand can be used with advantage where reservoirs are the chief source of supply, where the available supply can be closely predicted, and where the land under irrigation is closely settled. The desirability of printed rules and regulations and the keeping of permanent records is pointed out. The annual cost of water delivery per acre on 13 typical systems where this included delivery to individuals was 41.5 cts. per acre, and on 4 typical canals where it iuchided only delivery to the laterals 7.5 cts. Duty of water investigations, G. H. Tetje (Nevada Sta. Bui. 72, pp. 26- 28). — During the irrigating season of 1908 a study was made in cooperation with the irrigation investigations of the Office of Experiments of this Depart- ment, as to the cost of maintenance and duty of water under the systems used in 5 canals and ditches. The results are summarized by the following table : Prineipal results of duty of tvater investigations. Name of canal. Area irrigated. Total value of crops. Value per acre of crops. Depth of water. Return per acre-foot of water. Cost of maintenance per acre. Steamboat Orr Last Chance Truekee Meadow English Mill Acres. 4,769 3,007 3,146 1,866 455. 6 Dollars. 104, 473. 00 8.5,320.00 49, 250. 00 43, 397. 00 15,901.50 Dollars. 21.95 28. 04 22.90 23.30 34.90 Feet. 4.22 6.87 5.09 5.03 9.39 Dollars. 5.57 4.32 4.79 4.76 3.56 Dollars. 1.05 0.74 1.14 0.35 0.28 The results of experiments with beardless barley, White Australian wheat, Siberian oats, Kubanka wheat, alfalfa, and mangel-wurzels are presented in tables. The data reported in each case include the number of irrigations, the depth of water applied, the precipitation, and the yields per acre and per acre- foot of water. Bitumens and their essential constituents for road construction and main- tenance, P. Hubbard (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Pub. Roads Circ. 93, pp. 16). — This publication presents in condensed form a description and discussion of various bituminous materials at present in use in road construction and main- tenance. The various materials are ari-anged alphabetically. RURAL ECONOMICS. Bibliography of economics for 1909, J. L. Laughlin et al. (Chicago, 1910, pp. XIII+2S2). — In this volume, which consists of an assembling of bibliog- raphies appearing in the Journal of Political Economy from February, 1909. to January, 1910, inclusive, there are extensive bibliographies on agriculture and the land problem, transportation, labor conditions aud wages, insurance, and other subjects having a more or less direct or indirect bearing on the agricultural industry. Concerning intensive culture and the profitableness of agriculture, T. Brinkmann (FiUiliiH/s Landw. Ztg., 59 (1910), No. IJ,, pp. J,65-.'i89, figs. 2).— According to the author, the three factors of intensive culture which have a direct bearing on the profitableness of agriculture are " nature," which in- cludes both land and climate, market relations, and the personality of the farmer. Illustrations are given of a large number of farms managed under different degrees of intensive culture, situated in different parts of Germany, and operated under various systems of management involving greater or less expenditures of capital aud labor. The operation of farms under these con- 490 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. ditious is tabulated as to expenditures per liectare, gross yields, aud net profits, and discussed in detail as to tlie relation of culture to profitableness. Tlie general conclusion is reached that the farm which is operated in ac- cordance with the nature of the soil, conditions of climate, and market rela- tions will give the highest net profits; that the whole problem of business organization in agriculture consists in a proper balancing of live-stock pro- duction with other forms of agricultural production ; and that the operation of a farm on the soundest economic basis must take into consideration the fact that animal production is the keystone to successful and profitable farming in Germany at the present time. Congress of agricultural mutual aid societies, H. Sagnier {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 20 {1910), No. 39, pp. Jfll-Jfl-'f). — This is a summarized account of the proceedings of the fourth congress of mutual agricultural insurance, credit, and cooperative societies held at Rouen from September 1.5 to IS, 1910. The progress of agricultural mutual aid in France is indicated by the papers pre- sented, and the resolutions of the organization to the government relate to securing legislation more favorable to the future development of such organi- zations. Village banks in Holland, S. Listoe (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], n. ser., 1 {1910), No. 11, pp. ISS-lf/l). — This article describes the origin and development of agricultural credit banks in Holland, of which ther,e were more than 600 in existence in 1910, based on the Raiffeisen plan. Information is given on the organization and management of the local banks and on their obligations when connected with the central bank at Utrecht. The rate of interest allowed to depositors by the central bank is 3i per cent and the charges for advances 4J per cent. It is said that the whole arrangement of the Raiffeisen banks indicates an earnest effort to promote the interests of the members, self-interest and profit seeking being excluded. Agricultural labor, W. L. Summers et al. {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 14 (1910), No. 3, pp. 285-288). — This is a paper and discussion dealing with the agricultural labor problem in South Australia. It is recognized that the modern farm laborer is a skilled worker, and as means to supply the demand for competent laborers throughout the country it is suggested (1) that the agricultural bureau cooperate with the labor bureau for ascertaining the call for laborers in different parts and locating the workers to the best advantage, aud (2) that training farms be established for city boys, where they could learn the use of farm implements and be trained in the han- dling and feeding of stock to make their services of value to farmers and other producers. Students as farm laborers, E. Bippart et al. (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 25 (1910), No. 39, pp. 57i-57^).— This article discusses the advisability of em- ploying students as farm hands in Germany during the vacation season. The opinion of E. Bippart is that students from the city colleges and univer- sities could be profitably employed on farms during the summer since their intellectual training enables them to learn readily the different lines of farm work. In support of his opinion he quotes an article by G. Dehlinger, who gives his experience with 6 students during 4 vacation seasons, showing that they were not only hard workers but soon relieved the employer of the care of machinery and of other similar duties. The methods of training the students and of regulating their wages according to the amount and character of work performed are described. An answer by B. Langenbeck is included, the latter being inclined to favor the employment of only agricultural students or those who, having had expe- rience of farm life in earlier years, have become students in city colleges and BUBAL ECONOMICS. 491 universities. The general run of city students, it is believed, is liardly suffi- ciently adapted to the strenuous conditions of farm life, work, and wages to be profitably employed during the summer vacation in agricultural pursuits. Statistical yearbook of Belgium, 1909 (Ann. Stat is. Bclg., 40 {1910), pp. LXXV+JiS'J, dyui. 1) . — This volume contains detailed statistics relating both to agriculture and commerce for the year 1909. Statistics on agriculture are presented and discussed as to the population, wages of agricultural laborers, extent and division of agricultural lands, acreage in crops, number and size of holdings, number and size of proprietary and rented holdings, crop and live stock production, land values, prices of agricultural products, etc. Agricultural population and production in Algeria, P. Meueiot {Jour. Soc. Statis. Paris, 51 {1910), No. 10, pp. 397-Ji02).— This article points out the predominance of agriculture in the economic life of Algeria, as shown by the statistics of the census of 1906. Of a population of 5,258,000, no less than 3,632,000, or 70 per cent, depend upon agriculture for a living. Comparisons are made between the number of native and foi-eign proprietors, farmers, renters, and laborers, their acreage under crops, ownership and number of live stock, amount of capital invested, and the kinds' and amounts of crops raised by native and European farmers. The advantage of modern scientific over native methods is shown by the in- creased returns per hectare secured by Europeans. The American farmer: His past, present, and future, E. B. Dorsett {Penti. Dept. Agr. Bui. 193, pp. 96-100). — This paper describes the influence wrought by the farmer in the past and present development of this country, and points out what agricultural education is likely to do, not only in producing a race of scientific farmers but also in establishing the government on a more economic and equitable basis. Good farming and attractive country homes, W. J. Spillman et al. {Spokane, 1910, pp. 162, figs. 61). — This volume consists of a compilation of letters selected from a large number submitted by farmers and their wives for prizes which were awarded for the best letter or plan on the following topics : (1) How to make farm life more attractive; (2) how to farm 160 acres of non- irrigated land ; (3) how to farm a 10-acre irrigated tract ; and (4) how to plan a model farm house. The letters and plans constitute a series of practical sug- gestions on farm management and farm sociology which are published in antici- pation that they will be useful to farmers in all parts of the country and helpful in the solution of important farm problems. The farmer and the cost of living, B. F. Yoakum {Saturday Even. Post, 183 {1910), No. 6, pp. 10, 11, fig. 1). — This is a discussion, by the chairman of the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad Company and allied lines, of economic problems relating to the production, distribution, and cost of food supplies. The author believes that the farmer should be aided in the adoption of better agricultural methods to increase production and a better business system through cooperation to increase his profits and reduce the cost of living to the consumer. Road improvement to facilitate the transportation of goods to the railroads is advocated to prevent one of the gi'eatest economic wastes in the distribution of agricultural products. The sum received by farmers for eggs, coffee, rice, cabbages, onions, milk, potatoes, meat, and poultry in 1909 was $274,289,000, while the price paid by consumers for the same goods in New York was §464,147,000. After paying the freight on these goods of $25,045,000, the expenses and profits of the middlemen were $164,813,000. These figures are quotetl to show that it is not the prices farmers are getting nor high railroad freight rates which make living so expensive, but the expense of getting products to the railroads and the profits of wholesale and retail dealers. 492 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Crop Reporter {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 13 {1911), No. 1, pp. 1-S, dgms. 2). — Statistics ou tlie coudition of crops in the United States and foreign countries, the farm values and range of prices of agricultural products, and monthly receipts of eggs and poultry in the leading markets of the United States are presented and discussed. The annual report of the Bureau of Statistics for the year 1909-10, continued from the December supple- ment (E. S. R., 24, p. 292), contains data on the purchasing power of farm products in 1899 and 1909 as measured in terms of general products purchased by farmers, from which it appears that the purchasing power of one acre has increased about 54 per cent during this period. AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION. Report on the distribution of grants for agricultural education and re- search [Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Rpt. Agr. Ed. and Research, 190S-9, 1909-10, pp. XVII+132). — This report includes a general report on the work of the department for 2 years, a list of grants awarded in these years, discussions concerning the arrangements with the Board of Education, the development and road improvement funds act (E. S. R., 24, p. 201), and state aid for research, and appendixes dealing with these matters in detail. According to this report the grants awarded by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for agricultural instruction in England and Wales amounted in 1908-9 to $58,320, and in 1909-10 to $59,778. There were also special grants for experimentation and research amounting in 1908-9 to $4,423, and in 1909-10 to $2,916. Although grants for experimentation have been given for a number of years, not until 1908-9 was there any grant to an institution for research work, when $972 was allotted to the University of Cambridge for cereal breeding investigations. The relations between the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Board of Education with reference to the promotion of agricultural education in England and Wales have been defined by a "memorandum of arrangements" between these departments. According to the terms of this memorandum, the purpose of which is to prevent overlapping or duplication of work in agricul- tural education, the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries will hereafter distribute all grants to institutions giving instruction to students in advanced courses in agriculture, and to institutions restricted to one special pha?e of the subject, such as forestry, dairying, or cider making, the main purpose of which is to prepare competent instructors in that phase of agricultural work, and the Board of Education will distribute all grants in aid of other forms of agricultural education. In the case of farm schools having farms and experiment stations in connection with them, the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries will render the necessary government supervision and aid for the farms and stations and the Board of Education that for the educational work of these schools. To aid in correlating the work of the 2 boards an interdepartmental committee has been provided for. as previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 298). Agricultural education, J. G. Schurman {N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. IJ/, PP- 137a-149a). — The author considers the passage by Congress of the land-grant act of 1862 to be the fifth great epoch in the history of university education. He traces the development of the land-grant colleges with reference to their agricultural and engineering courses. Aids to agricultural advancement in tke Middle West, E, Davenport {N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bid. V/, pp. 95a-116a). — The author recommends as a rational system of agricultural education: (1) Courses of collegiate grade, in which approximately one-half of the work is given to technical agriculture of the AGRICULTUKAL EDUCATION. 493 highest quality, such courses to be offered in the state college and as many other institutions of higher learning as will honestly undertake to serve agri- culture in a large way; (2) courses in technical agriculture, to be added to all high schools and other institutions of secondary grade that have an agricultural constituency, and which should occupy one-fourth of the students' time and be taught from the professional basis; and (3) nature study, to be so taught in the grades and in the country schools that agriculture may be developed naturally out of the undifferentiated field, and that this development should begin when economic sense commences to appear in the child, and develop as he develops. The opportunity of the California hig'h school, E. Hyatt {Sacramento: Dept. Ed., 1910, pp. 21). — This pamphlet includes brief statements concerning boys' and girls' clubs and the educational opportunity of the California high school with reference to the development of the leading agricultural interests of California, a description of the Stockton high school plan for agricultural education, and a bibliography of considerable length containing references to books and discussions concerning industrial education in general, industrial education in high schools, trade schools, and elementary schools, and agri- culture in high schools and elementary schools. The Stockton high school plan, which goes into operation in 1910-11, in- cludes a twc-year course in agriculture, to meet the needs of the prospective farmer, and a four-year course to include not only basic studies on the various phases of agriculture, but also considerable work leading directly to the local agricultural problems. There will also be courses in home economics for girls and short courses for farmers. The director in charge of this work will teach not more than one-third of his time and devote the remainder to a study of the agricultural problems in the farming area tributary to Stockton, He is expected to become a sort of traveling teacher and advisor for the farmers, hold county and district institutes of teachers, farmers, and students, have charge of work in nature study, elementary agriculture, and school gardening in the elementary schools of Stockton, engage in experimental work in coopera- tion with other agricultural agencies, and make arrangements with farmers for field studies to be made by students of the high school. Leaflets bearing on the agricultural problems of the district will be published and distributed. Agricultural schools, D. J. Crosby {If. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. i//, pp. ISdOr- 169a). — The author traces the development of secondary instruction in agri- culture in the United States, describes the different types of schools teach- ing secondary agriculture, and discusses the function of agriculture in public high schools and the functions of the special agricultural school, these being briefly outlined as follows : To stimulate the general introduction of agriculture into the ordinary high schools, to aid in the preparation of teachers for the rural schools, to serve as educational connecting schools between the public elementary schools and the agricultural colleges, to serve as schools to which boys who have chosen to become farmers may elect to go for thorough and effective preparation for their life work, to relieve the agricultural colleges of much of the secondary work they are now compelled to do, and to serve the farming community more intimately and sympathetically than the agricultural colleges can do and more effectively than the public high schools can do. Experiments with plants and soils in laboratory, garden, and fi.eld, F. E. Edwards {California Sta. Circ. 58, pp. 35). — The author of this series of 50 exercises is instructor in agricultural chemistry in the California Polytechnic School, and has taught elementary agriculture in the way that he here de- scribes it to students coming to his classes from the eighth grade. The exer- cises are intended for the first year of agriculture in high schools. They are arranged in two general groups, the first dealing with the plant and its work, 494 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. and tlie second with the soil and its relation to plants. Lists of reference books, apparatus, and chemicals suitable for the work outlined are appended. Children: Their care, training and happiness as future citizens, J. J. Kelso {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 186, irp. 20, figs. 10).— This explains the chil- dren's protection act of Ontario and the work that is contemplated under its provisions. College extension in agriculture, edited by J. Hamilton {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 231, pp. S6).— This bulletin contains 11 addresses de- livered at a series of conferences on college extension in agriculture held at the Graduate School of Agriculture. Ames. Iowa, in July, 1910, and previously noted (E. S. R.. 23, p. 407). List of state directors of farmers' institutes and farmers' institute lec- turers of the United States, J. Hamilton ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 105, pp. 13). — A revision of the circular previously noted (E. S. R., 15, p. 418). Organization lists of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in the United States, Mary A. Agnew (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 233, pp. 100). MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-second Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1909 (Colorado Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 66). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director discussing the function, work, and needs of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909, a list of the exchanges of the station, and departmental reports, of which that of the field entomologist and the horse breeding investigations are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1909 {Nevada Sta. Bui. 72, pp. 58, pis. 3). — This contains the organization list and reports of the board of control, the director, and heads of departments. The report of the director includes a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1909. The experimental work reported in the departmental reports is abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-third Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1910 (Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. XXIV+7U + [6]+745-751, pis. 22, figs. 109).— This contains the organization list, a brief announcement concerning the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, a report of the director on the publications and work of the station, and reprints of Bulletins 144-151, previously noted, and of Bulletins 152-154 and Circulars 4 and 5, abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Concerning Bulletins 145, 147, 148, and 150 (Vermont Sta. Circ. 5, pp. 2). — This contains brief poiiular summaries of bulletins previously noted. A neglected field in photomicrography, S. B. Doten (Nevada Sta. Bui. 73, pp. 9-15, pis. -'/, fig. 1). — An apparatus is described for photographing opaque objects as they appear under the simple microscope, and its use is discussed. The mechanism is especially adapted to the amplification of the image to exact magnifications of from i of 1 diameter to 15 diameters. " The construction of this vertical camera stand lies well within the powers of any ordinary skillful workman. . . . The essential features of construc- tion are of the simplest: merely a heavy base, a standard free from vibration, a carriage that may I)e moved up and down the upright standard, and a camera with detachable front and long bellows connected by an adapter with the horizontal arm of the dissecting microscope." NOTES Kansas College and Station.— Appropriations aggregating $085,000 have been made by the legislature for the ensuing biennium. Of this amount $450,000 is for maintenance, $45,000 for the station, $75,000 for extension work, $46,300 for the Fort Hays substation, $7,500 for the Garden City substation, $125,000 for building and equipping a wing of the agricultural building to accommodate the departments of animal husbandry, plant production, grain products, and farm mechanics, and the remainder for increased equipment in various departments, minor improvements, and miscellaneous expenditures. The law relating to the inspection of feeding stuffs was also revised and the fees made larger, thereby increasing the revenues of the college. A bill to consolidate the management of the state university, the agricultural cohege, and the state normal school by the appointment of a single salaried commission was enacted by the legislature but vetoed by Governor Stubbs. Atsushi Miyawaki, assistant in experimental dairying, has resigned to teach dairying and agriculture at the college of agriculture of Tohoku Imperial Uni- versity, Sapporo, Japan. Kentucky College and Station. — The first dairy special train to be sent out In Kentucky made a 5-day trip beginning March 6. Demonstrations were given of improved dairy stock, machinery, feeding stuffs, and dairy products. Robert Graham has been appointed veterinarian in the station. Massachusetts College. — The short courses have been unusually well attended this winter, many being turned away because of lack of accommodations. Farmers' Week also drew a record-breaking attendance. A Polish-American farmers' day was held March 31. lectures being given on onion growing, cattle feeding, American citizenship, the maintenance of health, and similar topics. Recent appointments include John A. McLean, formerly of the Mississippi Station, as associate professor of animal husbandry. John C. Graham as asso- ciate professor of poultry husbandry, and Dr. Guy Chester Crampton, since the summer of 1910 professor of zoology at Clemson College, as associate professor of entomology. Missouri Station. — C. E. Wilson has been appointed assistant in veterinary science. Montana College and Station. — The legislature just adjourned made sub- stantial increases in the appropriations, the aggregate provided for the ensuing biennium being $274,295. Of this $102,295 is for maintenance of the college, $42,500 for the station, $10,000 for the dry farming and horticultural substa- tions, $36,000 for demonstration work in dry farming, $60,000 for an engineering building, $10,000 for greenhouses, and $13,500 for barns, implements, and other improvements. In addition the station chemist was designated as state chemist in food and health matters, with an appropriation of $1,500 per year, and a dairy inspector and instructor, to be located at the college, was authorized with an appropriation of .$3,000 per year. The second annual horse school was held January 23-28, with an attendance of about 200 men and boys. Lectures on the feeding, breeding, and management of horses, common diseases and their treatment, and scoring and judging were given. The first horse judging contest in Montana completed the program. 495 496 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. New Jersey Stations. — Director E. B. Voorliees lias been given 6 months' leave of absence, beginning March 1, on account of protracted illness. Dr. J. G. Lipman has been made acting director of the station during this period, vice President W. H. S. Demarest, who has served as acting director during Dr. Voorhees' illness. New Mexico Station. — A very successful demonstration day for farmers was held January 28, with an attendance of over 200. Many favorable comments on the affair were made by the press of the State, and it is planned to repeat the occasion. The department of agronojny is continuing the studies of the duties of water, the water-holding capacity of Mesilla Valley soils, and the effect of the soil texture on the development of the crop. With field crops, work is being cen- tered on studies with wheat and alfalfa as to the time of seeding, fertilizer re- quirements, and varieties. Further studies are being made with regard to nonsaccharine sorghum and cotton and additional work is contemplated with beans. The irrigation department is studying the economic value of the use of two or more wells attached to one pump. New York State Station. — (kidfrey L. A. Ruehle, assistant in chemistry at the University of Washington, has been appointed assistant bacteriologist, and has entered upon his duties. Ohio State University and Station. — Two courses in agricultural education are announced by the college of agriculture for the summer session, June 19 to August 11. One course is especially intended for superintendents', principals, teachers, and prospective teachers of agriculture in high schools, while the other course is designed to meet the needs of the elementary and rural teachers, who are, under a recent law, required to teach this subject in their schools. Dean H. C. Price and Prof. W. R. Lazenby have been granted leave of absence for next year, the former for study in one of the German universities and the latter for travel and the study of forestry in Europe and South America. Recent appointments in the station include Ernest J. Riggs as assistant horti- culturist, Ben Hur Kepner as assistant agronomist in charge of milling and baking tests, and Charles Mclntire as field assistant in the management of county experiment farms. Oregon College and Station. — Appropriations for the ensuing biennium aggre- gate $681,500. Of this $273,500 is for new buildings and improvements, among the items being $36,600 for a horticultural wing of the agricultural building, $29,700 for a dairy building, $14,600 for a farm mechanics building, $7,600 for a stock judging pavilion, $100,000 for equipment, improvements, and rei>airs, $25,000 for the purchase of land, and $15,000 for books for the library. The appropriation for maintenance of the college is nearly doubled, being made $150,000 per annum. The station receives $25,000 per annum, of which $15,000 is for the investigation of crop and fruit pests and diseases and horti- cultural problems. There is also granted $21,000 per annum for substations, and $2,500 per annum for farmers' institutes. The various maintenance appro- priations were also made permanent, continuing from year to year, at the amounts granted, without further legislation. W. H. Lawrence, superintendent of the western Washington substation at Puyallup, has been appointed to a fellowship established by the Hood River Fellowship Association, an organization incorporated by a number of fruit growers of that region. The work is to be performed in the Hood River Valley, and will be devoted to orchard diseases and like problems. Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition. — Dr. H. P. Armsby has been elected a member of the Royal Society of Arts of Great Britain. J. H. Hamil- NOTES. 497 ton, a graduate of the Oklahoma College, has beeu appointed assistant in animal nutrition, vice F. W. Christensen, whose appointment at the New Mexico Station has been previously noted. Porto Rico Sugar Planters' Station. — The location of this station at Rio Piedras, about 10 miles south of San Juan, is announced. Dr. Fritz Zerban, assistant director and chemist of the agricultural experiment station at Tucuman, Argen- tina, since June, 1909, has been appointed chemist. Texas Station. — E. C. Carlyle and J. T, Auten have resigned as assistant state chemists, and M. B. Gottlieb and L. C. Ludlum have beeu added to the staff. TTtah College. — Science states that under a recently enacted law 28 per cent of the income derived from a state tax of 4i mills is to be availaNe for the main- tenance of higher education in the State. Of this amount 28.34 per cent is to be allotted to the agricultural college, 64.43 per cent to the state university, and 7.23 per cent to the state normal school. Vermont University and Station. — ^At the beginning of the next college year major courses in forestry, to occupy 40 per cent of the time, will be offered to junior and senior students of the college of agriculture. Bernard A. Chandler, who will graduate from the Yale Forest School in June, has been appointed instructor in forestry, to begin work in September. The third annual Farmers' Week, February 20-24, drew an attendance of over 425 to the 64 addresses and 16 demonstrations presented. The sixth con- ference of the schools of Vermont, held at the university March 9-12, gave special prominence to the teaching of agriculture and home economics in Ver- mont schools, a symposium being held on each subject. It is planned to extend the scope of the department of home economics next year, and Miss Josephine A. Jlarshall has been appointed instructor. West Virginia Station. — The death by drowning is noted of Charles M. Gifford, assistant in plant pathology. He was a 1910 graduate of the University of Vermont, and 23 years of age. Wisconsin University. — Arrangements have been completed with the owners of 12 "accredited" farms in the State whereby employment and practical instruc- tion will be provided for students who have satisfactorily completed two years of their college course. The farms have been selected on the basis of the success and progressiveness of their owners and their ability to instruct students. The work will be under the general direction of the department of farm management. Science states that a school for forest rangers to consist of a two-year course, the winters at the university and the summers in practical work on the state forest reservations or in lumbering operations in the field, is con- templated. It is expected that much of the instruction will be given in exist- ing departments of the colleges of agriculture and engineering. Wyoming University and Station. — A bill granting to the university for main- tenance and buildings the proceeds of a half mill tax to the limit of $85,000 annually has been passed by the legislature. A $4,000 appropriation for farmers' institutes was vetoed by the governor, making necessary the suspen- sion of this work during the ensuing biennium. A section of land near Laramie has been purchased for demonstration and experimental purposes. LeRoy D. Swingle has been appointed research para- sitologist in the station. Death of Br. S. A. Knapp. — Dr. Seaman A. Knapp, widely known throughout the South in connection with the Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work of this Department, died in Washington, D. C, April 1, at the age of 77 years. Dr. Knapp was a native of Essex County, New York, and educated at Union College. His early work was as a teacher and administrator in the Fort Edward 498 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Collegiate Institute, Ripley Female College, aud the Iowa State College for the Blind. In 1879 he became professor of agriculture in the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and continued in this capacity until 1886. From 1883—4 he also served as president of the institution. Dr. Knapp's services for this Department began with surveys of agricultural conditions in foreign countries, Japan, China, the Philippines, Porto Rico, Cey- lon, Burma, and Hawaii being visited at different periods. In 1902 he organized the unique campaign to minimize the ravages of the boll weevil by the demon- stration of improved cultural methods and the introduction of diversification of crops. This work steadily increased in scope and popularity until in 1910 the Department was expending over $250,000 annually for the purpose. This was supplemented by $1 13^000 from the General Education Board, and $70,000 from state and individual soiu'ces, and a force of about .500 men was engaged under his supervision, which despite his advancing years was actively main- tained in the work. Dr. Knapp will be especially remembered as the exponent of the demonstra- tion method of disseminating results, but it should also be noted that he was an early advocate of federal aid to experimentation in agriculture. In recog- nition of his services to agriculture the degree of D. Sc. was conferred upon him by the Iowa State College in 1909. Upper Iowa University and Baylor University had previously given him the degree of LL. D. Bradford Knapp, his son, who has been associated with the farmers' coop- erative demonstration work for some time, has been appointed special agent in charge to succeed him. Kecent Federal Agricultural Legislation. — The principal legislation during the recent session of the Sixty-first Congress, aside from the agricultural appro- priation act, a summary of which appears on page 401 of this issue, was the measure approved March 1. and commonly known as the "Appalachian Forest Reserve " Act, since in its original form it definitely provided for reserves in this region, aud was discussed with special reference to the conditions in the White Mountains and Southern Appalachian System. Under the terms of this act the States are authorized to cooperate w^ith each other aud with the Federal Government for the purpose of conserving the forests and water supply. The Secretary of Agriculture is directed to locate suitable lands at the headwaters of navigable streams, and following a report from the Geological Survey that they will promote or protect the navigation of these streams, and the approval of the National Forest Reservation Commission and of the legislatures of the States in which the lands are situated, he may purchase these lands in the name of the United States at prices fixed by the commission. An appropriation of $2,000,000 annually until July 1, 1915, is made for this purpose. Reservation of minerals and merchantable timber may be made to the seller at the time of purchase. The Secretary of Agriculture is further authorized to administer lands so acquired as national foi-ests, in much the same way as those already so desig- nated. Five per cent of all revenues derived from any such forests is to be returned to the State for the benefit of the public schools and roads of the county in which it is located. An appropriation of $200,000, which is available until expended, is also made to enable the Secretary to cooperate with the States, if desired, in the protec- tion from fire of forested watersheds of navigable streams irrespective of owner- ship. In such cases the States must establish a system of forest fire protection and expend for it an amount equal to that allotted from the Federal Treasury. The National Forest Reservation Commission which is established by the act consists of the Secretaries of War. Interior, and Agriculture, and of two Mem- NOTES. 499 bers each of the Senate and House of Representatives. The Members of Con- gress who have been designated ai'e Honorables Jacob H. Gallinger, of New Hampshire, and John Walter Smith, of Maryland, from the Senate, and Willis C. Hawley, of Oregon, and Gordon Lee, of Georgia, from the House. An appro- priation of $25,000 annually is available for the expenses of the commission. Other legislation enacted included the adoption of a resolution providing for the reprinting of 100.000 copies each of the special reports on the diseases of the horse and of cattle. In the Indian appropriation act the usual appropria- tion of $5,000 for conducting experiments at the Indian school and agency farms as to the adaptability of various crops was continued. A lump fund appropriation of $6,000 was made to the Bureau of Education for the first time lor investigations of rural education, industrial education, and school hj'giene. The appointment of a salaried delegate to the International Institute of Agriculture was also authorized, for the first time, in the diplomatic and con- sular appropriation act, $3,G00 being allotted in addition to $4,800 as the quota of the United States for the support of the institute. A deficiency appropria- tion of $10,000 for the payment of expenses of delegates to the institute in 1911 was likewise granted. Bequest for Agricultural Advancement in Hardwick, Mass. — A bequest of $100,000 to the town of Hardwick, Mass., to further agricultural, horticultural, and rural interests, has recently become available from the estate of the late Calvin Paige, a former resident of the town. A portion of this fund has been expended in the purchase of two parcels of land. Only the income from the bequest is available for maintenance, and it is proposed to utilize this in carrying on demonstration work illustrative of experiment station results along lines adapted to local needs. There is an old apple orchard of 5 acres on one of the tracts purchased, which will receive attention as to pruning, cultivation, spraying, etc., and it is also hoped to engage in forestry work. Charles O. Flagg, formerly director of the Rhode Island Station, has accepted the position of superintendent of the enterprise. National School of Agriculture, Montpellier, France. — A letter recently received from Dean Hunt, of the Pennsylvania College and Station, now on leave of absence in Europe, contains an account of the recent erection of a monument at this school in recognition of the work of the late Gustave Foex, a former president of the school, in improving the culture of grapes in Europe. The monument was erected by a popular subscription of about $3,000, contributed by people of France, Austria, Italy, Egypt, and Greece, and symbolizes the encouragement rendered to European grape culture b.v the introduction of American grapes. The dedication of the monument is to take place this spring. Normal School Agriculture. — The State Normal and Training School at Cort- land, N. Y., announces agricultural courses for teachers beginning with the fall of 1911. Two courses will be available, (1) a two-year course open to men at least 16 years of age who have had farm experience and the necessary training to admit them to the regular normal school courses, and (2) a one-year course oi>en to young men who are high school graduates or have had equivalent edu- cation, have had farm experience, hold a life certificate valid in New York, and have had at least one year of successful experience in teaching. Both courses are primarily scientific and agricultural, but the two-year course includes one unit of psychology, one of the history of education, two-fifths of a unit of school economy, one unit in manual training, one of grammar methods, and two each of observation and teaching. The work in science and agri- culture, which is common to both courses, includes agricultural physics, farm mechanics, horticulture, farm crops, animal husbandry, dairying, farm man- 500 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. agement and farm practice, botany, entomology, bacteriology and plant pathol- ogy, advanced science methods, and chemistry. The purpose of the courses is to train teachers for high school work in agriculture under the New York state law giving state aid to schools organizing departments of agriculture, home economics, and manual training. National Corn Exposition. — The exposition held at Columbus, Ohio, January 30 to February 11, was distinctly a national event. Selected exhibits of corn from state corn shows were in competition from 35 States, and there were also extensive educational exhibits from this Department and 2.5 experiment stations, and of agricultural machinery, cereal food products, and dairy equipment. Daily programs of lectures, demonstrations, and conferences, addressed by speakers of national reputation, were held and special days were set apart, such as Ii\e stock day, a national dairy day, a conservation day, and a 4-day rural life conference. The American Breeders' Association held its annual meeting during the exposition. Miscellaneous. — Dr. Pehr Olsson-Seffer, director of the Tezonapa Botanical Station, has been appointed professor of botany at the National University of Mexico. Lectures will be given on the history of botany, evolution of plants, and ecological plant geology, and courses in plant physiology will be continued at the Tezonapa Botanical Station. Dr. Olsson-Seffer has also recently accepted the position of government botanist, in charge of the botanical section of the Mexican Department of Agriculture and of the bureau of forestry. A recent number of Revue Horticole states that the Royal College of Science and Technology, London, decided recently to establish a chair of vegetable physiology and pathology and has called Prof. Frederic Czapek, of the Univer- sity of Prague, to the position. By the will of Sir Francis Gallon, who died January 17 at the age of 8S years, his residuary estate, valued at about $180,000, has been bequeathed to the Uni- versity of London for the establishment of a Gallon Professorship of Eugenics. The desire is expressed in the will that Pi'of. Karl Pearson be offered the position. A recent number of the Deutsche Landicirtsehafilichc Zeitung states that Dr. Kurt Teichert, for 4 years director of the Dairy Institute at Memmingen, Las accepted the directorship of the Wiirtemberg Institute for Experimentation and Instruction in Cheese Making at Wangen, Allgiiu, which is to be opened June 1. Dr. Wilhelm Wagner, teacher of agriculture in the Agricultural Winter School, Zerbst, Germany, has accepted the position of agricultural lecturer at the German-Chinese College, Tsingtau, Kiaochow. The Wiener LandwirtschapUche Zeitung of January 18 states that on Jan- uary 9 Dr. Joseph Ritter v. Popp was succeeded as royal imperial minister of agriculture of Austria, by Adalbert Freih. v. Widmann. A recent number of the Kcw Bulletin announces that F. C. McClellan, of Kew, has been appointed director of agriculture in Zanzibar, to succeed R. N. Lyne, who has been appointed director of agriculture in Mozambique. Dr. E. J. Butler has been appointed director of the Agricultural Research In- stitute and College of Pusa, vice Bernard Coventry now inspector general of agriculture in India. Di-. Theobald Smith, of Harvard University, has been appointed to the Referee Board of Consulting Scientific Experts of this Department with refer- ence to the Food and Drugs Law of 1906, vice Dr. C. A. Herter, deceased. o 4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers^ o w Titimav Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology< tt^ H. Evans, Ph. D. H. Long. T?- ^ T n /J- I- SCHULTE. Field Cropsjj q r^^kin. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker. Tf + • iir J- • /W. A. Hooker. Veterinary MedicmeJL. w. Fetzer. Rural Engineering Rural Economics — ^J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIV, NO. 6. Editorial notes: Page. The method of t^cience • 501 Recent work in agricultural science 509 Notes 597 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. The constituents of asparagus and asparagus roots, Wicherg and Tollens 509 The carbohydrates of the aspar^igus plant, Wichers and Tollens 509 The soluble carbohydrates in asparagus roots, Morse 509 Enzymic condensation of sugars, Pantanelli and Faure 510 The constitution of vicianose; diastatic hydrolysis, Bertrand and Weisweiller . 510 The filtration of rennet and pepsin, Funk and Niemann 510 The inactivation of rennet by shaking, Schmidt-Nielsen 510 Contribution to our knowledge of amylase, Wohl and Glimm 511 The nuclease of the mammary gland, Borrino 511 Silk peptone for detecting peptolytic ferments, Abderhalden and Steinbeck. . 511 Biochemical and toxicological studies upon Penicillium, Alsberg and Black . . . 511 Behavior of molds toward the stereoisomers of unsaturated dibasic acids, Dox. . 511 Oxidation by mold fungi, Meier 511 On the oxidation of pyrogallol by hydrogen peroxid, Bunzel 511 Progress in systematic qualitative organic analysis, Mulliken 512 Researches in regard to the precipitins of honey, Galli-Valerio and Bornand . . . 512 Detection of invert sugar in commercial honey, Quantin 512 Use of refractometer in analysis of jams, marmalades, and confections, Clacher . . 512 The estimation of small quantities of essential oil in spices, etc.. Brown 512 A method for the determination of tin in canned foods, Schreiber and Taber. . . 512 Salicylic acid reactions, Reichard 513 I II CONTENTS. Page. The determination of lactose by the copper methods, Bourdet 513 The saccharimeter scale and the means of its verification, Browne 514 Invert sugar and its significance for seed-beet i^olarization, Plahn-Appiani 514 Separation and estimation of aspartic and glutaminic acids, Osborne and Liddle. 514 Note in regard to determining creatinin, Rona 514 Testing milk and its products, Farrington and WoU 514 Unification of methods for milk analysis, Vandevelde 514 About the estimation of lactose in milk, Bouin 514 The detection of added water in milk, Lythgoe 514 Investigations in regard to the ash content of milk sera, Saar 515 Estimating the phosphatids in milk, Njegovan 515 The reductase test compared with other methods of examination, Barthel 515 The decomposition of milk and determining its nature and degree, Morres 515 Some milk and butter tests, Pape 515 The examination of butter and margarin, Griinhut 515 Method for coconut oil in butter and margarin, Shrewsbury and Knapp 515 A study of cottonseed oil and cottonseed-oil cake, Guiselin 515 Notes on the testing of coal-tar creosote, Mann 516 Dressing and curing meat for farm use, Tomhave and Gaumnitz 516 Influence of low temperatures on the fermentation of cider, Gore 516 The manufacture of marmalades, Walter 516 Constituents of the wax of candelilla or Mexican wax plant, Fraps and Rather. . 516 The trials of hop-drying plants, 1909, Elgar, Powell, and Briant 516 Mechanical sampler, Wolters 516 Report of agricultural-chemical control station at Halle for 1909, Miiller 516 Extracts from proceedings of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1910. 516 Publications of the Bureau of Chemistry 517 METEOROLOGY— WATER. The meteorology of the future. Abbe. 517 International catalogue of scientific literature. F — Meteorology 517 Meteorological summary for the year 1909, Bellis 517 [Meteorology and hydrography of the Canal Zone], Saville 517 Variations in rainfall and famine in German East Africa, Kremer 517 [Temperature and rainfall of Cape of Good Hope] 518 Composition of Barbados rainfall 518 Report on lightning strokes in Schleswig-Holstein, Brodersen 518 A study of hail protection appliances, Violle 518 Hydrological role of marshes, Oppokov 518 Water problems, Booth 519 Sterilization of potable waters by the ultraviolet rays. Thresh and Beale 519 The sterilizing ultraviolet ray 519 The purification of dairy wash water by means of irrigation 519 Ways and means of having healthy homes and summer resorts, Fletcher 519 Clarification of sewage, Schmeitzner, trans, by Kimberly 519 Sewage sludge disposal, Ruggles 519 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The soil, Dumont 520 A soil survey of [seven Indiana] counties, Taylor 520 A soil survey of [three] and parts of [two] counties, Indiana, Shannon 520 The soils of the Upper Burnett, Briinnich 520 Examination of Chinese tea soils, Robinson and McCaughey 520 The salt lands of the Nira Valley, Mann and Tamhane 520 Importance of soil colloids in determination of soil surfaces, Ehreuberg 521 Contributions to physical soil investigation, Ehrenberg and Pick 521 Significance of osmotic pressure and electrolytic conductivity, Konig et al 521 The determination of the electrolytic conducti\'ity of soils, Konig et al 522 Water in certain soils at the end of the winter of 1909-10, Demolon and Brouet. 522 Physical constitution of soils and the irrigation waters, Miintz et al 522 Investigations with humus, Hudig 523 Influence of humus on decomposition of urea into ammonia, Christensen 523 Pentosans in soils, Shorey and Lathrop 523 Some acid constituents of soil humus, Schreiner and Shorey 523 The presence of arginin and histidin in soils, Schreiner and Shorey 524 Pyrimidin derivatives and purin bases in soils, Schreiner and Shorey 524 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Methoxyl in soil organic matter, Shorey and Lathrop 524 Glycerids of fatty acid in soils, Schreinev and Shorey 524 Paraffin hydrocarbons in soils, Schreiner and Shorey 524 Toxic substances excreted by plant roots in the soil, Rordam 524 Proportions of lime to magnesia in soil, Snowden 525 Improving alkaline lands, Robertson 525 Value and fertilizer requirements of Norrbotten marsh soils, Hellstrom 525 The action of mineral fertilizers on the permeability of soils, Larue 526 Results of field experiments to determine the fertilizer needs of soils 526 Field and fertilizer trials by Swedish Moor Culture Association, von Feilitzen. . 526 Fertilizer and variety tests by agricultural societies in Sweden, Bolin 526 Storage experiments with farm manure, Hansen and Kristensen 526 JFertilizer experiments, McWethy and Towar 526 The nitrate industry, Ossa 526 Norwegian nitrate, lime nitrogen, and nitrogen lime, Konig 527 The manufacture of air nitrate, Schonherr 527 The use of potassic fertilizers on primitive soils, Gu^pin 527 Potash deposits in the Netherlands, Hiesink 527 Tests of Palmaer phosphate, Grandeau 527 Floats, Gaither 527 Solubility of calcium phosphate, Foster and Neville 527 Investigations on the lime requirements of soils, Christensen and Larsen 527 Carbonate of lime 528 Utilization of distillery vinasse, Calmette 528 Composition and use of Henequin (sisal) pulp, Hebert and Heim 528 Analyses and valuations of fertilizers and ground bone, Cathcart et al 528 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. A textbook of general bacteriology. Frost and McCampbell 529 Review of agricultural bacteriology, Kayser 529 Bacteria in fi-ozen soil. Conn 529 Variability in Bacillus prodigiosits, Beijerinck 529 Bacterial flora as a factor in the unproductiveness of soils, Dachnowski 529 The decomposition of uric acid by bacteria, Liebert 530 Mobilization of phosphoric acid in soils under bacterial activity, Sewerin 530 Experiments with Bottomley's nitro-bacterine culture, Easterby 531 The place in which nitrates are utilized by plants, Acqua 531 Protein formation in ripening seeds, Schulze and Winterstein 531 Role of endodermis in absorption of salts in the plant, De Rufz de Lavison 532 The selective role of roots in the absorption of salts, De Rufz de Lavison 532 Influence of artificial oxydases and metallic compounds on wheat, Nazari . . . 532 The resistance of wheat and barley grains to poisons, Schroeder 532 Influence of temperature on respiration of higher plants, Kuyper 533 Studies on the influence of low temperatures on plant cells, Schaffnit 533 Contribution to the knowledge of water secretion in plants, Burck 533 Significance of mucilage in germination of seed, Ravenna and Zamorani 534 Formation of hydrocyanic acid in germinating seed, Ravenna and Zamorani. . 534 On the occurrence of the wild form of sugar beet, von Proskowetz 534 The behavior of pure line cultures of Glomerella, Shear 534 FIELD CROPS. Farm crops, Burkett 535 [Dry farm cropping and tests of oats, wheat, and barley], M'Wethy and Towar. . 535 Imperial Valley settlers' crop manual, Coit and Packard 535 [Experiments with summer crops], Valder 535 [Variety and manurial tests with cane, rice, and cotton], Harrison 535 [Introductions of field crops]. Strong 537 Growth of nitrogen collecting and using plants in mixed seedings, Tacke 537 On lucerne; with notes on some otheT leguminous crops. Dyer 537 Measurement of correlation with special reference to corn, Rietz and Smith 537 Measurement of correlation with special reference to corn, Rietz and Smith 538 American corn-growing methods in Russia, Grout 538 Standard types of Rhodesian maize and their points, Mundy 538 Chou Moellier, Pinn , 538 The root development of cotton plants in different soils, Tempany 538 rV CONTENTS. Page. Manurial experiments with cotton in the Leeward Islands, Tympany 539 vSupply and distribution of cotton, Roper 539 Manurial experiments on oats at Coates, 1910, Swan wick and Kinch 539 Peanuts in Hawaii, Krauss 539 The potato growing industry in Ohio. Seasonal notes, Ballou and Gourley 539 Potato fertilizers: Methods of application and nitrogen, Jordan and Sirrine 540 Potato experimental fields, 1909-10, Seymour 540 Comparative respiration experiments with potatoes, Hoffmann and Sokolowski . 541 Comparative test of rice varieties, Van der Stok 541 Sea salt in sugar beet production, Damseaux 542 [Variety and manurial experiments with sugar cane]. Hall and Bovell 542 Turnip manurial and variety experiments, 1909-10, Macpherson 543 Parafield seed wheats, Richardson 543 Weed studies, Vitek 543 HORTICULTURE. A manual of horticultural plant breeding, Lobner 543 A new method of preser-ving flower pollen in a viable condition, Simon 543 [Report of] Massachusetts Asparagus Growers' Association, HoUis 544 French method of intensive cultivation and asparagus forcing, Herrman 544 Sterility in fruit trees, Wallis 544 Apple culture in Ohio, Ballou 544 Some suggestions for Rhode Island apple growers, Stene 545 New method of grafting fig and olive trees, Roeding 545 Viticulture and vine improvement, Diimmler 545 Single character v. tout-ensemble breeding in grapes, Munson 545 Experiments with phylloxera-resistant stocks at Howlong Station, Blunno .... 545 Hybrid direct bearers in the valley of the Rhone, 1910, Desmoulins and Villard . 545 [Cacao manurial plats in Dominica], Tempany 545 The oil palm, Hubert 546 Papers on the oil palm, Chevalier 546 Isothermic installations for the transport of fruits, Danis 546 Refrigeration of citrus fruits in transit from California, Leeds 546 Sea transport of bananas by refrigeration. Ward 546 Tests on flowering plants in the cold storage plant at Amsterdam, De Vries 546 The book of the flower show, Curtis 547 Fertilizer tests with variegated forms of Pelargonium and Ligularia, Weydahl. 547 Gardens near the sea, Lounsberry 547 FORESTRY. The development of British forestry, Forbes 547 Forest management (forest working plans), Schenk 547 Eighth report of the forest commissioner of the State of Maine, Ring 547 Results of the Saxon state forest administration in 1909 547 Report of forest administration in the Andamans for 1909-10, Farrington 548 A successful plantation at a high altitude, Robinson and Watt 548 Forest fires, Jacquot 548 Forest fires, Jacquot, trans, by Fischer 548 The use book: Water power 548 Studies of trees in winter, Huntington 548 Forest border studies in the Austrian Alps, Graz 548 Some timbers of the Argentine Chaco, Marcelo de Blochouse 548 In the Landes country. — Exploitation of resinous forests, Ricard 548 The principal and intermediate yield of red beech in Saxony, Kimze 549 Forms and variations of the common pine (Pinus silvestris), Kienitz 549 The siKiculture of HardwicJda binata (Anjan), Witt 549 Germination and growth of sandal seedlings, Rama Rao 549 On West African plantation rubber, Frank and Marckwald 549 Asphaltic oils in the preservation of railway ties, Cherrington 549 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on New York plant diseases, I, Stewart 549 A handbook of the fungus diseases of West Indian plants, Bancroft 550 The control of plant diseases, Wlietzel 550 On plant diseases, especially of agricultural crops, Mortensen 550 CONTENTS. V Page. Observations on diseases of agricultural crops, Raon 550 New Species of Uredinese, VII, Arthur 550 Cultures as a means for a better differentiation of the systematic position of cer- tain Hyphomycetes, Appel and Wollenweber 550 On the biology of Sclerospora, a parasite of the Gramineae, Peglion 550 The susceptibility of certain cereals to smut, Klinck 550 Behavior of smut spores in the bodies of animals and in manure, Honcamp et al . . 550 The enemies of oats, Brocq-Rousseu and Gain 551 ' ' Take-all " (OphioboJus graminis), Richardson 551 The late blight of celery, Rogers 551 A bacterial disease of the Irish potato, Pethybridge and Murphy 552 Some observations on the leaf-roll disease of the potato, Hedlund 552 A biochemical study of the leaf-roll disease of the potato, I, Doby 552 The leaf-roll disease of the potato, Kock and Kornauth 552 Potato spraying experiments, 1910, Turner 552 Tests of summer sprays on apples and peaches in 1910, Clinton and Britton . . . 553 Report on a disease in the Taurian limes at Antony, Fisher 553 Studies on gummosis, Griiss and Sorauer 554 The diseases of the banana in Central America and Surinam, Labroy 554 Studies on the biology of Gymnosporangium juniperinum , Fischer 554 The fungus root tubercles of Ceanothus americanus, Elseagnus argentea, and Mynca cerifera, Arzberger 554 Botrytis as a parasite upon chrysanthemums and poinsettias, Spaulding 555 Limewater Bordeaux for spraying, Mc Alpine 555 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. African game trails, Roosevelt 555 State of New York forest, fish, and game law, 1910 555 The mammals of West Virginia, Brooks 555 The A. O. U. check-hst of North American birds 555 A. 0. U. abridged check-list of North American birds, 1910 556 Birds of South Carolina, Wayne 556 Annotated list of the birds of Costa Rica, including Cocos Island, Carriker, jr . . 556 Catalogue of a collection of birds from Costa Rica, Ferry 556 Annual report of the State ornithologist for the year 1909 556 An introduction to vertebrate embryology, Reese 556 Plague in England 556 The flagellate order Binucleata, Hartmann and Jollos 557 Publications of the Bureau of Biological Survey 557 [Report of scientific work in entomology during 1906], Strand et al 557 Insects of the year 1910 in Iowa, Webster 557 Second annual report of the State entomologist of Indiana, Douglass 557 [Circulars on insect pests in Nebraska], Smith et al 557 The control of insect pests, Slingerland, Herrick, and Crosby 557 Fortieth annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario 557 Injurious insects of Ste. Anne's, season of 1909, Swaine 558 Insects which damage saltbush, Froggatt 558 Some forest insects in the season of 1909, Fyles 558 Observations on Termes gestroi and methods against its ravages, Pratt 558 Fourth report of committee of control of South African Central Locust Bureau . . 558 A synopsis of the Orthoptera of western Europe, Burr 558 The orchid thrips : Anaphothrips orchidaceus, Bagnall 558 The mosquito blight of tea, Antram 558 Mosquito blight, Antram 559 Aphididae of southern California, IV, Essig 559 Spraying for the citrus mealy bug, Essig 559 The natural enemies of the citrus mealy bug, II, Essig 559 The wild cochineal insect with reference to its action on prickly pear, Tryon. . 559 Aleurochiton aceris, its host relations, etc., Wolff 559 Notes on California Coccidse, V, Essig 559 Notes on silkworm rearing in the Punjab 559 The silk industry of Persia, Lafont and Rabino 559 Tricholyga sorbillans in Cochin China, Broquet and Villeneuve 559 The silkworm moth " rouge ' ' in Cochin China, Broquet 559 List of Sphingidse of America north of Mexico, Barnes and McDuuuough 559 VI CONTENTS. Page. The snow-white linden moth, Herrick 560 The celery leaf-tyer, Quayle 560 Experiments in the storage of seed potatoes, Lefroy and Evana 560 Cankerworm experiments of 1909, Goodwin 560 Codling moth control in California, Woodworth 560 Recent experiments with the codling moth. Felt 561 Spraying for the codling moth, Melander 561 Medullary spots: Life history of some cambium miners, Grossenbacher 561 The life history of Roubaudia rufescens, Roubaud 562 The bee-flies {Bombyliidx) in their relations to flowers, Graenicher 562 Azolla V. mosquitoes, Smith 562 The absence of a vesicant in the ether extract from mosquitoes, Barratt 562 The prevention of malaria, Ross 562 The Chrysomelidse and Coccinellidse of the Philippines, Weise 563 The Rutelidse of the Philippine Islands, Ohaus 563 On some phases of parasitism displayed by insect enemies of weevils, Pierce. . 563 On the life history of the alfalfa leaf-weevil, Titus 563 The color sense of the honeybee. — Can bees distinguish colors? Lovell 563 The parthenogenesis of honeybees, Von Dalla Torre 563 Notes on the nesting habits of Bemhex nubilipennis, Parker 563 Scutellista cyanea, Quayle 564 Two new species of African parasitic Hymenoptera, Crawford 564 Notes and descriptions of North American parasitic Hymenoptera, IX, Brues. . 564 First introduction of the Blastophaga, Swingle and Rixford 564 The plain facts of fig wasp_ history, Roeding 564 A phytoptid gall of Artemisia calif omica, Hall 564 The finding of Hsemaphysalis punctata at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Hadwen 564 Ticks and practical measures for their prevention, Fredholm 564 An American intermediate host for Hymenolepis diminuta, Nickerson 564 Fumigation studies, II, III, Pierce 565 Division of nursery and orchard inspection, Shaw 565 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Report on food and drug products, 1910, Street. 565 Fifth annual report of the food and drug laboratories, Barnard 566 Report of food and drug Inspection, Howard 566 Report of the division of food and drugs, Fitz-Randolph 566 [Analyses of food materials and other pure-food work], Mahr 567 Food-inspection decision 567 Notices of judgment 567 The milling quality of Washington wheats, II, Thatcher 567 Amount and distribution of nitrogenous material in wheats, Neumann 567 Work done in testing wheat and flour in New South Wales, Guthrie 567 Testing baker's yeasts, Knischewsky 567 The preparation and use of maize and maize products as food, Schindler 567 f A new food product made from lobster], Deedmeyer 567 Examination of grape juice _. 567 Use of preservatives and influence on the body, Vandevelde and Wijsman. . 567 The principal publications which treat of the use of preservatives, Vandevelde. 568 Food sanitation, Abbott 568 Occurrence of micro-organisms on pastry and confectionery, Maurel 568 Manual for Army cooks, 1910, Sharpe et al 568 Tropical agriculture and cookery, Ramsdell 568 Pellagra, Marie, trans, by Lavinder and Babcock 568 Investigations on Bengal jail dietaries, McCay 568 Food of the workingmen in Belgium, Waxweiler 571 Hearings before the Select Committee of the Senate relative to wages and prices . 571 Topical digest of evidence submitted relative to wages and prices 571 Relation between period of activity of stomach and hunger, Haudek and Stigler . 571 Studies on water drinking. — III, Uric acid elimination, Rulon, jr., and Hawk 571 Concerning protein metabolism, Frank and Schittenhelm 572 The relation between mineral metabolism and organic nutrients, Biernacki.. 572 The importance of cooking salt in metabolism, Strauss 572 The spleen in its relation to iron metabolism, Zimmermann 572 On the preservation of feces, Howe, Rutherford, and Hawk 572 CONTENTS. VII ANIMAL PRODUCTION. On the production value of feeding stuffs, Hansson 572 Definitions of feed stuffs 572 Registered feedino- stuffs 572 [Composition of East Indian feeds], Dekker 573 The sword bean, Boname 573 Shredding fodder 573 Beet-pulp silage, Vuaflart 573 Olive pomace as a feeding stuff, Chapelle and Ruby 573 Cacao shells as a feeding stuff, Schulze 573 The value of molasses feeds for work horses and dauy cows, Hansson 573 The acidity of gluten feeds, Jordan. 573 Concerning the knowledge of the digestion of cellulose, von Hoesslin 574 Decomposition of cellulose in the cecum of the horse, von Hoesslin and Lesser. 574 General physiology, Verworn 574 The science of life, Thomson 574 History of biological theories, Rddl 574 Text-book of embryology of man and vertebrates, Hertwig 574 The evolution and function of living purposive matter, Macnamara 574 The methods and scope of genetics, Bateson 574 Some practical aspects of the science of breeding, Mackenzie 574 Artificial breeding, Gilbert 575 Notes on heredity and evolution, Spillman 575 The sexual functions, Busquet 575 Principles of secondary sexual characters. Poll 575 Maturation, Gr^goire 575 Dominance of maternal or paternal characters in Echinoderm hybrids, Tennent 575 Increase in permeability of the sea urchin's egg to electrolytes, McClendon 575 Changes in permeability of developing eggs to electrolytes, McClendon 575 Surface tension in relation to cellular process, II, Macallum 576 [Growth of engrafted tissues], Guthrie 576 Heredity in connection with cancer, Cu^not and Mercier 576 Polydactylism and syndactylism in man and domesticated animals, Cramer. . . 576 Parthenogenesis in birds, L^caillon 576 A double hen's egg, Patterson 576 Exhibition of hybrid animals at the Odessa exhibition 577 A pheasant-bantam hybrid, Wheeler 577 Contribution to the knowledge of fossil and subfossil bovidae, La Baume 577 The daily gain of live weight in cattle 577 The determination of the live weight of cattle by measuring, Matievid 577 Cattle breeding in the State of Sao Paulo, Pitsch 577 Austrian legislative enactments regarding cattle and the cattle industry 577 [Animal industry in Java], Penning 577 Cattle in south China, Anderson 577 Tapioca for feeding calves, Gouin and Andouard 577 [Feeding experiment with winter-fed lambs]. Wing 578 Report of the wool specialist. Hill 578 Annual wool review 578 Sheep breeding in Scotland, Bitzer 578 On the present conditions of sheep husbandry, Nathorst and Hofman-Bang. . . . 578 Plan to promote sheep raising in Russia, Snodgrass 578 The wild oriental sheep of Gmelin {Ovis orientalis), Nasonov 578 Goat raising in Mexico, Canada 579 The camel in the service of troops and police of Southwest Africa, Berthold 579 Vicunas, llamas, and guanacos, Davel 579 What the buffalo offers us, Murphy 579 Butchering hogs on the farm, Orr 579 China's increasing lard exports, Anderson 579 Feeding experiments with horses, Hofman-Bang 579 The horses represented in art, Schoenbeck 579 Draft horse breeding in America, Robbins 579 The commercial motor truck v. the horse. Perry 580 Dogs and all about them, Leighton 580 Chickens, Johnson 580 Labor-saving poultry appliances, Rice and Rogers 580 Poultry houses and fixtures, Rice et al 580 VIII CONTENTS. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Page. [History of dairying in the United States] 580 Dairying in Jamaica, Pengelley 580 Cattle and dairying in the Punjab, 1910, Stow 580 Dairying map of New South Wales 580 Report on milk records for season 1909, Howie 580 Cow testing, Singleton 580 Half a ton of butter per cow per year, Van Pelt 580 Cost of producing milk, Whitaker 580 A comparison of soy-bean cake and linseed cake rations, Ott de Vries 581 Yohimbine, Hasak 581 The absorption of drugs by milk in the mammary glands, Koldewijn 581 Composition of milk, Pape 581 The increase of the fat-free dry substance in milk by creaming, Formenti 581 Influence of amount of rennet and temperature on milk, Brauler 581 A note on an organism producing a burnt-milk taste, Sadler 582 The bacillus of long life, Douglas 582 The practical value of bacterial examinations of milk and cream, Jordan 582 The microscope in the dairy, Scott 582 Clean milk: Requirements from production to consumption, Yates and Brand. . 582 The modern milk pail, Harding, Wilson, and Smith 582 Covered pails mean cleaner milk. Hall 583 Milk legislation 583 Further observations of the milk supply of Washington, D. C, Magruder 583 Certified milk in New York State 583 The cream supply. Hopper 583 Notice of judgment 583 Modern butter making and dairy arithmetic, Meyer 583 A visit to the Riitti-Zollikofen Dairy School, Farrington 583 Theory and practice of cheese making. Maze 583 Fancy cheese in America, Publow 584 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Biology, general and medical, McFarland 584 Lectures in regard to infection and immunity, Miiller 584 General register for Zeitschrift fur Immunitdtsforschung und experimentelle Thcrapie, Friedberger and Ungermann 584 Toxicity of heterologous sera and criteria of anaphylaxis, Biedl and Kraus 584 The antitryptic, isolytic, and heterolytic power of the blood serum, Finzi 585 Immunizing agents and therapeutic sera in veterinary practice, Dalrymple 585 About a method of drying serum, Frankel and Elfer 585 The part played by chemical synthesis in the development of chemotherapy. . . 585 Ehrlich's chemotherapy — a new science, Schweitzer 585 A description of the Ehrlich-Hata preparation 606 585 About an endotoxin of the Micrococcus melitensis, Bernard 585 The precipitin reaction in erysipelas, Vanney 585 Contagiousness of Malta fever 586 "Muhinyo," a disease of natives in Uganda, Bruce et al 586 Combating tetanus in animals with specific tetanus antitoxin, Holterbach 586 Experiments to ascertain if cattle may act as a reservoir of the virus of sleeping sickness ( Trypanosoma gambiense), Bruce et al 586 Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Uganda, I-III, Bruce et al 586 Contribution to experimental tuberculosis in sea fishes, von Betegh 586 Conversion of the human type of tubercle bacillus into the bovine type, Eber. 587 Absence of living tubercle bacilli from old tuberculous lesions in man, Cobbett. 587 Transference of tuberculin hypersensitiveness, Onaka 587 The significance of the tuberculin titer for diagnosis, Erlandsen and Petersen . . 587 The inconstancy of the diazo reaction in the urine of the tuberculous, Weiss. . . 587 Report on combating bo\'ine tuberculosis in Sweden up to 1909, Regner 587 Vaccinating against hemoglobinuria in bovines, Schultze 588 The cause of "apoplexy " in winter-fed lambs. Wing 588 Linguatulosis fatal to the goat, Moussu 588 Sarcocysts in the camel in Egypt, Mason 588 Krafft's vaccination against swine plague, von Lojewski 589 Bacteria resembling paratyphoid B in the intestinal tract of the horse, Huber.. 589 Vaccination against equine influenza, Pommrich 589 CONTENTS. IX Page. The diagnosis of rabies, Reichel 589 Fowl cholera and methods of combating it, Hadley 589 ArrKBba meleagridis, Smith 590 Amoeba meleagridis, Cole and Hadley 590 Paralysis in the ostrich, Robertson 590 Life history of the ostrich wireworm {Strongylus douglassii), Robertson 591 RURAL ECONOMICS. The International Institute of Agriculture and its first labors, Volta 591 Further papers on the International Agricultural Institute, Elliott et al 591 [Agricultural organizations and the cooperative movement], Lorenzoni et al.. 591 State assistance to agriculture in Denmark, Turner 591 The general basis and auxiliary resources of agriculture in Germany, Bornemann . 591 The reestablishment of the peasantry, von Friesenhof 592 The economic principles and duties of cooperative credit societies, Criiger. . . . 592 Advantages to a dairy cooperative society of a savings and loan bank, Schultze. 592 Concerning the development of the German cooperative societies, Grabein 592 Regulations for the execution of the law of January 2, 1910 592 Report on agricultural mutual insurance societies in Tunis, Varrey 592 The insurance against accidents at agricultural labor, Mazzini 593 Agricultural statistics. — Chattel mortgages, Duff 593 The cereal harvest in the Northern Hemisphere, Ricci §93 Annual review of the grain trade, Broomhall 593 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural instruction in public high schools of the United States, Robison. . 593 Com-se of study in agriculture, Frear 594 Soil studies. Working 594 Pen pictures of standard cotton grades, McArthur 594 [Meteorology and nature study] 594 Potatoes and oats as nature-study topics, Patterson 594 Seeds and seedlings. Working 595 Weeds, Holtz 595 Poultry laboratory guide, Lewis 595 Poultry contest, Dryden 595 Sewing lessons for rural schools 595 School gardens and kindergartens, Pudor 595 School gardens in St. Paul, Lange 595 List of books recommended for grange libraries 595 Some good books for farmers and others interested in the country. Green 596 MISCELLANEOUS. Twentieth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1910 596 Twentieth Annual Report of Wyoming Station, 1910 596 Report of the department of agriculture of Sweden, 1908, von Feilitzen 596 Report of the department of agriculture of Norway, 1909, Tandberg 596 Report of Ultuna Agricultural Institute, 1909 596 Foreign literature relating to soils and agronomy, 1906 and 1907, Christensen. . 596 Some observations from a visit to America, BoggUd 596 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. California Station: Bui. 208, Jan., 1911 551 Bui. 209, Jan., 1911 583 Bui. 210, Jan., 1911 535 Connecticut State Station : Bien. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 6 565 Bien. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 7 553 Hawaii Station : Press Bui. 28 539 Illiuoia Station : Bui. 148, Nov., 1910 537, 538 Circ. 147, Dec, 1910 582 Kansas Station : Feeding Stuffs Buls. 10-16, May-Nov., 1910 572 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 234, Nov. 28, 1910 528 New York Cornell Station : Bui. 283, Aug., 1910 550,557 Bui. 284, Nov., 1910 580 Bui. 285, Nov., 1910 578, 588 Bui. 286, Nov., 1910 560 New York State Station: Bui. 326, Dec, 1910 582, 583 Bui. 327, Dec, 1910 540 Bui. 328, Dec, 1910 549 Tech. Bui. 15, Nov., 1910 561 Tech. Bui. 16, Dec, 1910 573 Stations in the United States — Cont'd. Page. Ohio Station: Bui. 217, May, 1910 544 Bui. 218, June, 1910 539 Circ 105, Sept. 1, 1910 527 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 144, Nov., 1910 589 Washington Station: Popular Bui. 29, Apr., 1910.. . 567 Popular Bui. 30, May, 1910. . . 561 Twentieth An. Rpt. "1910 596 Wyoming Station: Twentieth An. Rpt. 1910 517, 526, 535, 578, 596 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Food Inap. Decision 130 567 Notices of Judgment 710-716 . . . 567, 583 Bureau of Chemistry : Circ. 66 516 Circ 67 512 Forest Service: The Use Book — Water Power, 1911 548 Division of Publications: Circ. 7 517 Circ. 8 557 Note.— The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per volume, and two volumes are issued annually. It may be purchased from the superintendent of documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances snould be made. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. ILLUSTRATION. Fig. 1. Apparatus for determining permeability of soils in place. Page. 523 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIV. May, 1911. No. 6. A vice-presidential address delivered at the Minnesota meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science by- Prof. Charles S. Minot is well worth the careful study of every worker in science. It deals with the method of science, a topic which concerns investigation in every line, but upon which little is to be found in the literature of science to guide the student in attaining sound conceptions and standards. It has a special value for inves- tigators in agricultural science, where the standards are less well established than in the old or pure sciences, and where the desire and the pressure to accomplish results which will have an immediate practical application often lead to haste and a departure from the general principles which should guide original scientific research. To the active investigator the philosophical considerations of this subject and the writings of logicians are not especially attractive reading. Their treatment is tedious and often unprofitable to such as he, and makes it difficult for him to derive clear helpful impres- sions or inspiration. On the other hand, there seems to be no pre- vious definite study and presentation of the principles of original research made from the standpoint of the investigator in science. The writings on the subject are scrappy and lacking in systematic treatment. Impressions of these principles are acquired largely in an indirect way, by association and by study, and find expression in the expert in a mental attitude and habit. Dr. Minot's address is a scholarly analysis of the subject, presenting the principles and motive of research in language which the man of science who is not a trained philosopher or professional logician can understand and profit by. It is both illuminating and entertaining, and from it may be gained much of the spirit of science as well as its method. In the beginning Dr. Minot cautions against a narrow restriction of interest and appreciation to such portions of science as have an immediate application, as distinguished from the broader field of pure abstruse science. He shows that applied science is and prob- ably always will be distinctly subsidiary to pure science. " The final justification of all scientific research is undoubtedly the power it 501 502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. creates for the use of mankind, but the joower must be created before it can be used." This distinction is not always made, either by the public or by men engaged in investigation which aims at practical results. It is a common mistake to overlook the fact that the prin- ciples underlying an agricultural problem must first be studied be- fore the problem itself can be solved. The fuller realization of this is a good introduction to the method of science. Defining his subject, Dr. Minot explains that "the method of sci- ence " means more than " logic," involving far more than the logical considerations of a subject. He expresses the belief that the logical work of men of science is usually well done. " The difficulties and the majority of failures are due, it seems to me, to two chief causes — the first, inadequate determination of premises, and second, exagger- ated confidence in the conclusions. If I am right, the method of science is the result of the eft'ort to get rid of these two causes of error." And again: "There is nothing to distinguish the scientific method from the methods of everyday life except its presentation. It is not a difference in kind or quality, but a quantitative difference, which marks the work of the true scientist and gives it validity. Such being the case, a broad examination of the method of science reduces itself to the study of the general principles of securing accuracy." The quality of scientific knowledge is illustrated by the distinction between everyday impressions and opinions, which are. vague and lacking in evidence, and a scientific observation. The preservation of the evidence is the fundamental characteristic of scientific work, by which it differs radically from the practice of ordinary life. This leads to defining the method of science as " the art of making durable trustworthy records of natural phenomena," a definition which is more broad and comprehensive than at first appears, as the author shows during the course of his address. "All science is constructed out of the jDcrsonal knowledge of indi- vidual men. Science is merely the collated record of what single individuals have discovered. Accordingly, we must consider, first, the way in which the individual knowledges are recorded and col- lated. The process begins, of course, with the publications of the special scientific memoir in which the investigator records his origi- nal observations and makes known his conclusions." Our present standards for original memoirs have developed gradually. Harvey in his essay on the circulation of the blood, published in 1628, gives no precise data as to his observations or how often he repeated them. Authoritative and compelling as his writing appears, he offers little aid toward the repetition or verification of his results. This is true of other writers of that time and later. EDITORIAL. 503 In contrast to this, " in a cotemporary article we expect a presen- tation of all the data necessary to render subsequent verification by other observers possible. We further expect clear information as to the amount of material on which the observations were made or the number of experiments on which the work is based. In other words. a modern investigator will hardly receive consideration for his researches unless he furnishes every aid he can to facilitate criticizing and testing his results. This severe standard has been only gradually evolved, but is now stringently enforced in all departments of science, and is the response in our practice to our need of eliminating the purely personal factor. It would be advantageous if scientific authors generally viewed the obligation of providing for verification as an even more serious duty than it is esteemed at present." Scierce grows by the accretion of ideas. It is based on personal knowledge. It is developed not merely by successive accumulations from a large number of workers, but also by incessant debate and mutual criticism. It is the product of collaboration, none the less actual and effective because it is unorganized. Hence, " the second step in science making, after recording the new original observations so as to make them accessible to others, is the collation of these same observations into broad general results. The aim is to eliminate the personal factor and to impart the character of impersonal absolute validity to the conclusions. " In addition to the original memoirs science profits by a large number of publications, almost all of v/hich are of modern, often of very recent, creation. Broadly speaking, their aim is to promote that collation which is begun in the original memoirs. Germany is the home of most of these undertakings, which are familiar to us under the names of ' J ahresherichte,^ ' C entrdlhldtter^ and ' Ergehnisse.'' " Following these agencies come the handbooks, which, although more remote from the original investigation, are historically older than the annual reviews and abstract journals. lAHiile formerly one man could master his whole science and keep up with the new discoveries, to-day this is impossible, and hence the modern scientific handbook is a composite, a result of cooperation in which specialists contribute the chapters on their respective divisions of the subject. The present method of recording and collating scientific discoveries, therefore, comprises three stages : " First^ the record of the individual personal knowledge ; second, the conversion of the personal knowledge by A^erification and collation into valid impersonal knowledge; thirds the systematic coordination and condensation of the conclusions. . . . As soon as the discoveries are properly collated and suffi- ciently verified they become permanent parts of science. Many defi- nitions of science have been given, and did time permit it might be 504 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD, profitable to quote some of them — but is it not sufficient to define science as knoivledge which has acquired impersojutl validity f " Coming to the matter of records, these are recognized as being fundamental in shaping the investigation and furnishing the motif for the processes involved. Apparatus and appliances and methods have their real purpose in the securing of trustworthy records. While these records are primarily to help the original investigator, they are preserved to assist his successor in checking and repeating his work, " Scientific records have a far wider scope than ordinary business records, which merely put down details that can not be carried in the memory. Science strives constantly after new ways of recording and demonstrating facts which would otherwise be imperfectly known, or not known at all, and at the same time of eliminating the personal factor by getting the data into a form to assist others in the work of verification." This gives to the records of investigation a new conception and importance. It leaves no uncertainty as to the obligation and responsibility for their accumulation and preserva- tion in intelligent form. " The progress of science is marked by the advance in the art of making research records. We all admit, in other words, that the progress of science depends partly on the perfecting of old methods, but chiefly on the invention of new ones. Despite the enormous va- riety in their nature and aims, all our technical methods have this in common, that their real purpose is to yield us records. Our micro- scopes, spectroscopes, measuring instruments, and many another apparatus have indeed their primary scope in rendering possible ob- servations wdiich are impossible with our unaided senses. • They enlarge our field of inquiry and put precision within our reach. Yet their usefulness is conditioned upon their enabling us to make records which else would remain beyond our power. . . . " It is remarkable that the vast majority of methods and apparatus are contrived to furnish a visible result. Sight has long been ac- knowledged by science as the supreme sense. . . . A\nien we refer to the history of modern medical science we begin with the anatomist Vesalius, because he reintroduced reliance on seeing in place of reli- ance on the reading of old authorities.'' Dr. Minot minimizes the importance of mathematics as a means of expressing the results of science. He opposes the view that no sci- ence is accurate until its results can be expressed mathematically, and while recognizing the immense value of the graphic method, he main- tains that mathematics are inadequate to exj^ress the complex rela- tions with which biology deals. "With human minds constituted as they actually are, we can not anticipate that there will ever be a EDITORIAL.. 505 mathematical expression for any organ, or even a single cell, although formiilfe will continue to be useful for dealing now and then with isolated details." But the aim of science does not stop at the accumulation of exact records. It is directed to the attainment of accurate knowledge develoiDed from these records. This is based upon a series of assump- tions : " First, that there is absolute truth, which includes everything we know or shall know; second, that we ourselves are included in this absolute truth; third, that objective existence is real; fourth, that our sensory perception of the objective is different from the realit3\ These conceptions constitute our fundamental maxims, and even when not definitely put in words they guide all sound scientific research. . . . " The practical result of the four maxims has been that we further assume that all errors are of individual human origin, and that there are no objective errors. We make all the mistakes, nature makes none. To render the pursuit of new knowledge successful, our basic task is to eliminate error, or, in other words, to decide Avhen we have sufficient proof. The elimination of error depends primarily upon insight into the sources of error, which, since methods of all sorts are employed, involves an intimate technical acquaintance with the methods, with just what they can show, with what they can not show, and with the misleading results they may produce. " In the laboratory training of a young scientific man, one chief endeavor must always be to familiarize him with the good and the bad of the special methods of his branch of science. Not until he thoroughly understands the character and extent of both the prob- able and the possible errors is he qualified to begin independent work. His understanding must comprise the three sources of observational error, namely, the variation of the phenomena, the imperfections of the methods, and the inaccuracy of the observer. The personal equa- tion always exists, although it can be quantitatively stated only in a small minority of cases, " The history of science at large, the history of each branch of science, and the personal experience of every active investigator all equally demonstrate that the greatest source of error is in our inter- pretations of the observations, and this difficulty depends, it seems to me, more than upon any other one factor, upon our unconquerable tendency to let our conclusions exceed the supporting power of the evidence. Since generalization is the ultimate goal, we are too easily inveigled into assuming probabilities to be certainties and into treat- ing theories, and even hypotheses, as definite conclusions. Each gen- eration of investigators in its turn spends much time killing off and 506 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. burying older erroneous interpretations. The business is seldom accomplished by direct attack, for error perishes only in the light of truth, as micro-organisms are said to perish suddenly when struck by ultraviolet rays. Owing to the load of false theories, we work like a mental chain gang and are never unfettered. The handicap im- posed by wrong hypotheses has always impeded the growth of science." Agriculture is rich in illustrations of false hypotheses and wrong theory. Many of these trace back to beliefs in practice which have become deep-seated traditions, and which are frequent stumbling- blocks to the investigator in his work and to the teacher in applying the results of scientific deductions. This is partly because the art developed in advance of the science and partly because of the com- plexity of phenomena as presented in agriculture. Farming by the moon long held sway, and to test the possibility of any foundation for these theories a series of experiments was started several years ago by a French investigator upon the effect of the moon's phases in relation to the time of planting seeds. In the science of agriculture the problems are so intricate and complicated as to give little wonder that misleading deductions have been made, and erroneous theories have temporarily been given the stamp of scientific truth. But this emphasizes the need of adequate proof, which, as Dr. Minot says, is the pivot of all research. Judgment as to when proof is adequate varies widely, and stand- ards of practice are not always apparent. "It would certainly aid science if some competent philosopher should make a study of the practice of investigators in the various branches of science sufficient to render clear the general principles by which investigators decide when a new observation or a new in- duction is sufficiently proven. If we follow the advance of research in any particular direction, we soon realize that there is a more or less definite standard of proof, which, though never clearlj^ formu- lated, is none the less insisted upon, so that any paper which does not come up to this standard is subject to unfavorable criticism. Two elements of this standard we know, the first the elimination of the recognized sources of error; second, the repetition of the observations so that the constancy of the phenomenon is assured. "The investigator lives in an atmosphere of concentrated uncer- tainty, for he is convinced that at any time new data may turn up and that all generalizations are likely to require modification. We might well adopt as our cry — Incredulity toward the known; open credulity toward the unknown. "We think of science as a vast series of approximations, and our task is constantly to render our approximations closer to absolute EDITORIAL. ■ ^ 507 truth, the existence of which we take for granted. We use our ap- proximations as best we may, treating them in large part and at least for the time being as if they were accurately true, yet meanwhile we remain alert to better them. This has long been the standard of scientific thought." The kernel of this interesting discussion is tersely summed up in the following sentences : " The method of science is not special or peculiar to it, but only a perfected application of our human resources of observation and reflection — to use the words of Von Baer, the greatest embryologist. To secure reliability the method of science is, first^ to record everything with which it deals, the phenomena them- selves and the inferences of the individual investigators, and to record both truly; second^ to verify and correlate the personal knowledges until they acquire impersonal validity, which means in other words that the conclusions approximate so closely to the absolute truth that we can be safely and profitably guided by them. The method of science is no mystic process. On the contrary, it is as easily compre- hended as it is infinitely difficult to use perfectly, and at its best the method supplies merely available approximations to the absolute. " We set science upon the throne of imagination, but we have crowned her with modesty, for she is at once the reality of human power and the personification of human fallibility." We have great need in our agricultural investigation of a high realization of the method of research. This does not apply alone to the work carried on under the Adams fund, but should guide all the experimental activities of the stations, for it is that which dis- tinguishes their work and deductions from those of everyday opin- ion. How essential, then, that the independent worker in every de- partment of the subject should be thoroughly imbued with this method and all that it implies. Although the research in agriculture is mainly in the field of ap- plied science, we are realizing more fully eveiy year that it must reach down to the fundamental and theoretical phases of the subject. We make sure progress only as this is done. The line between pure and applied science is largely an imaginary one, and research on a prac- tical subject often leads over into the realm of pure science before it is realized. The main difference between these two kinds of science is the immediate purpose of the student and the limitation which he feels himself under. Pure science of to-day becomes highly prac- tical and applied science to-morrow or next year, and the method and principles of both are the same. The process by which knowl- edge is acquired for a utilitarian end and the product itself are as pure as the most abstruse and theoretical studies. 87402°— No. 6—11 2 508 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The term " pure science " has been a bugbear to many investigators in agriculture. Their fear of being accused of straying into that field has been due to the surveillance they were under. It has restricted their studies and their range of vision in a manner which has often been reflected in a lack of finality of their conclusions. The fact that agricultural investigation is so young and has bor- rowed so largely from other sciences, and that the public demands and expectations are so insistent and often unreasonable, makes an unusual need of clearness and conviction on the part of its scientific workers and a moral support and defense of them in their effort. This sustaining power and protection must come first from the offi- cials of the stations, those who are responsible for its policy and man- agement and are from their position expected to exercise foresight and forebearance, based on an appreciation of the method and spirit of science; and through them it must reach out to a considerable body of the j^eople through the agricultural press, associations, and various other agencies. Progress in this direction is happily one of the most encouraging signs of the day. The encouragement of thor- oughgoing study finds at present increasing support and provision against interruption. The public now realizes what science may do for the industry of agriculture; it must be taught to realize the limitations of a small group of men serving the people of a vast State, and the need of opportunity for them to work out this science step by step in their own way, without being pressed to make short cuts and reach imma- ture conclusions. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. The constituents of asparagus and asparagus roots, J. L. Wickers and B. ToLLENs (Jour. Landw.. 58 {1910), No. 2, pp. 101-112). — This work was con- ducted for the purpose of determining certain physiological factors which have to do with the reserve substances in the asparagus plant. The results showed that during the month of April more carbohydrates, easily hydrolyzable to glucose, were present in the main root and side roots than during the month of July. More nitrogen-free extractive substances, contain- ing the easily hydrolyzable hemicellulose and sugars (E. S. R., 22, p. Ill), were present in the side roots in April than in July, but in the main roots no difference could be determined in this respect for the different months. Crude fiber and pentosans were present in greater amount in the main roots, but in both kinds of roots the crude fiber and pentosan content was highest during July. On subtracting the easily hydrolyzable carbohydrates and pentosans the re- maining nitrogen-free extractive substances contained in the main roots were found to be greater than those contained in the side roots. The fat content of the asparagus root is small, and its amount has the same time relation as that of both crude fiber and pentosans. The largest amount of nitrogen was present in the side roots, where it was greatest in July. In the main roots the nitrogen content was about the same in April and July. The ash content was greatest in the main roots at all periods, and reached its maximum in April. The side roots contained less mineral matter in April than in July. The potassium in the main roots was found to be diminished in July, while that of the side roots was greatest at that time. Phosphoric acid was present to a greater extent in the side roots and the largest amount was found in July. The carbohydrates of the asparagus plant, J. L. Wickers and B. Tollens {Jour. Landw., 58 {1910), No. 2, pp. 113-116). — The results of an examination of the roots and buds showed that the roots probably contain glucose in the free state or as a part of another carbohydrate. Fructose was also present, but lactose could not be detected. The authors were in doubt in regard to sac- charose. The juice from the buds was also found to contain glucoses but no polysaccharids. Mannit was probably present. See also the work of Tanret (E. S. R., 22, p. 112). The soluble carbohydrates in asparagus roots, F. W. Morse {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, S3 {1911), No. 2, pp. 211-215). — The material utilized for this work consisted of finely powdered samples of the individual root systems freed from dirt and dried at 50° C. They were secured during the month of November, the second year after setting, and when the translocation from the tops was be- lieved to be complete. The average proximate composition of the dry substance in 16 roots was as follows: Protein 11.03, fat 1, fiber 15.39, nitrogen-free extract 66.34, and ash 6.24 per cent. These results show that the soluble nonnitroge- nous matter included most of the reserve material of the roots, 509 510 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Twelve roots out of 25 showed a complete absence of reducing sugars, the remaining ones having only traces present. Total sugars were very abundant (from 26.4 to 50.8 per cent). The pentosan content for 16 samples ranged from 7.32 to 10.68 per cent of the dry substance. Galactans, which were de- termined in 4 individual samples and 1 composite sample, averaged 1.04 per cent. The diastatic method did not yield any reducing sugar, and only when the filtrates therefrom were treated with hydrochloric acid was there an aver- age of 8.6 per cent of reducing sugar obtained, calculated as glucose. As the same 6 samples averaged 8.67 per cent of pentosans, calculated from furfural- phloroglucid, it is not probable that hydrolyzable carbohydrates are present which are accounted for by the analytical methods. The analyses of the 16 roots in this connection showed a composition of sugars calculated as invert sugar of 41.43 per cent, pentosans S.78 per cent, and galactans 1.04 per cent. The carbohydrates which formed over 40 per cent of the dry matter are probably fructose and glucose, the former being in gi-eat excess. Enzymic condensation of sugars, E. Pantanelli and G. Faure {Atti B. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Hci. Fis., Mat. c Nat., 5. sen, 19 (1910), I, No. 7, pp. S89-394; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London^, 9S {1910), No. 572, I, pp. .'t50, 451). — If Aspergillus orysw is grown on a liquid or solid medium containing starch, the amylolytic activity of the mold increases, even after the formation of spores. The maximum is reached after from 30 to 40 days at 25° C. An enzym is present which is capable of condensing dextrose or invert sugar, but which only appears after growing for from 35 to 40 days and where a decline of the starch digesting capacity begins to take place. The euzyms gradually increase to the eighth month, and then begin to disappear. Amylase, maltase, and invertase were sparingly present in cultures 1 year old. Maltose in neutral solutions is not condensed by the aiycelium or by nqneous or glycerol extracts of A. oryzw, but if a little alkali is present condensation occurs in a sirup which contains as little as from 8 to 10 per cent and as much as from 68 to 70 per cent of maltose. In regard to the constitution of vicianose; diastatic hydrolysis, G. Ber- TRAND and G. Weisweiller (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 4, pp. 325-327). — The authors show that the hydrolysis of vicianose proceeds according to the following equation : CnH2oOio+H20=C6Hi206+C5Hio05. Ac- cording to this, vicianose must be composed of a hexose and a pentose and is therefore a disaccharid. The filtration of rennet and pepsin, C. Funk and A. Niemann (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 68 (1910), No. 3-4, pp. 263-272) .^The tests show that a solu- tion of rennet neutral to phenolphthalein can be filtered through a Chamberland filter without destroying its activity, while pepsin on the other hand and under the same conditions becomes inert. The authors point out that this difference is only apparent, since if the rennet solution were as acid as the pepsin solu- tion the same amounts of alkali would have to be added to each, and this would then result in an inhibition of activity in the rennet. Some further tests showed that the filtrate from pepsin which was treated with a 1 per cent solution of ammonium sulphate became inactive, while rennet did not. This was also shown to be only an apparent difference, due to the amount of ammonium sulphate added being always dependent upon the amount of ferment present. The inactivation of rennet by shaking, Signe and Sigval Schmidt-Nielsen (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 6S (1910), No. 5-6, pp. 317-343).— As a continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 22, p. 302), rennet extracts which were partly inac- AGRICULTURAL, CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 511 tivated by forcible shaking were found to regain the greater part of their activity when allowed to stand in the same vessel for a short time. On the other hand, if the extract was at once transferred to another container no restoration took place. The authors explain this phenomena by stating that the shaking process brings about a concentration of the enzym on the foam formed by shaking and on the other surfaces. This was proved experimentally. They regard the nonreversible part of the inactivated enzym as adsorbed. Contribution to our knowledg'e of amylase, A. Wohl and E. Glimm (Bio- chem. Ztschr., 27 {1910), No. 5-6, j)p. 349-375).— This work deals with the causes of the incomplete hydrolysis of starch by amylase. The effect of dif- ferent concentrations of maltose, saccharose, dextrose, levulose, galactose, man- nose, dextrin, intermediary dextrins, and heat was studied. Dextrose was found to be the strongest inhibitor and mannose the weakest. Saccharose and levulose had no effect on the hydrolytic process. The nuclease of the mammary gland, A. Borrino (Arch. FisioL, 8 {1909), No. 1, pp. 73-80; ahs. in Zenthl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 10 {1910), No. 12-13, p. 603). — Nuclease is only present in the mammary gland during lacta- tion. Its presence indicates an active nuclein metabolism and is against Basch's theory « that casein is formed from nucleic acid and serum albumin. Possibly the phosphorus which is split oft' by nuclease plays a part in the formation of casein. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 22, p. 778). Some further investigations in regard to the use of silk peptone for de- tecting peptolytic ferments, E. Abderhalden and E. Steinbeck {Ztschr. Physiol. Chan., 68 {1910), No. 3-4, pp. 312-316).— Attev describing the process for preparing silk peptone and the technique for detecting peptolytic ferments (E. S. R., 23, p. 708), the authors describe their results with pathological tissues and the stage at which peptolysis occurs during the development of the embryo. Biochemical and toxicological studies upon a number of species of Peni- cillium, C. L. Alsberg and O. F. Blacic {Abs. in Science, n. scr., 32 {1910), No. 823, pp. 478', 479). — The results of this preliminary report show that there is much lack of uniformity in the toxic products produced by the mold of the genus Penicillium, and that only one of the specimens examined gave the characteristic ferric chlorid reaction for phenol. Behavior of molds toward the stereoisomers of unsaturated dibasic acids, A. W. Dox {Jour. Biol. Chem., 8 {1910), No. 3, pp. 265-267 ; abs. in Chem. Abs., 5 {1911), No. 1, pp. 100, 101). — Five species of Penicillium and Aspergillus were studied in regard to the utilization of the carbon from funiaric, valeric, mesa- conic, itaconic, and citraconic acids. Fumaric acid was used by all the species, valeric acid by a few, itaconic acid with a little more difBculty, and mesaconic and citraconic not at all. Oxidation by mold fungi, A. Meier {Uber Oxyclation durch Schimmelpilse. Diss., Tech. Hochschule Karlsruhe, 1909, pp. 94, fig. 1). — This work, which was done chiefly with Penicillium glaucum, shows that the cleavage of race- mates by mold fungi is also dependent upon oxidation. On the oxidation of pyrogallol by hydrogen peroxid in the presence of plant extracts, H. H. Bunzel {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 32 {1910), No. 823, p. 475). — "Evidence is given that the oxidation of pyrogallol to purpurogallin by hydrogen peroxid in the presence of plant extracts takes place in two stages. The first is carried on by the hydrogen peroxid, the second by the oxidizing enzym in the plant extract." « Jahrb. Kinderheilk., 47 (1898), p. 90. 512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Progress in systematic qualitative organic analysis, S. P. Mxtlliken (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 32 {1910), No. 9, pp. 10^9-1057). — A discussion as to the value of various methods of classifying organic substances for identification. Researches in regard to the precipitins of honey, B. Galli-Valeeio and M. BoRNAND {Ztschr. Immunitatsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 7 {1910), No. 3, pp. 331-341 ) . — The results show that by injecting the protein of honey from various sources into rabbits a serum could be obtained which was specific for the honey from which the protein was derived. The method is of particular value for detecting adulteration with artificial honey. Detection of invert sugar in commercial honey, H. Quantin {Ann. Chim. Analyt., 15 {1910), No. 8, pp. 299-301).— From this work the author concludes that the presence of the furfurol reaction in honey prepared by expression but without heat always indicates an adulteration. On the other hand, the presence of the furfurol reaction in honey extracted by heat does not indicate adulter- ation with certainty because the possibility exists of the production of furfurol during the heating process. The use of the refractometer in the analysis of jams and jellies, marma- lades and confections, W. Clacher {Internat. Sugar Jour., 12 {1910), No. U2, pp. 509-520).— The method is as follows: " Two gm. of the finely powdered sweet are weighed in a dry neckless stop- pered weighing bottle 20 to 40 cc. capacity ; 2 cc. of hot water are added and the sweet digested for a few minutes. Then the bottle with contents is cooled to 20° C, water added to make exactly 4 gm. of water and sweet, the emulsion shaken, and a portion transferred to another small dry stoppered weighing bottle for future reading with the refractometer ; the bottle with the remanider of the emulsion is weighed, and to it added water at 20° to make the amount of water added to 1 gm. of sweetmeat of 5 gm. weight. The refractometric read- ings of these solutions are then read at 20° and from these the percentage sugars is calculated from the tables," which are given. The estimation of small quantities of essential oil in spices, etc., J. A. Brown {Anali/st, 35 {1910), No. J,]-'t, pp. 392-396, fig. 2).— This method is based upon the same principle as the method for total volatile matter, previously de- scribed (E. S. R., 22, p. 513), with the exception that the gaseous products are conducted through an ordinary heated combustion tube containing copper oxid, and the carbon dioxid and water which are formed are collected and weighed. The volatile carbon was found to have a sufiiciently close relation to the amount of volatile oil present. A method for the detennination of tin in canned foods, H. Schreiber and W. C. Taber {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chcm. Circ. 67, pp. 9). — As the various methods, with the exception of Schryver's (E. S. R., 20, p. 11.55), heretofore proposed for estimating the tin in canned foods yielded nonconcordant results, the authors elaborated an alkali fusion method for which the following advantages over the Schryver wet method are claimed: "(1) It decreases the errors of sampling; (2) it decreases the errors due to multiplication when calculating to milligrams per kilogram; (3) there need be no loss of samples if the mate- rial is properly ground and not heated too rapidly on the hot plate; (4) in the wet ashing methods it is necessary to neutralize a large amount of acid before precipitating with hydrogen sulphid." The proposed method is conducted as follows : Weigh out 100 gm. of the sample with 10 gm. of magnesium oxid into an 8-oz. wrought-iron crucible, add 50 cc. of an alkaline solution containing 150 gm. of sodium hydrate and 100 gm. of sodium carbonate per liter, stir well, add 75 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol, and stir again. Then place on a steam bath, and apply a gentle gradual heat AGRICULTURAL, CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 513 to evaporate off the alcohol. After the danger from frothing has ceased put on full heat until completion, and place on a hot plate covered with a sheet of asbestos (temperature from 130° to 160° C), raise the temperature, and boil off the sulphuric acid. Then place in a cold muffle, heat gradually to expel volatile products, and finally burn the carbon avpay. After cooling, cover the residue with water and allow to stand for a few minutes. Then transfer the contents of the crucible by scraping with a spatula and washing, into a 600 cc. beaker, and add slowly 40 cc. of a 1 : 1 sulphuric acid. To the crucible add 10 cc. of dilute sulphuric acid, scrape, and wash the contents into the beaker. When the reaction is over, add to the solution 30 cc. of nitric acid (specific gravity 1.42) and 50 cc. of sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.84), cover and boil briskly on a hot plate until fumes of sulphuric acid are given off, and allow to fume for 10 minutes. After this cool but do not allow to solidify, pass the stem of a funnel bent at an angle over the lip of the beaker, which is covered, and add successively small amounts of water from the wash bottle until violent action has ceased, then rapidly 150 to 200 cc. of water, and remove the funnel and watch glass cover. Wash the contents of the beaker into a 1-liter Erlen- meyer flask, cool, pass in hydrogen sulphid for a few seconds, and add am- monium hydroxid (28 per cent), rotating until the black color of the precipitate persists. Immediately make acid with 1 : 1 sulphuric acid, and add 10 cc. excess of dilute acid. Then dilute to 1 liter with boiling water and continue passing hydrogen sulphid rapidly for 25 minutes more, stopper, and allow to stand over night. After this period heat on the steam bath for ^ hour, rotating 2 or 3 times during the interval, cool partly, filter on a 12.5 cm. filter, and wash 6 times, filling the filter each time with a solution consisting of 50 cc. of glacial acetic acid and 100 cc. of a saturated solution of ammonium acetate made up to 1 liter with water. Finally, return the precipitate and filter to the original Erleu- meyer fiask, add 100 cc. of 20 per cent potassium hydroxid solution, boil over a free flame for a couple of minutes until the solution is clear and the paper disintegrated, decant into a 400 cc. beaker and through a double 12.5 cm. filter paper, and wash the flask and filter with hot water successively until the filtrate comes through colorless. After this add 20 cc. of concentrated hydro- chloric acid, a few drops of phenolphthalein, then hydrochloric acid until the color of the solution disappears, and finally 1 cc. more of the acid. Test with litmus paper, place the solution on a steam bath for 20 minutes, and cover. The next morning, if the solution is not acid make it so with hydrochloric acid, and then add 1 cc. in excess of this. If the supernatant fluid is acid and turbid then make it alkaline with potassium hydrate and bring it back to acidity with acid and add 1 cc. in excess. Heat on the steam bath for i hour, stirring 2 or 3 times during the interval, and then filter through a 12.5 cm. filter. The filtrate must be perfectly clear. Wash the precipitate alternately with distilled water and ammonium acetate solution until free from chlorids, then place it with the filter in a porcelain crucible, dry, char on asbestos gauze, burn, and weigh as stannic oxid. The author points out that no necessity exists for weighing the tin in the metallic state. Comparative results obtained, with this method and Schryver's with vegetables, fruit, and fish are given and show a satisfactory agreement. Salicylic acid reactions, C. Reichard (Pharm. Zentralhalle, 51 {1910), No. 33, pp. 743-71/9). — A general discussion in regard to salicylic acid and its re- actions. The determination of lactose by the copper methods, L. Bourdet {Bui. Sci. Pharmacol., 17 {1910), No. 1, pp. 16-19). — A discussion of the value and 514 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. application of the various methods for estimating lactose by Fehling's solution or modifications thereof. The saccharimeter scale and the means of its verification, C. A. Browne (Abs in Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. 823, p. -^75). — After discussing the vari- ous standards of saccharimeter scales, the methods for verifying the scale divi- sions of the saccharimeter by means of quartz plates, the control tube, and chemically pure sucrose are described. A recalculation of the sucrose value of the scale was made with Landolt's formula, the results of which show that the greatest error due to change of concentration is only 0.01°V., indicating that Schmitz' figure, 0.08, is wrong. The maximum error in graduation due to faulty quartz plates did not in any instance exceed 0.05° V. " The relation between the French and German normal weights for sucrose according to measurements made upon a Laurent ' plaque type ' was 26 gm. to 16.29 gm., which agrees with the weights oflicially prescribed in Germany and France." Invert sugar and its significance for seed beet polarization, H. Plahn- Appiani (BJ. Zuckcrriibenbau, No. 11, pp. 277-282). — The author states that the polarization must be taken as the index for beets in feed beet culture, and that the results of the determination of the dry substance should only be considered a secondary index in beet selection. The polarization and dry substance rarely run parallel, and the latter has a tendency to cover up the saccharose decompo- sition products instead of detecting them. Neither methods can be recom- mended for judging the beets in the fall. The separation and estimation of aspartic and glutaminic acids, T. B. Osborne and L. M. Liddle (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 26 (1910), No. 6, pp. Jt20- 425). — This is a study of methods, and has particular reference to the quanti- tative separation of glutaminic and aspartic acids from leucin. An improved method for this separation is given. Note in reg'ard to determining creatinin, P. Ron a (Biochem. Ztschr., 27 (1910), No. 4, p. 3Ji8). — The author states that ferric hj^droxid may be advantageously employed for removing the proteins in blood solutions in the determination of creatinin according to the Folin method (E, 8. R., 17, p. 165). Worli is also in progress to determine the fitness of this reagent for meat extracts. Testing milk and its products, E. H. Fareington and F. W. Woll (Madison, Wis., 1911, 20. ed., rev. and enl., pp. YI+297, pi. 1, figs. 6J).— This is the twen- tieth revised edition of this work (E. S. R., 9, p. 690). Unification of methods for milk analysis, A. J. J. Vandevelde (Rev. G4n. halt, 8 (1910), No. 16, pp. 371-378).— This consists of material presented before the section of bromatology of the International Congress of Applied Chemistry, London, 1909, and largely noted from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 113). About the estimation of lactose in milk, Bouin (Rev. G6n. Lait, 8 (1910), Nos. 9, pp. 193-201; 10, pp. 230-236; abs. in Rev. G6n. Chim., 12 (1910), No. 18, Repert., p. 365). — A formula is presented for the correction of the error which is introduced during the process of clarifying milk for sugar estimation, and due to the volume of the pi-ecipitate. The detection of added water in milk, H. C. Lythgoe (Mo, Bui. Bd. Health Mass., n. ser., 5 (1910), No. 10, pp. .^19-^26). — The following conclusions are drawn from this work, which continues studies previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 12) : " The indirect calculation of milk sugar serves to indicate whether or not a sample of milk is pure, skimmed, or watered. If the proteins exceed the fat, the sample has been skimmed. If the copper serum has a refraction less than 36, a specific gravity less than 1.0245, or solids below 5.28 per cent, added AGRICULTURAIj chemistry AGROTECHNY. 515 water is indicated. If the refraction of the sour serum is less than 38.3, its specific gravity below 1.0229, or the ash less than 0.73 per cent, added water is indicated. Ten per cent of water may be detected if added to the average milk and 15 per cent can be detected if added to high-grade milk. The copper serum of cream and skimmed milk are about the same as that of the whole milk from which it had been separated." Investig'ations in regard to the ash content of milk sera, R. Saar (Molk. Zig. [Hildesheim], 24 {1910), No. 77, p. lJf55). — This work substantiates the work of other authors (E. S. R., 21, pp. 378, 413), and shows that the varia- tions in the quantity of the ash of the serum may be employed as a criterion to detect added water to milk. A milk with a serum containing less than 0.7 per cent of ash is considered to be adulterated. Decomiwsition or souring of milk has no effect on the results. Estimating the phosphatids in milk, V. Njegovan (Biocheni. Ztschr., 29 (1910), No. 6, pp. ■'t91-Jf93). — This is a preliminary announcement in regard to a method for estimating the phosphatids in milk, in which the milk is dried by Frankel and Elfer's method (page 585) with a definite amount of fused sodium sulphate. The dried milk is then extracted with alcohol at 40 to 50° C. in a Soxhlet extractor. The reductase test compared with other milk hygienic methods of exami- nation, C. Barthel {Mecldel. Centralanst. Forsoksv. Jordbruksomrddet {1910), No. 35, pp. 39, figs. 7). — The author examined 137 samples of Stockholm market milk by the acidity, catalase test, alcohol, and reductase tests, and also made quantitative bacteriological tests of the samples. The relative value of these tests for milk inspection purix)ses is discussed. In making the reductase test he recommends observing the discoloration of the methylene blue solution after 3 hours. Good sanitary milk will not react with the test within this period. The decomposition of milk and the simplest method for determining its nature and degree, W. Morres {Molk. Ztg. [Hildesheim], 2J, {1910), No. 98, pp. 1838, 1839). — ^After reviewing the existing tests proposed for this purpose, the author points out that the alizarin-alcohol test (E. S. R., 22, p. 515) is an ideal and simple method for detecting the nature and degree of decomposition of milks. Some milk and butter tests, R. Pape {Transvaal Dept. Agr., Agr. Sci. Bui. 2, pp. 12, figs. 7). — A short description of the lactodensimeter, Gerber's test for fat, acid test, alcohol test, alizarin test, curdling test, fermentation test, cheese fermentation test, dirt test, and moisture estimation in butter. The examination of butter and margarin, L. Grunhut {Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 49 {1910), Nos. 8, pp. 509-517, figs. 2; 9-10, p. 623-650).— A review of the analytical methods and interpretation of the results for judging butter, oleo- margarine, and allied fats. A short method for detecting and estimating coconut oil in butter and margarin, H. S. Shrewsbury and A. W. Knapp {Analyst, 35 {1910), No. JflJf, pp. 385-392). — This method is based on the fact that a large percentage of the fatty acids of coconut oil, chiefly lauric and myristic, are soluble in a mixture of water and alcohol. Vandam « has also employed this principle, but the pro- cedure is entii'ely different from this. A study of cottonseed oil and cottonseed-oil cake, A. Guiselin {Matures Grasses, 3 {1910), No. 27, pp. 1861-1866).— This is a study in regard to some points in the extraction, refining, and use of the oil for various purposes, and of the oil cake. ^ fl Analyst, 26 ( 1901 ) , p. 320. 516 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. Notes on the testing of coal-tar creosote, J. C Mann {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 12, vp- 732-734, figs. 2). — A discussion and description of methods for examining coal-tar creosote for impregnating wood, etc. Dressing- and curing meat for farm use, W. H. Tomhave and D. A. Gaum- NiTZ (Univ. Minn., Dept. Agr., Ext. Bui. 11, 1910, pp. 20, figs. 13). — This bulletin contains detailed information, with illustrations, in regard to the slaughtering and dressing of hogs, beeves, sheep, and veal on the farm. It also deals with the smoking and curing of meats, the preparation of lard and sausages, and the formation of beef clubs. Influence of low temperatures on the ripening process of fruits and the fermentation of cider, H. C. Goke (Abs. in Osterr. Chem. Ztg., 13 {1910), No. 21, p. 261). — The results of the work show that the chemical changes wrought by cold do not alter the character of the must but only diminish the intensity of the fermentation. The process goes on in a slower but normal manner. With fruits it was determined that a decided decrease in the carbon dioxid output takes place. The manufacture of marmalades, E. Waltee {Pure Products, 7 {1911), No. 1, pp. 11-16, figs. 3). — A general discussion of the subject, which considers the principles of manufacture, the yield, and the machinery employed. The constituents of the wax of candelilla or Mexican wax plant, G. S. FRAPS and J. B. Rather {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 32 {1910), No. 823, p. 478).— The authors isolated a hydrocarbon from this substance which had a melting point of 68° C It was only partly soluble in cold ether or chloroform, but soluble in hot chloroform and difficultly soluble in cold or hot alcohol. The hydrocarbon is probably hentriocontane (CsiHw), which has also been isolated from beeswax. Two other unidentified bodies were also found. See also the work of Hare and Bjerregaard (E. S. R, 23, p. 615). The trials of hop-drying plants, 1909, W. R. Elgak, J. Powell, and L. Briant {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 70 {1909), pp. 196-207, figs. 3).— The results are given of a prize contest for the best hop-drying apparatus offered by the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Cuts illustrating the plan of various forms of apparatus entered are shown. Mechanical sampler, C. Wolters {Chem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 65, p. 579, fig. 1). — A description and illustration of a mechanical sampler for obtaining aver- age samples of salt, minerals, coal, etc. Report of the activities of the agricultural-chemical control station at Halle for 1909, H. C. Mijller {Ber. Agr. Chem. EontroUstat. Halle, 1909, pp. 58). — The report contains the results of the chemical examination of soils, feed- ing stuffs, water, sewage, fertilizers, foods, dairy products, and miscellaneous substances, and of the microscopical examination of seeds, foods, feeding stuffs, water, and miscellaneous substances. A report on the activities of the cultural, the technical, and the various research divisions is also included. Extracts from the proceedings of the Association of Oflicial Agricultural Chemists, 1910 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem,. Circ. 66, pp. 27).— This is a preliminary report of the proceedings, previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 196), of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists for 1910, and contains the rec- ommendations made by the referees and associate referees for nitrogen, potash, soils, inorganic plant constituents, insecticides, waters, foods and feeding stuffs, dairy products, tannin, medicinal plants and drugs, sugars, spices, separation of vegetable and meat proteids, fats and oils, organic and inorganic phosphorus, coffee, tea, cocoa and cocoa products, water determination in foods, baking powders, preservatives, reference tables, cereal products, flavoring extracts, de- Meteorology — water. 51 7 tection of coloring matters, and standardization of alcoliol tables, together witti a report of the committee on by-laws and a list of the officers for the coming year. Publications of the Bureau of Chemistry {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Puhs. Circ. 7, pp. 5). — This is a list of the publications of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department available for distribution. METEOROLOGY— WATEE. The meteorology of the future, C. Abbe (Pop. 8ci. Mo., 78 (1911), No. 1, pp. 21-35). — This article reviews the history of the development of the science of meteorology, explains the forces which control weather phenomena, and dis- cusses some of the problems affecting the future development of the science. The author emphasizes the fact that weather conditions are as a rule con- trolled by great forces acting over immense areas and entirely beyond the control of man with the present knowledge available. He expresses the opinion " that we shall some day long years hence acquire some control of the atmosphere, but at the present time we are not ready for it, neither scientifically nor socially." As regards periodic weather phenomena, the author is of the opinion that such periodicity is too feeble to be of importance or even to be clearly recognized. The climatic changes which seem to have taken place during geological history he thinks may be attributed to changes in orography of the continents and in the distribution of land and water. The use of explosives to produce rain is con- sidered entirely futile. International catalog-ue of scientific literature. F — Meteorology {Internat. Cat. Sci. Lit., 8 (1910), pp. 77/7+293).— The literature indexed in this eighth annual issue of the international catalogue (E. S. R., 22, p. 417) "is mainly that of 1908, but includes those portions of the literature of 1901-1907 in regard to which the index slips were received by the central bureau too late for inclu- sion in the previous volumes. There are also entries dated 1909." Meteorological summary for the year 1909, A. E. Bellis (Wi/oming Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 72-77). — Tables are given which summarize observations during 19 years on temperature and precipitation and during 1909 on temperature, pressure, precipitation, humidity, sunshine and cloudiness, and solar radiation, at Laramie. The mean temperature at Laramie during 1909 was 38.7° F., the maximum, 90°, in July, and the minimum, — 23°, in December. The total pre- cipitation was 9.69 in. The average barometric pressure was 22.98 in. There were no frosts from May 25 to September 22, the period free from frosts being longer than usual, " The weather conditions for the year were generally nor- mal or nearly so, there being no remarkable disturbances, storms, nor wind conditions." [Meteorology and hydrography of the Canal Zone], C. M. Saville (Ann. Rpt. Isthmian Canal Com., 1910, pp. 275-303). — The organization and equipment' of the meteorological and hydrographic service of the Canal Zone are briefly described and data are given for temperature, rainfall, evaporation, seismic disturbances, stream measurements, and the like, for the 18 months ended June 30, 1910. Variations in rainfall and famine in German East Africa, E. Keemeb (Arch. Deut. Seewarte, 33 (1910), No. 1, pp. 6.'f, figs. 19, charts 2).— A critical examination of data bearing upon the relation of the Indian monsoon system to the rainfall of this region is reported, with a bibliography of the subject. No very reliable basis of predicting rainfall for the region is developed from the data. 518 JIXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. [Temperature and rainfall of Cape of Good Hope] (Statis. Reg. Cape Good Hope, 1909, pp. 47, 48). — Tables are given wliich summarize the results of long period observations on temperature and precipitation at a number of places in ttiis Province. Composition of Barbados rainfall (Bpt.Agr. Work Barhados, Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, 1907-1909, p. 3). — ^A table is given which shows the amount, dis- tribution, and composition of the rainfall at Dodds from December, 1907, to May, 1909. The total amount for the period was 55.67 in., supplying approxi- mately 180.5 lbs. of chlorin and 6.88 lbs. of nitrogen per acre. By far the larger proportion of the nitrogen was in the form of nitrates. Report on lightning strokes in Schleswig-Holstein, H. Brodeesen (Sch?: Naturw. Ver. Schles. Hoist., U (1909), No. 2, pp. 225-275, pi. i).— Detailed data on this subject dating back as far as 1S74 are reported and discussed. It is shown that 362 out of each million buildings in Schleswig-Holstein, which has an area of about 7.200 square miles, are annually struck by light- ning. The number of buildings struck in the open country is nearly double that struck in the towns. The strokes were much more frequent and the damage was two and one-half times as great with buildings with thatched or wooden roofs as with slate or metal roofs. The greatest damage occurred on the aver- age during the last third of July, the greatest number of electric storms occurring during that period. The greatest number of electric discharges was observed between 4 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon. All kinds of trees were struck, but certain kinds more frequently than others, depending upon the character of the bark and wood, which in some cases fur- nish a poorer conductor and thus afford greater protection than others. Pop- lars were most frequently struck. Of 239 trees struck in 15 years, 109 were poplars. 26 oaks, 3 linden, 21 ash, 11 fruit, 10 willow, 10 pine, 6 alder, 3 elm, 1 birch, and 1 beech. It was observed that strokes were two and one-half times more frequent in marshy than in dry sections, and that the frequency of strokes decreased with forest growth and increased with its removal. There was no evidence that chimneys attract lightning, but it seems quite clear that weather vanes do. Trees do not protect nearby buildings. Thirty persons and 393 animals were killed during the 15 years covered by these observations; 290 persons were struck (19 fatally) indoors and 22 (11 fatally) out-of-doors. A study of hail protection appliances, J. Violle (Ann. Dir. Hydratil. et Am6lior. Agr., Ml». Agr. [France], 1907, No. 36, pp. 117-120). — The experience in cannonading against hail is briefly reviewed. Among the conclusions drawn is that only systematic and vigorous cannonading can hope to produce any protective effect and it is doubtful whether this will have any deterrent effect upon sudden and violent storms. Hydrological role of marshes, E. Oppokov (Selslc. Khoz. i Liesov., 230 (1909), Sept., pp. 37-57; ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Lojndm.), 11 (1910), No. 3, pp. 369-372).— The author combats the opinion, dating from the time of Humboldt, that marshes absorb and. store water in rainy seasons and give it up gradually to streams during dry periods. On the basis of observations on the basin of the Dnieper and on rivers of adjoining territory he shows that the intensified evaporation from marshes in periods of drought not infrequently results in the total drying up of the marshes. Such dry marshes develop a great capacity for water and readily absorb subsequent precipitations as well as the seepage waters from the higher ground, inter- cepting them on the way to the rivers and thus conducing to a decreased return of water to the rivers. METEOROLOGY WATER, 519 Water problems, W. M. Booth {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chetn., 2 {1910), No. 12, pp. 503-510, figs. 9). — Analyses of snow collected 2 miles from the center of Syracuse are reported and discussed with reference to natural con- tamination of rain and snow. The article is, however, devoted mainly to descriptions of methods and apparatus used in water purification for industrial purposes. The practical sterilization of potable waters by means of the ultraviolet rays of light, J. C. Thresh and J. F. Beale (Lancet [London], 1910, II, No. 26, pp. 18-^9-1851). — Reviewing recent experiments with this method, the authors conclude that " there is little doubt that for small installations and for suitable waters, when electrical current is available, treatment with ultraviolet rays will be more economical than any other process yet devised, but it remains to be seen whether, under such ciix-umstances, it will be able to compete with the chlorin process as now simplified and improved." The sterilizing ultraviolet ray (Sci. Amer. Sup., 10 (1910), No. 1825, p. 404, figs. 2). — The Nogier process is briefly described. The purification of dairy wash, water by means of irrigation (Molk. Ztg. [Hildesheim], 24 (1910), Nos. 7, p. 115; 9, pp. 148-150; 11, p. 185; ais. in Wasser u. Abwasser, 3 (1910), No. 9, p. 362). — This method of disposal proved successful on light sandy soils when care was taken not to use excessive amounts of the wash water and to keep the land in good physical condition. Grass, clover, and trees grow vigorously on the irrigated land. It is not advis- able to pasture animals on the land. Ways and means of having healthy homes and summer resorts, R. Fletcher (N. H. Sanit. Buh, 3 (1911), No. 12, pp. 205-238, figs. iS).— This bulletin deals in a plain, practical way with the disiwsal of household refuse and water-borne sewage ; the modified cesspool or sewage tank with subsurface disposal; a controlled cesspool; dry disposal; disposal of slops, waste, and garbage ; ways of contamination and protection of drinking water ; and construc- tion of wells. Data are also given regarding the cost and size of sewer pipes and their protection from freezing, bills of materials for sewerage systems, protection of garbage from flies, and legal and personal aspects of the sanitation problem. A list of the leading authorities on the sul^ject is added. Clarification of sewage, R. Schmeitzner, trans, by A. E. Kimberly (New York, and London, 1910, pp. XV+II4, pls. 2, figs. 37).— This is an English trans- lation of a German book which gives a detailed account of a trip of inspection to a number of the larger German clariflcation plants. It deals almost exclu- sively with the engineering features of the construction and operation of these plants. The interest in this book from an agricultural standpoint centers mainly in the chapter on sludge removal and treatment for the recovery of by-products, which contains a section on the treatment of sludge for the preparation of ferti- lizer base. The author takes the position that sludge should be used for agri- cultural purposes wherever it is possible to do so, and he calls attention to a process by which suflacient fat and fertilizer may be obtained from sewage containing considerable amounts of fat to pay the cost of the operation. Sewage sludge disposal, W. B. Ruggles (Engin. Rec, 63 (1911), No. 3, pp. 19, 80). — Various methods of sludge disposal as well as the Berlin and Paris methods of sewage irrigation are referred to and the method employed at Bradford, England, for the preparation of sludge fertilizer is described in some detail. In the process used at this place the sludge as it comes from the filter presses, containing about 33 per cent of water, is run into rotai-y driers, where the moisture content is reduced to about 10 per cent. The material comes from the 520 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. driers in the form of dry, round pellets of about the size of peas. In this con- dition it is inoffensive and can be readily shipped in bags or ground to a powder. Two analyses of the dried sludge which are reported show nitrogen 2.15 and 2.61 per cent, respectively, phosphoric acid 0..31 and 0.11 per cent, and potash 0.24 and 0.31 per cent, with an estimated fertilizer valuation of $6.76 and $10.79 per ton, respectively. The material sells at the works for $2.17 per ton. The author is of the opinion that the dried sludge is an ideal fertilizer filler, and estimates that the cost of preparing the material commercially would amount to about $1.66 per ton. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The soil, J. Dumont (La Terre Arable. Paris, J 910, 2. cd., pp. XTI \-32S, figs. 20; rev. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 48 {1910), II, No. 24, p. 766).— This is a sec- ond revised edition of this treatise (E. S. R., 19, p. 619), rendered necessary by the rapid development of science as applied to soiLs. A soil survey of Bandolph, "Wayne, Henry, Rush, Fayette, 'Lrnion, and Franklin counties, Indiana, A. E. Taylor {Ind. Dcpt. Geol. and Nat. Resources Ann. Rpt., 34 {1909), pp. l-'>-127, pis. 2, maps 7). — A soil survey of these counties is reported, in which the following soil types were mapped : Miami clay loam, Miami black clay loam, Huntington loam. Wabash loam, Wabash silt loam, muck, Miami loam, Miami silt loam, oak forest silt loam, limestone slope clay loam, and Hamburg loam. The soils all belong to either the Later Wisconsin or the Illinoisan Drift formation. A soil survey of Vanderburgh, Gibson, and Pike, and parts of Warrick and Spencer counties, Indiana, C. W. Shannon {Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources Ann. Rpt., 34 {1909), pp. 129-261, tils. 11, mnps 5).— From the results of a soil survey of these counties the following soil types were established : Miami silt loam (loess), lake plain soil, alluvial soils, Miami sand, swamp deposits, till and terrace, sand dunes, residual, Waverly clay loam, Waverly silt loam, Waverly clay, Miami fine sandy loam, and Waverly fine sandy loam. The soils of the Upper Burnett, J. C. Brtjnnich {Queensland Agr. Jour., 25 (1910), No. 5, p. 248, talile 1, nuip 1). — ^A geological sketch map is given and data on chemical analyses of soils from various parts of the district are re- ported. It is stated that the soils are of mixed origin and as a rule very fertile, containing unusually high amounts of lime in a very available fox'm. The chemical and mineralogical examination of some Chinese tea soils, W. O. Robinson and W. J. McCaughet (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cheni., 2 (1910), No. 11, pp. 462, 463). — The results of chemical, mechanical, and min- eralogical examinations of 3 samples of Chinese tea soils from the northern central part of the Province of Fukieu are reported. The chemical composition was found to be much the same as that of fertile American soils, but in general type characteristics the soils do not correspond to any yet described in the United States. The salt lands of the Nira Valley, H. H. Mann and V. A. Tamhane (Dept. Agr. Bombay Bui. 39. pp. 35, fig. 1). — It is stated that the development of salt lands in the Nira Canal area is due to seepage from a canal and the consequent raising of the water level of the soil. The salts come from the subsoil water and are composed principally of sodium sulphate and sodium chlorid mixed with varying quantities of magnesium salts. There is very little sodium car- bonate. A system of reclamation by means of resistant crops, frequent irriga- tion, and a series of drains running across the line of natural drainage at short intervals at a depth of 2J ft. has been found very efficient. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 521 Importance and action of soil colloids in the determination of soil surfaces by the Eodewald-Mitscherlich method, P. Ehrenberg {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 23 {1910), No. 39, p. 18^1; Chem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 113, p. 1006; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 {1910), No 20, p. 1217).-~lt is pointed out that air drying of a soil, as is done in the Rodewald-Mitscherlich method (E. S. R., 15, p. 847), appreciably reduces the soil surface, especially when the percentage of humus is high, and consequently lowers the hygroscopicity. The author therefore pro- poses to determine the vapor tension over 10 per cent sulphuric acid on the un- dried soil. Many other agencies besides drying affect the surface area, and soils of almost the same surface area have very different physical properties. Contributions to physical soil investigation, P. Ehrenberg and H. Pick {Ztschr. Forst ii,. Jagdiv., 43 {1911), No. 1, pp. 35~Jf7). — This article is based upon the investigations noted above. Significance of the osmotic pressure and electrolytic conductivity for the study of the soil, J. Konig, J. Hasenbaumer, and H. Metering {Landw. Vers. Stat., Ilf {1910), No. 1^2, pp. 1-56, pi. 1, figs. 5; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Lon- don], 98, 1910, No. 578, II, p. 1104; Zentbl. Agr. Chem., J,0 {1911), No. 2, pp. 73-75). — Investigations on osmotic pressure and electrolytic conductivity in their relation to vegetation are reported. The apparatus used in determining the osmotic pressure consisted of filter candles, a glass cylinder, and a thermo- regulator. The observations on the electrolytic conductivity were made by the Kohlrausch method, using a Wheatstone-Kirchhoff bridge, rheostat, and ther- moregulator. The results were studied in their relation to the kind of soil and its absorptive capacity, the action of different fertilizers, and the effects of different crops. The determination of the osmotic power of the plant to take up water gives good results when the temperature is kept constant. The variations by this method are much less than in earlier investigations, a much more gradual and regular rise and fall in the water-absorptive power being observed. A tempera- ture of from 18 to 20° C. is best, 18° being taken in this case to correspond to that of the electrolytic conductivity. The temperature of 25° formerly used is not recommended because at this temperature a strong diosmose of the salts takes place and considerable quantities of gum are dissolved from cells of the apparatus. The degree of diosmose of salts in the study of the osmotic power of the plant depends upon the nature of the salt and probably upon the charac- ter, i. e., the uniformity of the semipermeable membrane. For substances that are not, or are only slightly, diosmotic this method may be used advantageously in determining the molecular weight. With strongly diosmotic materials the determination of the isotonic pressure by a solution of no, or one of slight, diosmotic power may be used for that purpose. The determination of the electrolytic conductivity of the soil, in general, gives results that stand in close relationship to the osmotic power. An absolute agreement, however, is not to be expected, since the soils vary in their physical and chemical relations. Ordinary fertilizing increases the osmotic properties as well as the electrolytic conductivity of all soils, whereas the growth of vege- tation decreased both of them. The osmotic property, therefore, as well as the electrolytic conductivity is an expression of the degree of solubility of the plant food of the soil, the method of determining the electrolytic conductivity being the simpler and more rapid, whereas that of determining the osmotic property seems to be the most certain and accurate when good osmometers are used. The electrolytic conductivity increased with the decrease in size of the soil particles. 522 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. The potassium and phosphoric acid of the dipotassium phosphate, given in quantities below the maximum absorptive capacity, were absorbed completely, while the sulphuric acid of the sulphates was absorbed only partly, and the chlorin of the chlorids and nitric acid of the nitrates remained unabsorbed. The absorbed nutrients did not again go into solution upon treatment of the soil with water. The soil treated with potassium phosphate showed no in- crease in electrolytic conductivity; on the other hand, those treated with chlorids, nitrates, and sulphates did show an increase, a fact indicating that both the potassium and phosphoric acid of the potassium phosphate are ab- sorbed. Soils treated with hydrogen peroxid showed an increase in yield of vegeta- tion provided the soils were supplied with a complex humus acid salt or humus colloids. A definite action similar to that of the hydrogen peroxid was not obtained with calcium peroxid. Plants grown on a soil poor in potassium and rich in lime assimilated a small amount of the former and a correspond- ingly larger amount of the latter and vice versa. It appears that these two bases have the property of replacing each other in the soil to a certain extent. The growth of red clover increased the soluble nutrients of the soil as was shown by the increased yield of rye, the increased amount of material rendered soluble by steaming, and the improved osmotic properties of the soil follow- ing the growth of clover. The determination of the electrolytic conductivity of soils, J. Konig, J. Hasenbaumer, and H. Metering {ZtscJir. Angeiv. Chem., 2Jf (1911), ZVo. 3, pp. 103-106, figs. 3). — This is a brief account of investigations reported in full in the article noted above. The amount of water in certain soils at the end of the winter of 1909-10, A. Demolon and G. Brouet {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 19 {1910), No. 11, pp. 535, 536). — With a view to determining the variation in degree of saturation of diffei'ent kinds of soils, determinations were made of the moisture in sandy, clay, and humus soils after a prolonged wet period. It was found that the humus and clay soils were nearly saturated while the sandy soil contained only half as much moisture. Relations between physical constitution of soils and the distribution of irrigation waters, A. MtJNTz, L. Faure, and E. Laine {Ann. Dir. Hydraul. et Amelior. Agr., Min. Agr. [France], 1907, No. 36, pp. 121-223, pis. 6, figs. 12).— In continuation of previous studies on the relation of permeability of the soil to irrigation (E. S. R.. IS, p. 288)", the authors extended their investigations to include the relation of other physical properties, including mechanical com- position, absorptive power, density, porosity, capacity for water and air, and capillarity, in addition to permeability. Special forms of apparatus for study- ing the physical properties of the soil in place and in the laboratory are described, and the investigations were made upon a large number of different kinds of soil. The results confirm those of previous investigations in showing that per- meability is the controlling factor in relation to the water requirements of soils, and that by careful determinations of this property it is possible to esti- mate with a high degree of accuracy the method and rate of irrigation which will give the best results on any given soil. A simple form of apparatus for determining permeability of soils in place is shown in figure 1. It consists essentially of a steel eyluider C 25 em. long and 112 mm. interior diameter, which is carefullv forced into the soil to the <^ See also Ann. Dir. HydrauL et Amelior. Agr., Min. Agr. [France], 1905, No. 33, pp. 45-96, figs. 3. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 523 F ^ desired depth (6 cm.)- A graduated (5 to 10 1.) flask F, with rubber stopper and glass tube T 1 cm. in diameter is inverted with its neck in the steel tube, as shown in the figure, and maintains a constant level of water 3 cm. above the surface of the soil. The rate of percolation of water through the soil is shown on the graduated scale of the flask. Investigations with humus, J. Hudig {Cultiira, 22 {1910), No. 267, pp. 530- 5/f8). — This article reviews previous investigations on the character of the humus substances of the soil, and reports pot experiments with oats on sand to which had been added varying amounts of humus (sodium hydroxid) extracts, organic matter, artificial humus prepared by boiling sugar with hydrochloric acid, and pyrogallol, with a basal fertilizer furnishing sufficient amounts of phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen, and ground limestone or sodium carbon- ate to correct acidity. Humus extract and organic matter combined produced sickness in the oat plant. Increased amounts of sugar humus reduced the sickness of plants. Pyrogallol soils showed no plant sickness during the first three seasons, but during the fourth season those soils which had received calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate were affected. The author concludes that pyrogallol leaves an insoluble substance in the soil which is changed by culture and fertilizing and thus causes the plants to become sick. On the influence of hum.us substances on the de- composition of urea into ammonia, H. R. Christensen (Tidsskr. Landhr. Plantcavl, 11 (1910), No. 1, pp. 19-109, pi. 1). — In a study of the conditions of the decomposi- tion of urea in the presence of humus substance a small rod bacterium {TJrohaciUus beijerinckii n. sp.) was iso- lated which can decompose urea into ammonium car- bonate even in the absence of other organic substances. This result is of interest biologically because the bacillus is the only organism now known which can utilize urea as a carbon nutrient. A description of the character- istics of the bacillus is given, with reproductions of photo- graphs, of agar and bouillon plate cultures. Pentosans in soils, E. C. Shoeey and E. O. Lathrop (Jour. Amer. CJiem. Soc, 32 (1910), No. 12, pp. 1680- 1683). — The official method of determining pentosans, based upon the amounts of furfural obtained on boiling with hydrochloric acid, was applied to 10 soils, 10 gm. of soil being boiled with 12 per cent hydrochloric acid until there was no further evolution of furfural. The pentosan carbon in the soil as determined by this method varied from 1.3 to 28.53 per cent. The third lowest result, 1.83 per cent, was obtained from a soil con- taining the largest quantity of organic matter. A further study of a soil type containing 2.75 per cent of pentosan indicated that while a crude pentosan was probably present in this soil as a plant residue, it can not be assumed that the formation of a pentose sugar, and from it fur- fural, necessarily indicates the presence of a pentosan as such, since pentose sugars are a part of the complex molecule of hucleoproteins and phosphatids and are split off from these on heating with acids. Some acid constituents of soil humus, O. Schreiner and E. C. Shorey (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 32 (1910), No. 12, pp. i67i-i 680). —This article de- 87402°— No. 6—11 3 Fig. 1. — Apparatus for determining perme- ability of soils in place. 524 ' EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, scribes the properties and metliods of isolation from soil humus of a-mono- hydroxystearic acid (CisHssOs), paraffinic acid (C24H4SO2), and lignoceric acid (C24H4SO2). The soil from which the monohydroxy stearic and paraffinic acids were isolated was an Elkton silt loam almost white in color, high in clay and silt, and containing 0.53 per cent of organic carbon and 0.066 per cent of nitrogen. The lignoceric acid was isolated from a peat soil containing 27 per cent of organic matter. The presence of arginin and histidin in soils, O. Schreiner and E. C. Shorey (Jour. Biol. Chem., 8 (1910), No. 5, pp. 381-3S4, pi. i).— This article reports the isolation from a clay soil of histidin and arginin, products of the decomposition of organic nitrogenous matter in the soil. These compounds were usually found together but in varying proportions depending upon the protein compounds from which they were derived. A modification of the Kossel and Kutscher method of precipitation with silver sulphate was used in the isolation of the compounds. Pyrimidin derivatives and purin bases in soils, O. Schreiner and E. C. Shorey (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 8 (1910), No. 5, pp. 385-393, pi. i).— This paper reports the isolation from a loam soil of cytosin, xanthin, and hypoxanthiu, products resulting from the decomposition of nucleoproteids present in the plant and animal remains that find their way into the soil. Since the purin bases were found in the majority of the soils examined and are easily changed from one form to another through the activity of enzyms or micro-organisms, the authors suggest that further investigation may establish some relation between the presence of some one of these bases and the presence of some particular micro-organism or combination of biological factors. Methoxyl in soil org-anic matter, E. C. Shorey and E. C. Lathrop (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 33 (1911), No. 1, pp. 75-78).— Methoxyl was found (by the Zeisel method) in small amounts in all but 2 of 10 soils widely varying in type and character of organic matter. The quantity of methoxyl bore no con- stant relation to, and is perhaps an unimportant part of the total organic matter of, the soil. It is probably derived from the decay of vegetable matter in the soil, and its variation in soils of the same type indicates " some funda- mental difference in the chemical, physical, or biological factors that decide in what way a complex oi'ganic comiwund shall break down or decay when added to a soil." Glycerids of fatty acid in soils, O. Schreiner and E. 0. Shorey (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 33 (1911), No. 1, pp. 78-80). — Glycerids were obtained from the Elkton silt loam as the final step in the treatment which resulted in the isolation of a-hydroxystearic acid and paraffinic acid. The alcoholic filtrate from the lead precipitate of paraffinic acid was freed from lead by hydrogen sulphid and the alcohol evaporated, which left an orange-colored oil that proved to be a mixture of glycerids of fatty acids. It is believed that the presence of glycerids in the soil can i>erhaps best be explained on the ground that they are unchanged plant residues that have resisted decomposition. Paraffin hydrocarbons in soils, O. Schreiner and E. C. Shorey (Jour. Amer. Chcm. Soc., 33 (1911), No. 1, pp. 81-83). — The hydrocarbon, heutriacon- tane (C31 H64), was isolated from a peaty soil from North Carolina containing 27 per cent of organic carbon. There was nothing to indicate that it may not be an unchanged plant residue. Toxic substances excreted by plant roots in the soil, K. Rordam (Haven, 10 (1910), Nos. 22, pp. 275-282; 23, pp. 287-290; 2',, pp. 297-301).— This is a his- torical sketch with a brief review of recent studies relating to the subject of soil fertility. SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 525 Proijortions of lime to magnesia in soil, R. R. Snowden {Rural Calif ornian, &.i ( li)lU), No. 12, pp. 35S-360). — Investigations are briefly reported in this article which led the author to believe that many cases of malnutrition, particularly incipient chlorosis or mottled leaf in orange and lemon trees, can be traced to an excessive proportion of magnesia to lime in the soil. Analyses of sick and healthy leaves showed that the potash had increased in the sick leaves to more than two and one-half times that in the healthy leaves and the phosphoric acid to more than eleven and one-half times as much, while there had been a marked decline in the percentage of lime. Examinations of a number of soils on which sick and healthy trees were growing showed that when the ijercentage of lime in the soil was less than twice that of the magnesia there was derangement of nutrition in orange trees. Lemon trees, however, appeared to be more tolerant of this condition, and it is thought that this explains why mottled leaf is far more prevalent with oranges than with lemons. With lemons the limit of safety appears to lie somewhere between 0.67 and 0.84 part of lime to one of magnesia. Examinations of soils from a large number of citrus-growing districts showed that unfavorable proportions of lime to magnesia widely prevailed. Of 32 samples of soil examined only 13 contained the required proportion of lime from the standpoint of orange growing. Attention is called to the fact that lime is more rapidly depleted than mag- nesia by the processes of nutrition, and methods of overcoming the unfavorable conditions thus brought about are suggested. Laboratory studies of the influence of magnesia on the solubility of lime salts were made in which mixtures of equal amounts of magnesium and cal- cium carbonates and of magnesium and calcium sulphates, and a soil contain- ing twice as much magnesia as lime, were used. It was found that in the case of the carbonates 23 per cent of the magnesia and a mere trace of the lime were dissolved ; in the case of the sulphates IS per cent of the magnesia and 7 per cent of the lime were dissolved; and in the case of the soil the water extract contained 19 times as much magnesia as lime. " The trees growing in this soil, unable to assimilate sufllcient lime to supply their needs, absorbed the larger amount of potash noted in the yellow leaves to supply the deficiency of bases, the salts of potash being indei>endent of a condition of acidity for their solution." Improving alkaline lands, T. B. Robertson (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 13 {1910), No. 12, pp. 1046-1050).— The author briefly reviews work by Osterhout on the antagonistic action of different salts in nutrient solutions (E. S. R., 19, p. 1129), and suggests that the results of these investigations may find a rational application in methods of correcting the alkalinity of soils, that un- productive soils containing an excess of magnesia may be improved, and that a variety of soils of low fertility may be made productive by a study of the nature and amounts of mineral salts in the soil water and by a judicious addi- tion of other salts. A short bibliography of the subject is given. On the agricultural value and the fertilizer requirements of the Norr- botten marsh soils, P. Hellstrom {K. Landthr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 49 {1910), No. 5, pp. 372-407, pis. 16).— This article gives a condensed report of investigations and trials relative to the agricultural value of the Norrbotten marsh lands that have been conducted during late years at the chemical plant biological station at Lulea. The results obtained show that the marshes can by proper treatment be brought up to as high a productive capacity as mineral soils for growing both 526 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. green oats and hay crops. In order to give similar yields tbey require larger amounts of plant food than the latter, this being preferably given in the form of artificial fertilizers. Nevply broken marsh land calls for applications of soluble nitrogen similar to mineral soils and larger applications of potash and especially phosphate; in addition, lime must be supplied in similar amounts. The action of mineral fertilizers on the permeability of soils, P. Larue (Rev. Sci. [Parisi, 48 {1910), II, No. 27, pp. 8.'i2, 8.^3).— Results obtained in investigations by Garola, Pearson, Kravkov, and Blanck (E. S. R., 23, p. 121) are briefly discussed, and it is shown that Blanck's results confirm those of Garola as regards the retarding effect of nitrate of soda on permeability. The results of the two investigators also agree in showing that both lime and potash increase the permeability. On the other hand, Pearson and Kravkov concluded from their investigations that potash salts, as well as nitrate of soda, decreased percolation. Results of field experiments to determine the fertilizer needs of soils ( Bui. Admin. Affi: [Brussels^, 3 {1910), No. 10, pp. 373-403). — This is an account of field experiments made during 1906 to 1909 on typical soil areas in Bel- gium, from which conclusions are drawn as to the fertilizer needs of the par- ticular soils experimented with and also as to the unavoidable error in such experiments. It was found in 58 experiments that the average variation be- tween the results on three plats fertilized and treated in exactly the same way was S.25 per cent, and was in some cases as high as from 10 to 12 per cent. Report of field and fertilizer trials conducted by the Swedish Moor Culture Association, 1909, H. von Feiutzen {Svenska Mosskulturfor. Tidskr., 24 {1910), Nos. 4-5, pp. 382-434, flgs. 8; 6, pp. 471-507).— The report describes trials conducted during the year at Jonkoping, Flahult, and Torestorp stations. Full meteorological data for the three stations, soil temperatures, and readi^ngs of the depth of the water table on the different experimental fields and plats are also given. Fertilizer trials and variety tests conducted by county ag'ricultural socie- ties in Sweden, 1909, P. Bolin {K. Lmidtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 49 {1910), Ko. 6, pp. 449-489, dgms. 2). — The main results of 594 separate trials conducted in 17 different counties are given and discussed. The trials included fertilizer experiments and variety tests with the small grains, root crops, meadows, alfalfa, and lupines. Storage experiments with farm manure, F. Hansen and R. K. Kristensen {Tidsskr. Landhr. Planteavl, 17 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-78, flgs. .13).— The experi- ments here described were of a preliminary nature and were made with a view to insuring correct methods of sampling and analysis of farm manure in the extensive manure storage experiments that are to be conducted at the experi- ment stations at Aarslev and Studsgaard. The .results obtained showed that farm manure under favorable conditions of storage can be kept for 9 months without losing more than from 6 to 7 per cent of its nitrogen. The main part of the report is taken up with discussions of the methods of sampling and analysis of farm manure. Fertilizer experiments, L. B. McWethy and J. D. Towar {Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 53, 54). — Tests are reported which show that nitrate of soda was very beneficial to oats and barley. The nitrate industry, B. D. Ossa {BoI. Soc. Fomento Fahril [Chile], 27 {1910), No. 11, pp. 741-748, dgms. 4). — The present status of this industry is described, statistics of production, exportation, consumption, and prices from 1880 to 1910 are given, and the various uses made of nitrate are discussed and graphically illustrated. SOILS FEETILIZERS. 527 Norwegian nitrate, lime nitrogen, and nitrogen lime, J. Konig {Ztschr. Landio. Kammer Braunscliweig, 19 {1910), Nos. 33, pi). J^O 5-^01 ; 3Jt, PP- 416- 418; Landw. WchnU. Schles. Hoist., 60 (1910), No. 22, pp. 385-391).— This article describes processes of manufacture, and reviews investigations on changes vphicli cyanamid undergoes and on its value as a fertilizer. The manufacture of air nitrate, O. Schonherr (Chem. Engin., 11 {1910), No. 5, pp. 129-140, figs. 7). — This is an English translation of a German article v/hich has already been noted (E. S. R.. 22, p. 127). The use of potassic fertilizers on primitive soils, H. Gxjepin {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 20 {1910), No. 80, pp. Ill, 112). — Experiments showing the bene- ficial effect of potash fertilizers on Brittany soils derived from primitive granitic rocks are briefly noted. Potash deposits in the Netherlands, D. J. Hissink {Cultura, 22 {1910), No. 268, pp. 612-617). — This is a report on the potash deix»sits which were recently discovered in the Netherlands. These deposits seem to be of the same formation as those of Germany. Analyses of samples gave a potash content of from 3 to 14.6 per cent. The extent of the deposits has not yet been deter- mined. Tests of Palmaer phosphate, L. Grandeau {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 20 {1910), No-s. 27, pp. 11, 12; 28, pp. 47-49). — Comparative tests of this phosphate (dical- cium phosphate) and of superphosphate and Thomas slag with a variety of crops during 1908 and 1909 at the Flahult Moor Culture Station are reported. The results obtained with the new phosphate on the moor soil compared favor- ably with those obtained with the sui^erphosphate and Thomas slag. Floats, E. W. Gaither {Ohio 8ta. Circ. 105, pp. 3).— It is stated that the use of floats in connection with farm manures and green manures is becoming quite extensive in Ohio, and this cii'cular was prepared to furnish information on the subject. Solubility of calcium phosphate in saturated solutions of carbon dioxid containing ammonia, B. Foster and H. A. D. Neville {Abs. in Proc. Chem. Soc. London, 26 {1910), No. 375, p. 236; Jour. 8oe. Chem. Indus., 29 {1910), No. 22, p. 1323). — "The solubility of calcium phosphate and of the phosphates in commercial phosphatic manures was determined in saturated solutions of carbon dioxid containing ammonia. With increasing quantities of ammonia the quantity of phosphate passing into solution increases at first rapidly, and then more slowly, the solubility of phosphate then being almost directly pro- portional to the amount of ammonia present." Investigations on the lime requirements of soils, H. R. Christensen and O. H. Larsen {Tidsskr. Landw. Planteavl, 17 {1910), No. 3, pp. 407-509, figs. 4)- — Extensive experiments were conducted by the authors during 1907 to 1909 for the study of laboratory methods for determining the need of lime fertilization on Danish soils. Plat experiments with calcium carbonate were conducted on a large number of farms in different parts of the country and 129 soil samples from these plats were secured and analyzed according to the following methods: Qualitative and gravimetric determinations of carbonate, the former by effervescence with dilute hydrochloric acid ; determinations of ammonium chlorid soluble lime (Meyer's method); reaction of the soil; and the biological lime test (behavior toward Azotobacter). From the results obtained the authors conclude that none of the laboratory methods renders direct liming experiments superfluous and such are advocated where it is practicable to conduct them. Farmers so situated that they can not conduct field exijeriments are, however, urged to have their soils examined before they apply large quantities of lime or marl. The laboratory examina- 528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, tions may properly commence witli tbe acid test, and soil samples that effer- vesce strongly need not be further examined. Those that do not, or only faintly, effervesce are examined by the litmus and Azotobacter tests, which should always be made concurrently as they mutually supplement and control each other. In the relatively few cases where these tests do not give a decisive answer, as with neutral or faintly alkaline soils and with weak Azotobacter growth, a determination of the lime soluble in ammonium chlorid solution is also recommended. Carbonate of lime {New England Farmer, 89 {1910), Nos. 38, p. 7, fig. 1; 39, p. 7, fig. 1; JfO, p. 7, flg. 1; Jfl, i). 7, fig. 1; 42, pp. 7, II,; ^3, p. 7; U, P. 7, figs. 2; 1,5, p. 7; J,6, p. 7; 47, p. 7, figs. 2; J,S, p. 7, figs. 2; J,9, p. 7, figs. 3; 50, p. 7, figs. 3). — This is a compilation of general information, results of experiments, and expert opinions on carbonate of lime as a soil improver, especially on New England soils. TJtilization of distillery vinasse, C-\xmette {Ann. Dir. Hydraul. et Am6lior. .4.gr., Min. Agr. [France], 1907, No. 36, pp. 99-10 J,). — This article gives in brief the results of investigations by a committee appointed to inquire into the ques- tion of practical methods of purification of distillery vinasse provided it can not be used in agriculture. An analysis is reported of a sample of vinasse which contained about 0.07 per cent of nitrogen, 0.18 per cent of potash, and 0.06 per cent of phosphoric acid, showing that the matei'ial possesses considerable fertilizing, value. It was found, however, that it could not be applied to the soil in crude condition in sufficient quantity for fertilizing purposes without danger of modifjang the chemical and cultural properties of the soil. Previous biological purification is recommended. Composition and use of Henequin (sisal) pulp, A. Hebert and F. IIeim {Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 1J,8 {1909), No. 8, pp. 513, 5i//).— This pulp, obtained in the process of preparing sisal fiber in Yucatan, was found to contain when air-dried 12.11 per cent of ash, 3.79 per cent of nitrogen, O.IG per cent of phosphoric acid, 1.22 per cent of potash, and 3.57 per cent of lime, showing that the material has considerable value as a fertilizer. Analysis also showed G.29 per cent of reducing sugars and 4.G5 per cent of nonreducing sugars, which might be profitably utilized in the manufacture of alcohol. The air-dried sisal fiber contained 8.02 per cent of ash, 1.78 per cent of nitrogen, 0.41 per cent of phosphoric acid. 1.06 per cent of potash, and 1.94 per cent of lime. These figures, taken in connection with those for the pulp, show that the draft of sisal on the fertility of the soil would be greatly reduced if the pulp were returned to the soil as a fertilizer. Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers and ground bone, C. S. Cathcart et al. {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 23/,, pp. 39). — This bulletin supple- ments Bulletin 233 of the station (E. S. R., 24, p. 428) and discusses the results of inspection for 1910 as a whole. The total number of samples of fertilizing materials examined during the year was 803. representing 370 dealers. The average amount of nitrogen found in 520 brands of fertilizers was 2.52 per cent, the amount guarantied being 2.46 per cent; the amount of phosphoric acid found was 7.4 per cent, the amount guarantied 7.41 per cent; and the amount of potash found was 6.58 per cent, the amount guarantied 6.07 per cent. The number of deficiencies found in these fertilizers was 51 of nitrogen, 142 of phosphoric acid, and 45 of potash, representing 15.3 per cent of the total possible number of deficiencies. AGBICTILTURAL BOTANY. 529 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. A text-book of general bacteriology, W. D. Frost and E. F. McCampbell {New York., Id 10, pp. XVII+3.'fO, figs. 61).— This is a brief but comprebeusive text on general bacteriology designed for college classes. It includes a study of tbe morpbology of bacteria, metbods used in tbeir study, tbeir taxonomy and general pbysiology, tbe biology of specialized groups sucb as tbe proto- trophic, cbromogenic, pbotogenic, zymogenic, saprogenic, sapropbilic, patbo- genlc bacteria of animals and plants, and tbe distribution of bacteria, includ- ing bacteria of tbe soil, air, water, sewage, milk, and of tbe buman body. Beview of agricultural bacteriology, E. Kayser {BuI. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 9 {1910), No. 10, pp. 1150-1160). — A review is given of recent publications by various investigators on bumiflcation, soil fatigue, nitrifica- tion, denitrification, purification of sewage waters, nitrogen fixation, and tbe inoculation of seeds witb cultures of tubercle bacteria. Bacteria in frozen soil, H. J. Conn {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.^, 2. AM., 28 {1910), No. 16-19, pp. 422-Ji34, dgim. 2). — Tbe results are given of tbe bacterial count from samples of soil taken to a deptb of from 15 to 18 cm. from April, 1909, to April, 1910, at Itbaca, N. Y. Very dilute soil suspensions from these samples were plated on a 12 per cent gelatin medium and incubated at from 19 to 20° C. for 7 days before tbe counts were made. Quantitative determinations by means of tbe plate method showed the pres- ence of large numbers of bacteria during tbe winter in the soil samples. When tbe soil was completely frozen there seemed to be a rapid multiplication in the numbers of bacteria, gi-eater than any found during tbe summer or fall. In general, tbe number seems to vary with the moisture content of tbe soil, but the rapid multiplication during the winter was an exception to this rule. There were indications tbat the bacterial flora of tbe soil consist of two groups, one flourishing in tbe winter, and the other in the summer. Variability in Bacillus prodigiosus, M. W. Beijerinck {K. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, VersL Wis en Natuurk. Afdeel., 18 {1909-10), pt. 2, pp. 596-605; K. Akad. Wetemch. Amster-der acre, while the reverse substi- tution " increased the excess yield over the not manured plats from 6.9 to 8.5 tons." On limed land these substitutions produced, respectively, a decrease from 13 tons to 6.7 tons per acre and an increase of ,2.7 tons. The continuous use of nitrate of soda produced far more noticeable ill effects than that of sulphate of ammonia, especially in very wet seasons. Soils which have been fertilized con- tinuously for 30 to 50 years with the sulphate gave an alkaline reaction in the majority of cases. The average yields on no-phosphate and slag-phosphate plats were 23.7 and 26.2 tons of cane per acre, respectively. Other tests of phosphates gave nega- tive results which the author regards as " possibly due to experimental error incidental to the comparatively small number (12) of comparisons made." Tables show the results of these experiments and of trials of new varieties. These data are so grouped as to show the influence, if any, of the female parentage of the variety. The plats were also arranged in such a way as to show the effects of the use of increasing proportions of nitrogenous fertilizer, especially sulphate of ammonia. Sixty lbs. of nitrogen in sulphate of ammonia and in nitrate of soda produced yields of 22.7 and 18 tons per acre, respectively, as compared with 14.4 tons on the no-nitrogen plat. With 11 varieties, the average yields after applications of 150, 300, and 450 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia were 19.8, 23, and 23.9 tons of cane per acre, respectively, as compared with 15.4 tons on the no-nitrogen plats. With 8 of the varieties, 375 lbs. per acre of nitrate of soda were used and gave low^er results than either of the higher applications of sulphate. In another test of 14 varieties 300 and 450 lbs. of sulphate of am- monia were followed by average yields of 21 and 29.7 tons of canes per acre, respectively, as compared with 12.4 tons on the no-nitrogen plats. Regarding the sugar yield of White Transparent as 100 on the Brickdam field, D 4397 of Bourbon parentage, D 790, D 1119, and D 1082 gave yields ranging from 151 to 185. B 208 gave juice rich in saccharose and high in purity, but was not high in field results. Studies are given of the color variants of B 208 and other varieties. Tables give the parentage, field yields, pounds of sugar per gallon, and tons of sugar per acre obtained, for each of a large number of the newer varieties tested. In pot and plat experiments with nitrobacterine for sugar cane, negative results were obtained. When the highest probable errors due to soil and other differences were deducted, the increased yield of rice after phosphates had been used in former years was 5.1 per cent, after sulphate of potash and lime the preceding year 8.2 and 13.9 per cent, respectively, after sulphate of potash preceded by phosphates in former years 12 per cent, and after lime in 1908 preceded by phosphates in earlier years 11.5 per cent. Continuation of this FIELD CKOPS, 537 experiment showed variations witliin tlie limit of probable soil error in all cases tlie following year. An application of 1 cwt. of snlpbate of potash per acre gave no certain increase but the use of 2 cwt. apparently increased the yield 17.5 per cent. Six rice varieties? from Burma gave no yields of high promise. Six other varieties from British Honduras are described as having blackish, light colored, or ordinary grains, barley-shaped, and reddish grains, and gave yields ranging from 1,344 to 4,272 lbs. per acre. Among other varieties tested Nos. 3, 75 (Suthra dhan), and Creole yielded 4,812, 4,728, and 3,948 lbs. per acre, respectively. Attempts to obtain an artificial or controlled hybridization indicated a pro- fusion of variants in carefully grown rice. The more promising varieties and the Creole kind seem to be freer from variants than others. The so-called barley rices were more variable than long-grain varieties. Notes are given on single and multiple planting of early ripening varieties. Tests of Caravonica Silk, Mit-aflfi, Egyptian, Sea Island, and other cottons have been abandoned because of failure to obtain sufliciently high yields to cover the cost of cultivation. Notes are given on the quantity and quality of the product of 6 varieties of cotton which are practically indigenous on the borders of the colony contiguous to the Brazilian frontier. [Introductions of field crops], F. W. Strong (Rpt. Agi: Dept. East. Bengal and Assam, 1909-10, pp. 7-11). — The author gives a progress report of experi- mental growings of newly introduced varieties of cotton, jute, potatoes, sugar cane, rice, oranges, wlieat, oats, and barley. Observations on the growth of nitrog'en-collecting' plants and nitrogen- using' plants in mixed seedings, Tacke (Ztschr. Moorkultur u. Torfverwert., S (1910), No. 5, pp. 233-236) .—The Moor Experiment Station has found in experiments on highmoor soil that it is unnecessary to apply nitrogen if ade- quately drained soil is carefully prepared and limed or marled and enough clover be sown in the mixture. For a series of years it has been observed that grass does better when sown with clover even during the first season. Both sorrel (Rumex acetosella) and heather did well on highmoor soil when not crowded by competing plants. They did equally well on plats to which 4,000 and 9,000 kg. of lime were added as marl. On lucerne; with notes on some other leguminous crops, B. Dyer (Neiv Zeal. Dairyman, 14 {1909), No. 3, pp. 60-62; 1// (1910), No. ff, pp. 17-20).— The author has collected and presented in tabular and descriptive form the results of work on the efficiency of alfalfa and other legumes as nitrogen gath- erers. He includes the work of Atwater, Hellriegel, Wilfarth, and others, and that done at Rothamsted and at the Woburn Farm. On the measurement of correlation with special reference to some charac- ters of Indian corn, H. L. Rietz and L. H. Smith (Illinois Sta. Bui. 1^8, pp. 291-316, figs. 3). — The writers briefly explain the nature and use of the correla- tion table and the correlation coefficient, the methods of computing the co- efficient, or r, the probable error and the regression coefficient. References are given to other publications in which these methods are more fully explained and used. They are also applied to some characters of Indian corn, grown experimentally for other purposes, and previously reported (E. S. R., 20, p. 531). For the second year rotation corn, the correlation values of length to circum- ference center about 0.43 and range from 0.203 to 0.623 for high and low yields, illustrating a general tendency in this direction. The correlation between length and number of rows was usually insignificant. " In circumference and rows, . . . extremes presented arc 0.425 and 0.608 ... in length and weight of 538 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. ears, the mean value of the correlation is O.SIO in 1909 ... In weight and rows of kernels, we have values from 0.178 to 0.345, in weight and circumference we have values from 0.648 to 0.840." In the Illinois corn of the low protein series crop of 1907, the mechanically selected low protein seed showed values of r for length and circumference rang- ing from 0.203±0.021 to 0.462±0.01S. The values of r for length and rowf. were — 0.044±0.024 and +0.007±0.024, those for circumference and rows from 0.432±0.018 to 0.454±0.016, those for length and weight 0.781±0.008 and 0.786± 0.009, those for rows and weight 0.223±:0.024 and 0.275±0.023, and those for weight and circumference 0.721 ±0.011 and 0.768 ±0.009. The high protein seed crop of 1909 showed values of r for length and circumference ranging from 0.344±0.017 to 0.590±0.014, those for length and rows from 0.061±0.026 to 0.120±0.027, those for circumference and rov^^s from 0.432 ±0.022 to 0.608 ± 0.017, those for length and weight 0.871±0.005 and 0.855±0.006, those for rows and weights 0.345±0.021 and 0.348±0.021, and those for weight and circumfer- ence 0.763±0.009 and 0.771 ±0.009. The low protein seed crop for 1909 showed values of r for length and circumference ranging fi'om 0.409±0.019 to 0.539± 0.012, those for length and rows from — 0.044±0.026 to 0.027±0.034, those for circumference and rows from 0.425±0.018 to 0.524±0.020, those for length and weight from O.785±0.O0S to 0.844±0.008, those for weights and rows from 0.212±0.029 to 0.229±0.027, and those for weight and circumference from 0.64S±0.013 to 0.840±0.007. The correlations among certain characters of high and low protein and high and low oil ears of Illinois corn of the crops of 1907, 1908, and 1909 are also stated. On the measurement of correlation with special reference to some charac- ters of Indian corn, H. L. Rietz and L. H. ^unn' {Illinois Bta. Bui. lJf8, Ats., pp. S). — This is a popular edition of the above. American corn-growing methods in Russia, J. H. Grout {Daily Cons, and Trade Ri)ts. [U. 8.~\, 1911, No. IJf, pp. 216, 217). — The consul gives a progress report of the results of the introduction of American seed and corn-growing methods by L. G. Michael, formerly of the Iowa Experiment Station. Figures cited indicate that Bessarabian soil and rainfall should produce 60 bu. of corn per acre, but that the actual averages are 14.9 bu. on peasant farms and 18 bu. on large estates. Standard types of Rhodesian maize and their points, H. G. Mundy {Rhode- sia Agr. Jour., 7 {1910), No. 6, pp. I!i81-U86, pis. 2).— The author gives the measurements and weights of Hickory King, Salisbury White, Boone County, and Golden Eagle corn as exhibited at the shows, suggests the weight of ear, kernel, and cob likely to give the best yield of grain per ear, and gives a score card. Chou Moellier, A. J. Finn (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 9, pp. 793, 79Jt, fig. 1; ahs. in Natal Agr. Jour., 15 {1910), No. 5, p. 6.'/7).— Chou Moellier sown in drills June 16, 1909, stood 5 ft. high and was still growing, in spite of a very dry season, a year later. The area harvested yielded 27 tons 17 cwt. of foliage in addition to 38 tons 18 cwt. of stems per acre. The stems were eaten only by pigs, but all stock relished the foliage. The younger leaves could be used as a vegetable. No special qualification aside from quantity of feed recommends Chou Moellier above Thousand-headed kale. The. root development of cotton plants in different soils, H. A. Tempany {West Indian Bui., 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 68-71). — The author presents in tabu- lar form the length of the tap root, maximum spread of lateral roots, circum- ference of the stem at the soil surface, and the total number of main lateral roots of Sea Island cotton grown iu various soils. FIELD CROPS. 539 Manurial experiments with cotton in the Leeward Islands, H. A. Tempany (West Indian Bui., 11 (1910), No. 1, pp. 60-67). — Tables state the amount of fertilizer applied and the yields of Sea Island cotton obtained on plats in which nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, sulphate of potash, basic phosphate, cotton-seed meal, salt, and sulphate of copper were used as the plant food sources. The largest increase, 311 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, followed the application of sulphate of ammonia, sulphate of potash, and superphosphate. Increased yields of more than 100 lbs. of seed cotton per acre followed applications of nitrogen. The author concludes that artificial fertilizers are un remunerative on his soils, and suggests the use of natural and green manures. Supply and distribution of cotton, D. C. Roper (Bur. of the Census [U. 8,1 Bui. 110, pp. 32, dgms. 2). — An earlier bulletin of this series (E. S. R., 22, p. 445) contains similar data and discussions. Tables present statistical data on the imports, exports, and distribution of cotton during the year ended August 31, 1910, cotton statistics for earlier periods, mainly since 1890, and the world's production of cotton, wool, silk, flax, hemp, and jute by countries in 1909, 1899, and 1889 Manurial experiments on oats at Coates, 1910, B. Swanwick and E. Kinch (Agr. Students' Gas., n. set:, 15 (1910), No. 2, pp. JfS, 44). — Ammonium sulphate, nitrate of soda, nitrate of lime, and calcium cyanamid were used in sufficient quantities to supply the amount of nitrogen found in 1 cwt. of ammonium sulphate. The check plat yielded 43 bu. of oats and 16J bu. of straw per acre. The highest straw yield, 20} cwt., followed the use of sulphate of ammonia. The highest grain yields, 53^ and 57^ bu. per acre, respectively, followed calcium cyanamid and nitrate of lime. Peanuts in Hawaii, F. G. Krauss (Hawaii Sta. Press Bui. 28, pp. 11, pis. 2). — This bulletin discusses the uses of peanuts and reports the cost of growing in Hawaiian experiments as about $55 per acre. The principal data reported are stated in the following table: Results of station and cooperative planting of peanuts during 1908-10. Variety. Spanish Bunch Jumbo Running Jumbo Virginia Creeping Bunch Virginia (Sport) Average yield of Peanuts in pod per nuts. Days to pound. matur- ity. Third Per Per Import- Hawaii- acre. plant. ed. an gene- ration. Pounds. Number. 1,728 145 168 759 444 2,881 184 158 352 226 2,077 208 158 345 232 2, 063 219 157 325 2t5 2,249 190 173 228 Value per acre. 898.00 87.00 100. 80 105. 60 The status of the potato growing industry in Ohio. — Seasonal notes on potatoes, F. H. Ballou and J. H. Gourley (Ohio Sta. Bui. 218, pp. 559-603, figs. 12). — The authors discuss rotations and soil preparation for potato grow- ing, northern and home-grown seed, and sun-sprouting as a means of preserva- tion and preparation for planting, and spraying for insects and fungi, and report tests of different quantities of seed, seed selection and improvement, and treating potatoes for scab. A seasonal report for 1909 is appended, 87402°— No. 6—11 4 540 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Two years' experiments indicate ttiat planting at the rate of 15 bu. per acre gives in general greater gains than when 10, 25, or 40 bu. of seed is used. " In every case the tubers grown from the one- and two-eye seed pieces, while some- what less in number, average far above those grown from the heavier rates of seeding." " The marketable quantities from the small seed tubers compared well with the marketable quantities from the different rates of seeding from large tubers," but were made up of noticeably smaller tubers. Directions are given for use in conducting tuber-row and hill-row tests. In such tests, selected and unselected strains of Carman No. 3 yielded at the rates of 181.9 and 116.15 bu. per acre, respectively. Blight resistant and nonresistant strains of Whiton White Mammoth yielded at rates of 206.9 and 153.5 bu. per acre, respectively. The resistant rows were growing vigorously when killed by frost, but the nonresistant plants had already been dead 3 weeks. Higher yields are not attributed by the writer to mere length of growing season. Com- parison of late growing hills of Carman No. 3 with those which ripened many days earlier showed that " in not a single case was the product of a late grow- ing individual hill found to be greater or better in any way than equally vigorous hills which had more promptly closed their season of growth." The use for seed of small potatoes of inherent inferiority is strongly condemned. Sun-sprouted seed, dropped with sprouts up and sprouts down and at random, averaged 93, 71, and 78 respectively, in germination percentage. " If dropped by the planter, the work is not likely to be done satisfactorily." Stock which had been raised from sun-sprouted seed and common stock, planted side by side, averaged 195.4 and 172.3 hills per 272 ft. row, yielded 86.4 and 64.6 lbs. per row, and showed germination percentages of 90 and 79.3. The product of the sun-sprouted seed kept firmer both in storage and in the sunlight, and was slower to sprout. Untreated, formalin soaked, and formalin fumigated seed averaged 58.5, 16.7, and 18.4 per cent, respectively, of scabby potatoes in the crop. It was not observed that the vitality of treated seed was in any case lower than that of the untreated seed. Average yields show that during 15 years in tests of acid phosphate, muriate of potash, and nitrate of soda, singly and in 8 different mixtures, the highest net profit followed the use of 160 lbs. of acid phosphate, 100 lbs. muriate of potash, and 80 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre, although 160 lbs. acid phosphate alone producted its results at the lowest cost per bushel of increase. The wilt-resistant qualities of each of 73 potato A-arieties are indicated. Potato fertilizers: Methods of application and form, of nitrogen, W. H. Jordan and F. A. Sirrine {New York State Sta. Bui. 327, i)i). 283-30 J,) -—l^ a comparison of drilling and broadcasting fertilizers, the gains were " small, but consistent, in favor of application in the drill, with an average increase in large potatoes for the 3 localities and 8 comparisons, of 7.3 bu. per acre." The authors conclude from a comparison of nitrate of soda and dried blood that, under the climatic conditions prevailing during the time of these tests, there is no dependable difference between these forms of nitrogen for potatoes on Long Island. " The data also show that amounts of high-grade fertilizer up to 1,000 lbs. to the acre will give profitable returns in good potato years, but that more than 1,000 lbs. is seldom justified." Potato experimental fields, 1909-10, G. Seymour {Jour. Dept. Agr. Vic- toria, 8 {1910). No. 11, pp. 111-123). — Chemical and mechanical analyses of the soil are followed by tables stating the moisture content of pasture and other lands and the yields of potatoes secured at different points after uniform series of fertilizer applications at each experiment center. FIELD CROPS, 541 Yields of 3, 4, and 10 tous per acre, respectively, were secured on a field cropped 40 years without manure, a well-manured field, and a field that had been in grass for more than 20 years. Sprouted seed yielded an average of 2 tons, 3 cwt., and 2 quarters more than unsprouted seed, except in the case of one variety which was attacked by disease. The author reports that in an earlier season when the plants were cut down twice by frost " the sprouted seed gave a very heavy increase amounting in some varieties to 5 tons per acre." Cut seed yielded an average of 1 ton lOJ cwt. more than whole seed and had an advantage of 10.6 in the percentage of small potatoes. Plantings of full and deep crowned seed produced yields showing SO and 60 per cent, respectively, of full crowns, and the author regards the result as showing " that all that can be claimed for selection is that the percentage of objectionable tubers can be kept down but not eliminated altogether." Numerous tables present other results of these investigations, the general purpose of which was to determine the influence of pasture and artificial manures in the renovation and i-estoration of soils. Comparative respiration experiments with different varieties of potatoes, J. F. Hoffmann and S. Sokolowskl (Ztschr. Spirit usmdus., 33 (1910), Nos. 33, pp. 391-393, figs. 6; 34, pp. J,01,, 405; 35, pp. 416, 4^, 421; 36, pp. 432, 433; 31, Ijp. 445, 451; 38, pp. 462, 465, 466; nbs. in Momtsh. Landw., 3 (1910), No. 11, pp. 351, 358). — Tables show the protein and nitrogen content of samples of the different varieties of potatoes experimented with, and extensive studies are given of the rate of development of carbon dioxid in each variety at different seasons, temperatures, and relative humidity. The authors conclude that water and nitrogen content are not invariable in their influence on the respiration of potatoes as in the case of grains. Potatoes with high water and protein content may be lower in respiration than those low in water and protein. The results may be irregularly influenced by bac- terial activities and resistance due to the character of the skin. Varieties with strong respiration are usually low in keeping quality, but when the reverse is true the result is attributed to the skin. Small potatoes were stronger in respiration than large ones, due to variation in the extent of the surface exposed. The respiration of the same tubers varied with the season but it was not clearly established whether physiological or bacteriological conditions deter- mined this variation. The effect of fertilization with saltpeter on the respira- tion and keeping qualities was not constant. There was an evident difl'erence in the effect of temperature on the different varieties but it was so low as to be obscured by bacterial action. Practically no difference appeared in the degree of selfheating of the varieties and experiments on this point are to be repeated under different conditions with 100-kg. samples. The varieties varied among themselves in development of carbon dioxid, content of water and protein, character of skin, and keeping qualities. High water and protein con- tent and rapid development of carbon dioxid usually accompanied low keeping qualities and conversely, but this rule had marked exceptions. The authors regard further experiments in other seasons as desirable for the verification of these results. The use of sterilized tubers is suggested. Comparative test of rice varieties, J. E. Van Dee Stok (Teysmamnia, 21 (1910), No. 2, pp. 111-111; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 114 (1910), No. 11, p. 441).— The author discusses the results of tests of 24 varieties of rice. Tables state the period required for maturity, yield of straw and paddy, and ratio of straw to paddy for most varieties. The break percentages and percentages of light kernels and of grain obtained from the air-dry paddy of several varieties are also stated. 542 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Sea salt in sugar beet production, A. Damseaux {Jour. Soc. Agr. Braiatit et Hainaut, 55 (1910), A'o. J/S, pp. 1115, iJTS).— Each of the 7 plats of the experi- ment received 80,000 kg. of barnyard manure and 300 of superphosphate. The check plat so treated yielded 5,990 kg, of sugar per hectare as compared with 6,170 on that which received 200 kg. of nitrate of soda in addition. Plats treated with (1) 200 kg. of nitrate of soda and 100 kg. of sea salt, and (2) 150 kg. of sulphate of ammonia and 100 kg. of sea salt produced yields of 6,050 kg. per hectare each. Plats treated with (1) 100 kg. of nitrate of soda and 100 kg. of sea salt, (2) 75 kg. of sulphate of ammonia and 100 kg. of sea salt, and (3) 150 kg. of sea salt yielded 6,160, 6.200, and 6.040 kg. of sugar per hectare, respectively. The application of a moderate quantity of the salt did not injure the quality of the product. [Variety and manurial experiments with sugar cane], R. R. Hall and J. R. BovELL {Rpt. Agr. Work Barbados, Imp. Dcpf. Agr. West Indies, 1907- 1909, pp. 4-109). — Earlier results have been previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 536). All experimental plats at the Dodds Botanic Station received 20 tons per acre of manure in addition to the artificials reported. All plats of the nitrogen series received 80 lbs. of phosphate as superphosphate and 60 lbs. of potash as sulphate. The plat given nothing further yielded 144 lbs. of sugar per acre less than the check plat. The best result in this series, a gain of 1,937 lbs. of sugar per acre, followed the application of 60 lbs. of nitrogen as blood meal during January. " The plats which received nitrogen in the form of dried blood have, in each case, given better results than those where the equivalent amount of nitrogen was applied either as sulphate of ammonia or as nitrate of soda." Sulphate of ammonia applied in June gave practically no increase. On the phosphate series each plat receiA-ed 60 lbs. of nitrogen as sulphate of ammonia and 60 lbs. of potash as sulphate. The greatest increase, 1,807 lbs. of sugar, followed the application of 80 lbs. of phosphate per acre in basic slag. Superphosphate of lime usually caused a diminished yield and in no case was its increase economically profitable. Each of the potash plats received 60 lbs. of nitrogen as sulphate of ammonia and 80 lbs. of phosphate as superphosphate. The plat receiving 60 lbs. of potash as sulphate applied partly in January and the remainder in June yielded 635 lbs. more sugar per acre than the no-potash plat. A summary of the 16 years' tests shows that on the nitrogen series the best monetary result followed the application of 40 lbs. of nitrogen, 15 lbs. in Janu- ary and 25 lbs. in June. The net gain as compared with the no-manure plat was $21.16 or $20.97 as compared with that receiving only phosphates and potash. In the phosphate series 80 lbs. of phosphate as basic slag was applied at a loss of 67 cts., while 100 lbs. on a heavy clay brought a gain of $1.96. Perhaps because of the lime in the slag in the potash series, an application of 80 lbs. of potash as sulphate gave an increased profit of $16.31 per acre or $10.95 more than the plat treated only with nitrogen and phosphates. All things considered, phosphates appear to have reduced the yields and the best results were obtained on plats that received no phosphate whatever, with the possible exception of the clay plat which received basic slag. Varieties producing little or no fertile pollen were planted chess-board fashion with others. Eighteen rows were bagged and artificially pollinated with nega- tive results. Of the hybrids which have been grown to maturity none shows particular promise. Of 4,086 seedlings planted in 1907, 88 are of sufficient value to be retained. Of 14 seedlings obtained in 1902 from B 208 and D 95, 4 have excelled White Transparent with yields ranging from 5,589 to 6,673 lbs. of sugar per acre. HORTICULTURE. 543 A list of the selected varieties for 1909 is given in which each variety and its characteristics are described. On black soils in 1909, plants of B 6450 and B 1376 yielded 6,429 and 5,756 lbs. of sugar per acre, respectively, as com- pared with 3,827 lbs. from White Transparent. On red soils, the plants and rattoons of B 3390 and B 376 averaged 7,474 and 7,235 lbs. of sugar per acre, respectively, as compared with 6,501 from White Transparent. During the period 1905-1909, plants of B 147 and B 1529 yielded 6,551 and 6,451 lbs. of sugar per acre, respectively, as compared with 5,840 from White Transparent. B 6450 and B 1753 proved best in germinative power and freedom from rotten canes. The results with canes grown experimentally on various estates are given in detail in 58 tables. Turnip manurial and variety experiments, 1909—10, A. Macpherson {Jour. New Zeal. Dept. Agr., 1 {1910), No. 6, pp. ^06-421, figs. 4).— The author re- ports the results of variety and manurial experiments with turnips. Parafield seed wheats, A. E. V. Richardson {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 14 {1910), No. 5, pp. 416^486, figs. 17). — The author announces that the depart- ment has seed wheat of certain varieties for distribution, and presents photo- graphs of 2 different aspects of the heads of each of 16 varieties. The cultural value, botanical characteristics, cropping power, and resistance to disease or drought are briefly stated in discussion of the several varieties. Weed studies, E, Vitek {Manatsh. Landw., 3 (1910), No. 11, pp. 333-344).— This article reports the results of pot experiments with sand, field soil, and clay, with rye, summer wheat, barley, oats, charlock, white radish, corn cockle, corn poppy, corn flower, plantain {Plantago lanceolata), sorrel, and {Rumex aceto- sela). Tables state the amounts of the more important salts present In the soil and the analyses of the different species after 30 and 60 days' growth. Studies of the rate of food assimilation in different soils indicated that assimilation during the first 30 days was considerable, but that the weeds excelled the grains in this respect, especially on soils containing a limited supply of plant food. HORTICULTURE. A manual of horticultural plant breeding, M. Lobneb {Leitfaden fiir gdrtnerische Pflanzenziichtung. Jena, 1909, pp. VII+160, figs. 10). — This is essentially a manual of information for the commercial breeding of new orna- mentals, fruits, and vegetables. Part 1 discusses the principles underlying the production of new plants directly from seedling variations and mutations, through long continued selec- tion, crossing, hybridizing, sport variation, and graftage, and from importations. A short descriptive account is also given of the work of the seed breeding sta- tion at Svalof, Sweden. Part 2 deals specifically with the progress which has been made, including methods, in the development of various new flowers, shrubs, fruits, and vegetables, together with suggestions for further improve- ment by breeding and the naming and introduction of novelties. A new method of preserving flower pollen in a viable condition, J. Simon {Gartenwelt, 15 {1911), No. 7, pp. 94, 95). — ^As a result of his investigations on the longevity of pollen of various plants, the author concludes that dryness of the atmosphere is an important factor in preserving the pollen. By the use of water-free calcium chlorid in sealed vessels to absorb the humidity of the inclosed air, pollen grains of the pumpkin were preserved for 5 weeks in a viable condition and fresh pollen of Rhododendron kohinoor for 13 weeks. The author recommends the use of the following method in preserving pollen from various plants : The pollen is collected in a glass vessel from 4 to 5 cm. deep and 0.5 cm. wide and the mouth loosely plugged with wadding. In a vessel 544 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. from 13 to 14 cm. deep and about 5 to 8 em. wide water-free calcium chlorid is placed to a depth of about 3 cm. and covered with a layer of wadding about 2 cm. deep. The smaller vessel containing the pollen is then placed inside the larger vessel, which is then sealed. The vessel should be opened for short periods only, since the calcium chlorid will absorb humidity from the exterior air. [Report of] Massachusetts Asparag'us Growers' Association, T. Hollis (Mass. Asparagus growers' Assoc. [/?/>/.], 19J0, pp. 3). — A brief progress report is given of the cultural experiments with asparagus being conducted at Con- cord, Mass., cooperatively by the Massachusetts Experiment Station, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the Massachusetts Aspai'agus Growers' Association. One bed of asparagus set out in the spring of 1909 was cut profitably and without injury in the following season. This phenomenal growth is attributed to thorough preparation of the soil and the use of roots from selected seed of plants having a carefully selected ancestry. Experiments in the use of vetch and crimson clover as cover crops indicate that farmers in the vicinity of Concord can profitably grow their own seed of these crops. For the favorable development of seed, however, it is advisable to furnish vetch with something to climb on, brush being used with success at the substation. The work of breeding asparagus resistant to rust which is being conducted by J. B. Norton of this Department has progressed favorably. One variety, the New American, used as a male parent has demonstrated prepotency beyond all others in the experiments. Although rust conditions were serious in 1010, all of the seedlings resulting from crosses between the above male parent and various female parents were in fairly vigorous condition. A number of these crosses showed almost no rust; one entire division fi-om one particular female was thrifty and showed no rust at all. It is hoped that from this latter mating and its progeny a rust-resistant strain will be secured. French method of intensive cultivation and asparagus forcing, H. Heee- MAN ( [Louisville, Ky., 1910], pp. 50, figs. 3). — A brief popular treatise on inten- sive vegetable culture. Sterility in fruit trees, E. Wallis (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 9 (1911), No. 1, pp. 10-19, figs. 3). — A popular discussion of the causes and remedies for sterility. With a view to assisting prospective planters in securing adequate cross-pollination in their orchards, lists are given of the different varieties of apples, pears, plums, peaches, and cherries and their blossoming periods in the various fruit-growing centers of Victoria. Apple culture in Ohio, F. H. Ballou (Ohio 8ta. Bui. 217, pp. 527-559, figs. 17). — This bulletin discusses apple growing in Ohio relative to its past, present, and future, together with the essentials of successful apple culture, including the location of the orchard, elevation, soil, culture, planting, varieties, pruning, renewal of old orchards, si^raying, and thinning. The bulletin concludes with an account of successful demonstration work conducted in Washington County in 1909 in the spraying for control of apple scab. In the spraying experiments standard Bordeaux mixture (4:6: 50) was largely used as the fungicide and arsenate of lead as the insecticide. The work was conducted in 3 orchards which had for several years failed to produce market- able fruit. The results for each orchard are presented in detail. The sum- marized results, based on many counts from different sprayed and unsprayed trees in the 3 orchards, show for the sprayed trees 70 per cent of sound, perfect apples, 17 per cent very slightly scabbed, and 13 per cent deformed by scab; HORTICULTURE. 545 for the iinsprayed trees O.S per cent soimd, perfect apples, 35 per cent very slightly scabbed, and 74.2 per cent deformed by scab. Some sugg'estions for Rhode Island apple growers, A. E. Stene (Ann. Rpt. B4. Agr. R. I., -25 {1909), pp. 93-181, pis. 21, figs. 22).— This is a popular treatise on apple culture with special reference to Rhode Island conditions. It discusses the financial outlook in orcharding, orchard conditions in Rhode Island, purchase of nursery stock, varieties, soil and site, preparation of new land, planting and cultivation, cover crops, cross-pollination, pruning, thinning, orchard fertilization, insects, plant diseases and spraying, protection against mice and other rodents, renewal of old orchards, dwarf apples, harvesting and marketing, storage, and apple by-products. New method of grafting fig and olive trees, G. C. Roeding (Cal. Cult., 36 {1911), No. 7, lUK 193, 198, figs. //).— The method of grafting which is here described and illustrated consists essentially in inserting the scions in notches at the side of the top of the stock instead of in a cleft as in the ordinary cleft grafting. The scion is placed against the stock and the outline of the scion is cut into the stock so that when the bark is removed the scion fits closely into the groove made for it. The author claims to have no difficulty in making fully 90 per cent of the scions grow by this method of grafting, although it can not be employed until the sap begins to flow. Viticulture and vine improvement, Dtjmmler {Ber. Grossh. Bad. Landw. Vers. Anst. Augustenbcrg, 1909, pp. 130-1^0). — A report on the viticultural section of the agricultural experiment station of the Grand Duchy of Baden, including tabular data showing the condition of European grapes grafted on various American stocks. Single character v. tout-ensemble breeding in grapes, T. V. Munson {Atner. Breeders Mag., 1 {1910), No. J/, pp. 274-279). — In this discussion the author advocates general character bi*eecling, or the production of as many desirable points as possible in the product. His experience in breeding grapes has shown that it is not safe to assume that the female parent transmits vine characteristics while the male transmits fruit characteristics. The following law has been determined with several pairs of species to the second generation : " Species of grapes very uniform in character when hybridized with species of very variable character give progeny with the characteristics of the imiform species dominant." Experiments with phylloxera-resistant stocks at Howlong State Viti- cultural Station, M. Blunno {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 11, pp. 975-983). — The results for the 3 years, 1908-1910, are given of experiments conducted to note the grape-bearing capacity of European vines grafted on various phylloxera-resistant stocks. The data show the yield per acre and analysis of the grapes for each season. The hybrid direct bearers in the valley of the Rhone in 1910, A. Des- MOULiNs and V. Villard {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 32 {1911), Nos. 3, PI). 84-86; J,, pp. 112-118; 5, pp. 132-137; 6, pp. 180-183).— As in previous .years (E, S. R., 22, p. 340) notes and data are given of a large number of hybrid direct bearing grapes. In conclusion the various hybrids are classified relative to their resistance to mildew in 1910, according to the nature of the soil best suited for them, and according to the intensity of coloration of their must. [Cacao manurial plats in Dominica], H. A. Tempany {Ii7i/p. Dept. Agr. West Indies Rpts. Bot. Sta. Dominica, 1909-10, pp. 22-33). — The results to date are given of the fertilizer and mulching experiments being conducted with cacao at the Dominica Botanic Station, including results of fertilizer experiments con- 546 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ducted in several county districts. The results as a whole confirm those previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 343). The oil palm, P. Hubert {Le Palmier a Eulle. Paris, 1911, pp. IX+31Jf, figs. 100). ^A treatise on the oil palm (Elwis guineensis) with particular reference to the French Colonies. Part 1 contains general considerations relative to the palm-oil industry and discusses the botany, varieties, and geographical distribution of the oil palm, together with its habitat, climatic and soil requirements, details of the culture and management of oil-palm plantations, harvesting, returns, diseases and other enemies, and various uses in producing countries. Part 2 treats in detail of the technology of the palm-oil industry both in producing and importing countries, including the properties and uses of palm oil. Part 3 discusses the commercial and economic phases of the industry. Part 4 consists of a memo- randum of information relative to the French Colonies with special reference to the oil palm and its industries. Papers on the oil palm, A. Chevalier (V^g. Utiles Afriqiie Trop. Franc., 1910, No. 7, pt. 1, pp. 121). — These papers as a whole consist of the results of the author's investigations of the oil palm {Elceis guineensis) in French West Africa. Chapter 1 contains general considerations relative to the extent and im- portance of the palm-oil industry, and the succeeding chapters deal with the oil palm relative to its history, geographical distribution, botany, varieties, biology, and culture, the harvesting of the fruits, preparation of the oil and nuts, marketing and exporting, and the future of the oil palm and methods of increasing its production in the French colonies. The principal publications dealing with the oil palm are listed. Isothermic installations for the transport of fruits, Danis (i. Cong. Inter- nat. Froid [Paris], Rap. et Commun. 1908, III, pp. 691-115). — A paper read before the First International Congress of Refrigeration, Paris, 1908, in which the author discusses the various methods and equipment involved in the cold storage transportation of fruits. Refrigeration of citrus fruits in transit from California, J. S. Leeds {1. Cong. Internat. Froid [Paris], Rap. et Commun. 1908, III, pp. 602-612). — A paper on this subject presented to the First International Congress of Refrigeration, Paris, 1908, in which the author deals largely with the methods of opera- tion employed by the refrigerator car line service in handling the citrus fruit crop of California. Sea transport of bananas by refrigeration, H. J. Ward (1. Cong. Internat. Froid [Paris], Rap. et Commun. 1908, III, pp. 115-780, figs. 2).— In this paper which was presented before the First International Congress of Refrigeration, Paris, 1908, the refrigerating and ventilating systems used in the English banana trade are described. Tests made on flowering plants in the cold storage plant at Amsterdam, P. DE Vries {1. Cong. Internat. Froid [Paris], Rap, ct Commun. 1908, III, pp. 10-13). — A paper presented to the First International Congress of Refrigeration, Paris, 1908, in which the general results are given of a comparative trial of various flowering shrubs and bulbs to determine the effect of artificial cold storage upon their subsequent growth and flowering. For the most of the plants stored no particular influence, either favorable or unfavorable, was produced by the cold. Lilacs and lilies of the valley, how- ever, were considerably improved by cold storage, both as to the development of the flowers and in hastening the blossoming period. The cold-storage process appears to be especially applicable in countries such as Holland where the winter dormant period often does not set in until the end of December. FORESTRY. 547 The book of the flower show, C. H. Curtis (London and New York, 1910, pp. IX+109, pis. 16). — This is presented as a reference handbooli for those hav- ing the management of flower shows and the compilation of rules and regula- tions for the use of horticultural societies. Directions are also given for pre- paring cut flowers, fruits, and vegetables for exhibition. Fertilizer tests with variegated forms of Pelargonium and Ligularia, K. Weydahl (Tidsskr. Norske Landbr., 17 {1910), No. 6, pp. 273-286) .—The author discusses the phenomena of variegation in plants and describes fertilizer tests conducted with variegated varieties of Pelargonium and Ligularia (Senecio) to determine the influence of fertilizers on the formation of varie- gated leaves. With the Pelargonium the nitrogenous fertilizers appear to counteract either directly or indirectly the formation of yellow and white variegations. On the other hand, they appear to favor the formation of spots on leaves of the leopard plant {Senecio kcempfen, var. aureo-maculatus) to a marked degree. The author concludes that variegation appears to be an inherited character with Pelargonium and to be intimately related to the growth of the plant. On the other hand, nitrogen appears to stimulate indirectly variegation in Ligularia without any particular relation to the growth of the plant. Gardens near the sea, Alice Lounsberky (New York, [1910'\, pp. XV+274, pis. 73). — ^A popular treatise dealing with the making and care of, and plant materials for, gardens on or near the coast, with reference also to lawns, grounds, trees, and shrubbery. The text is fully illustrated. FORESTRY. The development of British forestry, A. C. Forbes [London, 1910, pp. XI+ 274, pls- 32). — This work presents a general review of the whole problem of afforestation from the standpoint of the landowner and of the practical forester, many lessons being drawn from the continental forestry of Europe. The suc- cessive chapters discuss some national aspects of forestry, the forest require- ments of the United Kingdom, the relation of agriculture to forestry develop- ment, climate and tree growth, soil and surface conditions in the British Isles, the need for improved methods and practice in British forestry, the economic value of the British forest flora, some financial aspects of British forestry, and the state and private ownership of woods. Forest management (forest working plans), C. A. Schenck (Asheville, N. C, 1907, pp. 33). — This consists of a guide to lectures on forest management delivered by the author at the Biltmore Forest School. Eighth report of the forest commissioner of the State of Maine, E. E. Ring (Rpt. Forest Comr. Maine, 8 (1910), pp. 110, pis. 3, figs. 2).— In addition to the report of the forest commissioner, which is largely comprised of a resume of the forest fires in 1909-10, including methods of fire protection and suggestions for improvement, a report by J. M. Briscoe on the present status of the forestry department at the University of Maine, an article on the care of the farm woodlot, by G. E. Tower, and the results of a special study made by S. T. Dana of the Forest Service of this Department, relative to the importance, distribu- tion, and utilization of the paper birch in Maine (E. S. R., 21, p. 443) are appended. Communication, on the results of the Saxon state forest administration in 1909 (Tharand. Forstl. Jahrh., 61 (1910), No. 2, pp. 136-1^0).— A statistical and financial statement of the work and results of the forest administration in 1909. 548 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Progress report of forest administration in the Andamans for 1909-10, H, A. Faerington {Rpt. Forest Admin. Andamans, 1909-10, pp. /r+30).— Tlie usual progress report relative to the constitution, management, and exploitation of the state forests in the Andamans, including a financial statement for the year. The important data are appended in tabular form. Coombe plantation, Keswick: A successful plantation at a high altitude, R. L. Robinson and A. L. Watt (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 11 (1910), Nos. 4, pp. 265-283, pis. 5, figs. 3; 5, pp. 353-370). — The data, including the revenues, expenditures, and financial returns, are given of a 198-acre plantation princi- pally of spruce and larch started at Keswick, England, in 1848 and on which the work of clean cutting was started in 1903. Consideration is also given to the efCect of elevation and exposure on larch and spruce. Forest fires, A. Jacquot (Incendies en For^t. Paris and Nancy, 190ft, 2. ed., pp. 400). — This work as a whole comprises a handbook of information relative to the appraisement of damage from forest fires. It was prepared with the view of assisting various classes of laymen, as well as foresters, in the appraise- ment of damage from forest fires, in the settlement of the terms of compulsory acquisition, temporary concessions, and generally in all cases of injury to forest crops. Part 1 deals with the judicial and administrative phases; part 2 dis- cusses the general principles of estimations, rates, and values of a forest at its different ages ; part 3 takes up in detail the appraisement of damage in various forest types ; and part 4 contains specimen reports and reference tables. A bibliography of the works consulted is given. Forest fires, A. Jacquot, trans, by C. E. C. Fischer (Calcutta, 1910, pp. XV-\- 278). — This is an English translation of the above work made with the view of its application in so far as possible to the question of forest fires in India. A r§sume of the Indian laws and rules connected with forest fires is added but the bibliography mentioned above is not included. The use book: Water power (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv., 1911, pp. 86). — This section of the use book (E. S. R., 22, p. 542) contains regulations and instructions for the occupancy and use of the National Forests for purposes of water power development and utilization. These instructions, which were issued by the Secretary of Agriculture on December 28, 1910, supersede all previous regulations for like purposes. Studies of trees in winter, Annie O. Huntington (Boston, 1910, 2. ed., pp. XXIV+198, jns. 79, figs. 3). — ^An analytical key to trees in winter, based largely on the contrasting characters of the buds, leaf-scars, and stems, has been added to the present edition of this work (E. S. E., 14, p. 664). Forest border studies in the Austrian Alps, R. M. Graz (Mitt. Justus Perthes' Geogr. Anst. Erganzilngsh. 168, 1910, pp. VIII+102, pi. 1, map i).— Part 1 of these studies comprises a detailed survey relative to the locations of the climatic timber line in the several parts of the Austrian Alps. Part 2 is largely a theoretical consideration of the relation between the timber line and the climatic factors. A contribution to the study of some timbers of the Argentina Chaco, D. Maecelo de Blochouse (Min. Agr. [Argentina], Div. Ensenanza Agr. [Puh.], -}. ser., 1910. No. 12. pp. 2}). — A brief description of 69 forest species occurring in the vicinity of Resistencia, Argentina. The data for each species include the common and botanical name, average growth dimensions, appearance, density, and uses of the wood. The species are further classed relative to their value for tanning purposes, as fruit trees, and as yielding medicines and tinctures. Data are also given on the principal mechanical properties of 24 species. In the Landes country. — Exploitation of resinous forests, J. H. Ricabd (Au Pays Landais: Exploitation des Forets Resineuses. Paris, 1911, pp. 252, figs. 20, map 1). — This is a historical account of the fixation of sand dunes and DISEASES OF PLANTS. 549 the development of Maritime pine forests in the departments of Gironde and Laudes, including a sketch of the manners and characteristics of the people, a study of the exploitation of the Maritime pine, and a discussion of economic and social conditions of modern life in the Landes. The principal and intermediate yield of red beech, in Saxony, M. Kunze (Tharaml. Forstl. Jahrb., 61 (1910), No. 2, pp. 97-110).— The data here pre- sented consist of measurements which have been made of 38 experimental areas since 1890, and include information relative to the location and age of each stand, the number of trees, and the basal area and volume of wood per hectare, both in the dominant and secondary forests. A table shows the distribution of various sizes of wood in the different experimental areas. Forms and variations of the common pine (Pinus silvestris), M. Kienitz (Ztschr. Forst. u. Jaydic, JfS (1911), No. 1, pp. 4-55, pis. 2).— A study of the variability of the common pine as occurring in different European countries, in which a large number of characteristic variations are illustrated by drawings reproduced from photographs. The study has a special bearing on the question of procuring seeds from countries where the climatic conditions are similar to those existing where the stand is to be established. In the experience of the author unsuitable forms may be detected during the first year of the seedlings. These should be discarded since variations mani- fested in youth appear to be maintained or even to be intensified throughout the life of the tree. The silviculture of Hardwickia binata (anjan), D. O. Witt (Indian Forest Rec, 2 (1910), No. 3, pp. 75-135, pis. 17, map 1).—A detailed study of this species relative to its botany, utility, distribution, locality, shape, and develop- ment, including the formation, care, and regeneration of anjan forests, with, special reference to the anjan forests in the Nimar district of the Central Provinces, India. Germination and growth of sandal seedlings, Rama Rao (Indian Forest Rec, 2 (1910), No. 3, pp. 137-157, pis. 10).— A brief record is given of experi- ments in germinating and propagating sandal seedlings in the Kuruool district, Madras, India. From the knowledge derived from these experiments it ap- pears that in-situ sowing is both better and cheaper than planting out nursery- raised seedlings. A number of plates are given illustrating the development of sandal seedlings. On West African plantation rubber, F. Frank and E. Marckwaxd (Pflanzer, 6 (1910), No. 17-18, pp. 257-270). — Analyses are reported of a number of samples of West African rubber, largely Manihot glaziovii, which were coagu- lated by various methods. The data show the method of coagulating the rub- ber, the loss in washing, the resin and ash content, and the qualitative composi- tion of the ash. Analyses of the vulcanized product are also given for 14 of the samples. Asphaltic oils in the preservation of railway ties, F. W. Cheerington (Municipal Engin., JfO (1911), No. 2, pp. 95-103, figs. J/). — In this paper, which was read before the Wood Preservers' Association at Chicago, the author pre- sents considerable data based upon observations and A^arious experiments rela- tive to progress made in the use of asphaltic base oil as a wood preservative. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on New York plant diseases, I, F. C. Stewart (Netc York State Sta. Bui. 328, pp. 305-1/04, pis. 18).— This bulletin contains brief notes on various plant diseases and malformations observed in New York during the past 10 years, special attention being given to the occurrence, distribution, and im- 550 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. portance of the diseases of economic plants. A bibliography of 165 titles Is appended. A handbook of th.e fungus diseases of West Indian plants, K. Bancroft (London, 1910, pp. 10, pis. 6). — This is a compilation of the common diseases of economic plants of the West Indies, including discussions of the pathological effects caused by these fungi, brief taxonomic descriptions of them, and reme- dies for their control. The control of plant diseases, H. H. Whetzel (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 283, pp. 4S0-.'i9S, figs. 11). — The symptoms of the principal diseases of orchard, truck, and field crops are given, together with directions for their control. On plant diseases, especially of agricultural crops, M. L. Morten sen {Plantesygdomme og disses Bekcempclse saiiig Jios Landbrugsplanterne. Slagelse, 1910, pp. 31). — This is a popular discussion of the plant diseases commonly met with in agricultural crops in Denmark, together with methods for their control. Observations on diseases of agricultural crops, F. K. Ravn (Tidsskr. Landhr. Planteavl, 16 {1909), No. 5, pp. lSS-758).— In a lecture before the Royal Agi'icultural Society of Denmark a general resum§ is given of the annual reports published on the subject of plant diseases in Denmark by E. Rostrup from 1884 to 1905 and by the author from 1906 to 1908. New species of Uredineae, VII, J. C. Arthur {Bid. Torrey Bot. Club, 37 (1910), A'o. 12, pp. 569-580, fig. 1). — The author describes 15 new species and combinations of rusts, among which may be noted Puccinia deschampsicB on Deschampsia cwspitosa from Colorado, Uromyces glycericB on Glyceria sep- tentrionalis and G. acutiflora, and Peridemiium fructigenum on Tsuga cana- densis from Connecticut. Cultures as a means for a better differentiation of the systematic position of certain Hyphomycetes, O. Appel and H. W. Wollenweber (Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell, 28 (1910), No. 8, pp. Jf35-U8, pi. 1, figs. 2).— As a result of cultures on various media, such as iX)tato stems and tubers, peas, beans, etc. of certain species of the Hyphomycetes, especially of the genus Fusarium, the authors claim that the various stages in the life cycle of the fungus under culture can often be discovered. Especially may the perfect stage of many of the imper- fect fungi and variations in the spores be thus determined. On the biology of Sclerospora, a parasite of the Gramineae, V. Peglion (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AU., 28 (1910), No. 22-21,, irp. 580-589, figs. 6).— The author discusses the effects of various species of this genus on their respective hosts, special attention being given to malformation of the spikes of Setaria viridis, and the production of witches' brooms on Glyceria festucceformis, Crypsis aculeata, C. alopecuroides, and C. schonoides by Sclerospora macrospora. The susceptibility of certain cereals to smut, L. S. Klinck (Ann. Rpt. Quebec Soc. Protec. Plants [etc.]. 2 (1909-10), pp. 14, 15).— As a result of two years' experiments on smut infection it is claimed that the following factors play an important part in determining the amount of smut, viz : Season, class of grain, variety, strain, date of seeding, size of seed, rate of seeding, date of cutting, and manner of planting. Investigations on the behavior of smut spores in the bodies of animals and in stable manure, F. Honcamp, H. Zimmermann, and G. Schneideb (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 28 (1910), No. 22-24, pp. .590-607).— Tests were made on the viability of bunt spores (Tilletia Iwvis and T. caries) after pas- sage through the digestive tract of swine, cattle, horses, sheep, rabbits, chick- ens, and pigeons, and also on the possibility of infection in the field by the use of stable manures contaminated with smut spores. DISEASES OP PLANTS. 551 It was found that the bunt spores after passage through the digestive tract had for the most part lost their power to germinate, except in the case of the swine. The death of the spores was apparently caused by the acids of the digestive fluids. The high degree of fluidity present in the digestive tract also hindered the germination of the spores. The -excreta as such, indeed, injured the viability, but in none of the experiments was the ability of the spores to germinate completely destroyed. The investigations showed that in practice there was no danger of bunt infection from the use of manure from animals which had eaten smutty food. It is also claimed that bunt spore balls lying on the ground in the fields can resist cold, drying, and dampness for two years without losing the power of germination, but that when these spore masses are broken up during the reseeding of the fields to grain their ability to produce mfection would depend upon the dampness of the soil. The enemies of oats, D. Brocq-Rousseu and E. Gain (Les Ennemis de UAvoine. Paris, 1910, pp. XlV+lSk, pis. 24). — The authors discuss the fungus and insect enemies of various species of the genus Avena, especially those of economic value. The subject matter is treated under two heads, viz, enemies which attack the plants during the growing period and those which infest the grain after it is harvested. Figures, brief descriptions, and synonymy citations for each species are given. A bibliography is appended. " Take-all " (Ophiobolus graminis), A. E. V. Richardson (Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., IJf {1910), No. 5, pp. 466-471). — Attention is called to a serious out- break of this diesase in certain sections of South Australia, in which the wheat on areas of from 1 to 50 acres suddenly contracted the disease to such an ex- tent that not even one bushel per acre was harvested. Most of the wheat plants died outright, while other cereals were free from the disease, especially oats. The disease appears at all stages of growth. If the attack occurs just before the stalk is formed, the leaves gradually turn yellow and the plants shrivel up and die. At other times it attacks the wheat after it is in head, when the head suddenly whitens as if blighted, and the entire plant dies. The disease attacks wheat, spear grass, and barley grass, usually occurring in circular patches, and in all cases the affected plants show a black incrustation on the basal portions of the stem. It occurs on all types of soils, and on new as well as on old land. Burning the stubble has resulted in crops free from take-all, but it is stated that the best method of control is to starve it out by alternate fallowing and cropping with oats, in a 5-year system of rotation, with wheat as the first and fifth years' crop. The late blight of celery, S. S. Rogers {Calif ornia Sta. Bui. 208, pp. 83-115, pi. 1, figs. 18). — This paper covers the work done on this disease {Scptoria petroseli/tii apii) by the station during the past 4 years, including the observa- tions and results of experiments conducted in the celery fields of Orange County during the season of 1909 and the spring of 1910. After a brief description of the methods used in growing celery, the author gives the history, distribution, and appearance of the fungus, together with the methods used for its control. As a result of investigations it is recommended that a 5 : 6 : 50 Bordeaux mixture be used at the rate of 30 to 40 gal. per acre when the plants are small, the amount to be increased as' the plants grow until not less than 100 gal. per acre is used on plants 15 or more inches tall. The seedlings should be sprayed at least twice, and again not later than 6 weeks after transplanting into the field, or earlier if blight is noticed. Spraying should then be done once a month until the seasonal rains or heavy fogs come; 552 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. thereafter, every 2 weeks uutil the crop is harvested. Where the plants are over 15 in. tall, they should be gone over twice at each spraying, the machine moving in an opposite direction the second time. Demonstration plats sprayed according to these directions were almost entirely free from blight, while all checks which were not sprayed at all were practically ruined. Brief notes are also appended on other fungus diseases and insect pests of celery. A bacterial disease of the Irish, potato, G. H. Pethybbidge and P. A. MuKPHY {Nature [London], 85 (1010), No. 2148, p. 296). — In a paper read be- fore the December meeting of the Royal Irish Academy at Dublin, the authors describe a bacterial disease of the potato plant of frequent occurrence in Ire- land, and give an account of the organism (for which the name Bacillus melOM- ogenus is proposed) isolated from the diseased plants, and its successful inocu- lation on healthy plants and tubers. The bacillus produces a decay of the living tissues of a variety of plants in addition to the potato, and resembles in many respects other organisms causing similar diseases in the Old and New Worlds. Some observations on the leaf-roll disease of the potato, T. Hedlund (Tidskr. Landtmdn, 31 (1910), pp. 512-515, 532-5^1; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 11^ (1910), No. 22, pp. 567, 568). — The author claims, from his observations and study of the disease as it exists in southern Switzerland, that it can originate without infection from leaf-roll diseased plants, and is caused primarily by a checking of the respiration in the underground parts due to low temperature and rainy weather in combination with a packed condition of the soil and the too great depth at which the seed tubers have been planted. The diseased condi- tion thus produced persists throughout the entire vegetative period of the plants, resulting in a serious checking of tuber growth. It is also claimed that the disease can result from the use of seed tubers from leaf-roll diseased plants, even when the weather conditions and other external factors in the earlier stages of growth are entirely favorable. The author believes that the leaf-roll disease is probably not infectious, but is only a pathological adaptive mutation. For controlling the disease, a loose seed bed, sound seed tubers, not too deep planting of the seed, and liming the soil are I'ecommended. A biochemical study of the leaf-roll disease of the potato. — I, The oxi- dases of the tubers, G. Doby (Kis^rlet. Eoslem., 13 (1910), No. 5, pp. 595-615, dgm. 1; Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 21 (1911), No. 1-2, pp. 10-17, dgm. 1).—A study was made of the oxidases present in healthy plants and those attacked by the leaf-roll disease, in which oxygenase, peroxidase, and tyrosinase were found, but the quantities of each ferment present were not sufficient to distin- guish between healthy and diseased tubers at the time of planting. A brief bibliography is appended. Contribution to the study of the leaf-roll disease of the potato, G. Kock and K. Kornauth (Monatsh. Landw., 3 (1910), No. 12, pp. 365-369). — This is a discussion of several recent articles on the leaf-roll disease of the potato, especially with reference to its cause. The claims made by Bohutiusky-Krizevci (E. S. R., 23, p. 743) and Vauha (E. S. R., 24, p. 1.54) as to the parasitic nature of this disease are held to be unsupported by other investigators. Potato spraying experiments, 1910, D. Turner (Agr. Students^ Gaz., n. ser., 15 (1910), No. 2, pp. 38-.'i2). — The results of spraying experiments conducted in the south of England with 14:9:100 Bordeaux mixtures for the control of the late blight of the potato (Phytophthora infestans) , are reported. DISEASES OF PLANTS, 553 It was found that for the season of 1910 late spraying was more profitable than early, that one late spraying was better than an early and a late spraying, and that Scotch seed potatoes gave better results as regards yield and disease resistance than Irish seed of the same variety. Tests of summer sprays on apples and peaches in 1910, G. P. Clinton and W. E. Beitton {Connecticut State 8ta. Rpt. 1909^10, pt. 7, pp. 583-618, pis. 8) .— The results are given of experiments conducted during 1910 with various lime- sulphur mixtures as regards their fungicidal value and spray injury on apples and peaches. The following sprays were used: (1) Bordeaux mixtures 4:4:50, 3:4:50, 2:4:50, and 1:4:50, as checks in addition to the unsprayed plats; (2) com- mercial lime-sulphur mixtures, 1 : 12 and 1 : 8 for winter treatment, and 1 : 50, 1.25:50, and 1.5:50 for summer use; (3) the trade compounds of lime and sulphur, Sulfocide, Bogart's Sulphur Compound, and One for All; (4) self- boiled lime-sulphur mixture. 8 : S : 50. To all of the sprays except Sulfocide, 3 lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gal. of the mixture was added. From two to four summer treatments for the fungus and insect enemies of the apple were found necessary. The commercial (1.5:50) and self-boiled lime-sulphur sprays produced no appreciable injury to the apple foliage, but a slight russeting of the fruit was noticeable in some cases, while the trade com- pounds of sulphur, especially when combined with an insecticide, often pro- duced serious leaf burn and fruit fall. In all orchards the sprayed trees gave a lower percentage of fungus infection than the check trees, although the dif- ference was not great, due to the unfavorable season for the general develop- ment of fungus diseases. The treatments reduced the insect injury of the apple, especially that due to the codling moth, more than one-half. In the spraying experiments with peaches, the brown rot, leaf curl, scab, curculio, peach sawfly, and San Jose scale were especially under observation. Varieties very susceptible to the brown rot were selected for the tests, and about 125 trees were sprayed from 1 to 4 times. Self-boiled lime sulphur, 8 : 8 : 50 ; Sulfocide, 1 : 400 ; Niagara lime sulphur, 1 : 75 and 1 : 100 ; and potassium sulphid, 1 : 50, were the sprays used. Three summer treatments were given in all of the orchards, and in the first and second applications arsenate of lead at the rate of 3 lbs. to 50 gal. was used. The self-boiled lime-sulphur caused no foliage injury. The 1 : 75 Niagara lime-sulphur produced a slight injury, while the other sulphur mixtures tested were not injurious when used alone, but when combined with arsenicals often caused serious foliage damage. Both self-boiled and Niagara lime-sulphur mixtures gave good results in checking fungus dis- eases. Peaches sprayed for leaf curl on April 1 with a 1 : 9 commercial lime- sulphur mixture showed only a trace of the disease, while trees sprayed for brown rot with the self-boiled and Niagara lime-sulphur mixtures 3 times during the summer had over 50 per cent less rot than the unsprayed trees. Not only was the rot prevented, but the sprayed fruits kept better after picking. On the whole, the authors recommend for general use the self-boiled lime- sulphur mixture for a summer fungicide, although a commercial lime-sulphur mixture like the Niagara at 1:100 solution may prove valuable on the peach. Report on a disease in the Taurian limes at Antony, W. R. Fisher (Quart. Jour. Forestry, .'/ (1910), No. 4, pp. 293-296). — Attention is called to a slime flux disease of these exotic limes (Tilia dasystyla) which has up to the present time attacked five of the trees and killed two of them. The exact cause of the disease is not known, but it is supposed to be due either to infection in the nursery, to local infection, unsuitable soil at Antony, injury by frosts, or to the unsuitability of the local climate. 554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Studies on gummosis, J. Gruss and P. Soeaxjee (Notizbl. K. Bot. Gart. u. Mus. Berlin, 5 {1910), No. ^7, pp. 188-197). — In a review and discussion of gummosis of fruit trees, especially of the Amygdalacese, the authors claim that this trouble results from a normal metabolic assimilation process in consequence of wounds, nutrition disturbances, bacteria, etc., which cause irregularities in the assimilation and nutrition processes. The diseases of the banana in Central America and Surinam, O. Labroy {Jour. Agr. Trap., 10 {1910), No. 113, pp. 328-332) .—The author discusses the so-called Panama disease of the banana which is threatening the total destruc- tion in a few years of the entire banana plantations of Central America. The opinions of various investigators as to the cause of this disease are given, fol- lowed by a description of the symptoms of the disease and suggestions as to its control. The planting of a variety of Congo banana which is highly resistant to the disease is now in progress in Surinam. It is also claimed that a species of bee injures the epidermis of the young bananas at flowering time, causing the fruit to become worthless for selling purposes. Studies on the biology of Gymnosporang'iuni juniperinum, E. Fischeb {Ztsclir. Bot., 2 {1910), No. 12, pp. 753-7'6-J ) .— The results are given of success- ful cultures of a Gymnosporangium from Junipents commums on Sorhiis ter- minalis and S. latifoUa, for which the name of O. termiiiali-jumperinum n. sp. is proposed. G. juniperinum from J. communis infected S. aucuparia, 8. americana, and S. hybrida. As cultures of G. amclanchieris on Aronia nigra, the usual host for G. davisii, were unsuccessful, the author claims that the two rusts are not identical. The fungus root tubercles of Ceanothus americanus, Elseagnus argentea, and Myrica cerifera, E. G. Arzberger {Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. Rpt., 21 {1910), pp. 60-102, pis. 9). — After a brief historical review and summnry of the work done by previous investigators on this subject, the author reports a study of the external characters, internal structures, and the relationship of the fungus to the host, of the tubercles on the roots of Ceanothus, Elseagnus, and Myrica. For the tubercles on Ceanothus it was found that the infection of the roots was common and occurred through a root hair or an epidermal cell. Three dis- tract stages in the life cycle of the fungus were noted, viz, (1) the mycelial stage in the host cell, (2) the sporangia stage which initiates the conditions for the digestive cell, and (3) the last stage where all but the walls of the mycelium are absorbed. The nucleus of the invaded host cell at first increases in volume and in the size of the nucleoli and the amount of chromatin present, but later, following the vesicular stage, the cytoplasm and nucleus of the host cell are absorbed. The cell contents of the fungus then disappear and both the host cell and the fungus die. In the earlier stages of the tubercles symbiosis is quite apparent, while later the fungus is able to dissolve the cell walls of the host. In Elseagnus the fungus mycelium is much narrower than that of Ceanothus, branches profusely and forms vesicles, the contents of which break up into several segments. The fungus is not entirely absorbed by the digestive cell, nor are the cell walls of the host broken down by the fungus. Both the host cells and the fungus finally die. The tubercles and fungus of Myrica differ in many resiiects from those of Ceanothus and Elseagnus. No hypertrophy or symbiotic relationship exists as in the other two, and the fungus must be regarded as a parasite. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 555 The form, structure, and behavior of the fungus indicate that it belongs to the genus Actinomyces. An extended bibliography is appended. Botrytis as a parasite upon chrysanthemums and poinsettias, P. Spaulding {Mo. Bot. Gard. Ami. Rpt., 21 {1910), pp. 185-188, pi. i ) .—Attention is called to the attaclis of this fungus {B. vulgaris) on flowers of chrysanthemums, on the lower leaves of poinsettias {Euphorbia pulcherrima) , and of Primula ohconica grandlflora in the greenhouses of the Missouri Botanical Gardens at St. Louis. On chrysanthemums the disease first appeared as tiny, watery, discolored spots on the petals, loolving as if they had been pricked with a needle. The dis- eased areas spread rapidly in size until about one-fourth of the petal was affected, after which the diseased tissues wilted and dried up. Later '.he characteristic fruiting bodies of B. vulgaris appeared on the wilted petals. On the poinsettias the fungus first attacked the slightly projecting angles of the lower leaves of the plants, causing a small, deadened area at the very tips of the angles, while on the lower surface, extending along the larger veins, tiny white drops of the hardened latex could be seen. These small, hardened drops of juice seemed to be very characteristic of this disease upon the poinsettias. As the disease progressed, the affected areas became larger and the extreme tips of the affected angles withered and became discolored. When about one-fourth of the leaf surface was involved the leaf was prematurely shed, leaving, for badly diseased plants, a bare stem with a broad whorl of red leaves at the top. About two days after the leaves were first attacked, Botrytis spores were found in thick groups on the surface of the affected areas. Limewater Bordeaux for spraying', D. McAlpine {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 8 {1910), A'O. 2, pp. 728-732, figs. 2).— A Bordeaux spray consisting of 10 oz. of copper sulphate, SJ gal. of limewater, and water to make up the 50 gal., is recom- mended in place of the usual Bordeaux mixture. It is claimed that this limewater Bordeaux mixture is cheaper and quicker acting than the ordinary Bordeaux. Experiments conducted in 1908 on apple black spot {Fusicladium dendriticum) showed that it was also as efficacious in preventing that disease. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. African g-ame trails, T. Roosevelt {New York, 1910, pp. X'V-\-529, pis. 50, map 1). — In this work the author presents an account of the scientific expedi- tion to British East Africa which was sent out by the Smithsonian Institution in 1909 for the collection of large and small mammals. The main part of the work consists of 15 chapters ; several appendixes include a list of the large and small mammals collected during the trip, notes by E. Heller, J. A. Loring, and the author on the occurrence, habits, etc., of many species, a brief report of a biological survey of Mt. Kenia, and a discussion of protective coloration in ani- mals, etc. State of New York forest, fish, and game law, 1910 {Alhany, 1910, pp. 23Jt). — An act relating to the protection of the forests, fish, and game of the State, enacted in 1909 and amended in 1910, and other data are brought to- gether in this handy pocket form. The mammals of "West Virg'inia, F. E. Brooks {Rpt. W. Va. Bd. Agr., 1910, No. 20, pp. 9-30). — This list of the known living and recently extinct mammals of West Virginia includes brief notes on each form. The A. 0. IT. check-list of North American birds {New Yoric, 1910, 3. ed., rev., pp. JfSO, maps 2). — In this edition the ranges of species and geographical 87402°— No. 6—11 5 556 EXPEEIMENT STATIOIST RECORD. races have been carefully revised and greatly extended, the names conforming to the latest rulings of the American Ornithological Union. The numbering of the species is the same as in the second edition. A total of 1,200 forms, includ- ing 804 species and 396 subspecies, are listed. A. 0. IT. abridged check-list of North American birds, 1910 (Ifew York, 1910, pp. 77). — A pocket check-list of numbered scientific and popular names, as abridged from the above. Birds of South Carolina, A. T. Wayne {Charleston, S. C, 1910, pp. XXI+ 25It, map 1; rev. in Science, n. ser., 32 (1910), No. 828, pp. 668, 669).— This work is based primarily on the personal observations of the author continued during a period of nearly 30 years, mainly in the coast region of the State, to which it was his intention originally to limit its scope. The introduction by the editor, P. M. Rea, treats of the physical divisions of South Carolina and the history of South Carolina ornithology. The main body of the work consists of a systematic list of the 309 species of birds of the coast region, followed by an annotated list of 28 additional species from the interior of the State and a hyi)othetical list of 22 species. A bibliography of about 200 titles and an index complete the volume. An annotated list of the birds of Costa Rica including Cocos Island, M. A. Carriker, Jr. {Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6 {1910), No. 2-4, pp. 31-^-915, map 1; rev. in Ank, 28 {1911), No. 1, pp. 122-125).— In this work- a total of 758 si>ecies and subspecies is recorded, with full citations of Costa Rican references and many hitherto unpublished records. The 60 pages of introductory matter treat, among other subjects, of the geography and physiography, the life zones, and the history of the ornithology of Costa Rica. A bibliography, a comprehensive descriptive list of localities at which birds have been collected, and a folding map of Costa Rica are included. Catalogue of a collection of birds from Costa Rica, J. F. Ferry {Puhs. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. [Chicago], Ornithol. Ser., 1 {1910), No. 6, pp. 257-282; rev. in Auk, 28 {1911), No. 1, pp. 125, 126). — This is an annotated list of 74 species collected by the author in Costa Rica from January to March, 1908. Annual report of the state ornithologist for the year 1909 {Agr. of Mass., 57 {1909), pp. 2-'i5-269, j;?.^. 2, figs. 2).— The recovery of species of birds deci- mated by the elements in 1903 and 1904 is discussed and abstracts of reports regarding the breeding of martins in Massachusetts in 1909 are presented. The results of investigations of the possible poisoning of birds by spraying trees with arsenical insecticides, conducted during the year, were inconclusive. It seems probable that the fatal effects of such spraying have been exaggerated. " We can not say that no birds die from eating live, poisoned insects, from eating poisoned foliage, or from drinking poisoned water, but after several years' study of the subject it seems safe to assume that although probably some birds are fatally poisoned, they are the exception and not the rule." An introduction to vertebrate embryology, A. M. Reese {Netv York and London, 1909, 2. cd., rev. and cnh. pp. XXI+SI/O, pi. 1, figs. 118).— The embry- ology of the frog, chick, and mammal is taken up in this work. Plague in England {Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 55 {1910), Nos. 21, p. 1820; 22, p. 1903). — It has been found that plague prevails extensively among rats in part of Suffolk, one of the eastern counties of England, and that a few cases have occurred in man. Hares and rabbits have also been attacked. The out- break seems to be due to the landing of an infected rat or rats from one of the many grain vessels which enter the river Orwell from plague-infected countries. Two ferrets are said to have died from plague after eating a dead rabbit. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 557 The flag'g'ellate order Binucleata, M. Habtmann and V. Jollos (Arch. Protistcnk.. ID (1910), No. 1, pp. 81-106, figs. 12; ads. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 8 (1910), No. 13, pp. 5TJt-5~6). — This article deals with the phylogeny and classification of protozoa occurring in the blood. The author recognizes 7 families as belonging to the order, namely, Trypanoplasmidie, including the genera Prowazekia and Trypanoplasma ; Trypanosomidie, including the genera Leptomonas. Herpetomouas, Trypanosoma, Schizotrypanum, and Endotrypa- num ; Halteridiidiie, including the genus Hjemoproteus ; Leucocytozoidse, includ- ing the genus Leucocytozoon ; Hfemogregarinidtie, including the genera Htemo- gregarina, Caryolysus, and Lankesterella ; Piroplasmidfe, including the genera Leishmania, Toxoplasma, and Babesia (Piroplasma) ; and Plasmodiidse, includ- ing the genera Acbromaticus, Polychromophilus, Proteosoma, and Plasmodium. Publications of the Bureau of Biological Survey (17. S. Dept. Agr., Dw. Pubs. Circ. 8, pp. 3). — This is a list of the publications of the Bureau of Bio- logical Survey of this Department that are available for distribution. [Report of scientific work in the field of entomology during 1906], E. Strand et al, (Arch. Naturgcsch., 13 (1907), II, No. 2, 3. half, pp. ri+236).— This part of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 161) catalogues the Diptera, Aphaniptera, Trichoptera, Neuroptera, Mallophaga, Thysanoptera, Cor- rodentia, Orthoptera, Odonata, etc., also the Myriopoda, Arachnida, Proto- tracheata, and Crustacea. Insects of the year 1910 in Iowa, R. L. Webster (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 6, pp. 502-504). — Among the more important insects mentioned are Phyto- nomus puiictatus, which was found for the first time in Iowa, Pcgomya fusci- ccps, SpJtcnopJiorus parvulus. Aphis setariw, Chaitophorus negundinis, Mcliana albiUncn, and Pcronca minuta. Second annual report of the state entomologist of Indiana, B. W. Douglass {Ann. Rpt. State Ent. Ind., 2 (1908-9), pp. 348, pi. 1, figs. 167).— In this report brief iUustrated accounts are given of some of the more important insect pests, plant diseases, etc., occurring in Indiana. A report on bee inspection in 1909, by G. S. Demuth (pp. 188-229) and the horticultural laws of Indiana are appended. [Circulars on insect pests in Nebraska], H. S. Smith et al. (Insect Pest and Plant Disease Bur. Nehr. 1908, Circs. 1, pp. Jf, figs. 2; 2, pp. 3, fig. 1; 3, pp. Ji, figs. 2; 4, pp. Jf, figs. 2; 5, pp. h, figs. 2; 6, pp. J,, figs. 2; 7, pp. 4, fig. 1; 8, pp. 4, figs. 3; 9, pp. J,, figs. 3; 10, pp. J,, fig. 1; 11, pp. J,, fig. 1; 1909, Circ. 12, pp. 6, figs. 3). — These circulars are devoted respectively to the box elder aphis (Chaitophorus negundinis), the clover-hay worm, the rose- chafer, the cotton or melon aphis, the fall webworm, the white-marked tussock moth, the strawberry leaf-roller, the potato stalk borer, the corn-ear or boll worm, the house fly and allies, a plea for the protection of our birds (E. S. R., 21, p. 246), and the gipsy and brown-tail moths. The control of insect pests, M. V. Slingerland, G. W. Hereick, and C. R. Crosby (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 283, pp. 465-479, figs. 15).— A popular account intended for ready reference, part 1 dealing with insects and their control and part 2 with insecticides. Fortieth annual report of the Entomolog'ical Society of Ontario (Ann. Rpt. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 40 (1909). pp. 144, pis. 7, figs. 39). — Among the numerous papers here presented are the following : Reports on Insects of the Year, by A. Gibson, J. B. Williams, and C. B. Nash (pp. 9-16) ; Observations on a few Insects of the Season, by L. Caesar (pp. 16-18) ; Nests of the Brown-tail Moth in Importations of French Nursery Stock, 1909, by A. Gibson (pp. 19, 20) ; Nursery Work in Ontario, by R. C. Treheme (pp. 21-23) ; Some Guests at the Banquet of Blossoms, by F. J. A. Morris (pp. 23-30) ; House Flies and Their 558 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Allies, by C. G. Hewitt (pp. 30-36) ; The Origiu and Diffusion of Entomological Errors, by H. H. Lyruan (pp. 46-51) ; Conflicts between Ants, by G. E. Sanders (pp. 51-54); Tbe Spruce Budworm {Tortrix fumiferwna), by A. Gibson (pp. 54-56) ; Tbe Snow-wbite Linden Motb (Ennomos subsignarms). by A. F. Winn (pp. 56, 57) ; Notes on Fruit Tree Scolytids, by J. M. Swaino (pp. 58-63) ; Observations on Ontario Insects in 1909, by C. J. S. Betbune (pp. 63-67) ; Injurious Insects of Quebec, 1909. by W. Locbbead (pp. 67-73) ; Anisota virgini- ensis (pp. 73-75), and Adaptations in the Structure of Insects (pp. 76-82), by T. W. Fyles ; The Acarina, with a Host Index to the Species Found in Ontario, by T. D. Jarvis (pp. 82-109) ; and The Entomological Record, 1909, by A. Gibson (pp. 110-128). Injurious insects of Ste. Anne's, season of 1909, J. M. Swaine (Ann. Rpt. Quebec 8oc. Protcc. Plants [etc.], 2 (1909-10). pp. J,6-66, figs. i8).— Notes are given on the occurrence of the more important insect pests of the year. Insects which, damag'e saltbush, W. W. Froggatt (Agr Gas. N. S. Wales, 21 (1910). No. 6, pp. -'(65-^70. pi. 1, figs. 5). — The larvfe of several species of moths, 2 weevils {Etwagna squamebunda and Bel us ursus n. sp.), and the salt- bush scale {Pulvtnaria maskelli) are reported to be pests of this valuable fodder plant. Some forest insects in the season of 1909, T. W. Fyles (.4?//?. Rpt. Quebec 8oc. Protec. Plants [etc.], 2 (1909-10), pp. 67-69). — The occurrence of Anisota vlrginiensis, Datana angusii, Symmerista albifrons, and Schisura concinna is noted. Observations on Termes g'estroi as affecting the Para rubber tree, and methods to be employed against its ravages, H. C. Pratt (Dept. Agr. Fed. Malay States Bui. 3, 1909, pp. 29, figs. 6). — A report of further studies of this pest (E. S. R., 20, p. 764). Fourth annual report of the committee of control of the South African Central Locust Bureau (Ann. Rpt. Coin. Control So. African Cent. Locust Bur., 4 (1910). pp. 59, pis. 2, maps 15). — The work carried on during the locust season of 1909-10 is discussed and the reports received from members of the committee of control on the locust conditions in their respective areas during this period, together with reports from neighboring territories, are presented in full. The minutes and proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the committee of con- trol, and maps showing the occurrence of the brown locust (Locusta pardalina= Pachytylus sulcieolUs) and the red-winged locust (Cyrtocanthacris septemr fasciata) from 1906 to 1910, are appended to the report. A synopsis of the Orthoptera of western Europe, N. Burr (London, 1910, pp. 160; rev. in Nature [London]. 84 (1910), No. 2124, p. 3.9).— Short descrip- tions of genera and species, tables of species under the genera, and the more important naturalized species have been included in the work. The orchid thrips: Anaphothrips orchidaceus, R. S. Bagnall (Ent. Rec. and Jour. Variation, 22 (1910). No. 12, p. 287). — The author finds that when In- fested orchids blossom the adults and larvae leave the leaves and may be found sheltered in numbers under the corollas, where by attacking the petals they soon render the flowers unsightly and unmarketable. Because of its secluded habits, ordinary fumigation is not effective in combating it. Periodically cleaning the plants by picking up the adults and larvre with a camel's hair brush and killing them by immersion in alcohol or other destructive agent is thought to be the only safe method of dealing with it. The mosquito blight of tea, C. B. Antram (Indian Tea Assoc. [Pamphlet] 1, 1910, pp. V+W, pis. 2). — This is a report of studies made of the life history of the so-called tea mosquito (Helopeltis tlieivora) and the results of a number of remedial experiments conducted during the year 190S-9. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 559 Mosquito blight, 0. B. Antram {Indian Tea Assoc. [Pamphlet] 2, 1909, pp. 6). — A brief report of the results obtained from the application of remedial measures for Helopeltis theivora in 1908. Aphididee of southern California, IV, E. O. Essig (Pomona Jour. Ent., 2 (1910), No. 2, pp. 223, 224, fid- !)■ — Two species are noted in this fourth paper (E. S. R., 23, p. 257). Spraying for the citrus mealy bug, E. O. Essig (Poiivona Jour. Ent., 2 (1910). No. 3, pp. 246-259). — Preliminary experiments carried on during the months of January, February, and March are reported. The natural enemies of the citrus mealy bug, II, E. O. Essig (Pomona Jour. Ent., 2 (1910), No. 3, pp. 260-274, figs. 3).— In this second paper (E. 8. R., 23, p. 559) the author considers the family characters of larvne and nymphs of Coccinellidfe. The immature stages of Cryptolo'mus montrouzieri and Rhizo- hius ventralis are described and their life history and habits discussed. The wild cochineal insect with reference to its injurious action on prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) in India, etc., and to its availability for the subjuga- tion of this plant in Queensland and elsewhere, H. Tryon (Queensland Agr. Jour., 25 (1910), No. 4, PP- lSS-197). — A critical discussion of the subject. A contribution to the knowledge of Aleurochiton aceris, its host relations, etc., M. Wolff (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 26 (1910), No. 20-24, pp. 643-667, pis. 2, figs. 17). — This paper deals with the morphology and biology of an aleyrodid (A. aceris), which was the source of considerable injury to mapleS (Acer platanoides) in the provinces of West Prussia and Posen in 1909. A pteromalid parasite bred from the pupa is described as Urolepis schultzei n. sp. Notes on California Coccidae, V, E. O. Essig (Pomona Jour. Ent., 2 (1910) ^ No. 2, pp. 209-222, figs. 14).— In this part (E. S. R., 23, p. 259) 9 species are noted of which Ripersia smithii, taken from wild rye (Elymus condensatus) in Ventura County, is described as new. Notes on silkworm rearing in the Punjab (Dept. Agr. Punjal), Bui. 3, 1910. pp. Ill +19). — Part 1 of this bulletin discusses the cultivation and care of mul- berry trees and part 2 the care of the silkworm. The silk industry of Persia, F. Lafont and H. L. Rabino (Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellier, n. ser„ 8 (1909), No. 4, pp. 292-319, figs. 9; 9 (1909), No. 1, pp. 5-69, figs. 23; 9 (1909-10), No. 2-3, pp. 152-208, map. 1).—X detailed account. A contribution to the study of diseases of silkworms; Tricholyga sor- billans in Cochin China, Broquet and Villeneuve (Bui. 8oc. Path. Exot., 3 (1910), No. 10, pp. 766-773). — This tachinid has been found to parasitize silk- worms at Daii-Giai in the Province of Bien-hoa. The eggs are deposited upon the silkworms, the larvfe hatching out within 24 hours and entering the body of the host. The silkworm moth " rouge " in Cochin China, C. Broquet (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 24 (1910), No. 7, pp. 529-542, pi. 1). — The author here considers a dis- ease of the silkworm moth that occurs in the region of Tan Chau, Cochin China, and is due to a chromogenlc cocco-bacillus, which he calls " rouge." This organism was isolated from the atmosphere at the sericultural station at Tan Chau and from the humid surface of cocoons from which moths had emerged. The loss caused, however, is not so great as that due to pebrine and to the tachinid parasite Tricholyga grandis. List of Sphingidse of America north of Mexico, W. Barnes and J. McDuN- NOUGH (Psyche, 77 (1910), No. 5, pp. 190-206). — Ninety-six species are listed with locality records of their collection. 560 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. The snow-white linden moth, G. W. IIerrick (New York Cornell 8ta. Bui. 286, pp. -'fi-S-'f, figs. 5). — Since tlie iutrodiiction of the English sparrow, but little injury appears to have been done by the snow-white linden moth, also known as the elm spanworm, until 1907, when it appeared as a serious pest to forest trees and has since been very abundant and injurious. In this bulletin the author deals with its occurrence, injury, danger as a fruit pest, distribution, food plants, life history and habits, natural enemies. and control. It appears to be widely distributed over the middle and eastern parts of the United States and occurs in Canada. The larvse infest a great variety of forest trees, apparently somewhat preferring beech and maple and have been found on elm, linden, chestnut, hickory, ash, apple, birch, and others. The author considers it quite probable that this insect may in the future become of considerable importance as a fruit pe.st. The eggs are deposited during the latter part of June and first part of July on the underside of the branches in masses of from 20 to 100 or more and commence to hatch during the latter half of April. Six caterpillars ob- served began spinning their cocoons May 30, June 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7, respectively, changing to pupse about 3 days later. The 6 pupte required from 13 to IG days for their transformation to adults. In regard to parasites the author states that he has bred but a single specimen {Pimpla eonqinsitor) . It is thought that the use of arsenate of lead, 3 lbs. to 50 gal. of water, will control this pest on shade trees. A chronologically arranged bibliography is appended. The celery leaf-tyer, H. J. Quayle (Cal. Cult., 35 (1910), No, 16, p. 371).— A brief account is given of Phhiciwnia fcrrugulis. Paris green in the propor- tion of from 1 to IJ lbs. to 200 gal. of water was found to be the most practical insecticide and is recommended for use. Experiments in the storage of seed potatoes, H. M. Lefroy and G. Evans (Agr. Jour. India, 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. 19-28, pi. 1). — The authors repoit investi- gations that were made necessary by attacks of the potato moth (Plitlwrima;a operculella) . This pest attacks stored potatoes freely and has become well established in India where potatoes are grown. Cankerworm experiments of 1909, W. H. Goodwin (Ohio State Hort. Soc. Ann. Rpt., .'i3 (1910), pp. 105, 106). — A brief report of banding and spraying experiments. Codling moth control in California, C. W. Woodworth (Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 6, pp. Jf70-/f73). — It is shown that the climatic conditions in the Pajaro Valley are such that none of the commercial brands of arsenate of lead containing arsenic acid soluble in ammonia can be safely used. A method of manufacture has been worked out by means of which a saturated lead salt is uniformly obtained. The blossoming period in this valley extends over such a long period that the first fruit set usually are so far advanced as to render the poisoning of the calyx cup impossible before half of the buds are open. The Watsonville spraying program, which absolutely ignores the blossom-cup work, usually begins with an application about the time the last blossoms appear, usually long after the calyx lobes of all the fruit that will set have closed. " This spray may be followed by 1 or 2 applications at intervals of a month or C weeks, the number varying with the season and the portion of the valley. . . . The minimum sprayings that give good results in any part of the valley are 3, 2 for the first brood and 1 in August, and the maximum is 6, 3 for the spring and 3 in the summer, and except for the early spring applications must be strictly neutral arsenate of lead, one containing no ammonia-soluble arsenic." ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 561 Recent experiments with the codling moth, E. P. Felt {Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 (1910), No. 6, pp. .'f74--'P'7). — A detailed account of the experimeuts previ- ously uoted from another source (E. S. R., 24, p. 257). Spraying for the codling moth, A. L. Melandee {Washington 8ta. Popular Bui. 30, pp. 4, flffs. 3). — This publication replaces Popular Bulletin 17 previously noted (B. S. R., 22, p. 461). Medullary spots: A contribution to the life history of some cambium miners, J. G. Grossenbacher {Netc York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 15, pp. 49-65, pis. 5). — In the course of life-history studies of a fimgus that causes a blight of currants {Ribes vulgare), dark-brown streaks were commonly observed in living young canes during late summer. Streaks or mines of the same type were also found in the European black currant {R. nigrmn) and the European gooseberry {R. grossularia). During the summer of 1910 insect larvse were obtained from Ribes, which proved to be caterpillars of tbe tineid moth, Opos- iega notistrigella. Larvae obtained from the cambium of various trees in which they mine were found to differ from the Ribes miners. The autbor briefly reviews the German botanical literature relating to a similar injury to trees, the specific cause of which has not been definitely determined. The author's investigations began in the late summer of 1907, at which time large numbers of rank growing currant shoots in some regions of the Hudson River Valley had their distal portions defoliated while other leaves were still green. Many such shoots were found to have pairs of more or less parallel dark streaks in the outer wood, extending lengthwise tbe canes from 7 to IS cm. and which on removal of the bark and outer wood were found to form one continuous line wbich had well-rounded turns at both its distal and proximal ends. During 1908 and 1909 it was found that in some places as high as from 10 to 60 per cent of the currant canes contained one or more of the mines; older, diseased, or blighted plantations and others adjoining them had a much higher percentage of their canes mined than plantations which were young and scattered. The investigations were continued but none of the miners were discovered until May, 1910, when it was comparatively easy to find from 1 to 5 larvte in at least 50 per cent of tbe shoots in a plantation near Milton, N. Y. "A few days later great numbers were found in a large and rather crowded plantation of R. vulgare, R. nigrum, and R. grossularia planted among fruit trees in Roches- ter. By making cross-sections of 2 to 5 year old canes it became evident that they all had been mined more or less each season, as the presence of a pair of dark spots in the different annual wood-rings indicated. Many of the large R. nigrum bushes had the larvse present in 85 to 95 per cent of their canes, while R. vulgare and R. grossularia in about 40 to 65 per cent. But in some parts of the planta- tion R. nigrum seemed to be entirely free from cambium miners, and the other species bad but very few." The author's studies indicate that the eggs are laid in or on the bark of Ribes from about the last week of April to nearly the middle of May and that the larvse mine in the cambial cylinder about 4 to 6 weeks, while the pupal stage is passed in the ground and seems to last about 2 to 3 weeks, ending by July 10. The evidence indicates that the adults which emerge during June and July live through the winter although it is possible that some pupse hibernate in the ground and emerge the following spring. However, as only empty cocoons were found in the ground during August, the author suggests the possibility of there being a second brood which feeds in the cambial cylinder of some species of plants that continue their cambial activity during late summer. The mines have been found to occur in the wood of both old and young Ribes canes, any- where from tbe tip to the ground. lu R, nigrum they are most common in 562 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 1-year old wood while in R. vulgare and R. grossularia the current season's growth seems to have them in greater numbers. The economic relations of these insects may prove of some importance since the currant miner has been shown to afford entrance for a fungus which is thus enabled to kill gooseberry shoots. " Direct injury to currants and gooseberries is probably not very serious and of course the direct injury to plums, cherries, etc., by other cambium miners is no doubt even less, because the mines are so small when compared to the size of the plants." Technical descriptions are given of the larva, cocoon, and moth together with an account of the histological modification resulting from the mining. Brief mention is also made of observations of cambium miners of Prunus and Crataegus. The life history of Roubaudia rufescens, a tachinid parasite of African social wasps of the g'enera Icaria and Belonogaster, E. Roubaud {Compf. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 {1910), No. 21, pp. 956-95S) .—An account of the life history and habits of a viviparous tachinid. The larvae are deposited in the cells of the wasps' nests and at once attack the eggs or young wasp larvae. It is said that this tachinid fly is often responsi- ble for the total disappearance of these wasps. A small chalcidid hyperparasite, apparently undescribed, often attacks the fly, as many as a hundred developing in a single puparium. The bee-flies (Bombyliidse) in their relations to flowers, S. Graenicher {Bui. Wis. Nat. Hist. 8oc. [n. scr.]. S {1910), No. 2, pp. 91-101).— This account is based on a comparison of observations made by the author in Milwaukee County, Wis., with the very extensive observations of Robertson in Carlinville, Macoupin County, in southern Illinois. Azolla V. mosquitoes, J. B. Smith {Ent. News, 21 {1910), No. 10, pp. .'iSl-JiJfl, pi. 1). — Having conducted an investigation in Europe, the author concludes that the aquatic plant {Azolla sp.) experimented with in Germany is useless in dealing with the local city and the salt-marsh mosquito problem. On the absence of a vesicant in the ether extract obtainable from mos- quitoes, J. O. W. Barratt {Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 4 {1910), No. 2, pp. 177, 17S). — The author concludes that the irritant action of mosquito bites can not be attributed to the existence in these insects of any substance possessing a vesicant action. The prevention of malaria, R. Ross {London, 1910, pp. XVII+669, pis. 31, figs. 11). — The first part of this work consists of chapters on the history of malaria, a summary of facts regarding it, fundamental observations and ex- periments, the parasitic invasion in man, malaria in the community, and pre- vention. The concluding chapter, which composes nearly half the work, con- sists of special reports upon campaigns against malarial mosquitoes that have been conducted in various countries. The authors of these reports and the sections represented are as follows : United States, by L. O. Howard ; Panama, by W. C. Gorgas and J. A. Le Prince ; West Indies, by R. Boyce ; Jamaica, by W. T. Prout; Amazon region, by H. W. Thomas; South Brazil, by O. Cruz; Spain, by I. MacDouald; Italy, by A. Celli; Greece, by C. Savas; German pos- sessions, by C. Schilling ; French possessions, by E. Sergent : Egypt, by H. C. Ross ; Khartum, by A. Balfour ; South Africa, by L. Bostock ; Durban, by P. Murison ; Malay States, by M. Watson ; Formosa, by T. Takaki ; prevention of malaria in troops in war, by C. H. Melville; and prevention of malaria among troops in peace, by C. E. P. Fowler. The appendix includes articles on Suggested Terminology to the Phenomena of Cytogenesis, Notes on the Malaria-bearing Anopheliues, Examples of Legis- lation, and Notes. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 663 The Chrysomelidae and Coccinellidse of the Philippines, J. Weise (Philip- pine Jour. Sci., D. Ethnol., Anthropol., and Gen. Biol., 5 {1910), No. 4, PP- 223-232). — This article deals with 15 species of Chrysomelidie, 6 being described as new, and 13 species of Coccinellidse, of which 5 are described as new. The Eutelidae of the Philippine Islands, F. Ohaus {Philippine Jour. Sci., D. Ethnol., Anthropol., and Gen. Biol., 5 {1910), No. J,, pp. 232-262 ) .—Twenty- two species and 1 variety are described as new to science, a total of 68 species being listed as occurring in these islands. On some phases of parasitism displayed by insect enemies of weevils, W. D, Pierce {Jour. Boon. Eat., 3 {1910), No. 6, pp. 1,51-1)58).— The author presents examples of superparasitisni, as recently defined by Fiske (E. S. R., 23, p. 358), that have come to his attention. The various examples are clas- sified in such a manner as to show the many ways in which parasites may interact upon each other. On the life history of the alfalfa leaf -weevil, E. G. Titus {Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 {1910), No. 6, pp. 1(59-470). — These data are summarized in the account previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 458). The color sense of the honeybee. — Can bees distinguish colors? J. H. LovELL {Ainer, Nat., .'/// {1910). No. 527, pp. 673-692). — In order to determine whether bees are capable of distinguishing different colors, and continuing pre- vious work (E. S. R., 21. p. 763), tbe author conducted a series of experiments with glass slides of different colors tbat were rendered attractive by patches of honey. He concludes that bees easily distinguish colors whether they are artificial, such as paints, dyes, etc., or natural ( " chlorophyll " ) colors. They are more strongly influenced by colored slides than by those without color. Bees which have been accustomed to visit a certain color tend to return to it habitually — • they exhibit color fidelity. Tbis habit, however, does not become obsessional, since they quickly learn not to discriminate between colors when this is for their advantage. The parthenog'enesis of honeybees, K. W. von Dalla Torre {Zool. Zentbl., 17 {1910), No. 16-17, pp. 1/85-502). — The literature on the subject is reviewed and a bibliograpby given. Notes on the nesting habits of Bembex nubilipennis, J. B. Parker {Ohio Nat., 10 {1910), No. 7, pp. 163-165).— The author concludes that this wasp rears but one larva at a time, although it is possible that it constructs and attends 2 or more burrows simultaneously. " The food of the larva, as shown by the nests opened, consist wholly of flies, and it seems that certain females show a preference for a particular kind of fly. In one nest only house flies were found ; in a second the majority were stable flies ; in a third, flesh flies ; in a fourth, tachina flies. The wings, legs, and usually the thorax of the fly are not consumed by the larval wasp. The remains of 41 flies, of which most, perhaps all, were house flies, were taken from a chamber containing an almost mature larva, and doubtless these were not the total number of flies consumed by this individual." Ten untouched flies taken from a nest containing a half grown larva repre- sented the following species: Euphorocera claripennis, Pseudopyrelia cornicina, Sarcophaga assidua, and S. helicis. Although no parasites of this wasp were found, in 2 instances the author discovered small larvse feeding on the flies in a chamber containing an immature larval wasp. Scutellista cyanea, H. J. Quayle {Jour. Econ. Ent., 3 {1910), No. 6, pp. Iili6-li51). — While tbis is the most important insect enemy of the black scale in California, from 75 to SO per cent of the scale frequently being parasitized, the 564 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. author states that from a commercial standpoint it is not often a very important factor in the control of the scale. In describing its life history and habits, it is stated that this chalcidid may reproduce partheuogenetically. In midsummer the egg period was found to be 5 days, the larval 16, the pupal 15, and the adult 9 days, a total of 45 days for the life cycle from the egg to the death of the adult. Two new species of African parasitic Hymenoptera, J. C. Crawford ( Canad. Ent., 42 {1910), No. 7, jip. 222, 223). — The author describes Scelio hoivardi, reared from the eggs of Cyrtacanthacris septenifasciata, and Tctrastichiis ijcri- planetce, from the eggs of Periplaneta americana, together with numerous speci- mens of T. hagenowii, as new. Notes and descriptions of North. American parasitic Hymenoptera, IX, C. T. Brues {Bui. ^Yis. Nat. Hist. Soc, [n. ser.], S {1910). No. 2, pp. 67-85, figs. 13). — The author describes 13 species as new, one of which (Cheiropachys obscuripes) was reared from a peach bark beetle (probably Phlwotrihtm limi- naris) at Douglas, Mich. First introduction of the Blastopliaga, W. T. Swingle and G. P. Rixford {Cal. Cult., 35 {1910), No. 26, pp. 659, 661,, 665).— The authors present evidence to show that Blastophaga grossorum has been established and breeding in the San Joaquin Valley for over 40 years. The plain facts of fig' wasp history, G. C. Roeding {Cal. Cult., 35 {1910), No. 26, pp. 659, 665). — The account noted above is reviewed. The author con- cludes " that there is absolutely no foundation for the claims which have been made concerning the early introduction of the Blastophaga into California." A phytoptid gall of Artemisia calif ornica, H. V. M. Hall {Pomona Jour. Ent., 2 {1910), No. 3, pp. 2S0, 281, fig. 1). — Eriophyes calif ornica, which causes a white or pinkish swelling on one side of the leaf of A. californica, is described as new. It is said to be very abundant at Claremont, Cal. Note on the finding of Hsemaphysalis punctata at Winnipeg, Manitoba, S. Hadwen {Canad. Ent., 42 {1910), No. 7, pp. 221, 222, pi. 1).—H. punctata, a tick common in England and certain European countries, is recorded from North America for the first time, the specimens having been collected from cattle at Winnipeg, Manitoba. The importance of this discovery lies in the possibility of its transmitting piroplasmosis of cattle in Canada as it has been shown to do in England. Ticks and practical measures for their prevention, A. Fredholm {Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tohago, 10 {1910), No. 7, pp. 239-292) .—This article is largely based on the publications of R. Newstead and H. H. Cousins, previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 55S; 23, p. 76G). It is said that ticks are not so gi-eat a pest in Trinidad as in Jamaica, this being due to the fact that the cattle industry is not so far advanced. Texas fever has been introduced into Trinidad on a few occasions but has never assumed epidemic proportions. " Energetic measui'es have been taken at once to suppress it and they have been successful owing, probably, in no small degree to the fact that the cattle industry is not extensive." An American intermediate host for Hymenolepis diminuta, W. S. Nicker- SON {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 33 {1911), No. 8-'i2, p. 271). — The author's experi- ments show that in America at least 2 different genera of Myriapoda may act as intermediate hosts for 11. dinvinuta, the common tapeworm of the rat, which is also an occasional human parasite. It has previously been shown in Europe that its cercocystis stage may be passed in several insects, namely, the meal moth and its larva (Asopia), an earwig (Anisolabis), and beetles (Akis and Scaurus), Asopia being the form that commonly serves as an intermediate host. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 565 Pumigation studies, II, III, W. M. Pierce {Pomona Jour. Ent., 2 {1910), Nos. 2, pp. 175-178; 3, pp. 2Jtl-2J,5, figs. 6).— In the second paper (E. S. R., 23, p. 565) tlie author discusses the question "Does ordinary contract fumigation pay?" and in the third the estimation of the cubic contents of fumigation tents. Division of nursery and orchard inspection, N. E. Shaw {Ann. Rpt. Ohio Bd. Agr., 6^ {1909), pp. 6i9-65S).— Details of the work of the year are briefly reported, lists of Ohio nurserymen, certified agents, and certified dealers being appended. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Fifteenth report on food products and third report on drug products, 1910, J. P. Street {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 6, pp. //55-5S2).— Details are given of the examination under the state pure food law of a large number of samples of canned goods^ flavoring extracts, ice cream cones, mince-meat, catsup, miscellaneous food products, and a large number of drug products. In the case of canned peas. 111 samples, representing as many brands and the product of 73 manufacturers or jobbers, were submitted to a physical and chemical examination. Fourteen of these samples were of foreign and 97 of domestic packing. The drained peas averaged 364 gm. in weight per can, and the liquor 206 gm. The average cost per can was 16.8 cts. " The drained peas showed normal weight in 34 per cent of the 92 samples packed in No. 2 cans, excess weight in 5 per cent, and a tendency toward short weight in 61 per cent. Three samples showed a great deficiency in fill of peas." In no case was the liquor perfectly clear. In 10 samples it was slightly cloudy, in 63 cloudy; in 33 thick, and in 5 very thick and pasty. The solid matter of the pea liquor constituted on an average 6.67 per cent of the total, with an average composition of protein 23, sugar 37, starch 23, pea ash 5, and sodium chlorid 12 per cent. " In 56 samples the pea liquor indicated the pres- ence of glucose, ranging from 0.27 to 1.30 per cent. In no case was glucose declared on the label. " The liquor contained on the average 16 per cent of the total solids of the canned peas. Ten per cent of the starch and 16 per cent of the protein of the peas are lost in the liquor [if discarded]." The drained peas contained on an average water 80.86, starch 7.64, and sodium chlorid 0.58 per cent. " In the smaller, less mature peas the fiber, sugar, and ash are generally higher, while the starch is higher in the more mature peas. In 48 samples the use of sugar was either declared on the label, or indicated in the brand name ; in 29 of the other 63 samples the sugar ranged from 12.27 to 24.49 per cent in the dry matter, indicating added sugar. On the average there is quite a close relation between the amount of water and starch in the drained peas and the amount of starch in the liquor. The average water steadily decreases as the starch increases." In the samples examined the starch content ranged from 21 to over 50 per cent on a dry basis. Thirty-five samples contained 45 per cent or more starch on a dry basis, of which 16 showed by their high starch content, thick liquor, hardness of the peas, prominence of the cotyledons, and low water content that they were either " soaked peas " or overmature peas of inferior quality. " The larger, more mature peas contain the most actual nutriment, a can of ' marrowfats ' supplying 385 calories, a can of ' petits pois ' 157 calories. The cost of 100 calories in the ' marrowfats ' is 2.9 cts., in the ' petits pois ', 12.1 cts." Lead was not found with positive certainty in any sample. Copper was found in 14 samples, all of foreign packing, the amount ranging from 8 to 67 mg. 566 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Tin was found in weigliable quantities, tlie amount ranging from 2 to 395 mg. per kilogram of drained peas. Of these samples 13 also contained copper. In the peas packed abroad the average tin content was 113 mg. and in those packed in the United States 28 mg. per kilogram. In the case of the ice cream cones tests were made for benzoic, salicylic, and boric acids, saccharin, and artificial color, in addition to the usual food analy- sis. In 22 of the 27 samples examined no adulteration was noted, although in 2 there was some question as to the addition of coloring matter. " One of the adulterated samples contained a coal-tar dye and 4 boric acid. There is no necessity for using any chemical preservative in the manufacture of the cones, and the presence of the boric acid is probably traceable to the eggs used in making the cones. Whatever the source, its presence in the cones is highly objectionable and is clearly contrary to the law. It is interesting to note that a duplicate purchase of one brand of the cones, containing boric acid, from the same dealer a month later, showed no boric acid." From the study of catsups, which included 74 samples, a tentative standard is suggested, namely, " that pure tomato catsup should contain in the salt-free dry substance not more than 15 per cent insoluble solids, not more than 7 per cent ash, not more than 4 per cent fiber, and not more than 12 per cent pro- tein ; the ratio of insoluble to total siilt-free solids should not be less than 1 : 7." As regards cost, " the contents of all the bottles were weighed, and fi'om this data the cost per pound of catsup calculated, which ranged from 5.6 to 25.7 cts. When the content of total solids is considered, it is evident that the cheapness of most of the low-priced catsups is more apparent than real." A number of gluten preparations were examined including gluten bread and diabetic bread. The starch content ranged from 33.66 in the case of the dia- betic bread to 69.21 per cent in a macaroni product. " None of these samples is pai'ticularly to be recommended to diabetics or to those requiring a diet low in starch. The gluten bread and diabetic bread are by far the most satisfactory preparations, but even in these the starch is much too high." Fifth annual report of the food and drug laboratories of the laboratory of hygiene, H. E. Barnabd {Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd. Health, 13 (1910), No. 10, pp. n/f-12-'/). — During the year a total of 2,442 samples of food products were examined, of which 754 were declared illegal. The report contains summaries of the work with milk and other dairy products, flour, catsups, oysters, sausage, vinegar, and other products. Eeport of food and drug inspection, C. D. Howaed {N. H. Sanit. Bui., 3 (1910), No. 9, pp. 150-161).— Out of a total of 206 samples of butter, flavoring extracts, oysters, and other food products, and of drugs and pi-oprietary reme- dies, 87 samples were found which did not conform to the requirements of the state law. Report of food and drug inspection, C. D. Howard (N. H. Sanit. Bill., 3 (1910), No. 10, pp. 170-183). — Data are reported regarding the examination of a number of samples of cocoa, dairy products, maple sirup, and other food products, and also of drugs and proprietary articles. Out of a total of 131 samples 79 were found to be in nonconformity to the requirements of the state law. Information is also given regarding the use of color and flour in Bologna sausage by local sausage makers. Eeport of the division of food and drugs, R. B. Fitz-Randolph (Ami. Rpt. Bd. Health N. J., 33 (1909), pp. 173-195) .—According to the summary pre- sented, 752 samples out of a total of 7,568 samples of milk and cream, foods other than milk, and drugs examined were found to be below standard. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 567 [Analyses of food materials and other pure food work], J. C. Mahe (Ann. Rpt. Food and Drug Com. Okla., 1 {1900), pp. 61t). — Results are reported under the provisions of the state law of a large number of samples of flavoring extracts, oil, spices, and other food materials, of drugs, etc. Data are also included regarding sanitary inspection and various topics con- cerned with the state pure food and drug work. Food inspection decision ( IJ. S. Dept. Agr., Food Insp. Decision 130, pp. 2). — This decision contains an amendment to Regulation 5 on hearings under the Food and Drugs Act (E. S. R., IS, p. 459). Notices of judgment ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 710-712, pp. 2 each; 714-716, pp. 2 each). — These notices of judgment have to do with the adulteration of jam ; the misbranding of Hochheimer wine and of a product called " hair grower ; " and the adulteration and misbranding of olive oil, spirits of turpentine, and coffee and chicory compound. The milling quality of Washington wheats, II, R. W. Thatcher {Wash- ington 8ta. Popular Bui. 29, pp. Jf). — This is a popular account of material summarized in a bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 2.3, p. 467). Amount and distribution of nitrogenous material in local grown wheats, M. P. Neumann {Ztschr. Gesam. Getreideiv., 2 {1910), No. 11, pp. 268-272).— The results of studies of German wheats are reported. According to the author's conclusions, neither the gliadin content nor the percentage of water-soluble material is a characteristic which serves for the identification of different sorts of vvheat, and neither factor serves as a measure of bread-making quality. In general, there are variations in the distribution of both water-soluble and alcohol-soluble protein in dift'ereut sorts of wheat, and analytical methods are not accurate enough to interpret the meaning of the variations with respect to the flour. Work done in the testing of wheat and flour in the chemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture, New South Wales, F. B. Guthsie {Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington], 8 {1910), No. 2, pp. 139, I4O). — The results of compara- tive studies of wheat and similar work are briefly reported. See for instance that previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 763), Testing baker's yeasts, Olga Knischewsky {Ztschr. Gesam. Getrcidew., 2 {1910), No. 11, pp. 272-276). — A number of sorts of yeast were examined. The preparation and use of maize and maize products as food, J. Schindleb (Anleitung zur Beurteilung des Maises und seiner Mahlprodukte als Nahrung- smittel. Innsbruck, 1909. pp. 43, pi. 1). — A summary of data regarding the use of maize and maize products for food purposes, with special reference to in- creasing the use of this cereal in Europe. A section is devoted to denatured spoiled Indian corn and corn meal. [A new food product made from lobster], F. Deedmeyee {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. .?.], 14 {1911). No. 3, pp. 42, 43).— X canned lobster product is described which, it is said, consists of 0.6 lobster meat, 0.3 lobster liver, and 0.1 roe. The meat used is that portion attached to the lobster tail which, with the other ingredients mentioned, is usually rejected in lobster canning. Examination of grape juice (Z^. H. Sanit. Bui., 3 {1910), No. 11, pp. 199, 200). — Analyses of 12 samples of commercial grape juice are reported. The use of preservatives in food and their influence upon the body, A. J. J. Vandevelde and H. P. Wijsman {Brussels. 1910, pp. 16). — In a paper presented before the Second International Congress of Alimentary Hygiene and the Rational Nutrition of Man, Brussels, 1910, the authors summarize and discuss legislative enactments in different countries and other data bearing upon this subject. 568 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The principal publications whicli treat of the use of preservatives in food and their efEect upon the body, A. J. J. A'andevelde (Binssels, 1910, pp. 14). — This summary and digest of data was presented at the Second International Congress of Alimentary Hygiene and the Rational Nutrition of Man. Food sanitation, J. S. Abbott (Bui. Tex. Bd. Health, Jf {1910), No. 11, pp. 16-18). — In connection with a discussion of the need for clean milk and the protection of food products during transportation and in market, the author briefly refers to the bacteriological examination he has made of samples of com- mercial milk, grapes, and berries exposed for sale on the sidewalks without pro- tection from flies and street dust. He states that in every case pathological bacteria were found. The occurrence and survival of micro-organisms on the surface of pastry and confectionery exposed to the air on streets and in public places, E. Maukel (Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol. [Paris], 69 {1910), No. 33, pp. Jf27-430).— From experiments reported the author concludes that many bacteria are found on the surface of confectionery and pastry exposed for sale without protection and that the bacteria are capable of reproduction and may be dangerous. Manual for army cooks, 1910, H. G. Shakpe et al. {War Dept. [U. S.], Off. Com. Gen. Doc. 379, pp. 1S5, figs. 23). — Kitchen equipment and devices are de- scribed, the cutting of meat discussed, and a large number of recipes given in quantities suitable for 60 men. Bills of fare are also suggested. Special sec- tions are devoted to field cookery and to messing troops on railroad trains. Water cooling devices, improvised filters, and the experimental fireless cooker issued by the army subsistence department are described. Tropical agriculture and cookery, Mrs. F. R. Ramsdell {Nueva Gerona, Isle of Fines, 1909, pp. 56). — The author has collected a number of recipes regarding the preparation of the avocado, cashew apple, chayote, breadfruit, and other vegetable foods used in the Tropics. In the case of the avocado the recipes includes directions for cooking the fruit as well as for serving it in the usual ways, for making pickle, and for extracting the oil. which it is said does not readily become rancid and can be used as an illuminant or for soap UKiking. Pellagra, A. Maeie, trans, by C. H. Lavinder and J. W. Babcock {Columhia, S. C, 1910, pp. 434, P's. 20, charts 4)- — This handbook summarizes and dis- cusses a large amount of data regarding the history and geography of pellagi-a, the relation of the disease to corn, statistical matter, the results of studies of spoiled corn, and other related topics. The translators state that in its present form the volume contains additions to the text which are in every case indi- cated by iuclosures in brackets, as well as additions in the form of a bibliog- raphy of pellagra literature, particularly of material published in English, i-ome material in the form of appendixes, and illustrations. The volume con- tains a subject index and an index of authors cited. Investigations on Bengal jail dietaries with some observations on the influence of dietary on the physical development and well-being of the people of Bengal, D. McCay {Sci. Mem. Med. and Sanit. Depts. India, n. sen, 1910, No. 37, pp. 226, charts 15). — Continuing investigations of the food of Indian natives (E. S. R., 20, p. 767), the author has carried on dietary studies covering from 7 to 52 days, with native prisoners in 8 jails. The composition of a number of foods was determined, including particularly rice, wheat prod- ucts, and legumes. Analyses, including calorimetric studies of duplicate sam- ples of these foods, have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 169). The diet of the Bengali prisoners, in conformity with local food customs, con- sisted chiefly of rice, with dried legumes of different sorts and some vegetables. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 569 The Behari diet included wlieat ata (flour) and sometimes Indian corn also, as these natives are a wheat-eating rather than a rice-eating people, and hence are accustomed to a diet with somewhat more protein than the Bengali. In round numbers, the author states that the diets of Bengali prisoners sup- plied 93 gm. protein, of which 49 gm. was assimilated, and those of Beharis 106 gm. with 60 gm. assimilated. The fuel values of the two diets were 3,508 and 3,415 calories, respectively. One cause of the low absorption of protein, according to the author, is the fact that the full diet is so bulky. In his opinion, much evidence has been advanced to show that a mere decrease in the bulk of the diet was sufficient to permit of a greater relative and absolute absorption of protein. Extensive experiments were carried on to determine the combinations of typical native foods which would give the maximum absorption in the diet. For diets of the Lower Bengal type the optimum quantity of rice was found to be 18 oz, and of dal (dried legumes of different sorts) about 5 oz. per man daily. According to the author, the experimental work showed that " the absorption from the diets in which the foodstuffs were combined in the proper quantities was very much superior to that of the present scales of dietaries [in which this was not the case] ; also that the percentage absorption was very much higher — a great gain, as a much lessened amount of nitrogen remains to undergo intes- tinal putrefaction." A larger proportion of protein is regarded as essential. As the author points out, when the diet consists very largely of rice, the amount of protein may be easily increased by the use of wheat, but where the quantity of wheat is already quite sufficient, as in the Behar jails, the only v/ay of reducing the amount of legume is to substitute some form of animal protein for it, and fish was sug- gested. A special experiment was made in one of the jails with some 200 pris- oners, covering 350 days, in which fish or wheat replaced part of the rice and legumes usually eaten. From the data obtained the author concludes that " a diminution in the bulk of the present type of diet is urgently called for, and that by the substitution of a more assimilable form of protein in the form of fish or wheat ata for the excess of rice and dal, the general well-being and physical condition of the prisoners will be increased and placed on a higher level. The results also show that a change in the dietary, such as we have suggested, can be quite simply and easily carried out, and that, in a very short time, the early feeling of empti- ness complained of passes away, the dilatation of the stomach so commonly met with in a rice-eating people becoming distinctly diminished." " While the addition of an animal protein is not by any means essential, at the same time there is little doubt that, if it were economically possible thus to permit of a reduction of the amount of dal in both Lower Bengal and Behar dietaries, the general health of the jails would improve. From investigations on the microscopic compositions of the feces it would appear that the dal gran- ule is the most difficult of all to break down, and that the slightest lowering of the general health is usually accompanied by the passage of undigested dal." With respect to the cooking of the vegetable food materials such as were used in the dietaries the autlior states that it was not possible to make any observa- tions ; " but from the evidence afforded by other observers we would recommend that the dal be ground to meal before being cooked. . . . Lentils given after soaking and boiling show over 40 per cent of the protein unabsorbed ; whereas when ground to lentil meal only from 8 to 10 per cent of the lentil protein passes out in the feces." In connection with the work, the author also paid especial attention to the relationship between the amount of rice eaten and the quantity of urine ex- 570 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. creted, tlie average amount of uric acid and protein excreted, the relationship of urea and of ammonia to total renal nitrogen, the relative absorption of pro- tein by Hindus and Mohammedans on an animal diet, and similar matters. From the results obtained it would appear that the Mohammedans, who are accustomed to animal protein in their diet, absorb a higher percentage of it than the vegetarian Hindus, so, according to the author, the inference is justified " that the degree of nitrogen absorption depends largely on the manner in which the protein of the diet is made up, and not on the absorptive power of the intestinal tract of one class of people being much superior to that of an- other class." In accordance with local customs, a large amount of salt (about 30 gm. per day) was supplied to the Bengali prisoners, which, as the author points out, is an excessive quantity, " and much beyond the physiological needs of the body." Accordingly, tests were made with some of the subjects in which different amounts of salt were supplied. According to the author's summary, " the evi- dence is strong that a large ingestion of salt in the diet entails an increase in the body weight, an increase in the quantity of urine secreted, and a marked increase in the amount of salt eliminated by the skin. " The quantity of chlorids passed in the feces is very constant, and bears no relation to the total intake of salt in the food ; it, in all probability, varies with the percentage of the foodstuffs that passes out unabsorbed ; so that, in those experiments where the same foods in the same quantities were given through- out, the salt in the feces is practically constant. It is a very small amount — only about 0.5 gm. per man daily. Practically complete absorption of the added salt takes place whether the amount is large or small. . . . " The rational indication would therefore appear to be to give the amount of salt which the kidneys are best able to deal with, and which throws no great strain on them. . . . The addition of 10 gm. of salt to the daily diet shows the lowest elimination by the skin and would therefore mean, if our deduction is correct, that the kidneys are easily able to deal with that amount without falling back to any great extent on the assistance of the skin." From a series of studies undertaken on the excretion of salt in perspiration, the author concludes that " under normal conditions an excretion of 2 gm. of NaCl by the skin is a large amount and a good deal beyond the average excretion." In general, the author believes that " with a purely vegetable diet more salt is required than in European diet scales." On the basis of the results of his investigations, the author discusses the problem of the economical and satisfactory feeding of Bengali prisoners and the relationship of food to physical development, paying attention especially to criticisms which have been made to the conclusions presented in his earlier report. " From a study of the urine, blood, physical development and general capa- bility of the Bengali we expressed the conviction that the diet on which he subsists was largely to blame for his miserably poor physique and want of vigor. Nothing we have learned in this further study has tended to controvert that opinion ; on the contrary, the more the subject has been gone into the stronger the evidence becomes of its correctness." In connection with his study of the Bengali and Behari who dwell in the plains, the author has collected data regarding the diet of hill tribes of Bengal, where, as a rule, the diet is more generous than in the plains. Making allow- ance for the difference in climate and for other factors which have been sug- gested as affecting the condition of the people, the author is decidedly of the FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 571 opinion tliat the better physical condition of the hill people is due to their more generous diet and the more abundant protein it supplies. As regards the suggestions which have been advanced that the condition of the Bengali may be due to something besides diet, the author states that while admitting the probable force of some of them, he has largely eliminated such factors by contrasting the Bengali with individuals, tribes, or races in which all these factors were identical except that the diet was more generous, par- ticularly with respect to protein. In general, the author concludes that one of the most interesting questions which arises in connection with his work is the relationship of the degree of nitrogen metabolism to physical development and the general characteristics of a people or a race, and he believes that his investigation has brought for- ward a good deal of evidence " to show that an intimate connection does exist, and that diet is a powerful factor in determining the position of a tribe or race in the scale of mankind." Eood of the working men in Belg'ium, E. Waxweilee {Bui. Inst. Internat. Statis. [The Hague], 18 {1910), No. 2, pp. J,62-Jt73) .—The results of the study carried on by the Solvay Institute of the food of more than a thousand working men of various trades in different regions in Belgium (E. S. R., 19, p. 562) are summarized and discussed. On the basis of the data presented the author recommends an increased use of meat in the dietary, particularly iu the case of those whose work requires mental effort. Hearings held before the Select Cominittee of the Senate relative to wages and prices of commodities {Washington: U. S. Senate Select Committee, 1910, vol. 1, pp. 65S; 2, pp. III+659-875). — A full report is given of the investiga- tions carried on by the Senate committee appointed at the Sixty-first Congress, second session, to investigate the question of wages and prices of commodities. Topical digest of evidence submitted in hearings held before the Select Committee of the Senate relative to wages and prices of commodities ( Wash- ington: U. S. Senate Select Committee, 1910, pp. XCV). — This is a topical digest of the data presented in the above-mentioned reports. Radiographic studies of the relation between the period of activity of the normal stomach and the sensation of hunger, M. Haudek and K. Stigleb {Pfliigev's Arch. Physiol., 133 [IVIO), No. 1-3, pp. 145-160, figs. 3).— From the investigations reported the authors conclude that at least with healthy per- sons in middle life the period of digestive activity in the stomach is shorter when the sensation of hunger accompanies the taking of food than when this is not the case. Studies on water drinking. — III, On the uric acid elimination following copious water drinking between meals, S. A. Rulon, Jr., and P. B. Hawk {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 32 {1910), No. 12, pp. 1686-1691) .—Contimuns the investigation previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 371), experiments were made with 2 young men. In one case copious water drinking caused no change in the uric acid output, whereas a pronounced decrease in this excretion was observed with the other subject. This appai-ent decrease in the elimination of uric acid the authors attribute to the fact that the analytical method followed did not give high enough results owing to the extremely low density of the urine. " This inter- pretation has been substantiated by tests made in another connection. " Upon those days when the urine for the 24-hour interval was collected in r> subperiods, there was apparently no relation between the urine volume for the subperiod and the uric acid content. There was likewise no uniformity in the daily course of the uric acid excretion, the maximum output occurring on 87402°— No. 6—11 6 572 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. different days in the first, second, third, and fourth subperiods respectively. The maximum urine flow occurred uniformly in the second subperiod of those days on which large volumes of water were being ingested. This uniformity was not observed on the days of low water ingestion." Concerning- protein metabolism, F. Frank and A. Schittenhelm {Ztschr. rhysiol. Clicm., 70 (1910), No. 2-3, pp. 98-128, dgms. 6).— In the experiments reported, which were made with man and animals (dogs), different kinds of protein flesh food were supplied. According to the authors' conclusions, the results obtained lead to the belief that food protein should be similar to body protein in its composition, be easily acted upon by digestive ferments, and supply all the necessary cleavage products in proper proportion. The results are discussed with reference to the theory that the most economical protein would be that supplied by the flesh of the species fed, and the authors' conclusions are that such protein might be equal to some other satisfactory protein but not superior to it. The relation between mineral metabolism and organic nutrients, E. Biek- KACKi (Wictier Klin. Wchnschr., 23 {1910), No. 23, pp. S50-8o-}).— A digest and discussion of recently published data, particularly the author's own investiga- tions (E. S. R., 22, p. 370). In general, the author emphasizes the importance of ash constituents in relation to normal metabolic processes. He believes that normal metabolism of mineral constituents is impossible without normal diet, that is, without a proper quantitative relationship between the protein, fat, and carbohydrates supplied. The importance of cooking salt in metabolism, H. Strauss {Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., 47 {1910), No. 50, pp. 2292-2295).— A digest of data on the relation of salt to nutrition, particularly with reference to pathological conditions. The spleen in its relation to iron metabolism, R. Zimmeemann {Fortgesetztc Beitriige ziir FiDtktion dcr MHz als Organ dcs Elscnstnfficcchscls. Inaiig. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. li'i). — According to the author's conclusions from experi- ments with normal dogs and with dogs with the spleen removed, this organ is concerned in the synthesis of iron products from the iron liberated by hemolysis, but this function of the spleen is not very pronounced. The investigations reported are discussed at length. On the preservation of feces, P. E. Howe, T. A. Rutherford, and P. B. Hawk {Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 32 {1910), No. 12, pp. 1683-1686).— AccovAing to the authors' summai-y the method of collecting and preserving feces which involves the use of friction-top pails gives very satisfactory results, since it permits the analysis of fresh feces, prevents loss of moisture, maintains the nitrogen content practically unaltered for at least 20 days and frequently for a much longer period, and eliminates loss of material. ANIMAL PKODUCTION. On the production value of feeding stuffs, N. Hansson (Tidsskr. Norske Landbr., 17 {1910), No. 12, pp. 578-586). — An address delivered at the meeting of the Society for Norway's Weal at Aas, October 4. 1910, giving a resume of the author's studies of the subject (E. S. R., 20, pp. 475, 1065). Definitions of feed stuffs {Amer. Hay, Flour and Feed Jour., 18 {1911), No. 2, pp. 19, 20). — A list of tentative definitions of feeding stuffs adopted in 1910 by the Association of Feed Control Officials (E. S. R., 24, p. 98). Registered feeding stuffs {Kansas Sta. Feeding Stuffs Bills. 10-16, pp. 4 each). — These contain lists of feeding stuff's registered in the State and extracts from the state feeding stuffs law. ANIMAL. PEODUCTION. 573 [Composition of East Indian feeds], J. Dekkek (Teysmannia, 21 {1910), No. 2, pp. 103-105). — In a table analyses are reported of rice, rice bran, coconut cake, peanut cake, the foliage of the coconut, cowpea, Paspalum dilatatum, Panicum (maximum?) , Pollvma niflspica, Vigna catjang, Erythrina hypaphorus, and Hibiscus tibiaccus. The sword bean, P. Boname (Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 10 (1910), No. 92, pp. 370-378). — Analysis of the sword or jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) is re- ported and its value as a feeding stuff is discussed. Shredding fodder (Nebr. Fanner, 42 (1910), No. 51, pp. 1110, 1111).— A discussion of the conditions under which it is desirable to shred corn fodder. The shredder is used less than it was a few years ago because of the increase of silos ; formerly large amounts of the fodder were spoiled because it was not properly cured. In the opinion of the author the shredder may be used when there is considerable dry fodder to be utilized from which the ears have been picked. Beet pulp silage, L. Vuaflart (Sucr. Indig. et Colon., 76 (1910), No. Jf, pp. 76-78). — Analyses of fresh beet pulp and of beet pulp silage are reported. The loss in weight which occurred after remaining in the silo nearly 5 months amounted to about 18 per cent, most of which was water. The chief losses in dry matter were pentosans, hexosans, amids, and undetermined extractives. Olive pomace as a feeding stuff, J. Chapelle and J. Ruby (Bui. Mens. 8oc. Cent. Agr., Hort. ct Acclim. Xlcc, 50 (1910), No. 11. pp. 395-398).— A considera- tion of the feeding value of the residue of olives after the oil has been expressed. The amounts that may be fed per head and day are as follows : Cattle from 2 to T) kg., calvs from 1 to 2 kg., sheep from 0.15 to 0.3 kg., and swine from 0.5 to 1.5 kg. Cacao shells as a feeding stuff, B. Schxjlze (Ztschr. Landiv. Kammer Schlcsien, IJf (1910), No. //7, pp. 1U3, 1U4). — A note on the feeding valhe of these shells when removed from the cacao bean in the manufacture of choco- late. On the value of molasses and molasses feeds in feeding work horses and dairy cows, N. Hansson (MeddcJ. Centralanst. ForsoJcsv. Jordbruksomrudet, No. 29, pp. 60). — Feeding experiments are reported with molasses, molasses feed (50 per cent molasses, 35 to 40 per cent wheat bran, and 10 to 15 per cent ])nlm-nut meal), and molasin (about 80 per cent molasses and 20 per cent peat litter). In the case of either work horses or dairy cows the molasses proved to have a similar feeding value in whichever form it was given ; the peat litter contained in the molasin did not, therefore, possess any nutritive value. The i*esults of the experiments indicate that for dairy cows 1.2 kg. of molasses feed, about 1.3 kg. of average molasses with 50 per cent sugar, and at least 1.5 kg. of molasin with 40 per cent sugar may be considered equivalent to one feed unit (equal to 1 kg. of barley or Indian corn). For horses these feeds were found of some- what higher feeding value, at least when fed in smaller quantities, 1 kg. of molasses and 1.2 to 1.3 kg. of molasin being found equivalent to 1 feed unit. The experiments corroborate the results of earlier investigations that feeds high in sugar are especially adapted for feeding work horses, on account of the high value and favorable dietetic influence of sugar for the production of muscular energy. The acidity of gluten feeds, W. H. Jordan (New York State &ta. Tech. Bui. 16, pp. 67-79). — The acidity of gluten feeds was found to be due to the addition of " steep water," a by-product obtained in the manufacture of corn products. Amino acids and phosphorus compounds were the cause of the acidity of the " steep water," The phosphorus compounds were thought to be a mixture of 574 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. phosphates and phytates. Traces of mineral acids were found in the steep water, but they were present in such small quantities that they need not be considered as imparting any deleterious properties to the feed. Concerning- the knowledge of the dig-estion of cellulose, H. von Hoesslin (Ztschr. Bioh, 54 (1910), No. 7-9, pp. 395-398). — In 2 experiments the per- centage of cellulose fed to dogs which was recovered in the feces was 99.7 and 94.5, respectively, showing that the cellulose was practically undigested. The decomposition of cellulose in the cecum of the horse, H. von Hoesslin and E. J. Lesser (Ztschr. Biol., 5// (1910). No. 2-3, pp. Jil-53; abs. in Zeulhl. Physiol., 2Jt (1910), No. 16, p. 760).— The experiments of the authors led to the same results as those obtained by Scheunert (E. S. R, 22, p. 474). The decom- position of cellulose in the cecum of the horse was ascribed to micro-organisms and not to enzyms. General physiology, M. Verworn (Allgemeine Physiologic. Jena, 1909, 5. ed., ■rev., pp. XVI+7.'i2, figs. 319). — A new edition of this standard worlv on the fundamental principles which underlie plant and animal life, which has been so revised as to include recent investigations in physical and biological chem- istry which have an important bearing on biology. The science of life, J. A. Thomson (London, [1910], pp. X+2.'i6). — An outline of the history of investigations in physiology, embryology, heredity, paheontology, and related topics in order to " illustrate the growth of biology fi'om an em- bryonic state of insignificance to a position which is central among the sciences, and full of influence even on the art of life." History of biolog-ical theories, B. Radl (Geschichte der Biologischcn Tltco- rien. Leipsic, 1905, pt. 1, pp. VII-\-320; 1909, pt. 2, pp. Z+604).— An extensive historical summary of investigations and theories relating to cell structure, physiology, embryology, evolution, heredity, and allied topics. Part 1 covers the period from Aristotle to Erasmus Darwin and part 2 is confined to theories and discoveries of the nineteenth century. Biologists are urged to pay more attention to historical studies because the true significance of results of investigations is more easily understood if cor- related with previous researches. Throughout the work there are numerous references to the literature on the subject. Text-book of embryology of man and vertebrates, O. Hertwig (Lehrbtich der Entwicldungsgcschichte des Menschen und der Wirbeltiere. Jena, 1910, 9. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XVI+786., figs. 669). — To this new and revised edition of a well-known work has been added an introduction of 56 pages, which gives a resume of the history of the investigations in embryology. The main body of the work consists of 2 parts, the first part being devoted to the developing organism as a whole and the second part to the development of the individual organs of the vertebrate body. A valuable feature is the bibliography which is appended to each chapter, making a total list of about 1.500 references. The evolution and function of living purposive matter, N. C. Macnamara (Neto York, 1910, pp. XI +298, figs. 20).— The first part of this book treats of the fundamental principles of living organisms, with special reference to the influence of heredity and environment in modifying the characteristics of suc- ceeding generations. The second part outlines the history of a tribe of men, this being intended to demonstrate the importance of heredity. The methods and scope of genetics, W. Bateson (Inaug. Lecture, Univ. Cambridge, 190S, pp. 49). — An outline of inquiries into the physiology of hered- ity and variation, the study now spoken of as genetics. Some practical aspects of the science of breeding, K. J. J. Mackenzie (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 17 (1910), No. 9, pp. 705-716, dgms. 6).— The desira- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 575 bility of making measurements and obtaining more accurate data concerning cliaracteristics of live stoclc is pointed out. Artificial breeding, W. R. Gilbert {Country Gent., 75 (1910), No. SOU, p. 1106). — Among tlie factors pointed out as liable to induce deterioration in stock from man's interference with nature's methods, because of his desire to breed at any cost from animals which possess certain qualities or because of their pedigree, are artificial impregnation, defects accompanying parturition, and artificial selection in the attempt to produce monstrosities such as a large head on the bulldog. Notes on heredity and evolution, W. J. Spillman (Ainer, Nat., /fJf {1910), No. 528, pp. 750-762; JfO {1911), No. 529, pp. 60-64). — A review of some recent investigations on mutation and Mendelian inheritance. The sexual functions, H. Busquet {La Fonction Sexuelle. Paris, 1910, pp. XIV +359, figs. 15). — This book is a general treatise on the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive organs. A bibliography of the literature is appended. Principles of secondary sexual characters, H. Poll {Sitzbcr. Gescll. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, 1909, No. 6, pp. 331-35S, figs. //). — The author describes the following abnormalities which came under his observation : Drake feathering in ducks, horn building in a doe, mock hermaphroditism in goats, and lateral her- maphroditism in the bullfinch. Experiments are also briefly reported on cas- trating drakes, castrating and transplanting ovaries and testicles in fowls, and transplantation of the feathered skin of ducks. From the.se results, as well as those reported by other observers, the author concludes that sexual differences may be either gradative or alternative. In the former case the sex, as well as the secondary sexual characters, is deter- mined by the environment during the development of the individual. Maturation, V. Gregoire {Cellule, 26 {1910), No. 2, pp. 223-422, figs. 145; ahs. in Zentbl. Allg. u. Expt. Biol., 1 {1910), No. 15-16, pp. 555-558).— A compre- hensive and critical discussion of the results of investigation of nuclear division and the exclusion of the polar bodies in maturation of sex cells in both plants and animals. The significance of each phase in the process is considered in detail. A bibliography is appended. The dominance of maternal or of paternal characters in Echinoderm hybrids, D. H. Tennent {Arch. Enticickl. }Iech. Organ., 29 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-14, fiffs. 2). — The author's work on the hybridization of Echinoderms shows that the factor determining the dominance is the variation in the alkalinity of the sea water in which the embryo develops, that is, that dominance may be swung either toward the paternal or maternal side by artificial means. Further proofs of the increase in permeability of the sea urchin's egg to electrolytes at the beginning' of development, J. F. McClendon {Science, n. scr.. 32 {1910), No. 818, pp. 317, 3i8).— The author recounts 3 different methods of demonstrating that electrical conductivity increases as the egg begins to develop after fertilization, namely, (1) decrease in electrical resistance, (2) less rapid disintegration of the anode region, and (3) increased plasmolysis. On the dynamics of cell division. — II, Changes in permeability of devel- oping eggs to electrolytes, J. F. McClendon {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 27 {1910), No. 2, pp. 240-275, figs. 3). — A continuation of the work noted above on arti- ficial parthenogenesis and dynamics of cell division. A repetition of Robert- son's experiments leads the author to conclude that the cleavage furrow is a region of increased surface tension, rather than of decreased surface tension, as suggested by Robertson (E, S. R., 22, p. 272) and others. 576 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. " Growth is supposed to cause division only when it affects the volume of the cytoplasm more than that of the nucleus. The ratio of the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the egg may be considered sufficient for a number of successive divisions, or the ' true ' cytoplasm may grow at the expense of the yolk after each division." Surface tension in relation to cellular process, II, A. B. Macallum (Science n. set:, 32 (.1910), No. 82.',, pp. 492-502) .—In a further discussion (E. S. R., 23. p. 377) of the forces which influence cellular metabolism the following working hypothesis is proposed : " That in the secreting or excreting cell lower surface tension exists at its secreting or excreting surface than at any point on the cell surface." [Growth of engrafted tissues], C. C. Guthrie (Science, n. set:, 30 (1909), No. Ill, pp. 124, 725; Jour. Evpt. Med., 12 (1910), No. 3, pp. 26.9-211; pis. 2; Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 1 (1909), No. 2, p. 43). — A continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 21, p. 372) Fetuses and fragments of reproductive and other tissues of chickens and guinea pigs were engrafted in various ways. When engrafted in favorable situations both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal ovarian and testicular tissues made a good growth in chickens. The results of exchanges of such tissue between the sexes, as well as between different species, were negative. The simple method of transplanting is recommended whenever possible, but it is believed that in larger and older animals successful results will perhaps be more certain after transplantation with anastomosis of the blood vessels than after the simpler transplantation. Heredity in connection with cancer, L. CuifeNOT and L. Merciee (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris] 150 (1910). No. 22, pp. 1443-1446; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. {London], 1910, No. 6^ p. 105). — The susceptibility of mice to cancer grafting was found to be inherited, though not in Mendelian fashion. " Some families show a large percentage of susceptibility, some a small percentage. The progeny of 2 cancerous parents in a ' poor line ' are more likely to exhibit tumors than the progeny of 2 refractory parents in a ' rich line.' " Contribution to the knowledg'e of polydactylism and syndactylism in man and domesticated animals, M. Cramer (Bcifrdge zur Kenntnis dcr Poly- dakli/lic iiiid Sj/ndakh/Uc bcini Menschen und cinigcn Hausiieren. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern. 1910, pp. 40; AbJiandl. E. Leopold. Carolin. Dent. Akad. Naturf., 93 (1910), No. 1-4, pp. 40, pis. 6; «&s. in Zenthl. Allg. u. Expt. Biol, 1 (1910), No. 11-12, pp. 4"3, 4'^'k)- — A discussion of a large amount of data which the author has collected relating to the extra digits in man, horses, antelopes, sheep, goats, swine, dogs, cats, and poultry. Parthenogenesis in birds, A. Lecaillon (Arch. Anat. Micros., 12 (1910), No. 4, T>P' 511-638, pis. 4)- — A more detailed account is given of work previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 571), together with additional data on the histology of the unfertilized egg of birds when fresh laid and during segmentation without fertilization, which the author considers as rudimentary, natural partheno- genesis. It is stated that adverse results, as stated by other observers, were due to poor material and faulty methods. A bibliography is appended. A double hen's egg, J. T. Patterson (Amer. Nat., 45 (1911), No. 529, pp. 54-59, figs. 4). — A description of an egg within an egg, evidently a product of a normal ovary and of abnormal activity in the oviduct. It is of interest as throwing light on the physiology of ovulation of birds. Appiirently the egg was carried back up the oviduct twice. The first anti- peristalsis took place immediately after the hard-shelled egg was formed, and ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 577 tlie second immediately after the inner of tlie two sliell membrances had been laid down. The long axis of the inclosed egg formed an oblique angle with the long axis of the outer egg. Enclosed double eggs " clearly demonstrate that when an egg has once entered the oviduct its original orientation in that organ is maintained during the formation of the envelopes, no matter to what extent it may have been moved up and down the reproductive passage." Exhibition of hybrid animals at the Odessa exhibition {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 11 {1910), No. 9, p. 763). — A note on hybrids produced by mating the zebra and mare and the European bison and cow. A pheasant-bantam hybrid, H. J. Wheeler (Amer. Breeder.^ Mug., 1 {1910), No. /f, pp. 26G-26S). — A brief account of a successful cross between a male Ring- Neck pheasant and a female mongrel bantam. The parents and offspring are described in detail. Contribution to the knowledge of fossil and subfossil bovidse, with special reference to the specimens in the West Prussian provincial museum at Danzig', W. La Baume {^chr. Natiirf. Gesell. Danzig, n. ser., 12 {1909), No. 3, pp. .'i-'j-SO, pis. 9; ahs. in Zool. ZcnthL, 11 {1910). No. 11-12, p. 387).— Descrip- tions are given of skulls of Buhaltis pallassii, Bison priscus, B. europccus, Bos primigenius, and B. taurus. The daily gain of live weig-ht in cattle {Mark Lane Express, 105 {9111), No. .'tl36, p. 3, fig. 1). — The average daily gains per head in live weight from birth of the 4 animals placed at the top of their class for the different breeds at the Smithfield Show in lUlO were as follows : Under 2 years old, Galloway, 1 lb. 13 oz. ; Devon, 1 lb. 14* oz. ; Sussex, 2 lbs. ; Hereford, 2 lbs. li oz. ; Short- horn, 2 lbs. li oz. ; Aberdeen-Angus, 2 lbs". 2i oz. ; cross-bred, 2 lbs. 3 oz. ; Red Polled, 2 lbs. 3 oz. ; Welsh, 2 lbs. 4 oz. ; under 3 years of age, Galloway, 1 lb. lOi oz. ; Devon, 1 lb. 11 oz. ; Sussex, 1 lb. 13 oz. ; Hereford, 1 lb. 13i oz. ; Short- horn, 1 lb. 13 oz. ; Aberdeen-Angus, 1 lb. 12i oz. ; cross-bred. 1 lb. 12* oz. ; Red Polled, 1 lb. Ill oz. ; Welsh, 1 lb. lOf oz. The determination of the live weight of cattle by measuring, M. Matievi<5 {Osterr. Molk. Ztg., 11 {1910), Nos. 19, pp. 255-251; 20, i)p. 269-212; 21, pp. 286, 281; 22, pp. 291-300; 23, pp. 311-313, figs. 3).— Several methods of deter- mining the live weight from body measurements and deviations from the normal are discussed. Cattle breeding in the State of Sao Paulo, O. Pitsch {Ann. Escola Polytech. Sao Paulo, 10 {1910), pp. 65-89). — A general and .statistical account of the cattle industry. Austrian legislative enactments regarding cattle raising and the cattle industry {Arch. Deut. Landw. Rats, 3.'f {1910), pp. 231-301). — A large amount of information is summarized regarding conditions in Austria, in several Ger- man cities, and in Denmark. [Animal industry in Java], C. A. Penning {Jaarb. Dept. Landb. Nederland. Indie, 1908, pp. 251-219, i)ls. 16). — A general account of the industry, but with sitecial reference to crosses of native stock with breeds imported from Europe, India, and Australia. Cattle in south China, G. E. Anderson {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.1, l-'f {1911), No. 18, p. 282). — Notes on the cattle industry in southeastern Asia, with special reference to the exportation of cattle from Southern China to the Philippine Islands. Tapioca for feeding calves, A. GouiN and P. Andouard {Bui. Sta. Agron. Loire-Inf., 1908-9, pp. 69-11). — A brief report of success in feeding calves on tapioca and milk. 578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Feeding experiment with winter-fed lambs], H. H. Wing (New York Cornell Bui. 285, pp. 40-.'i6, flgs. 2). — This reports an experiment to determine the relative cost of gain in weight with wide and narrow rations, and to study the effect of overfeeding. The experimental animals consisted of 3 pens of feeding lambs. In addition to wheat salvage and corn, which was given to all the lambs, lot 1 was given alfalfa hay, bean fodder, and oil meal ; lot 2 alfalfa and ajax flakes (distillers' dried grains) ; and lot 3 timothy hay as a supple- mentary feed. At the end of 60 days the lambs in lot 1 (nutritive ratio 1: 5) had made an average gain of 16.3 lbs., at a cost of 8.27 cts. per pound gain. The correspond- ing figures for lot 2 (nutritive ratio 1 : 4.6) were 20 lbs. gain, at a cost of 7.48 cts. per pound, and for lot 3 (nutritive ratio 1:8) 15.3 lbs. at a cost of 7.87 cts. per pound. " The rations with nutritive ratios of 1 : 5 and 1 : 4.6 gave much better results than the one with a nutritive ratio of 1:8. The experience with pen No. 3 goes to show that these sheep lacked protein in their ration. The sheep in this pen showed this, (1) by being very eager to eat up all the bean forage, and (2) by coming back up to full feed after their ration had been changed toward the end of the experiment when many lambs in pen No. 3 were eating daintily or were off feed entirely. . . . Pen No. 3 not only made poorer gains but it was hard to get the lambs to eat as much grain by weight as did the lambs in pens 1 and 2, until a change was made in the ration which narrowed the nu- tritive ratio." A discussion of overfeeding as the cause of apoplexy is noted on page 588. Report of the wool specialist, J. A. Hill [Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 65-67). — A brief report of work in progress which consists mainly of a study of the variability in the breaking strain of wool fibers. A new experiment in studying the effect of environment on quality and quantity of wool has been imdertaken. The shrinkage of wool in scouring in samples sent in from 21 firms ranged from 43.6 to 79.1 per cent. Annual wool review (Bui. Nat. Assoc. Wool Manfrs., J/O (1910), No. Ji, pp. 301-352, pi. 1, chart 1, map 1). — An estimate of the domestic wool clip, exports, and imports of wool in 1910. There is also a review of the wool industry, ac- companied by many statistical tables concerning wool production in the United States and foreign countries. Sheep breeding' in Scotland, K. Bitzek (Filhling's Landw. Ztg., 59 (1910), No. 18, pp. 612-626, chart 1). — A general and statistical account of the sheep industry in Scotland, with comments from a German point of view. On the present conditions of sheep husbandry, J. Natiiorst and T. Hofman- Bang (K. Landthr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., J,9 (1910), No. 7, pp. 637-6J,Ji).—X discussion of the conditions under which sheep husbandry can be made profit- able in modern Swedish agriculture. Plan to promote sheep raising' in Russia, J. H. Snodgrass (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], IJf (1911), No. 12, p. 190).— A note on the efforts of the Russian Government to encourage the sheep industry in those portions of Siberia not well adapted for other branches of agriculture. The wild oriental sheep of Gmelin (Ovis orientalis), N. V. Nasonov (Isv. Imp. Akad. Nauk (Bui. Acad. Imp. 8ci. St. Petcrsb.), 6. scr., 1910, No. 9, pp. 681-710, pi. 1, figs. 12). — A detailed description of the original cranium of a Gmelin oriental ram, as described by Pallas in 1776, and which has been in the museum of the Russian Academy of Science. Measurements of skeletons and diagrams of cross sections of the horns of modern sheep now kept in the vicinity of Ispahan are submitted to show the close relationship to 0. orientalis. ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 579 Goat raising in Mexico, W. W. Canada {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.1, 13 (1910), No. 51, pp. 676-679). — The consul at Vera Cruz reports on ttie present status of the goat industry in Mexico and on the opportunities offered there in this industiy for the man with limited means. The camel in the service of troops and police ofla.cers of Southwest Africa, H. Berthold (Deut. Kolon. Ztg., 27 {1910), No. 49, pp. 817, SiS).— Attention is called to the superiority of the camel to horses for many purposes for the army and constabulary in Southwest Africa. Vicunas, llamas, and guanacos, D. Davel (Bol. Min. Agr. [Buenos Aires'], 12 (1910), No. 12, pp. 59-69, figs. //) .—Attention is called to the valuable char- ficteristies of the vicuna, llama, and guanaco as domesticated animals. What the buffalo offers us, C. D. Mubphy (Farm and Ranch, 29 (1910), No. 49, pp. 3, 4, fiffs- 5). — ^An account of the buffalo and buffalo hybrids on the fioodnight ranch in Texas. Butchering hogs on the farm, A. W. Orr (Missouri Ed. Agr. Mo. Bui., 8 (1910), No. 9, pp. 16). — A popular bulletin on all phases of the subject, from the selection of the type of hog to the methods of salting and curing the pork products. China's increasing lard exports, G. E. Anderson (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 14 (1911), No. 11, p. i74).— The exports of lard from China proper in 1909 were 10,411.772 lbs., valued at $642..'i7G, or 6.17 cts. gold per pound. " These shipments of lard products from China, in connection with recent efforts to introduce Chinese pork into Europe, indicate that China's meat prod- ucts are soon to be an important factor in the food situation of Pacific countries, and it is a fact of more than ordinary economic significance that the most popu- lous country in the world is able to export food products in constantly increas- ing quantities." Feeding experiments with horses, N. O. Hofman-Bang (Ber. K. Vet. og Landhohajskoies Lab. Landukonam. Porsog [Copenhagen], 72 (1910), pp. 67). — These experiments were conducted on 4 Danish farms during the years 1909-10, for the purpose of determining the relative value of oats and Indian corn, of oats and mangels or ruta-bagas, and of whole and cut straw in feeding work horses of the Jutland breed. The main experimental period lasted, as a rule, from 2 to 3 months. By substituting corn for oats 1 kg. of corn was found equal to 1 kg. of oats in the grain ration, and some straw was saved by making this change. When about 2 kg. of oats was replaced by roots in a ration of from 10 to 12 kg. of oats, 1 kg. of dry matter in the roots proved equal to 1 kg. of dry matter in the oats. Such a change in the ration did not apparently produce any injurious effects on the health or working capacity of the horses. Whole straw and cut straw were found to be of equal feeding value, weight for weight, in rations for horses at work. The horses represented in art, R. Schoenbeck (Das Pferd und seine Dar- steUung in der Bildenden Kunst, vom Hippologischen 8tandpunkt aus. Leipsic, 1908, pp. X+203, pis. 45, figs. 321; rev. in Jahrb. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierzucht, 5 (1910), pp. 286, 287). — A discussion of the color, conformation, and other char- acteristics of ancient and modern types of horses as represented in drawings, carvings, and pictures. Draft horse breeding in America, E. T. Robbins (Amer. Vet. Rev., 37 (1910), No. 4, pp. 510-514). — A paper read before the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, containing many practical suggestions on the breeding of draft horses. A common mistake that is pointed out is the failure to give draft colts sufficient feed ; other serious troubles are impotence in stallions and abor- tion in mares. 580 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The commercial motor truck v. the horse, H. W. Perry {Sci. Amet:, 10^ (1911), No. 2, pp. 36, 37, 50, 51, fiffs. IS). — ^A comparison of the efficiency and cost of the two methods of motor power from actual tests. Dogs and all about them, R. Leighton (London, New York and Toronto, 1910, pp. VIII-\-3-'iJi. pis. 17). — "A concise and practical handbook on matters canine." The characteristics of all the common breeds of dogs are described in detail. Chickens, A. T. Johnson (Philadelphia, 1910, pp. 159, figs. 26). — ^A brief practical treatise on the breeding, feeding, and management of fowls. Labor-saving- poultry appliances, J. E. Rice and C. A. Rogers (New York Coniell Sta. Bid. 2S-'i, pp. 36, figs. 51). — The labor-saving appliances illustrated and described in this bulletin are for the most part inexpensive. They include feeding and watering devices, pedigree and egg collecting appliances, catching and carrying devices, shipping packages, coops for sitting hens, fattening coops, a rack for sprouted oats, a burglar alarm system, and an improved killing and picking box. Poultry houses and fixtures, J. E. Rice et al. (Buffalo, N. Y., and Quincii. 111., 19 II). 7. ed.. pp. 96. figs. 170). — These articles by different authors contain the plans and details for constructing closed front, scratching shed, curtain front, fresh air and portable poultry houses, and ai)pliances for the house and yard. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. [History of dairying in the United States] (Cream. Jour., 22 (1911), No. 2, pp. 2-55, figs. 7). — ^A series of articles by numerous authors on the growth of the dairy industry in the United States during the past 60 years. Dairying in Jamaica, C. F. Pengelley (Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 15 (1911), No. 1, pp. 27-29). — A discussion of the cost of milk production in Jamaica. The amount of milk yielded annually by 25 Jamaica cows is given as 96,830 lbs. The gross receipts for milk and calves amounted to £320 5s. The cost of keep- ing was £95. Cattle and dairying in the Punjab, 1910, A. M. Stow (Lahore, 1910, pp. II+66+XII). — A general and statistical account of the cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat industry in tbe Punjab. Dairying map of New South Wales (Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 12, p. 1082, map 1), — This map shows the areas suitable for specialized dairy- ing and those for mixed farming with dairying as an adjunct. Report on milk records for season 1909, J. Howie (Ayrshire Cattle Milk Rec. Com. Rpt. 1909, pp. 313). — This contains the yearly records of the yields of milk and percentage of fat of over 9,000 Ayrshire cows in Scotland during the season of 1909. An article by John Speir on "What it Costs to Produce a Gallon of Milk is included in the report. According to his figures in 1903, in tbe case of 1,340 cows, the average cost per gallon was 1.14d, and in 1907 with 2.441 cows the average cost per gallon was 1.53d. The cost was less in the cheese-making districts than where market milk was produced. Cow testing, W. M. Singleton (Jour. New Zeal. Dept. Agr., 1 (1910), No. 3, pp. 149-177, figs. 10). — The average yield of 598 cows with an average lactation period of 260 days was 7,133 lbs. of milk and 274.57 lbs. of fat. Estimates of the cost of keeping a cow in New Zealand are given. Half a ton of butter per cow per year, H. G. Van Pelt (Philadelphia, 1910, pp. 56, pi. 1, figs. 12). — The methods of feeding cows which have made phenome- nal records are described. Cost of producing milk, G. M. Whitaker (Hoard's Dairyman, J/l (1911), No. 50, pp. lJ,7S-l.'i80; Pacific Dairy Rev., /.', (1911), No. 52, pp. 12-14).— An extract of an address before the Maine Dairymen's Association, December, 1910. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 581 It is a discussion of data obtained from different sources of tlie cost of milk production. A comparison of soy-bean cake and linseed cake rations on the yield of milk and the properties of butter and cheese, J. J. Ott de Vbies ( Verslag Ver. Exploit. Proefzuicelhocrderij Hoorn, 1909, pp. lJf-39 ; Alolk. Ztg. Berlin, 20 (1910), Nos. 35, pp. 409, 410; 36, pp. 421, ^22).— During the main feeding period the average production of milk was 17.37 kg. and of milk fat 485.3 gm. per Lead and day on the soy bean ration, as contrasted with 17.07 kg. of milli and 531.4 gm. of milk fat on the linseed meal ration. The refractive index of soy bean butter was slightly lower and the percentage of volatile acids was slightly higher than that of butter made during the linseed ration period. When scored by good judges there was no appreciable difference in the quality of butter. The properties of cheese were unaffected. The soy bean ration produced no unfavorable effect on the health of the cows and in all respects was considered to be a valuable feed. Yohimbine, J. Hasak (Osterr. Monatsschr. Tierheillc, 35 {1910), p. 97; aJ)s. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 28 (1910), No. 52, p. 1052). — Yohimbine admin- istered in the form of tablets to 3 cows did not increase the milk secretion to any appreciable extent. The absorption of drugs by milk in the mammary glands, H. B. Kolde- wiJN (Pharma. Wcekbl., 41 (1910), Nos. 50, pp. 1305-1316; 52, pp. 1382-1394).— A review of the investigations on this topic. With cows' milk positive results have been found with lithium, chinin, and urotropin, and negative results with mercury, antimony, bismuth, zinc, morphin, and aspirin. With goats' milk positive results have been found with lead, and alcohol, and negative results with cytisin, phenolphthalein, and fluorescein. Composition of milk, R. Pape (Transvaal Dept. Agr., 8ci. Bui. 6, pp. 8). — A discussion in regard to the various constituents of milk. Investigations in regard to the increase of the fat-free dry substance in milk by creaming, C. Formenti (ZtscJir. Unfersitcli. Nahr. u. Gcnussmtl., 19 (1910), No. 11, i)p. 616-625; abs. in Cheni. Ztg., 34 (1910), No. 99, Repert., p. 406). — By extensive tests the author determined that on creaming milk, irre- spective of whether it was done in a flat or high vessel or a cylinder with a glass stopcock at its base, or whether the cream was allowed to rise itself or separated with a centrifuge, an increase in the fat-free dry substance of the residual milk took place. It was also found that water could be added to such milk up to 10 per cent of its bulk without reducing the fat-free dry substance below the normal content of the whole milk. The influence of various amounts of rennet and various temperatures upon the coagulation of milk and the microscopic structure of the casein and fibrin coagulum, R. Brauler (Pfliiger's Arch. Physiol., 133 (1910), No. 11-12, pp. 519-551, figs. 3). — When all influencing factors are eliminated the rate of coagulation proceeds in proportion to the amount of ferment present — the greater the quantity of ferment the quicker the coagulation. The work further shows that an inverse ratio exists between these amounts — when double the amount of ferment is utilized the coagulation requires but half the usual time. In studying the influence of temperature upon the coagulation, the author found with small amounts of ferment that temperatures up to about 39° C. accelerate the coagulation. Where larger amounts of ferment are used still higher temperatures can be withstood, but the limit of temperature for activity was found to bo 50°. From this it can be inferred that each quantity of fer- ment has an optimum temperature. As a result of noting the macroscopic and microscopic appearances of the coagulum obtained from milk, the author was able to difterentiate between a 582 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, congnluni which was obtained with au acid and that which was produced by rennet. On comparing the microscopic picture of the coagulum obtained from milk and that obtained from blood it was seen that a close relation seems to exist as to the nature of the two processes, and, further, that the more rapid tlie rate of coagulation the denser the preparation will be. A note on an organism producing a burnt milk taste, W. Sadler {Centbl. Bald, [etc.}, 2. AM., 29 (1911), Xo. 1-3, pp. 1-3, fig. 1). — A facultative anaerol)e of the general tj'pe of Leichmann's Bacterium lactici acidi was found to co- agulate milk, producing a flavor and odor resembling burnt milk and rendering the milk unpalatable. The effect on the butter and cheese made from such milk was very marked. The bacillus of long life, L. M. Douglas (Londan and Edinhurgh, 1911, pp. y 11+165, pis. 58, fign. 9). — This book is designed to meet the demand for in- formation on the bacteriologj' of sour milk, its preparation, and its value in therapeutics. The practical value of bacterial examinations of m.ilk and cream, J. O. Jordan {Ice Cream Trade Jour., 6. {1910), No. 12, pp. 51-55, dgms. 2). — ^A lec- ture before the National Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers, November, 1910, The author shows how the bacterial count of the milk supply in Boston has been reduced since a systematic examination of milk and a temperature regulation of 50° F. have been enforced. The microscope in the dairy, J. Scott (Hark Lane Express, 105 {1911), Nos. 4137, p. 27; 4138, p. 55; J,139, pp. 95, 97, figs. 9).— Attention is called to the value of the microscope for even the elementary study of milk and its properties. It is pointed out that all persons interested in dairying should have some first hand knowledge of fat globules, casein curds, crystals, the various insoluble materials, bacteria, and other micro-organisms found in milk. Clean milk: Essential requirements from production to consumption, C. H. Yates and R. E. Brand [Illinois Sta. Circ. /.'/7, pp. 36., figs. 7). — Some of the important requirements for the proper care and handling of milk are presented in popular form for producers, consumers, and inspectors of milk. Cooling and bottling milk, the construction of stables and milk rooms, economy of produc- tion, and related topics are briefly discussed. Formulas for preparing white- wash and disinfectants, forms of score cards for scoring milk, milk depots and dairy farms, and milk statutes are given. The modern milk pail, H. A. Harding, J. K. Wilson, and G. A. Smith {Netc York ^tate Sta. Bui. 326, pp. 249-281, pis. 4). — This bulletin reports the results of a bacteriological study, comprising comparative tests of a number of im- proved milk ];iails found upon the market, and suggests a form which can be easily and cheaply made by any tinsmith and which combines the good points of the best pails. Preliminary to the test a study was made of the proper amount of dilution of milk samples for the most satisfactory results. In this it was found that the dilution which showed the highest germ content was not always the most accu- rate, and that a satisfactory dilution for these tests would be somewhat less than 1 : 100. The reduction of the germ content by using the improved pails, as contrasted with ordinary 12-in. pails, ranged from 48.4 to 70.1 i^er cent. All of these types were satisfactory from a sanitary standpoint but some were too high or were otherwise inconvenient to use. " More than one-half of the infection that milk receives during the milking process can be prevented by the use of a covered pail." " For short-legged or heavy-uddered cows the pails should not be more than 12 in. high over all. An elliptical opening is preferable to a round one covering DAIEY FARMING DAIRYING. 583 the same luiruber of square iuclies since it is easier to ruilli into it. . . . The cover should be sufficiently convex so that the entire inside of the pail can be seen and easily reached for cleaning. It should be made flush with the very top of the pail so as to avoid a groove which will conduct material from the top of the pail around to the opening and into the milk. "A suitable cover soldered to an ordinary milk pail by a local tinsmith will give satisfaction if the work is well done and all of the seams are carefully filled with solder. Such a cover can be placed upon an ordinary milk pail by any tinsmith at very little expense." Covered pails mean cleaner milk, F. H. Hall {New York State Hta. Bui. S26, popular cd., pp. 6). — A popular edition of the above. Milk leg-islation (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 56 (1911), No. 5, pp. 350-352). — A discussion of state v. city control of legislation in regard to the inspection of dairies, the tuberculin test, and pasteurization. " The value of the tuberculin test is accepted by men who are competent to exi)ress an opinion. Pasteurization of milk is also of undoubted value in the absence of the compulsory tuberculin test. The cattle-owner does not realize that not only is the presence of tuberculosis in his herd a menace to public health, but his herd can not be as profitable as a healthy herd, and that, moreover, one tuberculous cow will spread disease rapidly to healthy cows. The production of clean milk is wholly a scientific and not a political or commercial question, and the mere idea that the lives of innocent babies should depend on political or commercial considerations is a monstrous one." Further observations of the milk supply of Washington, D. C, G. L. Magijudek (Jour. Antcr. lied. Assoc., 55 {1010). No. 7, pp. 5SI-5S9, charts 3). — A history of the efforts of the United States Government and of the health officials of the District of Columbia in the improvement of the milk supply of Washington. Certified milk in New York State {N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. IS, pp. 8Sc, pi. 1, figs. 29). — This contains information concerning milk commissions, and answers to a circular letter sent to producers of certified milk, concerning methods of caring for stock and management of milk, are given. The cream supply, H. A. Hopper {California Sta. Bui. 209, pp. 115-137, figs. 13). — A bulletin of popular information. Among topics discussed are soui'ces of bacteria, milking machines, sanitary milk pails, cream separators, causes of variation in the cream test, and management of the cream. Notice of judg'ment {U. S. Dept. Agr., Notice of Judgment 113, lyp. 2). — This relates to the misbranding of butter. Modern butter making' and dairy arithmetic, M. H. Meyer {Madison, Wis., 1910, pp. 306, figs. 10). — A practical treatise on butter making, based largely on the results of the author's 25 years' experience on a dairy farm, in creamery butter making, and as instructor in dairying. A visit to the Riitti-Zollikofen Dairy School, E. H. Farkington {Proc. South. Wis. Chcesonakers' and Dairymen's Assoc., 10 {1910), pp. 51f-62). — The methods of making cheese and whey butter, as practiced at this school, are described. Theory and practice of cheese making, P. Maze {Technique Fronuxgerc, Paris, 1910, pp. 85; Ami. Inst. Pasteur, 2k {1910), Nos. 5, pp. 395-^27; 6, pp. J,35-k66, pis. 2, figs. U; 7, pp. 543-562; Indus. Lait [Paris], 35 {1910), Nos. 36, pp. 583-591; 38, pp. 618-625; 39, pp. 635-640; 40, pp. 650-655; 41, pp. 668-670; 42, pp. 685, 686; 43, pp. 702-704; 4//, pp. 716-719; 46, PV- 7^/5-7^7; 47, pp. 762-767; 48, pp. 779-784; 49, pp. 798, 799; 51, pp. 829-831; 52, pp. 841-843; 36 {1911), Nos. 1, pp. 8-10; 2, pp. 24-26; 3, pp. 35-42; 4, pp. 54-61; rev. in Rev. G6n. Sci., 21 {1910), No. 22, p. 957).— A discussion of the results of scientific 584 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. iuvestigatious as applied to the practice of malcing clieeses of tlae Brie and Cameiubert types. The intlueiiees of temperature, acidity, ferments, and other factors on the resulting product are considered in detail. The ferments are classified accord- ing to their influence on the curd, as follows: (1) The lactic-acid ferments which act on the milk sugar; (2) the molds or combustion ferments which de- stroy milk sugar and lactic acid and arrest the activity of the lactic ferment; and (3) the alkaline ferments which destroy the remaining sugar and also attack the lower nitrogenous compounds. The most important ferments for the cheese maker are those which will destroy milk sugar but leave the nitro- genous products intact. The defects of cheese by the development of undesir- able organisms, or by the too luxuriant growth of the desirable ones, are dis- cussed at length ; also the influence of the quality of milk and the importance of pasteurization. Fancy cheese in America, C. A. Publow {Chicago, IDIO, pp. 96, pis. 3, figs. 7,5). — This book describes the process of the manufacture of casein and the following varieties of cheese: Cream, club, cottage, Neufchatel, Ricotto, Port du Salut, Pont I'Eveque, brick. Brie, Camembert. Oka, Isigny, Limburg, Munster, Caciocavallo, Stilton, Gorgonzola, Roquefort, pineapple, Edam, Gouda, Swiss, Cheddar, skim-milk Cheddar, buttermilk, washed-curd Cheddar, stirred curd, goat's milk, caraway-potato, sandwich-nut, olive-cream, and pimento. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Biolog'y, g'eneral and medical, J. McFarland (Philadelphia and London, IDlO, pp. Ji'iO, pis. 5, figs. 1^1). — This work takes up the subject under the fol- lowing headings: Cosmic relations of living matter, origin of life, criteria of life, manifestations of life, the cell, cell division, higher organisms, reproduction, ontogenesis, conformity to type, divergence, structural relationship, blood rela- tionship, parasitism, infection and immunity, mutilation and regeneration, grafting and senescence, decadence, and death. Lectures in regard to infection and immunity, P. T. Mulleb, (Vorlesungen iibcr Difclitioii iiiid IinmunUitt. Jena, 1010, 3. cd., rev. and enh. pp. XI-\-.'i51, figs. 25).— The various chapters in this work treat of the following subjects: Sources of infection; the bacterial poisons; distribution and. localization of the poisons in the body ; incubation period and virulence ; behavior of micro-organ- isms in the infected animal body ; phagocytosis ; the bactericidal and globulicidal activities of the body fluids ; the bactericidal and globulicidal activities of serum ; the opsonins ; active immunization and its results — the antibodies ; anti- bodies, II ; nature and the quantitative relation of the binding of antigens and antibodies, I ; quantitative relation of the binding between toxin and antitoxin (II — Ehrlich's toxin analysis; lysins and antilysins) ; agglutinins and precipi- tins; Ehrlich's side-chain theory; varieties of side-chain theories; varieties of antitoxic immunity ; anaphylaxis ; the kinds of antibacterial immunities — diminution of resistance; treatment of infectious diseases; the practical results of protective vaccination and serum therapy; the use of the immunity reactions for diagnostic purposes; and the application of immunity to certain problems of physiology, pathology, and general biology. General register for Zeitschrift fiir Immunitatsforschung und experi- nientelle Therapie, E. Friedberger and E. Ungermann (Zeitschrift fiir Immu- nitatsforschung und experimenteUe Therapie. Register iilyer die Literatur des Jahres 1909. Jena, 1910, pp. 111+152). — This is the general author and sub- ject index for the year 1909. In regard to the toxicity of heterologous sera and critera of ana- phylaxis, A. BiEDL and R. Keaus (Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 585 Orig., 7 {1910), No. J,, pj). 4OS-J1 13). —The results show that neither the toxins of fresh bovine, human, or rabbit-sheep serum, nor ana phylaxy toxin produce typical anaphylaxis. These substances were not capable of producing a bron- cho-spasm, but on the contrary brought about an edema of the lung instead. The toxicity of these sera is probably due to an alteration of the coagulation function of the blood, and eventually results in the clTimping of the erythrocytes, with thrombus formation in the alveoli of the lung tissue. The antiti-yptic, isolytic, and heterolytic power of the blood serum in different pathological conditions, G. FiNzi (7^cc. Jilccl. Vet., 87 (1910), No. 15, pp. 515-525). — A study of the antitryptic, isolytic, and heterolytic power of the blood serum from animals infected with the tubercle bacillus (cattle), the Preisz-Nocard bacillus (sheep), and others having chronic enteritis (cattle), and from cachectic animals (cattle). The results show that with tubercular bovines the antitryptic power of the serum is generally less than that of the normal serum. This is not the case with man. In the case of the Preisz-Nocard infection and chronic enteritis, the index is also lowered. In cachectic animals the index is increased, but this is not directly due to the cachexia present. The hemolytic (heterolytic and isolytic) power was of no clinical value. Immunizing agents and therapeutic sera in veterinary medical practice, W. H. Dalkymple (Aincr. Yd. Rev., 38 {1911), No. //, inh 511-511).— A general discussion of the subject. About a method of drying serum, S. Frankel and A. Elfer (Biochem. ZtscJir:, 28 {1910), No. 3-//, pp. 330, 331).— The method is described in detail. The part played by chemical synthesis in the development of chemotherapy {Osterr. Cliem. Ztg., 13 (1910), No. 21, pp. 263-265).— A review of the existing chemical patent literature, with particular reference to the development of chemotherapy. Ehrlich's chemotherapy — a new science, II. Schweitzer (Science, n. scr., 32 (1910), No. 832. pp. 809-823) .—After briefly discussing the various tropical diseases of man and animals, particularly those caused by protozoa and their treatment with coal-tar jiroducts, the author with the aid of structural formulas points out the chemistry of the various products used for the above diseases, especially No. GOG for the treatment of lues. A description of the Ehrlich-Hata preparation 606 (Ztsclir. Rieeh u. Gesch- maclcst., 2 (1910), No. 24, pp. 267-269; Dcut. Eled. Wchnschr., 36 (1910), No. 37, pp. 1693, 1694). — This is the patent specification of Ehrlich-PIata preparation 606, which is entitled Methods for Preparing the Amido Derivatives of Oxy- arylarsic Acid and their Reduction* Products. The preparation is chemically dioxydiamidoarsenobenzol. About an endotoxin of the Micrococcus melitensis, P. N. Bernard (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 69 (1910), No. 24, pp. 36-38; abs. in Ztschr. Immnni- idtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Rcf., 3 (1910), No. 3, p. 609).— The author was able to produce a toxin in cultures of M. melitensis which possessed a strong affinity for nerve cells. Intracerebrally it was lethal in from 6 to 9 hours and in- traperitoneally in from 13 to 36 hours. The toxins resisted heat up to 58° C, but at 80° became somewhat weakened. Intracerebrally one one-thousandth part of the dose which is necessary intraperitoneally is fatal. The precipitin reaction in erysipelas, A. Vanney (Conipt. Rend. 80c. Biol. IParis], 69 (1910), No. 26, pp. 138, 139; ahs. in Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 3 (1910), No. 3, p. 614).— The author was able with filtrates from the erysipelas bacterium and the corresponding immune serum to obtain a precipitation such as Vallee obtained with the serum from horses immunized against tuberculosis and tuberculin. The reaction is most definite at 37° O. and 586 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. where filtrates from cultures wbich Lave beeu heated to 70° before filtering are employed. Contagiousness of Malta fever {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 55 {1910), No. 2.'i, p. 2074). — The value is pointed out of using cultures killed with formaldehyde vapors in laboratories where the agglutination test for Malta fever is carried out. As this disease has increased in France, it is recommended that milk ob- tained from goats be boiled and, further, that the importation of goats from Malta be prohibited. "Muhinyo," a disease of natives in Uganda, D. Bkuce et al. {Proc. Roy. Sac. [London}, Set: B, S2 {1910), No. B 558, pp. 485-.'i90, fig. i).— The authors conclude that " muhinyo " is Malta fever and that it is conveyed from goat to man by the drinking of goats' milk. Combating- tetanus in animals with specifi.c tetanus antitoxin, H. Holteb- BACH {Beat. TierdrzU. Wcluischr., 18 {1910), Nos. 31, pp. 4.57-460; 32, pp. 469-.'i75; abs. in, Ztsclir. Immuiiitdtsf. u. Expt. Tlier., II, Ref., 3 {1910), No. 1, p. 539). — The unfavorable results obtained from tetanus antitoxin by some veterinarians are probably due to employing too small amounts of the serum. The curative dose per kilogram of body weight is one antitoxin unit. This dose may be repeated as often as necessary. Prophylactically, from 100 to 200 units are necessary at one injection. Experiments to ascertain if cattle may act as a reservoir of the virus of sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma gambiense), D. Bruce et al. {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 82 {1910), No. B 558, pp. ^SMS-)).— " It has been proved by experiment that cattle may act as a reservoir of the virus of sleeping sickness, and that healthy animals may be infected from them by means of Glossina palpalis. It has also beeu proved that cattle in the fly area do naturally harbor T. gambiense. It is, therefore, possible that the cattle and antelope living in the fly area may act as a reservoir and so keep up the infectivity of the G. pal- palis for an indefinite period, but there is no proof up to the present that this actually takes place in nature." Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Uganda, I— III, D. Bruce ET AL. {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 82 {1910), No. B 558, pp. I,68-Ji79, pis. 2; Ser, B, S3 {1910), No. B 561, pp. 1-27, i)ls. 5, figs. 2).— The first paper deals with Trypanosoma pecorum, the second with T. brucei, and the third with T. vivax. The conclusions drawn are that " T. pecorum is au important trypanosome disease of domestic animals in Uganda. It is similar in morphology, action on animals, and cultural characters, to the T. dimorphon described by Laveran and Mesnil, and to Edington's trypanosome from Zanzibar [E. S. R., 21, p. 581] except that T. pecorum is not pathogenic to guinea pigs. The carrier is unknown, but is probably a Tabanus, and not Stomoxys." " The commission consider themselves .iustified in considering the trypanosome recovered from the Uganda ox to be identical with T. brucei, the cause of nagana in Zululand and other parts of South Africa. . . . T. vivax, an easily recognizable species, gives rise to a fatal disease of cattle in Uganda. The car- rier of T. vivax is probably Glossina palpalis, which is found naturally infected on the lake shore. The reservoir of the virus is possibly the antelope which frequent the G. palpalis area." Contribution to experimental tuberculosis in sea fishes with studies in regard to the transmutation of tubercle bacillus of warm-blooded animals, L. VON Betegh {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Grig., 54 {1910), No. 3, pp. 211-216; abs. in Internat. Centbl. Gesam. Tuberkulose Forsch., 4 {1910), No. 12, p. 633). — Some of the eels utilized in the experiments were inoculated intramuscularly, and others intraperitoneally, with bacilli from man, cattle, birds, and fresh- water VETERINARY MEDICINE. 587 fish. Only the last named was infectious. It produced a local lesion, but could not be propagated any further. From this the author concludes that transmu- tation is not possible. The conversion of the human type of tubercle bacillus into the bovine type, A. Ebeb iMiincheni Med. Wchnscht:, 57 {1910), No. 3, pp. 115-120; abs. in Intei-nat. CentN. Gesam. Tuberkulose Forsch., 4 (1910), No 12, p. 635). — Cattle infected with the human type of bacillus eventually yielded bacteria resembling the bovine type in virulence. The absence of living tubercle bacilli from some old tuberculous lesions in man, L. Cobbett (Proc. Camhridge Phil. Soc, 15 {1910), No. 6, pp. 536- 539). — The author reports his findings and shows that in 5 out of 7 cases which were undoubtedly tubercular the tubercles on injection into animals produced no lesions. Transference of tuberculin hypersensitiveness, M. Onaka (Zfsc/ir. ZmmMm- tUtsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 7 (1910), No. 4, pp. 507-51.'}).— If normal healthy guinea pigs are treated with the tissues from a tubercular guinea pig or anti- formin extracts of the tubercle bacillus, tuberculin hypersensitiveness is con- veyed to the animal. A reduction in complement is noted in most cases of passive hypersensitiveness but not in active cases. Investig'ation in reg'ard to the significance of the tuberculin titer for diagnosis, A. Eklandsen and O. V. C. E. Petersen (Hospitalstid. [Copen- hagen], 53 (1910), Nos. 2Jf, pp. 6.57-676; 25, pp. 681-695; abs. in Internal. Centbl. Gesam. Tuberkulose Forsoh., 4 (1910), No. 12, p. 629). — The cutaneous reaction is preferred by the authors, owing to the fact that a certain amount of sensibilization takes place with the subcutaneous reaction. The tuberculin titer (the greatest dilution which reacts with the individual) has a certain relation to the degree of severity of the tuberculous process, being zero in subjects free from tuberculosis, low in latent cases, high in new and slight cases, and low with severe cases. A high tuberculin titer (from 200 to 400) points to the possible existence of an active process, but in this connec- tion there must be considered subjects having either previously infected but healed glands or bone tuberculosis, as these also have a high titer over a long period of time. In regard to the inconstancy of the diazo reaction in the urine of the tuberculous, M. Weiss (Med. EUnik, 6 (1910), No. 22, p. 867; abs. in Internat. Centbl. Gesam. Tuberkulose Forsch., // (1910), No. 12, p. 632). — The inconstancy of this reaction is due to the presence of a pro-body . which is evidently of a peptone or poly-peptid nature and which can be converted into the reacting substance by placing the urine in a thermostat for 24 hours at blood heat. This finding will probably help promote the prognostic value of the diazo reaction, particularly in marked cases of tuberculosis. Beport on the combating of bovine tuberculosis in Sweden up to 1909, G. REGNfiK (Meddel K. Landtbr. Styr. [Sweden], 1910, No. 2 (lJf9), pp. 80).— The results of the work against bovine tuberculosis under government direction up to the year 1909 are given in detail and summarized. The methods of combating the disease have been both offensive (eradicating tuberculosis from diseased herds) and defensive (preventing its introduction into healthy herds). In the initial tuberculin tests with 1,370 dairy herds, con- sisting of 49,112 animals, 14,175 reacted, and up to 1909, 57,734 animals had been found within the same herds, of which 1,761 or 3.1 per cent reacted on second test. It is pointed out, however, that this result alone does not repre- sent the entire value of the tuberculin testing, inasmuch as the progress in dairy-bam and milk sanitation during the last 15 years has doubtless come, 87402°— No. 6—11 7 588 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. according to the author, mainly as a result of the campaign against tubercu- losis. Data relating to the tuberculin tests conducted in Sweden since 1S97, with annual summaries, are presented in the appendix. The total number of animals tested from 1897 to 1908, inclusive, was 716,310, of which 12,728 herds with 306,372 animals were tested for the first time; of the latter number 29.8 per cent reacted, while 5,527 of the herds were found entirely free from tuberculosis. Vaccinating- ag^ainst hemoglobinuria in bovines, Schultze (Berlin. Tier- drztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910). Xo. i,3, p. 829).— A reply to Schmitt (B. S. R., 23, p. 788). The cause of "apoplexy" in winter-fed lambs, H. H. Wing (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 285, pp. 37-46, figs. 3). — For several years a disease resembling apoplexy in man has affected lambs being fed in the vicinity of Batavia, N. Y.. for the spring market. " In some cases the losses have amounted to a large percentage of the flock. The trouble appears suddenly and does its work quickly. It is sometimes accompanied by paralysis. It nearly always proves fatal, only about 1 or 2 per cent of those afflicted ever having been known to recover. The disease seems to occur only where lambs are being fed heavily and it then attacks the strongest and most vigorous. Lambs will be feeding nicely and all will seem perfectly well at 12 o'clock m., and when the feeder returns at 4 or 5 p. m., 1 or 2 of the best lambs will be found dead, appearing to have died without a struggle." Two opinions have been set forward as to its cause — first, that the disease is brought about by feeding an excess of protein in the ration and second, that the disease is caused by overfeeding. An experiment to determine its cause was combined with a feeding experiment as noted on page 578. The results as relating to the cause of the disease and. the conclusions dravpn are as follows : " From the observations during this experiment, it would seem that apoplexy is caused mainly by sudden overfeeding rather than from feeding a narrow ration. Three lambs were lost from pen No. 3, which were fed a ration with a nutritive ratio of 1 : 8, while one lamb was lost from pen No. 2 with a ration having a nutritive ratio of 1 : 4.6, and no lambs were lost in pen No. 1 in which the nutritive ratio of the ration was 1 : 5. Furthermore, no lambs were lost from any pen when it was full except that in pen No. 3, fed a ration having a nutritive ratio of 1:8, one lamb was lost when some of the lambs were off feed, thus allowing others to overfeetl. In the opinion of the persons who con- ducted this experiment, there should not be the wholesale loss from overfeeding that some feeders have experienced if proper precautions are taken to keep the rack spaces all occupied and to distribute the grain equally. There may be an occasional sheep that can not stand the heavy feeding necessary for fattening, and there may also be an occasional loss from nervous excitement, which is thought to be one cause of apoplexy." Linguatulosis fatal to tlie g-oat, Moussu (Rec. MM. V6t., 87 (1910), No. 5, pp. 153-158; al)s. in Vet. Rcc., 23 (1910), No. 1169, pp. 356, 357).— The case re- ported was parasitized by Linguatnla tccnioides and stomach worms. Sarcocysts in the camel in Egypt, F. E. Mason (Join: Compar. Path, cmd Ther., 23 (1910), No. 2, pp. 168-176, fi.gs. 7). — The author shows that the sar- cocyst of the camel differs in many ways from the sarcocysts of the ox, buffalo, sheep, and pig. He considers it to represent a new species, and supplies the name Sarcocystis cameli. "Attempts at discovery of the source of infection have failed; examinations of ticks, biting flies, and lice in the case of the buffalo, have not given any satisfactory result. No calcified cysts have been found, nor any evidence of VETEBINAEY MEDICINE. 589 encapsulation ; and apparently there is no marked inflammatory reaction as long as the cyst remains intact." Krafft's vaccination against swine plague, vo>f Lojewski (Berlin. Tierdrstl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 43, pp. 829, 830).— The results obtained with 619 pigs were considered good. Bacteria resembling paratyphoid B in the intestinal tract of the horse, E. HuBER (Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 56 (1910), No. 1, pp. i-28).— The bacteria from the intestinal tracts of 100 horses which came to slaughter were examined and compared with 15 strains of paratyphoid B (human and calf) cul- tures, 5 of Bacillus suipestifcr, 1 of mouse typhoid, and 1 of B. enteritidis Gartner. The author concludes from his work that strains 2, 21, 23, and 34 isolated from the intestinal tract of the horse, and which are agglutinable by para- typhoid B and hog-cholera serum, as well as a noumotile strain, differ from the bacteria of the hog cholera in the following respects: (1) Glycerin is decom- posed by the horse strain (with the exception of a nonmotile one) with a rapid evolution of acid and gas, whereas paratyphoid B and B. suipestifcr decompose glycerin but produce only a small amount of gas; (2) the horse strains reduce malachit green and orcein to a less extent than paratyphoid B and B. suipestifcr; (8) less hydrogen sulphid is liberated by the horse strains; (4) no proteino- chrom is produced by the horse strains; (5) indol is produced by the horse strains but not by B. suipestifcr and paratyphoid B ; (6) the horse strains are only slightly agglutinated and never to the limit of the titer. Normal horse sera agglu- tinate them much more strongly than do the paratyphoid and B. sud-pestifcr strains. The bacteria from the hog-cholera group were only slight affected by sera which were prepared from horse strains. The horse strains were therefore characteristic of a distinct race, which on one hand partly resembles the B. coli communis and on the other the paratyphoid B. Vaccination against equine influenza, Pommeich (Berlin. Ticrarztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. ^2, pp. 811, 812).— The results obtained, noted after 8 months, were excellent. The diagnosis of rabies, J. Reichel (Amer. Vet. Rev., 38 (1911), No. 4, pp. 447-472, figs. 4)- — The author, in addition to discussing the historical, patho- logical, and clinical data, the rules regulating the examination and diagnosis of rabies, and the laboratory procedure for detecting it, points out that more heads were received in the laboratory for diagnosis during November and De- cember than during the months of July and August — this finding being con- trary to general opinion — and further, that no clinical case of rabies (with symptoms) which he had under observation lived over 8 days. From the results of a microscopic examination of sections of the medulla oblongata and ganglia, including one of the sympathetic ganglia and the plexi- form ganglion of the pneumogastric nerves, it was found that Babes' rubid tubercle " was not noted in the medulla oblongata of 27.5 per cent of rabid animals. On the other hand, it was present in 5.8 per cent of the cases in non- rabid animals. The proliferation changes of Vau Gehuchten and Nelis in the sympathetic ganglia were present in 77.6 per cent of the authentic cases and in 4.2 per cent of the cases free of rabies. Of the rabid cases in the plexiform ganglion 99.1 per cent were positive, and of the nonrabid cases, 12.9 per cent. Examinations for the presence of Negri bodies resulted in 9.6 per cent of failures in positive cases. The greatest difficulty in detecting the bodies was experienced with the horse. Fowl cholera and methods of combating it, P. B. Hadley (Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 144, PP- 309-337, dgms. 3). — This summarized account of the disease of poultry, caused by Bacillus bipolaris septicus and known as fowl cholera, in- cludes a brief report of 2 exi^eriments involving the inoculation of the bacillus 590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. and tue subcutaneous injection of carbolic acid. It is shown that while the disease has been known in Europe for more than a century it was not recog- nized in the United States until about 1875, since which time it has become common in many parts of the country and is increasing in prevalence in New England. The rapid spread of the disease that may take place when it once breaks out in a flock is shown by a diagram illustrating its occurrence in the case of a Massachusetts epidemic. In the first of 2 preliminary inoculation experiments reported eight 10-months old fowls were employed ; 4 were held as checks and 4 were subcutaneously in- oculated on March 29 with 5 cc. of a 96-hour bouillon culture of the bacillus. Twenty-three hours later 2 of the checks and 1 of the inoculated fowls were subcutaneously injected with 2 cc. and 1 of the inoculated fowls with 3 cc. of a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid. The result was that the 2 inoculated fowls into which carbolic acid had not been injected died, 1 on April 11 and the other on April 17, while the other 6 remained healthy. In the second exijeriment 2 of the 6 fowls used were held as checks, while on April 13 5 cc. of a 96-hour bouillon culture was put into the crops of the other 4 by means of long, sterile glass pipettes. Two of the infected fowls were in- jected with a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid, 1 being given 3 cc. 20 hours after being inoculated, while the other, commencing in 1 hour after the inocu- lation, received daily injections of 3 cc. for 6 days followed by daily injections of 4 cc. for 7 days. As a result 1 of the inoculated, untreated fowls suc- cumbed to the disease on April 18 ; the other became very sick on April 19 but recovered, while the 2 check fowls and the 2 treated with carbolic acid re- mained healthy. The temperatures of the fowls used in the 2 experiments are showTi in diagrammatic form. Attention is called to the fact that while 46 cc. of a 5 per cent carbolic acid solution was injected into a fowl within 13 days, so far as could be ascertained its health was not impaired and the only pathological condition brought about in the injected fowls was a slight greening and drying of the skin at the site of introduction of the carbolic acid. It is stated that experiments conducted at the Rhode Island Station show the fowl-cholera bacillus to be destroyed by 1 per cent solution of carbolic acid in 15 minutes but not by a 0.9 per cent solution and that a 0.5 per cent solution kills the organism in 4 hours. The clinical features by which the disease may l)e recognized by poultrymen and directions for dealing with it follow. The author strongly advises against keeping a large number of fowls together in a single flock unless there be at hand some immediate means for dividing the yards if cholera or any other similar infectious disease appears. Amoeba meleagridis, T. Smith (Science, n. ser., 32 {1910), No. 82-^, pp. 509- 512). — This is a polemical article with reference to that of Cole. Hadley, and Kirkpatrick (E. S. R., 24, p. 187) in which the author presents evidence to show why A. meleagridis and Coccidinm iencUum should not be regarded as identical. He states that there is " ample evidence to show that enterohepatitis may run its course in a flock without the presence of a single coccidium cyst to suggest coccidiosis. It is evident that coccidiosis among birds has been frequently seen during the past 30 years, but without involvement of the liver." Amoeba ir eleagridis, L. J. Cole and P. B. Hadley {Science, n. ser., 32 {1910), No. 83Jf, pp. 9 IS, 919).— A reply to the above. - Paralysis in the ostrich, W. Robertson (Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 23 (1910), No. 2, pp. 182-1S9, figs. 4). — The author finds the causal organism of this affection to be a short rod, fairly regular in shape, that stains with the ordinary anilin dyes but not by Gram's method. He is convinced that contaminated food and water is the common if not the only source of infection. RURAL ECONOMICS. 591 Notes on life history of the ostrich wireworm (Strongylus douglassii), W. Robertson (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 37 (1910), No. 2, pp. 139-149, figs. 7). — The author finds the incubation period of the eggs of S. douglassii to be between 17 and 20 days. RURAL ECONOMICS. The International Institute of Agriculture and its first labors, R. D. Volta (Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5. ser., 7 {1910), No. 3, pp. 177- 194). — This article discusses the origin, purpose, and work of the institute, the nature and scope of its publications, and the prospective value of its work in promoting the economic and social improvement of agriculture throughout the world. Copy of further papers relative to the International Agricultural Institute, T. H. Elliott et al, (London. Govt., 1910, pp. 111). — This contains a report by the secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries of Great Britain on the proceedings of the general assembly held at Rome in December, 1909, a list of delegates to the assembly, and 17 appendixes which consist of reports by delegates as to the organization and work of the institute. [Agricultural organizations and the cooperative movement], G. Lorenzoni ET AL. (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Bui. Bur. Econ. and Hoc. Intel., 1 (1910), No. I, pp. XXIV -\- 430). — This volume contains a history of the agricultural cooperative mo\ement, complete statistical returns on agricultural cooperation, insurance, credit, and legislation in Germany, Austria, and Italy, and partial details for Denmark, United States, Great Britain, Ireland, and Japan, together with bibliographies of the sources of information. State assistance to agriculture in Denmark, Turner (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 17 (1910), No. 7, pp. 566.-572).— The sum allotted to the minister of agriculture by the Danish budget for 1910 was $1,366,700. A law of April 30, 1909, also places at the disposal of the government each year for five years the sum of $1,072,000 for the purpose of assisting peasants to acquire small hold- ings. The methods of securing assistance and the different organizations and lines of work receiving aid are described. The general basis and auxiliary resources of agriculture in Germany, l\ BoRNEMANN (Mitt. Dciit. Lttudw. GcselL, 25 (1910), No. 40, pp. 582-585; Ann. GemUoux. 20 (1910), No. 11, pp. 608-620). — This article, which was read at one of the meetings held during the Brussels Exposition in 1910, sets forth by means of statistics and discussion the physiographical, commercial, economic, and social conditions affecting agriculture in Germany. The data include the land areas, the climatic regions of the empire, the num- ber and size of holdings, the number and classification of the agricultural popu- lation, the number and kinds of agricultural machinery and implements employed, the quantity and value of fertilizers used, and the number and kind of plant and live stock breeders. The following table shows the increase in the number of small holdings : Number and size of agricultural holdings in Germany. Size. 1882. 1895. 3, 236, 367 1,016,318 998, 804 281, 767 25,061 1907. 3,061,831 981,407 926,605 281,510 24, 991 3,378,509 1,006,277 1,066,539 262, 191 20-100 hectares 23, 566 Total . . ■ 5,276,344 6,558.317 5 736 082 592 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The agricultural population numbered 18,704,038 in 1882, 17,815,187 in 1895, and 10,920.671 in 1907, and the agricultural laborers in these same years 6.120,554, 4,339,777, and 3,796,347, respectively. The value of agricultural products in 1907 was 12,000,000,000 marks, that of the industries 10,000,- 000,000 marks. On this basis Germany is still regarded as an agricultural country which offers opportunity for the employment of labor in agriculture in times of industrial crisis. The reestablishment of the peasantry, von Friesenhof (Monatsh. Landic., 3 {1910), No. 8, pp. 2.'i3-261). — This article calls attention to the agitation for the establishment of small holdings and making more pi-osperous the existence of the peasant class in Germany, but points out the numerous difficulties affect- ing the problem from the economic point of view. The economic principles and duties of cooperative credit societies, H. Cruger (Rev. Econ. Intcniat., 7 (.1910), III, No. 2, pp. 209-235).— This is a de- tailed review of the origin and development of the mutual credit movement among the agricultural and industrial middle classes in Germany, with a dis- cussion of the fundamental principles of the Schulze-Delitzsch and Raiffeisen systems, the legal definition of cooperative credit societies, the number and duties of such societies, their competition with savings banks and commercial banks, the discounting of trade debts, and the activity of credit cooperation. The conclusion of the author is that after more than 50 years of experience the question of a sound and practical system of credit for the middle classes has found its solution in the mutual credit movement, which requires no form of government aid to enable it to carry out successfully its true functions and duties. What are the advantages to a dairy cooperative society of a saving and loan bank in the same place? J. J^chultze {Molk. Ztg. [Hildesheim], 2'/ (1910), No. 75, pp. 1415. ].',16). — The advantages secured to dairy farmers by the establishmeut of a bank in the neighborhood of cooperative societies are the interest obtained for their money when depositetl with the bank, the facili- tating of financial transactions between dairy associations and customers, the lessening of the danger of the misuse of the association's finances, and the main- taining of a more uniform control over the price of milk. The cooperation of societies with private banks it is believed would work for the advantage of both as well as for the general welfare of the rural popul.ition in such localities. Concerning the development of the German agricultural cooperative socie- ties, Grabein (Fiihiiiig's Landw. Ztg., 59 (1910), No. 17, pp. .588-59//).— This article presents and discusses the statistics on the number, membership, trade relations, and financial conditions of the various cooperative and mutual credit societies in Germany. On .Tune 1, 1910, the number of societies affiliated with the natioiial union was 23.845, as compared with 22,899 the preceding year. Kegulations for the execution of the law of January 2, 1910, concerning agricultural credit [in Italy] (Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 9 (1910), No. 0, pp. 99/-i 002). —Noted from another source (E. kS. R., 23, p. 796). Report on agricultural mutual insurance societies in Tunis, Varrey (Bui. Dir. Agr. Com. et Colon. [Tunis], U (1910), Nos. 54, pp. 7h-86; 55, pp. 172- 183). — This article points out the numerous advantages of mutual insurance societies for farmers, as compared with regular companies, that have been secured in France. The method of organizing and conducting such societies is described in detail and a plea is made for their establishment in Tunis as a means of improving the economic status of the peasants and farmers by giving them protection against losses from fire and hail. AGRICULTURAL. EDUCATION, 593 The insurance against accidents at agricultural labor, C. M. Mazzini (Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Geory. Firenzc, 5. ser., 7 {1910), No. 3, pp. 254-271). — This article gives a historical review of agitation in Italy for workmen's insur- ance against accidents and for the extension of its benefits to agrcultural laborers, including an account of recent legislative efforts in this direction. The difficulties surrounding the problem from the legislative and economic points of view are presented, particularly the fact of the large number of small proprietors in Italy, more than two millions of whom would be excluded from the benefits of insurance against accident if the law contemplated by the government should be passed. The author, in view of the evidence presented, makes three suggestions for improving the proposed law, these relating to the fixing and establishing of premium rates according to the amount of land tax paid by small holders, the control of the funds by the national bank, and the triennial regulation of premium rates according to the results secured through the operation of the law during the preceding 3-year period. Agricultural statistics. — Chattel mortgages, J. S. Duff (Aivn. Rpt. Bur. Indus. Ontario, 1909, pp. ^7). — Statistics are given and discussed on the acreage, yields, and market prices of field crops, live stock and dairy produc- tion, farm labor and wages, meteorological data, areas assessed in the county municipalities, values of farm property, implements, and live stock, and the value of chattel mortgages both against all occupations and against farmers on record and undischarged in the Province of Ontario, on December 31, 1900. There was a sufficiency of farm labor in general, though in some localities a scarcity was reported. Wages ranged from $15 to $35 a month and from $1 to $2 a day during harvest with board, according to the experience and ability of the man. Many native-born farm hands during the year went west and most of the immigrants taking their places proved failures. The domestic servant ques- tion on farms has also not yet found a satisfactory answer. The number of farm mortgages was 6,816 to secure existing debts amounting to $2,730,119, as compared with 7,098 and $2,768,786, respectively, the preced- ing year (E. S. K., 22, p. 193). The cereal harvest in the northern hemisphere, U. Ricci {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rotne], Bill. Agr. Statis., 1 (1910), No. 11, pp. 111-122).— Statistics of areas under cultivation and yields of wheat, rye, oats, barley, corn, and rice for the years 1909 and 1910 are presented and discussed in this bulletin. Annual review of the grain trade, G. J. S. Broomhall (Liverpool, 1910, pp. III+102). — This volume presents and discusses the statistics of production, imports, and exports of wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, and rice by the chief grain producing and grain consuming countries for the years 1903 to 1910, inclusive. For some countries similar data are given for flour, potatoes, beans, peas, linseed, oilcake, and other farm products. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural instruction in the public high schools of the United States, C. H. RoBisoN (Thesis, Columhia Univ.. 1910, pp. 202, map 1). — This is a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy at Columbia University. The investigation was made while the author was a collaborator of this Office, and involved the collection of data by correspondence, by the examination of catalogues, reports, and other printed material, including many of the publications of the Office and of the U. S. Bureau of Education, and by personal visits to schools and conferences with school men. It comprises the most comprehensive study of high school instruction in agriculture that has been made in this country. 594 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. The book contains seven chapters and two appendixes. The first chapter deals with the development and present status of agricultural education in the United States ; the second with agriculture in the public high schools, including statistics of schools teaching agriculture as a separate subject and those teach- ing it incidentally; the third describes the work, equipment, and methods of instruction in typical high schools visited by the author, including some that taught agriculture one year or less, some three or four years, and one that taught it incidentally; the fourth discusses problems of administration, agri- cultural equipment, and methods of teaching, including such matters as the time given to agriculture, the relation of agriculture to other school subjects, field work, and books used; the fifth contains interesting data concerning the prepa- ration and salaries of teachers of agriculture in high schools; the sixth dis- cusses briefly the different types of special secondary schools of agriculture; and the seventh deals with problems of agricultural instruction in the secondary schools, such as the effect of establishing special schools, the attitude of colleges and universities, the difficulties of the curriculum, and the difficulties of instruc- tion. One of the appendixes contains a summary of legislation pertaining to agricultural instruction in public high schools and the other a list of references on agricultural education. Scattered throughout the work are 54 tables giving in condensed form the results of the author's investigations, and these with the topical index will render much valuable information available to students of education. Course of study in agriculture, D. W. Fbear (Denver: State S'wpt. Pub. Instr., 1910, pp. 21). — This is a brief outline with some suggestions for labora- tory and field exercises in agriculture for the seventh and eighth grades of the public schools of Colorado. Soil studies, D. W. Working (TF. Ta. School Agr., 1 (1910), No. 1, pp. 20, figs. 13). — Simple lessons for school teachers and pupils are given concerning the nature and consistency of soils and their relations to soil moisture, air, earth organisms, and other organic matter contained in them, with suggestions concerning tillage and soil management. Numerous suggestions are given for exercises in connection with the lessons and references to text-books and bulle- tins are appended. Pen pictures of standard cotton grades, N. J. McAethur (1910, pp. 109, pi. 1). — This v/ork, which is designed for use as a text-book in the common schools of the cotton belt, is written largely in the style of a catechism. It covers the various cotton grades and a description of the diffex'ent impurities, stains, and other so-called demerits which influence the establishment of grades. The pen pictures have been combined with a former text entitled The Cotton Grader by the same author. [Meteorology and nature study] (Natttrc-Study Rev., 6 (1910), No. 9, pp. 257-271, charts 2). — This contains the following articles: The weather as nature study, J. Dearness (pp. 257-263). — Suggestions are given for observations and school-room instruction concerning the elementary features of weather study. The use of weather maps as source materials, C. H. Robison (pp. 263, 264). — Suggestions are made for using the weather maps issued by the Weather Bureau of this Department in nature-study work. Weather records in the loiver grades, F. L. Charles (pp. 265-271). — Sug- gestions for work of this kind are accompanied by forms for daily records. Potatoes and oats as nature-study topics, Alice J. Patterson (Nature- Study Rev., 6 (1910), No. 8, pp. 226-234, fiO'^. 2).— The experience of the author in using potatoes and oats in nature-study woi"k is narrated in considerable detail. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 595 Seeds and seedlings, D. W. Working {W. Va. School Agr., J (1910), Tslo. 2, pp. 40, figs. 22). — Seeds are described and lessons on germination, the composi- tion of seeds, and their uses are outlined, together with numerous demon- strations and exercises to be performed by teachers and pupils. References to available literature are given. Weeds, F. L. Holtz (Nature-Study Rev., 6 (1910), No. 8, pp. 237-245, figs. 4). — The value in botanical study of weeds as compared with showy flowers such as roses, violets, and sunflowers, is pointed out and some interesting botanical and economic points concerning weeds are given. Poultry laboratory guide, H. R Lewis (New York, 1910, pp. IX+120, pis. 24). — The laboratory manual is intended for short-course work where classes are large and a large amount of practical work must be crowded into a short period of time. Several chapters are devoted to poultry houses, their arrangement and equip- ment, and these are followed by discussions of different methods of yarding, handling eggs for incubation, incubator cellars and incubators, natural incuba- tion, the elements of embryology, brooding by natural and artificial methods, and many other details in the care and management of poultry. Rather more attention than usual is paid to preparing poultry for market, poultry bookkeep- ing, poultry records, methods of advertising, scoring and grading eggs, scoring poultry plants and poultry, systems of heating, and the making of the necessary repairs. Poultry contest, J. Dryden (Oreg. Agr. Col. Bui., 1. ser., 1910, No. 45, pp. 16, figs. 6). — This bulletin gives the result of the poultry contest of the Portland Junior Poultry Association, which ended October 31, 1910, Outlines are given of the plan of the contest, the prizes offered, and the results attained by the 21 boys and girls engaged in it. The winner of the $100 prize secured from 22 hens an average of 140 eggs per year, valued at $4.24. The cost of feed per hen was $1.22, leaving a net annual profit of $3.02 per hen. Sewing lessons for rural schools (Hampton Leaflets, n. ser., 6 (1910), Nov., pp. 31, figs. 37). — Illustrated directions are given for the various simple and fancy stitches, as well as for making quite a number of articles of clothing and a few pieces of fancy work. School gardens and kindergartens, H. Pudor (Garten flora, 59 (1910), No. 24, pp. 532-586). — The author discusses the growing tendency in systems of educa- tion to use animate rather than inanimate subject matter, thus making the school garden an organic feature of education. The Austrian school law pro- nounces the school garden a necessary adjunct of every public school and re- quires communities to provide for every school a plat of ground for gardening. The author also indicates (1) how a system of development in school-garden work may be pursued as in other subjects of instruction, (2) how botany, zoology, arithmetic, geometry, plane surveying, drawing, mineralogy, and geol- ogy, as well as physics and chemistry are benefited by school-garden work, (3) the advantages of the work as a source of recreation and the acquisition of a sense of order, a love of the beautiful, independence, individuality, and originality, and (4) its ethical and hygienic value. School gardens in St, Paul, D. Lange (Minn. Hort., 38 (1910), No. 4i PV- 121-124, pl. 1). — The development of school gardens in St. Paul is described and some details concerning the work in 1909 are given. List of books recommended for grange libraries (Maine [Vniv.'] Bui., IS (1910), No. 1, pp. 14). — This list, compiled by members of the faculty of the college of agriculture of the University of Maine, includes 75 titles of popular books relating to agriculture, domestic science, and rural life, arranged alpha- betically and with descriptive notes in each case. 596 ■ EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Some good books for farmers and others interested in affairs in the country, C. R. Green (Facts for Farmers [Mass. Agr. Col.'], 1 (1910), No. 4, pp y^). — This is a selected list in which the names of the author and publisher, tlie price of the book, and a brief abstract of it are given. MISCELLANEOUS. Twentieth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1910 (Washington 8ta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 18). — Tliis contains the organization list, a report of the work and publications of the station during the year, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910. Twentieth Annual Report of Wyoming Station, 1910 (Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 77, flg. 1). — This contains the organization list of the station, a finan- cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, and reports of the director and heads of departments, the experimental work of which is abstracted else- where in this issue. Variety tests of field peas and potatoes are also included. Report of the department of agriculture of Sweden, 1908, M. von Feilitzen (K. Landtbr. Stijr. [Siceden] Underddniga Ber. 1908, pp. 483+VIII, maps 2). — The report contains brief accounts of the measures for advancing Swedish agri- culture and its various branches which are supported by the government. Report of the department of agriculture of Norway, 1909, G. Tandbesg (Aarsher. Offentl. Foranst. Landhr. Frcmme, 1909, I, Statsforanst., pp. LXVn-{- GJjl, figs. 22). — The various government measures for the advancement of agri- culture in Norway for the year are described in detail. Of more general inter- est may be mentioned the annual reports of the entomologist, the chemical con- trol stations, at Christiania, Bergen, and Trondhjem, the dairy schools, the milk control stations, and the cow-testing associations, meteorological data, and trials with eradication of weeds. Report of Ultuna Agricultural Institute, 1909 (Red. VltUna Landthr. Inst. \Stveden], 1909, pp. 13J!i, pi. 1, figs. 3, chart 1).—In addition to the usual account of the instruction work of the institute, the report contains special articles on the following subjects: The Weather at Ultuna, 1909, by G. Timberg; on De- termination of Humus Substances in Clay Soils, by A. Vesterberg ; Field Trials at Ultuna Farm, 1909 ; Trials Concerning the Increase in Growth of Root Crops and the Influence of Distance of Planting on the Yields Obtained, by A. Sjo- strom; Higher Agricultural Instruction in France and Belgium, with Special Reference to Instruction in Animal Husbandry, by E. O. Arenander ; Report of the Ultuna Substation of the Swedish Seed Grain Society, 1909, by A. Elofson ; and Report of Ultuna Agricultural School and Farm, 1908-9. by W. Melin. Foreign literature relating to soils and agronomy, 1906 and 1907, A^ Christensen (Tidsskr. Landhr. Planteavl, 16 (1909), No. 5, pp. 759-816; 17 (1910), No. Ji, pp. 6JiO-692). — Extended bibliographies of the subjects of the atmosphere, soils, chemical composition, nutrition, and production of agri- cultural crops, seeds, etc., for the years 1906 and 1907 are given. Some observations from a visit to America, B. Boggild (Mcelkeritid., 23 (1910), No. 49 b, pp. 1109-1152, figs. 31).— Some of the author's impressions of agricultural and dairy conditions in the United States, gathered during his visit t>o this country in 1910, are given. NOTES. Colorado College. — An agricultural demonstration train with 4 carloads of illustrative material from the college, and with over 200,000 pieces of farm literature for distribution, was sent out in March over the entire systems of 8 railways in the State. James D. Marshall (Wisconsin, 1910) has been appointed instructor in agronomy. Connecticut College and Station. — The dairy department has acquired a power outfit for the manufacture and storage of ice cream. Delaware College and Station. — The recent legislature appropriated $10,000 to complete the equipment of the college farm, $10,000 for general repairs and maintenance, and $9,000 for agricultural extension. Georgia College and Station. — The educational train operated by the college of agriculture in cooperation with the railroads has completed its tour of the State, reaching the great majority of the counties, making 160 stops, and being Tisited by 350,000 persons. It is reported that the great interest taken in this enterprise is resulting in many changes in agricultural practice, and that it has been the medium of a closer cooperation between the city and country. J. D. Price and M. G. Gamble have been appointed to the board of directors, vice James B. Park and George Gilmore. Illinois TTniversity and Station. — ^An educational trolley train was sent out by the extension department over the lines of the Illinois Traction System, Feb- ruary 27 to March 10. The train was run in the interest of the rural schools and was equipped and provided with specialists from the college of agriculture, who cooperated with the county superintendents of 9 counties. The second annual conference on the teaching of nature-study agriculture in the rural elementary schools of Illinois was held at the college January 18-21, in connection with the short course in agriculture, O. D. Center, associate in crop production in the college and first assistant in crop production in the station, resigned April 1 to accept the position of superintendent of state farmers' institutes for Illinois, with headquarters at Springfield, 111. Burt L. Rickards, chief of laboratories of the Ohio State Board of Health, has been appointed assistant professor of dairy bacteriology and municipal milk methods. Purdue University and Station. — At the recent session of the state legislature agricultural extension in Indiana was given material support through the passage of a bill which provides an appropriation of $10,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1911, and $30,000 annually thereafter. This appropriation is in addition to an annual grant of $10,000 provided by the State for extension work by the station and is further supplemented by a clause in the act under which each county may appropriate for local expenses, such as hall rent, l>rinting, etc., 25 cents per square mile, which gives a further increase of about $11,000. It is expected that this legislation will do much to encourage extension activi- ties in the State. A department of agricultural exension has been established to have direct charge of the extension work of the university and to be coordi- nate in rank with the school of agriculture and the station. Prof. G. I. Christie, previously superintendent of agricultural extension, has been designated head of the new department. The lines of work contemplated at present include instruction to farmers through short courses, farmers' institutes, educational trains, conferences, clubs, etc. ; demonstrations in spraying, pruning, hog-cholera 597 598 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. vaccination, county farm tests, etc. ; the development of rural school agriculture by the preparation of study outlines, charts, school collections, lectures, assist- ance in schools, etc. ; work in domestic science, with lectures, demonstrations, etc. ; and the preparation and dissemination of publications on these various lines. Iowa College. — W. R. Hechler, a recent graduate of the University of Missouri, has been appointed instructor in farm crops. Kansas College and Station.— Paul N. Flint, of the Arkansas University and Station, has been appointed assistant professor of animal husbandry, and has entered upon his duties. Michigan College. — The entrance requirements have been increased to a mini- mum of 15 high school units, of which from 1 to 3 may be offered in agriculture. Correspondence courses in agriculture and home economics have been established. Minnesota University and Station. — A short course for boys and girls who won prizes in the various county agricultural and domestic science contests was held during the week of March 26, with an enrollment of 106. T. D. Urbahns. as- sistant in entomology in the station, has resigned to accept a position with the Bureau of Entomology of this Department in connection with its alfalfa weevil investigations. Missouri University.^According to a note in Hcirnec. the maintenance appro- priations for the ensuing biennium exceed those at present by $152,000. There is also an appropriation of $60,000 for a laboratory for agricultural chemistry. North Dakota College. — According to data recently published in Breeder's Gazette, 46§ per cent of the graduates of the agricultural course are now en- gaged in experiment station work, I65 per cent are farming, 13i per cent are teaching agriculture in agricultural colleges, 10 per cent are teaching agriculture in high schools, 10 per cent are agricultural extension lecturers and demonstra- tors, and 3i per cent are connected with farm journals. Of the graduates from the farm husbandry course, nearly all are located in the State and 72 per cent of their number are farming, while 20 per cent have taken the college course in agriculture or veterinary science. Of the 1,582 young men who have taken the shorter courses in agriculture during the past 5 years, 95 per cent are said to be employed in farm work, Porto Rico Federal Station. — Charles N. Ageton, instructor in chemistry at the Washington College, has been appointed assistant chemist and has entered upon his duties. . Clemson College and Station. — The work in animal husbandry and veterinary science has been recently reorganizd. Dr. E, Barnett, who has been station animal husbandman and veterinarian, retains the work in veterinary science and becomes associate animal husbandman, while Archibald Smith, assistant in animal husbandry in the division of extension work and farmers' institutes, has been appointed animal husbandman in the station and professor of animal hus- bandry in the college, giving special attention to the work in dairying. It is planned to expend from $75,000 to $80,000 in the near future in the development of the animal husbandry interests of the State. A new dairy building to cost over $20,000 is being erected, and the old dairy barn which is to be utilized for farm machinery is to be replaced by a modern structure costing over $15,000, for which land has recently been acquired. The entomological divisions of the college and station have been combined by the appointment of A. F. Conradi as professor of entomology in addition to his present duties as station entomologist, and of W. P. Gee as assistant professor of entomology in the college. Herbert Johnson Smith, instructor in chemistry at the Mississippi College, has accepted the position of assistant professor of chem- NOTES. 599 istry, and lias eutered upon his duties. A correspondence course in agriculture for teachers has been inaugurated under the direction of the division of exten- sion worlt and farmers' institutes. Canada Experimental Farms. — J. H. Grisdale, agriculturist for 11 years at the Central Experimental Farm and Dominion agriculturist for the last year, has been appointed director of the Dominion Experimental Farms, vice Dr. William Saunders, who has retired. Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. — The twenty-fifth annual convention will be held in Columbus, Ohio, November 15-17, 1911. The Ohio State University will extend all available facilities for the use and convenience of the association. Department of Superintendence of the National Education Association. — The program of the Mobile meeting, February 23-25, was devoted to the general topic Educational Achievement and Educational Endeavor at the Close of the First Decade of the Twentieth Century, and from the frequent mention made of agricultural education, it would appear that one of the important achieve- ments of this decade is a realization of the importance of extending insti-uction in agriculture from the agricultural college downward into the secondary and elementary schools. In the session devoted to achievement and endeavor in cooperation there was frequent mention of the progress made in teaching agriculture and in the or- ganization of boys' and girls' rural life clubs, and in the last general session, when all of the papers discussed the Progress and True Meaning of the Practical in Education, one of the principal addresses was by P. G. Holden. of the Iowa College, who reviewed recent progress in teaching agriculture in elementary and secondai-y schools, and interpreted the meaning of the practical in teaching agriculture. C. B. Gibson, in a paper dealing with progress in vocational train- ing, also gave much credit to recent developments in agricultural education. In summing up the discussion for the afternoon, Carroll G. Pearse, of Mil- waukee, maintained that boys and girls should be taught to live in the world to-day, and hence that vocational education has a place in the schools. Con- tinuing, he said " nothing is so big and important as what lies before us in the agricultural development of our country." Not only the lawyers and other pro- fessional men have the right to vocational education, but the man who works with the hoe, the ax, the awl, and the hammer, but in providing for the exten- sion of vocational instruction downward, there should be avoided the danger of neglecting essentials in intellectual instruction such as good English, mathe- matics, and the other fundamentals of education. The National Committee on Agricultural Education held two meetings, at the first of which the principal paper was on Agricultural Education in the North, by J. W. Heston, president of the South Dakota State Normal School, who reviewed conditions in the North with reference to teaching agriculture in col- leges, special agricultural schools, normal schools, and public schools. In the absence of J. D. Eggleston, who was announced for a paper on Agricultural Education in the South, D. J. Crosby of this Office gave a similar review of conditions in that section. At the second meeting of the committee H. H. Seerley gave a review of the change in sentiment and in conditions relating to agi-icultural education since the committee was first organized five years ago. This change has been appar- ent not only in the establishment of new agricultural institutions, but in the widespread growth of sentiment in favor of teaching agriculture quite generally in the public schools. Exhibits of work in agriculture and domestic science as conducted at Win- throp College in South Carolina and the Alabama Girls' Normal and Industrial 600 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. School were displayed at the place of meeting, and a luncheon was served by the domestic science department of Winthrop College, the menu being made up from vegetables grown in the school garden and articles cooked by the domestic science students. Faunce Demonstration Farm at Sandwich, Mass. — A recent issue of the Netc England Homestead contains an account of the demonstration farm now being conducted at Sandwich, Mass. This farm became available in 1909, following the death of Dr. R. H. Faunce, a local physician, who had bequeathed it with about $20,000 of other funds to a board of four trustees for use in benefiting the people of Barnstable County agriculturally. Plans for its most effective utilization were considered by the trustees in active cooperation with the Massachusetts Agri- cultural College, and the decision reached to operate it as a demonstration center in connection with the college extension department and with Profs. W. D. Hurd, W. P. Brooks, and F. C. Sears as an advisory committee. Albert W. Doolittle, of the University of Maine, was selected as superintendent and began operations in March, 1910. The estate contains about 250 acres of woodland, 8 acres of cleared land, and several farm buildings. The aim has been to demonstrate, the agricultural pos- sibilities of the Cape Cod region, special attention being given to fruit growing, market gardening, and poultiy raising. A poultry plant has been provided, gardens and orchards established, and arrangements made for a further development this year. Much of the work has been in close association with the local schools and a feature is the giving of advice to farmers in the vicinity. A two days' agri- cultural and civic betterment conference was held April 7-8, the farm serving as a nucleus for the gathering. Farm-Life Schools in North Carolina. — The legislature of North Carolina has passed a law providing for a "county farm-life school" in each county com- plying with certain provisions of the act. The schools can not be located in any city or town of more than 1,000 inhabitants, nor within 2 miles of any city or town of more than 5,000 inhabitants. The county, township, school dis- trict, or all these combined must provide at least $2,500 a year for maintenance, and must also furnish equipment consisting of a school building, dormitory buildings for not less than 25 boys and 25 girls, a barn, a dairy building with the necessary equipment, and a farm of not less than 25 acres of good land. It is expected that all of the buildings will be located on the farm and these must be constructed in accordance with plans approved by the state superintendent of public instruction. The high school departments maintained under the present state law are to be conducted in connection with each county farm-life school. The teachers must hold the prescribed high school teachers' certificates on all required subjects except Latin, Greek, and modern languages. Men must also have certificates from the state board of examiners and the president of the North Carolina Col- lege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, attesting to satisfactory qualifications for their special work, while the women must have similar certificates from the state board of examiners and the president of the State Normal and Indus- trial College. Provision is to be made in these schools for regular courses in agriculture and home economics, and also for extension and demonstration work, and short courses for adult men and women. A school meeting all of the requirements imposed by this law may receive from the State $2,500 annually for maintenance, except that not more than 10 schools may be established in any one year and not more than one such school in any county. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers-^ t> ' w r^^^^' ^ Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, Vegetable Pathology j^^' ^- ^ong^' ^^' ^' 174^1 J n^ ^„/J- I- SCHULTE. Field Crop.^-!j_Q_j^^^^j^ Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker. Veterinary Medioine{j;\^;Ho^--- Rural Engineering . Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIV, NO. 7. Editorial notes: Page. Recent improvements in the respiration calorimeter 601 A new application of the respiration calorimeter 605 Recent work in agricultural science 607 Notes 695 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. Progress in the field of agricultural chemistry, Stiitzer 607 Man and the earth. Man and plants, edited by Kraemer 607 On the refractive indices of certain proteins. — III, Serum globulin, Robertson. . 607 The refractive indices of casein in alcohol-water mixtures, Robertson 608 A new sugar — verbascose, Bourquelot and Bridel 608 An improved method for the preparation of raffinose, Zitkowski 608 Isolation of rafhnose from beet-sugar products, Zitkowski 608 The estimation and characteristics of rafiinose, Herzfeld 608 Note on Dr. Backe's investigation of maltol and isomaltol, Sherman 608 General chemistry of the enzyms, Euler 608 In regard to invertase, Euler, Lind'oerg, and Melander 608 Extraction of zymase by simple maceration, Lebedeff 608 About the use of nitron for estimating nitric acid in nitrates, Wasilieff 609 A reaction for nitrites, Armani and-Barboni 609 Determination of nitrogen in cyanamid and dicyandiamid, Stutzer and Soil. . . 609 Improvements in the exact determination of nitrogen in feces, Phelps 609 I n CONTENTS. Page. [Detection of phosphates with the molybdate reagent], Liesegang._. 609 The quantitative estimation of sulphur and phosphorus, Wolf and Osterberg. 609 Volumetric method for free sulphuric acid and sulphates, Kepi ton 610 The use of phenol for determining calcium and magnesium, Lindet and Brasart. 610 A practical manual for the analysis of soils, Hiti. _ _. 610 The determination of formic acid in the presence of acetic acid, Delehaye 610 Preservatives in fruit juices, with particular reference to formic acid, Loock. . 610 Examination of honey, with the Fiehe and Jagerschmid reactions, Reinhardt. . 610 Tests in regard to the methods for estimating starch in table mustard, Kreis. . 610 On the determination of aldehydes in distilled liquors, Viyencio del Rosario. . 611 The detection of manganese in wines, Diunitrescou and Nicolau 611 Identification of food colors, Loomis 611 Unification of analytical methods for the sugar industry in Germany 611 Determining saccharose in the presence of reducing sugars, Lemeland 611 Use of refractometer for analysis of products of sugar cane, Zerban 611 Polariscope method for maUc acid and its application, Yoder ". 612 Progress of chemistry of dairy products for first half of 1910, Grimmer 612 Methods for detecting heated milk in dairy products, Hesse and Kooper 612 Detecting milk which has been heated, Hesse. 612 Refractometry of the serum of milk from individual cows, Mai and Rothenf usser . 612 In regard to the refractometry of calcium chlorid milk serum, Fendler et al. . 612 Detection of peanut oil in cotton-seed and other oils, Fachini and Doria 612 Determination of water in pastes, semipastes, and mixed paints, Nemzek 612 Rubber and its examination, Hinrichsen and Memmler 613 A critical investigation of the analytical methods for crude rubber, Korneck. . 613 The preparation of cider, Porchet • : '....... ' 613 Conserving plums (reineclaude) and peaches in \'inegar 613 Tomato ketchup imder the microscope, Howard 613 The manufacture and use of dried potato products, Parow ■ 613 Beef fats, Allbright • 613 The production of vegetable butter in Germany .., 613 The manufacture of castor oil, Gomez , 613 Waterproof liquid from soy-bean oil, Williamson , 613 A calculating card for hydromel (honey mead) manufacture, Cabasse 613 The manufacture of cane sugar, Jones and Scard ■ 614 The manufacture of milk sugar from whey, Aufsberg • 614 Production of casein in Russia, Grout ._ 614 The significance of fluorin compounds for the preservation of wood, Netzsch. . 614 How wood is artificially aged, Wislicenus 614 Industrial alcohol: Sources and manufacture, Wiley, revised by Sawyer 614 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Agricultural meteorology, Costanzo and Negro _. 615 Meteorological conditions and effect on agriculture in Cuba, 1910, Carbonell. . 615 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Oetrander and Damon. . 615 Water supply 615 The conservation of water, Mathews 615 A study of the potable water of the San Francisco peninsula, Mitchell 615 The sterilization of waters by ultraviolet rays 616 Sewage disposal, Kinnicutt, Winslow, and Pratt 616 Sewage disposal. Walker 617 The laying out and operation of sewage irrigation fields, Hauptner 617 The agricultural utilization of sewage and food hygiene, Remlinger and Nouri . . 617 SOILS — FERTILIZERS . Soil valuation on an agronomic-scientific basis, Bauer 617 Publications of the Bureau of Soils 617 Chemical and mechanical analyses of characteristic Idaho soils, Jones 617 Analysis of Tamana soils, De Verteuil 618 Analyses of soils of Campinas, Brazil, Arthaud-Berthet and Sixt 618 Characteristic soils of the Habis region in southwest Africa, Gruner 618 Soils of New South Wales, II, Jensen 618 The chemical nature of the black-soil plains, Guthrie and Jensen 619 Relation of vegetation to water extracts from soils of Atbasar District, Tumin. . . 619 CONTENTS. ni Page. Physical and chemical processes in soil formation in the Tropics, Vageler 619 The condensation of water vapor in the soil, Marchenko 620 Influence of woods on the temperature of the soil and subsoil, Nesterov 620 The relation of colloidal silica to certain impermeable soils, Kellerman 620 The role of mica in cultivated soil 620 Increase in nitrates in limed as compared with unlimed soils, De Verteuil 620 On the action of crushed quartz upon nitrate solutions, Patten 620 Investigations on the behavior of different kinds of humus, Emeis 620 On the occurrence of Azotobacter in peat soil, von Feilitzen 621 Micro-organisms other than bacteria in soil fertility, Russell and Hutchinson. . 621 Methods of improving sandy soils, Bogdanov 621 The management of pineapple soils, Kelley 621 Results of soil investigations as affecting the use of fertilizers, Carpenter 621 Fertilizing for profit. Miller 621 Farm fertilizers, Knapp 622 Investigations of bedding materials and their effect on manure, von Feilitzen. . 622 The nitrate of soda industry of Chile, Maizi^res 622 Outlook of Chilean nitrate business, Winslow 622 Nitrate industry of Chile, Fletcher 622 [Productica, exportation, and consumption of Chilean nitrate, 1910], Fisher. . . 622 Annual reports on nitrate of soda 622 Saltpeter, Holland and Fermor 623 Saltpeter, La Touche 623 A contribution to the study of calcium cyanamid, Brioux 623 Formation and decomposition of calcium cyanamid, Le Blanc and Eschmann. 624 The need of the soil for potash. Hoc 624 Kainit, Maurecourt 624 German potash situation 624 German potash prices, Albert 624 Our supply of phosphate and its origin, Woolman 624 Tennessee phosphate in 1910, Ruhm, jr 624 Phosphates in Montana, Gale 624 The phosphates of the Pacific Isles, Maizieres 625 The reaction of lime and gypsum on some Oregon soils, Bradley 625 Note on the composition of soot, Harvey 625 Analyses of sea weeds. Barlow 625 Inspection of commercial fertilizers, Haskins, Walker, and Merrill 625 Results of the fertilizer inspection for 1910, Curry and Smith 625 AGEICULTUEAL BOTANY. A text-book of botany. — I, Morphology and physiology, Coulter et al 626 Sap-raising forces in living wood, Reinders 626 Contribution to the knowledge of the movement of water in plants, Zijlstra 626 Relation of living cells to transpiration and sap flow in Cyperus, I, Overton 626 On the substitution of assimilating organs in plants, Jonsson 627 Experiments on Drosera rotundifolia as to its protein-digesting power, Robinson. 627 The proteolytic enzym of Drosera, WTiite 627 Investigations in chlorophyll, Willstatter et al 628 The beginning of photosynthesis and the development of chlorophyll, Irving. . 628 A physiological study of the germination of Relianthiis annuiis, Miller 628 Development and nutrition of the embryo, seed, and carpel in the date, Lloyd . . 629 The respiration of barley during germination, Abrahamsohn 629 The synthetic formation of asparagin by plants, Prianishnikov and Shulov . . . 629 Trials of nitrogen-fixing organisms, Malthouse 629 Concerning the physiological role of latex, Bernard 629 Tannin in the living plant and its physiological significance, Van Wisselingh. . 630 The effect of acids, alkalis, and some inorganic salts on plants, Gedroits 630 Influence of iron on the formation of spores in Aspergillus niger, Linossier 630 On the death of plants from low temperatures, Richter 630 Notes on intumescences in roots, Davis 631 The effect of tarring roads on plants, Mirande 631 The influence of tarring roads on neighboring vegetation. Griffon 631 A method of selection applicable to tropical agriculture, Cramer 631 The inheritance of sizes and shapes in plants, Emerson 632 The natiire of graft hybrids, Campbell 632 IV CONTENTS. Page. The inheritance of color and other characters in the potato, Salaman 632 Mode of inheritance of stature and time of flowering in peas, Keeble and Pellew . 632 Studies in the inlieritance of doubleuess in flowers, Saunders 633 White flowered varieties of Primula sinensis, Keeble and Pellew 633 Root parasitism in Exocarpus, Benson 633 FIELD CROPS. The interpretation of experimental results, Woods and Stratton 633 The breeding of agricultural plants, Fruwirth 634 [Experiments at Glen Innes Farm with grasses, clovers, and alfalfa], O' Grady. . 634 The production of alfalfa, Oses 634 Value of corn in holding moisture, Waldron 634 Experiments in corn cultivation, Tairago 634 Preliminary observations concerning natural crossing in cotton, Allard 634 Cotton culture, Passon 634 The chemistry of the Kafir corn kernel, Baird 634 The chemical composition of Kafir corn, Baird and Francis 635 [Growing Pampas grass in Mexico], Martinez 635 [Experiments in peanut culture], Schulz 635 On the production of potatoes of a high starch content, Christie 635 A study of the composition of the rice plant, Kelley and Thompson 635 Report of the Krasno-Ufimsk Industrial School for 1908, Levochkin 636 Influence of turning under fertilizers on sugar beets, Bukraba and Murashko. . 636 Sugar beet culture and the manufacture of beet sugar, Stift and Gredinger. . . . 636 Report of Harvard Experiment Station, Atkins 636 Work of experimental stations in 1909 636 Tobacco growing in British Columbia, Charlan 637 Notes on history and changes of varieties of tobacco in Cuba, Ponce de Leon 637 How to increase the jdeld of wheat in California, Shaw 637 Memorandum on Indian wheat for the British market, Wilson 639 The wheat industry and particularly its organization in France, Goulier ...'... 640 Distinguishing the seeds of quack grass and certain wheat grasses, Hillman 640 Injurious weeds common in South Dakota, Willis and Burlison 640 Seed inspection 640 Testing farm seeds in the home and in the rural school, Hillman 640 HORTICULTURE. The manuring of market-garden crops. Dyer and Shrivell 640 The farmer's vegetable garden, Wicks 641 Export of cucumbers 641 Selected strains of nui-sery stock 641 Influence of the stock on the scion, Ri-\dere and Bailhache 641 Cleft grafting. Coats 641 Cold storage, precooling, and shipping deciduous fruit, Stubenrauch 641 The precooling of fi-uit, Stubenrauch 641 The fruits of Germany 641 The apple in Pennsylvania: Varieties, planting, and general care, Stewart 642 The avocado in southern California, Popenoe 642 A new plum from the lake region of Florida, Harper 642 Contributions to the history and bibliography of the roselle. Wester 642 Tea culture in the Preanger Regency, Lo^ink 642 A handbook of tropical gardening and planting, Macmillan 642 Landscape gardening. — How to lay out a garden, Kemp 643 Antirrhinums : Their history, culture, and uses, Harvey 643 FORESTRY. Sixth conference of International Union of Forestry Stations, Somerville 643 Leaf key to the trees of the Northern States and Canada, Hough 643 Forest conditions of the Ozark region of Missouri, Record 644 Breeding and use of tree crops. Smith 644 Breeding to improve physical qualities of timber, Clothier 644 The relative durability of post timbera, Crumley 644 Tests of shortleaf yellow pine treated for sap stain 645 CONTENTS. Structure and life of spruce roots and influence of cultural practices, Matthes. . 645 Tapping experiments with Kickxia elastica, Zimmermann 645 Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Southern Nigeria 646 The rubber of Mascarenhasia elastica 646 Third biennial report of the state forester of California, Homans 646 Report of the state foreeter of Wisconsin for 1909-10, Griffith 646 Report of director of forestry of Philippine Islands for 1910, Ahern 646 Official proceedings of division of forestiy of Royal Prussian Ministry, 1909 646 Forestry, Wells 646 Publications of the Forest Service 646 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the vegetable pathologist, McAlpine 647 Report on pests and diseases in West Indies, 1909-10. — I, South 647 The genus Fusarium, Appel and AVollenweber 647 The genus Uromyces, II, Sydow 647 Morphology and physiology of development of Pestalozzia palmarum, Leininger . 647 A new host for Claviceps, Groh 647 Experiments in breeding smut-resistant varieties of barley, Broili 647 Wart disease of potatoes {Synchitrium endohioticum) , Malthouse 648 A bacterial disease of potato and tomato, Bancroft 648 Leaf-splitting disease of sugar cane (gele strepenziekte), Wilbrink and Ledeboer . 648 A bacterial disease of swedes, Priestley and Lechmere 648 On the mosaic disease of tobacco, Lodewijks, jr 648 Gooseberry mildew in Cambridgeshire 648 Cicinnobolus as a parasite on Sphaeroiheca mors uvse, Oberstein 649 Bacterial gummosis and court-noue in the vineyards of Mendoza, Alazraqui. . . 649 Intensity of culture and California vine disease in Italian \-ineyards, Pugliese. . 649 Combined treatment for the Oidium, grape mildew, and Botrytis, Zacharewicz. . 649 Experiments in treatment of grapevine mildew in Bombay Presidency, Burns. . 649 The fight against the mildew in Anjou, Maisonneuve 649 On the treatment of mildew, Gagnaii-e 650 The physical properties of the grape and resistance to the mildew, Laurent 650 A new disease of the mulberry, Bubak 650 The diseases of the orange, Gdndara 650 Treatment of gum disease. Call 650 Diseases of the areca palm. — I, Koleroga or rot-disease, Coleman 650 The fungus causing the dieback disease of cacao and Para rubber, Bancroft 651 On the formation of diseased heartwood, Miinch 651 The oak Oidium on the chestnut and beech, Farneti 652 The black canker of the chestnut, Griffon and Maublanc 652 A new polypore on incense cedar, Hedgcock 652 The death of fir seedlings from Rhizina undulata, Eulef eld 652 The dying of pine trees, von Tubeuf 652 A new leaf disease of the pine (Pinus sylvestris), Miinch and von Tubeuf 652 Witches brooms and branch knots of the stone pine. — II, Twig galls, von Tubeuf. 652 Rust of Tsuga canadensis, Spaulding 652 A new Taphrina on Polysiichum lonchitis, Herzfeld 652 The fungicidal properties of liver of sulphur, Foreman 653 A chapter on lime-sulphur sprays 653 Lime-sulphur sprays, Barsacq 653 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Annual report of the governor of Alaska on the Alaska game law, 1910, Clark. . 653 The orders of mammals, Gregory 653 The birds of Illinois and Wisconsin, Cory 654 A systematic and descriptive catalogue of the birds of Argentina, Dabbene 654 The echinostomids parasitic in birds, Dietz 654 Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, Stiles and Hassall 654 Third annual report of the state entomologist of Indiana, Douglass 654 Report of the state entomologist [of Maine], Hitchings 654 Report of the entomologist [of Nebraska for 1909], Bruner 654 First report on economic biology, CoUinge 654 Notes on various truck-crop insects, Chittenden. 655 VI CONTENTS. Page. Insects attacking the sweet potato in Hawaii, Fullaway 655 Insects attacking mealies, Van der Merwe 656 The thrips insects of tea, Antram 656 The apple and pear membracids, Hodgkiss 656 The periodical cicada in 1911, Marlatt - 657 Spraying, fumigating, and dipping for San Jose scale, Symuuti, Peairs, and Cory. 657 The terrapin scale, Symons and Cory 658 The codling moth, Caesar 659 The traubenwicklers during fall and winter, Dewitz 660 Notes on a horn-feeding lepidopterous larva from Africa, Busck 660 Mosquito extermination in Shanghai, Stanley 660 The transmission and prevention of malaria in the Panama Canal Zone, Darling. 660 The rice maggot. Collier 661 An insect pest of cacao in Uganda 661 The development of the green bottle flyj Allen 661 Trypanosomes and tsetse flies, Bruce et al : 661 Notes on the warble fly of the reindeer, QLdemagena tarandi, Carpenter 661 The preservation of bamboos from the attacks of t'le bamboo beetle, Stebbing. . 662 The genotypes of the sawflies and wood wasps, Rohwer 662 Genotypes of the sawflies and woodwasps, Rohwer _. 662 A contribution to the knowledge of the galls of Java, Van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan . 662 Gametogenesis of the gall fly, Neuroterus lenticutaris, I, Doncaster 662 Concerriing the morphology of Trypanosoma franhi, I^nuth 662 Development of T. lewisi outside host, Swellengrebel and Strickland 662 Trypanosoma vespertilionis, Gonder 663 Best conditions for making lime-sulphur wash, Van Slyke, et al 663 Experiments with homemade lime-sulphur mixtures, Parrott and Schoene 663 Making and using concentrated lime-sulphur wash. Hall 664 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. On phosphorus compounds occurring in food materials. Rising 664 Preparation of the cod and other salt fish for the market. Bitting 664 Seasonal variations in the "lycogen present in oysters, Milroy 665 Basic extractive material in mushrooms (Agaricus campestris), Kutscher 665 The digestil)ility of cheese, Doane 665 Lard substitutes. Wesson 666 Table salt, McGill 666 Miscellaneous food topics], Ladd and Johnson 666 Miscellaneous food topics], Ladd and Johnson 666 Miscellaneous food topics], Ladd and Johnson 667 [Miscellaneous food products] 667 Report of analyst, Hal verson _. 667 Annual report of the state pure food and drug commission, Mahr 667 Report of chemists' analyses, Fischer et al 667 Notices of judgment 667 Common American foods, Greenbaum 667 [How the poor classes live in the Dominican Republic], Holland 667 The compensation and summation of functional activities of thebody, Rubner. 66S Gaseous exchange in metabolism when walking on a level, Durig. ._ 669 Gaseous exchange in metabolism when walking up an incline, Durig 669 Concerning knowledge of nutrition and its teaching in Belgium, Vandevelde. . . 670 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. General biology, Hertwig 670 International catalogue of scientific literature. L — General biology 670 A laboratory text-book of embryology, Minot 670 The physiology of reproduction, Marshall 670 Phases of evolution and heredity. Hart 670 The variability of lower organisms, Pringsheim 671 The law of sex determination and its practical application, Calhoun 671 A reply to the note of W. E. Castle, Russ,o. 671 A study of Bermuda grass, Francis and Baii'd 671 Investigations of the digestibility and food value of reindeer moss, Isaachsen. . 671 Treatment of straw and other by-products to increase feeding value, Bauriedl . . 672 CONTENTS. VII Page. Studies and experiments with molasses as a feed, Conrad 672 Feed-stuff analyses 672 Stock feeds, MacNider et al 672 Commercial feed gtuffs, Weber 672 Notices of judgment 672 The theoretical value of feeds, Brinkmann 672 The lecithin content of bone marrow of men and domestic animals, BoUe 672 [Live stock in the United States], Snow 672 The history, development, and present condition of Allgiiu cattle, Oettle 672 Contributions to the knowledge of Shorthorn cattle, Schlaak 673 Growing feeder steers in western Nebraska, Snyder 673 [Slaughter tests of cattalo and caracul sheep]. Murphy 673 Sheep of the Constantine Sahara, Boquet 673 Sheep and wool for the farmers, Mathews 674 Pig raising in Australia, Baker 674 Investigations on form and strength of metacarpal bones of horses, Hildebrand . . 674 Distribution of licensed stallions in counties of Wisconsin, Alexander 674 The history of the Royal Frederiksborg Stud Farm, Jensen 674 Our national horse supply, Turnbull 674 [Government aid for horse breeding in Great Britain] 674 Breeding of horses in Australia, Baker 674 Opossum farming in Australia, Baker 674 The American standard of perfection 674 Farm poultry management. Rice 674 ' Measurement of body parts, Brigham 674 The language of domestic fowls, Carpenter 675 Seasonal distribution of egg production. Pearl and Surface 675 First Tatoianian egg-laying competition, Terry 676 Cooperative marketing of eggs 676 Progi-ess of poultry investigations 676 Some results of castration in ducks, Goodale 676 A to Z of pigeons and bantams, De Lancey 677 DAIRY FARMINGS — DAIRYING. Manuring for milk, Blackshaw 677 Breeding for production in dairy cattle. Pearl 677 What gives us the satisfactory dairy cow — " Her breeding, " Marsh 677 The influence of pastm-ing and stabling upon dairy cattle, Rieger, 677 Milk, its investigation and usage, Utz 677 Market milk and its inspection, Bremme 677 A study of some of the spore-bearing anaerobic bacteria in market milk. Brown. . 677 The control of pasteurization, Koeliler and Tonney 678 The milk situation in the city of Metz, Kuppelmayr 678 The dairy industry in ancient times, Lindet 678 Contribution to the knowledge and judging of goat's milk, Hager 678 Drying milk 678 Notices of judgment 678 What influence has the water content upon the quality of butter? Hesse .... 678 Supposed loss of soluble, volatile acids during the storage of butter, Crispo 679 Transformation of proteins into fats during ripening of cheese, Nierenstein 679 The control of moistm'e in cheese, Sammis, Laabs, and Suzuki 679 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Thirteenth meeting of Interstate Association of Live Stock Sanitary Boards 679 Report in regard to veterinary matters in the Kingdom of Saxony for 1909 679 The formation of hydrocyanic acid from linseed cake. Lander 680 Colchicin poisoning from the pasture, Halasz 680 Distillery slop diseases, Paechtner 680 Relation of glycogen and its cleavage products to symptomatic anthrax, Moller. 680 A new vaccine against blackleg, Godoy 680 Occurrence of bacteria resembling Bacillus erysipelatis, Broil 680 The epicrisis to a foot-and-mouth disease invasion, Krueger 681 Mastitis caused by a diplococcus, Mezey and Koppanyi 681 Investigations of the causative agent of acute mastitis, Zwick and Weichel 681 yjh contents. The lecithin content of milk under pathologic conditions, Fetzer 681 The biological characteristics of colostric and mastitis milks, Sassenhagen 681 In regard to the so-called pseudorabies, Zwick 681 The cause of puerperal septicemia, Ohler 682 Prevention of intestinal rupture during birth, Becker 682 Examination of feces of cattle for tubercle bacilli, Reichel and Deubler 682 Report on the findings of the Illinois Tuberculin Commission 682 The strength of various tuberculins, Siegesmund 683 The life cycle of Theileria parva: The cause of East Coast fever, Gonder 683 [Cultivation of the acid-fast bacillus found in Johne's disease], Twort 683 Bell's paralysis in a heifer calf, Palgrove 683 A new disease of sheep, Gaertner 683 Report of the veterinary department, Craig 684 Epizootic of mastitis in pigs, Toth 684 The surgical anatomy of the horse, Share-Jones. _ 684 A protective reaction of the host in intestinal coccidiosis. Smith 684 The morphology and life history of Eimeria (Coccidium) avium, Fantham 684 Observations on the parasitic Protozoa of the red grouse, Fantham 685 Experimental studies of avian coccidiosis, Fantham 685 Observations on the blood of grouse, Fantham 686 Antifowl cholera serum and its practical significance, Sisoff 686 RURAL ECONOMICS. The future of agriculture, Baker 687 The causes of the increased cost of agricultural staples, Jones 687 The fight for conservation, Pinchot 687 A project for numerous model farms 687 A demonstration of intensive culture, Dunstan 687 Farm management, Poston 688 The business side of farming, Crocheron 688 Methods of farm advertising. Marquis 688 The agricultural industry a unit, Streit 688 The profitableness of agriculture in Switzerland during 1908-9, Laur 688 The agrarian industries: Their development and present condition. Potts 688 Agricultural conditions in Lower Lombardy, Rovelli 689 [Improving the conditions of the rm-al population], Acevedo 689 A practical handbook upon agricultural tenancies, Curtis and Gordon 689 Notes on large and small proprietary holdings in Spain, Barthe y Barthe 689 Long-term credit in favor of rural small proprietors, Beckerich 690 Agricultural bank, Dickinson 690 [Farmers' banks in North Dakota], Fritz and Lynch 690 The development of agriculture by organized effort, Davenport 690 Cooperation among farmers — the business side, Tousley 690 Third Transvaal Cooperative Congress, Van Noorden et al 690 Shipping fruits, vegetables, butter, eggs, and game to market, Thomas 690 Farm labor in Virginia, Jeffers 691 [The employment of casual labor in agricultural districts], Farrar 691 The International Institute of Agriculture, Einaudi 691 Publications of the Bureau of Statistics 691 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The American system of agricultural education, True and Crosby 691 African agriculture. — IV, Agricultural education, Work 691 Irrigation and agricultural engineering institutions in Prussia, Carlsson 691 WTiere forestry can be studied 691 The forest school — a growing institution 692 Course of study for Louisiana high schools, Roy 692 Annual for Edgar County public schools, 1910-11, Brown 692 Annual report of Winnebago County schools, 1910, Kern 692 Astatefairschoolof domestic science, Jones 692 The training of teachers for the rural schools, Bennett 693 Suggestions for rural schools, Russell 693 Exercises in elementary agriculture, Bricker 693 Selecting, scoring, and storing seed com and potatoes, Nelson and Keyser 693 CONTENTS. rX Page. Tree growing in the public schools, Babcock and Greene 693 How to know some Ohio trees, I^azenby 693 The development of home economics, Bevier 693 Cookery text-books. Graves 693 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-third Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1910 693 Publications, Office of Secretary, Solicitor, and Division of Publications 693 Publications of the Office of Public Roads 694 Publications of the Bureau of Plant Industry 694 Publications of the Bureau of Animal Industry 694 Monthly Bulletins of Department Library, December, 1910, and January, 1911. 694 The card in dex of experiment station literature 694 Experiment Station Work, LXI 694 [Danish agriculture and its various branches during the year 1909] 694 Agricultural yearbook, Hoffmann 694 Index to Agricultural Gazette of Nevj South Wales, Vols. I to XX, 1890-1909. . 694 Journal of the Board of Agriculture, General Index 694 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. California Station: Page. Bui. 211, Feb., 1911 637 Circ. 59, Jan., 1911 693 Hawaii Station: Bui. 21, 1910 635 Bui. 22, 1911 655 Press Bui. 29 621 Idaho Station: Bui. 68, July, 1910 617 Bui. 69, Aug., 1910 641 Indiana Station: Twenty-third An. Rpt. 1910. 684, 693 Maine Station: Off. Insp. 27, Nov., 1910 667 Off. Insp. 28, Dec, 1910 640 Maryland Station: Bui. 148, Nov., 1910 657 Bui. 149, Dec, 1910 658 Massachusetts Station : Bui. 135, Nov., 1910 625 Met. Buls. 265-266, Jan.-Feb., 1911 615 Missouri Station: • Bui. 89, Nov., 1910 644 Nebraska Station: Bui. 117, Feb. 1. 1911 673 New Hampshire Station: Bui. 150, Dec, 1910 625 New York State Station: Bui. 329, Dec, 1910 663, 664 Bui. 330, Dec, 1910 663, 664 Tech. Bui. 17, Dec, 1910 .... 656 North Dakota Station : Spec. Bui. 27, Nov., 1910 666 Spec. Bui. 28, Dec, 1910. . . 612, 666 Spec Bui. 29, Jan., 1911 667 Ohio Station: Bui. 219, June, 1910 644 Oklahoma Station: Bui. 89, June, 1910 634 Bui. 90, Nov., 1910 671 Pennsylvania Station: Bui. 106, Dec, 1910 642 Note.— The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per volume, and two volumes are issued annually. It may be purchased from the superintendent of documents, Washington, D. C", to whoni all remittances should ))e made. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. . Stations in the United States — Contd. South Dakota Station: Page. Circ. 1, Aug., 1910 640 AVisconsin Station: Circ Inform. 20, Jan., 1911. . . 679 Circ. Inform. 21, Jan., 1911 . . 674 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 428 628 Farmers' Bui. 429 614 Farmers' Bui. 430 694 Notices of Judgment 717-740. 667,672,678 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 39, pt. 33 654 Bui. 110, pt. 2 675 Circ. 166 665 Bureau of Biological Survey: Circ. 77 653 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 133 664 Circ. 63 611 Circ. 68 613 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 82, pt. 7 655 Bui. 20, pt. 2 (tech. ser.) 662 Circ 132 657 Bureau of Plant Industry: Circ. 73 640 Doc 631 622 Office of Experiment Stations: Circ. 106 691 Circ. 107 694 Division of Publications: Circ 9 693 Circ. 10 694 Circ. 11 646 Circ. 12 691 Circ. 13 694 Circ. 14 617 Circ. 15 694 Library : Mo. Buls. vol. 1, No. 12, Dec, 1910; vol. 2, No. 1, Jan., 1911* 694 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXIV. June, 1911. No. 7. Previous descriptions in these pages of the respiration calorimeter, designed for studies in human nutrition under this Office, have shown the develoj^ment of the apparatus as an instrument of precision and brought out its application in studying the physiological processes of nutrition. Eecently changes have been made which greatly sim- plify and improve its operation, and it has been applied to a new line of research in a quite distinct field, the possibilities of which can be as yet only barely suggested. In moving the apparatus from JNIiddletown, Conn., where it was originally constructed, it was necessary to dismantle and dissect it quite completely, so that its erection in the laboratory provided for it in the neAV building of the Department involved in large measure its reconstruction in manj^ important details. In this reconstruction the general plan and principles of the apparatus which had given such good results were retained, but numerous improvements and some new accessory apparatus were introduced which make for ease, accuracy, and economy of ox)eration, and which are of interest to those following the refinement of this method of investigation. As the apparatus is very complicated and technical, some knowledge of its construction and the principles on which it operates is necessary to a general understanding of the changes which have been made. It will be recalled that the apparatus combines the features of a respi- ration apparatus and a calorimeter. It consists in primary terms of an air-tight and heat-tight chamber of suitable size to accommodate a subject during an experiment, provided with devices for measur- ing and recording the products of respiration and the heat liberated. The apparatus is of the closed-circuit type, the same air being passed through the respiration chamber continuously as a ventilating cur- rent. The products of respiration, carbon dioxid and water, are ab- sorbed in the course of the circuit, and oxygen is supplied to replace that used up by the subject. The calorimeter features, by which the heat is determined which the subject liberates as a result of the vital processes of the body or of external muscular labor, call for the highest degree of refine- ment. It is this heat measurement which enables the calculation of the energy expended by the subject in various operations, the avail- able energy of food, the conservation of energy in the human body, and the efficiency of the body as a machine. The apparatus is, of 601 602 EXPERIMENT STATIOIST EECOUD, course, provided with facilities for supplying the subject with food, and for collecting the liquid and solid excreta. There is also pro- vision for detennining body temperatures, respiratory movements, and similar factors whenever experimental conditions necessitate it. It will be recognized that these measurements of heat, of carbonic acid, and of water to be of value call for a high degree of accuracy, and require a very delicate and finely adjusted mechanism, sensitive to slight changes from within and protected from fluctuations with- out. The manner by which this is accomplished is quite technical, but some of the leading features may be readily understood. The respiration chamber, about 6^ by 6^ by 4 feet in size, is made up of double metal walls, the inner one of copper and the outer one of zinc, the two being separated by a small space. They are pro- vided at frequent intervals with thermal junctions, or thermocouples, which are arranged in series. The latter being composed of two dif- ferent metals, any difference between the temperature of the inner and outer walls sets up a current which is indicated by a gal- vanometer outside the chamber. The new thermocouple has been improved and made more efficient, and a simpler switch has been devised to connect the various groups of thermocouples with the galvanometer. Outside the zinc wall is an air space surrounded by a wall of cork board 1-| inches thick, which is a very excellent heat insulator and protects the inclosed air space from changes in the laboratory tem- perature. The cork layer is protected in turn by an outer covering of asbestos lumber, in place of the former wooden covering, put on in panels and bound together with brass strips. The wooden frame- work formerly used has been replaced by a skeleton of structural iron to which the walls are attached, raised above the laboratory floor, the whole structure being very rigid. Throughout the con- striction attention has been given to details which make for sim- plicity and convenience, and the outer covering is so arranged that it may be easily removed, affording access to all parts of the zinc wall and to the devices attached to it. To prevent the passage of heat through the zinc and copper walls in either direction, the dead air space surrounding the zinc wall is kept at practically the same temperature as the air within the cham- ber, advantage being taken of the well-known fact that no passage of heat occurs between two bodies having the same temperature. To maintain this equilibrium the air space is provided with a system of electric resistance wires for heating and of small water pipes for cooling, as conditions may require. The numerous thermal junc- tions between the inner (copper) and outer (zinc) linings show the attendant at once by means of the galvanometer any difference in EDITOKIAL. 603 temperature between the two linings, which difference can then be equalized by supplying heat through the electric wires or cold through the water pipes in the air space just outside the zinc wall. In this manner a balance is readily maintained which checks the escape of heat and makes its accurate measurement possible; and in actual practice little change is needed after the apparatus has been adjusted. Heat given off by the subject is determined by means of a current of water passing through a heat-absorbing device within the chamber. The rise in temperature of the water in its passage through the absorber multiplied by the weight of water gives the number of calories of heat produced. Formerly this measurement of the heat was effected by reading and recording two mercury thermometers every two minutes throughout the experiment, one thermometer showing the temperature of the water as it entered the heat absorbers and the other as it left. This was a confining and tedious operation, subject to error due to the individual factor in making the readings. Such errors could not be detected, and in experiments running continuously for several days it was difficult for even the most careful observers to guard against them. In the new apparatus the measurement of heat is accomplished by means of two ingenious automatic electrical devices operating quite independently of the observer. One of these regulates the tempera- ture of the ingoing water and the other measures and records the temperature difference in the water before and after passing the heat absorber. These devices greatly reduce the labor of attendance and eliminate a possibility of serious error. Together they constitute the most important recent improvement made in the apparatus. The accuracy and reliability with which they operate throughout a long experiment is a triumph of electrical skill. The regulating device brings the temperature of the water enter- ing the heat absorbers entirel}'^ under control and renders it uniform after the device has been set for the desired temperature. The water flowing toward the heat absorber is first cooled to a temperature below that desired, in order to bring it under control ; and at a point in the circuit just outside the chamber it passes through a narrow channel, where it is heated by a current of electricity passing through a resistance wire. It flows next through a small mixing device to equalize its temperature, and then through another small channel in which it surrounds an electric resistance thermometer. This ther- mometer forms one arm of a ^Vlieatstone bridge. The galvanometer in the bridge circuit is connected with an apparatus governing the action of a small motor, which actuates a rheostat so as to increase or decrease the quantity of current in the heater. 604 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The heating effect in the wire that heats the water flowing toward the absorber is thus regulated to give the exact degree of lieat desired, the amount of heating being that required to produce a balance of resistance in the AVheatstone bridge. The mechanism actuating the rheostat can be set by means of a graduated slide wire on the bridge to control the heating to five one-hundredths degree, or even less. The new device which records the increase in temperature of the water after flowing through the heat absorber is likewise electrical, is automatic in its operation, and furnishes a continuous record. E«sistance thermometers are placed in the water at the points where it enters and leaves the heat absorber. These thermometers repre- sent two arms of a AMieatstone bridge, the galvanometer of which is connected with a mechanism which actuates a pen on a moving record sheet. In accordance with the deflection of the pointer of the galvanometer the pen is deflected to the right or left, the total movement of the pen depending on the difference in the temperature of the two thermometers, i. e., on the increase in temperature of the water after flowing through the heat absorbers. The pen responds to a change of five one-thousandths degree, and the device gives a reading every seven secon-ds, or practically a con- tinuous record in place of the old reading every two minutes. The record shows to one one-hundredth degree the temperature differences in the water at entering and leaving the heat absorbers. From the average of these differences for a given period, measured by a planimeter, and the amount of water passing the absorbers, which is determined by weight, heat eliminated by the subject in the chamber is determined with great accuracy. These two devices, for controlling the temperature of the water entering the calorimeter chamber and for recording its increase in temperature in passing through the heat absorbers, represent a marked advance in calorimetry and in the development of the apparatus. They do away with a large amount of labor attendant upon operating it, and eliminate the possibility of errors of observation and record. The observer operating the calorimeter now devotes his attention chiefly to maintaining the temperature of the zinc wall in equilibrium with that of the copper wall and in weighing at intervals the water which comes from the heat absorber. Plans have been perfected in detail for regulating the temperature of the zinc wall automatically. The installation of a refrigerating plant in connection with the respiration calorimeter is another decided improvement. This is employed for lowering the temperature of the water used in cooling the air space, which will materially extend the season through which the apparatus can be operated. With a human subject the respira- tion chamber is maintained at a temperature of approximately 68° F., and in warm M-eather it has heretofore been impossible to operate the apparatus on account of the temperature of the water. EDITORIAL. 605 The devices for determining the carbon dioxid and water vapor removed from the chamber in the ventilating air current remain practically the same as in the former apparatus, but a much simpler appliance is employed for equalizing the air pressure and also a simpler meter for measuring the quantity of air for residual analysis. The new apparatus also embodies improved methods for operating the devices for purifying the air current after it leaves the respira- tion chamber, and for restoring oxygen to it on its return. There has also been a decided improvement made in the apparatus for de- termining the temperature of the air and the copper wall of the chamber, and in the devices for controlling the temperature of the air surroimding the zinc wall. These, however, are technical de- tails which need not be further described. During the j)ast winter and spring a series of check tests has been made with the calorimeter which has demonstrated its high efficiency and accuracy, and a variety of experiments have been conducted with a subject. In the latter the scope of the experiments has been greatly enlarged. The experiment has included such questions as the labor in digesting different foods. For example, meat and cheese prepared in different ways have been studied; while an extended series of experiments is to be undertaken to compare different vege- table oils and animal fats and fat constituents with reference to their relative value as sources of energy in the body, and to supplement data regarding the relative value of culinary and table fats of differ- ent kinds. Of late a new line of experiments has been undertaken with the res- piration calorimeter, which marks a departure in studies of this kind and indicates a broader application of the apparatus. These new studies relate to problems connected with the ripening of fruit, and are being carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Chem- istry. They have shown that the apparatus is suited to studies of the changes going on during ripening, and that as a living body the func- tions of the plant as well as of animals may be observed. A number of bunches of green bananas were placed in the respira- tion chamber and kept under observation until the ripening process was completed to the usual commercial stage, which requires three or four days. During this time the oxygen consumption, the carbon- dioxid excretion, and the heat elimination were determined in a manner not previously possible, throwing interesting light on the chemical processes of ripening. These experiments have been repeated sufficiently to check the re- sults and suggest the nature of the changes. Important data have already been obtained regarding the respiratory quotient, the carbon dioxid thermal equivalent, and the amount of energy liberated by the bananas during the ripening process. The indications are that 606 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. physical and chemical factors which are of the greatest value in the study of this problem, important from a practical as well as a theoret- ical standpoint, can be accurately measured with the respiration calorimeter. The results will assist in the interpretation of analytical studies and throw a new light on the problems involved in the ripen- ing and storage of fruit. As the method is applicable not only to fruit of all kinds, but to vegetables and other products, it is believed to have a wide range of possibilities. It has been suggested furthermore that some of the changes taking place during the germination of seeds, a subject which has been studied in other ways, could be more accurately determined. The heating of grain in storage is also a problem to the study of which the apparatus lends itself. V/ith certain adaptations, which are believed mechanically possible, the apparatus might be used in connection with growing plants to study their transpiration, respiration, etc., as well as the energy required for these different physiological processes. But little is now Imown regarding the energy changes of plant ac- tivity, and this apparatus seems to afford a means for extending knowledge along that line. Indeed, the possibilities for the study of the respiratory exchange and energy production of vegetable products and plant life are well-nigh unlimited, and open up a line of investi- gation of great importance. Another line of study under consideration is that of the gaseous exchange and energy metabolism of eggs during incubation. There has been considerable work on the carbon-dioxid elimination, the relation of moisture and the like, but no apparatus has thus far been employed in which these can be studied as effectively as in the respira- tion calorimeter, where a constant temperature can be maintained, the carbon-dioxid content of the air measured and regulated, the moisture governed, the energy changes followed, and other factors brought under control. There are also important problems in the curing and storage of meat, like those in the ripening and storage of fruit, which the ap- paratus seems eminently suited to investigating. The work thus far done marks the adaptation of the calorimeter to a new field of investigation in which it has not hitherto been em- ployed, and in which investigation has been quite meager. It has demonstrated that the instrument is fully as well suited for the study of fundamental problems of plant life as it is for the study of similar problems of animal life. In practice it would doubtless be found advantageous to adapt it in size and possibly in other details to the new purposes. The new application has aroused much interest in the Department as its possibilities suggest themselves. Plans are al- read}^ under consideration for cooperative experiments with different bureaus on a variety of plant problems, with the object of securing data needed in projects which these bureaus have under investigation. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECKjri". Progress in the field of agricultural chemistry, A. Stutzeb (Chem. Ztg., 3Jf (1910), Nos. 133, pp. 1181, 1182; 13.',, pp. 1191, 1192).— This is a review of the activities in agricultural chemistry during recent years. It considers plant chemistry and physiology, the soil and its constituents, fertilizers and fer- tilizing, and the physiology and nutrition of animals. A bibliography is in- cluded. Man and the earth. — Man and plants, edited by PI. Kraemer (Der Mensch und die Erde. — Der Mensch und die Pflanzen. Berlin, Leipsic, and Stuttgart, 1908, vol. fi, pp. XII+/fl',, pis. 48, fi(/s. 236).— Part 1 of this volume deals with the general relation of plants to agriculture and horticulture. Part 2 takes up the cultivation of technologically important plants, e. g., plants which yield utilizable woods, fibers, coloring matters, fats and oils, wax, gums and resins, rubber, cork, etc., and those which yield foods and condiments, such as flour, sugar, fruits, nuts, spices, and fodder plants. Part 3 deals with the industrial utilization of the various varieties of wood. Part 4 discusses the relation of plant micro-organisms to man, including fermentation, preparation of alcoholic drinks, technologically important micro-organisms, micro-organisms of interest to agriculture, micro-organisms relating to the conservation of foods and vegetables, and the micro-organisms in the dairy. Part 5 notes the plant condiments, such as cofCee, cocoa and chocolate, cola, spices, tobacco, Indian hemp, opium, and alcohol. Particular stress is laid in this volume on the chemical-technological processes involved. On the refractive indices of certain proteins. — III, Serum, globulin, T. B. Robertson (Jour. Biol. Chem., 8 (1910), No. 6, pp. Jf.'fl-JtJi8). — "The value of a in the equation -.=a, where n is the refractive index of the solution of the e protein, ivl that of the solvent, and c is the percentage concentration of the protein, has been determined for solutions of ' insoluble ' serum globulin in fortieth-normal aqueous potassium hydroxid, fortieth normal aqueous hydro- chloric acid, fortieth-normal potassium hydroxid in 25 per cent and in 50 per cent alcohol, and fortieth-normal potassium hydroxid in 25 per cent and in 50 per cent acetone. " The value of a for ' insoluble ' serum globulin dissolved in acid or alkaline water is 0.00229 ; this is, within the experimental error, identical with the value of a (0.00230) determined by Reiss for ' Pseudoglobulin II.' " The value of a for insoluble serum globulin dissolved in alkaline 25 per cent alcohol is constant for the range of globulin concentrations employed and is 0.00202. " The value of a for insoluble serum globulin dissolved in alkaline 50 per cent alcohol is 0.00119. " The value of a for insoluble serum globulin dissolved in alkaline 25 per cent acetone is constant for the range of globulin concentrations employed and is, within the experimental error, identical with its value in water. 93315°— No. 7—11 2 607 608 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, " The value of a for insoluble serum globulin dissolved in allialine 50 per cent acetone is 0.0014G." On the refractive indices of solutions of certain proteins. — IV, Casein in alcohol-water mixtures, T. B. Robertson {Jour. Biol. Cliem., 8 (1910), No. 6, n-n, pp. 507-511).— The value of a iu the equation — ^=a, (see p. GOT) has been determined for casein in alcohol-water mixtures of varying alcohol content as follows : In alcohol— free solution, 0.00149 ±0.00004 ; in 25 per cent alcohol, 0.00157± 0.00005; in 50 per cent alcohol, 0.00149±0.00005 ; and in 75 per cent alcohol, 0.00125 ±0.00006. A new sugar — verbascose, E. Bourquelot and M. Bridel (Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 151 {1910), No. IS, pp. 760-762). — The sugar was obtained from the roots of Yerhascum iJiapsus (common white mullein), and yielded on hydrolysis levulose. glucose, and galactose. It differs from stachyose in having a higher melting point and a higher optical rotation. An improved method for the preparation of rafanose, H. E. Zitkowski {Amer. Sugar Indus, and Beet Sugar Qaz., 12 {1910), No. 9, pp. 324, 325, figs. 3). — The author has worked out a comparatively satisfactory method for pre- paring raifiuose from cotton-seed meal. About 600 gm. of raffiuose hydrate was obtained from 150 lbs. of cotton-seed meal. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 24, p. 305). Isolation of raffinose from beet-sugar products, H. E. Zitkowski {Amer. Sugar Indus, and Beet Sugar Gas., 13 {1911), No. 1, pp. 8-10, figs. 7). — A method is described which is based on the difference in solubility in absolute methyl alcohol of beet sugar and raffinose. The method gives more satisfactory results than those usually described for the purpose. The estimation and characteristics of raffinose, A. Herzfeld (Dcut. Zucker- indus., 35 {1910), No. 43, pp. 830-832; ahs. in Cliem. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 138. Bepert., p. 546). — For determining raffinose the inversion method was found to be the most efficient. The properties of raffinose are discussed. Note on Dr. Backe's investigation of maltol and isomaltol, H. C. Sherman {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 2 {1910). No. 10, p. 4^6), — ^A note in regard to the question of priority (E. S. R., 23, p. 306). General chemistry of the enzyms, H. Euleb {AUgemeine Chcmie der Enzyme. Wiesbaden, 1910, pp. VII I +238, figs. 4). — Chapter 1 deals with the special chemistry of the enzyms, chapter 2 with the physical properties, chap- ter 3 with activators (coeuzyms), paralysers, and poisons, chapter 4 with the chendcal dynamics of euzym reaction, chapter 5 with the influence of tempera- ture and various rays upon enzym reactions, chapter 6 with chemical statics with enzym reactions, chapter 7 with enzymatic synthesis, chapter 8 with the speci- ficity of enzym actions, and an appendix with methods. In regard to invertase, H. Euler, E. Lindberg, and K. Melander {Ztsehr. Physiol. Chem., 69 {1910), No. 2, pp. 152-166; Ark. Kemi, Min. och Geol., 4 {1911), No. 1, Art. 4, pp. 15; ahs. in ZentU. Biochem,. u. Biophys., 11 {1911), No. 4i P- 185). — The authors found that the same amount of invertase can be obtained when the dried yeast is extracted with water as when it is autolyzed. The preparation obtained by autolysis contained nitrogen 0.36 per cent, carbon 42.3 per cent, and ash 2.07 per cent. This, according to the authors, is the most active preparation thus far described. Extraction of zymase by simple maceration, M. A. Lebedeff ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. iParis], 152 {1911), No. 1, 2W. 49-51).— The authors found that they could obtain an active solution of zymase by simply macerating yeast with water and filtering the extract. AGBICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 609 About the use of nitron for estimating nitric acid in nitrates, A. M. Wasilieff (Zhui: Russ. Fis. Khim. Obshch., Chast Khim., ^2 (1910), No. ^, pt. 1, pp. 567-570; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 34 (1910), No. 107, Repert., p. Ul).—The author tested Busch's method (E. S. R., 16, p. 945) with the nitrates of po- tassium, ammonium, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, manganese, aluminum, and uranium, and found the results to be excellent. A reaction for nitrites, G. Armani and J. Baeboni (Abs. in Chem. Ztg., 34 (1910), No. 112, p. 994). — The method consists of adding to 10 cc. of the solution to be tested from 4 to 5 drops of a saturated solution of benzidin in acetic acid. The coloration obtained varies from a yellow to a red, depending upon the concentration of the nitrites present. Determination of the nitrogen which is in esmbination as cyanamid and dicyandiamid, A. Stutzeb and J. Soll (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 23 (1910), No. 40, pp. 1873, 1874). — This method, which was devised by N. Caro, is based on the fact that the cyanamid may be precipitated as a silver compound from an ammoniacal solution. The dicyandiamid is precipitated from the filtrate also as a silver compound by the addition of potassium hydrate. The nitro- gen is determined in the precipitates by the Kjeldahl method. Improvements in the exact determination of nitrogen in feces, I. K. Phelps (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 33 (1911), No. 844, P- 342). — "The difficulties of an exact aliquot and of loss of nitrogen in drying the viscous material are met by each of two procedures. The first procedure consists in dehydrating the moist mass by treatment with acidified alcohol and ether and filtration. The dry residue is then sifted and the nitrogen determined in the residual material, consisting of undigested material, in the powder obtained by sifting (which represents the residue from food) and in the alcohol-ether extract. " The second procedure consists in partially decomposing the moist material with concentrated sulphuric acid by heating in a steam bath until a homogeneous mass is produced. This is then aliquoted and the nitrogen determined in the aliquot. " The test of accuracy and adaptability of these procedures shows that they are both excellent." See also a previous note (E. S. R., 23, p. 615). [Detection of phosphates with the molybdate reagent], R. E. Liesegang (Chem. Ztg., 34 (1910), No. 130, p. 1158; abs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 22, p. 1303). — ^As attempts have often been made without success to use a nitric-acid solution of ammonium molybdate for detecting inorganic phosphates in plant and animal tissues, the author tried the following experi- ment: "A gelatin emulsion of tricalcium phosphate was poured into a test-tube, and after it had solidified, several cc. of the molybdate reagent were poured on top. At the surface of the gelatin a yellow skin of ammonium phospho-molyb- date was formed, which after an hour was so firm that the underlying gelatin could be melted without destroying it. No trace of the precipitate could be seen in the gelatin. Though penetrable by phosphoric acid and nitric acid, the gelatin was impermeable to the molybdate. The nitric acid, indeed, in one case, had penetrated 20 mm. deep into the gelatin within an hour. The molybdate reagent is therefore useless for the recognition of phosphates locally." The quantitative estimation of sulphur and phosphorus, C. G. L. Wolf and E. OSTEEBERG (Biocheni. Ztschr., 29 (1910), No. 6, pp. 429-438).— A description of a method for estimating sulphur and phosphorus in the same solution in bio- logical products, and which, according to the authors, is as exact as either the sodium peroxid method (E. S. R., 16, p. 639), or the Neumann method'' (E. S. o Ztschr. Physiol. Chem,, 43 (1904), No. 1-2, pp. 32-36, fig, 1. 610 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. R., 20, p. 113)'. The method is based upon the preliminary oxidation of the substance with fuming nitric acid and the further oxidation with copper nitrate and potassium chlorate." Volumetric method for free sulphuric acid and sulphates, F. Repiton {AlonU. Sci., 4. ser., 24 {1910), I, No. 822, pp. 382-384; ahs. in Ztschr. Angeio. Chem., 23 (1910), No. 40, p. 1912). — The sulphuric acid is precipitated with a barium chlorid solution of known strength, and the excess of the latter removed with a solution of potassium bichromate of known titer. The amount of this bichromate employed is determined with stannous chlorid and with the aid of mercuric chlorid as the indicator. The use of phenol for determining calcium, and magnesium, L. Lindet and Brasaet {Ann. CMm. Anwlyt., 15 {1910), No. 8, pp. 293-295).— Essentially this method has been already noted from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 705). A practical manual for the analysis of soils, F. Hiti {Estac. Agr. Cent. [Mexico] Bol. 26, pp. 56, pis. 3). — :Methods for the approximate and complete analysis of soils are summarized. The determination of formic acid in the presence of acetic acid, M. H. Delehaye {Ann. FaJsif., 3 (1910), No. 23, pp. 386-388). — The method is based on the reduction of mercuric sulphate to insoluble mercurous sulphate. Preservatives in fruit juices, with particular reference to detecting' formic acid, LoocK {Ztschr. Offentl. Chcm., 16 {1910), No. 18, pp. 350-354 ) .—After reviewing the various preservatives utilized for conserving fruit juices, the author points out that formic acid is a normal constituent of fruits but that the amount contained therein is very limited. The various qualitative and quantitative methods for estimating this acid are then considered, and from his results it is concluded that not much reliance can be placed on the quali- tative detection of formic acid on the basis of its reducing action in the aqueous distillate. A more exact method is, particularly for small amounts, by allowing sulphuric acid to act on the distillate residues which have been previously treated with lead oxid. This liberates carbon mouoxid which is passed through defibrinated blood and the carbon monoxid hemoglobin spectrum noted therein. Examination of honey, with particular reference to the Ley, Fiehe, and Jagerschmid reactions, F. Reinhaedt {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 20 {1910), No. 3, pp. 113-152). — The avithor concludes from the results of his examination of various honeys that Ley's reaction is conclusive only when Fiehe's and Jagerschmid's reactions yield positive results. Fiehe's reaction is positive only when it yields the characteristic dark cherry-red coloration with both a 38 and 25 per cent hydrochloric acid-resorcin solution. Jager- schmid's reaction is positive when either a red or violet or a carmine-red color is produced, and always when Fiehe's reaction is obtained. According to the author, a honey analysis should include the estimation of the water content, polarization of a 10 per cent solution before and after in- version, Fiehe's reaction, Jagerschmid's reaction, and tannin plecipitation ac- cording to Lund. If Fiehe's and Jagerschmid's reactions are both positive it is then ad^'isable to try Ley's reaction and make a determination of the ash. The results of numerous analyses of honey are appended. Tests in regard to the methods for estimating starch in table mustard, H. Kreis {Chcm. Ztg., 34 {1910), No. 115, pp. 1021-1023; ahs. in Schweiz. Wchnschr. Chem. a. Pharm., 48 {1910), No. 52, pp. 793-795).— The methods considered for this work were (a) hydrolyzing in the autoclave, saccharifying. o Jour. Biol. Chem., 6 (1909), pp. 363^71. AGEICULTUEAL CHEMTSTEY AGEOTECHNY. 611 and estimating the dextrose formed; (b) weighing the starch isolated accord- ing to Mayrhofer; (c) saccharifying the starch isolated according to Mayrhofer, and estimating the dextrose formed; and (d) estimating colorimetrically the starch in the solution. After pointing out the various errors in the above methods, the author recommends the following, though not as absolutely correct : Five gm. of mus- tard are heated with 50 cc. of an 8 per cent alcoholic potassium hydrate solu- tion in a flask connected with a reflux condenser and on a water bath for one hour. The solution is diluted with 50 cc. of a 50 per cent solution of alcohol, filtered hot through a Gooch crucible, and the residue in the crucible washed with 50 per cent alcohol. The contents of the crucible are then brought back into the extracting flask and extracted for one hour with 50 cc. of an aqueous normal solution of potassium hydrate. The solution is brought up to a bulk of 250 cc, and filtered through asbestos. To 50 cc. of the filtrate 50 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol is added, the mixture allowed to stand over night, then centri- fuged, and the supernatant clear fluid passed through a Gooch crucible. After this the residue is brought upon the Gooch filter and washed with 95 per cent alcohol (by volume) and ether, dried to constant weight, and the weight re- corded. The contents of the crucible are then ashed. The results are reported in percentages of ash and water-free starch on the basis of dry substance. The author recommends applying a correction of 3 per cent for apparent starch. On the determination of aldehydes in distilled liquors, M. Vivencio del RosAKio (Philippine Jmir. ScL, A. Chem. and Oeol. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. 29-32). — ^As the official method for aldehyde in distilled liquors did not yield satisfactory results, particularly in a tropical climate, the author modified the Ripper method (E. S. R., 13, p. 524), with which more accurate results could be obtained. The detection and determination of manganese in wines, Dumitrescou and E. NicoLAU (Ann. Fctlsif., 3 (1910), No. 2^, pp. 407-JflO) .—White, red, and dark red wines contain manganese as a natural constituent. The amount is very variable and is always directly dependent upon the amount present in the soil in which the grapes are grown. The manganese can be determined with ammonium persulphate by oxidizing it to permanganate (E. S. R., 24, p. 211). Identification of food colors, H. M. Loomis (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 63, pp. 69). — This is a tentative report on certain colors, and has to do with their solubility and extraction and the color reactions of dyed fiber and of aqueous and sulphuric acid solutions of colors. It is virtually a revised edition, with some additions to bring it up to date, of Circular 25 (E. S. R., 17, p. 788) and Circular 35 (E. S. R., 19, p. 306). Unification of analytical methods for the sugar industry in Germany (Bui. AsfThe results are given of a series of experi- ments with nitro-bacterine and another bacterial culture on beans, red clover, peas, sweet peas, white clover, scarlet runner, sainfoin, and tomatoes, in which the trials were carried out in open ground plats and in boxes of steamed sand plunged in ashes in a large wire frame. The results obtained from both the open ground and box trials indicate that on a barren soil the use of the cultures may be of some value, but that on ordinary soil there is little benefit to be derived from either preparation. Concerning the physiological role of latex, C. Bernard {Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 1910, Sup. 3, pt. 1, pp. 235-276, figs. ^). — A review is given of various theories regarding the function of latex in plants, and the author de- scribes his investigations with a number of species of plants which produce latex. From the action of seedlings of these plants when grown in light and 630 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. darkness and from the fact that latex contains a number of compounds, such as sugars, starch, fats, and albuminoid substances, he believes that latex plays an important role in the nutrition of the plant and is not to be considered a waste product. Tests for tannin in the living plant and the physiological significance of tannin, C. van Wisselingh (E. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, Proc. Sect. 8ci., 12 (1910), pt. 2, pp. 6S5-705). — ^A description is given of a method of demon- strating tannin in living plants by means of solutions of antipyrin and cafCein used as microchemical reagents. The tannin is precipitated and its abundance Is estimated from the color and amount of the precipitate. In studying the function of tannin, experiments were made with Spirogyra, and it was found that cell division and cell-wall growth ceased when the tannin had been precipitated. On this account it is believed that tannin must serve as a plastic substance in the building up of cell walls. In conclusion the author states that tannin in the plant studied is not a re- serve material but belongs to the soluble substances which the plant continually requires for its development. It disappears and gives way to reserve material when the plant forms zygospores and passes into the resting condition. The effect of acids, alkalis, and some inorganic salts on plants, K. K. Gedroits (Zhur. Opytn, Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Lanclw.), 11 (1910), Nos. J^, pp. 5U-518, figs. 3, dgm. 1; 5, pi). 6J1I-6I8, fig. i).— Studies are reported by which the author sought to determine the lowest concentration of certain com- pounds that would result in the death of plants and also the highest concen- tration they could withstand without injury. The plants, which were flax, mustard, vetch, alfalfa, oats, and barley, were grown in water cultures and the effects of the following acids, alkalis, and compounds were tested: Nitric, hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, acetic, and citric acids, caustic potash, magnesium chlorid, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, potassium sulphate, potassium chlorid, magnesium sulphate, and a saturated solution of calcium sulphate. Flax was found most susceptible to the action of the acids, followed by mus- tard, vetch, and barley in the order named. With the alkali, flax and mustard showed the least limit of resistance and oats and barley the widest variation. In their relation to the limits of high and low concentrations of the salts used, all the plants were very similar in their behavior. The plants were found to be readily divided into two groups, mustard and flax being somewhat the most susceptible, with vetch, alfalfa, oats, and barley following in the order named. Arranging the salts according to their injurious action, magnesium sulphate ranked first, followed by magnesium chlorid, potas- sium sulphate, and potassium chlorid, with calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate the least injurious. The influence of iron on the formation of spores in Aspergillus niger, G. LiNOSsiEE (Com^t. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 23, pp. 1075, 1076). — The author comments on a previous article (B. S. R., 24, p. 32) relat- ing to the influence of iron on the formation of spores in this fungus, and calls attention to an earlier publication in which he has shown that iron is a con- spicuous constituent of the coloring matter of the fungus without which there is no spore formation. On the death of plants from low temperatures, A. Richtee (CcntU. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 28 (1910), No. 25, pp. 6 17-62 J,) .—The results of low temperature experiments with AspergiUvs niger are given, in which the mycelium of this fungus was subjected to freezing temperatures for 24 hours by means of a mixture of ether and carbon dioxid, and then thawed. AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 631 The mycelium when thawed and kept at a temperature from 18 to 19° C. showed no signs of life or plasmolysis, gave off no carbon dioxid, and stained throughout with anilin dyes, but when the temperature was raised to from 30 to 34° the fungus developed rapidly, formed spores, and gave off carbon dioxid gas very energetically. When the fungus was not subjected to the optimum temperature of 30 to 34° after thawing, it soon died. It is claimed that in these experiments with the frozen Aspergillus mycelium the boundary line between living and dead protoplasm has disappeared. Notes on intumescences in roots, H. V. Davis {Neiv PJnjtol., 9 {1910), No. 8-9, pp. 325, 3:26).— Previous investigations by Bayliss (E. S. R., 19, p. 527) and others having shown that there is an abnormal elongation of cortical cells following injuries to epidermal tissues, the author has undertaken to de- termine the nature of the response on the part of roots. The primary roots of seedlings were injured by passing an electric current through them in contact with platinum electrodes, by passing an electric cur- rent through soil in which the seedlings were growing, by a spark from a coil passed through the roots, by the application of acids and alkalis, and by burn- ing with a hot glass rod. In all cases the seedlings were allowed to continue growth in sawdust after the production of the injury. Sections showed that where the epidermal cells had been desti'oyed and a scar formed, the uninjured cortical cells below the scar had elongated toward it. The length of the hypertrophied. cells was found to be dependent on the time allowed for their growth. In the experiments where roots were growing in a soil through which a cur- rent was passed no intumescences were formed. This was believed to be due to the fact that the current did not pass through the roots, since they offered a greater resistance than the moist soil, and consequently there were no sudden chemical or thermal changes in the root and no wound. For this reason, it is believed that the electric stimulation acts as a traumatic stimulus. The effect of tarring roads on plants, M. Mirande {Gompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 {1910), No. 21, pp. 9 ',9-952). —K study has been made of the in- fluence of tarring roads on plants, not only in close proximity to the road, where there might be some injury through the soil, but at a greater distance, where the injury would be due to dust and vapors arising from the road. The author seems to think that the greatest injury is done through the vapors which are given off in considerable abundance during dry, hot weather. In this case the greatest injury would be to trees and plants along the border of the road, in parks, or in closely settled regions, and less injury would be observed in the open country. The author .states in conclusion that if trees and ornamental plantings in cities are to be preserved, the use of tar on roads should be made with care. The influence of tarring' roads on neighboring vegetation, E. Griffon {Gompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 {1910), No. 23, pp. 1070-1013).— The author states that laboratory experiments covering three seasons have con- firmed the conclusion of Mirande (see above) regarding the injurious nature of the gas given off from tar when used for coating roads, yet from extensive observations he thinks the probable injury to vegetation in the open country would be very small. A method of selection applicable to tropical agriculture, P. J. S. Cramer {Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 1910, Sup. 3, pt. 1, pp. -^6^-472),— Attention is called to the wide variability of indigenous plants in the Tropics, and various methods of improvement selection are described. 632 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. The author advises a study of the various types that are presented by wild species which appear to have some economic value, after which seed of all should be collected, planted separately to avoid the possibility of crossing, and again studied. Only those that have superior merit should be introduced into cultivation. In this way many worthless introductions and much waste of time in testing them would be avoided. The inheritance of sizes and shapes in plants, R. A. Emerson (Amer. Nat., JiJf (1910), No. 528, pp. 739-746). — A preliminary account is given of studies on the inheritance of size and shape of fruits of gourds and summer squashes, size and shape of bean seeds, and size of grains and height of stalks in maize. There appears to be a blending of these characters in the Fi generation, fol- lowed by a segregation in the F2. These phenomena, the author states, are more complex than those of the inheritance of color, etc. The author calls attention to some of the possible causes of error in interpret- ing results of this kind. The nature of graft hybrids, D. H. Campbell (Amer. Nat., Jf5 (1911), No. 529, pp. 41-53, flg. 1). — The author gives a description of the graft hybrids of Solanums produced by Winkler (E. S. R., 21, p. 320). The different hybrids were studied, but of these only S. darwinianum appears to be a hybrid in the strict sense of the word. All of the hybrids were propagated by cuttings and, with the single exception of 8. koelretiterianmn, produced ripe fruit which in every case was more or less intermediate in character between the fruit of the nightshade and the tomato. In a number of instances spontaneous reversions were observed, and in the second generation all the seedlings derived from the hybrids reverted to the parent form which the hybrid most nearly resembled. The study of the tissues of S. darwinianum indicated that the subepidermal tissue from which the sporogenous cells develop is of genuine hybrid nature, arising from a fusion of the cells, including the nuclei derived from the two parent forms. The inheritance of color and other characters in tlie potato, R. N. Salaman (Jour. Genetics, 1 (1910), No. 1, pp. 7--'i6, pJs. 29, figs. 2). — The experiments reported were begun in the spring of 1906 and are still in progress, the author giving an account of some of his observations on the inheritance of different characters. He has found among the domestic varieties that the twist of the leaf is a recessive character, while length of tuber and depth of eye are dominant to roundness and shallowness. Purple is dominant to red in the tubers, and red to white. Studies made with some of the wild species of Solanum indicate that Sf. etuherosmn is not subject to the same laws of dominance as the domestic varieties of potatoes. Among the seedlings of this species are some which thus far are immune to attacks of Pliytoplitlwra infcstans, and this immunity on the part of S. ctitherosum has proved to be a recessive character. The author concludes that S. etuberosum may be a hybrid, and, if so, that its parents are possibly native species. The mode of inheritance of stature and of time of flowering in peas, F. Keeble and Miss C. Pellew (Jour. Genetics, 1 (1910) No. 1, pp. 47-56). — The experiments of the authors throw some light on the factors which deter- mine height of peas and the mode of inheritance of earliness and lateness of flowering in this species. It was found that the flowering period was defi- nitely associated with the length of internodes and thickness of the stems. Tall- ness was correlated with the same factors, and early flowering was associated FIELD CROPS. 633 with long internodes. Long internodes were dominant to sliort ones, and late flowering to early. It is stated that attention should be given to these facts in crossing varieties of peas. The nature of the influence in inducing precosity of flowering and physio- logical problems attending the phenomena are not discussed. Studies in the inheritance of doubleness in flowers, E. R. Saunders {Jour. Oenetics, 1 (1910), No. 1, pp. 57-69, figs. 7). — Studies were made with several species and garden varieties of petunias to determine the phenomena connected with doubling of flowers. Single petunias belonging to the forms used, whether self-fertilized or crossed with each other, yielded singles. Cross-bred singles derived from one single and one double flowered parent produced singles when self-fertilized or fertilized among themselves. Singles crossed with pollen from a double yielded doubles in the first generation, and there was some evidence to show that this was in a constant ratio. The stamens in the double flowers were found to be functional, but the pistil was more or less deformed and when fertilized yielded no seed, hence the double character can only be introduced from the staminate side, and this operation must be repeated in each genera- tion. Doubleness was found to behave as the recessive and singleness as the dominant character. White fl.owered varieties of Primula sinensis, F. Keeble and Miss C. Pellew {Jour. Genetics, 1 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-5.) — The authors state that white flowered varieties of P. sinensis are of two liinds, one with red or red- dish stems and the other with green stems. Colored stemmed whites, when crossed with a variety with colored flowers, yield an Fi with white or tinged flowers. Green stemmed whites, when similarly crossed, yield an Fi with colored flowers. It is the purpose of this brief paper to record the existence of what appear to be exceptions to the rule of dominant white among colored stemmed, white varieties. Boot parasitism in Exocarpus, Margaret Benson {Ann. Bat. [London], 2-i {1910), No. 96, pp. 667-677, pi. 1, figs. 3).— A study is reported on species of Exocarpus, a shrub found growing parasitically on a number of species of woody plants. Comparisons are made with Thesium, a plant of similar habit. FIELD CROPS. The interpretation of experimental results, T. B. Wood and P. J. M. Stratton {Jour. Agr. ScL, 3 {1910), No. J,, pp. 417-UO, figs. 10).— The authors discuss the use of frequency curves and the calculation of probable error in the interpretation of experimental data, illustrating the application of probable error methods to questions of sampling for analysis and to field and feeding experiments. The probable error of field experiments was studied by two independent methods and estimated at about 5 per cent of the crop, regardless of the size of plat employed, providing it is 1/80 acre or larger. By the use of large num- bers of plats and systematic duplication, accurate results may be obtained with plats as small as 1 square yard. The use of a single animal on a fattening ration gives a probable error of about 14 per cent of the live-weight increase produced, and in an ordinary experiment it is calculated that at least 29 animals must be used to obtain a precision of 10 per cent. Tables show the number of animals or plats required to attain a given degree of precision. 634 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The breeding of agricultural plants, C. Fruwieth (Die Ziichtung der LwndwirtscliaftUchen KuUarpflanzen. Berlin, 1910, vol. 4, 2. ed. rev., pp. XVI+ 460, figs. 39). — The first edition of this work has already been noted (B. S. R., 19, p. 427), as have revisions of other volumes (E. S. E., 21, p. 543). [Experiments at the Glen Innes Farm with grasses, clovers, and alfalfa], J. E. O'Grady, {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 21 {1910), No. 12, pp. 1061,-1015, pis. 2, figs. 2). — ^A description of the farm and its facilities is followed by a brief progress report of experimental sowings of alfalfa, clovers, small grains, and numerous grasses. Alfalfa gave better results when drilled at the rate of 8 lbs. per acre than when seeded at higher or lower rates. The production of alfalfa, R. G. Oses (Estac. Agr. Expt. Bio Verde, San Luis Potosl, Bol. 6, pp. 76, pis. 6). — This is substantially a reprint of a publica- tion previously noted (E. S. R. 23, p. 535). Value of corn in holding moisture, L. R, Waldron {Farm, Stock, and Home, 27 {1911), No. 3, pp. 102, 103). — The author reports experiments in which corn and wheat were grown continuously on two plats, while the Campbell summer tillage system was used on a third. The most careful alternate summer tillage failed to save as much moisture as was retained by gi'owing a crop of corn each year. On the corn plat the moisture content was increased to a depth of at least 15 ft. and the tenth foot contained nearly as much moisture as any. " Had wheat been grown part of the time, moisture would not have penetrated so deeply." In the fall of 1910 after 4 years' test, the first 10 ft. of soil on the corn plat contained 22.8 in. of water, the wheat plat 14.2 in., and the summer tillage plat nearly 20 in. Experiments in corn cultivation, E. Tarrag6 {Min. Agr. {ArgcnHna'^ Div. Ensenanza Agr. [Pm&.], 4- ser., 1910, No. 10, pp. H, figs. 5). — The author states the methods and describes the varieties used in the test. Morocho and Oriental produced the highest grain yield. Piamontes and Quarantain had the shortest growing periods, 103 and 79 days, respectively. Tables state the yield, shelling percentage, weight per hectoliter, vegetation period, and dates of planting, germination, and maturity for each variety tested. Preliminary observations concerning natural crossing in cotton, H. A. Allard {Amcr. Breeders Mag., 1 {1910), No. 4, pp. 247-261, figs. 2). — The author regards natural crossing as an overlooked factor in cotton breeding and dis- cusses the arrangement of parent types to determine natural crossing. A table shows that about 20 per cent of the bolls observed in a mixed planting of Keenan and Okra were crosses, but he believes that there is strong probability that 40 per cent of the blossoms may be crossed and that crossing is beneficial in selected, but detrimental in unselected, cotton. Cross pollination by various insects is discussed and the results of observations of bees among cotton blossoms stated. Cotton culture, M. Passon {Die Kultur der Baumwollstaude. Stuttgart, 1910, pp. 118, ftgs. 7). — A brief history of the cotton plant and statement of Its original habitat is followed by a classification of the varieties and strains, and discussions of its climatic, soil, and fertilizer requirements, the preparation and planting of the seed, managing the fields, cultivating, topping, harvesting, and ginning, and marketing the crop. Cotton breeding and the utilization of the seed and its products are also dealt with. The chemistry of the Kafir corn kernel, R. O. Baird {Oklahoma Sta. Bui. S9, pp. 3-15, figs. 2). — The author finds that the "Kafir kernel ranks close to corn as a food, as shown by the analyses of the proximate constituents." Kafir corn and Indian corn are estimated to contain 38 and 39.2 lbs. of fermentable material per bushel respectively, capable of producing IS and 19 lbs. of alcohol at a grain cost of 12 and 14 cts. per gallon of alcohol, with corn at 374 cts. and Kafir corn at 30 cts. per bushel. Kafir-corn fat is thought to excel corn oil for the manufacture of soaps and fatty acids but proved valueless as FIELD CROPS. 635 a lubricant. The crop removes less important plaut food from tlie soil than does corn. Results of analyses and of determinations of tlie constants of corn oil are reported and digestion experiments of tlae station previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 277; 12, p. 872) are summarized. Frequent citations are given of the literature of the subject. The chemical composition of Kafir corn, R. O. Baibd and C. K. Feancis {Jour. Indus, and Engiii. Cliem., 2 {1910), No. 12, pp. 521-53Ii, fig. 1). — ^This article presents material noted above. [Growing- Pampas grass in Mexico], L. MaetInez {Estac. Agr. Expt. San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Boh 1, pp. 8). — Suggestions for growing Gynerium argenteum are followed by data on the labor cost of its production in Mexico. [Experiments in peanut culture], A. Schulz {Min. Agr. [Argentina] Div. Ensenanza Agr. [P»5.], //. ser., 1910, No. 11, pp. 16, figs. 3). — Paris green used at a strength of 1 : 1,000 destroyed the vines, so early planting to avoid insect pests is advised. Yields obtained on light, strong, and clay soils are reported in tabular form. The 1,000-kernel weight from hulls containing 1, 2, 3, and 4 kernels ranged from 595.8 to 380.3 gm. on light soil, from 567.1 to 413 gm. on strong soil, and from 625 to 461.2 gm. on clay soil. The shelling percentages of the 1, 2, 3, and 4 kernel legumes were 71, 72, 74.3 and 74.7, respectively. Itemized statements are given comparing the cost of production of the crop by laborers v. students, and oxen v. horses. Tests indicate that hilling is dis- advantageous, especially on strong land, and that to secure uniform germina- tion the dry, unshelled seed should be soaked in water for 24 hours, and then kept in the shade for about 36 hours, or until the germinating kernels burst the hulls. Planting 32 in. apart each way gave too much space. On the production of potatoes of a high, starch, content, W. Cheistie {Tidsskr. Norske Landhr., 11 {1910), No. 9, pp. ^36-^7 ).— This paper gives an account of potato trials conducted at the Hedemarken Exiieriment Station during 1906-1909 and discusses the various factors that influence the yield, quality, and general value of the potato crop. Successive plantings at 10-day intervals, beginning May 10, showed a continuous decrease of total yield and value per acre of crop and of starch percentage. Planting June 20 produced only § as large a yield, with less than ^ the value per acre. The starch ner-- .centage fell from 15.7 to 13.2. A study of the composition of the rice plant, W. P. Kelley and A. R. Thompson {Ilawaii 8ta. Bui. 21, pp. 7-51, charts 2). — The earlier rice work of the station (E. S. R., 20, p. 137; 22, p. 29) is briefly reviewed, and studies re- ported of the effect of fertilization on the composition of the rice plant, the absorption of nutrients by the plant, and the carbohydrates found in it, with frequent references to other work bearing upon the subject. Data are presented for two different crops of rice, including detailed analyses of the plants just before the formation of the flower, at the time of full flower, at maturity, and at the first and second harvests. The authors regard their conclusions, as drawn from this data, as preliminary but probably correct. _ Fertilization with nitrogen, with or without minerals, markedly increased growth at all periods, and considerably increased the percentage of nitrogen found in the dry matter at the first harvest of each crop, but that in the matured plant was not materially changed by fertilizers. Minerals alone or with nitrogen slightly increased the growth in the spring crop but with a corre- sponding decrease in the fall growth. The potash content at every period of growth was higher after the application of complete fertilizer than when nitrogen alone was used. A decreased absorp- tion of potash followed the application of minerals alone. 636 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. During the first period of growth the percentage of phosphoric acid was influenced by fertilizers but not subsequently. The percentages of calcium and magnesium did not vary greatly in the several periods. At maturity the calcium is largely stored in the leaves, the magnesium in the grain. The hydrolizable carbohydrates vary inversely with the nitrogen absorbed During the early growth the percentages of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash are high, but these are gradually reduced during later development. Seasonal variations influence growth and composition especially during the first period. When two- thirds grown the rice plant has taken up about four-fifths its maximum nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and nine-tenths of its potash, so fertilizers should be applied before or soon after planting. Reducing sugars occur in notable quantities at all stages of growth, especially during the first period. Sucrose occurs as a trace during the first period and to the extent of 10.38 per cent during the second, but has largely been converted into starch at maturity. Starch gradually increases from the first period to maturity when it is largely stored in the grain. Pentose-forming bodies con- stitute a large percentage of the plant at every stage, reaching practically a maximum at flowering. Cellulose also almost reaches a maximum in the second period and occurs in large quantities in all parts of the plant except the grain. Eeport of the Krasno-Ufi.msk Industrial School for 1908, S. Levochkin (Abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 (1910), No. 3, p. 402). — The yield of winter rye was increased following a complete fertilizer 74 per cent, with nitrogen and phosphorus 61 per cent, with phosphorus alone 44 per cent, and with nitrogen alone 22 per cent. With kainit the yield was some- times lowered. Influence of the depth of turning under artificial fertilizers on the yields of sugar beets, V. Y. Bukraba and K. F. Mubashko {Khozidistvo, 1909, Nos. 26, 21; ahs. in Zliur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 (1910), No. 1, pp. 110, 111). — These experiments were carried out at the Kiev Poly- technic Institute in 1907 and 1908 on small plats (49 sq. ft. each in 1907 and 204 sq. ft. in 1908). The fertilizers were worked under at depths of 5, 10, 20, and 25 cm. In the rather rainy year 1907 20 cm. proved the most favorable depth, while in the rather dry year 1908 10 cm. proved the optimum. Sugar beet culture and the manufacture of beet sugar, A. Stift and W. Gkedinger (Dcr Zuckcrriibcnbau und die Fabrikation des Riibenzuckers. Vienna and Leipsic, 1910, pp. VIII+667, figs. 273). — This book is intended for the instruction of the embryo technologist and as a ready reference for the mature sugar manufacturer and beet grower. Report of Harvard Experiment Station, E. F. Atkins (Cuba Mag., 2 (1911), No. 5, pp. 25-29). — A report of operations with sugar cane at the Harvard Experiment Station at Cienfuegos, Cuba, where experiments with economic tropical plants are in progress under the auspices of Harvard University. As little rain fell between October 15, 1909, and June, 1910, many foreign varieties were killed. Reports of the condition of the seedling canes showing extracted sucrose in excess of 12 per cent are given, together with numerous analyses of seedlings and rattoon canes. Work of experimental stations in 1909 (Canada Dept. Agr., Tobacco Div. Bui. A9. pp. 51, j)ls. 12). — This bulletin consists of three articles. I. Experimental stations for the growing of tobacco, F. Charlan. — The author gives a brief progress report of work done at the St. Jacques, St. Cesaire, and Harrow stations. II. Work of the tobacco division in the Province of Quebec in 1909, O. Che- valier.— This is a progress report of work done in continuance of that already FIELD CROPS. 637 noted (E. S. R. 22 p. 337). The work done at St. Jacques and St. Cesaire is described in detail. Hybrid, Comstock, and Sumatra produced tlie liigliest yields, 1,875, 980, and 875 lbs. per acre, respectively. In a fertilizer test tlie maximum yield of 1,128 lbs. per acre followed the application of 500 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 300 lbs. each of sulphate of potash and superphosphate, and 15 tons of farmyard manure, per acre. The same mixture without super- phosphate yielded 1,026 lbs. Notes are given on the plant characteristics and the yields of the different varieties grown. The Big Ohio yielded over 2,000 lbs. per acre, and will be further tested. III. Experimental tvork carried on in 1909, W. A. Barnet. — In a test of 6 varieties, Reid Yellow Dent produced the maximum corn yield of more than 135 bu. per acre. Oats proved ill adapted to the soils, and were replaced by wheat, which proved the better nurse crop for clover. Plant bed work indicates that cigar varieties were ready for transplanting from 5 to 8 days earlier than others. Virginia type beds had to be changed from a cotton to a glass covering to obtain sufficiently early plants. Nitrate of soda stimulated plant growth successfully, especially in the final stages, but did not benefit germination. The temperature ranged from 9 to 27° F. higher under glass than under cotton, notably in the afternoon. An application of 625 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 375 lbs. each of sulphate of potash and superphosphate, and 15 tons of manure per acre was followed by a yield of 2,424 lbs. of tobacco per acre, or more than twice that grown on the check plat. Less than 18 lbs. difference in yield followed the use of 375 lbs. sulphate of potash instead of 625 lbs. sulphate of ammonia, each being used with 375 lbs. superphosphate. In curing experiments the process was completed with yellow tobacco in from 3 to 5 days by artificial heat. Formulas are given for guidance in curing yellow and Burley tobaccos. Tobacco growing in British Columbia, F. Charlan (Canada Dept. Agr., Tobacco Div. Bui. AlO, pp. 13). — This bulletin contains suggestions for pro- spective tobacco growers in British Columbia. Notes on the history and changes of varieties of tobacco m Cuba, A. Ponce de Leon (Estac. Erpt. Agron. Cuba Circ. 38, pp. 19-3Ji, pis. 4)- — The author gives historical and botanical notes on each of a number of Cuban tobaccos, and states the relative frequence of their occurrence in the tobacco fields. How to increase the yield of wheat in California, G. W. Shaw (California 8ta. Bui. 211, pp. 255-316, figs. 28). — This bulletin summarizes field and lab- oratory investigations of cereal growing at the California cereal stations at Tulare, Davis, and Ceres, covering several years and in part in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. In 40 trials conducted during 3 years on the university farm at Davis with the average precipitation about 20 in., deep plowing has produced a higher wheat yield than shallow plowing by 8.11 bu. per acre, a percentage increase of 37.40. The barley yield was increased 6.68 bu. per acre or 9.70 per cent, and the succeeding barley crop 8.04 bu. per acre or 46.50 per cent. The importance of summer fallow and a well prepared seed bed are emphasized. Disking as a preparation for spring seeding resulted in a yield of 3.1 bu. per acre more barley than plowing. In experiments testing the effect of deep plowing and green manuring the land was plowed about 8 in. deep at the time of turning under the crop, then either disked or treated with the subsurface packer. The principal results are stated in the following table: 638 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Effect of deep plowing and green-manure crops on wheat yield. Preceding treatment or crop. Yield at Davis, 1907-10. Bare fallow Horsebeans (turned under) Canadian field peas (turned under) . Wheat after wheat Rye and vetch (turned under) Rye (turned under) Bur clover (turned under) 41.6 42.7 43.3 35.6 44.4 48.2 " One year only. The Ceres soil is sandy, tliat at Davis is heavy, normally richer in humus, and more retentive of moisture. The fourth plat at the Ceres station was summer fallowed in 1906 and produced yields of 41 and 26 bu., respectively, in 1907 and 190S. Among crops to be used for green manuring the author believes that the most favorable immediate results can probably be secured by the use of rye and that the experiments indicate the determining factor to be the " mass of green stuff that can be introduced into the soil rather than the character of the material." In the Sacramento Valley peas seeded at the rate of about 100 lbs. per acre have given good results but on the lighter soil of the San Joaquin Valley they do not make so rank a growth. In a fertilizer test at Davis the highest wheat yields, 44.7 and 42.6 bu. per acre respectively, followed applications of (1) 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda, and (2) 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda and 240 lbs. sulphate of potash per acre. The highest barley yield, 22.1 bu. per acre, followed an application of 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda and 2,650 lbs. hydra ted lime per acre, while applications of (1) 200 lbs. of nitrate of soda and 400 lbs. superphosphate and (2) 100 lbs. nitrate of soda, 1,000 lbs. superphosphate, and 120 lbs. sulphate of potash per acre were followed by a yield of 1S.3 bu. in each case. The general conclusions drawn from this series of experiments are summarized in the following table: General effect of various fertiJizers on 3 years' yields of cereals at Davis. Wheat. Barley. Fertilizer. Treated plat. Check. Increase. Fertilizer. Treated plat. Check. Increase. Nitrate of soda Superphosphate Potash Bu. 34.30 32. 24 34.9 Bu. 33.06 33.03 34.1 Bu. 1.24 0.79 .8 Nitrate of soda Superphosphate Potash Bu. 17.1 16.7 16.2 Bu. 1.5.0 14.1 15.2 Bu. 2.1 2.6 1.0 « Decrease. A table states the results of cooperative tests of superphosphate on oats, wheat, and barley grown on various clay and loam soils. Drilling was followed by a yield of 6.37 bu. per acre of barley over broadcast seeding. The wheat yield was similarly increased 3.25 bu. per acre or 10.3 per cent. Four years' tests indicate that wheat sown before December 20 produced 4.07 bu. per acre, or 10.14 per cent more than that sown after January 25. The barley yield was increased 14.89 bu. or 30.5 per cent. Many samples of common wheats about to be used for seed were sieve-graded for comparison against a standard lot of the same variety and the results re- FIELD CROPS. 639 ported in tabular form. Pinched seed gave a 92 per cent germination test but the plantlets were weali. Over 50 per cent of the untreated vs^heat was destroyed by smut in a test in which but 0.33 per cent of that treated with bluestone was lost, 0.98 per cent of that treated with antifungi, a proprietary mixture, 11 per cent with a 1 : 1,000 sulphuric-acid solution, 0.58 per cent with a 1 : 500 sulphuric-acid solution. No smutted heads appeared after the use of a formalin solution (1 lb. to 50 gal. of water). These figures represent average results obtained with 5 varieties. A machine for use in treating wheat to prevent smut is described. Copper sulphate dissolved at the rate of 1 lb. in 2 gal. of water and applied at the rate of 100 gal. per acre killed young mustard and radish plants as well as various other weeds without permanent injury to any cereals. The grain blades turned brown but resumed their usual color within 10 days. One appli- cation of iron sulphate at the rate of 140 lbs. per acre killed about 65 per cent of the mustard. Tables are given showing the yields and more important vegetative charac- teristics of a large number of varieties and hybrids tested. A test of 12 varie- ties indicates that "the wlieats of spreading type have-not equaled the upright growing varieties," and that they are not suited to local conditions in Califor- nia. The hybrid wheats were mostly of the spi'eading type and the author re- gards it as " very doubtful whether they can ever be made desirable wheats for California." In a test of 18 erect-growing wheats at Modesto and Ceres during 1907-10 the highest average yield, 51.4 bu. per acre, was produced by Bolo Blanco, Cereal Investigations No. 2921. In a test of 9 durum wheats during 1908-9 the highest 2 year average, 40 bu. per acre, was produced by Marouani, Cex'eal Investigations No. 2235-2. *In a 3-year test of wheat varieties at Tulare, Theiss Cal. No. 990, produced an average yield of 43 bu. per acre, the highest among the spreading varieties. The highest 3-year average yield of any erect- growing variety was 47.5 bu. produced by the variety Cal. No. 907. Tables state the result of tests of numerous wheat varieties at Davis and in the Sacramento Yalley during 1907-10 in which the results of seeding before and after December 20 were compared. The Chul and Fretes varieties are discussed as promising wheats for Cali- fornia. Historical and other data relative to them are presented, in part from sources already noted (E. S. R., 16, p. 852; 23, p. 338). In milling tests Chul proved aboul*l per cent higher in gluten than the ordi- nary California wheats, but was objected to by millers because of its hardness and the fact that its volume " is slightly less than some otlier wheats. But to offset this, its yield of flour is somewhat greater and the absorptive capacity of the flour is higher," The average yields of Fretes and White Australian wheats at the stations in Stanislaus and Yolo counties were 44.65 and 38.3 bu. per acre respectively, and milling tests showed wet gluten contents of 40 and 38 per cent respectively. Analyses comparing the nitrogenous constituents of 6 varieties are reported. Memorandum, on Indian wheat for the British market, J. Wilson (Agi: Research Inst. Pusa [India] Bui. 20, 1910, pp. JfO). — This paper presents studies on Indian wheat for the purpose of increasing the demand for it in the United Kingdom. Tables present statistical data on the imix)rts of wheat into the United Kingdom, exports from India, and wheat production and prices in the 2 countries, and these subjects and the cleanness, purity, quality, uniformity, moisture content, milling qualities, strength, and color of wheats of India are dis- cussed. Suggestions are given to Indian growers and experts, and British millers are urged to establish certain standards as to the wheat which they will receive. 93315°— No. 7—11 1 640 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, The wheat industry and particularly its organization in France, L. Gou- MEB (Le Commerce du B16 et 8p6cialemeiit de son Organisaiioii en France. Poitiers, 1909, pp. 231). — This thesis gives in part 1 a historical sketch of the commerce in wheat, in part 2 an account of the modern organization of the wheat industry in France, and in part 3 descriptions of the industry in the United States, Russia, and Argentina as exporting countries and of England and Germany as importing countries. At the present time France is regarded as holding a unique position among nations in that so far as wheat is concerned she provides her own needs only. The tariff protective system, it is maintained, has enabled France to develop agriculture advantageously to the country as a whole, and it is prophesied that under a wise protective policy in the future that country will become a wheat- exporting nation. A bibliography of French literature on the subject is included. The distinguishing characters of the seeds of quack-grass and of certain wheat-grasses, F. H. Hillman (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus, Circ. 73, pp. 9, figs. 7). — The author finds that quaclv-grass seed is a common impurity of awnless brome-gi'ass {Bromiis inermds) and certain other commercial seeds, especially those imported from Europe. "The most evident identifying char- acters of quack-grass and wheat-grass seeds appear in the spikelets and their glumes." Directions are given for distinguishing seeds of quack-grass {Agro- pyron repens), slender wheat-grass {A. tenerum), and western wheat-grass {A. occidentaJe), from those of brome-grass. Injurious weeds common in South Dakota, C. Willis and W. L. Burlison {Sonth Dakota Sta. Circ. 1, pp. 16, figs. 6). — This circular deals with the Russian thistle, Canada thistle, wild oats, quack grass, wild buckwheat, and pigeon grass, discussing the damage done to crops, and suggesting remedies. Seed inspection (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 28, pp. 125-lItO). — ^A discussion of seed analysis is followed by tables stating the results of purity tests of samples taken in 1910 and the frequency of occurrence in these samples of each of SI kinds of weed seed. Testing farm seeds in the home and in the rural school, F. H. Hillman {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers" Bui. ff2S, pp. //7, figs. 32). — A discussion of seed trade conditions and the purposes of seed tests is followed by detailed direc- tions for making purity and germination tests on each of the principal kinds of grass, grain, and clover seeds, and fot- making or securing the apparatus used. HORTICTJLTUEE. The manuring of market-garden crops, B, Dyer and F. "W. E. Shrivell {London, 1910, new ed. rev., pp. l^Jf, pis. 22). — The authors have been conduct- ing manuring experiments with vegetables and fruit crops for the past 17 years, the experiments with a number of these crops having run through the whole period. The results for the first 7 years, with an outline of the experi- ments, have been previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 961), and the present report summarizes the results secured for various periods during the 16 years ended in 1909 with cauliflower, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, lettuce, globe artichokes, Jerusalem artichokes, carrots, parsnips, celery, spinach, beet roots, rhubarb, potatoes, onions, leeks, asparagus, lucern, beans, peas, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, plums, strawberries, apples, and cobnuts. In most cases recommendations are given for manuring the crops, except that in the case of the tree fruits the experiments have not been continued sufficiently long to warrant general conclusions. The results of the experiments as a HOETICULTUBE. 641 whole appear to largely support those previously noted. While the use of manure is advantageous to a number of crops, a large portion of the manure can be economically replaced by cheaper commercial fertilizers. The farmer's vegetable garden, W. H. Wicks {Idaho Sta. Bui. 69, pp. 49, figs. 10, dgtns. 2). — The record for 2 years is given of a i-acre vegetable garden established in the spring of 1908 on the horticultural grounds of the Idaho Station for the purpose of securing definite data on methods of culture, yield, cost of production, and the advisability of maintaining such a garden on the farms in Idaho. The value of the products from the i-acre in 190S was $82.19 with net profits of $57.41 ; the corresponding value in 1909 was $98.38 with net profits of $79.22. The conclusion is reached that by judicious arrangement of the garden a continuous supply of vegetables may be secured throughout the season. A plan is given of a farmer's vegetable garden, together with cul- tural suggestions on farm garden crops and recommended varieties. Export of cucumbers {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 1 {1911), No. 1, p. 7). — According to this item experimental shipments of cucumbers from Natal to England proved a complete failure and the exportation of this crop from South Africa to England is considered impracticable. Selected strains of nursery stock {New England Homestead, 62 {1911), No. 12, pp. Jfll, Jil2). — The opinions of several leading horticulturists are given relative to the value of selected scions for the propagation of nursery stock with special reference to the breeding of so-called pedigreed fruit trees. Contribution to the physiology of the g-raft. — Influence of the stock on the scion, G. IlivifjRE and G. Bailhache {Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, 4- ser., 12 {1911), Feb., pp. 95, 96). — In continuation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 20, p. 1131) the results are given of exi^eriments with pears of a number of varieties grafted on the quince and on seedling stock. Analysis of the must of fruits from these various grafts showed that its density is slightly higher for all the varieties of fruits harvested from the scions grafted on quince than from those grafted on seedlings. The total sugar content and the proportion of saccharose and of acidity are likewise more elevated. The results as a whole indicate that the stock either increases or lessens the faculties of the scion. Cleft grafting, C. O. Gouts {Newcomerstown, Ohio, 1910, pp. 48, pis. 8). — ^A popular treatise on cleft grafting. Cold storage, precooling, and shipping deciduous fruit, A. V. Stxjbenrauch {Proc. Oreg. State Hort. Soc, 25 {1910), pp. 31-58).— The author discusses the various factors having important influences on the keeping quality of fruit products, as determined in the fruit storage investigations conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department (E. S. R., 20, p. 840) during the past 8 years. The following factors are considered: The place of production, method of culture, seasonal influence, proper stage of maturity for storing, influence of handling on keeping quality, and influence of prompt cooling. Tlie precooling of fruit, A. V. Stubeneauch {Cal. Fruit Grower, 43 {1911), Nos. 1181, pp. ll-l'i; 1182, pp. 4, 5). — A popular discussion of the principles and practice of precooling fruit as evolved in the fruit storage and marketing investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry (E. S. R., 20, p. 840). The fruits of Germany {Deutschland's Obstsorten, 1-6 {1905-1910), Nos. 1-18, pis. Ilf4, figs. 5'i, with descriptive text). — This serial publication, which is edited by Muller of Diemitz, Gran of Kdrbelitz, and Bissmaun of Gotha in cooperation with a great number of German pomologists, comprises descriptive 642 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. accounts of German fruits. It was issued for the first time in 1905, and con- sists of annual sets of 3 parts eacia, witli descriptions of 4 varieties of fruit in each part. Under each variety is given its ripening period, name, history, a technical description of the fruit, the important characteristics of the fruit 'and tree, and the commercial importance and uses of the fruit, together with any unfavorable qualities. The annual sets thus far noted take up varieties of apples and pears. The full page color plates showing the twig and fruit, including transverse and radial sections, together with the half-tone plates showing the character of the ti*ee growth, are important features of the worli. The apple in Pennsylvania: Varieties, planting, and general care, J. P. Stewart {PeniisyUania Sta. Bui. 106, pp. 3-20, figs. 3). — This bulletin com- prises a resume of observations on apple culture in Pennsylvania made by the author in connection with the orcharding investigations being conducted by the station in cooperation with apple growers in different parts of the State, a report on which progress has been noted (B. S. R., 23, p. 341). The following phases are discussed : Securing early returns, cultural methods and fertilization, purchase and planting of trees, forming the heads and prun- ing, protection of trees, spraying, thinning, picking, handling, and packing of apples, soils, and varieties. In the descriptive list of varieties the relative commercial importance is indicated, and the varieties are further grouped according to their value in different sections of I'ennsylvania and according to their period of maturity. The avocado in southern California, P. W. Popenoe {Pomona Col. Jour. Econ. Bot., 1 (1911), No. 1, pp. 3-24, flffS- 13).— With the view of eliminating the loss which frequently occurs in the establishment of a new industry from the planting of useless varieties, the author has brought together notes on the culture and varieties of avocados in southern California. A list is given of the varieties known in California arranged according to general characters and possible usage, together with a provisional key and descriptions of practically all the varieties in cultivation in California and elsewhere. A new plum from the lake region of Florida, R. M. Harper {Torrcya, 11 (1911). No. 3, pp. 6.'/-67). — The author describes a dwarf plum discovered in the vicinity of Tavares, Fla., in 1909, and for which he proposes the name Prumis gcniculata. Contributions to the history and bibliography of the roselle, P. J. Wester (Bui. Torrey Bot. Clul), 38 (1911), No. 2, pp. 91-98, figs. 2).— This consists of notes on references to the roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) in early botanical literature. Tea culture in the Preanger Regency, Lovink (De Thcccuitiire in de Preangcr RcgenUchappen. Buitcnzorg : Govt., 1910, pp. li'h P^s. 5, dgm. 1, map 1). — This embraces the results of an investigation by the Department of Agri- culture of the Dutch East Indies relative to the native tea industry in the Preanger Regency. It briefly reviews the history of tea culture and experi- ments conducted to improve the industry, describes and studies the native methods of culture, and suggests methods for improving the industry from an economic and cultural standpoint. A handbook of tropical gardening and planting with special reference to Ceylon, H. F. Macmillan (Colombo, Ceylon, 1910, pp. X//+52//+Zy/, figs. 151). — This work includes practically all commercial and ornamental cultures in the Tropics. Section 1, which deals with the principles of gardening, discusses in detail climate, soils, plant life and nutrition, plant food, soil bacteria, etc., manui'es, green manuring, soil operations, propagation, cultural operations, garden and FORESTRY. 643 estate tools and implements, and laying out a garden ; section 2 contains descrip- tions of and cultural notes on tropical, subtropical, and temperate fruits and vegetables suitable for planting at different elevations, spices of tbe Tropics, condiments and seasoning herbs ; section 3 deals in a similar manner with the materials for ornamental and protective planting in the Tropics, including trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, annuals, biennials, tuberous plants, orchids, ferns, water plants, sand-binding plants, etc. ; and section 4 takes up the stand- ard and minor products of Ceylon, as well as a number of miscellaneous prod- ucts such as drugs, oils, dyes, fibers, guttahs, tans, vegetable-wax, etc. Con- sideration is also given to perfume-yielding plants, honey plants, ornamental or curious seeds, pasture, grazing, and fodder plants, edible herbs and flowers, garden and estate enemies and friends, insect pests and fungus diseases with remedial measures, transport and packing of plants, seeds, flowers, etc., storing of seeds, useful references, and calendars of work for different districts of Ceylon. To facilitate reference considerable use has been made of tabular forms con- taining the most essential particulars. A bibliography of works consulted is given. Landscape gardening. — ^How to lay out a garden, E. Kemp (New York and London, 1911, k- ed., pp. XXII+292, pis. 20, figs. 79).— The present edition of this English work has been edited, revised, and adapted to North American conditions by F. A. Waugh. It is stated that in revising the work the aim has been to preserve the advice given by the author, except in case of methods which have been outgrown as a result of the general improvement in the art of landscape gardening. Where mere changes in fashion have occurred, the author's views are retained, accompanied by notes on the present American ideas. The successive chapters discuss the choice of a location, what to avoid, gen- eral principles, the several styles, practical considerations, particular objects, special features, various accessories, and practical directions. Antirrhinums: Their history, culture, and uses, F. W. Hakvey {London [1911], 1. ed., pp. 20, figs. 19). — A popular treatise on the culture of snapdragons. FORESTRY. Sixth conference of the International Union of Forestry Experimental Stations, W. Somerville {Quart. Jour. Forestry, .5 {1911), No. 1, pp. ^5-//8).— A brief report of the conference held in Belgium in September, 1910. The use of artificial manures in silviculture was the subject of many papers, discussions, and demonstrations. The reports as a whole indicated that fer- tilizers may be used to advantage on the very poorest classes of soil as a means of enabling young trees to get through the most critical period of their growth. From a purely financial point of view, however, the use of artificial manure is rarely justified. The discussion relative to the needle-cast disease of Scots and some other pines, which is due to the attacks of a minute fungus, Lophodermium pinastri, brought out the fact that the intensity of the attack depends much on the strain of pine grown, and hence the desirability of procuring seeds from disease- resisting strains (E. S. R., 23, p. 652). Leaf key to the trees of the Northern States and Canada, and a botanical glossary, R. B. Hough {Loxovilic, N. Y., 1910, pp. J,9, pi. 1). — In this key, which is intended to be supplemental to more comprehensive manuals and treatises on trees, the aim has been to include normal leaf types of all of the generally accepted native and naturalized trees north of the latitude of the 644 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. northern boundary of North Carolina and east of the Rocky Mountains. As a further means of identification, brief descriptions of the fruits have also been included. rorest conditions of the Ozark region of Missouri, S. J. Record (Missouri Sta. Bui. 89, PI). 190-2S0, figs. 6, mai) 1). — This report was prepared by the Forest Service of this Department in cooperation with the INIissouri Station with the view of furnishing accurate information concerning the forest resources of the Ozarlv region for use as a basis for future legislation, taxation, and forest management and of making recommendations for inaugurating a new state forestry policy. It contains a general discussion of the region relative to its physiography, ownership of land, taxation, industries, and transportation facilities, forest descrijjtions by counties and by types, second growth and reproduction, silvical descriptions of the most important trees, damage to the forests by various agencies, including destructive lumbering. Are, insects and diseases, wind, and animals, information relative to the various timber and minor forest industries, conclusions and recommendations, and a list of the trees and shrubs of the Ozark region. A map locating the various forest types is appended. Breeding and use of tree crops, J. R. Smith {Amer. Breeders Mag., 1 (1910), No. 2, pp. S6-91). — ^A paper delivered before the American Breeders Association in 1910 in which the author advocates the systematic breeding of tree crops from the standpoint of forage for beast and food for man. Sug- gestions relative to the improvement of various nut trees, mulberries, sugar maples, persimmons, and foreign species, including basket wood, bush forage, paper plants, etc. are given, together with remarks on the adjustment of tree crops that have already been evolved. Breeding to improve physical qualities of timber, G. L. Clothier (Amer. Breeders Mag., 1 (1910), No. 7/, />/). 261-263). — In this paper the author points out a number of variations occurring in timber of the same species with the view of stimulating foresters to systematic attempts at improving the physical qualities of timber. The relative durability of post timbers, J. J. Crumley (Ohio Sta. Bui. 219, pp. 605-6JiO, figs. 18). — With the view of determining the relative durability of different kinds of wood in contact with soil, an examination was made of 292 fences, containing 30,160 posts made out of the following kinds of wood : Osage orange, locust, red cedar, mulberry, white cedar, catalpa, chestnut, oak, honey locust, sassafras, and black ash. The fences examined were mostly in Ohio but included a number in Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, and Texas to gain information relative to the hardy catalpa and the Osage orange, which woods have not been used long in Ohio. This bulletin describes the method of pro- curing data, including the blank forms used, summarizes the data secured show- ing the kind of timber from which the posts were made, the size of post, the age or time of service, the number sound and rotten, and the percentage of sound posts, and comments on a number of fences that have some point of special interest. A table based on the data secured is given showing an estimate of the last- ing quality of the different kinds of timber. In durability Osage orange ap- pears to be far superior to the other woods. Yellow locust and red cedar come next, followed by mulberry, white cedar, catalpa, chestnut, oak, and black ash. As a rule the durability of honey locusts, sassafras, black walnut, white walnut, and elm are poor. The results obtained in this study tend to show that the durability of timbers such as the chestnut and the hardy catalpa have been overestimated. FORESTRY. 645 Among the facts brought out by the investigation, it was found that large posts usually last longer than small ones of the same wood. It makes no dif- ference which end of the post is put in the ground, except that preference should be given to the sounder or larger end. In stiff clay soil the posts gen- . erally rot just beneath the surface of the ground, whereas in porous, sandy, or gravelly soil, they usually rot throughout the buried portion. Posts standing in constantly wet soils last longer than in soils which are alternately wet and dry. Seasoning does not seem to have any marked effect on durability. Tim- ber growing rapidly and in the open is not so good as the same variety growing in the woods. The evidence appears to show that it is not a good time to cut posts just as the tree begins to grow in early spring. The wood at the center of the tree is not so good as that just inside the sap wood. In an average lot of so-called first-class posts on the market a number can usually be selected that are defective, though they may appear sound and firm. The defectiveness is usually indicated by a somewhat darker color than normal, especially near the center of the tree. Tests of shortleaf yellow pine treated for sap stain {Engin. Rec, 63 (1911), No. 7, p. 18S). — Average results of static bending tests on natural, sap- stained, and soda-dipped lumber made at the Forest Products Laboratory of the Forest Service of this Department at Madison, Wis., are here given. They indicate that soda dipping to prevent sap stain does not materially affect the strength or surface hardness of lumber. Comniunication on the structure and life of spruce roots and investiga- tions on the influence of various cultural practices on the root development, Matthes {AUg. Forst ». Jagd Ztg., 87 {1911), Jan., pp. 1-6, pis. 2). — Numerous citations are made to show that the spruce is a shallow-rooted tree, usually insecurely anchored, and that the root development is influenced by the nature of the soil and food supply. Results are then given of a number of cultural experiments conducted by the author in the establishment of spruce stands on sandstone and shell-lime soils. Chemical fertilizers were successfully used on both types of soil but at too high a cost. The culture of spruce in connection with locusts and alders has acted very favorably on the root development of spruce. The feeding roots of the spruce attach themselves closely to the roots of the locust, following the locust roots downward throughout their course. The author attributes the principal bene- ficial effect on spruce when grown in connection with alder to the assimilation by the spruce roots of the dead nitrogen nodules on the roots of the alder. In afforesting arable lands with spruce, I'ows of hardy lupines planted be- tween the spruce rows serve to check the extensive development of shallow lateral roots and create a greater number of anchorage roots which follow the downward course of the dead lupine roots. The use of lupines in connection with spruce on moorlands and in clear cuttings in forests considerably increased the top and root development of spruce but at a rather high cost. The author suggests that the attacks by grubs of May beetles in arable soil may be one of the important causes of root rot and wound rot. With a view to creating a deeper root system and thus preventing danger from mechanical injury, as well as from attacks of grubs, the use of lupines and preliminary plantings of alders is recommended. Tapping" experiments with Kickxia elastica, A. Zimmermann (Pflanzer, 7 (1911), No. 1, pp. 1-10). — Tapping experiments with young K. elastica trees conducted at Amani, German East Africa, are reported. The quarter-section method of tapping gave the largest yield, although the author is of the opiuion that generally speaking the herring-bone tapping system g46 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. will give the best results. Profitable tapping operations were conducted with 6-year-old trees. The quantity of latex appears to increase with the age and diameter of the tree, although in some cases slender trees produced relatively high yields. The author points out that trees showing high yields do not necessarily sustain these high yields from year to year, hence in selecting seeds it is advisable to select from trees which show a contmuous high yield. No con- clusions are thus far drawn as to the damage to the trees from repeated tappings. Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in Southern Nigeria (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Eensington], 8 (1910), No. J,, pp. 341-346).— Analyses are reported on sam- ples of rubber secured in 2 series of tapping experiments conducted on young Para trees in 1909. The rubber was quite equal in quality to the plantation Para from Ceylon and Malaya. The yields thus far obtained are promising. The rubber of Mascarenhasia elastica (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington], 8 (1910), No. Ji, pp. 3Ji6-352). — The analyses are given of a number of speci- mens of 21. elastica rubber from the East African Protectorate, Pemba, and Portuguese East Africa. The product is of good quality, although no definite information is at hand relative to the commercial possibilities of this species. Third biennial report of the state forester of the State of California, G. M. HoMANs (Bien. Rpt. State Forester CaL, 3 (1909-10), pp. 160, figs. 21).— Chapter 1 of this report contains a general description of forest conditions in California, including notes on species. The succeeding chapters discuss various forest problems, including forest protection in southern California, northern California, and the redwood belt, the proposed state system of fire protection, recommendations regarding tree squirrels, forest management, forest extension with notes on trees recommended for various purposes, the forest laws, and expenditures, with a summary of recommendations. Beport of the state forester of Wisconsin for 1909-10, E. M. Griffith (Rpt. State Forester Wis., 1909-10, pp. 136). — This report deals largely with the present forest conditions and recommendations for their improvement along the lines of forest legislation, administration, extension, protection, educa- tion, etc. Annual report of the director of forestry of the Philippine Islands for the period July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1910, G. P. Ahern (Ann. Rpt. Dir. Forestry P. I., 1910, pp. 25). — This consists of a progress report of forest opera- tions conducted during the year by the divisions of administration and investi- gation, including statistics relative to the certification of public lands, utiliza- tion of forest products, amounts of important timber species cut, imports and exports of forest products, revenues, and expenditures. Oflacial proceedings of the division of forestry of the Eoyal Prussian Ministry for Agriculture, Domains, and Forests, 1909 (Amtl. Mitt. Abt. Forsten E. Preuss. Min. Landw. [etc.], 1909, pp. IV+47). — A statistical review for the year, with comparative data for a few previous years, showing the im- ports and exports of forest products, average prices of timber by volume and species, hunting permits, forest accidents and offenses, the details relative to the administration of domains, forest areas, yields of major and minor forest products, revenues, and expenditures, as well as considerable miscellaneous information. Forestry, P. P. Wells (N. Y. State Ed. Dept. Bui. 479, 1910, pp. 147-158).- A brief review of various phases of forest legislation enacted in different por- tions of the United States during 1907-8. Publications of the Forest Service (U. S. Dept. Agr., Dlv. Pubs. Circ. 11, pp. 6). — A list of Forest Service publications available JMarch 3, 1911, for free distribution. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 647 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the vegetable pathologist, D. McAlpine (Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. [Vic- toria], 1907-1910, pp. Ii'/~61, pis. 3). — A brief synopsis is given of the work done during each year for the past 3 years, including experiments, diseases investi- gated, and publications issued on plant diseases. Report on the prevalence of some pests and diseases in the West Indies, for the year 1909-10. — I, Fungoid diseases, F. W. South {West Indian Bui., 11 {1911), No. 2, pp. 13-85). — The author discusses the principal diseases of the West Indian Islands, especially with reference to their general prevalence and important attaclvs of local occurrence. Of the more serious and widely distributed diseases the following are noted : Root disease of the sugar cane {Marasmius sp.), bacterial cotton boll disease, cacao canker and black rot of the pods, and root disease of the imported varieties of peanuts. The genus Fusarium, O. Appel and H. W. Wollenwebee {Art). E. Biol. A7ist. Lmid u. Forstio., 8 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-207, pis. 3, figs. 10).— TMs is a rather elaborate monograph of this genus, in which the authors discuss the previous scope of the genus, methods used in the present investigation, varia- tions in forms produced in culture media, morphology and biology of variant forms, systematic relationships of the known species, the present scope of the genus, and the relationships of Fusarium to higher fruit forms. In the second part of the monograph, the taxonomic characteristics and rela- tionships of 13 species are discussed, of which 9 are described as new species or new combinations. The genus TJromyces, II, P. and H. Sydow {MonograpMa Uredinearum sen spcclenan omnium ad Iiunc usque diem cognitarium descriptio et adumbratio systematica. II, Genus Uramyoes. Leipsic, 1910, vol. 2, pp. XIX+lJf5-396, pis. 9). — This number completes the taxonomic discussion of the genus Uromyces and includes fungus and host indexes of the entire genus. On the morphology and physiology of the development of Pestalozzia palmarum, H. Leininger {Ccntbl. Bald, [etc.], 2. Abt., 29 {1911). No. 1-3, pp. 3-35, figs. 15, dgm. 1), — The author found that the spores of this fungus were produced in pycnidia, pseudopycnidia, sori, and singly on the hyphte, according to the kind of culture metlia used. The production of pycnidia is best obtained in liquid media from which a portion of the nutrient substances has been withdrawn. Pycnidia can also be produced by transferring some of the mycelium from the surface of the im- poverished liquid culture into a water culture. Pseudopycnidia are formed in the air on a damp substratum and also on a liquid culture which is deficient in richer materials. Mycelium from a liquid culture when transferred to a damp chamber forms pycnidia. The sori and single spores are only produced in liquid cultures, the former in maltose, cane sugar, mannite, galactose, and arabinose, while both sori and spores born sihgly on the hyph?e are developed in cultures of grape sugar, cane sugar, maltose, and mannite, to which salts containing nitrogen and phosphorus have been added. When the fungus is grown in 10 per cent solutions of citric and tartaric acids, germination and growth are abnormal. A new host for Claviceps, H. Groh (Mycologia, 3 {1911), No. 1, pp. 37, 38, fig. 1). — Attention is called to a species of Claviceps parasitic on Carex stellii- lata angustata, a sedge which constituted a large part of a shipment of wild hay from Quebec, Canada. All attempts to germinate the sclerotia, which resembled both macroscopically and microscopically the ordinary Claviceps sclerotia on grasses, were unsuccessful. Smut infection experiments with reference to breeding smut-resistant varieties of barley, J. Broili {Natiino. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 9 {1911), No. 648 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 1, pp. 53-55). — ^A further report (B. S. R., 23, p. 741) is made on infection ex- periments in which certain varieties of barley showed marked immunity against smut (UstUago hordei tecta). Wart disease of potatoes (Synchitrium endobioticum), G. T. Malthouse (Harper-Adams Agr. Col. [Biil.J, 1910, ^'ov., pp. IfO, pis. 15). — This is an ex- tended discussion of the wart disease of the potato as found in England, includ- ing the life history of the disease, infection of host, time of infection, spread of the disease, and conditions favoring its development. The results are given in tabulated form of experiments conducted during 1909 and 1910 on resistant varieties and fungicides. The disease was found to be fairly prevalent over the greater part of England, but limited, however, in most instances to gardens and allotments. The application of raw night soil tended to increase the severity of an attack. In the variety and fungicide trials of 1909 and 1910 no fungicides of any value for controlling the disease were found, but some 24 varieties of potatoes proved to be immune, from which selections suitable for various classes of soils may be made. Some of the immune varieties never produced a good crop unless they were boxed and well sprouted before planting. The disease also developed on apparently sound tubers in storage. The manure from hogs when fed the dis- eased raw tubers proved capable of infecting healthy soil. A bacterial disease of potato and tomato, K. Bancroft (Agr. Bui. Siraits and Fed. Malay States, 9(1910), No. 12, pp. 478-480).— The occurrence of this disease (Bacillus solanacearuin) on tomatoes in one district of the Malay States is reported. The leaf-splitting' disease of sugar cane (gele strep enziekte), G. Wil- BRiNK and F. Ledeboer (Medcd. Proof stat. Java-Saikeriiidiis., 1910, No. 39, pp. 443-495, dgnis. 7). — The authors describe the characteristics of this disease, and discuss its dissemination, probable causes, the damage done by it, and methods for its control. The rejection of all diseased canes as seed, and the use of seed canes known to be perfectly sound and of varieties resistant to the disease are advised. A bacterial disease of swedes, J. H. Priestley and A. E. Lechmere (Jour. Agr. Sci., 3 (1910), No. 4, irp. 390-397).— The results are given of a study of a soft rot of swedes. The disease is attributeecies and subspecies of birds which occur in Illinois and Wisconsin, the total number being 398, with de- scriptions of their various plumages, nests and eggs, and geographical distri- bution, together with more or less brief biographical notes concerning them. A key to the eggs of the more common species and a bibliography, chronologi- cally arranged, are included. A systematic and descriptive catalogue of the birds of Argentina, R. Dab- BENE {An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3. ser., 11 {1910), pp. XIV+513, figs. 87, ffiap xy — Part 1 of this volume is devoted to a consideration of the characters that are of value in the classification of birds ; part 2 to the geographical dis- tribution of the species that occur in Argentina. A bibliography is appended to both parts and a systematic index, an alphabetical list of the anatomical and other scientific terms used, and an author's index are included. The echinostomids parasitic in birds, E. Deitz {Zool. Jahrl)., 1910, Sup. 12, No. 3, pp. 265-512, pis. 6, figs. 78). — Tables are given of the species of echinos- tomids and their hosts. Representatives of 32 genera are considered and a bibliography arranged in chronological order is appended. Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, C. W. Stiles and A. Hassall {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bui. 39, pt. 33, pp. 2509-2582).— This part lists the literature by authors from "W to Werbitzki. Third annual report of the state entomologist of Indiana, B. W. Douglass {Ann. Rpt. State Ent. Ind., 3 {1909-10), pp. 266, pis. 2, figs. J^S).— This report includes accounts of Insects Affecting the Apple (pp. 97-127) ; Insects Affecting the Grape (pp. 194-204) ; Miscellaneous Insect Notes (pp. 211-221) ; insecticide formulas (pp. 222-226) ; and an account of Beekeeping in Indiana, by G. S. Demuth (pp. 227-25S). Report of the state entomologist [of Maine], E. F. Hitchings {Agr. of Maine, 1909, pp. 283-31^, 31 i a-314 I, p/.s. ii).— This, the author's fifth annual report, briefly discusses the more important insect pests of the year and nursery inspection work. A report by E. E. Philbrook, special field agent in charge of gipsy-moth work, is appended. Thirty-two counties were scouted, 22 being found infested by the gipsy moth. Report of the entomologist [of Nebraska for 1909], L. Bkuner {Ann. Rpt. Nel)r. Bd. Agr., 1909, pp. 227-265). — Several separate papers are presented in this report, namely. The Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths, and The House-fly and Allies, by L. Bruner; Some Insects which Attack the Planted Seed of Cereals, by M. H. Swenk ; Seed Weevils or Bruchidos, by R. W. Dawson ; Some Lepidop- terous Larvse which Normally Feed on Plant-lice, by C. H. Gable ; The Economic Value of our Chrysopas, by W. C. Thompson ; and The Bedbug, by J. T. Zimmer. First report on economic biology, W. E. Collinge {Rpt. Econ. Biol., 1 {1911), pp. VIII +78, figs. 32). — This report is divided into 6 parts: (1) Animals in- jurious to farm and garden produce; (2) animals injurious to fruit trees; (3) animals injurious to forest and ornamental trees; (4) plant diseases due to fungi; (5) animal parasites and diseases; and (6) miscellaneous pests. Among the insects considered at some length are the bulb mite ( Rhisoglyphus echinopus), which was the source of considerable loss; the crane fly {Pacliy- rhina maculosa), the larviB of which destroyed tulip bulbs; the pear thrips, which appeared in large numbers in plum blossoms in the Evesham district during 1909 and to a smaller extent in 1910 ; the bud moth, which became a pest in Midland orchards; and the horse bot-fly, an account of which has been pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 165). ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 655 Some insects injurious to truck crops. — Notes on various truck-crop insects, F. H. Chittenden (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 82, pt. 1, pp. 83-93, fig. 1 ) . — In notes on the natural enemies of the Colorado potato beetle mention is made of several insect enemies, niimQly, Pterosticlius lucublandus, Apateticus (Podisus) marginiventris, Perilloides {Perillus) bioculatt^s, and Euthyrhynchus floridanus, and of several wild bird enemies and guinea fowls. Notes follow on the potato stalk-borer, maggots {Lonchcca lotigicornis, Euxesta nitidiventris, and E. thomce) affecting yams in the South, notes on the feeding habits of blister beetles (Epicaiita spp.), and notes on beau and pea weevils, including their European nomenclature. Insects attacking the sweet potato in Hawaii, D. T. Fullaway (Hawaii Sta. Bui. 22, pp. 31, figs. 10). — The author here presents an account of the chief injurious insects of the sweet potato in Hawaii, their life history, habits, natural enemies, etc., with suggestions for their control. The sweet potato is one of the most important vegetables grown in the Territory, being cultivated everywhere in gardens and larger areas. The cutworms that have been reported to attack the sweet potato at times have not been observed by the author. The sweet potato sphinx moth {Pro- toparce convolvuli) often becomes destructive to wild Ipomcea vines, completely stripping the foliage and is at times injurious to sweet potatoes. A parasite (Pcntarthron semifuscatnm) assists in holding it in check. The sweet potato leaf miner (Bedellia orchilella) is said to be fairly well held in check by a chalcidid (Otnphale metallicus) , which parasitizes the larvae. The sweet potato stem borer (Ompltisa anastomosalis), a species of apparently recent introduc- tion from China, was first observed in Hawaii about 1900 since which time it has been increasing and promises to be a serious pest if not checked by natural enemies. An ichneumon fly (Pristomerus sp.) has been bred from the larva but the extent to which it parasitizes the stem borer is not known. The sweet potato leaf roller (Phlyctccnia despccta), which is common in the mountains on wild species of Ipomcea, has recently been observed to attack sweet potato plants. It feeds on the underside of the leaves, eating through to the epidermis of the upper surface. While at times very injurious, it is usually well con- trolled by parasites. The author has bred Limneriiim hlackhuriii from the larvfe of these moths in great numbers. Chelonus ilackhurni and Chalcis oh- scurata also have been bred by Perkins, and a common wasp, Odynerus nigripen- nis, has been observed gathering the caterpillars. The tortricid leaf roller Amorbki emigratclla, a pest known in Hawaii since 1900, is thought to have been introduced from Mexico. The lai'vre have been found by the author on various plants in addition to sweet potatoes. They are parasitized by Chalcis obscurnta. There are said to be 2 weevils that attack the tuber of the sweet potato in Hawaii. The smaller species, which is thought to be the West Indian form Cryptorhynchus batatw, is the commoner of the two, the author having found it infesting sweet potatoes from Maui and Oahu, although not generally preva- lent. The larger weevil, the widely distributed Cylas formicarius, is not very common in Hawaii, though its occurrence at Lahainaluna, Maui, in 1907 brought it into prominence. Several minor pests of the sweet potato mentioned are NesGsydne ipomoeicola and Aloha ipommc, 2 common leaf hoppers: Plusia chalcites, which attacks the foliage; a mealy bug (Pseudococcus sp.) ; a scale insect (Saissetia sp.) ; and the Japanese beetle (AdoreUis tenuimaculatus). The leaf hoppers are highly parasitized by Anagrus; Stylops, and Echthrodelphax and are of no importance as pests. Plusia is not very destructive and is heavily parasitized by tachinid flies. The coccids are of no great importance and the Japanese beetle only 93315°— No. 7—11 5 656 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. occasionally becomes troublesome. Beneficial insects mentioned include wasps of the genera Odynerus and Pollstes wliich prey on caterpillars, and several predaceous bugs, including CEcJialia grisea, Zelus renardii, and Reduviolus hlacJcburni. Insects attacking' mealies, C. P. Van Der Merwe (Dept. Agr. Orange River Colony, Biol. Div. Leaflet 9, pp. 16). — The species mentioned as attacking grow- ing corn in Orange Pdver Colony are cutworms, the stalk borer (Sesamia fiisca), and the beard grub or cob worm (Heliothis armiger). The thrips insects of tea, C. B. Antram {Indian Tea Assoc. [Pamphlet] 3, 1909, pp. 9, pis. 2). — A serious outbreak of thrips on tea at Darjeeling is re- ported for 1908. There are 2 species of thrips which occur together on and injure tea plants at that place during the height of the season and a third species that occurs largely in the flowers and to some extent in the buds of the tea plant during the cold weather. These species are referred to as the common, black, and yellow thrips. " The effect of thrips on the bush is to arrest the growth of the young leaves and shoots to a remarkable degree, the young leaves after a time falling off of their own accord or on being touched, and this has a serious effect in weak- ening the bush. The leaf is hard and brittle and does not make good tea ; in fact it is the general opinion of the local planters that there is a loss of flavor when the bushes are attacked by thrips." The importance of cooperation in combating these pests is emphasized. The apple and pear membracids, H. E. Hodgkiss {New York State 8ta. Tech. Bui. 17, pp. 81-112, pis. 8). — The discovery, during the course of investiga- tions of fruit insects, of the presence of eggs in wounds in the bark and in the buds led the author to conduct the studies here reported. Prior to these investigations the deposition of eggs in the buds was an unrecognized habit of these insects. Two species, Ceresa taurina and C borcalis, were found to oviposit in the buds, while the buffalo tree hopper (C iubalus) and Stictocephala inermis lay their eggs in the bark of the young wood, causing characteristic scars. Five uymphal instars were found in each of the 4 species. The nymphs of these species may be recognized in their dif- ferent stages principally by the structure of appendages, the character of the spinosity of the body, and the coloration. The author finds that in general trees and shrubs serve chiefly for the deposition of eggs and as food for the adults, while more succulent foods are necessary to sustain the younger stages. Thus the species breeding on apples and pears depend on succulent weeds and plants for the sustenance of the nymphs, the range of host plants being quite extensive. The injurious species are those which slit the bark during the itrocess of oviposition, ti'ees thus attacked often being stunted in growth and the branches vv'eakened by continual scarification. These injuries are often aggravated by destructive fungi and insects which find lodgment in the wounds. C. huhalis is the more destructive to apple and pear wood, while 8. inermis does not cause injuries of an important nature. The insertion of eggs between the bud scales by C. taurina and O. horealis appears to have no detrimental influence on the development of the buds. Succulent shoots of pear, when used in the laboratory for food for nymphs, were always girdled about the larger portion of the stem. " Such work is always present on the more succulent food plants, and of these the thistles are apt to show the effects of the girdling most severely." " The imago appears about the middle of July. In 1908 the first individuals of C bubalus were seen on July 2, but the insects were not numerous until July 20. . -During the season o:f 1910 a large number of the adults of S. inermis were collected on July 12. but C. bubalus and C. borealis at this time were ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 657 rather rare. G. taurina was not obtained until July 20, at which time all species were abundant. ... In general, adults of the species mentioned may be found over a i^eriod beginning about the middle of July and ending with the first heavy frost. . . . Specimens of 8. inermis, which transformed to adults in the laboratory June 30, commenced to lay eggs on July 20. Under natural conditions the earliest oviposition was noticed on August 1, but the egg scars were not abundant until a few days later. . . . During 1908 no eggs of Chorealis or C. taurina were found until August 24. Adults of 8. inermis reared in the laboratory usually made 2 egg scars in one evening. Occasionally 4 slits in the bark for the reception of the eggs were cut in 1 day. One individual made 59 scars during July and August in which 2-52 eggs were deposited. Another female inserted 212 eggs in 39 wounds during the same period. . . . Hatching takes place about April 20, according to the season, and nymphs of the first stages may be found in goodly numbers on apple and pear trees until May 24. . . . The number of days from hatching to maturity of 20 nymphs of C taurina in the breeding cages was 47 days. The first and second instars averaged 8 and 7 days respectively; the third instar 7 days; the fourth instar 9 days; the fifth instar or pupal stage lasted 16 days. These records correspond very well with those of the nymphs growing under natural conditions, which averaged 7 days to an instar." Egg parasites are said to have been quite prominent during the past 3 years, 2 species having been bred {Polynema striaticorne and Ottys ceresarum) which attack the eggs of all 4 membracids. The author presents a historical review, technical descriptions of the stages, an account of the habits of the adults, their destructiveness, and a synonymic bibliography, for each of the 4 si^ecies. Clean cultivation to prevent the growth of the hosts of the nymphs is thought to be the most practical and efiicient remedy for the prevention of injury by tree hoppers. The periodical cicada in 1911, 0. L. Marlatt (C. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 132, pp. 6, figs. //). — This circular furnishes information concerning the 2 important broods of periodical cicada that will appear during 1911. One of the broods belongs to the 17-year race and extends from New York southward into North Carolina, in general lying east of the Allegheny Mountains. The other is one of the largest brood of the southern, or 13-year, race and covers the lower half of the Mississippi Valley. Attention is called to the fact that the damage caused by these broods is usually slight, except in the case of newly planted orchards, and that even here, by vigorous pruning back after the cicada has disappeared, much of the injury caused by the ef;g punctures can be obviated. Spraying', fumig'ating', and dipping for the control of San Jose scale, T. B. Symons, L. M. Peairs, and. E. N. Cory (Maryland 8ta. Bui. IJfS, pp. Ifl-Sl, figs. 3). — The authors first report briefly upon spraying tests made of 12 lime-sulphur and 8 oil mixtures on apples and peaches. The results indicate that the lime- sulphur solutions when properly applied are as effective as miscible oils in the control of scale on apple. They also show that the standard miscible oils can be employed on apple trees with safety. A comparison of fall and spring treat- ments seems to show a slight preference for fall treatment. The fumigation and dipping experiments reported are summarized as follows : '• Instantaneous immersion at normal temperature, is the only practical method that can be employed. Spring dipping seems to be inadvisable, because the growth is retarded to a marked extent. Fall dipping with lime-sulphur mix- tures gives promise of becoming very useful, as a supplementary treatment for nursery stock. All oils killed or injured the tops of so many of the trees, that they proved useless as dips. Hydrocyanic-acid gas produced no undesirable 658 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. effects on the growth of the trees. While it can not be considered as a 'perfect; remedy for ridding trees of scale yet it is the best preventative that may bei employed. At the same time its power to kill all scale is not constant. It' appears that whale-oil soap as a fall dip is promising, but more extensive tests with various types and strengths must be made before definite conclusion can be reached. . . . The results herein recorded have justified further tests of lime-sulphur and whale-oil soap, and experiments with these will be conducted in the fall of 1910." The terrapin scale, T. B. Symons and E. N. Cory {Maryland Sta. Bui. lJf9,' pp. 83-92, pi. 1). — This bulletin includes a report of biological studies and con- ti'ol experiments conducted during 1909-10. While the terrapin scale was luiown to occur in Maryland in 1898, it was not recognized as of economic importance until 1906, in the fall of which year it was reported from Frederick and Washington counties, its injury in 1 or 2 orchards being quite severe. During the past 2 years it has spread rapidly, so far as known the most serious outbreaks having occurred in Kent, Washington, and Anne Arundel counties. The loss to orchardists is not so much from injury to the trees as to the fruits, due to a black fungus which develops in the honey- dew, rendering the fruit unsalable at remunerative prices. The scale locates on the outer limbs and branches causing them to become stunted and the leaves to drop off. In observations made during 1910, the first larvte appeared June 4, eggs continuing to hatch for as long as 6 weeks. " The larvfe immediately crawled to the leaves and settled along the midrib and veins, usually on the underside. Here, the larvte become considerably longer than broad, are translucent, appearing as greenish white spots. Development con- tinues on the leaves, the scales remaining here for about 6 or 8 weeks, the males reaching maturity. They fertilize the females which then return and settle permanently on the underside of the smaller twigs and branches. The first record of their return to the twigs is August 13. Here, the females continue to develop through late summer and early fall, wintering as partially mature insects." " So far as observed the terrapin scale infests peach, plum, maple, and apple. Peach seems to be its favorite food plant in this State, although we have found plum trees badly infested. Infested twigs of i"ed maple were sent in from Frederick County and the scales vrere observed on apple twigs taken from a tree that stood in the midst of a badly infested peach orchard." CoccopJiagus lecanii, the parasite most abundant in 1910, was reared from practically every lot of terrapin scale collected though seldom in large numbers, and 2 other chal- cidid species, ApJtycus stoniachosus and Encyrtus sp., w^ere reared in small numbers. While experiments conducted in 1906-7 (E. S. R., 19, p. 859) indicated that both miscible oils and lime-sulphur would control the pest, it has since been found that lime-sulphur has but little, if any, effect, the terrapin scale having spread enormously in orchards that have been properly treated annually with this mixture. In experiments conducted in the fall of 1909 and spring of 1910 " soluble oil at the rate of 1 : 13 proved dangerous when sprayed in the fall, but proved very effective in the spring, with no damage to the buds, either in double or single application. At the rate of 1 : 20, sprayed when the fruit buds showed pink, no damage occurred to any trees, and the scale was controlled, though not entirely eradicated. Spray-On, at the rate of 1 : 12, required a double application in order to be effective. No damage to trees. Scalecide, at the rate of 1 : 10, sprayed in the fall, proved effective in controlling the scale, and showed no damage to the ti'ees. A double application killed the few re- maining scale not hit by the fall application, but killed buds and small twigs. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY- — ENTOMOLOGY. 659 The single spring application killed 45 per cent of the scale, and did not injure the trees." Spraying experiments in which a 10 per cent solution of kerosene emulsion and Nico Sul 1 : 240 and 1 : 4S0 were used show that summer spraj-ing for the pest is impracticable, due to injury to the fruit and foliage and to the extended period during which the larvse are crawling. For the best results it is recom- mended that standard miscible oils be employed at a strength of 1 : 15, applied to the trees just as late in the spring as is possible before the buds open. A bibliography of 19 titles relating to the subject is appended. The codling moth, L. Caesar (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 187, 1911, pp. 40, figs. 21). — The results of a study of the life history and control of the codling moth in Ontario extending over 2 shears are included in this general account. Observations made in 1910 of the date of pupation, length of the pupal stage, and date of emergence of moths in the spring are reported in tabular form. It is said that in 1910 the spring was abnormally warm in the early part and very cold later on. The periods passed in the pupal stage varied from 57 days for larva pupating on April 22 to 14 days for one pupating on June 14, the rearing being made in glass vials out-of-doors under natural conditions of tem- perature. In 1909 the first moth emerged June 12 and the last July 25; in 3910 the first appeared May 29, the second June 6, and the last July 22. The in- formation presented shows that the moths continue to emerge in spring during a period of about a month and a half, which means that the larvse continue to hatch out and enter the fruit for a similar period of time. Out of a total of 63 moths for which the date of emergence was kept during the spring of 1910, 35 emerged between June 20 and 25, or 3 weeks or more after the blossoms had fallen. In the author's longevity observations several moths, both of the spring and later brood, lived as long as 10 days, but the greater number died in 3 or 4 days. In 1910 eggs were first found June 15, at Guelph. It is estimated that for the 2 seasons during which observations were made, approximately 80 per cent of the first brood eggs were deposited on the leaves, 18 per cent on the fruit, and 2 per cent on the twigs. Although eggs were sometimes found 6 or more feet away from the nearest apple, in frequent, examinations of fruitless trees situated near trees with fruit, a total of but 2 eggs was discovered. Thirty-six was the maximum number of eggs observed to be deposited by caged moths. The incubation period of the eggs during the early and later part of the season averaged about 10 days. About 7 days were passed in the egg stage during the warmest weeks, although in early August larvie were observed to hatch out in as soon as 5 days. The average number of first-brood larvre entering apjjles through the calyx was a little more than 75 per cent. Pears were found to have an even higher percentage of calyx entrance than apples, counts for 1909 and 1910 showing 90 per cent entering in this way. The average period passed by larv* in the fruit during July and August was found to be about 26 days ; in September and October 50 or more days may be spent in the fruit. Attention is called to the fact that in many cases the exit hole is situated in a different part of the fruit from the entrance and that the presence of 2 worm holes in an apple does not necessarily indicate that 2 larvte have entered it. In banding experiments made on 2 trees in 1909 in which a total of 621 larvae were collected, 10 times as many came up from the ground as came down the tree, while in observations made on one tree in 1910 in which 150 larvae were collected, 4 times as many larvae left the fruit after it fell as before. Observations made in 1909 show that at Guelph the earliest larva leaves the fruit between July 10 and 26. In the Niagara district the date is somewhat 660 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. earlier and probably ranges from July 4 to 10. Band records for 1909 and 1910 at Guelyli show that the largest number of larvae emerge between August 21 and 31, twice as many having left the fruit in this period as in any other period of equal length. Of 438 larvae of the first brood collected from under bauds on trees at Guelph between July 11 and September 1, 35 or 8 per cent developed and emergetl as moths, but as other larvse had not left the fruit by September 1, the author is of the opinion that 5 or 6 per cent would be nearer the average number that transform there in the fall. These change to pupae in a week or so after spinning up and about 2 weeks later emerge as moths and lay eggs for a second brood of larvse. August 1 in 1909 and July 29 in 1910 were the dates of earliest emergence of the new brood of moths from the Niagara district, while at Guelph they did not appear until about a week later. At Stoney Creek 3 newly laid eggs of the second brood were found on August 4 at which time all the first-brood eggs had apparently hatched and the last larvae had entered the fruit. In summarizing observations made at Guelph, it is found that the maximum time as a larva in the cocoon was 11 days, the mini- mum 5, and the average 8 ; the maximum time as pupa 21 days, the minimum 14, and the average nearly IS ; and the maximum total time in the cocoon 28 days, the minimum 24, and the average 25^. At Guelph the last larva pupated on August 5 and emerged August 30. In well-sprayed orchards nearly all the second brood larvae enter from the side, as those that attempt to enter at the calyx end are killed by the arsenical ; in unsprayed orchards it is estimated that an average of about 50 per cent enter by the calyx. In examinations made during the spring as high as 90 per cent of the larvae have been found to be destroyed by natural enemies, the chief of which are birds, beetle larvae {Tenehrioides sp. ) and diseases. This teuebriouid larva was observed attacking both larvae and pupae, the number destroyed being quite large. About 5 per cent of the larvae were found in the spring to have been destroyed by disease, and a number are also thus destroyed while inside the fruit during the growing season. A small red mite was also observed feeding upon the eggs. A general discussion of control measures Includes brief statements of results obtained from spraying in sev^'al orchards. The author concludes that one thorough application immediately after the blossoms fall is quite sufiicient for any part of the Province, except Niagara and other districts of about the same temperature, where a second application should be given 3 weeks after the blossoms fall. The traubenwicklers during fall and winter, J. Dewitz {Ber. K. Lchranst. Wein, Ohst u. Gartenhau GeiscnJicini, 1909, pi). 201-237, figs. 6). — The literature relating to the grai^e-berry moths or leaf rollers Cochylis ambiguella and Polychrosis {Eudemis) botrana is reviewed and a bibliography appended. Notes on a horn-feeding lepidopterous larva from. Africa, A. Busck {Smithsn. Misc. Collect., 56 (1910), No. 8, pp. 2, pis. 2). — These notes include photographs which show the larval tubes of Tinea vastella upon the hoi'ns of a water antelope (Cobus sp.). collected in British East Africa. Mosquito extermination in Shang'hai, A. Stanley (Pub. Health [London], 23 (1910), No. 10, pp. 379, 380).— It is stated that a special staff, which was organized in 1909 for mosquito extermination, succeeded in diminishing mos- quitoes in numbers estimated at from 25 to 75 per cent. Factors in the transmission and prevention of malaria in the Panama Canal Zone, S. T. Darling (Ann. Trop. Bled, and Par., J, (1910), No. 2, pp. 179- 223). — This paper includes descriptions of the 12 species of anopheline mos- quitoes that have been collected in the Canal Zone during the last 5 years, and ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. . 661 accounts of methods of collecting larvae, feeding and breeding out mosquitoes and care of mosquitoes after feeding, biting and infecting experiments, estima- tion of gametes, method of examining for zygotes and siwrozoites, a descrip- tion of the malarial parasite in the mosquito, notes on the bionomics of anophelines, the effect of salt or sea water on anopheline larvae, experiments with larvacides, agents destructive to vegetation, grass and algte, and screening of various meshes, the relative value of wire screening of various composition, based on practical tests and chemical analyses, etc. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 23, p. 561). " The period of incubation of the ova of Cellia alUmana, Anopheles pseud'o- puncUpennis, and Arnbalzagia (?) malefactor was estimated as about 36 hours under the laboratory conditions. . . . The larval period varies with the species, food, efficient temperature, sunlight, and environment. . . . Mosquitoes bit when not more than 20 hours old. ... A virgin specimen of Stcgoini/ia calopus has lived for 110 days. . . . When virgin anophelines have been given 1 or 2 blood meals 2 or 3 days after emerging they have lived as long as 16 days. . . . Raisins and dates with water furnished the best food for anophelines in confinement. . . . If there be given 1 blood meal the ova may develop even in virgins kept out of contact with males. . . . Some anophelines, under stress of circumstances, may breed in very brackish water. ... It was found that crude carbolic acid, having a specific gravity not greater than 0.96 or 0.97 and containing about 20 per cent of phenols or tar acids, when made into soap with common resin and an alkali yielded a product which was an ideal larvacide, having excellent difCusing and toxic powers, and at the same time a very efficient germicide." The rice mag-got, J. S. Collier ( In Report of Itwestigations Coticeming Rice. Stuttgart, Arlc, 1910, pp. 13-16, figs. //).— The author reports that about 8 per cent of the 8,000 acres of rice grown in Arkansas County, Ark., in 1910, were seriously affected by rice maggots. The pest appears when the rice is about 6 in. high and may work on rice of the Honduras variety until the middle of August, The maggots live about 1 in. below the surface of the soil, feeding upon the roots. From the experiments here reported, it is concluded that "moving water does not seem to be as favorable a condition for the maggots as stagnant water. Rainwater when left stagnant seems to be a better condition for the rice maggot than pumped water if it is also stagnant. Land plowed late in the fall and thoroughly dried in the spring before the rice is sowed and the water pumped on it, seemed to have less maggots than land plowed in the spring, especially if wet. Over 3 in. of water seems to be, or produces, a better condition for greater numbers and greater ravages of the maggot." An insect pest of cacao in Uganda (Agr. News [Barbados], 10 (1911), No. 228, p. 26, figs. 2). — ^A brief account is given of observations of the life history of the cacao fruit fly (Ceratitis jninctata) made by C. C. Gowdey. Control measures consist of the use of a sweetened arsenical made of 3 lbs. of sugar, i lb. arsenate of lead, and 5 gal. of water. The development of a green bottle fly, Mary O. Allen (Ent. Netos, 21 (1910), No. 9, pp. 4 /i-y,i8).— Studies of the life history and habits of this fly extending over a period of 4 summers are reported. Trypanosomes and tsetse flies, D. Bruce et al. (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], 8er. B, 82 (1910). No. B 556, pp. 368-388; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [Lon- don] Bui., 2 (1910), No. 11, pp. i55-i6i).— Previously noted from another source (B. S. R., 24, p. 60). Notes on the warble fly of the reindeer, CEdeniagena tarandi, G. H. Car- penter (Jour. Econ. Biol., 5 (1910), No. //, pp. 1^9-156, i)l. 1, figs. J2).— Biolog- 562 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. ical aud descriptive notes on O. tarandi. The pupal period of a larva squeezed out in May from a reindeer received at the Dublin Zoological Gardens was found to be about 6 weeks. A note on the preservation of bamboos from the attacks of the bamboo beetle or shot-borer, E. P. Stebbing {{Indian Forest Dept.] Pamplilet 15, Forest Zool. Her. 2, 1910, pp. IS, pis. 2).— A report of experiments with Dinoderus minutus. Technical papers on miscellaneous forest insects. — II. The genotypes of the sawfiies and woodwasps, or the superfamily Tenthredinoidea, S. A. RoHWER {V. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 20, pt. 2, tech. ser., pp. 69-109).— In this paper the author presents an alphabetical catalogue of the generic names used in the Tenthredinoidea, which includes the name of the author, original reference, type species, and authority for the type. An index to the genotypes follows. He then discusses the synonymy of certain genera and the work of W. H. Ashmead on the Tenthredinoidea, including an alphabetical list of the genera of this superfamily that were described by Ashmead, with the deter- mined synonymy, a bibliography of this author's more important writings on the group, and descriptions of his genera and si)ecies. In the preparation of this paper studies were made of the types of described genera and species in the principal collections of Europe. Additions and corrections to the g'enotypes of the sawflies and wood- wasps, or the superfamily Tenthredinoidea, >S. A. Rohwer {Ent. News, 22 {1911), No. 5, pp. 218, 219). — Additions to the bulletin above noted. A contribution to the knowledge of the galls of Java, W. and J. Van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan {Rec. Trav. Bot. N^erJand., 6 {1909), pp. 67-98, pi. 1, figs. 6; Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 2. ser., 8 {1910), pt. 2, pp. 119-183, pis. 8).— The first paper deals with the anatomy and development of the gall on Erythrina Uthospcrmn made by Agromysa erythrinw. The second paper takes up the development of several galls made by mites. Gametogenesis of the gall fly, Neuroterus lenticularis, I, L. Doncaster {Proc. Roy. 8oc. [London], Ser. B., 82 {1910), No. B- 553, pp. 88-113, pis. 3).— The summer (bisexual) generation of this cynipid was originally described as Spatliegaster haccarum. The galls from which the spring (agamic) generation emerge are lenticular growths found on the underside of oak leaves in October. From these galls the flies hatch out early in April. Since in each case ob- served only one sex emerged from the balls produced by one fly, although the numbers were small, the author thinks it is justifiable to conclude that every fly of the agamic generation produces eggs of only one sex. Cases of this kind are said to be known in the Aphididss and in Rotifers but not hitherto, so far as known, in the Hymenoptera. Concerning the morphology of Trypanosoma franki, P. Knuth {Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 6 {1909), No. 1, pp. 39-f,5, fig. i).— The author concludes that morphologically T. franki is most closely related to T. theileri. The development of Trypanosoma lewisi outside the vertebrate host, N. H. SWELLENGREBEL and C. STRICKLAND {Parasitology, 3 {1910), No. 3, pp. 360-389, figs. 21 ) . — " From the results of our experiments we may conclude that the development of T. lewisi outside the invertebrate host is not confined to one species or genus, but may take place at least in the rat louse [Hwmatopinus spinulosus] and the rat flea [Geratophyllus fasciatus], and also (though per- haps more incompletely) in the bedbug. We see further that development needs not always to be combined with longevity in the invertebrate host, but that sometimes life without development may be longer than with it (behavior in the tick [OrnitJiodoros mouhata] compared to that in the louse). ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 663 " When we compare the behavior of T. lewisi in the four invertebrate hosts studied here, we see that the most complete cycle takes place in the flea, where forms are produced which are never found in cultures. In the louse the development may be truly described as a natural culture ; in the bug, the development (as far as we could judge by our incomplete experiment) does not even produce all the cultural forms (only the crithidiae) ; and last, in the tick the trypanosomes do not develop at all but are only preserved for some time." Trypanosoma vespertilionis, R. Gonder (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Aht., Orig. 53 {1910), No. 3, pp. 293-302, pis. 2, fig. 1; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London] Bui., 2 {1910), No. 15, pp. 90, 91). — T. vespertilUmis was found in about one-fourth of some 400 bats, representing 7 species, that were examined in southern Italy and Istria. Chemical investigation of best conditions for making' the lime-sulphur wash, L. L. Van Slyke, A. W. Bosworth, and C. C. Hedges {New York State Sta. Bui. 329, pp. 405--'/. 'i9). — The work here described, which is a continuation of the investigations published in Bulletin 319 previously noted (E. S. K., 22, p. GGO), has had for its general object a study of the conditions that make it possible to utilize the lime and sulphur most completely. The more important points studied include the conditions under which it is possible to get the largest amount of lime and sulphur most completely into soluble combination ; the conditions under which it is jxtssible to produce a lime-sulphur solution containing the largest amount of calcium pentasulphid (CaS5) ; the efllect of concentration of the lime-sulphur solution by evaporation at boiling tempera- ture; some of the chemical changes occurring in the making of lime-sulphur solutions; the condition favorable to the formation of sediment in lime-sulphur solutions; the efficiency of lime-sulphur solutions in relation to chemical com- position; the keeping power of lime-sulphur solutions on standing; analyses of crystals formed in concentrated lime-sulphur solutions ; the relation of density of solutions to percentage of sulphur as a basis for dilution ; the efficiency of different formulas ; and a method for the approximate determina- tion of impurities in commercial lime. "As a result of the investigation embodied in this bulletin, the following proportions are recommended for making lime-sulphur solutions : Thirty-six lbs. of lime (based on pure lime, CaO), 80 lbs. of high-grade, finely divided sulphur, and 50 gal. of water. When lime containing 95 per cent or less than 95 per cent of calcium oxid is used, more than 30 lbs. must be taken, according to amount of impurities (38 lbs. for 95 per cent lime and 40 lbs. for 90 per cent lime), but no lime should be used containing less than 90 per cent of calcium oxid or more than 5 per cent of magnesium oxid. In boiling the solution, the liquid must not be allowed to drop more than slightly below the 50 gal. level." A method recommended for the approximate determination of impurities in lime is based upon the fact that when 1 part of pure lime and 2 parts of sul- phur are boiled with plenty of water for 1 hour, only slight amounts of sediment appear. If the lime contains impurities, these appear as sediment, the amount of sediment being an approximate measure of the amount of impurities. Experiments with homemade concentrated lime-sulphur mixtures, P. J. Parrott and W. J. Schoene {New York State Sta. Bui. 330, pp. Jf5J-'t8.'i, fig. 1). — "This bulletin deals with the use of homemade concentrated lime-sulphur mixtures in various station experiments during the past 3 years and in 17 volunteer experiments conducted during 1910. "In the station experiments of 1910 the densities of the clear solution in 21 preparations varied from 22 to 31° B., giving an average of 26^° B. The sedi- ment in 8 samples that were analyzed ranged in quantities from 2.9 lbs. to 6g4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. 21.4 lbs. per barrel. The cost of materials to make a barrel of concentrate was about $3.05 according to the formula. " The homemade concentrates when used at effective strengths, as determined by hydrometer tests, have given, in the station experiments for the past 3 years, efficient results on the San Jose scale and blister-mite. " In the volunteer experiments the densities of the mixtures ranged from 22 to 32.9° B. The cost of materials to make a barrel of concentrate was from $2.10 to $3.50. The amounts of clear solution and sediment varied considerably, but, in the main, preparations of satisfactory densities with moderate amounts of sediment were obtained. " Of 11 volunteer experiments on blister-mite there are 10 reports of satis- factory results by the use of the homemade concentrate and 1 report of failure. Of 7 experiments on San Jose scale there are 5 reports of efficient control and 2 reports of partial success, due probably to difficulties in spraying large trees or to the use of mixtures of too low densities. The results on scale emphasize the necessity both of thorough spraying and of using diluted mixtures of efficient strengths to obtain uniform results on this pest. There are 4 reports on spray- ing with arsenate of lead in a lime-sulphur solution for the codling moth which are inconclusive because of the conditions of the experiments. " Very dilute mixtures of the homemade concentrate have on the whole proven fairly safe on apple foliage. In a number of orchards slight injuries were noticed on the more tender leaves, especially following the spraying after blossoming. These injuries were generally obscured by the new growth in from 7 to 10 days. Damages of a more serious nature occurred in a few orchards. Dropping of fruit and leaves are noted in 1 experiment. Nearly all reports note relative absence of russeting of apples on trees sprayed with homemade con- centrate." Making' and using concentrated lime-sulphur wash, F. H. Hall {isleiv York State Sta. Bids. 329, 330, ijoijular ed., pp. 12). — This is a brief review of bulle- tins Nos. 329 and 330 noted on page 663. FOODS— HUMAN NTJTEITION. On phosphorus compounds occurring' in food materials, A. Rising (Svensk Keni. Tidskr., 22 {19 JO). No. ?', pp. I.'i3-150). — The author discusses organic phosphorus compounds, methods of preparation, and their chemical structure, and reports determinations of the total phosphorus, phosphatids (lecithin, etc.), inorganic phosphates, phytophosphates, nucleiu substances, and phosphoproteids in yellow peas, brown beans, rye flour, rice flour, and graham flour. The chemical composition and structure of phytic acid were especially studied and silver-phytate prepared and analyzed. The results failed to corroborate the formula suggested by Pasternak for anhydro-oxymethylene-diphosphoric acid. Preparation of the cod and other salt fish for the market; including' a bac- teriological study of the causes of reddening, A. W. Bitting ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 133, pp. 63, pis. 6, figs. .)). — Catching codfish, classification, cleaning, storing, dressing, packing, and similar topics are discussed, and data reported regarding the losses in weight, the composition of the salt used in curing, the amount of salt taken up by fish marketed in different forms, the ,percentage of moisture and salt in fish while curing when different kinds of salt are used, and the variations in moisture and salt content in commercial fish due to season, style of packing, and other conditions. A special study of the reddening of codfish showed that it is caused by a coccus which occurs in sea water and will gi'ow even on solid salt. For the FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 665 elimination of this micro-organism increased sanitary conditions are recom- mended in handling the fish, and detailed suggestions are made for the cleaning of buildings and utensils. " The fish should he washed by sprays of water or by a machine. The sprays should have sufficient force to do the work well. The present method of pitching the fish into a tank or dory and then out again is not suflBcient for cleaning, and, furthermore, it tends to disseminate any organisms which may be present. " The water used upon the fish or upon anything with which the fish come in contact should be of undoubted purity. The use of harbor water for any purpose can not be justified, as it is filled with the germs which come from emptying the butts and washing fish and docks. It is also apt to be polluted with sewage from the city, as was found to be the case in the investigation here reported. . . . " The finished product should be held in a reasonably cool place in summer, and when shipped it should be handled under proper temperature conditions as are other meat products. . . . " Concentrated sulphurous acid should be used as a disinfectant when steam is not available. One part of the acid to 50 parts of water is effectual where much reddening has occurred, and 1 part to 200 parts of water will be effective in preventing growth if used often." Seasonal variations in the quantity of glycog'en present in samples of oysters, J. A. ^NIilroy (Dcpf. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Fisheries, Sci. Invest., 1901, No. 4, PP- 12, dgms. 8 [piih. i909] ).— Samples of oysters from dif- ferent localities were collected at intervals for a year and the percentage of glycogen determined. According to the author's summary, " the percentage of glycogen varies to a large extent with the weight or nutritive condition of the oysters. As regards seasonal variations there is a gradual rise in the percentage from the beginning of August until the middle or end of October. This is succeeded by a fall which reaches its minimum about the middle of December. From that period onwards the percentage rises until it reaches its maximum some time between the be- ginning of April and early in May. The percentage then falls until it reaches its second minimum early in August. The fact that the variations in percentage of glycogen to a large extent run parallel with the variations in weight some- what masks the seasonal alterations. . . . " The results appear to indicate that glycogen is being stored from August to October probably as a provision for a period of lessened activity of absorption during the colder months. The second rise in percentage is ]n-obably prepar- atory to an increased functional activity with a correspondingly increased de- struction of glycogen during the hotter months of the year." Basic extractive material in mushrooms (Agaricus campestris), F. KuTSCHEK (Zenthl. Physiol., 2.'/ {1910), No. 11, pp. 115, 776).— Arginin, cholin, and betain were isolated and a hitherto unknowni base which, judged by analysis, had a formula like histidin plus 3 methyl groups. The dig'estibility of cheese, C. F. Doane ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 166, pp. 22). — Two series of experiments on the digestibility of cheese are reported which represent cooperative work of the Bureau of Animal Industry and the Ofiice of Experiment Stations. In the first series there were 184 ex- periments with 65 young men serving as subjects, and in the second series about 50 experiments. American cheese made by the regular Cheddar process, with varying amounts of rennet and cured for different lengths of time and ripened under controlled conditions, was used in the tests, as well as a number of other sorts of cheese, with a view to determining whether thoroughness of digestiou ggg EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. was influenced by tlie kind of cheese, by the degree of ripeness, and by similar factors. In general, cheese of all sorts was found to be very thoroughly digested and little or no difference in the comparative digestibility of cheese at different stages of riiieness was observed. It was also found that different kinds of cheese closely resembled cheese made by the Cheddar process in thoroughness of digestion, and, in general, " that all kinds of cheese, even the very high- flavored and so-called condimental cheeses, have a high food value." In addition to the studies of the thoroughness of digestion, some experiments were made in which the respiration calorimeter was used. Green and thor- oughly ripened cheese constituted part of the diet with a subject sometimes at rest and sometimes engaged in hard labor. The results obtained, like those of the digestion experiments, also showed " that cheese, both green and cured, was in all respects a good food product." In none of the investigations reported were physiological disturbances notal, and contrary to the usual opinion, cheese was not found to cause constipation. lu the author's opinion, while experiments have furnished data regarding some debatable questions, such as the comparative digestibility of green anecial purpose of wool production. Pig raising in Australia, H. D. Baker {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. »S.], 14 {1911), No. 25, pp. 410, 4II). — A note on the cooperative enterprises and other efforts recently undertaken to develop the export trade in pork products. Investigations on the form and strength of the metacarpal bones of horses and the estimation of their value by measuring their circumference, J. HiLDEBRAND {Untersuchuitgen iiber Form iind Starke der Metacarpalknochen der Pferde und Feststellung des Wertes der Rdhremimfangmcssungeii. Inaug. Diss., Umv. Bern, 1909, pp. 31, pis. 6). — Measurements of the length, circum- ference, and diameter of the thickness of the wall of the cannon bones of horses are presented in tabular form, and the value of these measurements for esti- mating the strength of the bones is discussed. Distribution of licensed stallions in counties of "Wisconsin, A. S. Alexandes {Wisconsin Sta. Circ. Inform. 21, pp. 106). — This contains a list of licensed stallions in each county of the State, a list of American studbooks both certified and uncertified by the United States Government, portions of the text of the Wisconsin laws pertaining to horse breeding, and notes on the improvement in soundness of stallions since the enactment of the stallion law. The history of the Royal Prederiksborg Stud Parm, J. Jensen {Det Kongelige Fredcrikshorgske Stutteris Historie. Copenhagen, 1910, pp. ZZ+ 326, pis. 18). — The history covers the period from the establishment of the stud in the Middle Ages until its dispersion in 1S40. Our national horse supply, R. E. Turnbull {Live Stock Jour. [London], 73 {1911), No. 1919, pp. 34, 35). — A statistical account of the supply of horses in the United Kingdom for the past 10 years, written from the standpoint of the sufliciency of the supply of army horses. [Government aid for horse breeding in Great Britain] {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 11 {1911), No. 10, pp. 8-'il-8U; Live Stock Jour. [London], 13 {1911), No. 1918, p. 10). — A note concerning the grant of £40,000 for the ensuing year for the encouragement of light horse breeding in Great Britain as previously noted (E. S. R.. 24, p. 203). Breeding of horses in Australia, H. D. Baker {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], l-'i {1911), No. 29, pp. J1I6, 477). — ^A brief account of the horse industry, with special reference to the value of Australian horses for military use in the Philippine Islands. Opossum farming in Australia, H. D. Bakeb {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [TJ. S.], Ik {1911), No. 21, pp. 438, 435).— Because of the high price of opossum skins methods of rearing opossums for their fur are described and recom- mended for the timbered sections of Australia. The American standard of perfection {Boston, 1910, rev., pp. 331, pis. 5, figs. 137). — A complete description of all recognized varieties of fowls, bantams, turkeys, ducks, and geese in America, as revised by the American Poultry Association in 1910. Farm poultry management, J. E. Rice {N. Y. Dept. Agr. Circ. 11, pp. 38-51, pis. 12). — ^A circular of popular information on breeding, feeding, hatching, rearing, housing, and marketing poultry. Measurement of body parts, A. A. Brigham {Rel. Poultry Jour., 11 {1911), No. 12, pp. 1311, 1367). — In order to correct tendencies to extremes and to estab- ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 675 lish a definite size and shape for each variety of poultry, it is suggested that in judging poultry the measurements of the body should be taken into considera- tion. A list of the most desirable measurements is given. The language of domestic fowls, B. Carpentek (Country Life [London], 28 {1910), Xo. 714, pp. 368, 369).— A study of the psychical life of fowls, with a list of 23 different notes or cries of fowls and their probable meaning. A biometrical study of egg production in the domestic fowl. — II, Seasonal distribiition of egg production, R. Pearl and F. M. Surface ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Aniiii. Indus. Bui. 110. pt. 2, pp. 81-170, figs. 30). — A continuation of a previous study of variation in the total annual egg production at the Maine Station (E. S. R., 21, p. 271). The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the seasonal distribution, the calendar month being taken as a provisional unit as it is not more open to criticism than any other time unit. The same data were used as in Part I, and aside from the following exceptions the biometrical methods used were in general the same. The constants for the monthly egg production were calcu- lated directly from the ungrouped frequency distribution as given in the ap- pendix, and the raw second moment instead of Sheppard's correction was used for calculating the standard deviation. Each month's production for the given year was weighted with the number of birds which made the record. The months in which the egg production was abnormal were not included. A brief discussion of seasonal distribution has been previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 273). Among other results obtained are the following: " The month of maximum productivity varied in the experiments furnishing the present data with the method of housing. In a closed, warmed house the month of maximum production was April ; in a curtain-front house it was March. " The greatest relative variability in egg production is at the beginning of the laying year (month of November). The month of lowest variability, both absolute and relative, is April. " The laying year may be divided into four natural periods or cycles with reference to egg production. The first of these periods (roughly November 1 to March 1) is the winter period, wherein egg production is essentially a non- natural (i. e., forced or stimulated) process. The second or spring period (roughly March 1 to June 1) is the natural laying period of the domestic fowl in its normal reproductive cycle. The third (roughly June 1 to September 1) and fourth (roughly September 1 to October 31) periods are not sharply sepa- rated from one another. The summer egg production represents in part a natural continuance of the normal breeding season (rearing of a second brood by the wild Gall us) and in part a stimulated process. This period is terminated by the molt, which is the characteristic feature of the fourth period." " So far as there was any change whatever in variability in monthly egg production during the period when selective breeding was practiced, this change was not in the direction of a reduction as a result of the selection, but, on the contrary, there was an actual increase in variability in all but one month of the year, and here the platted variability line did not sensibly deviate from the horizontal. " The present statistics show no bad effect on egg production in the winter months (November to March) of keeping birds in large and crowded fiocks (up to the limits included in the present study). On the other hand, overcrowding tends distinctly to lower summer (and to a smaller extent spring) egg produc- tion. It is chiefly as a result of this effect on summer production that the mean annual production is lower in the large flocks. 576 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. " Tliere is no evideuce tbat the continued selection for higher egg production practiced during the eight years covered by the experiment produced any in- crease whatever in the mean egg production of any month in the year. On the contrary, the mean production in all but two of the months actually decreased during the period of selection. "The present data indicate that only a trifle more than a quarter of the total eggs produced were laid in the winter third of the year (November 1 to March 1). In the first two-thirds of the laying year approximately three-fourths of the total eggs are produced." These observed facts regarding the character of the distributions of variation are accounted for by an hypothesis which includes the following ix)ints: " Variation or changes in the rate of fecundity in the hen are fundamentally or innately continuous (in the mathematical sense), though the objective mani- festation of fecundity is discontinuous, i. e., expressed in discrete units. " Visible egg production in each iudivdual bird tends to occur in definite cycles or periods of varying length which alternate with nonproductive periods. " The rate of fecundity (amount of egg production per unit of time, conceived in the sense of the differential calculus) is in any bird at a minimum at the begin- ning of a cycle of production, increases to a maximum at what may be termed the height of the cycle, and decreases to a minimum (usually quite rapidly) as the end of the cycle is approached. " Each of the monthly fecundity distributions is compound, and made up of two parts. In one part are included all birds which are well along in a period of laying activity (or cycle of fecundity). The other part includes those birds not laying at all (that is, in a nonproductive condition or period) and those that have just emerged from this colidition of zero fecundity and started on a laying cycle. "(1) The proportion of the whole flock which falls into each of these two classes, and (2) the particular rate of fecundity which marks the boundary be- tween the two classes, are not constant, but, on the contrary, change in a definite and orderly manner in the different parts of the laying year. " The distribution of frequency wdthin each of the two hypothetical com- ponents of the monthly fecundity distributions follows a simple, unimodal skew frequency curve, and the curve describing the entire monthly fecundity distri- bution is in each case the sum of two skew frequency curves." First Tasmanian egg-laying' competition, R. J. Terry {Agr. and Stock Dept. Tasmania, Bui. 18, 1910, pi). 15, figs. 6). — In 28 competing pens of 6 birds each, the average number of eggs laid per bird during the year was 161, and the average cost of food per hen 6s. 9d. Cooperative marketing of eggs {Parmer, 29 {1911), No. 5, pp. 15'i-1oG, figs. 3). — ^An account of the egg-selling associations in Minnesota and Ontario. Progress of poultry investigations {New England Homestead, 62 {1911), No. 5, pp. 151, 161). — An account of the practical nature of the poultry work and progress at some of the state experiment stations. Some results of castration in ducks, H. D. Goodale {Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lah. Woods Hole, 20 {1910), No. 1, pp. 35-66, pis. 5, figs. 6).— Castrated drakes of the Rouen breed retained their secondary sex characteristics, except the ability to assume summer plumage. The spayed ducks assumed, more or less completely, the secondary sexual characters of the drake, but the change was very gradual. It is suggested that the female owes her color to the presence of some modifying element which prevents the development of the male color, and that the modifier may sometimes be responsible for sex limited inheritance. A bibliography is appended. DAIRY P ARMING DAIRYING. 677 A to Z of pigeons and bantams, F. W. De Lancey {Sellersville, Pa., 1910, PI). 97, figs. 52). — ^A popular work. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Manuring for milk, J. F. Blackshaw (Midland Agr. and Dairy Col. Bvl. 1, 1909-10, pp. 10, dgm. 1, charts 2). — A preliminary report on experiments in improving pastures for dairy cows. Following an application of lime, 400 lbs. of superphosphate and 1.50 lbs. of sulphate of potash per acre were applied to a pasture with a rather poor clay soil. The milk produced by the cows pastured on the fertilized lot was at the rate of 84 gal. per acre, valued at £2 2s., in excess of that on the irafertilized lot. The cost of the fertilizer was fl 13s. Breeding for production in dairy cattle in the light of recent advances in the study of inheritance, R. Pearl (Agr. of Maine, 1909, pp. 190-200). — ^A paper read before the Maine Dairymen's Association in 1909. It is shown from exijeriments in breeding plants and poultry that the old method of selecting breeding stock by performance alone does not lead to the results which were formerly supix)sed to exist. The lesson for the dairyman from these experiments is that in order to improve his stock it must be done not by selecting cows in the " advanced registry " but by selecting bulls which show a large percentage of daughters in the " advanced registry." In this new method of selecting breeding .stock it is not the ability to produce milk, but the power to transmit the ability, which is the desideratum. What gives us the satisfactory dairy cow — " Her breeding," W. W. Marsh {Ann. Rpt. Wis. Bd. Agr., 1910, pp. J,09-Ji20) . — A lecture before the Wisconsin Board of Agriculture in 3910. The difference between show type and producing type is discussed, and it is pointed out that the improvement of the dairy type can only be brought about by breeding animals with an ancestry which shows a great productive capacity. Investigations on the influence of pasturing and stabling upon dairy cattle, with special consideration of the changes in the epidermis, P. Riegeb {Untersuchungcn iibcr den Einfluss von Weidegang und StallhaUung auf das Milchvieh, mit desonderer BcrUclcsichtigung der Verdnderungen der dusseren Decke. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1910, pp. 36, figs. 2; Deiit. Lamlw. TierzucM, U (1910), Nos. 26, pp. 305-309; 21, pp. 317-320; 28, pp. 329-332) .—The author records some observations on the differences in the conformation and in the character of the hair between dairy animals at pasture and those kept in the stable. Milk, its investigation and usage, F. Utz (Die Milch, ihre Uniersucliung und Vertvertung. Vienna and Leipsic, 1911, pp. 261/, figs. 72; rev. in Mollc. Zfg. [Hildesheim], 25 (1911), No. 15, p. 258).— A general treatise on milk and its properties, based largely on the results of recent investigations. Market milk and its inspection, W. Bremme (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 21 (1910), Nos. 2, pp. 33-il; S, pp. 68-76; 21 (1911), Nos. 4, PP- 110-118; 5, pp. 152-160).— This series of articles discusses the chemistry of the composition of milk, the changes caused by bacteria in its transit to the consumer, and methods of official control in order to insure a sanitary product. A bibliography is appended. A study of some of the spore-bearing anaerobic bacteria in market milk, H. R. Brown (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., J/l (1909), pp. 632-667).— A bac- teriological study of ordinary market milk purchased at small stores which obtained their milk supply from different contractors, who, in turn, received 678 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. their milk from dairies scattered throughout the State of Massachusetts and neighboring States. The milk was shipped in accordance with legal regula- tions in refrigerator cars to the contractors, who distributed it to the small dealers in wagons not supplied with cooling arrangements. The species studied included Bacillus fccalis hovis, B. aerogenes capsulatus or B. welchii, B. ephcmcros, and B. pseudo-tetani. The remaining species were not identified, but their characters are described in detail. A list of references to previous work on these species by other investigators is appended. The control of pasteurization, G. Koehlek and F. O. Tonney (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 56 (1911), No. 10, pp. 713-718, figs. 3).— A bacteriological study of 70 pasteurizing establishments in the city of Chicago. The results showed that the percentage of bacterial reduction under practical working conditions, as judged by the samples taken directly from the pas- teurizers, was, in general, satisfactory for all 5 types of machines examined. There was present, however, in almost all establishments, irrespective of the type of machine used, a very constant and uniform element of recontamination. It is urged that adequate inspection to reduce recontamination to a minimum should be provided for by placing the work in the hands of a trained bacteriolo- gist. A study of the monthly averages of the bacterial counts of raw milk, pasteur- ized milk from plants, and pasteurized market samples emphasized the fact that the temperature at which the product is delivered or sold must be subject to control, as well as the process of pasteurizing, if a safe market product is to be supplied to the consumer. Samples of raw milk taken from railroad platfox'ms during the month of July showed an average of 12,548,000 germs per cubic centimeter. The milk situation in the city of Metz, H. Kuppelmayb (Die Milchver- hdltnisse der Stadt Mets. Inaug. Di^s., Univ. Bern, 1910, pp. 55). — A study of the production and market conditions of the city milk supply, with suggestions for its improvement. Results of chemical and bacteriological examinations are presented in tabular form. The dairy industry in ancient times, L. Lindet (Ann. Inst, Nat. Agron., 2. ser., 9 (1910), No. 2, pp. 203-240; Indus. Lait. [Paris], 36 (1911), Nos. 9, pp. 139-147; 11, pp. 171-180; 13, pp. 213-220).— A brief history of the use of milk, butter, and cheese as a food, as a therapeutic agent, and as a sacrificial offering. Contribution to the knowledge and judg'ing of goat's milk, H. Hager (Milchiv. Zenthl., 7 (1911), No. 1, pp. 19-2'/) ■ — This is a preliminary report of a study of goat's milk, undertaken in order to discover methods by which the adulteration of goat's milk and mixtures of the milk of goats and cows can be detected. Analyses are given. Drying milk (MolJc. Ztg. [Hildesheim], 25 (1911), No. 9, pp. 145, 146).—- Different methods are described. Notices of judgment (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 719, p. 1; 721, pp. 2). — These relate to the adulteration of milk, and the adulteration and mis- branding of whey product. What influence has the water content upon the quality of butter? Hesse (Molk. Ztg. [Hihlesheirn], 25 (1911), No. 10, pp. 159-162).— When scored by ex- perts the quality of butter was found to be independent of the water content if the percentage of water ranged between 12 and 16 per cent. It is stated that even these limits can be exceeded and the quality remain unimpaired if the butter is made from good milk and properly handled. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 679 Supposed loss of soluble, volatile acids during the storage of butter, D. Crispo {Bill. Soc. Chim. Bclg., 2i (1910), No. 12, pp. 7/36-7,58; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 30 {1911), No. 2, p. 10^). — Unclarified butters wrapped in parch- ment paper and inclosed in tin boxes were attacked by molds and suffered a loss of volatile acids until the butter had been stored about 7 months, after which time the butter had become so dry that there was little loss of volatile acids. Butter which had been melted and strained and kept in corked bottles suffered no appreciable loss of volatile acids in 3 years' time, and in some cases there was a slight increase. The transformation of proteins into fats during the ripening of cheese (preliminary communication), M. Xierenstein {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, S3 {1911), No. B 564, Plh 301-304).— On analysis a Cheddar cheese about 4 years old was found to contain free cholesterol, cadaverin, putrescin, and aminovaleric acid in the ether extract. The increase in fat during the ripening of cheese due to protein cleavage, which has been reported by other observers, is thought to be erroneous and due to considering the entire ether extract as fat. Doubt is also raised concerning protein as a source of fat formation in the animal body. The control of moisture in cheese, J. L. Sam mis, F. W. Laabs, and S. K. Suzuki {Wisconsin 8ta. Circ. Inform. 20, pp. 1/f, flc,. 1). — This is a popular abstract of Research Bulletin 7, previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 383). VETERINARY MEDICINE. Thirteenth annual meeting of the Interstate Association of Live Stock Sanitary Boards {Proc. Inlcrstatc Assoc. Live Stock Sanit. Bds., 13 {1909), pp. 165). — The papers presented and discussed include accounts of the Recent Outbreak of Foot-and-mouth Disease, by A. D. Melvln (pp. 37-44), (E. S. R.. 23, p. 84) ; Mange in Cattle, by P. Juckniess (pp. 48-51) ; Progress of Live Stock Sanitary AVork in Cuba, by N, S. Mayo (pp. 55-57) ; methods of tick eradication, by C. A. Cary (pp. 58-61); Control of Glanders, by F. S. Schoenleber (pp. 72-74) ; A'eterinary Tetanus Antitoxin, with Special Reference to Federal Supervision of Biological Products, by J. R. Mohler (pp. 78-91), (E. S. R., 22, p. 485) ; Proper Jlethod of Disijosiug of the Carcasses of Animals Dying from Contagious and Infectious Diseases, by S. B. Nelson (pp. 91-93) ; Arsenical Dips for Cattle Ticks, by B. H. Ransom (pp. 95-102) ; Synopsis of Work of the Various States in Immunizing Against Hog Cholera, by A. D. Melvin (pp. 110- 116) ; Progress of Tuberculosis Eradication Work in Missouri, by D. F. Luckey (pp. 117-119) ; Nerve Irritation as a Factor in Tuberculosis Extermination, by C. G. Lamb (pp. 119-124) ; papers on hygienic milk supply, by Q. E. Dyson (pp. 124-128) and W. A. Evans (pp. 128-134) ; A Plea for More Uniformity of Tuberculin Testing for Interstate Shipment, by S. H. Ward (pp. 135-137) ; and a discussion of hog cholera and its prevention. A report of the committee on sauitary laws and regulations presented by A. D. Melvin includes a brief summary of the live stock and sanitary laws of the individual States. Report in regard to veterinary matters in the Kingdom of Saxony for 1909 {Ber. Vetcrinarw. Kiinigr. Snchscn. 54 {1909), pp. F-f;?36).— Among the topics included in this publication are reports in regard to infectious diseases of animals and epizootics, slaughtei'ing of animals and their inspection and insurance, abstracts from the clinical reports of horse diseases in the army, and immunizing tests conducted by the State against tuberculosis with the von Behring and Klimmer methods. 680 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The formation of hydrocyanic acid from linseed cake, G. D. Landeb {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 17 (1911), No. 11, pp. dOJf-901). — Feeding tests were con- ducted with sheep and one heifer. The results are summarized as follows : (1) A sheep had 1 lb. of the cake (containing 0.025 per cent hydrocyanic acid) per diem for 36 consecutive days, with no result. (2) A sheep had 1 lb. for 31 days, 5 lbs. for 2 days, and after 7 days a further 5 lbs., with no result. (3) A heifer 6 months old had 1 lb. per day of the dry cake for 4 days, 1 lb. per day of the moist cake for 13 days, 2 lbs. per day of the moist cake for 2 days, and 5 lbs. per day of the moist cake for 18 days, and after a 14 days' interval, 5 lbs. per day of the moist cake for 30 days, making a total of 2G1 lbs. of cake in 67 days containing 456.75 grains of hydrocyanic acid. No definite results hav- ing been obtained, the cake was discontinued, and after about 6 weeks pure potassium cyanid was fed as follows : KCN equal to 3.5 grains HCN in ordinary food 4 days, KCN equal to 7.0 gcains HCN in ordinary food 1 day, and KCN equal to 10.0 grains HCN in ordinary food 1 day; after an interval of 2 days, KCN equal to 15.0 grains HCN in ordinary food 2 days ; making a total of 61.0 grains HCN in 10 days. No obvious results were obtained. Cyanid equal to 22.5 grains of hydrocyanic acid given in a gentian ball and inserted into the rumen produced no result. This was followed the next day by 30 grains fed in a similar manner, and was fatal within 2 hour.s. The author considers that linseed cake such as is usually employed is harmless. Colchicin poisoning from the pasture, J. Halasz {Allatorvosi Lapok, 33 (1910), No. 3, pp. 25, 26; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 21 (1911), No. 6, p. 106). — During the months of July, August, and September a cow died almost every day. The stomach contents were analyzed and gave a definite reaction for colchicin. The symptoms and pathological findings are stated. Distillery slop diseases, J. Paechtnee (Ztschr. Spirifusindus., 33 (1910), Nos. 46, p. 563; //S, p. 5S7 ; 50, p. 612; 51, p. 625).— The diseases known as " schlempe mauke" (panaritium) or distillery slop disease, and distillery slop cough, are discussed in regard to their etiology, symptoms, pathology, preven- tion, and treatment, and compared with other conditions commonly mistaken for them. Other diseases considered are white scours, infantile paralysis, purulent infec- tion of the umbilicus, and abortion. The relation of g'lycogen and its cleavag'e products to symptomatic anthrax, O. Moller (Berlin, Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 27 (1911), No. 7, pp. 117- 119).— The author points out the relation which the glycogen of the muscles may have to this disease. Rabbits which were fed on much carbohydrate (sugar beets) were not very resistant to infection with this bacillus, while those which were starved were remarkably so. The starved animals rarely showed the typical swellings of the hind thighs, nor did the muscles emit the gritty sound which is so characteristic of symptomatic anthrax. A new vaccine ag'ainst blackleg, A. Godoy (Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 2 (1910), No. 1, pp. 11-21, fig. ii).— The results of laboratory tests with a new vaccine against blackleg are reported. The method of preparing the vaccine is given. In regard to the occurrence of bacteria resembling Bacillus erysipelatis in the bovine and fowl, R. Broll (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 27 (1911), No. 3, pp. J/1, 42). — The author isolated bacteria from a steer and a ben which morphologically simulated B. erysipelatis, but the bacilli after being inocu- lated into mice did not yield the pathological changes characteristic of erysipe- las. The strain from the hen was very toxic. VETEBINARY MEDICINE, 681 The epicrisis to a foot-and-mouth disease invasion, O. Keueger {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wohnschr., 26 {1910), No. 52, pp. 1058-1060).— The author discusses the various factors involved in the epizootiology of foot-and-mouth disease, and points out the part which man may play in the dissemination of the disease. He recommends certain precautionary measures in this direction. Mastitis caused by a diplococcus, B. Mezey and I. Koppanyi {Allatorvosi Lapok, 33 {1910), No. 5, pp. -',9, 50; abs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 21 {1911), No. 5, pp. 77). — Thirty-sis animals in one barn were examined and found to be infected with a diplococcus which grew well upon agar and formed round, ^ay-white colonies, and which took Gram. The disease manifested itself by the formation of nodular growths under the subconnective tissue of the mammary gland and which went on to abscess for- mation. It could be transmitted artificially to other animals. The author believes that the disease originated from infected straw. After applying an ointment consisting of boric acid, silver nitrate, and lanolin, the abscesses healed in 12 days. Bacteriolog'ical investigations in regard to the causative agent of acute mastitis, with particular reference to the cooperation of the bacteria of the meat poisoning group in the production of the disease, Zwick and Weichel {Ard. K. Gsmllitsamt., S't {1910), No. 1,, pp. 59i-//'/5).— The results of a bacteri- ological examination of 21 cases of acute mastitis showed that in most instances the disease was caused by micro-organisms of the coli-aerogenes group. The results further show that a septic inflammation of the udder or a classic mastitis can be brought about by the bacteria of the meat-poisoning group. The lecithin content of milk under pathologic conditions, L. "W. Fetzer (A6s. in Science, n. ser., 33 {1911), No. S-}4, p. 339).— "The results show that milk obtained from animals suffering from mastitis contains less lecithin than the milk obtained from healthy animals. It was further noted that where a diminution in the lecithin content took place there was a corresponding decrease in the fat content." In regard to the biological characteristics of colostric and mastitis milks, M. Sassenhagen ( tiber die Biologischen Eigenschaften der Colostral- und Mas- titisynUch. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 56). — Colostric and mastitis milks from cows were both found to contain many cellular structures, as well as the protein substances usually contained in blood. Biologically considered, the secretion obtained during the colostric period or from cases of mastitis behave in many respects alike, as bacteriolytic haptines and hemolysins. Complement and antibody substances were practically always present. There were, how- ever, certain differences between colostric and mastitis milks; mastitis milk, for instance, contained many more bacteria and had a higher reducing value for methylene blue, although colostrum during the first few days also has a strong reducing reaction. A further difference is the fact that the Schardinger re- action is obtained with mastitis milk, but not with colostric milk. The above findings were also characteristic for woman's and goat's milk. In regard to the so-called pseudorabies, Zwick {Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 36 {1911), No. 3, pp. 382-408; ahs. in Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 3 {1910), No. 7, p. 810). — Tests were made with virulent material emanating from Hungary. The brain substance, urine, blood, and blood serum were found to be virulent, but the filtrate from a Berkefeld filter was aviru- lent. The brain substance was found to be virulent after a period of 8 months. Desiccation and boiling destroyed the virus. The disease is not contagious, and the incubation time was found to be from 36 to 96 hours, which is different from that in rabies. The author found bodies 682 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. in the brain tissue which may have something to do with the etiology of this condition, but he was not able to cultivate them. The cause of puerperal septicemia, Ohler {MUnchen, Tierdrstl. Wchnschr., 53 {1909), No. 50; ahs. in Berlin Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 52, p. 1052). — Puerperal septicemia is caused by the Streptococcus pyogenes. If other bacteria are taken up by the blood stream, such as those which cause putrefaction, they eventually overwhelm the streptococci and either destroy them or weaken their virulence. Prevention of intestinal rupture during birth, Becker (Berlin. Tierdrstl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. Jfl, pp. 79-'i, 795). — The author describes a method of treating breech cases to prevent intestinal ru]Jture in the mother, which he has employed with good success. An examination of the feces of forty cattle for tubercle bacilli and con- clusions, J. Reichel and E. S. Deubler (Jour. Med. Research, 2.'f (1911), No. 1, pp. 5-1.'/). — This is a preliminary report of investigations conducted under the auspices of the Pennsylvania State Live Stock Sanitary Board. The conclusions were that " the microscopic examination of the feces or rectal scrapings of cattle for tubercle bacilli is of no value, in that many bac- teria make their appearance in the feces or rectal scrapings with the morphol- ogy and staining characteristics of tubercle bacilli, which, however, fail to prove themselves as such. ' The animal inoculation test,' 1. e., the injection of guinea pigs with feces and rectal scrapings of cattle is a valuable although not an infallible test. It can be relied upon when the guinea pigs injected develop tuberculosis as a result of the injection. " Feeding material suspected of containing tubercle bacilli to guinea pigs has shown itself of little value, in that only 3 (20 per cent) of the guinea pigs fed feces with tubercle bacilli developed tuberculosis. Of the 40 cattle in- cluded in the examination, 9 (22.5 per cent) were found to be throwing off virulent tubercle bacilli in the feces or rectal scrapings. Of these 9 cattle, the tubercle bacilli were found virulent for guinea pigs, and in 8 of the 9 the tubercle bacilli were virulent for rabbits. " The successful demonstration of tubercle bacilli in the feces or rectal scrapings of cattle is either proof that extensive or ' open ' lesions of tubercu- losis exist, or an indication that tubercle bacilli ingested are passing through the length of the alimentary canal of the animal under examination. Cattle with ' open ' lesions of tuberculosis and throwing off tubercle bacilli in the feces or rectal scrapings as a rule show physical symptoms of the disease. The demonstration of tubercle bacilli in the feces or rectal scrapings of cattle apparently free of tuberculosis, but stabled with highly infected cattle, may be accepted as an indication that tubercle bacilli are passing through such cattle — the tubercle bacilli being ingested and thrown off in numbers large enough to be demonstrable in the feces or rectal scrapings. " Cattle showing physical symptoms of tuberculosis are the most active dis- seminators of the disease, because of the probable existence of ' open ' lesions, and the likelihood that tubercle bacilli are thrown off in the excreta. Since they show physical symptoms they may be detected in a herd by a consideration of the hi.story, careful observation and a thorough examination of each animal. Tuberculin-reacting cattle do not necessarily throw off tubercle bacilli in the feces until the development of ' open ' lesions of tuberculosis, in which event the condition may be detected by a consideration of the history, careful obser- vation, and a complete physical examination." See also previous notes (E. S. R.. 18, p. 378; 19, pp. 181, 986). Keport on the findings of the Illinois Tuberculin Commission (Amer. Food Jour., 6 (1911), No. 1, pp. 28, 29).— This is a report of the commission ap- VETERINARY MEDICINE. 683 poiutetl for the purpose of inquiring into the reliability and efficiency of the tuberculin testing of dairy cows, and the necessity for its adoption. The com- mission did not recommend the adoption of the test for controlling tuberculosis, but recommended the physical examination of dairy cows and a certificate as 10 the health of animals shipped into the State of Illinois for breeding purposes. The strength of various tuberculins measured according' to the official German method, K. Siegesmond {Ztsclir. Hyg. u. Infelctionskrank., 66 (1910), No. 3, pp. 357-3S2). — After reviewing the methods for preparing and measuring the strength of the various tuberculins, the author reports the results of his tests with the method in use at the Royal Institute for Experimental Thera- peutics at Frankfort-on-the-Main.<^ It was found that Beraneck's tuberculin (E. S. R., 23, p. 687) is the weakest preparation and tuberculol C ^ the strongest. The latter was decidedly stronger than the standard preixiration. Beruer's tuberculin ° was found to be oilly one-half as strong as the official preparation, while the Dohna tuber- culin in one instance was just as strong as the official.'^ The other samples of this preparation were uniform in their action. The life cycle of Theileria parva: The cause of East Coast fever in cattle in South Africa, R. Gonder {Jour. Compar. Path, ani Titer., 23 {1910), No. //, pp. 328-335, fig. 1). — The author presents an illustrated account of the life history of T. parva as worked out at the Government Veterinary Bacteriological Laboratory at Onderstepoort, Pretoria. The development of the parasite in the organs is divided into 2 generations distinguishable by their morphology (agamogenetic and gamogenetic). The tick of chief importance in the transmission of the disease, RMpicephaliis appendiculatus, was largely used in the investigations. " If the tick has been infected as a larva it can only transmit the disease in the nymphal stage ; if it has become infected as a nymph it can only transmit the disease as an imago. An infected tick purifies itself completely from all infection once it has bitten an animal. If infected as a larva it can only become reinfected as a nymph, but never as an adult tick." [Cultivation of the acid-fast bacillus found in the intestine of cows in Johne's disease], F. W. Twort (Proc. Rog. Sac. [London], Ser. B., S3 {1910), Nb. B 562, p. 158). — The author states that he has succeeded in isolating and growing the acid-fast bacillus found in the intestine of cows in Johne's disease. " The first generation of this bacillus grows often long, with occasional branching and club formation, in subcultures it gradually grows smaller, and in the second or third generation is about the size of the tubercle bacillus. The growth is only just visible to the naked eye, and subcultures on the ordi- nary laboratory media show no evidence of multiplication. Johne's bacillus grows somewhat more easily than Hansen's lepra bacillus; the bacilli being well formed and quite acid-fast. The cultures were incubated at 40° C." Bell's paralysis in a heifer calf, T. G. Palgrove (Vet. Jour., 67 {1911), No. 'i27, pp. 52-5.'f). — A description of a case in a 6-months-old calf with ultimate recovery. A new disease of sheep, A. Gaertnee {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 30, pp. 595-597; Ce^ithl. Bakt. [etc.]. 1. Ait., Orig., 5// (1910), No. 6, pp. 5)6-563; al)s. in Ceufbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Ref., 48 {1910), No. 3, p. 78; Vet. oKlin. Jahrb., 7 (1S9S-1900), p. 225. *Hyg. Rundschau, 8 (1898), No. 10, p. 481; 10 (1900), No. 8, p. 361; Beitr. Klinik Tuberkulose, 10 (1908), No. 4, pp. 293-372. "Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 32 (1906), No. 6, p. 562. "^Klin. Jahrb., 7 (1898-1900), p. 359. 684 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bee, 23 (1911), No. 1183, t). 579). — A new ovine disease is described, and ex- periments reported. The disease usnally first manifests itself in the newly lambed ewes, then in the newly born lambs, and finally spreads to other lambs and sheep. The etiological factor is supposed to be a diplococcus simulating an atypical form of the Diplococcus pncumonicE, and which was isolated from the blood and organs of sheep dead from the disease. The organism was capable of repro- ducing the disease by introduction into the respiratory tract, the alimentary tract, and the peritoneum. The name proposed by the author is Streptococcus (Diplococcus) Idnceolatus ovium. Symptomatically considered, the ewes became sick and showed a fever cor- responding to a temperature from 103.8 to 105.4° F., a loss of appetite, general prostration, and a distended, tender abdomen. " The mucous membranes of the vagina and vulva were swollen and reddened, and a foul-smelling fluid was discharged from the genital passages with the accompaniment of painful straining." Another form manifests itself by a profuse, purulent, nasal dis- charge, which is accompanied by a swelling and tenderness in the nares and associated with fever and prostration. Three different forms could be noted on post-mortem examination. Eeport of the veterinary department, R. A. Craig (Indiana St a. Rpt. 1910, p. 61). — During the year ended June 30, 1910, more than 400.000 cc. of hog- cholera serum was produced. The total number of hogs treated was about 10,000. Reports of 2,116 hogs treated in 42 herds show 70, or 3.3 per cent, to have died. The average cost to stockmen of the average dose of serum used (40 cc.) was 60 cts. per hog. " For the purpose of increasing the quantity of virulent material that may be secured from a virulent blood hog, from 1,500 to 3.000 cc. of a normal salt solution was injected into the abdominal cavities of a number of the hogs used in this work. The injections were made 2 hours before the cholera hogs were bled, and as soon as the animals had died the virulent normal salt solution was removed. Eleven hyperimmunes were produced with the virulent normal salt solution, and all of them produced potent serum." Epizootic of mastitis in pig's, A. V. Toth (Berlin Tierdrstl. Wchnschr., 27 (1911), No. J/, pp. 58, 59). — It has been observed that in many instances the mammary gland of the female hog becomes infected and destroyed, and even- tually drops off. The author seeks to show the relation which variola and pasturing have to the disease. He found a few bacteria in the nodules which were present in the gland, and will report upon their identity later. The surg'ical anatomy of the horse, J. T. Share- Jones (London, 1906, pt. 1. pp. XII +159, pJs. 33; 1907, pt. 2, pp. X-VWO, pis. 3',; 1908, pt. 3, pp. X + 220, pis. 28). — Part 1 of this work is devoted to the head and neck, part 2 to the fore limbs, and part 3 to the hind limbs. A protective reaction of the host in intestinal coccidiosis of the rabbit, T. Smith (Jo'tir. Med. Research, 23 (1910), No. 3, pp. J,07-J,15, pis. .i).— The author here reports studies made of Eimeria stiedxc (Coccidiuni cuniculi) in a rabbit, which indicate the manner in which immunity establishes itself. The morphology and life history of Eimeria (Coccidium) avium, a sporo- zoon causing a fatal disease among young grouse, H. B. Fantham (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1910, III, pp. 672-691, pis. '/, dgin. 1 ) .—The complete life cycle of E. avium, responsible for the dwindling of grouse broods in the spring, is here set forth for the first time. It is shown that, owing to the rule of priority, the generic name Coccidium (Leuckart, 1879) no longer holds, being replaced by that of Eimeria (A. Schneider, 1875). Since the coccidia of birds were first VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 685 recorded in fowls by Silvestrini and Ilivolta in 1873 nnder the name Psoi-osper- mium avium and the name Coccidiufii tenellum was not erected bj^ Raiyiet and Lucet until 1891, the specific name avium holds through the law of priority. By administering feces containing oocysts from diseased grouse to young fowl chicks and pigeons, the author was able to reproduce the disease exactly as it occurs in grouse. '' E. avium appears to be purely a parasite of the gut of the grouse and does not affect such gut diverticula as the liver. The crop and gizzard of infected birds are rarely parasitized, though they may contain oocysts in the condition in which they have been ingested with food. Examination of the duodenum shows that the sporocysts ingested with the food are attacked by the pancreatic juice (as I have proved by pancreatic digestion experiments, using both natural pancreatic juice and trypsin), and the sporozoites are set free. TTaese invade the tissue of the duodenum, rapidly become schizonts and multiply, the result being that the duodenum is often riddled by the parasites, and consequently inflamed. Both the villi and the crypts of Lieberkiihn are attacked, and the parasites have also been found, though much more rarely, in the snbmucosa. Great hyiiertrophy followed by atrophy of the epithelial host cell occurs, and the tissue attacked is often reduced to a finely granular, structureless mass. Desquamation of the gut is common, and epithelium containing various develop- mental stages of the parasite can be found floating free in the gut contents. " Some of the merozoites formed in the duodenum pass down the gut, reach the ceca and recommence their life cycle there. Active schizogomy and sporog- ony go on in the ceca, chiefly in the epithelium, very rarely in the submucosa. Often the ceca are as heavily parasitized as the duodenum, whole areas being completely denuded of the epithelium, especially when the fertilized oocysts pass outwards into the cecal contents. The walls of the ceca are often rendered very thin and tender by the action, direct and indirect, of the parasite. Ripe oocysts and sporocysts occur in the lumen of the ceca of dying chicks." A list of 20 references to the literature is appended. Observations on the parasitic Protozoa of the red grouse (Lagopus scoti- cus), with a note on the grouse fly, H. B. Fantham {Proc. Zool, 8oc. London, 1910, III, pp. 692-708, pis. 3). — The author has found and here considers 7 species of Protozoa, exclusive of coccidia, that are parasitic in gi'ouse, namely, Leucocytozoon lovati, Hwmoproteus mansoni, SinrocJuvto lagopodls n. sp., 8. lovati n. sp., Trichom,onas eherthi, Am-oeba {Entam<£ha) lagopodis n. sp., and Monocijfilis sp. He found that the grouse fly (OrnitJwmyia lagopodis) sucks the blood of the grouse, as blood in all stages of digestion was obtained from the fly's gut. Examination of the salivary glands of the fly showed that an anticoagulin is secreted by them. A fungus was found to infest the Mal- pighian tubes of tlie fly. A list of 34 references to literature is appended. Experimental studies of avian coccidiosis, especially in relation to young grouse, fowls, and pigeons, H. B. Fantham (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1910, HI, pp. 108-122, pi. 1, fig. 1). — In order to test the specificness of the coccidian parasite of the grouse, experiments were made with the result that the coccidium pathogenic in young grouse and responsible for the dwindling of the broods, particularly in the spring and early summer, was found to be equally injurious to healthy young fowls and young pigeons. Healthy grouse chicles also were experimentally treated by administering food mixed with small quantities of infected feces from otlier grouse suffering from coccidiosis, and fatal results ensued. " Some authors have given the name Coccidium cunicuU to the parasite of birds, thereby identifying the coccidium of birds with that of rabbits. Having 686 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. Lad the opportunity of obtaining fresh material from rabbits dying rapidly of acute coccidiosis, I fed a healthy young pigeon directly with oocysts of C. cimi- ciili. At first oocysts were voided by the pigeon, then none were found in the feces, and no symptoms associated with coccidiosis appeared at any time. The first oocysts voided were merely those supplied to the bird which had passed unchanged through its alimentary tract. Though this pigeon received several doses of the oocysts of Eimcria (Coccidimn) cunicuJi, it never developed cocci- diosis, and the post-mortem examination made immediately after killing the bird showed a perfectly normal condition of every organ. I consider that these ex- periments show conclusively that E. aviiiw and E. cuniculi are distinct species of Eimeria and are not identical. There are also morphological differences be- tween the two, chiefly of size {E. avium is the smaller)." The author discusses experimental methods, the symptoms of coccidiosis, internal organs, relative resistance of different breeds of fowls and pigeons to coccidiosis, the dissemination of coccidiosis over tracts of country, the duration of vitality of coccidian oocysts, and the effects of certain reagents on coccidian oocysts. Observations on the blood of grouse, H. B. Fantham {Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1910, III, pp. 722-731, jjI. 1). — In blood-counts of 50 birds the number of erythrocytes was found to vary from 3,600.000 to 5,800,000, averaging 4,300,000 per cubic millimeter. The number of red cells was apparently higher in the cock grouse (4,400,000 per cubic millimeter) than in the hen grouse (3,800,000 per cubic millimeter). The number of leucocytes found per cubic millimeter in the blood of apparently healthy grouse varied from 22,000 to 50,000, averaging about 32,000 per cubic millimeter. Classification of the leucocytes of healthy and diseased grouse. Lymphocytes Large mononuclears Polymorphonuclears Eosinophiles Mast cells Apparently healthy grouse. Per cent. 67 19 20 3 1 Lmcocyto- zobn lovati in blood of a grouse. Two grouse chicks dying from coccidiosis. Per cent. 63.0 28.0 5.5 2.5 1.0 Per cent. 26. 0-50. 0 13.0-31.0 31.5-39.5 3.5- 5.5 0.6 A fowl chick dy- ing from coccidiosis. Three adult grouse killed by Tricho- strongylus pergra- cilis. Per cent. 20.5 29.5 47.0 2.0 1.0 Per cent. 44. 0-62. 5 6. 0-10. 0 7.5-14.0 23. 5-42. 0 0.5 " The number of red cells found in an adult cock grouse dying from helmin- thiasis was 3,250,000 per cubic millimeter, the number of red cells for a normal cock grouse being about 1,000,000 more. The hemoglobin value estimated by Tallquist's scale was 60 for a gi-ouse suffering from helminthiasis and 80 to 90 for healthy adult grouse." A list of 13 references to literature is appended. Antifowl cholera serum and its practical significance, P. W. Sisoff {Arch. Yet. Nauk [St. Pctersh.], iO {1910), No. 7, pp. S0.',-818; ads. in Ztschr. Im- munitatsf. n. Expt. Thcr., II, Rcf., 3 {1910), No. 7, p. 822).— This is an exten- sive report in regard to the preparation of a polyvalent, antif owl-cholera serum and the practical, therapeutical results obtained with it. It is shown that by immunizing a bovine over an extended period (over 2 years) with virulent, fowl-cholera cultures, an active prophylactic and curative serum can be obtained. Using this serum prophylactically in a great many epizootics (3,870 birds) it was noted that the disease can be easily held in check. As a curative agent the figures show that there was a reduction in the mortality from 90 to 22 per cent where the serum was used. RURAL, ECOlSrOMICS. 687 RUHAL ECONOMICS. The future of agriculture, O. E. Baker (Ann. Rpt. Wis. Agr. Expt. Assoc, 8 {1910), pp. 20-25). — This article calls attention to the high prices of food products that have prevailed during the past five years and assigns its cause to the operation of the economic law of supply and demand. It is shown that there has been a steady decrease in rural population and growth of city population, decreasing yields of crops as a result of bad farming systems, and a marked decrease in exports of staple farm products. These tendencies, it is believed, will continue to raise the price of food supplies in the future and farming for young men is urged for the following reasons: (1) Land values will steadily increase; (2) the high price of farm products is cer- tainly to be maintained and probably increased; (3) land is a safe investment; (4) farmers can by organization possess great political power; and (.5) farm- ing is a healthful occupation. The needs of modern agriculture as conceived by the author are enumerated as (1) instruction for farmers, not alone in improved methods of crop produc- tion and soil management, but even more in guidance and aid in the formation of cooperatiA^e organizations for buying and selling to put them on a level with the organized" interests with which they do business; (2) schools which fit for country rather than for city life; (3) better means of communication, such as good roads, telephones, a parcel post, etc.; and (4) above all a more sanitary, wholesome, and social life. The causes of the increased cost of agricultural staples and the influence of this upon the recent evolution of other objects of expenditure, E. D. Jones {Rpt. Mich. Acad. ScL, 12 {1910), pp'. i37-i-'/;2).— The causes of the in- creased cost of food supplies and staple agricultural products which enter into manufactured goods and have a bearing on the present high cost of living are believed to be chiefly the social distributive forces which new personal and household wants seem to require and the great economic wastes of natural resources. " It may be an error to say that we have come into a period of years which will prove a turning point in our national civilization, but it is difficult to imagine any economic reaction more fundamental than that between a nation and the land upon which it lives. If we are really through with the easy expansion of our agriculture, as the population increases we shall need to review our entire national economy and eliminate wastes rather than give up precious utilities." The fight for conservation, G. Pinchot {~New York, 1910, pp. IX+152). — This book contains a plea for the development and preservation of the natural resources in the United States, such as the public lands, forests, water courses, mineral deposits, and coal, for the common welfare now and in the future. Gigantic plan for meeting the high cost of living. — A project for numer- ous model farms {Tradesman, 6/; {1910), No. 22, pp. 29, 30). — A discussion of the purpose and possibilities of the National Farm Homes Association pre- viously described (B. S. R., 23, p. 291). A demonstration of intensive culture, J. R. Dunstan {JOtir. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, 1909, No. 18, pp. 16-19). — An account of the method of cultivat- ing 6 acres of land in potatoes and cauliflower and of the returns therefrom. The cost of raising the potatoes and cauliflower was £16 Ss. and £10 18s. 9d., respectively, and the total net return £48 19s. 7cl. per acre. Both crops were grown the same year. The estimated labor represents one-fourth of a man's working time for 12 months, and the returns are presented with a view of show- 93315°— No. 7—11 7 688 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ing what can be doue on small holdings with the application of capital and intelligent industry. Farm manag-ement, R. H. Poston {Ann. Rpt. Wis. Agr. Ewpt. Assoc, S {1910), pp. SO-S.'i, pL 1). — This article makes suggestions for the profitable employment of live stock and laborers, the proper location of buildings, the time and method of planting crops, and the preservation of manure as important factors in farm management. It is concluded that " if all men would use the same business methods about their farm management that they would running any other business, farming would be more pleasant and more profitable." The business side of farming', B. H. Crocheron {Gard. Mag. [N. Y.], 12 {1910), No. 6, pp. 268-270). — Suggestions made in this article for the more profitable operation of farms include discussions of the advantages of small farms, the raising of difficult products, finishing products on the farm, securing the advantages of near-by and special markets, keeping daily expense accounts, and summing up in a yearly inventory. Methods of farm advertising, J. C. Marquis {Ann. Rpt. Wis. Agr Expt. Assoc, 8 {1910), pp. lJf-20, fig. 1). — The value of advertising as an essential factor in successful farm management is discussed and illustrated. The agricultural industry a unit, E. Streit {Illus. Landw. Ztg., 30 {1910), No. 88, p. 826). — This article treats the different lines of work conducted on a farm as parts of a system in which the different branches are to be considered in relation to the whole organism, the one aim being to secure the highest profits for the labor and capital expended. On a diversified farm, therefore, it is practically useless to attempt to ascertain the cost of production of any particular crop, but the keeping ef accounts for the farm as a whole is both practical and necessary for the up-to-date farmer for his practical guidance in farm management. The latter is regarded as the most essential feature in profitable agriculture at the present time. Investigations on the profitableness of agriculture in Switzerland during 1908-9, E. Laur {Ann. Agr. Suisse, 11 {1910), No. 2, pp. 12-V,1).— In addi- tion to data on the yields, value, exports, etc., of farm products raised for the year ended February 28, 1909, this report contains a detailed account of the profitableness of agriculture as determined from 287 farms of various sizes. The following table gives the receipts classified according to the kind of hold- ing: Kind, number, and receipts of farm holdings in Switzerland. Kind of holding. Number of hold- ings. Receipts per hold- ing. 1908. Number of hold- ings. Receipts. Per holding. Per hec- tare of surface cul- tivated. Small holdings Small peasant holdings Peasant holdings Large peasant holdings Large holdings 157 553 351 317 Francs. 2,601 4,379 6,378 10, 074 17, 072 29 115 62 63 18 Francs. 2,2.59 4,660 6, 927 11,027 21,546 Francs. .565 630 555 522 520 The average receipts, as determined from 1,457 holdings averaging 13.64 hectares in size for the years 1901-1908, inclusive, were 6,820 francs, or an average return of 500 francs per hectare (about $39 per acre). The agrarian industries: Their development and present condition with special reference to the outlook for the commonwealth of Australia, H. W. RURAL ECONOMICS. Potts (Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 12 (1909), pp. 569-581). — Tliis article gives a history of agricultural development in Australia, and discusses its capa- bilitites for the extension and improvement of both pastoral and agricultural industries as a result of the application of scientific principles to agriculture. A review of Australian conditions with reference to land areas, climate, adaptability to live stock and crop raising, population, home and foreign markets, and government interest in fostering agricultural education and ren- dering financial aid, leads the author to conclude that " the outlook for agricul- ture in Australia affords ample evidence for abiding confidence and lasting prosperity." Agricultural conditions in Lower Lombardy with special reference to the farm laborer, F. Rovelli (Die Agrarverfassiing der Niederlombardi mit heson- derer Berucksichtigiing der Landarhetter. Karlsruhe, 1908, pp. X-\-228, map 1). — Part 1 of this volume describes the agricultural conditions of Lower Lombardy, including accounts of the more important lines of work such as rice culture and dairying, methods of irrigation, the extent, nature, and capital invested, and conditions of land ownership. Part 2, which composes the bulk of the volume (pp. 49-228), is devoted en- tirely to a discussion of the agricultural classes, including landowners, tenant farmers, and farm laborers. The latter are described in detail as to wages, hours of labor, standard of living, and organizations, with a chapter on cooper- ative farms. The social and political aspects of the agricultural labor problem are also presented. A bibliography is included. [Improving- the conditions of the rural population], D. G. Acevedo {Rev. Asoc. Rural Uruguay, 39 {1910), No. 9-10, pp. 773- 8/5). —This is a report by the chairman of a commission appointed to investigate the conditions sur- rounding the poorer classes of the rural population in Uruguay, with a view to making suggestions for their physical, educational, and economic improvement. The information was secured by means of personal inquiry and in reply to a series of questions sent to representative partie:? in different sections of the country. The answers relate to the number and average size of poor families, the forms of employment in which engaged, the causes contributing to condi- tions of poverty, the ability and aptitude of the people for labor, what indus- tries established in the different districts offer the best prospects of meeting existing conditions, and what practical means should be employed to fit the poorer classes for regular employment. The information here presented affords an insight into rural conditions in Uruguay. A practical handbook upon agricultural tenancies, C. E. Curtis and R. A, Gordon {London, 1910, pp. XII +328). — ^This volume contains a clear and concise statement of facts regarding agricultural leases and tenancies in Great Britain compiled fi'om the legal point of view. The authors maintain that recent legislation has so revolutionized agricultural practice and so strength- ened the position of tenant farmers that the time has arrived to set forth the relations of landlord and tenant as to their respective obligations and duties, which this volume aims to make plain. The book also contains the texts of the English and Scottish agricultural holding acts of 1908 and the small holdings and allotments acts of 1908. Notes on larg-e and small proprietary holdings in Spain, A. Barthe y Barthe (Bui. Inst. Intemat. matis. {The Hague], 18 (1910), No. 2, pp. 507- 512). — This article gives a history of land tenure in Spain, with statistical data on the number and size of holdings in certain provinces. " Concentration of the land in the hands of a few proprietors is particularly noticeable in the west and middle of the peninsula. In the northern and eastern parts the holdings in general are quite small." Large single holdings 690 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. run as higli as 350,000 acres, while small holdings are made up in many instances of many widely separated parcels of land. This latter feature of the Spanish land tenure system is regarded as seriously detrimental to the eco- nomic welfare of the peasant class. Long--terni credit in favor of rural small proprietors, A. Beckerich {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 20 (1910), No. ^5, pp. 595-509). — This is a discussion from the economic and legal points of view of the main provisions of the law of March 19, 1910: which provides credit for long periods on reasonable terms to small-farm holders in France (E. S. R., 23, p. 292). The conclusion is reached that this law is a valuable supplement to existing homestead laws and will have a tendency to impi'ove the economic condition of small holders and to encourage their remaining on the land. Agricultural bank, J. M. Dickinson (War Dept. [TJ. fif.], Spec. Rpt. Philip- pines, 1910, pp. 2't, 25). — ^An account of the business conducted by the Philip- pine agricultural bank since opening October 1, 1908, to June 30, 1910. Of 565 applications for loans during this period, 453 were refused, princi- pally on account of defective titles. The total amount loaned was $142,225. The law limits the amount that can be loaned on property to 40 per cent of its value. It is believed that " unless the hank shall establish more agencies at central points where loans can be negotiated with the minimum of expense to borrowers, the utility of the bank will fail or will be confined to a compara- tively small area." [Farmers' banks in North Dakota], C. Fritz and W. Lynch {Cooperation [Minneapolis], 2 {1910), No. 8, pp. 32-3^). — Accounts are given of the estab- lishment, development, and success of farmers' cooperative banks at Chaffee and Lidgerwood, N. Dak. The banks are said to be in a very prosperous condition. The development of agriculture by organized efEort, E. Davenport (Agr. of Mass., 57 (1909), pp. 27-1/1). — This paper and discussion set forth the advantages of cooi>eration in the selling of fruit, live stock, dairy products, etc., with particular emphasis on the idea that the community rather than the individual should specialize in production. It is shown that community specialization and association render the mjivket- ing and selling of agricultural products much easier and result in three advantages, namely: (1) They increase the net retui-ns for any given year, making quite profitable a business which on an individual basis is liable to bring only loss and disappointment; (2) such a community organization, with established reputation and settled business methods, constitutes a kind of per- manent asset to every member; and (3) they insure to every new man seeking to engage in that form of production a reputation, a market for his products, and an assured profit from the first — all of which is an additional asset to the community and a substantial addition to land values. Cooperation among farmers — the business side, E. M. Tousley {Ami. Rpt. N. J. B(J. Agr., 37 (1909), pp. 122-138) .—TM?, article treats of the advantages of farmers' cooperative stores for both buying and selling, and of the causes most likely to lead to the failure of such stores. Third Transvaal Cooperative Congress, H. K. J. Van Noobden et al. {Transvaal Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 119, pp. 67). — A reix)rt of the proceedings of the congress held at Pretoria April 12-14, 1910. The first aid to shipping fruits, vegetables, butter, eggs, and game for profit to market, T. G. Thomas (Houston, Tex., 1910, pp. 98). — This book fur- nishes information for producers on methods of gathering, preparing, packing, and shipping fruits and vegetables, and on preparing and shipping dairy and poultry products and game for successful and profitable marketing. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 691 Farm labor in Virginia, A. Jeffers (South. Planter, 71 {1910), No, 12, pp. 1231, 1232). — This article sets forth the conditions which produce a scarcity of farm labor in Virginia. The crowding of the rural population, both white and colored, into the towns and cities, which has been going on with the industrial development of Virginia during the past 45 years, is regarded as leading to a scarcity of farm help while increasing the amount of vagrancy. Suggestions are made for the readjustment of the population, particular emphasis being laid on the need for more strin- gent enforcement of the vagrancy law and its adoption and enforcement by town and city authorities. This plan, it is believed, would have a tendency to force the unemployed in cities back to the land. [General observations on the employment of casual labor in agricultural districts], R. Farrab (London: Govt., 1909, pp. 22). — This pamphlet gives a description of the conditions under which persons are temporarily employed in the picking of peas and fruits in England, including wages, hours of labor, standard of living, sleeping accommodations, and other economic and social features. The evils of the system are said to be demoralizing to workers and a grave nuisance in the districts whei'e such services are rendered. An appendix gives in contrast the police regulations in force durmg the hop- picking season in three districts of Bavaria for the control of the immigrant labor force. The International Institute of Agriculture. —Its labors in behalf of eco- nomic bettterment, L. Einaudi (Rome, 1910, pp. 11). — This is an account of the economic service the institute is expected to perform in determining the world supply of crops, and of its labors accomplished in this direction by the returns on wheat production in 1910 for 20 of the principal wheat-producing countries. Publications of the Bureau of Statistics (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Div. Puhs. Circ. 12, pp. 5). — A list of the publications of this Bureau available for distribution. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The American systena of agricultural education, A. C. True and D. J. Crosby (V. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. 8tas. Circ. 106, pp. 28, pis. 8).— This is a revision of Circular 83, of this Office, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. .S97), describing graduate, collegiate, secondary, and elementary educational insti- tutions giving instruction in agriculture. African agriculture. — IV, Agricultural education, M. N. Work (8out?i. Workman, 40 (1911), No. 2, pp. 79-87, figs. 7). — This article describes three ways in which instruction in agriculture is being disseminated in Africa, viz, by schools, fairs, and agricultural demonstration work. Brief notes are given on two recently established agricultural schools in Gambia and Sierre Leone, and on agricultural shows held in the Gold Coast in 1909 and in Calabar in 1910. Studies of irrigation plants and educational institutions for agricultural engineering in Prussia, C. B. Cablsson (Meddel. K. Landthr. Styr. [Sweden], 1910, No. If (151), pp. 50 + VIII). — ^A report of studies made and impressions received during more or less extended visits to these Institutions. Where forestry can be studied (Amer. Forestry, 16 (1910), No. 12, pp. 730- 733). — Information is given concerning the graduate courses in forestry at Yale, Michigan, Harvard, Minnesota, and Washington universities, the undergraduate college courses at 12 land-grant institutions, 3 other colleges, and 1 special for- est school, and forestry as a subordinate subject in numerous other college and school courses. 692 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The forest school — a growing institution (Caiiad. Forestry Jour., 6 (1910), No. 3, PI). 75-77, flgs. 3). — Notes on the instruction in forestry at educational institutions in Canada and the United States. Course of study for departments of ag'riculture and home economics in Louisiana high schools, V. L. Roy {Baton Rouge: State Supt. Ed., 1910, pp^ Q2). — The supervisor of agricultural high schools in Louisiana here out- lines the minimum requirements adopted by the state board of education for high schools receiving state aid for departments of agriculture. These require- ments include land inclosed by fence, a bam, apparatus for teaching the sciences including agriculture, $180 worth of tools and farm implements, an appro- priation for the maintenance of the department of at least $250 annually, and a teacher of agriculture who must be a graduate of an agricultural col- lege with some practical experience in farming, can not be the principal of the school, must be employed for 12 months in the year, and can not be re- quired to teach any class outside of the department of agriculture with the exception of botany and zoology if these subjects are given an agricultural turn. The special state appropriations to approved departments of agriculture will range from $1,200 to $1,500 for each school. Courses of study are suggested for high schools having only departments of agriculture and home economics and for high schools which also offer literary or commercial courses. Following these are syllabi of courses in general agriculture, farm animals, farm bookkeeping, chemistry, dairying, mechanical drawing, agricultural engineering, entomology, farm crops, field practice, horticulture, rural law, farm mnnagement, poultry, shop practice, soils and fertilizers, sewing, cooking, food study, physiology, home nursing, dietetics, and household management, with suggestions for classroom reci- tations, laboratory practicums, and field, shop, and home work. Directions for teachers are given in considerable detail and these are followed by price lists of apparatus for the various laboratories, lists of shop and garden tools and field implements and of miscellaneous equipment, and a suggestive list of publications for the library. Specifications are given for barns to be erected on the high-school farms. Annual for Edgar County public schools, 1910-11, G. W. Brown {Ann. Edgar Co. [IZZ.] Puh. Schools, 1910-11, pp. 123, pi. 1, figs. .'fO, dgms. 2).— In addition to the usual public school reports data are included concerning the farm boys' encampment, the farmers' and teachers' excursion, an outline of the minimum of instruction in agriculture for the year, a list of county fair premiums for school exhibits, directions for making the Babcoek milk test, and other data intended to aid the teacher in conducting an up-to-date school relating its work to the rural community life. Annual report of Winnebago County schools, 1910, O. J. Kern {Ann. Rpt. Winnehago Co. [Ill] Schools, 1910, pp. 96, figs. 105, dgms. 8).— This report contains, in addition to the usual information concerning the schools of the county, chapters on outdoor improvement including education for country life, indoor improvement with reference to health conditions, schoolroom deco- ration, school libraries, etc., play and playgi-ounds, agricultural education, the new country home, and consolidation of country schools. This last chapter contains several building plans, two landscape plans, and one planting list. A state fair school of domestic science, Mrs. H. M. Jones {Minn. Hort., 3S (1910), No. 7, pp. 2J{l-2ii8, pi. 1, figs. 2).— The state fair school of domestic science, at Springfield, 111., for which the stnte legislature provided a $20,000 building, is described. Details are given concerning the daily routine of the women and girls who receive instruction in this school. MISCELLANEOUS. 693 The training of teachers for the rural schools, A. E. Bennett {Des Moines, [1910], pp. 13). — Data are given concerning teacher-traiuing for rural schools in England, Canada, New South Wales, and the United States. In the case of this country the author deals with (1) model rural schools and rural-school extension, (2) normal training in high schools, (3) county teachers' training schools (4) junior normal and summer schools, and (5) miscellaneous aids. He then discusses Iowa's needs, and adds a bibliography with about forty references. Sug'gestions for rural schools, Leila Russell (Winthrop Norm, and Indus. Col. 8. C. Bui., 4 {1910), No. 2, pp. IJ,).— These suggestions relate to seat work with nature-study material intended to give concreteness to the instruction, oral worli in English and geography, with special reference to cotton and corn, and a rural school exhibition. References to helpful literature are given. Exercises in elementary agriculture, G. A. Bricker {Agr. Col. Ext. But. [Ohio State Univ.]. 6 {1910), No. 2, Sup. 1, pp. 8, figs. 5).— This is a continua- tion of this series (E. S. R., 24, p. 92). Selecting, scoring, and storing seed corn and potatoes, A. B. Nelson and V. Keyser {Neltr. Dept. Pub. Instr., 2. ser., 1910, Bui. 20, pp. 3-28, figs. Ui). — Detailed instructions are given the members of the Nebraska boys' club for selecting, scoring, and storing seed corn and potatoes, including forms for records and score cards. Tree growing in the public schools, E. B. Babcock and H. A. Greene {Cali- fornia Sta. Circ. 59, pp. 19, figs. 6). — A planting list of the best evergreen and deciduous trees for California conditions is followed by directions for germinat- ing and planting both large and small seeds, transplanting the seedlings, and setting out the trees in permanent locations. Mention is also made of trees that can be grown from cuttings. Suggestions are given for the care and pro- tection of young trees, for the organization of boys' and girls' clubs, and for tree-seed exchange. Lists of leaflets, circulars, bulletins, books, and other literature on trees are appended. How to know some Ohio trees, W. R. Lazenby {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.\. G {1910), No. 3, pp. 16, figs. 15). — Different ways of recognizing trees by some of their more prominent characteristics are given. The work is evidently intended for school children, and no attempt is made to introduce botanical distinctions. The development of home economics, Isabel Bevier {Good Housekeeping Mag., 51 {1910), No. J,, pp. Jf65-469, figs. 5).— A historical account of the devel- opment of the subject of home economics in the United States and the agencies which have contributed to it. Cookery text-books, Clara N. Graves {Gi-ccnville, S. C, 1910, pp. 56). — This collection of recipes was prepared particularly for use in teaching domestic- science classes of public schools in mill villages and rural communities. MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-third Annual Eeport of Indiana Station, 1910 {Indiana Sta. Rpt, 1910, pp. 70). — This contains the organization list, reports of the director and heads of departments, of which that of the veterinarian is abstracted on page 684 of this issue, and a financial statement for the federal and miscellaneous funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910. and for the state funds for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1910. Publications, Office of the Secretary, Office of the Solicitor, and the Divi- sion of Publications ( U. S. D( pt. Agr.. Dir. Pubs. Circ. 9, pp. 4).— This gives a list of these publications available for distribution. 694 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Publications of the Oflace of Public Roads (U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Puhs. Circ. 10. pp. S). — A list of the publications available for distribution. Publications of the Bureau of Plant Industry ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Pubs. Circ. 13, pp. 16). — A list of tbe publications available for distribution. Publications of tbe Bureau of Animal Industry (U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Piihs. Circ. 1.5, pp. 8). — ^A list of tbe publications available for distribution. Monthly Bulletins of the Department Library, December, 1910, and January, 1911 (.U. 8. Dept. Agr., Library Mo. Buls., 1 {1910), No. 12, pp. 819^ 339; 2 {1911), No. 1, pp. 3-30). — These numbers contain data for December, 1910, and January, 1911, respectively, as to tbe accessions to tbe Library of this Department and tbe additions to tbe list of periodicals currently received. The January number also contains a complete list of tbe works on pigeons at present in the Library. The card index of experiment station literature ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 107, pp. 2). — This circular outlines briefly tbe general plan of the subject index of experiment station literature regularly issued in card form by this Office, and states the conditions governing the distribution and sale of the index. Experiment Station Work, LXI ( [/. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. JfSO, pp. 2Jf, figs. IJf). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Unusual V. standard fertilizers, symptoms of disease in plants, the premature dropping of figs in the South, condimental feeds, feeding the dairy calf, defects in cottage cheese, and the Iowa silo. [Danish agriculture and its various branches during the year 1909] {TidssJcr. Landolconorm, 1910, Nos. 1, irp. 1-31 ; J,, pp. 2Jfl-257; 8, pp. ^89-519; 9, pp. 553-580; 12, pp. 716-738; 13, pp. 753-78.',).— The usual review of the con- dition of Danish agriculture during the year is given as follows: Agriculture, by Hertel ; Dairying, by B. Boggild ; Animal Husbandry, by A. Appel ; Agri- cultural Crops, by K. Hansen ; Horse Raising, by J. Jensen ; Agricultural Exports and Imports, by N. C. Christensen ; Denmark's Butter Exports, 1909-10, by B. Boggild; and Meteorological Conditions During tbe Year ended September 30, 1910, by Hansen. Agricultural year book, M. Hoffman {Jahresbcr. Landtc, 24 {1900), pp. XXXIV +478, pi. 1, figs. 27). — This is a volume of abstracts of articles on plant and animal production, agi'icultural machinery, and rui*al economics. Index to Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, Vols. I to XX, 1890- 1909 (Sydney, 1910, pp. 111). — ^A subject and author index of these volumes. The Journal of the Board of Agriculture, General Index Vols. I-X, 1894r-1904, and Vols. XI-XVII, 1904^1911 {London, 1909, pp. 122; 1911, pp. 88). — ^A subject index of these volumes. NOTES. California Station. — A bill recently signed by the governor appropriates $25,000 for a building and equipnient at the Citrus substation at Riverside. Of this amount about $1,500 will be used in improving the irrigation system, $2,500 to complete the title for the building site and nursery grounds, about $2,000 for incidentals, and the remainder for building and equipping a soils laboratory for studying citrus soils as regards their chemical, physical, and biological phases. Colorado Station. — V. M. Cone, in charge of irrigation work of this Office in central California, has been appointed irrigation engineer. Guam Station. — A shipment of several Morgan horses and Ayrshire cattle is projected, with a view to the improvement of the live-stock industry of the Island. Louisiana University and Stations. — The stations recently equipped a car with exhibits of forage crops and corn and other illustrative material for a two- weeks' tour over the Rock Island Lines in conjunction with representatives of the extension department of the university. The car was visited by a great many farmers and very enthusiastic meetings were held at every point visited. Special attention was given to the organization of pig clubs, and about 400 boys have been enrolled in those thus far organized. A truck farm has been established at Baton Rouge, partly to produce vege- tables for the use of the university mess hall and partly to study the marketing of truck produce in the North. An irrigation plant with a 12-horsepower gasoline engine has been installed, between 300 and 400 gallons of water being supplied per minute to the main irrigation ditch. G. L. Tiebout, of the station staff, has been given charge of this farm. The rice substation at Crowley has recently completed a barn and instrument building costing $2,000. H. P. Agee, assistant director of the Sugar Station, has resigned to become assistant director of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station. R. G. Tillery, assistant chemist, has accepted a commercial position. Maryland Station. — The station is cooperating with the Baltimore County school board in conducting experiments and demonstrations with corn, potatoes, fertilizers, spraying, and hay crops. The work is under the immediate super- vision of the faculty of the Baltimore County Agricultural High School. The station is also cooperating in a State exhibit of strawberries at Randallstown, under the auspices of the local high school. G. H. Hibbard, of the Dairy Division of this Department, has been assigned to cooperative work in Maryland, with headquarters at the station. A. L. Stabler, assistant animal husbandman, and T. R. Stanton, assistant agrono- mist, have resigned, to accept positions respectively with the Baltimore County Agricultural High School and the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Massachusetts College. — George E. Story, assistant in extension work at the Ohio State University, has accepted the position of field agent. Nevada Station. — At the last session of the legislature an appropriation of $2,000 was granted for the clifnatological work on Mount Rose, and $3,000 addi- tional for general station work. The director has been designated by the gov- 695 696 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. ernor to investigate the nature and causes of tlie eelworm in potatoes, for v/hich an appropriation of $500 was granted. Control of tlie EIljo County dry farm was talven from the station and vested in a commission to be appointed by the governor. A temporary building was erected on the campus for use during commence- ment week for the exhibition of the station stocl^, many of which were prize winners at tlie California State Fair in 1910. Hosea E. Iteid, of Reno, and James W. O'Brien, of Sparks, have succeeded John Sunderland, jr., and J. J. Sullivan as members of the board of control. Frank L. I'eterson has been added to the station statf as assistant in irrigation, beginning April 1. New Hampshire College and Station. — The legislature at its recent session appropriated $7,000 for establishing a department of forestry at the college, $5,000 for a new horse barn for the college and station, $3,000 for live stock, $5,000 for extension work, and $1,500 for the publishing of information bulletins. This is the first time that special appropriations have been made by the State for extension work and publications to supplement the work of the station. The director of the station has been given supervision of the extension work. New Jersey College Station. — E. W. Stafford, a graduate of the Ontario Agri- cultural College, has been appointed assistant in entomology. Ohio Station.- — The board of control, acting conjointly with the boards of county commissioners, has located county experiment farms in Belmont, Paul- ding, and Miami Counties under the Wilber law of 1910. The bonds voted for this purpose amount to $20,000 each in Belmont and Paulding Counties, and $22,000 in Miami County. J. Warren Smith, section director of the weather service, has been appointed honorary climatologist of the station. George N. Coffey, of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, has accepted the position of assistant in the department of cooperation and will be engaged in a field study of the soils of the State. South Dakota College and Station. — A. N. Hume, assistant chief in crop pro- duction in the Illinois University and Station, has been appointeil agronomist, beginning July 1. Washington College and Station. — The legislature, which has recently ad- journed, appropriated for the ensuing biennium $485,000 for maintenance, $20,000 for farmers' institutes, and $30,000 for the Puyallup substation. A law was also passed providing a tax of 0.325 mill on the assessed valuation of the State for the support of the college and station for the years 1913 to 191S, in- clusive. It is estimated that this tax will provide a revenue of $320,000 per year at the beginning of the period, and that this will probably be increased by $25,000 per year by the rise in the assessed valuation of the State. The fund is to be used for both maintenance and permanent improvements. A. B. Nystrom, instructor in dairying in the college, has been made assistant professor of dairying in the college and dairy husbandman of the station. E. L. Peterson has resigned as assistant soil physicist of the station to engage in teaching in Minnesota, and has been succeeded by Henry F. Holtz, a 1911 grad- uate of the college. George Severance, until January 1, 1910, head of the agri- cultural department of the college and since that time engaged in commercial work, has been appointed superintendent of the Puyallup substation, vice W. H. Lawrence, whose resignation has been previously noted. L. J. Chapin, a 1911 graduate of the college, has accepted the position of agronomist at the substation. Office of Experiment Stations. — C. H. Lane, formerly of the Tennessee Uni- A-ersity and subsequently editor of Southern Farm Advocate, and B. B. Hare, of the Interstate Commerce Commission, have been appointed assistants in agri- cultural education. The latter will also be in charge of the department oi NOTES. G97 rnral economics of Experiment Station Record, vice J. B. Morman, who has accepted a position in connection witli tlie Harriman investigations of Nortli American mammals. Experiment Station at Burtaage. England. — According to Gardeners' Chronicle, an experiment station lias recently been organized at Bnrbage, Leicestershire, for the purpose of applying Meudelian methods of research to the practical breeding problems of agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Commercial nur- series at Bnrbage, comprising over 100 acres, will be utilized for the experi- ments as far as possible. At present the station staff is constituted as follows: Director, C. C. Hurst; recorder, J. B. Perkins; secretary, W. Harding; agriculturist, S. Evans; horti- culturist, G. Geary ; florist, G. Dakin ; and poultry expert, J. Ward-. It is announced that every facility is to be offered to students and workers in genetics to carry out experiments at the station. Experiments are already under way with a large number of plants, including both orchard and orna- mental trees, small fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry. — According to a pre- liminary announcement as to the organization of this congress, it has been decided to hold the opening meeting in Washington, D. C, September 4, 1912. President Taft, who will also serve as patron of the congress, has consented to preside at this meeting. The remaining meetings, both business and scientific, will be held in New York City, from September 6 to 13, inclusive. The congress is to be organized in eleven sections and subsections, of which that on agricultural chemistry has the following organization : Presi- dent, F. K. Cameron, of the Bureau of Soils of this Department; vice presi- dent, H. J. Wheeler, of the Rhode Island Station ; secretary, J. A. Leclerc, of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department; and additional members of the executive committee, L. L. Van Slyke, of the New York State Station, and H. P. Armsby, of the Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition. The busi- ness address of the section is to be at the Bureau of Soils. In the subsection on Bromatology, W. D. Bigelow, of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department, is president, A. L. Winton, of the Bureau of Chemistry, vice president, and Charles D. Woods, of the Maine Station, a member of the executive committee, with the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department the business address of the subsection. The official representatives of this_ Department on the organi- zation committee include H. W. Wiley of the Bureau of Chemistry, W. W. Cooke of the Biological Survey, W. L. Hall of the Forest Service. F. K. Cam- eron of the Bureau of Soils, W. J. Humphreys of the Weather Bureau, M. Dorset of the Bureau of Animal Industry, H. H. True of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and C. F. Langworthy of this Office. All papers accepted for presentation to the congress are to be printed prior to the meeting, and it is desired that they be received by the American com- mittee in charge by July 1, 1912. An abstract should accompany each, as it is planned to restrict the actual time of presentation in each case to ten minutes. Additional information may be obtained from the secretary of the congress, Dr. I^.ernard C. Hesse, 2.j Broad Street, New York City. Conference for Education in the South. — The Fourteenth Conference fi)r Edu- cation in the South was held in Jacksonville, Fla., April 19-21, with its general subject the Redirection of Education for Rural Communities. Speakers of prominence from all iiarts of the country and some representatives of foreign countries descril»ed successful efforts to adapt school instruction to the wants of rural communities. Dr. Paul Ritter. envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from the Republic of Switzerland, spoke on the 698 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. Adaiitation of Education to Life in Switzerland; Count Carl Moltke, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from the Kingdom of Denmark, on tlie Cooperative Movement in Denmark and the Benefits Derived Therefrom by the United States ; Dr. H. B. Frissell, on the Movement for Agricultural Co- operation in Ireland ; Dr. J. C. Bay, on the Folk High School and Rural Life of the Scandinavian Countries; and Clarence Poe, on Some Lessons from the Orient. Among the addresses on phases of rural-life instruction in this country were an illustrated talk on the Reconstruction of the One-room Rural School, by Miss Jessie Fields, superintendent of schools, Page County. Iowa, and an address on Some Results of the Application of Newer Ideals in Education, by O. H. Benson, of this Department, who described boys' corn club work, public- school agricultural exhibits, and other features of rural-school improvement in Wright County, Iowa. Dr. J. L. Coulter, of the University of ?»iinnesota, described typical instances of rural cooperation in America. D. C. Ellis, of the Forest Service, gave an illustrated lecture on the Relation of Our Forests to V\"ealth and Life, and called particular attention to the need of instruction concerning these matters in the public schools. At a meeting of Southern State superintendents. Superintendent J. Cook, of Columbus, Miss., read a Review of Progress in Southern Education, calling attention briefly to features of progress in each of the Southern States. Among the more important items relating to country-life education were mentioned legislation permitting consolidation by transportation in Arkansas ; the organi- zation of a conference on education in Florida to consider departments of manual ti'ainiug, agriculture, business, and domestic science in public high schools; the increase in the annual income of Georgia agricultui'al schools to $10,000 for each school ; the maintenance of 5 summer schools for white teachers and 2 for colored teachers, and the establishment of 17 departments of agri- culture in county high schools in Louisiana, each school receiving an equal share of $25,000 from the State; the establishment of a State normal school and of 2.3 State-aided county agricultural schools in Mississippi ; legislation in North Carolina for the establishment of State-aided country-life schools, an increase in taxation- for elementary public schools, and an increase in the appropriation for rural higii schools; the stimulation of agricultural education in South Carolina by the organization of boys' corn clubs, and of home eco- nomics instruction by the organization of tomato clubs among the girls ; the organization in Texas of State-aided departments of agriculture, home eco- nomics, and manual training in 10 public high schools, and of similar depart- ments for teachers in 4 State normal schools and the State University; and the addition of $10,000 to the total appropriations for departments of agriculture and home economics in Virginia high schools. State rural-school supervisors are now employed in nearly all of the Southern States. At an afternoon conference on Education for Larger Productiveness on the Farm, with President A. M. Soule presiding, President J. C. Hardy discussed the functions of the agricultural college ; H. A. Morgan, of Tennessee, spoke on the training of teachers of agriculture and the development of short courses to take the place of farmers' institutes; and J. F. Duggar emphasized the im- portance of cooperation among all the southern educational agencies. The work of the consolidated Farragut School, at Concord, Tenu., in teaching agri- culture and home economics, conducting demonstration plats, and affording social entertainment for the people of the community, was described by its prin- cipal, Adam Phillips. NOTES. 699 There was also a confei-ence on Education for Better Living in the Country Home, wliich was led by Mrs. W. X. Hutt. of Nortli Carolina. Among other topics of importance thai were discussed either at conferences or at meetings of affiliated societies were the rural school and sanitation, the church and country life, the high school and its relation to life, the school and civic im- provement, and the education of the negro. Agriculture in the Common Schools of Ohio. — The General Assembly of Ohio has passed a bill requiring that agriculture be taught in all the common schools of that State except those in city school districts. This bill also provides for dividing the State into four agricultural districts and the appointment by the state commissioner of common schools of a superintendent of agricultural education for each district. Agricultural School in Honduras. — Consul A. T. Haeberle, of Tegucigalpa, announces that an agricultural school has been established in the Episcopal Palace at Siguatepeque, under the direction of H. A. Owen, an American. The municipality gave 130 acres, and 50 acres and buildings have been leased, mak- ing altogether ISO acres at the disposal of the school. There will be on the farm a sufficient number of cattle and horses and the boys will be taught to handle modern farm implements. Food stuffs will be raised for the consumption of the school and experiments will be made with different grasses and wheat. It is stated that a number of people in the United States are interested in the school, and that several men of practical experience have offered their services, among others a wealthy cattleman who intends to send cattle for breeding purposes. A Special Agricultural Train in Mexico. — The Mexican Daily Herald announces that Zeferiuo Dominguez, a well-known agricultural expert, is preparing a series of lectures on the selection of seed corn, use of modern agricultural implements, care of the soil, and best methods to use in dry farming, to be delivered this spring and to extend over a period of six or seven weeks. A special agricul- tural train will take him around the Republic and practically every city in the country will be visited. Grenada Agricultural Department. — The Agricultural Islcws of Barbados states that an agricultural board has been organized to direct the work of the local department of agriculture in consultation with the Imperial Department of Agriculture. G. G. Auchinleck has been appointed superintendent of agricul- ture to succeed R. V. Anstead, who has resigned to take up agricultural woi'k under the United Planters' Association of Southern India. The gardens have been placed under the care of the agricultural instructor. Necrology. — Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff, professor of physical chemistry in the University of Berlin, and member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, died March 1, 1911, at Steglitz, near Berlin, at the age of 58 years. Prof, van't Hoff made valuable contributions to science in various fields, but especially in the field of physical chemistry. The crowning work of his career was his studies on the formation of oceanic salt deposits, especially as exempli- fied in the German potash deposits at Stassfurt. This work fully illustrated the principles underlying the formation of these and similar deposits which are of such vast industrial and agricultural importance. As stated by a writer in Nature, the successful accomplishment of the researches formed " a fitting close to a life of strenuous work and extraordinary scientific fertility." Xoel Bernard, professor of the faculty of science of Poitiers, died recently at the age of 36 years. He is noted for his investigations relating to the germina- tion of orchids and the symbiotic relation of fungi with the development of the plants. Some of his papers have been noted previously (E. S. R., 14, p. 635; 22, p. 133). 700 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Dr. Edward Zacharias, director of the Hamburg Botanic Garden and pro- fessor of botany in the University of Hamburg, died March 23, 1911, at the age of 59 years. New Journals. — The Journal of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture has been established with a view to getting results before the farmers more promptly and frequently than was possible with the annual report which has hitherto formed practically the sole medium of communication. The report will continue to be published but will become merely a brief review of the work in hand, while the journal, which will be issued monthly, will report the results of investigations and otherwise serve as the organ of the depart- ment. The principal articles in the initial number are entitled The Natural Pastures of New Zealand, Solid Straw Tuscan Wheat. The Pakihi Soils of Westland, and notes on the Formation and Working of Cooperative Dairy Factory Companies. The Pomona College Journal of Economic Botany is being published cpiarterly, beginning with February, by the department of biologj' of Pomona College. Its purpose is defined as " first and foremost in the interest of the scientific develop- ment of the new subtropical horticulture." The initial number consists of the following articles: The Avocado in Southern California, by F. W. Popenoe; The Wither-tip in Ventura County, by E. O. Essig; Biological Expedition to Southern Mexico, by D. L. Crawford; and The Botanic Garden of Para, by C. F. Baker. The Progressive Eastern Fruitgrower, edited by J. S. Gallagher with an ad- visory board of editors at present consisting of L. H. Bailey and C. S. Wilson, is being issued as a monthly magazine devoted to the upbuilding of fruitgrowing in eastern America. The initial number contains among others an article on Apples of the Fameuse Type, by F. A. Waugh, of the Massachusetts College and Station, and The Gospel of Pruning, by U. P. Hedrick, of the New York State Station. Rivista Scientiflca del Latte is being issued as a quarterly supplement to Industria Lattiera e Zootecnica, with Prof. Giuseppe Fascetti, of the school of agriculture of the University of Pisa, as editor. The initial number contains the following articles: Studies of Bitter Cheese, by Prof. Fascetti; Interpreta- tion of Analytical Results in Studies on the Watering of Milk, by R. San- felici; The Use of Oleomargarine in Calf Feeding, by C. Besana ; and Photo- graphy and Zootechny, by E. Reggiani. The Journal of Meat and, Milk Hygiene is a monthly review devoted to "se- curing for Great Britain and Ireland an efficient supply of meat and milk." Original articles are presented in the initial number on Meat Poisoning. Its Nature, Causation, and Prevention, bj^ E. J. McWeeney; The Occurrence of Actinomycosis in Cows' Udders, by J. H. Patterson ; and On the Public Slaugh- terhouse System of Scotland, by F. Dittmar. In addition, notes, abstracts, reviews, etc., are included. The Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa is being issued monthly in both English and Dutch editions, superseding Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal Agricultural Journal, and Transvaal Agricultural Journal. The Department of Agriculture of the State of Parahiba, Brazil, has estab- lished Bolctim dc Agricultura as its official organ. Its initial numbers contain brief articles by members of the staff, reprints from other publications, and notes. Pecuaria, a review of the live stock industry, is being issued monthly at Havana. It is stated to be the only journal of the sort now published in Cuba. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers jg'-^^-^^^^^^-^j^ {W w t:^- ij n /J- I- SCHULTE. FieldCropsjj Q j^^^^j^. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. E. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker. Veterinary Medicme{i^S^.HooKK.. Rural Engineering — — — Rural Economics — B. B. Hare. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. H. Evans, Ph. D. H. Long. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXIV, NO. 8. Page. Recent work in agricultural science 701 Notes 800 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. The formation of carbohydrates in the vegetable kingdom, McPherson 701 The hydrolysis of starch and its products by hydrogen peroxid, Gruzewska 701 Concerning the basic constituents of bamboo sprouts, Totani 701 In regard to the betains occurring in plants, Schulze and Trier 701 About the betains occurring in plants, etc., Engeland 701 The formation of ^-gluconic acid by Bacterium savastanoi, Alsberg 701 Method for determining electrical conductivity of interior of the cell, Hober 702 The effects of ions on the activity of enzyms. Berg and Gies 702 The physiological effect of ions and their physical-chemical properties, Berg... 702 The composition of invertase, Mathews and Glenn 702 Influence of temperature upon the activity of cellase, Bertrand and Compton.. 703 Methods of volumetric analysis, Beckurts 703 A study of melting point determinations, Menge 703 An improvement of the Folin method for urinary ammonia nitrogen, Steel 703 Note on the determination of ammonia in urine, Folin 703 About the estimation of phosphates, Crispo 703 Improvements in the Knorr fat extraction apparatus, Walter and Goodrich 703 A method for the determination of sodium iodid in animal tissues, Hanzlik . . . 703 Phosphorus in beef animals, Francis and Trowbridge 704 I U CONTENTS. Page. Determination of inorganic and organic phosphorus in meats, Grindley and Rosa 704 Detection and determination of saccharin in food, Tortelli and Piazza 704 A new method for the quantitative estimation of saccharose, Jolles 704 [The use of caustic potash for breaking down reducing sugars], Pellet 705 Estimation of lactose in the presence of other sugars. Baker and Hulton 705 The oxidation index of milk, Jona - 705 A new method for determining the lactose and the fat content of milk, Jona. . . 705 Investigation of caseins and cheese ciu-ds, Burr 706 On the importance of mineral salts in vinegar fermentation, Wuestenfeld 706 The conserving of crabs and examination of crab conserves, Buttenberg 706 The tomato and its derivatives, Collin 706 Preserved mushrooms, Weinhausen 706 The sterilization and other after-treatment of fruit juices, Walter 706 Equipment and operation of a factory for production of fruit juices, Walter 707 Sugar, Martineau 707 Sugar, cellulose, and alcohol manufacture from corn stalks, Doby 707 The storage of feed beets, diffusion cossettes, and beet foliage, Zaitschek 707 Utilization of the by-products of wine manufactm-e, Vermorel and Dantony. . . 707 Report of the city chemist of Gottenborg for 1909, Alen 707 [Report of Danish chemical laboratories! 707 General index to Biedermanns Zentralblattfiir Agrikulturchemie, Neumann 707 General index to Jahresberichtfur Chemie, 1897-1904, Fromm 707 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Connecticut weather review, Esten and Mason 707 Meteorological records for 1909 708 Weather summary, Waldron 708 Meteorological summary for 1909, Patton 708 Moisture studies in corn and wheat plats, Waldron 708 Surface water supply of the Great Basin, 1909, La Rue and Henshaw 708 Well-drilling methods, Bowman 709 Pond fertilizing, Kuhnert 709 Sewage sludge and its disposal, Ogden 709 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soil productivity, Chamberlin • 709 Relation of nonleguminous plants to nitrate content of soils, Lyon and Bizzell . . 710 Interpretations of results noted in experiments upon soil sterilization, Bolley . . 710 Colloid materials in clay and absorption phenomena, Rohland 711 The amount of water and plant food removed from soils by drainage, Gerlach ... 711 Denudation and erosion in Appalachian region and Monongahela basin, Glenn. 711 The preparation and use of peat as fuel, Davis. ." 712 Lawn soils, Schreiner and Skinner 712 Soil analyses, Keitt 712 Western prauie soils: Their nature and composition, Shutt 712 Some characteristics of the western prairie soils of Canada, Shutt 713 Deli soils, Vriens and Tijmstra 713 The chemical analysis of soils, Brooks 713 Manuring of heavy soils, Andre 713 Manure on chernozem 714 The mineral matter of hay and chemical fertilizers, Paturel 714 Peruvian guano - - - ■ 714 Relative effect of different forms of nitrogen on yield of oats, Ovchinnikov 714 Utilization of the nitrogen of the air by means of the electric flame, Zenneck. . 715 Zeolitic potash fertilizers, Remy 715 Zeolitic potash fertilizers, Stutzer 715 Increased German production of potash. Hill 715 A review of the phosphate fields of Florida, Waggaman 715 On the alleged refutation of the lime factor theory, II, Loew 716 Increasing the yield by fertilizing with carbon dioxid, Wagner 716 Plat experiments with fertilizers, Stewart and Atwood 716 Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers. Hand et al 716 Commercial fertilizers, Lord and Thome „ 717 CONTENTS. Ill AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Page. A text-book of general bacteriology, Jordan 717 A review of microbiological agriculture, Kayser 717 On bacteriological soil investigation methods, Remy and Rosing 717 The movements of nitrogen in the soils in the vicinity of Rome, Perotti 717 Relation of certain fungi to nitrogen fixation, Duggar and Knudson 717 Torula bogoriensis rubra, a new nitrogen-fixing yeast, De Kruijff 717 Influence of mineral constituents of solutions on Azotobacter, Ki'zemieniewska. 717 Influence of the cultm'e media on the formation of diastase by molds, Saito. . . 718 The translocation of carbohydrates in plants, Mangham 718 Role of reduction processes in the respiration of plants, Zaleski 718 The relation between chlorophyll and photosynthetic energy, Lubimenko 718 The action of light on chlorophyll, Dangeard 720 The action of different colored light on plants, Flanunarion 720 Experiments on the fall and renewal of leaves, Flammarion 720 Influence of temperature ©n the phenomena of growth, Loisel 720 The induced maturity of seeds. Maze 720 The nature and uses of hard seeds, Rees 721 The retention of mineral matter taken up by annual plants, Andre 721 The increased tolerance of maize to boron, Agulhon 721 Observations on the biology and pathology of sterility in the olive, Petri 721 Proportions of lime to magnesia and nutrition in citrus trees, Snowden 722 The effect of cement dust on citrus trees, Parish 722 An effect of cement dust on orange trees, Peirce 722 Natural vegetation as an indicator of crop production, Shantz 722 Economic significance of natural cross-fertilization in India, Howard et al 723 Notes on the cultivation of an edible mushroom, Matruchot 723 Seeds and plants imported from October 1 to December 31, 1909 723 FIELD CROPS. Growing crops in western Nebraska, Snyder and Burr 723 [Alfalfa, clover, small grain, potato, and rotation tests], Waldron 725 [Irrigation, dry farming, range conditions, and plant breeding]. Clothier et al. . 727 [Variety and manurial tests with cereals and root crops], Foulkes et al 728 Possible rotation crops for southern Rhodesia, Mundy 729 From the Veliko-Polovetz Experiment Station, Skrodski 730 Fallow culture according to data of the Poltava Experiment Field, Mankovski. . 730 The grazing ranges of Arizona, Thornber 730 Notes on the winter pasture plants and grasses, Mundy 731 On the improvement of grasses and clovers at Svalof , Witte 731 Report on grasses and clover fields, 1905-1909, Hansen and Mortensen 731 Report of breeding experiments with grasses, 1909, Witte 731 Variety tests during 1907, Lemmermann and Liebau 731 Variety tests during 1908, Lemmermann and Liebau 732 Cooperative variety tests in Sweden, 1909, Bolin 732 Report of Ultuna substation of Swedish seed grain association, 1909, Elofson... 732 Correlation of characters in corn, Ewing 732 Selecting and judging corn, Hutchison 733 Maize variety test at Skinners Court, season 1909-10, Walters 733 Sulla clover, Budd 733 Guide to cotton culture in the German Colonies, Zimmermann 733 Japanese cane for forage, Scott 733 Investigations of old Norwegian oat varieties, Christie 733 The peanut, Beattie 734 Fertilizing potatoes in 1909, Mazversit ■ 734 Ptelation of spring harrowing to the stooling of winter rye, Kuznitski 734 Report of work with rye in 1909, Ljung 734 The importance and improvement of the grain sorghums, Ball 734 [Sugar beet culture and the sugar industry in Uruguay], Puig y Nattino 734 The assimilation of the chief nutritive substances by beets, Dushechkin 734 [Relation of early and late planting of beets to premature shooting], Schubart. . 735 Svalof Extra-squarehead II, Nilsson-Ehle 735 Work with wheat and oats at Svalof, 1909, Nilsson-Ehle 735 The sulphur bleaching of commercial oats and barley. Smith 735 On measures for the encouragement of a domestic seed production, Elofson 736 IV CONTENTS. Page. Seed tests, Ewart 736 Seed tests made at the station during 1910, French 736 Are our farm seeds pure? Hall 736 HORTICULTURE. The seedling-inarch and nurse-plant methods of propagation, Oliver .* 736 A study of bud selection with citru:^ fruits, Shamel 737 Agricultural explorations in the fruit and nut orchards of China, Meyer 737 Report of horticulturist, Newman 737 The Heeleaka Experimental Station — Final report, 1909, Hope and Carpenter. . 738 Gardening in the Tropics, Woodrow 738 The garden: A history of its formal arrangement, Grisebach 738 FORESTRY. The principles of handling woodlands, Graves 739 The taxation of forests, Fairchild 739 North American forests and forestry — Their relations to the people, Bruncken. . 739 Cone-bearing trees of the California mountains, Chase 739 Preliminary examination of the forest conditions of Mississippi, Dunston 739 Forest products of Canada, 1909, MacMillan 740 Forest fires in Canada, MacMillan and Gutches 740 Report on forest statistics of Alsace-Lorraine 740 The acquisition policy of the Prussian State Forest Administration, Semper. . . 740 The influence of moisture on the growth of the pine and the fir, Damberg 740 Seed experiments with Pinus sylvesiris, Story 740 The reddening of fresh alder wood, Neger 740 Effect of different intervals between tappings in Para rubber, Bamber and Lock . 741 Tapping experiments with rubber trees in Misahohe, Togo, Gruner 741 Notes on creosoting, Gillanders 741 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of botanist and plant pathologist, Barre 741 Plant disease survey of South Carolina, Barre 742 Plant diseases due to fungi, Collinge 742 New species of Texas fungi, Heald and Wolf 742 A preliminary note on Spongospora subterranea, Osbom -. 742 Contribution to the study of sooty molds, Arnaud 742 A new parasitic fungus found in the roots of grasses, Schwartz. 742 The rusts of white and red clover, Kern 743 Blackleg or Phoma wilt of cabbage, Manns 743 Lime and artificial fertilizers as a remedy for club root disease, Ravn 743 Report of investigations concerning rice, Collier 743 Floret sterility of wheats in the Southwest, Johnson 743 Observations on the wintering-over of plant parasites, Hecke 743 Cro'wn gall of plants. Smith 744 Cedar apples and apples, Lloyd and Ridgway 744 A new fruit spot of apple, Scott 744 Maine apple diseases, Morse and Lewis 745 Spraying experiments with a lime-sulphur summer wash, Salmon 745 Use of self-boiled lime sulphur in combating scab and brown rot, Barre 745 Brown rot experiments in 1909, Lewis 745 On the means for combating plant diseases, Miiller 745 Diseases of the pineapple, Larsen 746 A study on gummosis of Prunus and Citrus 746 Withertip of citrus trees, Essig 747 A new coffee disease {Phthora vastatrix), d'Herelle 747 Two new fig diseases, Edgerton 747 On a parasitic fungus of the oak, Arnaud 747 The oak mildew and its significance in silviculture, Kock 747 On outbreaks of oak mildews, Magnus 748 Willow trees killed by Armillaria mellea, Brooks 748 The diseases and enemies of roses, Laubert and Schwartz. 748 Notes on the free-living nematodes. Potts 748 CONTENTS. V ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Page. The farmer's interest in game protection, Forbush 748 Plague among ground squin-els in America, McCoy 748 An outbreak of rat plague in Suffolk, Pringle 748 Investigaticns of " Liverpool\-irus, ' ' a rat-destroying preparation, Steffenhagen . 749 Publications of the Bureau of Entomology 749 Entomology, Morrill 749 Tenth report of the state entomologist of Connecticut, 1910, Britton 749 Four insect pests 750 Insect pests in the West Indies in 1910 750 Insect pesta in Soiith Africa, Mally 750 Injurious insects of Formosa, Shiraki 750 Entomological notes, Green 751 List of names used in India for common insects, Lefroy 751 Two insects affecting wheat and barley crops, Enock 751 Can mill insects pass uninjured through the process of milling? Dean 751 A preliminary report on insects affecting maize in Southern Nigeria, Jemmett. . . 751 A preliminary report on grape insects, Hartzell 751 [Olive insects] 752 Castilla rubber pests in Mexico, Crawford ; 752 Insects destructive to Canadian forests, Hewitt 752 The animal enemies of Finns cembra, Keller 752 Insects destructive to books, Reinick 752 Contributions to a knowledge of the Odonata of the neotropical region, Calvert. . 753 Termites and Ii\-ing plants, Chaine 753 Observations on nearctic Capsidce with descriptions of new species, Renter 753 Life history of Trioza camphorx n. sp. of the camphor tree, Sasaki 753 The hemipterous fauna of j^alearctic conifers, Reuter 753 Interim report on fi'oghoppers, Uricli 753 Identification of the sugar cane fi'oghopper, Urich 753 Notes on the biology of the froghopper, Gough 753 On spraying for fi'oghoppers, Gough 753 The fi'oghopper fungus, Rorer 753 The gi'oen muscardine of fi-oghoppers, Rorer 753 Results of experiments with the froghopper fungus, Gough 754 The froghopper fungus and its practical application, Gough 754 Contributions to the biological study of Chermes, Marchal 754 Diaspis ptmtagona and its insect enemies, Berlese 754 Notes on the Pediculidae, Neumann 754 The diamond-backed cabbage moth {Plutella crudfcrarum) , Froggatt 754 The coiling of caterpillars of Epichnopteryx helidnella, Vaney and Conte 754 Mealie grubs, Fuller ^ 754 A cecidomjdid on mango leaves 754 Mosquitoes of Minnesota, Tajdor 755 Malaria and anophelines at Tuyen-quang and Hagiang, Mathis and Leger 755 An acid-resistant parasite of the larvag of Stegomyia fasciata, Legendre 755 Studies in relation to malaria. Darling 755 Mosquitoes in relation to the transmission of leprosy, Cm-rie 755 A remedy for the black fly pest in certain streams of Michigan, Reeves 755 Observations on the bionomics of Tabanus ditseniatus and T. kingi, King 755 [Flies], Stiles 755 Flies in relation to the transmission of leprosy, Currie 756 The natural food of Glossina palpalis, Bruce et al 756 Mechanical transmission of sleeping sickness by the tsetse fly, Bruce et al 756 Flies and vermin, Hamer 756 Progi'ess report of the investigation of pellagra, Sambon 757 Sheep maggot fly in the West, Froggatt 757 Investigations into the habits of certain Sarcophagidse, Patterson and Fiske . . . 757 On the biology of Oscinis frit, Shesterikov 757 The carrot fly, Chapais - _. 757 Studies of the natural history of Strepsiptera, Nassonov, trans, by Sipiagin 757 Concerning a cysticercoid from a jerboa flea, Dampf 757 Life histories of Indian insects, Coleoptera I, Lefroy 758 On the anatomy and biology of the bark beetle genus Cryphalus, Niisslin 758 Nuclei for mating queen bees, Beuhne 758 Introduction of the St. Vincent Jack Spaniard into Montserrat 758 VI CONTENTS. Page. Synonymic and descriptive notes on the chalcidoid family Mymaridse, Girault. 758 The large larch sawfly, Henry 758 On the morphology and ontogeny of the Acaridje, Renter 758 A new filarial species {Filaria mitchelli n. sp.), Smith 758 Spraying as an essential of profitable apple orcharding, Emerson et al 758 Absorption of arsenic by apples from spray, O'Gara .' 759 Paris green, Keitt 759 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Chemistry of food and nutrition, Sherman 759 Japanese meat inspection. West 760 Comparative rate of decomposition in drawn and undrawn poultry, Pennington . 760 Drawn v. undrawn poultry, Pennington 760 [Baking tests], Waldron 760 Wheat investigations — milling, baking, and chemical tests, Ladd and Bailey. . 760 The Humphries process of treating flour 761 Changes in the weight of stored flour and butter, Willard 761 The leavening agent in salt-rising bread , Woodward 762 Bedouin desert bread, WTiiting 762 Toxic material in vegetable butter and vegetable fat, Hertkorn 762 Perennial rice in Senegal, Ammann 763 Pomegranates 763 The preservation of fruit juices with fluoric acid, II, Cohn 763 Studies of the use of fluorids in preserved tomatoes, Carlinfanti and Tuffi 763 Salts of tin in canned sardines, Duckwall 763 Concerning coffee, Gorter 763 Concerning coffee glazes, von Raumer 763 Food inspection decision 764 Notices of judgment 764 [Examination of food and drugs]. Rose 764 [Examination of foods, and other food topics], Ladd and Johnson 764 Biennial report of the state chemist, 1909-10, Harms 764 Food customs and diet in American homes, Langworthy 764 [Report of subsistence officer, Isthmian Canal Commission], Wilson 764 Increased expenditures of poor families in the German Empire 765 Growth and nutrition, Aron 765 Concerning the nutrition of fish, Lipschiitz 765 The metabolism of fish during fasting, Lipschiitz 765 Fasting studies. — I, Nitrogen partition and resistance, Howe and Hawk 765 Effect on glycogen content of liver of feeding different sugars, Haffmans 766 Concerning the metabolism of phosphorus in the animal body, Rogoziiiski 766 An inquiry infb some chemical factors of fatigue, Burridge 766 Contribution to the physiology of the intestine, Lombroso 767 The bacillus of long life, Douglas 767 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Nutritive value of cholla fruit, Vinson and Ross 767 On the effect and suitability of poppy-seed cake, Kemner ....._ _. 768 The feeding of sugar, sugar beets, and by-products of factories in 1910, Stift — 768 The present status of the beet-leaf drying industry, Kiihle 768 Commercial feeding stuffs, Jenkins and Street 768 Average composition of commercial feeding stuffs. Rose and Greene 768 Inspection and analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, Hand et al 768 Inspection and analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, Hand et al 768 Stock feeds, MacNider, Thornton, and Strowd 768 [Analyses of feeding stuffs], Keitt 768 Analyses of feeding stuffs, Immendorff 769 Feeding stuffs, Liechti 769 Analyses of stock foods and Victorian native and introduced grasses, Scott 769 Notices of judgment 769 Feeds and feeding, Henry. 769 The scientific feeding of animals, Kellner, trans, by Goodwin 769 On the necessity for increasing animal production, Moreschi 769 The acclimatization of European animals in warm countries, Meuleman 769 The acclimatization of European animals in Costa Rica, Peralta 769 CONTENTS. VII Page. Acclimatization of European animals in Algeria and other countries, Monod. . . 770 The acclimatization of European animals in Tonkin, Douarche 770 Physiology of man and mammals, Du Bois-Reymond 770 Plasm and cells. — A general anatomy of living matter, Heidenhain 770 Cultivation of adult tissues and organs ouside the body. Carrel and Burrows 770 Tissues and organs cultivated ouside the body, Huber 770 The stability of life. — Astudy of energetics, Le Dan tec 770 ' ' Fatness " as a cause of sterility, Marshall and Peel 770 Heredity in the light of recent research, Doncaster 771 Hereditary characters and their modes of transmission. Walker 771 The relative inheritance of ear length in rabbits, Lang 771 Are particular chromosomes sex determinants? Montgomery, jr 771 [Theidentificationof animals by the muzzle], Boehme 771 The annual horn rings of cavicornia as an indication of age, Schroeder 771 Farm stock 100 years ago, Gilbey 772 History of Aberdeen- Angus cattle, Macdonald and Sinclair 772 Studies of the Harz cattle, Heine 772 Sheep breeding, Wilson 772 The sheep of Sardinia and their products, Spissu 772 The derivation and relationship of the domestic goat. Binder 772 Inheritance in race horses. — Coat color, Bunsow 772 The origin of dun horses, Ewart, Wilson, and Robertson 772 The age of speed sires 772 Breeding horses for the army. Downing 773 The half-bred horse, Gallier 773 The encyclopedia of the stable, Shaw 773 Heads, combs, wattles, and ear lobes of standard bred fowls, Sewell 773 A note regarding variation in the single combs of fowls. Pearl 773 Construction of a modern poultry house and hopper feeding hens, Atwood 773 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. A dairy laboratory guide, Ross 773 Systems of dairying, Fraser 773 [Dairying], Maidment 774 The cattle at the Kon-Kolodiesk Agricultural School, Abriutin 774 [Feeding experiments with dairy cows], Barnett 774 [Milking machine] 774 The cow's udder and the process of milk production, Reynolds 774 [Milk secretion], Basch 774 Investigations on the milk production of rutting cows, Weber 774 Milk from slop-fed cows. Relet 774 Effect on milk of water or watery food given to cows 775 Prevalent rain-bearing winds and the milk supply of Manchester, Gordon 775 Effect of boric acid on milk 775 Homogenized milk, De Rothschild, trans, by Monrad 775 Champagne milk 775 Utilization of whey for dietetic purposes. Bond 775 Process and apparatus for sterilizing milk and milk products, Wiener 775 [The temperator], Monrad 775 Heating milk, Culbertson et al 775 Composition of the milk of sheep in the region of Roquefort, Martin 775 Rules relative to testing dairy cows 775 Notice of judgment 775 Clean milk and public health, Burks 776 Report of milk inspector for the year 1909-10, Jordan 776 Milkmen's cooperative association, Kains 776 Cooperative dairy farming in England, Reece 776 [Danish cooperative dairy associations], Monrad 776 Butter making on the farm, Trueman 776 Certified butter in California, Force 776 Twenty-third report of Bernese Dairy School at Rutti-ZoUikofen, Peter et al. . 776 Early spring cheese, Culbertson et al 777 Investigations of the Swiss type of cheese made in the Caucasus, Weller 777 Laguiole cheese, Monrad 777 Heating apparatus for cheese makers, Witt 777 Arranging machinery, Burton et al 777 Vin CONTENTS. VETERINARY MEDICIXE. Page. Handbook of microscopic anatomy of domesticated animals, Ellenberger 777 A text-book of veterinary pathology, Kinsley 777 Veterinary medicine and sm'gery, Jarrel 778 Text-book of toxicology for veterinarians, Frohner 778 New and nonofiicial remedies, 1911 778 Drug therapy of the present time, Kahane 778 Ehrlich's biochemical theory; its conception and application, Marks 778 South African poisonous plants, Walsh 778 The color-chemical method of detecting oxidizing substances of the body, Loele. 778 Bactericidal power of yeast and cereal extracts, Fembach and Vulquin 778 The agglutination of Micrococcus melitcnsis by normal serum., Negre 778 Sera which agglutinate Micrococcus melitensis and typhoid baccillus, Negre 778 The relation of bacterial precipitins to agglutinins, Amiradzibi and Kaczynski. . 778 Changes in protein in blood plasma in immunization, Gibson and Banzhaf 779 An experimental study of opsonic immimity to Staphylococcus aureus, Meakins . . 779 Complement binding" in helminthiasis and the tapeworm antigen, Meyer. . . 779 A chemical study of Sclerostomum equinum, Bondouy 779 The specific meiostagmin reaction, Ascoli 779 Meiostagmin reaction with malignant growths, Ascoli and Izar 780 Clinical experience with the meiostagmin reaction, Izar I 780 Alimentary anaphylaxis, Richet 780 Serodiagnosis of pregnancy, Lemaire and Laffont 780 A contribution to the etiology of Aujeszky's disease, Schmiedhoffer 780 In regard to the dissemination of hog erysipelas by Lorenz vaccine, Meyer 780 Hookworm disease. Dock and Bass. 780 In regard to the mastitis caused by streptococci, Meyer 781 Foot-and-mouth diseases, Paechtner 781 Sporotrichosis in man and in the horse, Sutton 781 [Investigation of the stomach worm and hookworm disease], Barnett 781 Time relationships of wood tick in Rocky Mountain fever, Moore 781 Complement deviation in Rocky ilountain spotted fever, Davis and Petersen. . 781 Curative tests of Ehrlich-Hata "606," Dschunkowsky 781 The treatment of animals infected with trypanosomes, Ross and Thomson 782 Treatment of trypanosomiasis, especially as to sm-ra. Strong and Teague 782 Epidemiology of tuberculosis, Koch 782 The retrojugular glands for the early diagnosis of tuberculosis, Kir41yfi 783 The ligroin method for tubercle bacilli, Lange and Nitsche 783 Tuberculosis of farm animals, Briscoe and MacNeal 783 Tuberculosis in the hog, Anderson 784 Treatment of cattle affected with redwater, trypanblue, and trypanred, Dodd. . 784 Causative agent of infectious aV'^rtion in bovines, Zwick 785 The etiology of contagious aboruon of cows, MacNeal 785 Etiology and prophylaxis of an udder epizootic, Ostertag 785 Johne's disease, Clark 785 Eradication of the common cattle tick, Smith and Robert 785 Some results accomplished in cattle tick eradication in Virginia, Femeyhough . . 785 Worm nests in cattle due to Filaria gibsoni, Cleland and Johnston 785 Heavy loss of cattle from the effects of GSso-phagostoma inflatum, Lucky 785 Gastritis due to trichostrongyle invasion in adult cattle, Gilruth and Sweet. . . 786 About white scours in calves, Titze 786 In regard to braxy or bradsot in sheep, Titze and Weichel 786 The epizootiology of sheep scab in relation to eradication, Stockman 786 Septicemia pluriformis ovium, Miessner and Schern 787 Treatment of dourine with trypanred and arsenical preparations, Yakimoff . . 787 Report on 112 horses satisfactorily treated for roaring, Hobday 787 Metabolism of dogs \nth functionally resected small intestine, Underbill 787 The verminous dermatoses of the dog, Neumann 787 A cerebral embolism caused by Strongylus vasorum., Capdebielle and Hussenet . . 787 Observations on a laboratory epidemic, principally dogs and cats, M'Gowan. . . 787 Concerning an epizootic among cats, Boucek 787 In regard to anthrax infection in birds by feeding, Hofherr 787 The leg mange of birds, Haiduck 788 Investigations of Leucocytozoon sabrazesi and L. caulleryi, Mathis and Leger 788 Experimental leukemia in chickens, II, Ellermann and Bang 788 Contents. ix Page. White diaiThea in chickens, its causes, and treatment, Westphal 788 How to prevent and cure white diarrhea in chickens, Piatt 788 Studies in regard to the penetration of formaldehyde, Lassabliere 788 The effect of certain reagents on hides, Cooper and Nuttall 789 RURAL ENGINEERING. Second report of cooperative irrigation investigations in California, Adams 789 Irrigation investigations at Koppenhof, 1910, Kriiger 789 The reclamation of seeped and alkali lands, Brown and Hart 790 Construction of a silo, Atwood 790 Cooperative silo building, Nelson 790 The family house, Osborne 791 Domestic sanitary engineering and plumbing, Raynes 791 Rural hygiene, Ogden 791 Sanitation in rural communities, North 792 Hot water for domestic use, edited by Allen 792 Electric lighting in the country 792 Acetylene for lighting country homes, Bowles 793 Acetylene gas as fuel for a domestic science kitchen, Hamilton 793 RURAL ECONOMICS. Agricultm-al sm'vey of four townships in southern New Hampshire, Thomson . . 793 The farmer as a business manager, Otis 793 Farm accounting and the cost of producing crops. Gist 794 IIow a city family managed a farm, Arnold 794 Two institute workers and their farm homes, Knowlton 794 Profitable farming in southern Wisconsin, Roberts 794 Agriculture 794 Significance of agricultural soil in Germany and yaeld from 1885 to 1910, Dade. . 795 Division of estates and the migration from the land, Langenbeck 795 The agricultural association and its value to Philippine farmer, Coddington 795 [Agricultural organizations and the cooperative movement] 795 [Agricultural organizations and the cooperative movement] 795 Agiicultural societies, Long 795 Historical resume of works on agricultural statistics in Spain, De Arce 796 Crop reporter 796 Crop reporter , 796 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education, Davis 796 Shall agriculture be added to the curriculum of city public schools? Stickney . . 796 Agriculture and nature study for rural schools, Hochbaum 796 Methods of approach for agriculture in schools, Hyatt 797 The soil, Emberson 797 Ten lessons on the study of Indian com, Miller and Emberson 797 Corn : The American cereal, Working 797 Directions for selecting com for exhibition, Hurd 797 A study of cattle, Emberson 797 The horse, Emberson. 797 Sewing, Birdsall and Able 797 The school museum in its relation to geography and commerce, Toothaker 797 Industrial contest for Minnesota boys and girls, 1910, Howard : 797 School and home gardens 797 Agricultural fair associations and their utilization, Hamilton 798 Farmers' clubs 798 List of books for a farmer's library 798 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-first Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1910 798 Twenty-second Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1909 798 X CONTENTS. Page. Twenty-third Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1910 798 Twenty-third Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1910 ." ". 798 Twenty-eighth Annual Report of New York State Station, 1909 " " 798 Director's report for 1910, Jordan 799 Third Annual Report of Dickinson Subexperiment Station, 1910, Waldron 799 Twenty-ninth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1910 799 Twenty-third Annual Report of South CaroHna Station, 1910 ...".[.][[[ 799 Report of director on establishment of new state stations, Harrington ...... 799 Press bulletins. 799 Publications of the Office of Experiment Stations .\\[[.. 799 Publications of the Library , 799 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Arizona Station : Page. Bui. 65, Sept. 21, 1910 730 Twenty-first An. Rpt. 1910. . . 727, 749, 767, 772, 798 Connecticut State Station: Bien. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 8 768 Bien. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 9 749 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bui. 64, Sept., 1910 707 1911. 776 Bui. 65, Feb Florida Station: Bui. 105, Feb., 1911 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Path, and Physiol. Bui. 10, _ Dec, 1910 746 Illinois Station: Bui. 149, Feb., 1911 Twenty-second An. Rpt. 1909. Twenty-third An. Rpt. 1910. . Maine Station: Bui. 185, Dec, 1910 Doc. 401, Jan., 1911 Massachusetts Station : Circ. 28, Oct., 1910 Circ.29, Oct., 1910 Mississippi Station: ~ ' ~ , 1910 , 1910 1911 33 783 798 798 745 750 775 713 768 768 716 Bui. 144, Dec. Bui. 145, Dec Circ. 32, Feb., Missouri Station: Circ. 45, Oct., 1910 733 Nebraska Station: Bui. 118, Feb. 15, 1911 723 Bui. 119, Mar. 15, 1911 758 New York Cornell Station : JBul. 287, Dec, 1910 732 Twenty-third An. Rpt. 1910. . 798 New York State Station: Bui. 331, Dec, 1910 751 Bui. 332, Dec, 1910 799 Bui. 333, Feb., 1911 736 Twenty-eighth An. Rpt. 1909 708, 798 North Dakota Station: Bui. 89, Sept., 1910 760 Spec. Bui. 30, Feb., 1911 764 Third An. Rpt. Dickinson Substa. 1910 708, 725, 760, 799 Stations in the United States — Contd. Ohio Station: Page. Bui. 220 (Twenty-ninth An. Rpt. 1910), July, 1910. . . . 708, 799 South Carolina Station: Twenty-third An. Rpt. 1910... 712, 738, 741, 742, 745, 759, 768, 774, 781, 799 Texas Station: Bui. 134, Nov., 1910 799 Utah Station: Bui. Ill, Dec, 1910 790 West Virginia Station: Bui. 129, July, 1910 790 Bui. 130, Sept., 1910 773 Bui. 131, Nov., 1910 716 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 431 734 Farmers' Bui. 432 794 Food Insp. Decision 131 764 Notices of Judgment 741-767. 764, 769, 775 Bureau of Chemistry : Circ 69 703 Circ 70 760 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 19, pt. 3 (tech. ser.) 757 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 201 772 Bui. 202 736 Bui. 203 734 Bul.204' 737 Bul.205 723 Circ. 74 735 Circ. 75.. 793 Bureau of Soils: Bui. 75 712 Bui. 76 715 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 13, Nos. 2-3, Feb. -Mar., 1911 796 Office of Experiment Stations: Circ. 108 789 Circ. 109 798 Circ 110 764 Division of Publications: Circle 749 Circ 17 799 Circ. 18 799 Note. — The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per volume, and two volumes are issued annually. It may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol . XXIV. Abstract Nuiviber. No. RECENT WORK liN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGSICITITURALCHEMISTEY— AGEOTECHNY. The formation of carbohydrates in the vegetable kingdom, W. McPherson {Science, )i. ser., 33 {1911), No. 839, pi). 131-l/i2). — A summary ami digest of data regarding the formation of carbohydrates from the standpoint of both botany and chemistry. The hydrolysis of starch and its products by hydrogen peroxid, Mrs. Z. Gruzewska {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 {1910), No. 22, pp. 1084- 1086). — The hydrolysis of starch can be brought about by hydrogen peroxid at 37° C. with the formation of erythrodextrin, achrodextrin, and maltose, but no glucose. Of the 5 polysaccharids treated with hydrogen peroxid 3 yielded dextrin, namely, starch, glycogen, and mannogalactan. Inulin and xylan did not. Concerning the basic constituents of bamboo sprouts, G. Totani {Ztschr. Physiol. Chan., 70 {1911), No. 4-5, pp. 3SS-390). — Chohu and betain were iden- tified as present in the juice of fresh bamboo sprouts. In regard to the betains occurring in plants, E. Schulze and G. Trier {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 67 {1910), No. 1, pp. 46-58; al)s. in ZentU. Biochem. t(. Biophys., 10 {1910), No. 15-16, pp. 690, 691).— After briefly reviewing those plants which contain betain (C5HnN02), trigonellins (C7H7NO2), and stachy- drins (C7H13NO;), the authors state that in all probability these compounds are secondary products of metabolism which enter no further into the physiological processes of the plant. For instance., stachydrin, which is the methyl betain of hygrinic acid, stands in close relation to prolin because the latter on complete methylization of the nitrogen is converted into stachydrin. For preparing the betain the authors utilize mercuric chlorid and phosphotungstic acid as the pre- cipitating agents. The detailed process of separating the various betains is given. About the betains occurring in plants, etc., R. Engeland {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 67 {1910), No. 4-5, pp. 403, 404; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. v. Biophys., 10 {1910), No. 17-18, p. 780).— A polemical article (see above). The formation of 6-gluconic acid by Bacterium savastanoi, C. L. Alsberg {Jour. Biol. Chem., 9 {1911), No. 1, pp. 1-7). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 23, p. 611) the author finds that the product formed by B. savastanoi from dextrose is almost entirely S-gluconic acid. This is probably the first record of the production of this acid by a pathogenic organism. The amount of 701 702 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. energy liberated by this oxidation of the glucose is assumed to be 58 calories, or 8.6+ per cent of the total energy obtained by the complete combustion of glucose. Calculated approximately, this organism daily converts an amount of energy equivalent to 448.4 calories per kilogram of its weight. A method for determining' the electrical conductivity of the interior of tlie cell, R. HoBER (Pfliiger's Arch. PliijsloL, 133 (1910), No. 4-€, pp. 237-253, figs. 7). — The author has worked out a method for measuring the electrical conductivity of the interior of the blood cell within a limit of error of from 1 to 2 per cent. The principle of the method rests upon the factor of knowing whether or not the capacity of the trough is changed when a cell is brought into the dielectron. In this manner he found that blood corpuscles, which have prac- tically no electrical conductivity when measured according to Kohlrausch's method, have an internal electrical conductivity which corresponds to that of tenth-normal potassium chlorid solution. Further observations of the effects of ions on the activity of enzyms, W. N. Berg and W. J. Gies (Proc. 8oc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 4 (1906), No. 1, pp. 17-19). — The authors briefly summarize the results of a study of the peptolysis of many proteins in a given series of acid solutions. That acid molecules are not necessarily inhibitory in peptolysis is apparent from data reported in which acetic acid was used instead of sulphuric acid. From the data obtained and the results of similar experiments with acetic acid, the authors conclude that new light is thrown " on the well-known fact that peptolysis is almost negative in solutions of acetic acid alone. This lack of peptolytic efBciency on the part of acetic acid is apparently due to the low hydrion concentration of acetic acid solutions. The acetic acid molecules and anions, in the proportions above indicated, seem to be practically inert. It is obvious that peptolysis is neither favored nor interfered with materially by moderate amounts of acetic acid, a fact which suggests that the purely chemical phases of the normal gastric digestive process are practically unaf- fected by vinegar. Secretoi-y conditions, however, are no doubt modified." It is stated that the investigations will be continued. The relation between the physiolog'ical effect of ions and their physical- chemical properties, W. N. Berg (Ion, 2 (1910), No. 3-Jf, pp. 161-18S).—A large amount of data is summarized and discussed with reference to theories of physical chemistry. The composition of invertase, A. P. Matkews and T. H. Glenn (Jour. Biol. Chem., 9 (1911), No. 1, pp. 29-56). — Invertase prepared from yeast by O'Sulli- van and Tomson's method of self-digestion and precipitation with alcohol was found to consist of a gum, a mannosan, and a nitrogen-containing portion. A rough parallelism was found between activity and nitrogen content. "It is suggested that what is ordinarily called invertase is a union of an inactive colloidal gum, with an active protein ferment. The active principle may be an albumose or a coagulable albumin. This union is inert and the ferment is thus tied up in the cell. The union of carrier and enzym constitutes the invertase zymogen. By the action of acid, the ferment is freed from its carrier, the gum, and becomes capable of uniting with and changing its sub- strat. The action of acids in cell physiology, and in hastening the action of invertase and other enzyms is thus partially explained. Diastase would appear to be a union of an albumose enzym with a pentose gum. It is suggested that possibly the ferments are thus anchored and rendered inert in cells by uniting them with colloids. The name ' carrier ' is suggested to cover these colloidal substances, the carriers of the ferments. The carriers appear to be usually of the same chemical nature as the substrat of each ferment and to be colloids. AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY^ AGROTECHNY. 703 "A little over 12 per cent of the weight of the invertase is still unaccounted for, though a part of this may be water. Until this is accounted for, and until the parallelism between nitrogen content and activity be found to be more exact the foregoing conclusion that the ferment is a protein must be tentative. Further work on the subject is in progress." Influence of temperature upon the activity of cellase, G. Bektrand and A. CoMPTON (.Bui. Soc. Chim. France, //. ser., 9 (1911), No. 2, pp. 100-103, fig. 1). — The optimum temperature of the cellase obtained from sweet almonds was found in the region of 46° C. The action of this enzym is absolutely de- stroyed at 75° and under certain circumstances this occurs at 60°. Methods of volumetric analysis, H. Beckubts {Die Methoden der Mas- sanalyse. Brunswick, 1910, vol. 1, pp. YII-\-Ii82, figs. 87).— This is virtually a completely .revised edition of Mohr's Lehrbuch der Chemisch-Analytischen Titriermethode, with many important additions. A study of melting point determinations, G. A. Menge {Puh. Health and Mar. Uosp. Serv. U. S., Hyy. Lab. Bui. 70, pp. 101, figs. 21).— After considering the numerous existing methods for determining the melting point the author describes a method, devised by the division of pharmacology of the U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, for the puriwse of recommending it to the committee of revision of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia for adoption as official in standardizing drugs. An improvement of the Folin method for the determination of urinary ammonia nitrogen, M. Steel (Jour. Biol. Cliem., 8 (1910), No. 5, pp. 365- 379). — After discussing the various methods, the results obtained with them, and the sources of error, the author presents his modification of the Folin method," so that it can be made to liberate all the ammonia from ammonium magnesium phosphate and at the same time be applied to urinary analysis. This is accomplished by the addition of sodium hydrate instead of sodium car- bonate and the addition of sodium chlorid. Ordinary organic constituents of urine are not decomposed by the amount recommended. See also a note by Kober (E. S. R., 23, p. 416). Note on the determination of ammonia in urine, O. Folin (Jour. Biol. Chem., S (1910), No. 6, pp. .'i97, 498).— The correctness of Steel's method (see above) is pointed out, but in view of the fact that the amount of ammonium magnesium phosphate is usually very small in urines, since these are often de- composed or alkaline, the author believes it hardly necessary to substitute sodium hydrate and sodium chlorid for sodium carbonate and sodium chlorid. About the estimation of phosphates, Crispo (Ahs. in CJicm. Ztrj., 3-) (1910), No. 80, p. 7i7).— It is concluded that Pemberton's method (B. S. R., 20, p. 703) gives the best results and in the shortest time. Improvements in the Knorr fat extraction apparatus, H. L. Walter and C. E. Goodrich (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 69, pp. k, fios. 4).— One of the modifications proposed consists of making two perforations in the neck of the flask for the purpose of eliminating certain difficulties in manipulation which often present themselves with the old flask. The others consist of a metal spring, which is placed in the extraction tube to hold the material being extracted in place during the process, and a new form of metal disk. With these modifications applied it is possible to return to the use of a cheaper and simpler form of extraction tube. A method for the determination of sodium icdid in animal tissues, P. J. Hanzlik (Jour. Biol. Chem., 7 (1910), No. 6, pp. 459-46Jt; abs. in ZentM. "Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 37 (1902), p. 161; Amer. Jour. Physiol., 8 (1902-3), p. 330. 704 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Bioehem. u. Biophi/s., 10 {1910), No. 17-18, p. 781). — The finely minced mate- rial, after adding from 3 to 5 cc. of a 40 per cent sodium liydrate solution, is dried at a temperature not exceeding 100° C, and carefully heated over a flame, and charred. A mixture of equal parts of sodium nitrate and sodium carbonate is added in small amounts until oxidation is complete and the ash is white in color. The cooled mass is taken up with water, the filter washed until it is free from iodin, and the filtrate made up to a definite volume. Aliquot parts are then shaken in a separatory funnel with from 10 to 15 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid, a crystal of sodium nitrate added, and the free iodin extracted with several portions of chloroform (10 cc. each time) until the chloroform does not take on a violet color. The chloroform solution is washed free from acid with distilled water and titrated with a tenth-normal thiosulphate solution. The method determines, on the average, 97.77 per cent of the iodin present. Phosphorus in beef animals, C. K. Francis and P. F. Trowbridge (Jour. Biol. Chem., 7 {1910), No. 6, pp- 481S01).— This is a study of methods, as well as of the distribution of the phosphorus in the animal carcass. The authors conclude that " a method which involves heating of the solution before precipitation of the inorganic phosphorus does not yield results which represent the true condition of the soluble forms of phosphorus compounds in cold water extracts of beef. Soluble oi'ganic phosphorus compounds existing in beef and in cold water extracts of the same, are converted into inorganic forms by heat. The change is practically complete when the temiDerature is maintained at 70° for 15 minutes. From 52 to 65 per cent of the total phos- phorus in cold water extracts is in the organic form, but may be reduced to from 9 to 20 per cent if heated to about 70°, accompanied by a corresponding increase of the inorganic phosphorus. " The round cut of beef contains more phosphorus, in forms which are soluble in cold water, than any of the other cuts. Phosphorus is found chiefiy in the muscular or connective tissue ; the fats contain but little. The flesh of a thin animal contains more soluble phosphorus than that of a fat animal. The quan- tity decreases with increasing fatness even when it is expressed on a moisture and fat-free basis." The determination of inorganic and organic phosphorus in meats, H. S. Grindley and E. L. Ross {Jour. Biol. Chem., 8 {1910). No. 6, pp. Jf83-493).— According to these authors the Hart-Andrews method as modified by Emmett and Grindley (E. S. R., 17, p. 887), the magnesia mixture method of Forbes et al. (E. S. R., 23, p. 303), and the barium chlorid method of Siegfried and Singe- wald (E. S. R., 17, p. 635), when utilized with the necessary precautions yield almost the same results for the inorganic phosphorus content in the watery extract of beef. " Judging from the data here presented it is evident that the coagulation of the protein of the aqueous extracts of flesh by heat does not change organic phosphorus to the inorganic form to any appreciable extent." See also previous notes (E. S. R., 23, p. 512; and above.) Detection and determination of saccharin in food rich in fats, starch, and proteids, P. Tortelli and E. Piazza {Ann. Falsi/., 3 {1910), No. 22, pp. 313- 320). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 24, p. 124). A new method for the quantitative estimation of saccharose in the pres- ence of other sugars, A. Jolles {Pharni. Zentralhalle, 51 {1910), No. 42, pp. 957, 958: Mon-atsh. Chem., 32 {1911), No. 1, pp. 1-7). — Saccharose can be de- termined quantitatively according to 3 methods, which have for their basis the following: (1) After boiling for | hour with a tenth-normal alkali solution, utilizing the reflux condenser, there is no rotation of dextrose and similar sugars in the mixture, whereas the saccharose remains undisturbed. (2) The mixture of sugars is heated in a Lintner pressure bottle with tenth-normal AGEICULTUEAL. CHEMISTRY AGEOTECHNY. 705 alkali for | hour in a boiling water bath. (3) The mixture of sugars is allowetl to stand in contact with tenth-normal alkali for 24 hours in a thermostat at 37° C. All 3 methods give good results, the third being given the preference as it has the additional advantage of taking on the least amount of coloration. In all the methods, dextrose, levulose, invert sugar, etc., must not exceed 2 per cent. [The use of caustic potash for breaking down reducing- sugars in sugar- house products as a preliminary for determining raffinose], H. Pellet {Anier. Sugar Indus, and Beet Sugar Gaz., 13 {1911), No. 1, pp. 6, 7). — It is pointed out in this article that the utilization of caustic potash to break down the reducing sugars was proposed by H. Pellet " over ten years ago. The estimation of lactose in the presence of the commonly occurring sugars, J. L. Bakeb and H. F. E. Hulton (Analyst, 35 {1910), No. 417, pp. 512- 516). — ^As a direct estimation of lactose in the presence of other sugars which reduce Fehling's solution is impossible, the authors sought to utilize the fer- mentation test, based on the nou-fermentability of lactose, with washed brewers' yeast (0.5 gm. of yeast to 100 cc. of a 2 to 3 per cent sugar solution held for from 60 to 70 hours at 25° C). When pure solutions of lactose were employed the amount of lactose fermented was found to be 5 per cent, with equal weights of lactose, glucose, and maltose 0 per cent, with wheat starch containing 10 per cent of lactose 0 per cent, and with flour with 10 per cent of lactose 3 per cent. The oxidation index of milk, T. Jona {Gaz. Chim. ItaL, 40 {1910), II, No. 5-6, pp. 414-4I6; BoL Soc. Med. CJiirurg. Pavia, 24 {1910), No. 2, pp. 202-201 ; abs. in Chem. ZentU., 1910, II, No. 17, p. 1328). — The previous work of Coman- ducci (E. S. R., 18, p. 872) has shown that a creamed milk has a lower total oxidation index than a milk containing its- total cream. The serum of a creamed milk has the same index as that of a normal milk, but a milk contain- ing water has a lower index for its serum. By determining the oxidation index of both the milk and the serum it is. therefore, possible to detect substances added to the milk, or the removal of the cream. To carry out the method 5 cc. of milk is diluted to 500 cc. with wnter, 20 ec. of sulphuric acid (1: 5) added, heated on the water bath to from 60 to 70° C, and then tenth-normal potassium permanganate added dropwise, until a per- manent pink color remains for 10 minutes. The number of cubic centimeters of permanganate used per cubic centimeter of milk equals the oxidation index. For the serum the process is the same, with the exception that the casein, etc., is previously precipitated by adding to 100 cc. of the milk in a flask attached to a reflux condenser 2 cc. of a 20 per cent solution of acetic acid, placing this in the boiling-water bath for 10 minutes, then rapidly cooling and filtering. As a result of the examination of the milk from 200 cows the oxidation index for milk was found to be on the average from 43 to 45 ; for the serum it was from 36 to 38. A new method for determining the lactose and the fat content of milk, T. JoNA {Gaz. Chim. Ital., 40 (1910), II. No. 5-6, pp. 419-424; Boh Soc. Med. Chirurg. Pavia, 24 (1910), No. 2, pp. 178-184: ahs. in Chcm. Zcntbl., 1910. II. No. 17, pp. 1328. 1329). — The author, utilizing the principles involved in the work noted above, finds that the number of cubic centimeters of tenth-normal potassium permanganate used have a direct relation to the fat present in the "Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill., 15 (1897), No. 6, p. 611, 94492°— No. 8—11 3 706 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. milk, so that by multiplying tlie difference between the number of cubic centi- meters of permanganate used for the milk and the number utilized for the serum by 0.49 the percentage of fat is obtained approximately. For estimating the lactose the number of cubic centimeters of permanganate used for the serum are multiplied by 0.1401. The author also finds that 1 cc. of tenth- normal potassium permanganate oxidizes the same amount of glucose, sucrose, or lactose. Investig'ation of caseins and cheese curds, A. Burr (MiJchw. Zentbl., 6 (1910), No. 9, pp. 385-394). — After reviewing the technical and dietetic uses of casein, the geographical distribution of the various casein factories, and the published analyses of commercial casein, the author reports his findings on the examination of caseins and paracaseins prepared by himself. The moisture in the air-dried (at about 30° C.) acid casein fluctuated between 5.55 and 9.62 per cent, while that dried at 65° contained only 1.65 per cent. The moisture was similar in the rennet casein. The ash content of the rennet casein was from 5 to S.55 per cent (P2O5 60.64, Ca 37.44, and Mg 0.0S8 per cent), while that of the acid casein was practically nil. The amount of nitrogen in the acid casein, on the basis of fat- and ash-free dry substance, ranged from 15.58 to 15.63 per cent, which yields a casein factor of practically 6.41 per cent, while that of the paracasein was from 6.35 to 6.39 per cent, an average of 6.363. The results of the examination of the acid curds showed that the water con- tent fluctuated between 73.08 and SO per cent, an average of 76.70 per cent. The differences in ash content of the acid and rennet curds, noted by Hoft (E. S. R., 22, p. 702), were substantiated by the author. Some further tests are reported, which have reference to ascertaining (1) how much the fat content of the dry mass of the relatively fresh sugar-containing curd and the sugar-free curd diminish, and (2) whether a marked difference exists in fat content of 3 to 4-day-old curds, made from the same milk by the combined action of acid and rennet but under a variety of conditions, e. g., some with a greater concentration of acid and the others with a greater concentration of rennet. On the basis of these tests, the author cautions against setting up too definite limits for fat in the dry substance of fresh cheese curds containing sugar, such as were prepared for ripe or nearly ripened cheese. On the importance of mineral salts in vinegar fermentation, H. Wuesten- FELD (Pure Products, 6 (1910), No. 11, pp. 6I^6-6!^S). — This is a short review of the literature on this subject. The conserving of crabs and examination of crab conserves, P. Butten- BERG (Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Gcnussmtl., 20 (1910), No. 6, pp. 311-323).— A study in regard to the preservation of North and East Sea, Norwegian, and American crabs with various antiseptics, including boric acid, benzoic acid, salt, citric acid, etc. The tomato and its derivatives, E. Collin (Ann. Falsif., 3 (1910), No. 25, pp. 459-/(69, figs. 10). — After discussing the botany, histology, and uses of the tomato, the author describes the various methods of conserving tomatoes and the methods for detecting impurities and adulterations in tomato products. Preserved mushrooms, K. Weiniiausen (Pure Products, 6 (1910), No. 11, pp. 6'f5, 6Jf6). — A description of the methods for selecting and conserving mush- rooms as practiced in Europe. The sterilization and other after-treatment of fruit juices, E. Walter (Pure Products, 6 (1910), No. 11, pp. 680-634, figs. 2).— After discussing the use of chemical preservatives for the preservation of fruit juices, the author gives a detailed description of methods for sterilizing these products and the appa- ratus required therefor. METEOROLOGY WATEE. 70 7 The equipment and operation of a modern factory for the production of fruit juices, E. Walter {Pure Products, 6 (1910), Nos. 10, pp- 561-565; 11, pp. 627-630, figs. 10). — ^A general discussion of the principles involved and machinery required. Sugar, G. Maetineau {London and Neiv York, [1910], p-p. IX+lJi9, pJ. 1, figs. IS, dgm. 1, 'map 1). — A popular discussion of the cane and beet sugar industry of the world, considering cane and beet juices, clarification, crystalli- s^ation, sugar refining, the cane and beet industries, competition, the sugar market, consumption, production, imports, exports, and results in a German sugar factory in the season of 190S-9. Sug'ar, cellulose, and alcohol manufacture from com stalks, G. Doby {Chem. Ztg., 34 (1910), No. 1J,9, pp. 1330, 1331, figs. 2; abs. in Ztschr. Spirit- usindus., 34 (1911), No. 1, p. 2). — This article deals with the results of tests with corn stalks for tbe production of saccharose, cellulose, and alcohol. The amount of saccharose from the fresh stalks in Hungary (9 to 12 per cent) was found to be somewhat lower than in the United States (12 to 14 per cent). The storage of feed beets, diffusion cossettes, and beet foliage, A. Zait- SCHEK (KisMct. Kozlem., 13 (1910), No. 6, pp. 7. ',9-76 1).— It was found that in storing feed beets of the Magyar type, 14.6 per cent of the digestible organic substance was lost of which more than half consisted of sugar. In the case of the diffusion cossettes from 19 to 44 per cent of the digestible matter disappeared, the amount lost being dependent upon the time of storage. This loss could not be checked by the use of the lacto-pulp method. Beet foliage suffered a loss of 37.4 per cent. Utilization of the by-products of the vine and wine manufacture, V. Ver- MOREL and E. Dantony (JJUlisation des Sous-Produits de la Vigne et du Vin. Paris, 1910, pp. VII+166, figs. 10). — This work deals with the extraction of alcohol, tannin, and oil, the purification of the tartrates, the manufacture of verdigris and fertilizers, the utilization of the stems and similar topics. Beport of the city chemist of Gottenborg for 1909, J. E. Axen (Arslier. 8tadskem. Lah. Gotehorg, 1909, pp. 15). — A summary of the results obtained in the examination of foods, feeding stuffs, chemicals, and chemical-industrial products (including arsenic and wood pulp) is given in this report. [Beport of Danish chemical laboratories] (Tidsskr. Landokonomi, 1910, Nos. 7, pp. 434-458. 459-480; 8, pp. 538-549). — ^A summary and results of chem- ical analyses of dairy products, feeding stuffs, fertilizers, and other agricultural products at the Stein analytical laboratory in Copenhagen are given and dis- cussed briefiy by F. Christensen, together with similar reports of the work of other Danish agricultural chemical laboratories for 1909. General index to Biedermanns Zentralblatt fiir Agrikulturchemie, M. P. Neumann (General-Register zu Biederiiuinns Zentralblatt fiir Agrikulturchemie, Band XXVI Us XXXV. Leipsic, 1907, pp. 244).— This is the general index from 1897-1906. General index to Jahresbericht fiir Chemie, 1897—1904, E. Feomm (Gen- eral-Register zum Jahresbericht fiir Chemie, 1897-1904- I, Autoren-Register. Brunsn-ick, 1910, pp. 847). This is the combined author and subject index from 1897-1904-. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Connecticut weather review, W. M. Esten and C. J. Mason (Connecticut 8t07'rs Sta. Bui. 64, pp. 155-187, charts 7). — This bulletin summarizes observa- tions on temperature at Storrs for 1909 and 21 preceding years, and on rain- fall for a like period at Storrs and at 20 other places in the State. Five tem- perature curves showing the mean and variations of temperature for 21 years 708 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. are given. The summary for tlie period is as follows: Temperature (degrees F.).— Meau, 4G.9; bigliest, 96, July 5, 1S9S; lowest, —13.3, February 17, 1896; greatest range, 110. Rainfall (inches). — Mean, 45.78; greatest annual, 66.51, 1901; least annual, 33.33, 1894; greatest monthly, 12.24, July, 1897; least monthly, 0.37, February, 1907 ; greatest daily, 4.26, June 21, 1903. Duration of yrowing season. — Longest, 184 days, April 18 to October 19, 1901 ; shortest, 131 days, May 24 to October 2, 1907. Average dates of frost. — Last, May 5 ; first, October 8. Wind. — Prevailing direction, northwest. Meteorological records for 1909 (New York State 8ta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 5.57- 570). — Tables are given showing tridaily readings at Geneva. N. Y., of standard air thermometers for each month of the year; daily readings of maximum and minimum thermometers at 5 p. m. foi' each month of the year ; a monthly sum- mary of maximum, minimum, and standard thermometer readings; average monthly and yearly temperatures since 1SS2; monthly and yeai'ly maximum and minimum temperatures from 1883 to 1909, inclusive; and rainfall by months since 1882. Weather summary, L. R. Waldkon (North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Dickinson Bub- sta. 1910, pp. 83-85). — Tables give data for the Dickinson substation as to evapo- ration and pi-ecipitation during the growing seasons of 1907 to 1910, the monthly precipitation and temperature 1906 to 1910, and dates of early and late frosts during the same period. Meteorolog'ical summary for 1909, C. A. Patton (Ohio Sta. Bui. 220, pp. 6-'il-659). — This summary includes as usual notes on the weather of each month of the year and tabulated daily and monthly records of observations at the sta- tion at Wooster, Ohio, on temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and direction of the wind, and for comparison, similar data for 22 pi'evious years (1888- 1909) at the station and for 27 years (1883-1909) in other parts of the State. The mean temperature for the year at Wooster was 50° F., for the State 50.7° ; the highest temperature at the station was 90°, September 14, for the State 97°, July 30; the lowest temperature at the station was — 11°, January 13, for the State —20°, December 30. The annual rainfall at the station was 44.22 in., for the S-tate 42.32 in. The number of rainy days at the station was 144, for the State 124. The prevailing direction of the wind was southwest at the station and for the State. Moisture studies in corn and wheat plats, L. R. Waxdeon (North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Dickinson Substa. 1910, pp. 60-76, dgms. 7). — The moisture content under corn and wheat grown on spring-plowed, fall-plowed, summer-fallowed, and cropped soils was determined at different dates from November, 1909, to October. 1910. Summer fallowing increased and continuous cropping decreased the moisture content of the soil. Spring-plowed soil contained less moisture than fall-plowed, but no very definite relatiou between yields and moisture content was estab- lished. The moisture content to a depth of 10 ft. was nmch smaller in the wheat plats than in the corn plats. The amount of water used by corn crops during 4 years plus the amount found in the soil at the end of the period was about 41 in. The amount used by the wheat crop under like conditions was 46 in. As the rainfall during the period was about 80 in., the loss of water was from 55 to 60 per cent, the loss being greater in the case of the corn plats than in that of the wheat plats. The greater loss in the case of the corn was due to the sinking of the water to a greater depth than 10 ft. Surface water supply of the Great Basin, 1909, B. C. La Rue and F. F. Henshaw (U. 8. Geol. Survcif, Watcr-Supply Paper No. 270, pp. 192, pis. 5, fig. 1). — This report contains the I'esults of measurements of fiow of water in SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 709 the streams of the Great Basin, includiug the Wasatch Mountains, the Hum- boldt Sink, and the Sierra Nevada drainage areas, and the Great Basin drain- age in Oregon. Well-drilling' methods, I. Bowman ( XJ. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 257, pp. 139, pis. 4, figs. 25). — This paper is based upon ground-water in- vestigations in the eastern United States, extending over a period of 3 years, and including actual observations on well drilling, supplemented by one season's observations in the South and Middle West. The paper contains a general account of underground waters of the Tnited States; water, oil, and gas-bearing formations ; the history of well-drilling ; and the distribution of drilled wells. Different methods of well drilling are described, with a discussion of some special features of well construction and general estimates of the cost of well sinking. Pond fertilizing', Kuhnert (Mitt. Deut. Lanclw. Gescll., 25 {1910), Nos. 6, pp. 77-81; 10, pp. 151, 152; ahs. in Wasser u. Abwasser, 3 (1911), No. 10, p. Ji26). — The author maintains that it is profitable to use artificial fertilizers in fish cultvire, and recommends that Thomas slag and kainit, each at the rate of about 534.4 lbs. per acre, and sodium nitrate at the rate of 178.1 to 267.2 lbs. per acre be used on fish ponds. Sewage sludge and its disposal, A. B. Ogden (Surveyor, 38 (1910), No. 983, pp. 690-694)- — This paper discusses various methods of sludge disposal, but gives particular attention to its utilization as a fertilizer. Analyses of sludge from different sources and results of experiments are cited to show that the fertilizing value of sludge is well above that of ordinary barnyard manure. The author describes methods of handling the sludge so that it can be easily used by farmers without creating a nuisance. He urges all those who are interested in agriculture or have to deal with sewage disposal to aid in promoting the use of sewage sludge as a manure and thus restore to the land the fertilizing material which has been taken from it. SOILS— FEKTILIZEES. Soil productivity, T. C. Chamberlin (Science, n. ser., 33 (1911), No. 8^1, pp. 225-227). — This is a review of a fuller discussion of the subject of secular maintenance of soils before the Geological Club of the University of Chicago, January 9, 1911, which attempted to show that in view of the vast age of productive soils there must be some eflicient natural process for their main- tenance. Among the active factors in this process to which attention is called ai-e the transporting and mixing action of wind and water, the progressive for- mation of soil particles from the underlying rocks, the movement of water in the soil, and the activity of micro-organisms. It is shown that although the total loss of certain soil constituents in the drainage is large, there is a tend- ency toward the accumulation of some of the constituents in the surface soil. Analyses are cited to show that in the larger proportion of cases the percent- age of phosphoric acid is higher in surface soils than in subsoils, but that the percentage of potash is lower. Some of the phosphatlc and potash compounds are to be grouped with silica, alumina, and ferric oxid as the rock elements that tend to stay in soils, while soda, lime, and magnesia compounds are more likely to be carried away in the drainage. It is pointed out that plant growth cooperates with capillary action in con- centrating certain soil constituents in the surface soil. The practice prevailing in certain parts of China of carefully saving and utilizing all animal and vegetable refuse and returning it to the soil is referred to as showing the possibility of maintaining a high productiveness without the 710 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD. use of artificial fertilizers. The author is of the opinion that by this method of treatment the fertility of the soils can be maintained until the country is base-leveled. The fact that the old soils of certain parts of Europe are more productive unit for unit than the newer soils of America is referred to as an example of the possibility of maintaining high productiveness on soils densely populated and intensively cultivated. In general the author is of the opinion that the facts regarding soil pro- ductiveness " do not offer substantial grounds for an alarming forecast, appli- cable to an industrious and intelligent people willing to be guided either by oriental experience or by western scientific research." The relation of certain nonleguminous plants to the nitrate content of soils, T. L. Lyon and J. A. Bizzeli. {Jour. Franklin Inst., Ill {1911), Nos. 1, pp. 1-16; 2, pp. 205-220, dgms. 4). — From the investigations here reported the authors conclude that " the nitrate content of soil under timothy, corn, pota- toes, oats, millet, and soy beans was different for each crop when on the same soil. There was a characteristic relationship between the crop and the nitrate content of the soil at different stages of growth. During the most active grow- ing period of the corn crop, nitrates were higher under corn than in cultivated soil bearing no crop. Under a mixture of corn and millet, nitrates at this period were higher than under millet alone, although the crop yields were about the same on both plats. " These phenomena may be accounted for on the assumption that nitrification is stimulated by some processes connected with the active growth and absorb- ing functions of plants, particularly of corn, although there are indications that the corn plant obtains a part of its nitrogen in some form other than nitrates, the combination of which conditions may account for the very high nitrate content of the soil under corn. " Under both corn and oats, the nitrate content was higher during the period when the crop was making its greatest draft on the soil nitrogen than in the later stages of growth, in spite of the fact that the nitrates in the uncropped soil were increasing while those in the cropped soil were disappearing. Ni- trates under these crops and under millet failed to increase late in the season, v/hen nitrogen absorption had practically ceased, although uncropped soil showed a very large increase in nitrates at that time. "This in conjunction with facts before mentioned, indicates a further in- fluence of the crop on the process of nitrification, and may be accounted for on the supposition that the plants, during their later period of growth, exert, in some manner, a retarding influence on nitrification. "The large diiferences in the nitrates under the crops mentioned may, aside from the influence of cultivation, possibly be found in the inherent differences between plants of different species in their stimulating or inhibiting influence on nitrification, as well as in their relative rates and amounts of nitrogen absorption. " Changes in the moisture content, or in the temperature of soil under crops during the growing season, had no important effect on the nitrate content of the soil, except under the legume, soy beans. On imcropped soil an increase in moisture content in September was accompanied by a marked increase in nitrates." Interpretations of results noted in experiments upon cereal cropping methods after soil sterilization, H. L. Bolley {Science, n. ser., 33 {1911), No. 8Jfl, pp. 229-232). — In this paper, which was read before the American Society of Agronomy at Washington, D. C, in November. 1910, the author takes the position that the beneficial effect of soil sterilization is probably due more SOILS ^FERTILIZERS. 711 to destruction of disease germs than to its action on the cnemical properties or bacteriological activities of the soil. Colloid materials in clay and adsorption phenomena, P. Rohland (Landw. Jahrb., 39 (1910), No. 3, pp. 369-372; abs. in Chem. Zentbl.. 1910, II, No. 7, p. ■'i91). — The author reviews conclusions from his previous work regarding the importance and functions of colloids in the soil, and especially their bearing upon plasticity, permeability, and absorptive propei'ties of soils. He does not accept Ehrenberg's explanation (E. S. R., 24, p. 131) of the fact that certain kinds of ions are absorbed while others are not, and he does not believe that this depends in any way upon the ease or difQculty of solution of the salts. He finds that with the exception of neutral calcium carbonate all calcium salts are more readily soluble than calcium sulphate, of which the ion SO4 is not absorbed but diffused. The amount of water and plant food removed from soils by drainage, M. Gerlach {IUus. Landw. Zig., 30 {1910), No. 95, pp. 879-881, figs. 2).— This article briefly summarizes x'esults of studies with lysimeters and on field drainage systems. Examination of drainage water from fields of 5 farms showed 215 gm. of lime per cubic meter of drainage water, 6.3 gm. of potash, and 11.8 gm. of nitrogen, of which 10.9 gm. was in the forms of nitrous and nitric acids and 0.9 gm. in the form of organic nitrogen. No ammonia or phosphoric acid was found in the drainage water. Observations on a farm drainage system during the spring of 1909 showed 1,161.6 cubic meters of drainage water per hectare, containing 6.8 kg. of total nitrogen, 5.9 kg. of nitric nitrogen, 7.6 kg. of potash, and 18.7 kg. of lime. While these amounts are small as compared with the total amounts present in the soil, they represent a relatively large proportion of the readily available plant food and would constitute in the course of years a considerable drain upon the soil fertility. These results, as well as those of experiments with the lysimeters, show that phosphoric acid is firmly fixed in the soil and is subject to little or no loss in the drainage. The largest loss is in the case of lime. Potash is also removed in the drainage to a considerable extent. The loss of nitrogen is smaller than that of either lime or potash, and mostly in the form of nitric nitrogen. Examinations of a number of soils show that the surface soil is as a rule richer in nitrogen and phosphoric acid than the subsoil. On the other hand, the subsoils usually contain more lime and potash than the surface soil. Denudation and erosion in the southern Appalachian region and the Monongahela basin, L. C. Glenn ( U. S, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper No. 72, pp. 137, pis. 21, fig. 1; Press BuJ. Ii'iG, folio). — This paper records observations in parts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, Georgia, Tennessee, and Alabama on " hillside and mountain side wash and wear, soil removal by gullying and soil burial by overwash, stream clogging and stream overflow, the filling of mill ponds and the wrecking of dams and bridges, and numerous other evils that are attributed by many observers, in large part, to reckless deforestation and injudicious attempts to cultivate slopes that are not adapted to agriculture. . . . " In the course of the study it was noted that steep slopes formed of certain rocks could be safely cultivated, but that others, no steeper, composed of other, different rocks were cultivated with disastrous results. . . . " Much of the area is not properly agricultural laud and should not be cleared and forced into agricultural use, because that forcing means quick destruction both of the area itself and of the lower-lying areas on the same stream- ways. . . . The agricultural problem involves the selection of the areas best tl2 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. suited for agriculture because of fertility and cliaracter of soil and moderate slope of surface and tlie study of the ways in whicli such areas may best be handled to prevent their own destruction through erosion, as well as the destruction of other lands and property by the waste material they deix)sit and the floods they help to generate." The paper also gives " an account of a study made in the basin of Mononga- hela River in West Virginia and Pennsylvania soon after the great flood of March, 1907, which destroyed millions of dollars' worth of property." The preparation and use of peat as fuel, C. A. Davis ( TJ. 8. Geol. Stirvei/ Bui. Ji-'t2, pp. 101-132). — It is stated that peat beds of workable extent are found widely distributed in Alaska. The character of the peat and methods of work- ing such deposits are described. Turfy peat from a tundra at St. Michael showed a calorific value of 7,092 British thermal units per pound, comparing well in this respect with subbituminous coals and lignites. Methods of pre- paring the raw peat for use as fuel are described. A selected bibliography of works on peat is given. Lawn soils, O. Schreiner and J. J. Skinner {IJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bid. 15, pp. 55, pis. 8, figs. 3). — This bulletin, prepared largely for the guidance of park authorities in the selection of soil materials for the improvement and makiug of lawns, parks, embankmeuts, and terraces, and also for the indi- vidual owner of a small tract of land in town or city, discusses " the char- acter of soils in respect to the minerals and organic materials composing them, as well as the kind and amounts of dilferent-sized soil particles which determine the suitability of soils for lawn making. The texture of soils as related to lawns is especially emphasized and the relation of surface soil to subsoil receives consideration in regard to its effect on lawns. The difference between laud devoted to lawn culture and land growing a farm crop is pointed but and the movement of soil moisture and its dependence on texture, as well as its importance to the maintenance of a good greensward is explained. " The presence of harmful compounds in certain soils is shown and their bearing on lawn construction and preservation is considered, as is also the influence of trees on lawns and the remedial measures to be employed. " The soils suited for the building of lawns, parks, parked embankments, and terraces, etc., receive special consideration, and the best methods for building up artificial grounds by the hauling in of such suitable soil material, both for subsoil fillings and for surface layering, are given full consideration, a list of soil types well adapted to grass growing being given for this purpose." Soil analyses, T. E. Keitt (South Carolina, Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 5^-63). — Mechanical and chemical analyses of 35 samples of soil of 4 different types on a farm near Columbia, S. C, on which fertilizer experiments are being conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, are reported. The results show that on these coastal plain soils underlain by a sandy clay the phosphoric acid applied as soluble phosphate was largely retained in the first 18 in. of soil, the greater proportion being in the first 6 in. Much of the potash applied was retained in the second 6 in. of soil. The nitrogen content was highest in the first 6 in., and greatly decreased to a depth of 18 in., below which it was low and fairly constant. The content of organic matter was inversely proportional to the length of time the land had been under cultivation. In soil which had been under cultivation for a number of years the loss on ignition decreased to a depth of IS in., beyond which there was an increase, attributed, however, to loss of water of hydration from the clay. Western prairie soils: Their nature and composition, F. T. Shxjtt (Canada Cent. Expt. Farm Bui. 6, 2. ser., pp. 25, pis. 2, map 1). — Data on mechanical analyses (by E. J. Russell, of Rothamsted) and on the chemical composition SOILS FERTILIZERS. YlS of typical soils of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta are reported, and tlie pliysiograpliy of the region, general characteristics, and agricultural value of the soils are discussed. The article emphasizes the general uniformity of these soils, their richness in plant food, more particularly in nitrogen, and their favorable physical condition, due chiefly to the large proportion of partly decomposed vegetable matter they contain. In 8 samples of Manitoba soil examined the nitrogen varied from 0.346 to 1.005, phosphoric acid from 0.123 to 0.288, potash from 0.144 to 1.033, and lime from 1.02 to 10.57 per cent. In 12 samples of Saskatchewan soil the nitrogen varied from 0.134 to 0.572, phosphoric acid from 0.064 to 0.391, potash from 0.164 to 0.S9S, and lime from 0.50 to 3.51 per cent. In 9 samples of Alberta soil the nitrogen varied from 0.215 to 0.673, phosphoric acid from 0.123 to 0.240, potash from 0.250 to 0.673, and lime from 0.37 to 1.28 per cent. Analyses of cultivated and adjacent prairie soil show that continuous grain growing for a number of years has considerably reduced the organic matter and the nitrogen. Fallowing, while useful as a means of conserving moisture and destroying weeds, is very wasteful of organic matter and nitrogen. Analyses are reported which show that Saskatchewan soil which has been under cultivation for 22 years contains one-third less nitrogen than adjacent untouched prairie, although the crops of wheat on this soil are as good as at the beginning. The analyses indicate that twice as much nitrogen is destroyed by cultivation as is removed in crops. The soils are as a rule rich in readily soluble mineral matter and frequently become alkaline when irrigated. Some characteristics of the western prairie soils of Canada, F. T. Shutt {Jour. Agr. Sci., 3 {1910), No. J,, tip- 335-357, pis. 2). — This is substantially the same article as that noted above. Deli soils, J. G, C. Vriens and S. Tijmstra {Meded. Deli-Proefstat. Medan, 5 {1910), No. 5, pp. 115-l.'f3, fig. 1). — In this report of a continuation of investi- gations on Deli soils (E. S. R., 23, p. 224), the authors describe a new method of arranging and comparing results of analyses, and report a large number of analyses of soils of the Deli region, Sumatra, the results of which showed a relatively high nitrogen content, a poor to medium lime content, and a low phos- phoric acid content. Fifty per cent of the soils were low in potash. A study of the relations of nitrogen to phosphoric acid, potash, and lime, and of phosphoric acid to potash and lime in the soils analyzed showed that a low nitrogen content was generally associated with a low phosphoric acid content, and a high nitrogen content with a high phosphoric acid content. A high nitro- gen content went with a high lime content, and a low content of nitrogen with a low content of lime. The relation of nitrogen to potash was usually the reverse of this. A low phosphoric acid content was associated with a high potash and with a low lime content, whereas a high phosphoric acid content was associated with a low potash and with a high lime content. The chemical analysis of soils, W. P. Brooks {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 29, pp. 3). — A revision of Circular 11, previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 818). Manuring- of heavy soils, Andre {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 23 {1910), No. 12, pp. 566, 561; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 {1910), No. 8, pp. 504, 505).— Nitrogenous manures should be used sparingly for cereals on heavy soils; an excess reduces the yield of grain. On such soils calcium cyanamid is the pref- erable form. Superphosphate is the best form of phosphoric acid to use. Kainit may harden the soil, but 40 per cent potash salt is beneficial, especially for clover. In case of turnips potash salts may give a disagreeable odor and taste to the milk of cows fed on the turnips, and in case of potatoes they may de- crease the starch content. Lime is often needed, especially where potash salts 714 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED, are liberally used, and finely ground limestone may be used with advantage, especially on pasture land. In other cases quicklime is preferable, and, as a rule, when lime in this form can be bought for little more than that in car- bonate. Manure on chernozem (Ttestnik Selsk. Ehos., 1909, Nos. 49, 50, 51-52; abs. in Zhiir. Opytn. (Rkss. Jour. E-rpt. Landw.), 11 (.1910), No. 3, p. Jfl5). — The author concludes from a critical review of data from the Kherson, Odessa, and Poltava experiment fields and from the Ploti, Shatilov, and Ivanov experiment stations, that there is no doubt of the need of chernozem soils for fei-tilizers. The value of manure on such soils is determined by its content of phosphoric acid and nitrogen. The value of potash on chernozem soils re- mains undetermined. The same is true of the indirect value of manure, but the after effect of manure is considerable, lasting usually for four years. The mineral matter of hay and chemical fertilizers, G. Paturel {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 21 {1911), No. 1, pp. 12-lJf). — Analyses of hay grown with different fertilizers are cited to show that the mineral matter of hay is increased to a marked extent by the use of chemical fertilizers, the increase being great- est in the case of phosphoric acid and somewhat less in the case of lime and magnesia. The maximum increase was observed when fertilizers containing phosphoric acid and potash Vv^ere applied. Leguminous plants are especially susceptible to this action of fertilizers. Peruvian g'uano {Bol. Dir. Fomento [Peru], 8 {1910), No. 8, pp. 3, Jf). — Analyses of 66 samples of guano from islands off the coast of Peru are reported. In these the nitrogen varied from 1.4 to 14.84 per cent, the phosphoric acid frorfl 4.6 to 19.45 per cent, and the potash (in 9 samples) from 1.39 to 3.9 per cent. The relative effect of different forms of nitrog'en on the yield of oats in dependence upon the character of the soil and the conditions of the experi- ments, N. OvcHiNNiKov {Zliur. Opytii. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Latidiv.), 11 {1910), No. 4, pp. 481-532). — Various nitrogenous fertilizers were tested in con- nection with a basal fertilizer supplying potash and phosphoric acid on sandy, light loam, medium loam, and clay soils in Wagner pots, the yield and nitrogen content of the crop being determined. The yield was influenced to a marked extent by the character of the soil, the largest yield with all forms of nitrogen being obtained upon the medium loam soil, the smallest on the sandy soil. Calcium nitrate, Norwegian nitrate, and ammonium sulphate gave higher yields than sodium nitrate on all except the sandy soils, on which the phy- siological acidity of the ammonium sulphate seemed to produce unfavorable results. The three substances first named produced almost the same results, but the nitrogen of ammonium sulphate was assimilated to a larger extent than that of the calcium nitrate or the Norwegian nitrate. The coeflicient of nitrogen assimilation was higher for calcium nitrate, Norwegian nitrate, and ammonium sulphate than for sodium nitrate. Of the organic nitrogenous fertilizers tested steamed bone meal was most readily assimilated, its coelEcient of assimilation on a medium loam soil being higher than that of sodium nitrate. The assimilation of calcium cyanamid was much lower than that of sodium nitrate. The nitrogen of blood meal was 85 per cent as assimilable as that of sodium nitrate on medium loam soil and 63 per cent as assimilable on loam soil. The lowest coefHcient of assimilation was shown by meat meal and raw bone meal, which were almost unutilized on sandy soils. Calcium cyanamid increased the yield of grain more than that of straw, the organic nitrogenous fertilizers showing as a rule the same tendency. The increase of grain as compared with straw was greatest on the light loam soil. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 715 The percentage of nitrogen in the crop was greater with the mineral sources of nitrogen (including lime nitrogen) than with the organic sources. The utilization of the nitrogen of the air by means of the electric flame, J. Zenneck {Phys. Ztschr., 11 {1910), No. 26, pp. 1228-1233, pis. 4; Naturw. Rundschau, 26 {1911), Nos. 6, pp. 69-11, figs. 4; 7, pp. 81-83, figs. 2; abs. in Metallurg., and Cliem. Engin., 9 {1911), No. 2, pp. 73-75, figs. 7 ; Cliem. Ztg., SJf {1910), No. 114, P' iOU). — This is a paper presented at the meeting of the German Naturalists and Phj-sicians in Konigsberg, describing various forms of electric furnaces which have been used in the manufacture of nitrogen com- pounds from the air. Zeolitic potash fertilizers, T. Remy {Mitt. Deut. Landiv. Gesell., 25 {1910), No. 52, pp. 777-77.9, figs. 3). — The author reports data indicating a higher efficiency of lime trass fertilizer as a source of potash for potatoes than Stutzer found for peas and barley (E. S. R., 24, p. 134). The material used in these experiments contained water-soluble potash 7.63 per cent and total potash 9.34 per cent. Stutzer experimented with a material containing only 2.41 per cent of difficultly soluble potash. Zeolitic potash fertilizers, A. Stutzer {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 26 {1911), No. 2, p. 21). — The author suggests that the better results obtained by Remy (noted above) were due to the added potash salts in the reinforced trass fertilizer used in his later experiments. Increased German production of potash, F. D. Hill {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. \_U. 8.], 14 {1911), No. 21, p. 329).— Statistics are given which show that under the new apportionment the amount of potash which may be produced during the period from May 1 to December 31, 1911, is 219,780 metric tons of pure potash (K2O) for home consumption and 282,590 tons for exportation, an increase of about 100,000 tons over the previous apportionment. A review of the phosphate fields of Florida, W. H. Waggaman ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. 76, pp. 23).— This bulletin reports work in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey. The results of the inquiry are summarized as follows : " There are two commercially important classes of phosphate rocli in Flor- ida— the hard-rock phosphate and the land-pebble phosphate. " The hard-fock phosphate fields extend north and south along the west coast of the peninsula for a distance of 100 miles. The present land-pebble phos- phate regions lie south of the hard-rock fields, in Polk and Hillsboro counties. " Both the bard-rock and pebble deposits of phosphate belong to the Ter- tiary period. The methods of mining these two classes of phosphate rock differ cbnsidergjbly. In the hard-rock workings the material is either dug out or dredged. In the pebble deposits hydraulic mining is employed. " Practically all the hard-rock phosphate is shipped abroad and sold on a guaranty of 77 per cent tricalcium phosphate. The pebble phosphate is used both in this country and abroad, being sold on guaranties ranging from 60 to 75 per cent tricalcium phosphate. " In order to remove the impurities the material which comes from the mines is put through a washing process, during which much valuable phosphate is washed away. It is estimated that the actual amount of phosphoric acid lost in preparing the rock for the market is nearly twice as great as the quantity saved. " Possible means of utilizing this waste material are suggested, namely, to apply it to muck soils deficient in phosphoric minerals or to extract the phos- phoric acid from it by means of a cheap solvent. " The average cost of preparing hard-rock phosphate for the market is not less than $3.50 per ton, while the finished pebble product costs about $2 per ton. 716 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. " Early iu 1910 there were 20 companies operating in the hard-rock regions, with a total annual capacity of more than 750,000 tons. " In the pebble regions 15 companies were engaged in mining operations, with a capacity of 1,500,000 tons per annum. " Owing to various causes the hard-rock industry was at a rather low ebb during 1909 and 1910, many plants being entirely closed down, but the operators expect the situation to improve. " The pebble industry, however, has been growing uninterruptedly and prom- ises to continue to increase. " The life of the hard-rock phosphate is variously estimated to be from 20 to 100 years; the deposits of land-pebble phosphate are considered almost inex- haustible." On the alleged refutation of the lime factor theory, II, O. Loew {Lamlw. JahrJ)., 39 {1910), No. 6, pp. 1005-1009). — The author again takes issue with the conclusions of D. Meyer (E. S. R., 24, p. 134), and questions the reliability of his results on the ground that the plants, which were harvested at the blooming stage, should have been allowed to mature, and further that too many plants were grown in each pot to secure normal development. The author restates fully his own conclusions with reference to the lime factor in soils and refers to the work of a number of other investigators which confirms his conclusions. Increasing' the yield by fertilizing' with carbon dioxid, P. Wagner (Mitt. Dent. Lanclw. GeseU., 25 {1910), No. 12, pp. 176-119; ahs. in ZentU. Agr. Chcm., 39 {1910), No. 11, pp. 126-129). — This is an account of pot exijeriments with potatoes to investigate the theory of Krantz that the growth of plants is in- creased by using fertilizers which produce a large amount of carbon dioxid and heavily charge the air surrounding the plants. Comparative tests were made of two of the fertilizing materials proposed by Krantz for this purpose, and of guano, green manure (vetch), and ordinary stable manure, as well as nitrate of soda. The results showed that there was no definite relation between the amount of carbon in the different manures and the yield produced, but that the yields depended upon the amount of easily assimilated nitrogen furnished by the manures. Plat experiments with fertilizers, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood {West Virginia 8ta. Bill. 131, pp. 201-2 'i2, pis. 18). — This bulletin gives the results to date of experiments partly reported upon in previous bulletins of the station (E. S. E.. 19, p. 1019), summarizing the results of the whole investigation from 1900 to 1910. The succession of crops during this period has been rye, wheat, clover, corn, cowpeas, corn, potatoes, rye, and hay (2 years). The results show that the most deficient fertilizing constituent in this soil is phosphoric acid, and that this must be supplied before either nitrogen or potash can be of any particular value. Next to phosphoric acid, nitrogen is the most deficient constituent ex- cept in case of potatoes, which were more benefited by applications of potash than of nitrogen. The results with lime were inconclusive, there being a re- duction of yield when this material was first applied, but an increase in later years. Corn responded more favorably to stable manure than to commercial fertilizers, while with cowpeas the reverse was true. The great importance of carefully saving and using manure was clearly demonstrated in these experi- ments. It is also shown that when commercial fertilizers alone are used these should contain all three fertilizing constituents, but the proportion of phos- phoric acid should be especially high. Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. F. Hand et al. {Mississippi 8ta. Circ, 32, pp. 35). — This is the first of a proposed series of AGRICULTURAL BOTAKY. 717 three circulars giving analyses and valuations of fertilizers inspected during the season of 1910-11. The circiilar emphasizes the folly of buying fertilizers wholly on the basis of price per ton and of using low-grade fertilizers. Commercial fertilizers, N. W. Lord and C. E. Thorne (Ann. Rpt. Ohio Bd. Agr., 6^ {1909), pp. 321-ftl2). — Analyses and valuations of fertilizers insi^ected during 1909 are reported, with the text and a summary of the state fertilizer law, a brief discussion on the use of fertilizers, and an explanation of their valuation. AGEICULTTJRAL BOTANY. A text-book of general bacteriology, E. O. Jordan (PJiiJadelphia and Lon- don, 1910, 2. ed., rev., pp. 59.'t+16, figs. 162, chart 1, map 1). — This is a second edition of this booli (E. S. R., 20, p. 827), in which the author has added several new sections, including discussions of iron and sulphur bacteria, the relations of bacteria to the higher forms of life, concentration of diphtheria antitoxin, fermentation of sauerkraut, bakery fermentation, retting of flax and hemp, bacterial destruction of cellulose, and epidemic infantile paralysis. A review of microbiological agriculture, E. Kayser {Bnl. Mens. Off. Ren- seig. Agr. [Paris], 9 {1910), No. 11, pp. 127.'i-12Sl). — Recent works on industrial fermentation (alcoholic, etc.), milk, butter, cheese, and fermentation products of milk are* reviewed. On bacteriological soil investigation ra.etliods, T. Remy and G. Rosing {GentbL Balct. [etc.], 2. AM., 29 {1911), No. 1-3, pp. 36-77).— The authors give the results of experiments on the influence that the chemical elements and physical properties of the inoculating soils have on peptone decomposition, and the possibility of using the peptone-decomposing power of a soil as a measure of its ability to decompose other complex nitrogenous compounds. The movements of nitrogen in the soils in the vicinity of Eome, R. Perotti {Atti R. Accad. Lined, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. c Nat., 5. ser., 19 {1910), II, No. 12, pp. 671-678). — As a result of investigations and experiments with various soils with reference to their nitrogen content, the author claims that the fertility of soils is dependent upon their ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen-fixation ability, as determined by the soil micro- organisms present. Relation of certain fungi to nitrogen fixation, B. M. Duggar and L. Knud- SON {Science, n. ser., 33 {1911), No. 8-'f0, p. 191).— The authors report the results of two series of experiments involving about 400 flask cultures, in which the following fungi were used : Coprimis comatus, Dcpdalia quercina, Polyporus sulphureus, Trichoderma Ugnicola, and Aspergillus niger. Nine different kinds of culture media were employed. The nitrogen determinations indicate that no fixation of free nitrogen oc- curred, except possibly in certain cultures of A. niger. On the contrary, in many cases there was a loss of nitrogen. Torula bogoriensis rubra, a new nitrogen-fi.xing yeast, E. de Kruijff {Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitcu-org, 1910, Sup. 3, pt. 1, pp. 93-96; abs. in Bot. Centhl., m {1910), No. 19, p. 489). — ^A description is given of this yeast, which was obtained by inoculating a solution of mannite with garden soil. The author claims that it is able to fix free nitrogen and to produce amylase and lipase, but is unable to ferment glucose, saccharose, maltose, and galactose, or to form alcohol. Influence of the mineral constituents of nutritive solutions on the de- velopment of Azotobacter, Helens Krzemieniewska {Bui. Internat. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, CI. Sci. Math, et Nat., Ser. B, 1910, pp. 376-413; ahs. in Jour. Chem. 718 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Soc. [London], 98 {1910), No. 577, II, p. 987). — It was found that potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulphur were all essential to the develop- ment of Azotobacter. A deficiency in any of these mineral elements of the nutritive solution resulted in a less economical utilization of the dextrose and a consequent decrease in the amount of nitrogen flxed per gram of dextrose. The addition of potassium, sodium, and magnesium compounds above certain limits was found to act injuriously on the Azotobacter. The influence of the culture media on the formation of diastase by molds, K. Saito (Wchiischr. Brau., 27 (1910), No. 16, pp. 181-183; abs. in Bot. Centbl, llJf (1910), No. 2Ji, pp. 618, 619). — The results are given of experiments on the formation of diastase by Aspergillus oryzw when grown on different nutritive media. It was found that the source of the nitrogen supply had great influence on the amount of diastase formed. Nutritive media with organic nitrogen com- pounds, such as peptone, tyrosin, leucin, etc., gave good results, but this was not the case when inorganic acids, such as ammonium chlorid, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, etc., were used. The source of the carbon supply had no appreciable influence on the formation of the diastase by the mold. The translocation of carbohydrates in plants, S. Mangham (Scl. Pi-og. Twentieth Cent., 5 (1910), No. 18, pp. 256-285, figs. 16; 5 (1911), No. 19, pp. Ji57-Ji79, figs. 3). — The author gives a summary of literature relative to the path of the translocation current and describes his experiments on the trans- location of sugars. From a histological and anatomical study he concludes that sugars pass from the chlorophyll tissues of the leaf into the bundle sheaths of the finer veins and are thence removed by the sieve tubes. Physiological experiments seem to confirm this conclusion. The author reports that the use of Fehling's solution in his investigations was unsatisfactory as a test, and he recommends the method introduced by Senft, by which osazones of the sugars are formed. These are said to be easily seen and are permanent in glycerin. The sieve tubes were frequently conspicuous on account of the bright yellow osazones when none were to be found in the surrounding parenchyma. Work is in progress with some of the lower plants to determine how far the sieve tubes serve to conduct carbohydrates. A bibliography on the translocation of carbohydrates is appended. Role of reduction processes in the respiration of plants, W. Zaleski (Ber. Dent. Bot. GeselL, 28 (1910), No. 7, tip. 319-329; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Sac. [Londoni, 98 (1910), No. 577, II, p. 990 ) .—According to investigations of the author the reducing power of various seeds, as indicated by methylene blue, was found to be greatest in peas and least in cereals and oil-bearing seeds, while wheat and lupines occupied an intermediate position. There is claimed to be a certain parallelism between the anaerobiose and the reducing power of seeds, since anaerobiose is highest in leguminous seeds and lowest in cereal and oil seeds. Acid salts were found to depress the reducing power of peas. Neutral salts and sodium selenite acted still more unfavorably, while alkalis, especially the dibasic phosphates, stimulated the reduction process. The relation between chlorophyll and photosynthetic energy, W. N. Lubi- MENKO (Trudy Imp. 8. Petert). Ohslich. Estcstvo. (Trav. 8oc. Imp. Nat. St. Peters}).), U (1910), III, No. 1-2, pp. 266, figs. 9).— The author has sought to establish the rehitiou between the amount of chlorophyll and the photosynthetic energy of plants. AGRICULTURAL, BOTANY. 719 It was foimd that photosynthesis begins as soon as the minimum of light ab- sorption has been attained, provided there is already present a minimum of chlorophyll. The minimum of light required for photosynthesis varies, the greater the amount of chlorophyll the less being the light requirement. The energy of photosynthesis is said to increase with the amount of chlorophyll up to a maximum, which is attained only in young leaves, older ones accumulating an amount of chlorophyll in excess of their absorbing power in bright light. Too strong light causes a diminution in the energy of photosynthesis, the de- crease being more rapid as the chlorophyll content and the external tempera- ture increase. The maximum of photosynthesis coincides with an optimum of illumination, but the light optimum decreases with an increase in chlorophyll. No direct relation was found between the temperature and chlorophyll content as affecting photosynthesis. The specific energy of photosynthesis in various species of plants is not directly influenced by the amount of chlorophyll present, although too great a proportion of the pigment diminishes the activity of the chlorophyll tissues of the plant. In a series of experiments to determine the production of dry matter and chlorophyll in plants under different degrees of illumination, it was found that the decomposition of carbon dioxid attained its maximum under red light and its minimum under green light. On the other hand, the production of dry mat- ter was at its minimum under the red light and its maximum under blue and violet radiations. The production of dry matter under the red and yellow light was less than the maximum energy of carbon dioxid decomposition under these illuminations. This apparently indicates two stages in photosynthesis, the first of which is characterized by the carbon dioxid decomposition and liberation of oxygen, and the second in which there are photochemical reactions connected with the transportation and utilization of elaborated material. It is pi'obable that the chlorophyll grain assists in the second stage and that the more refran- gible rays of light furnish the energy in this case. The production of dry matter under white light increases with the illumina- tion and the decomposition of carbon dioxid up to a maximum, after which it falls, although the carbon dioxid decomposition may still increase. This indi- cates that the optimum of light for the production of dry matter in plants is lower than that for the decomposition of carbon dioxid. An excess of light absorbed by a leaf diminishes its production of dry matter. The unfavorable influence of too great illumination is probably due to a retarding action of the transportation and utilization of the organic materials elaborated by the chloro- phyll tissues. The production of chlorophyll in a plant is regulated by the character of its illumination. It increases with the light up to a maximum, after which it di- minishes as the light increases. The maximum production of dry matter is attained under an illumination that becomes more feeble as the chlorophyll con- tent is increased. With a given plant the maximum dry weight is produced under different degrees of light intensity, depending on the chlorophyll content of the chloroleucites. A plant is able within certain limits to adapt itself to light by increasing or reducing the amount of chlorophyll to correspond to the strength of the light. This adaptation can not be effected except during the development of the leaves. Two physiological types may be recognized among plants, those which pro- duce little chlorophyll and have a high light requirement, and those which form large quantities of chlorophyll and as a result are able to grow in com- paratively feeble illumination. Plants require for the maximum production of dry matter less light at a high temperature than at a lower one, light and tem- perature within certain limits replacing one another. Photosynthesis is a 720 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. physiological function in tlie nutrition of the green plant wbich is regulated by the plant itself. Plants utilize chlorophyll as a sensibilizer by which they adapt their chlorophyll apparatus to the environment in which they grow. An extended bibliography is appended to the article. The action of light on chlorophyll, P. A. Dangeard {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Pari-^l. 131 (WIO). No. 26, pp. J.3S6-/,9SS) .—Attention is called to the effect of light upon an alcoholic solution of chlorophyll. By means of a simple con- trivance the author was able to expose the solution to a pure spectrum for a period of 8 days, and the decoloration took place immediately in that^ part of the spectrum which corresponds to the principal absorption band of chlorophyll, followed later by bleaching in the neighboring regions which correspond to the other absorption bands. The chlorophyll was not decolored in the other por- tions of the spectrum, although it I'emained for 8 days subject to the effect of light. The action of different colored light on plants, C. Flammarion {Bui. Mens. Off. Rcnsciff. Agr. [Paris;]. 9 (1910), No. 11, pp. 126 1-126 Ji).— In continuation of investigations begun by the author in 1894, a report is given on the observa- tions carried on during the past 2 years on the effect of different colored light, on the translocation of albuminoids (E. S. R., 22. p. 529). The first year's results, in which it appeared that a greater increase in nitrogen took place under the colored than under the clear glass and that this increase was greater under those colors which least stimulated chlorophyll production, have been confirmed by subsequent investigations. In connection with these studies some observations were made upon chrysan- themums in which plants grown under different colored screens were found to behave v£ry differently in relation to the size, form, and color of their flowers. Experiments on the fall and renewal of leaves, C. Flammarion {Bui. Mens. Off. Rcnscig. Agr. [Paris], 9 {1910), No. 11, pp. 1272-1273) .—In experiments begun in 1891, the author by means of different colored screens has undertaken to influence the fall and renewal of leaves of one of the common oaks. The plants were grown in pots, and by means of protection from freezing he has been successful in developing a form of the oak which does not lose its leaves in autumn, the new leaves being put out prior to the fall of the old ones. The persistence of the leaves is especially noted under certain illuminations. Influence of temperature on the phenomena of growth, J. Loisel {Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 9 {1910), No. 11, pp. 1267-1272).— The author reviews some of the theories relative to the temperature requirements of plants and presents data on the period of leafing and flower hig of a number of species preliminary to an extended study of the relation between temperature duration and phases of development of plants. The induced maturity of seeds, P. Mxzt (Cornpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 {1910). No. 26, pp. 1383-1386) .—The author states that seeds of maize or peas taken from the ear or from the pod at a time when they contain from 50 to 60 per cent of water will not germinate under conditions favorable to plant growth, but that if dried in the air for several days they will germinate and give rise to normal plants. In considering the reason for this, 3 theories are propounded, (1) that there is an oxidation of material in the seed which is capable of maintaining the embryo in a latent stage. (2) that a chemical condensation takes place which modifies the composition of the cell sap, and (.3) that there is an evaiwration of the volatile material in the seed that would tend to retard the growth of the embryo. The third theory is considered the most possible one, and the author shows that seeds which contain a considerable proportion of ethyl aldehyde in the fresh state lose this upon drying, and further that dry seeds AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 721 placed in a dilute solution of alcohol will not germinate except as certain molds are present which destroy the alcohol and thus assist in stimulating the devel- opment of the embryo. The nature and uses of hard seeds, Bebtha Rees (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 8 (1910), No. 12, pp. 770-773, pi. i ) .—Attention is called to the fact that many leguminous plants have seeds which on account of their slow germination are designated as hard seeds, and that these plants have a tendency to produce a higher percentage of hard seeds when grown in a dry climate than in a moist one. The author discusses the various theories relating to the nongermina- tion of these seeds and describes the experiments of Jean White (E. S. R., 20, p. 629) in which it was found that seeds have an impermeable membrane con- sisting of a cuticularized layer that prevents the entrance of water. The author has examined the seeds of a considerable number of leguminous and other plants, and found that with the exception of canna there was a well- defined cuticle outside the palisade cells. This cuticular layer is believed to be formed by the laying down of waxy or fatty substance in the cell wall and to consist of the original cell wall permeated through and through with particles of wax. The action of abrasion, hot water, and chemicals upon this layer is described. On the retention of mineral matter taken up by annual plants during growth, G. Andre (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 26, pp. 1378-1382).— The author has made a study of beans, white lupines, and pinks from the beginning of their growth to maturity, and finds that they retain practically all the mineral materials taken from the soil. The data for the pinks are given in detail. The plants were analyzed at 5 periods of growth, the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, lime, magnesia, and potash being determined. There was found to be a constant increase in the fresh weight of the plants up to the flowering period, after which there was a loss. The dry matter and ash, however, continued to increase until after maturity, when the leaves had become completely dry. An examination of the ash and nitrogen showed a steady increase up to the period of fruiting, when the mag- nesia became constant and there was a slight falling off in the proportion of phosphoric acid. In the case of the phosphoric acid it is thought that the plants did not take any of this substance from the soil after the setting of the seed and that the loss represents the amount required for their development. The increase in lime and potash is said to indicate that the plant continues to take mineral materials from the soil throughout all stages of development. The increased tolerance of maize to boron, H. Agulhon (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 26, pp. 1382, 1383).— In a previous publi- cation (E. S. R., 23, p. 230) the author has shown the optimum amount of boron which plants will endure. Subsequent investigations carried on with maize indicate that plants may accustom themselves to still greater quantities of boron and that this increased resistance is transmitted. In his experiments the progeny of the second generation of maize was able to withstand quantities of boron that were toxic to check plants. Observations on tlie biology and pathology of sterility in the olive, L. Petri (Atti R. Accad. Lined, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat e Nat., 5. ser., 19 (1910), II, No. 12, pp. 668-671). — In a general discussion of the probable causes for the shedding of immature olive fruits, the author suggests that the lack of an adequate supply of water during the formation of the sexual organs of the olive flowers is probably one of the principal causes of a large percentage of aborted ovaries. 94492°— No. 8—11 3 722 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The proportions of lime to mag-nesia in the soil, and their relation to nutrition in citrus trees, R. R. Snowdkn {Proc. Fruit Growers' Conv. Cal, 37 {1910), pp. 76-82). — The author claims to have traced several cases of mal- nutrition, and specifically of incipieut chlorosis or " mottled leaf " in orange and lemon trees, to an excessive proportion of magnesia to the lime in the soil. A chemical examination of the ash from diseased lemon tree leaves showed a potash content 2.5 times that in healthy leaves and a phosphoric acid content 11.5 times as much, while the lime showed a decided decline due, apparently, to an excess of the magnesia in the soil compared to the lime available. The more rapid depletion of lime than magnesia by the processes of nutri- tion apparently explains the fact that many citrus trees after flourishing for a time ultimately show the effects of this relative exhaustion of lime. It is be- lieved that the addition of lime to such soils would prove profitable. The efEect of cement dust on citrus trees, S. B. Parish {Plant World, 13 {1910). No. 12, pp. 288-291). — The author describes the condition of citrus trees in the vicinity of cement works not far from San Bernardino, Cal. The dust from these works is said to be detected at a distance of 3 miles, but its seriously injurious effects are limited to a radius of about 1 mile. Investigations by means of glass plates coated with vaseline indicated that the annual deposit of dust per acre in the orchards near the mills amounted to from 2.39 to 3.18 tons. A microscopic examination showed that the dust was deposited on the upper surfaces of the leaves and that the stomata were not clogged, and there was consequently no evidence of interference with respira- tion or transpiration. The cement covering of the leaves, liowever, by absorb- ing dew forms a hard, opaque coating on the leaves, and this doubtless greatly reduces their assimilating power. Where observations were made of deciduous trees but slight injury was noted in comparison with citrus ti'ees. Some data are given relative to the apparent effect of the establishment of these cement works on the indigenous flora, a considerable number of plants which formerly were abundant having almost entirely disappeared. An efEect of cement dust on orang'e trees, G. J. Pierce {Plant World, 13 {1910), ISlo. 12, pp. 2S3-288). — The author describes his observations on the effect of cement dust on orange trees in southern California, the presence of a coating of cement deposited from cement works on the orange leaves resulting in the reduction of starch in the me'jophyll cells to a very considerable extent. The observations confirm those previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 29) as to the possible injury, and the author states that the more or less permanent coat- ing of leaves which persist for 2 or 3 years, or possibly longer, with an opaque crust, will produce a much greater and more continuous effect than a covering on annual leaves, as described in the previous publication. Natural vegetation as an indicator of the capabilities of land for crop production in the Great Plains area, H. L. Shantz {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 201, pp. 100, pis. 6, figs. 23). — A study was made of the nat- ural vegetation of the Great Plains area to determine whether it would form a basis for a proper classification of the land for crop production. It is be- lieved that the character of the natural plant cover can be used as a reliable indicator of the conditions favorable or unfavorable for crop production, pro- vided the relations between the vegetation and the environment are correctly interpreted. On the Great Plains a pure short-grass cover indicates a condition of con- siderable run-off and of limited water penetration, the presence of the short grass being due to a growing season that is shortened by the limitation of the water supply. Wire-grass land is characterized by a deeper penetration of the FIELD CKOPS. 723 rainfall because of the lighter texture of the soil. On wire-grass land during favorable years the crop production is almost as good as on short-grass land, and during dry years much better crops are produced on wire-grass land than on the other type. On bunch-grass land the soil texture is such as to insure the penetration of pi-actically all the water that falls. Crop growth on this land is much less luxuriant than on the short-grass land when the latter is well supplied with moisture, but in the ordinary season crops on bunch-grass land seldom suffer from drought, having a larger storage reservoir to draw upon. In general, crop failures are said to occur oftenest on short-grass land and least often on bunch-grass laud, but from the visible characters of the soil set- tlers are disposed to select the short-grass land, leaving the bunch-grass land for later occupancy. The economic sig'nificance of natural cross-fertilization in India, A. Howard, Gabrielle L. C. Howard, and A. Rahman {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. 8er., 3 {1910), No. 6, pp. 281-330, pis. 13).— The authors record observa- tions on the natural crossing of a number of prominent Indian plants and discuss the significance of naturally produced hybrids on the improvement of crops. In every case individual plants were grown, and at least 5 distinct natural crosses of wheat and several of peas, both of Pisum arvense and P. sativum, vetches, and beans were found, but none of barley, lentils, chick-peas, or crota- laria. All of these plants are supposed to be close fertilized and natural cross- ing is believed to be quite rare. Of the crops which have open flowers, such as tobacco, Ambari hemp, flax, sesame, cotton, and poppy, natural crosses were found to be quite common. Of the monoecious and dioecious plants investigated natural crossing is said to bo very frequent ; in fact, it is difHcult to prevent. The bearing that natural crosses have on plant breeding and on the intro- duction of plants in any new locality is discussed, and the authors advise the study of aberent forms, many of which are liable to be Mendelian combina- tions. Attention is also called to the necessity of protecting plants from foreign pollen in breeding experiments. Notes on the cultivation of an edible mushroom, L. Matruchot {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1910), No. 26, pp. 1376-1378, fig. 1). — The author describes a method by v/hich he has secured pure fruiting cultures of PJeurotus coniucopioidcs. Seeds and plants imported during the period from October 1 to December 31, 1909.— Inventory No. 21 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 205, pp. 54). — This is an inventory of about 400 miscellaneous introductions by the Foreign Seed and Plant Introductions. FIELD CROPS. Growing' crops in western Nebraska, W. P. Snyder and W. W. Burr (Ne- braska Sta. Bui. lis, pp. 5-69, figs. 17).— A revision of Bulletin 109 (E. S. R., 21, p. 129), including results for 1909 and 1910. In 1909 winter wheat on bench laud ranged in yield from 22.8 bu. per acre when sown September 30 to 42.S bu. when so^\ti September 14. During the period 1907-1910 " summer tilled land produced 6 bu. per acre more than twice that produced on the laud not summer tilled," but seed is required for only one crop in two years in case of alternate summer tillage. Plats receiving thin seeding stooled sufficiently to make up for any deficiency in the amount of seed when seed bed and soil moisture conditions were favor- 724 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. able. The principal results of tests of various rates of seeding are shown in the following table: Yields secured with the more successful rates of seeding. Winter wheat . . Do Spring wheat . . Oats Common barley Hull-less barley Emmer Rates tested. Optimum rate. Pecks. 2,3,4, and 6 2,3,4, and 5 2, 4, and 5 2,4,6, and 8 2,4,6, and 8 2, 4, and 6 2,4,6, and 8 Pecks. Period. 1906-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1906-1909 Average yield. Bushels. 47.2 49.0 21.6 47.4 24.4 12.8 38.1 In 1909 winter wheat on socl land yielded 40.5 bu. per acre when seeded October 22 as compared with 36.8 bu. when seeded September 21. On summer tilled land it yielded 40.9 bu. when seeded September 14 as compared with 22.8 bu. when seeded September 30. In 1910 on summer tilled land the yield fol- lowing sowing September 15 was from 5 to 22 bu. higher than that following seeding on earlier or later dates. Spring wheat sown April 1 produced higher yields than when sown at any later date in 1909, and that sown March 17 excelled later seedings in 1910. The higher yields secured in variety tests are indicated in the following table: The higher yields obtained in variety tests. Kind of grain. Variety. No. of varieties in test. Period. Average yield. Turkey red 15 15 9 9 10 10 14 6 1906-1910 1906-1910 1909 1909 1910 1910 1904-1910 1909-1910 Bushels. 46.75 Do 48.33 Kahla 33.6 Do Velvet chaff 31.3 Do No. 2089, durum 8.0 Do Velvet chaff 4.6 Oats Kherson . . 37.5 14.4 " The average results of the 3 seasons . . . indicate that drilling increased the yield of spring wheat 7.4 bu. per acre, of barley 7.7 bu. per acre, of oats 10.7 bu. per acre, and of emmer 10.8 bu. per acre." The results of other tests of methods are indicated in the following table : Effect of various treatments on yield. Grain. Treatment. Period. Average yield. Spring wheat Spring plowed wheat stubble . 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 Bushels. 19.3 Do 18 8 Do 18.1 Do 27.1 Oats Spring plowed oat stubble. 27.0 Do 29.6 Do 35.1 Do 45.5 Corn 26 H Do After corn on f ali plowing 22.5 FIELD CEOPS. Effect of various treatments on yield — Continued. 725 Grain. Treatment. Period. Average yield. 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 1907-1910 Bushels. 18.6 Do 18.7 Do 25.8 23.5 Do 21.2 Do Fall plowed barley stubble 26.6 Do 39.1 38.6 do 35.3 do 18.4 ., do 34.9 Durum wheat do 23.4 During the period 1906-1910 listed corn excelled surface-planted corn in yield by from 6 to 8.5 bu. per acre except in 1909 when tbe poor stand of listed corn made its yield 9.1 bu. per acre lower than the surface-planted crop. Sorghum sown broadcast with the press drill averaged 4.77 tons of forage per acre during 1905-1910. Alfalfa seeded in 1902 gave an annual yield in 1908, 1909, and 1910 of about 2.5 tons per acre each year. A field which had never been pastured yielded 2.79 tons per acre in 1910, that pastured by hogs yielded 2.59 tons, and that pastured by horses 2.63 tons. In a test of alfalfa seed grown in 19 different environments in various countries, Nebraska-grown seed produced the largest yield. A table states the water content in the 6 successive ft. of soil beneath the surface at seeding and harvest time on plats of summer-tilled oats, corn, and wheat in 1908, 1909, and 1910. At each seeding time the soil contained ap- proximately all the water it would retain. At harvest time the oat field had lost the moisture from the first 4 ft. and that in the lower 2 ft. had not been much reduced. The same effect was noted in corn fields but less clearly, while in the winter wheat field " the moisture content of the first 6 ft. was reduced to the point where plants could not take much more." A map, charts, and tables present meteorological data. [Alfalfa, clover, small grain, potato, and rotation tests in North Dakota], L. R. Waldeon (North Dakota 8ta., E/pt. DicUnson Sadsta. 1910, pv. S--}2, 45-60, 16-18, figs. 12, charts 3).— A progress report is given of tests of different rates of sowing alfalfa in drills for seed production. A continuation of work on the hardiness of alfalfa already summarized (E. S. R., 23, p. 727) indicates that during the severe winter of 1908-9 the average killing of the surviving strains was 72.7 per cent. During 1909-10 the killing of the same strains amounted to 39.4 per cent, and that of 2 strains of Grimm alfalfa to 3.1 and 1.6 per cent respectively. Progress reports are given of a test of the effect of continued self-pollination of alfalfa, of crosses between Medicago falcata and M. sativa, and of unsuc- cessful attempts to cross M. ruthenica and sweet clover with ordinary alfalfa. Sickle lucern (M. falcata) tested in rows yielded 1,862 lbs. of hay per acre and produced roots 8 ft. or more long, which the author regards as indicative of drought resistance. A nearby Grimm plat on better soil yielded 2,855 lbs. of hay at the first cutting. The author finds that sickle lucern (M. falcata) produces but one hay crop per season, and that the seed shatters badly and contains a large percentage of hard seed which must be scratched by special machines to produce germination. He regards il. ruthenica as devoid of promise under conditions at the station. Clover seeded in 1909 produced during 726 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. June, 1910, yields ranging from 1,781 to 2,840 lbs. of cured hay per acre. The seed which originally came from South DaliOta produced higher yields than that from Ohio, England, Russia, or Switzerland. In a test of pollination of clover 9 per cent of the heads of the carefully screened control plat produced seed, as compared with 53.6 per cent under field conditions, 2.4 of those with which butterflies and moths were screened in, and 45.7 per cent in the enclosure in which bumblebees were placed. During 1908-1910 the 3-year average yields of timothy, slender wheat grass, and brome grass were 1,856, 2,267. and 2,149 lbs. per acre respectively. In the same test tall meadow oat grass winterkilled and Bromus erectus failed to start. No. 487, the highest yielding durum, produced 24.4 bu. per acre but was a poor milling wheat. Ghirka, No. 1537, produced 27.3 bu. but gave a low yield in 1909. It appears remarkable In drought resistance but very subject to the diseases prevalent in moist years. Turkey Red winter wheat sown on summer fallow or rich sandy loam yielded 19 bu. per acre when sown on September 3, as compared with 18.2 bu. sown on the same date on undisked barley stubble. Sowing on fallow August 5 and September 13 resulted in yields of 4.6 and 23 bu. per acre respectively. Observations of wheat protection by drifted snow indicate that "after the cold wave the least injured plants were at the point of greatest snow depth, and the more injured ones were disposed in concentric circles around this point. At the edge of the snow drift the plants would be nearly or quite dead." On one plat gullies were formed by washing rain. " The live wheat of this plat grew in gullies from 1 to 2 iu. deep." The author regards this as due to the fact that the melting snow washed away soil from the roots of wheat in this gully, resulting in aeration. During the period 1906-1910 durum, Fife and Blue Stem wheats averaged 26, 23.9, and 20 bu. per acre respectively. The com- parative drought resistance is expressed by the 5-year average ratio of durum to Fife and Blue Stem of 1 : 1.17. Among oat varieties Kherson, Sixty Day, and Early ^Mountain produced the highest yields of 46.2. 45, and 43.7 bu. per acre respectively. Early Mountain yielded well under favorable moisture conditions but appeared inferior to others in resistance. The conditions of the test were favorable for early maturing oats. A barley test was conducted on spring disked and harrowed corn stubble seeded April 20 by a single disk drill. The highest yields were produced by the 6-rowed barley Gaitami, No. 575, and the 2-rowed Hannchen, No. 531, 38.3 and 35.6 bu. per acre respectively. Among hull-less barleys Sangatsuka, No. 78, and Swan Neck, No. 187, produced the highest gi-ain yields of 1,368 and 1,358 lbs. per acre respectively. Brown County Dent, Early Pride, and ]\Iinnesota No, 23 proved considerably later than Northwestern Dent corn. " One may be almost certain of raising seed if the seed plat is i)laced upon some elevated portion of the farm. Early frosts will thus be obviated." Kubanka wheat produced a higher yield when sown at the rate of 111 lbs. per acre than at higher or lower rates. The heaviest sowings of Ghirka wheat and Early Mountain oats tested were 120 and 78 lbs. per acre respectively. Each produced the highest yield obtained in the sowing test of that variety. All 3 tests were conducted on undisked spring plowed wheat stubble, worked down with a peg-tooth harrow and packed once with a subsurface packer. Such land produced 25 and 22i bu. per acre respectively when packed twice and when left unpacked. A table states the results of milling tests of 8 wheat varieties grown in 1909 and 13 grown in 1910. " With the exception of the two durums the wheats show a rather small percentage of flour ; Kubanka leading, with 74 per cent total flour in 1909." The 1910 flour percentage appeared higher than that FIELD CROPS. 727 of the previous year and the bran and shorts correspondingly lower. Red Fife proved superior to most others in milling quality. "It is remarkable in having nearly as much total flour as the best durums, and it has 6 per cent more patent flour than any of the others." It produces as much flour per acre as Ghirka which yielded 5J bu. more grain. In a test of 23 potato varieties Early Bird and Early Eureka led with 142.7 and 137.1 bu. per acre respectively. Small and large uncut tubers and cut sets weighing 2, 12, and 1.5 oz. each respectively required 13.6, 76.5, and 9.4 bu. of seed per acre respectively in planting. They produced 3.5, 9.9, and 2.8 stalks per hill, and 8S.9, 162.3, and 115.7 bu. per acre respectively, valued at $80.32, $130.20, and $109.36, after subtracting the cost of seed. "The heavy seeding had the greatest number of stalks per hill, but we did not find an ap- preciable larger percentage of small potatoes on this plat." In another test of the use of cut and uncut tubers it was found " that the hill with many vines had the smallest percentage of large tubers. But the relations were not striking." On moisture conservation plats spring plowing with ordinary methods of cultivation, fall plowing with moisture conservation methods, and alternate summer tillage, produced 3-year average corn yields of 28.2, 26, and 17.9 bu. per acre respectively. These averages include a total failure of the corn crop in 1908, the first year of the test. Wheat under the same conditions yielded 22.8, 20.4, and 32.1 bu. per acre, oats 45.4, 39.1, and 59.7 bu. per acre, and barley 33.9, 31.4. and 34.7 bu. " For the 3 years of trial the crops from the summer tilled plats have not produced enough additional yields to pay for the loss of the one season. . . . Corn gi'own after summer fallow yields less than when the crop is grown continuously." Wheat, oats, corn, barley, peas, and rye were used in various combinations in 12 three-year rotations which had completed their first round. ^Fall plowing, spring plowing, summer fallow, and disking were tested in the same rotation series. Two year's small gi'ains with peas 1 year as green manure gave an average annual income of $12.30 per acre. 2 year's small gi-ains with rye 1 year as green manure, $13.50, 2 year's small grains with 1 year clean fallow. $14.25, 2 year's small grains with 1 year corn, $18.05, and 2 year's small gi'ains with one crop of corn dressed with 10 loads of stable manure per acre, $20.75. Wheat on summer fallow produced an average income of $12.50 per acre, on fall plowing $15.60, and on spring plowing $16.25. The author regards these conclusions as tentative and subject to change on further investigation. The results of other tests of rotations are gi-aphically indicated. [Irrig'ation, dry farming' methods, range conditions, and plant breeding], R. W. Clothiee, J. J. Thornber, and G. F. Freeman {A7-izo7ia Sta. Rpt. 1910, pn. 367-370, 311-31 If, 378-383 ) .—After fallow, heavy soil not irrigated or pre- viously cropped yielded 3.18 tons, 2 tons, and 317 lbs. per acre respectively of sorghum, Kafir corn, and brown Tepary beans. A lighter soil after 2 years' 'cropping and 1 year's fallow yielded 2.56 tons, 10.4 bu., 9.1 bu., and 232 lbs. respectively of sorghum, squaw corn, soft Mexican corn, and brown Tepary beans, while this lighter soil cropped the 3 years preceding yielded 1.26 tons of sorghum and 7.2 bu. of white Flint corn. The maize yields are the estimated correct yields that would have been secured had the crop not been decreased 15 to 20 per cent by birds. Under irrigation on light soil. Red Dent corn 400 ft. and 170 ft. from the tank, yielded 5.7 and 11 bu. per acre respectively, brown Tepary beans 230 ft. distant yielded 732 lbs., sorghum 360 ft. away 2.1 tons of forage and 400 lbs. of seed, and white Flint corn 525 ft. distant produced an estimated yield of 16 bu. per acre, allowing 40 per cent damage by birds. Milo maize yielded 1.75 tons of forage and 25 bu. of grain, or double this amount, allowing for the 50 per 728 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. cent damage done by birds. It is estimated tliat these plats received 2 acre-incbes of water from December 1 to May 17. Between May 17 and June 7 two-thirds of the area was given another irrigation of 2 acre-inches applied by furrows. Fallowing did not succeed in storing last season's rainfall, probably because the rahifall penetrated only 24 ft. deep and a crust iiersistently formed beneath the dust mulch in spite of the maintenance of 5 in. of loose dry soil. The daily variation of soil temperature must cause a constant air circulation, remov- ing the soil moisture. On the range silver top or feather blue stem (Andropogon saccharoides) proved drought resistant but " other grasses sown at this time, including sweet grass (Chloris virgata), Rhodes grass {S. gayana), and fine top salt grass {Sporoboliis airoides), died out completely." The yields of various lots of hay cut at different points during the past summer are reported. The pre- vailing grass or grasses on each tract are stated. In variety tests during 1910, 10 Asiatic strains of alfalfa, mostly Turkestan, averaged 88.33 per cent in stand and 48,783 lbs. in total yield of green hay for the season, 5 United States strains averaged 86.60 per cent and 49,034 lbs., 7 Mexican and South American strains averaged 87.72 per cent and 45,258 lbs., and 4 European strains 86.83 per cent and 50,463 lbs., and 4 strains from Arabia, Algeria, and the Mediterranean littoral 65.35 per cent and 87,265 lbs. per acre. ^ A progress report is given of tests of brown Tepary beans obtained among the Papago Indians. [Variety and manurial tests with cereals and root crops], P. H. Foxjlkes ET AL. (Field Expts. Harper-Adams Agr. Col., and Staffordshire and Sliropsliire, Rpt. 1909, pp. 1-26, 32, 31-1,9, pis. 2).— This is a report for 1909 of field experi- ments begun in 1902. A test to determine the requirements of meadow herbage and the profitable- ness and residua] value of natural and artificial fertilizers showed the highest net 4-year profits after an application of (1) 2 J cwt. superphosphate and * cwt. sulphate of potash, (2) the same mixture with Ir cwt. nitrate of soda, and (3) 24 cwt. superphosphate alone. In another test superphosphate alone produced more economical results than when used with kainit or lime nitrate and ex- celled potassic superphosphate used alone. In a test of 15 wheat varieties Garton 3,408 Red and Garton 3,608 White pro- duced the highest yields of about 53 bu. per acre each. In a comparison of different nitrogen and potash sources in connection with superphosphate for barley 4 cwt. of potassic superphosphate yielded 48.6 bu. per acre, or 7.1 bu. more than the check plat. The same fertilizer with 112 lbs. nitrate of soda yielded 52J bu., with 130 lbs. nitrate of lime 60 bu., and with 84 lbs. sulphate of ammonia 61^ bu. per acre. The last three mixtures were equivalent in nitrogen content, and the last equal in cost to mixtures of (1) 84 lbs. of sul- phate of ammonia and 5.4 cwt. of superphosphate, (2) 84 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 512 lbs. of superphosphate, and 115 lbs. of kainit, and (3) 84 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, 360.8 lbs. of superphosphate, and 80.8 lbs. of kainit, which were followed by yields of 504. 64, and 64 bu. of grain per acre respectively. When sulphate of ammonia was used with both, 4 cwt. of potassic superphos- phate produced 3* bu. of grain per acre more than did superphosphate and kainit, supplying the same amounts of plant food at a lower cost. A chart shows the oat yields secured in variety tests during 1903, 1907, and 1909. In both 1908 and 1909, 8 cwt. of basic slag producetl higher and more econom- ical increase in yields of mangels than 7J cwt. of superphosphate or 6 cwt. of potassic superphosphate, when each was used with 15 tons of farmyard manure. During 1907-1909 an application of 10 cwt. of salt per acre was followed by FIELD CROPS. 729 the highest average Increase, 8 tons 6-5 cwt., of mangels. Analyses showed no difference in sugar percentages or dry matter following applications of 2*. 5, 10, and 15 cwt. of salt per acre. A table states the results obtained in 1904-1909 in a test of 28 varieties of mangels. In a test of the comparative feeding value of swedes, grown after wheat, and treated with basic slag (30 per cent) and superphosphate, the amounts applied were lOJ and 7^ cwt. respectively ; the yields 16 tons 10 cwt. and 17 tons 12 cwt., and the total feeding values £44 16s. 6d. and £43 12s. A table states the results of tests comparing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as fertilizers for swedes during 1905-1909 and a special test of 5 phosphorus sources applied in amounts costing £1 per acre each during 1907-1909. In another test, yields of 20 tons 13 cwt. and 22 tons 6 cwt., respectively, followed the use of (1) 3J cwt. potassic superphosphate, and (2) 3 cwt. superphosphate and 2 cwt. kainit, each in conjunction with 4 cwt. steamed bones and 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia. The check plat yielded 15 tons 3 cwt. and the results agree with those of the previous year. A table states the result of tests of 48 varieties during 1904-1909. In variety tests of potatoes. Epicure produced the highest yield among the early varieties, and was ready for digging early in July. Colleen was the best of the second earlies, and Cottar of the main crop varieties. As in previous years, immature second crop seed produced a heavier crop of salable potatoes than ordinary mature seed. Greened seed remained unharmed at 30° F. and produced strong sprouts after being exposed to a temperature of 28°, while ungreened potatoes were slightly frosted at 30°, badly frosted at 28°, and entirely killed at 26°. Salt and copper sulphate had little, if any, effect in the destruction of thistles. The germination of beans was considerably accelerated by steeping in 10 per cent ammonia solution, especially for periods of 24 and 36 hours. After the tenth day those steeped for 12 hours grew more rapidly than those steeped for a longer period. Tables state the results of applications of various fertilizers to grass at different centers, and of tests of manufactured compounds on swedes and mangels. Among grass mixtures shown in 1908 with barley as a nurse crop, the use of 4 lbs. each of red clover, white clover, and Pacey's perennial rye grass, and 2 lbs. each of alsike and Italian rye grass, producetl the highest 2-year average yield of 2 tons 414 lbs. per acre. Possible rotation crops for southern Rhodesia, H. G. Munday {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 8 {1910), No. 1. pp. 59-68, pis. 2).— Attempts to establish dry- land alfalfa appeared unsuccessful, but " it seems probable that Egyptian olover will prove a good summer rotation crop with maize." The velvet bean excelled the cowpea as a hay crop and was more palatable to cattle than other hays fed. It was successful for either dry fodder or ensilage when planted 3 by IJ ft. apart, or at the rate of 25 pounds per acre, and produced nodules while the cowpeas did not. The yellow lupine proved earlier than the white or blue, but the blue appeared the heaviest cropper. The Virginia Mammoth peanut and a local variety yielded 697 and 451 lbs. per acre respectively, but were seriously injured by crows. Boer manna proved more drought resistant than Japanese millet and yielded 5 ton per acre of dry forage. The author recommends it in rotation with corn and for use in breaking in land. Teff grass is recommended as a green manure or as a cleaning crop on old land. Ten weeks after sowing it yielded a ton per acre and 3 weeks later was I 6 or 8 in. high. 730 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bobs rust-proof wheat proved slightly earlier and less rust resistant than Victoria, but yielded about 10 bu. per acre. From the Veliko-Polovetz Experiment Station of the Byelaya-Tserkov Estates of Countess M. E. Branitski, I. Skrodski (Klioziaistvo, 1909, No. 12; ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Riiss. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 (1910), No. 1, pp. 96, 97). — Clover was cultivated by Rafar's method, which aims to obtain clover seed in the first year of growth. The sowing takes place early, in rows, without a top-dressing. The yield was 9 poods per dessyatina (120.24 lbs. per acre). Sugar beets planted in 13-iu. rows at distances of 4i, 6, and li in. yielded 1,454, 1,470, and 1,170 poods per dessyatina respectively. Fallow culture according to data of the Poltava Experiment Field, K. Mankovski {SelsJc. Khoz. i Liesov., 1909, Aug.; abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 93-95). — The author believes that the advantages of early fallow are unquestionable, but since farmers frequently do not find time to plow until June a means was sought for dimin- ishing the injurious influence of the late plowing of the fallow. Such a means was found in the early surface cultivation of the fallow in the spring with a Charles plow. Three such cultivations increased the rye yield 23 per cent and the wheat yield 42 per cent. The grazing ranges of Arizona, J. J. Thobnber (Arizona Sta. Bui. 65, pp. 2^5-360, pis. 13, figs. 5). — The author devotes successive chapters to climatic conditions ; forage plants of Arizona and their relation to rainfall ; protected enclosures v. open ranges ; storm water embankments or dams ; cultural opera- tions on the small range reserve; and the past, present, and future of grazing ranges. He concludes that under present conditions where the chief forage plants are winter and summer annuals, mesquite, and cacti, fencing ranges at the lower altitudes is not warranted. The most economical plan for handling such ranges is apparently moderate gi'azing, especially after the plants have begun to dry up in the spring. The best forage returns are secured from salt- bushes when they are kept moderately closely browsed without being eaten to bare stumps or allowed to form brushy thickets. Seven embankments ranging from 270 to 594 ft. in length and from 12 to 24 in. in average height were built to test their practicability for range reclamation purposes. Swales, old roads, and other favorable situations within a small range enclosure were chosen for the purpose of confining the rainfall of a more or less definite watershed on a limited area. The 7 embankments benefited not more than 5.7 acres at a total cost of $115 for building. The heavier growth made over the benefited areas by certain native plants " is by no means commensurate with the cost of constructing the dams." Work already reported (E. S. R., 13, p. 731) is summarized, together with cultural work with grama, blue stem, dropseed, triple-awned, porcupine or needle, and miscellaneous grasses, Metcalf's bean, saltbushes and related plants, annual forage plants, sorghum and allied species, and root planting experiments with miscellaneous species. In the cultural work practically all the grama grasses did well in the forage garden when flooded in addition to the heavy rainfall but gradually died out with average summer rains and little or no flooding from storm water. Silver top or feather blue stem yielded about f of a ton to a ton of hay per acre with average rainfall and annual flooding, and resisted prolonged drought remarkably well. The drop seed grasses including sacaton started well on areas occasionally flooded with storm water but died out completely before the rains of the following summer begun. With flooding and heavy rainfall Texas millet, finger grass, shama FIELD CROPS. 731 millet or jungle rice, water or everlasting grass, and barnyard grass, gave fair to excellent results. Sorghum and allied species including Jerusalem corn, Kafir corn, and Egyptian corn grew to a height of a foot or so on land oc- casionally flooded, but dried up before reaching maturity. " Their growth should not be attempted except with irrigation." " Root planting experiments were generally unsuccessful and are not recommended under our conditions." The best results in seeding were obtained when seed was sown after disking and before harrowing, but wild oats, Schrader's brome-grass, and other coarse seeds did best when disked in. Very fine seeds must be sown after final har- rowing and saltbush seeds did best when sown a few inches deep and covered with a loose mulch. An earnest plea is made for government control over grazing ranges in Arizona and for the leasing and fencing of these ranges as a means to their restoration and permanent use. Notes on the winter pasture plants and grasses, H. G. Mundy {Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 8 {1910), No. 1, pp. 106-110, pi. 1). — A stand of Paspalum dilatatum was secured by planting slips from old roots in drills 2* by 1^ ft. apart. A week later 3 lbs. per acre, or one-fifth the normal amount of seed, was sown. In spite of drought, practically all the slips planted on a J-acre plat grew. Toowomba canary grass {Phalaris bulbosa) proved inferior to Paspalum in drought resistance, but may prove superior in frost resistance. Sheep burnet {Sanguisorha minor) proved a very hardy, rapid-growing perennial, and almost entirely resistant to frost and drought. The author also reports experimental sowings of cocksfoot, tall fescue, perennial and Italian rye grasses, sheep pars- ley {PetroseUnum sativum), sulla {Hedysarum coronarum.), rescue grass, brome grass, red clover, and sainfoin. On the improvement of grasses and clovers at Svalof, H. Witte {Sveriges Vtsddesfor. Tidskr., 20 {1910), No. 6, pp. 317-331, p?s. 2, fig. 1, dgms. 2).— This progress report discusses the work of domestic seed production and states the results so far obtained, with reference to the literature on the subject. Report on cooperative trials and investigations of grasses and clover fields, 1905—1909, K. Hansen and IVI. L, Mortensen {Beretning om Forsog og Undersogelser i Grwsmarker, 1905-1909. Lymgby, Denmark, 1910, pp. 108). — The investigations here described were conducted by the Priisto County Agricultural Society, and include a careful inquiry into the condition of mead- ows and pastures in the county, trials of different grass seed mixtures oq 8 different farms with botanical examinations of the green crops, tests of soil inoculation for alfalfa, trials of different cover crops and fertilizers for meadows. Report of breeding' experiments with grasses, 1909, H. Witte {Sveriges Vtsddesfor. Tidskr., 20 {1910), No: 5, pp. 273-277).— The author reports the results of experiments and variety tests of red clover, alfalfa, timothy, orchard grass, perennial rye grass, meadow fescue, tall oat grass, and other grasses. Variety tests during 1908, O. Lemmermann and P. Liebau {Mitt. Agr. Chem. Vers. Stat. Berlin, 1907, pp. 18). — Among the varieties tested, the highest yields were obtained from Petkus winter rye, Crieweu winter wheat, SJichsish Erzge- birgs summer rye, Friedrichswerth bearded summer wheat, Selchow and Svalof Chevalier summer barleys. Svalof Goldrain oats. Green Folger field peas, Hal- berstadt field beans, Jaensch Victrix sugar beets. Yellow Eckendorf fodder beets, Lobberrich Yellow carrots, and White Queen potatoes. The Victoria potato produced the greatest starch yield per aci*e. A brief report is given of the results of sowings of red clover seed from Hungary, Russia, England, France, Bavaria, and other countries. Tables state the precipitation and temperature 732 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. during each day of the vegetation period, the yields obtained, and other data gathered with regard to the varieties tested. Variety tests during' 1907, O. Lemmeemann and P. Liebau {Mitt.Agr. Chem. Vers. Stat. Berlin, 1908, pp. 20). — Data corresponding to the above are reported for 1908. The highest yields were obtained from Petkus winter rye, Buhlendorf Yellow winter wheat, Groninger II winter barley, Petkus summer rye, Japhet and Strube bearded summer wheats, Svali3f Chevalier II and Nolc Imperial Type A summer barleys, von Lochow Yellow oats, Kirsche horse beans, von Meyer sugar beets. Yellow Ec-kendorf fodder beets, Lobberrich von Lambert carrots, and Emperor potatoes. The White Queen potato stood highest in yield of starch per acre. Cooperative variety tests conducted by county agricultural societies in Sweden, 1909, P. Boon (-E:. Landthr. Akad. Ilandl. och Tidskr., J,9 {1910), No. 7, pp. 591-636). — Three squarehead strains excelled all other wheats in grain and straw yield, but were not tried at many farms, and of the remainder, no variety had a consistent and decisive advantage. Seger and Goldrain usually excelled other oat varieties. Gullcorn and Hanuchen produced higher average barley yields than other varieties tested. Among eating potatoes. Up-to-date and Ever-good excelled other varieties except at 2 centers where Kejsarkrona stood second. Silesia, Fiirst Bismarck, and Brockern led among factory potatoes. A table sums up the results obtained in tests of fodder beets and other root crops. Beport of the TJltuna substation of the Swedish seed grain association, 1909, A. Elofson {Sveriges Vtsddes-for. Tidskr., 20 (1910), No. 5, pp. 278- 288). — Tables state the yields obtained and the weight per bushel and per thousand kernels. Pudel wheat produced the highest average yield during 1897-1909, but not all varieties are reported for each year of the test. Of the numerous varieties and improved strains tested during 190&-1909, Petkus rye produced the highest yield, while in an oat test the Fyris and Klockhafre II produced the highest average yields of 3 localities. The results of tests of improved strains of legumes and grasses are also reported. Correlation of characters in corn, E. C. Ewing (Netv York Cornell Sta. Bui. 287, pp. 67-100, figs. 2). — This is a thesis submitted for the degree of master of science in agriculture. The author reviews the literature of the subject, discusses the use of correlation in breeding, and summarizes previous work. Correlation statistics were gathered from about 812 individual plants of Funk Ninety Day corn. The data are reported in correlation tables from which the following coefficients of correlation are derived. Coefficients of corrcslation of the weight of grain and certain other corn characters. Relative character.o Diameter of stalk Length of leaf Breadth of leaf Height of mature plants Height of seedlings Number of internodes Average length of internodes Percentage of internodes below the ear Coefficient of correlation. 0. 393±0 .020 ,292± 021 31-l± .021 .203± .025 219 ± .037 .22S± .023 -.004± .027 .025± .024 Relative character.a Length of ear at appearance of silks Date of appearance of tassel Date of appearance of pollen Appearance of silks Duration of flowering period Number of branches in the tassel. Coefficient of correlation. 0.218±0.033 -.1.53+ .023 -.090± .024 - 202± .023 - 046± .062 -.009± .048 " The weight of grain is subject in each case. FIELD CROPa. 733 Curves show the variation in weight of grain and in height of mature stalks while tables show the variation constants and summarize the correlation co- efficients. The author concludes that " it is improbable that much use can be made of correlation in practical breeding. . . . This is especially true of cor- relation between seed production and other characters." A bibliography of 32 titles is appended. Selecting and judging corn, C. B. Hutchison {Missouri Sta. Circ. Inform. 45, pp. 85-88, fig. 1). — Directions for the selection of corn for show are accom- panied by a score card and statement of variety standards and by directions for applying the points of the score cai'd. Maize variety test at Skinners Court, season 1909-10, J. A. T. Walters {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 9 (1910), No. 33, pp. 52-55).— A table states the time of planting, flowering, and rii^ening, the average weight per ear, and the height of 42 varieties of corn, mainly from the United States. Results indicate that the time from the first appearance of the plant above ground to flowering is exactly half the total time required for ripening. Will Gehu and Will Dakota I'ipeued seed in 87 days. Sulla clover, H. W. Budd {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 8 {1910), No. 12, pp. 800, 801, fig. 1). — The plants were watered once and by July 10 averaged 5 ft. in height, another second growth was 2 ft. high in October. " The plant is eaten greedily in its green state by cattle, and should prove an eminently satis- factory crop for dairy winter feeding, or for ensiling." Tables report chemical analyses of the first and second growths. Guide to cotton culture in the German Colonies, A. Zimmermann {Anlei- tung fiir die Baumwollkultur in den Deutschen Kolonien. Berlin, 1910, pp. V 11+ 159, figs. 26, dgms. 2). — This is a manual of information for the use of the cotton grower in the German Colonies. The plant is described, the principal varieties discussed, and directions given for seed production, choice of soil and climate, laying out and preparation of fields, fertilization, irrigation, sowing, cultivation, harvesting, handling, and seed selection. Suggestions are also given for rotations and the prevention of injury by insect pests and diseases. A full bibliography is given. Japanese cane for forage, J. M. Scott {Florida Sta. Bui. 105, pp. 53-68, figs. 5). — A discussion of the history, uses, and soil requirements of Japanese oane is followed by directions for saving seed cane and for producing and harvesting the crop. A table presents the results of two years' fertilizer tests of dried blood, sul- phates of ammonia and potash, muriate of potash, acid phosphate, and gi'ound limestone in various combinations. Considerably the highest yields of cane in 1909 followed applications per acre of (1) 112 lbs. dried blood, 84 lbs. muriate of potash, 224 lbs. acid phosphate, and 2,000 lbs. ground limestone, and (2) 112 lbs. of dried blood, and 84 lbs. muriate of potash, while in 1910 the highest yield followed the use of 72 lbs. sulphate of ammonia in place of the dried blood. The author regards the best formula for use on this crop as an unsettled ques- tion, but suggests that the use of from 400 to 600 lbs. per acre of a mixture containing 3 per cent of ammonia, 6 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 7 per cent of potash, with 2,000 lbs. per acre of ground limestone. The air dried sample of the cane was found to contain 6.75 per cent water, 1.37 per cent protein, 1.89 per cent fat, 20.60 per cent fiber, 2.04 per cent ash, and 67.35 per cent nitrogen-free extract (sugars, etc.). Investigations of old Norwegian oat varieties, W. Christie {Tidsskr. Norske Landbr., 11 {1910), No. 3, pp. 129-158).— This is an address delivered before the Society of Norway's Weal. 734 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The peanut, W. R. Beattie (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. JfSl, pp. 39, figs. 20).— A revision of Farmers' Bulletin 35G (E. S. R., 21, p. 136), treating of peanut culture, insects and diseases affecting the crop, and other topics. Fertilizing potatoes in 1909, N. Mazversit {Abs. in Zhiir. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 (1910), No. 3, p. 421). — An application to potatoes was made of 120 lbs. of superphosphate, 86 lbs. of iwtash fertilizers and 86 lbs. of niter per acre. The yield from the fertilized plat was over three times that from the unfertilized plat. Kelation of spring- harrowing to the stooling of winter rye, S. A. Kuznit- SKi {Dnevn. XII. 8"iczda Russ. Est.-Isp. i Vrach. [Moscoic], No. 7, p. SO'i; abs. ill Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 1, pp 98, 99). — Five years' experiments in the Moscow government indicate that har- rowing in the spring increases the average yield by 0 poods per dessyatina (about 120 lbs. per acre). The mean numbers of stems per stool on the har- rowed and unharrowed plats were 2.6 and 2.2 respectively, while the per- centages of larger stems were 55.1 and 49.1, respectively. Eeport of work with rye in 1909, E. W. Ljung {Sveriges Utsddesfor. Tidskr., 20 {1910), No. //, pp. 256-258).— In a test of 19 varieties Petkus rye produced the highest grain yields per acre. A table states the average yield secured on 3 plats of each variety, the weight per thousand kernels and per bushel, the date of ripening, and the relative strength of straw of the different varieties. References are given to the literature of the subject. The importance and improvement of the grain sorghums, C. R. Ball {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 203, irp. 1,5, figs. 73).— This bulletin states the location, boundaries, and general characteristics of the grain sorghum belt, outlines the history of the crop, and discusses its uses as food for men and animals. Suggestions for needed improvements are made under the heads of drought resistance, earliness, dwarfness, productiveness, and adaptability to machine handling through the elimination of pendent heads. The protein content ranges from 7.93 to 16.63 per cent and " high protein varieties and strains can probably be readily developed by selecting for this quality." Analyses of grain-sorghum kernels are reported in tabular form and compared with analyses of corn, corn products, and soi-ghums compileil from sources previously noted (E. S. R., 4, p. 582; 19, p. 564; 20, p. 1063). Other tables of results compiled and adapted from the reports of the state boards of agriculture of Kansas and Oklahoma show the acreage value and yields of grain soi'ghum, kafir corn, milo maize, and corn crops for certain years since 1893. Experiments indicate that in the Panhandle from 7 to 8 in. is the proper row space for milo maize and durras, from 9 to 10 in. for Kafir corn, and from 5 to 6 in. (in 3i ft. rows) for kowliangs. Single plants in the drill probably give better results than the same number in hills. They are more readily selected and harvested and api>ear to produce fewer suckers. [Sugar beet culture and the sugar industry in Uruguay], J. Puxhg y Nattino (Rev. Asoc. Rural, Uruguay, 39 {1910), Nos. 7, pp. Jf95-502; 11, pp. 893-899, dgnis. 3). — The author gives analyses of sugar cane of various coun- tries, of clarification residues, and of Kleinwanzsleben sugar beet seed of the season of 1909, together with data as to the weight per 100 seeds, the per- centages of large, small, and medium sized seeds and of impurities in samples tested, the germination percentage, and the proportions of seed balls with 1,.2, 3, and 4 germs each. The assimilation of the chief nutritive substances by beets during the vegetation period, A. I. Dushechkin {Dnevn. XII. 8"iezda Russ. Est.-Isp. i Vrach. [MosGOW], No; 5, 197; abs, in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. FIELD CROPS. 735 Landw.), 11 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1^1, i7/2).— Beets were grown with and without applications of phosphoric acid and examinations made at 10-day intervals. It was found that the increase in total weight proceeded uninterruptedly almost to the end of the experiment. The growth on the fertilized soil was completed earlier and the weight was greater, while the leaves completed their growth earlier and the roots later. In the first period of growth the weight of leaves predominated, later that of the roots. The percentages of dry matter and sugar both increased, but the percentages of ash, nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid decreased. Their absolute amounts show that the assimilation of ash. nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid proceeds with the growth in total weight and is completed somewhat earlier than that of dry matter. [Relation of early and late planting- of sugar beets to premature shoot- ing and to the harvest], P. Schubart {CentM. Zuckerinclus., 19 {1910), No. 12, pp. 359, 360). — The author reviews and discusses his own and other published work on the breeding of beets that do not shoot during the first season. Svalof Extra- squarehead II, H. Nilsson-Ehle (Sveriges Utsddesfor. TidsJcr., 20 {1910), No. 3, pp. 1^-167, pi. 1; ahs. in Bot. CenthL, llh {1910), No. 49, pp. 606, 601). — This variety of wheat is a hybrid of Extra-squarehead and Grenadier II, which has proved especially adapted to southern Sweden, It possesses the cold and rust resistance of Extra-squarehead and the high yield- ing qualities and stiffness of straw of Grenadier. In other qualities, it is inter- mediate between the parents. Tables state the results of tests at Svalof, Alnarp, and other points, in comparison with the parents and two other squarehead wheats. Work with wheat and oats at Svalof, 1909, H. Nilsson-Ehle {Sveriges Utsddesfor. Tidskr., 20 {1910), No. 6, pp. 332-353) .—The work reported in- cludes tests of improved strains of winter and spring wheat and of oats. In a test of 19 winter wheat varieties, llenoldad Grenadier produced the highest yield of grain per acre. A table states the yields of grain and straw obtained on 3 plats of each variety, the weight per thousand kernels and per hectoliter of grain, the date of ripening, and the cold resistance of each variety. In a test of 4 varieties during 1906-1910, Extra-squarehead II produced the highest average yield, but in 1910 it was excelled by the hybrid of Grenadiei and a strain of Kottehvete. In a test of 12 spring wheats, a variety from TangSbohuslan produced the highest grain yield, while in a test of 25 oat varieties Probsteier 0318 produced the highest yield. The author includes references to the literature on the subject. / The sulphur bleaching of commercial oats and barley, L. M. Smith ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 74, pp. 13, figs. ^).— The author discusses the methods used in sulphur bleaching. Every sample of oats so bleached had a higher moisture content after bleaching. The increase was not constant because of different methods of operating the various bleachers and difference in the quality and condition of the grain before bleaching. The average moisture con- tent before bleaching was 11.38 per cent as compared with 13.17 per cent after bleaching, and every sample showed some increase. The loss of moisture " due to evaporation in handling between the bleacher, the elevator, and the car " was 0.50 per cent. The average weights per bushel before and after bleaching were 27.46 and 26.12 lbs. respectively. This decreased weight per bushel was insuf- ficient to prevent oats from being given a higher grade because of their im- proved appearance. Tests with culture media, made by Mrs. Flora W. Patterson, indicate that the number of species of fungi growing on oats and barley were greatly reduced by bleaching. " Their growth is not only greatly retarded* but it is in no instance so luxuriant, even with the same species, as in the cultures made from the un- 736 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. bleached grain." It is tliouglit tliat tlie benefit derived in case of grain handled under commercial conditions will depend upon proper cooling and drying after bleaching. Six days' germination test of bleached and unbleached oats indicated that the germination percentage had fallen from 86.92 to 68.14, while that of barley decreased from 91.72 to 73.45. It was not observed that any of 4 horses fed on bleached oats failed to eat them as readily as the unbleached oats. The net profit arising from the improvement in grade and increase in weight ob- tained from bleaching is estimated to be 2.26 cts. per bushel. On measures for the encouragement of a domestic seed production, A. Elofson {K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och TidsJcr., Jf9 {1910), No. 5, pp. 408- ^25).— This address discusses the present conditions of seed production in Sweden and methods by which it may be developed to meet the requirements of the country. Seed tests, A. J. Ewabt (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 8 {1910), No. 12, pp. 77Jf-780). — Results of tests of garden, grass, clover, and alfalfa seeds are re- ported. Some were home grown, and others were tested after sea voyages of from 6 to 42 days. A table states the place of origin of the seed, the duration of the sea voyage, the percentage of weed seeds, the germination percentage, and the fungus spores found. Descriptive notes report other observations made. Seed tests made at the station during' 1910, G. T. Feench {New York State Sta. Bui. 333, pp. 12). — The author presents in tabular form and discusses the results of purity and germination tests of alfalfa, clover, grass, and other seeds. The frequency of occurrence of various weed seeds is indicated and a brief list of bulletins on seeds and weeds appended. Dodder was found in 11.13 per cent of the alfalfa samples tested and 3.5 per cent of the red clover samples. More than half of the dodder was of the large- seeded variety — a larger proportion than in preceding years. The frequent oc- currence of the seed of Centaurea repens indicates the importation of alfalfa seed fi-om Asia Minor. Are our farm seeds pure?, F. H. Hall {New York State Sta. Bui. 333, popu- lar ed., pp. 4, fig. 1). — A popular edition of the above. HOETICULTURE. The seedling-inarch and nurse-plant methods of propagation, G. W. Oliver {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 202, pp. 43, pis. 9, figs. 15).— In addition to giving full descriptions of the author's improved methods of propagating the mango, mangosteen, and litchi, this bulletin indicates the pres- ent stage of the Department's studies of these fruits and also shows the adapta- tion of the seedling-inarch method of propagation for the rapid flowering or fruiting of seedlings raised from seeds of new and rare trees, shrubs, and vines ; for the rapid production of an abundance of material for propagation by bud- ding and grafting; and for the rapid propagation of rare plants on hardy seed- ling stocks. The inarching of rose seedlings and of the rare finger lime {Citrus australasica) are described as examples of the wide adaptability of the seed- ling-inarch method. The author also reports that he has recently used this method with chestnuts, walnuts, hawthorns, oaks, and many other plants. The seedling-inarch method consists, essentially, in inarching on young seed- lings. It has proven far superior in its simplicity, rapidity, and results to the other method of inarching on plants growing in 5 and 6 in. pots. It also has a wider range of adaptability than budding and requires much less skill. The author reports that he has had very few unsuccessful unions and none among those classes of plants where the most suitable stocks are known and in com- HOKTICULTUKE. 737 mon use. The seedling-inarch method appears to be the only one which has been successfully applied in the asexual propagation of the mangosteen. The seedling may be used either as a stock or as a scion, depending on the plants employed or on the object to be attained. In the present work mango and litchi seedlings were used as stocks only, being united to shoots of ap- proved varieties and in the case of the litchi with seedlings of other species of the same genus. The mangosteen, although hitherto propagated only by seedlings, has generally shown a large percentage of loss among the seedlings from a cause not as yet determined. In the present work, mangosteen seedlings were used as scions, being inarched with other species of Garcinia and even with species of different genera of the same family. The different stocks em- ployed with the various plants are indicated. The results as a whole show that the worked plants are healthier and that the operation is many times cheaper than the older methods of propagation. The nurse-plant method of propagation is a specialized form of the seedling- inarch method evolved after watching the behavior of certain seedling-inarched mangosteens. These plants developed a strong aerial root from the base of the scion about 18 mouths after the unions to other species of Garcinia were considered perfect and long after the top of the stock and the root of the seed- ling had been severed. These aerial roots elongated, pierced the ground, and then roots and top developed rapidly. In one or two cases the stock roots declined rapidly and in a few months' time the mangosteens were again on their own roots looking strong and healthy. Where the stems of the seedlings were inarched at a point 2 or 3 in. above the first pair of leaves on the stocks, there has been no attempt on the part of the scions to produce roots. This ability, under certain conditions, of inarched mangosteens to reestablish their own root systems led to trial of inarches in which neither root system was severed with the view of nursing mangosteen seedlings through the precarious stage of their early life. Several of these mangosteens worked by the nurse- plant method were sent to the Canal Zone and are reported as doing well. Those remaining in the greenhouse continue to make good growth and the stems of the mangosteens are showing more increase in diameter than the stems of the stock plants. As to the future stages of growth of the mangosteens, the author issues the caution that the work has not proceeded far enough to determine how the in- arched plants will behave under external conditions and how raiiidly they will continue to grow on the stocks used. The mangosteen is well known to be a rebellious subject. The methods of propagation employed have been presented in order that experimenters may test them further. The work of inarching is made clear by a number of photographic illustrations. A study of bud selection with citrus fruits, A. D. Shamel {Cal. Cult., 36 (1911), No. 13, pp. 3.87, 3SS).— Under the direction of the Bureau of Plant In- dustry of this Department, the author is conducting studies of bud variation and selection with Washington navel oranges and graiiefruit. The object and plan of this work is here outlined, together with some preliminary observa- tions. The preliminary data secured from normal healthy trees show a great variation in the yield and quality of fruit. Agricultural explorations in the fruit and nut orchards of China, F. N. Meyer {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 20Ji, pp. 62, pJs. 6. figs. 15).— This bulletin comprises notes on the distribution, character, and domestic uses of various fruits, nuts, and edible seeds observed by the author during his 94492°— No. 8—11 4 738 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. agricultural explorations in tlie Chinese Empire. Consideration is given to both cultivated, and wild forms observed, and with the more important fruits and nuts special cultural practices and local methods of curing and preserving are noted. Brief references are also given to forms which are either exotic or are not extensively grown in China. Since the similarity in soil and climate between the native habitat of many Chinese products and certain areas of the United States is close, the possi- bility of introducing new kinds for direct cultivation and new and valuable strains of forms already grown in this country appears most promising. Keport of horticulturist, C. C. Newman (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 18-23, figs. 3). — A brief progress reix)rt on various investigations with fruits and vegetables. The preliminary results from experiments in grafting apples with scions and stocks of from 3 to 12 in. long indicate that the shorter stocks and scions give larger and more regularly shaped trees. The Heeleaka Experimental Station. — Final report, including' investiga- tions during' the year 1909, G. D. Hope and P. H. Carpenter (Indian Tea Assoc. [Pamphlet] Ji, 1910, pp. 25, pis. 7). — In addition to the results secured from manuring exijeriments in 1909, a resume is given of the results obtained during the 5 years the station has been in existence and which largely confirm the results previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. G42). The report concludes with a discussion as to the influence of climatic and soil conditions on the action of manures. Data are given on a number of plats which received no manure during the 5 years and which show a considerable increase in yield in response to careful and repeated cultivation. A study of the leaf returns during the 5 years shows that these yields are influenced both by climatic conditions of local chai'acter and by seasonal variation. In general the heaviest yields occurred during the months of heaviest rainfall. In connec- tion with the application of soluble fertilizers, the results indicate that it is advisable to apply the fertilizers in small divided doses during the year in order to avoid the liability of loss in drainage water. Gardening' in the Tropics, G. M. Woodrow (Paisley, 1910, pp. IX-\-631t, pis. 35, figs. 55). — This work is presented under the above title as the sixth edition of the author's Gardening in India. It is intended as a treatise on gardening as a means of profit as well as of pleasure and is designed for use in the Tropics and in the cultivation of tropical plants in mild climates. Several of the first chapters treat of soil, climate, various cultural opera- tions, garden tools and implements, noxious insects and garden pests, garden edgings, fences, laying out gardens, the mala or hot season garden, the con- servatory, the lawn, preparing flowers for exhibition, horticultural myths, the romance of pollination, the life of the plant, rotation of crops, plant breeding by hybridization and selection, and the composition of plants. The gi-eater portion of the work consists of descriptive and cultural notes on economic and ornamental plants suitable for hot climates. The garden: A history of its formal arrangement, A. Grisebach (Der Garten. Eine geschichte seiner kiinstlerischen Gcstaltung. Leipsic [1910], pp. VIII+126, pis. 63). — In this work the author aims to present a descriptive and pictorial account of formal gardening at different ages in Europe as dis- tinct from landscape gardening. The successive chapters treat of the follow- ing subjects in detail : The geometric garden, the architectural style of pleas- ure gardens during the baroque period, special types of gardens, the develop- ment of individual garden parts since the Renaissance, and the garden revolu- tion in the eighteenth century. Numerous examples are shown of the various types of gardens under discussion, the illustrations being obtained for the most FORESTRY. 739 part from copper plates and from tlie works of architects and garden lovers living during the period from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. A bibliography is given of recent and old literature and copper designs dealing with formal gardening. FORESTRY. The principles of handling woodlands, H. S. Graves {'Neio York and Lon- don, 1911, pp XXI +325, figs. 63). — This book deals with the silvicultural treat- ment of woodlands, with special reference to the principles of cutting mature stands of timber with a view to their replacement by new growth, cuttings in immatux'e stands for their improvement, and forest protection with particular reference to forest fires. The subject is presented primarily from the standpoint of conditions as they obtain to-day. The introductory chapter contains general considerations rela- tive to the American forest and the march of forest destruction, the scope and objects of silviculture, financial returns from forestry, classification of the trees in a forest, and silvicultural systems. The succeeding chapters discuss in detail the selection system, systems of clear-cutting, the shelterwood system, the coppice systems, improvement of the forest, protection of forests from fire, and protection from other injurious agencies. The taxation of forests, F. R. Fairchild {Rpt. Nat. Lumher Manfr. Assoc, S (1910), pp. 65-77). — The author briefiy summarizes the defects of the gen- eral property tax as related to forests, proposes the single tax on yield as an ideal forest tax, and presents some suggestions relative to bringing about tax reforms. Worth American forests and forestry. — Their relations to the national life of the American people, E. Bruncken (Neiv York and London, 1908, pp. VI-\-265). — A popular presentation of the subject intended for those who are interested in nature and those who take a living interest in all questions affect- ing the welfare of the Nation. The introductory chapter points out the general relation between civiliza- tion and natural conditions. The succeeding chapters deal with the North American forest regions, the forest and man, forest industries, destruction and deterioration, forests and forestry, forest finance and management, forestry and government, fighting fires and thieves, forestry and taxation, reform in forestry methods, and forestry as a profession. Cone-bearing' trees of the California mountains, J. S. Chase {Chicago, 1911, pp. IX-\-99, pis. 21, figs. 21). — A popular guide to the pines, firs, and other coniferous trees native to inland and mountain regions of California. Aside from the use of definite botanical names, the author has restricted himself to giving the broad characteristics of each species as evidenced by full-grown trees of normal development. Preliminary examination of the forest conditions of Mississippi, C. E. DuNSTON (Miss. Geol. Survey Bvl. 7, 1910, pp. 76, map 1). — This report was prepared under the direction of the Forest Service of this Department at the request of the State of Mississippi. It contains a general description of the State relative to its geology, topog- raphy, and climate, and a description of forests by regions, and discusses the various problems in forest management, including forest fires, grazing, turpen- tining, waste in logging, establishment and care of young stands, clauses sug- gested for logging contracts, assessments and taxation of timber lands, and management of tax on school lands. A review is given of past forest legislation, 740 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. together with suggestions relative to needed legislation and the text of a sug- gested forest law. Porest products of Canada, 1909, H. R. MacMillan (Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. 11, ID 10, irp. 30, clgms. 2). — This bulletin comprises statis- tics on the production of lumber, square timber, lath, and shingles in Canada in 1909 as determined from reports made directly to the Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior by 2,0S5 operating sawmills. The data given and discussed show the quantity and value of each product both by species and by provinces, including also the production by provinces of lumber of different species, imports of hard-wood lumber, and exports of square timber. In most cases comparative data are given for 1908. Forest fires in Canada, H. R, MacMillan and G. A. Gutches {Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. 9, 1910, pp. J/D, figs. 11). — This bulletin contains data showing in a general manner the extent of forest destruction in the various Provinces of Canada, discusses the effects and causes of forest fires, and gives a statement of forest tires occurring in 1909. It concludes with advice to settlers legarding the handling of fires and important points in the forest laws. In 1909 approximately 435,000 acres were burned over in the Provinces. Tim- ber and improvements valued at $210,400 were destroyed and $331,821.42 was expended in fire protection and fire fighting. Report on forest statistics of Alsace-Lorraine (Beitr. Forststatis. Elsass- Lothr'wgen, 1909, No. 28, pp. 126, dgnis. 11). — A statistical review for the year 1909 relative to the administration of the state, public, and community forests in Alsace-Lorraine. The detailed and summarize<^l data deal with forest areas, silvicultural operations, products, revenues, expenditures, etc., including a com- parative summary for each year since 1872. The acquisition policy of the Prussian State Forest Administration in West Prussia and Posen, Semper {Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdiv.. JfS (1911), No. 2, pp. 65-96). — ^A historical and statistical account of forest extension and devel- opment in West Prussia and Posen. The influence of moisture on the growth of the pine and the fir, E. F. Dameerg (Dnevn. XII. 8"iezda Russ. Est.-Isp. i Vrach. [Moscoiv], 1910, No. 7, p. 269; abs. in Zhur, Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Latidw.), 11 {1910), No. 1, p. 120). — Investigations of certain forests in the Novgorod Government of Russia indicate that an excess of moisture retards the growth of the pine and fir. The action of the soil and underground waters is more marked on the pine than on the fir. Experiments showed, that the firs absorbed from 2 to 3 times as much water as the pines. Seed experiments with Pinus sylvestris, F. Story (Trans. Roy. Scot. Arbor. Soc, 23 (1910), pt. 2, pp. 168-171, pi. 1). — Cooperative experiments are being conducted in Scotland and at a number of forest experiment stations on the European continent to determine the relative value of Scots pine seeds secured from different countries and climatic conditions. The results for the first 3 years are given of the tests as conducted at Bangor, Scotland. The seed was collected from trees ranging from 40 to 140 years of age. Thus far Belgium-grown seed from 40-year old trees has shown the best development. Since the results from other stations have not been published as yet, no final conclusions are drawn. The reddening' of fresh alder wood, F. W. Neger (Naturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 9 (1911), No. 2, pp. 96-105, figs. 2). — An investigation similar to that conducted on the greening of fresh linden wood (E. S. R., 23, p. 345) is reported relative to the reddening of fresh-cut alder wood. The. surface of fresh-cut alder wood takes on an intensive brownish-red color within a few hours from the time of cutting. The investigation showed that DISEASES OF PLANTS. 741 this discoloration is due primarily to oxidization in the presence of a certain moisture content in the wood. Alder wood which is air-dried when white does not become discolored when exposed to the atmosphere. The color body ap- pears to be one of the iron-tannic combinations and oxidization does not take place until the cell walls are destroyed. A microscopic investigation as to the nature of the color body was conducted and is here discussed. On the effect of different intervals between successive tappings in Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), M. K. Bamber and R. H. Lock {Circs, and Agr. Join: Roy. Bot. Gard, Ceylon, 5 {1910), No. 9, pp. 73-87). — Experiments were started in the Tropical Gardens at Henaratgoda, Ceylon, in 1908 to ascertain what differences, if any, exist in the quantity, composition, and properties of rubber latex drawn from the trees by tappings carried out at different intervals of time. The trees are over 20 years old and planted in squares at a distance of 12 ft. apart. The plan of the experiments is given, together with the results thus far secured. The work is being continued. Among the deductions thus far made it appears that the yield from trees tapped daily and from trees tapped weekly is practically identical for the same number of tappings, both in the gross and in proportion to the area of bark tapped. During the first few tappings the percentage of rubber contained in the latex decreases at a rate more or less inversely proportionate to the length of the interval between successive tappings. After a number of tappings have been made, a nearly constant percentage composition of the latex occurs which is lower in the case of trees tapped at short intervals than in the case of trees tapped at longer intervals. The proportion of scrap rubber obtained is lower in the case of the more frequent tappings. Mature trees tapped daily for IS months yielded for this period an average of over 7 lbs. of rubber per tree. At the four hundred and fortieth tapping, each tree yielded at the rate of 4 lbs. of dry rubber annually. The trees were quite healthy and showed no signs of having suffered from the severe tapping. From the standpoint of yield alone frequent tappings have given the best results, although from the standpoint of bark recovery the experiments have not been co)iducted sufficiently long to determine whether frequent tapping should be conducted throughout the year or whether the tree should be allowed to rest during certain months. Tapping- experiments with rubber trees in Misahohe, Togo, compared with the results of other experiments, Gruner {Tropenpfianser, IJf {1910), Nos. 11, pp. 5S7-593; 12, pp. 6J,9-G55; 15 {1911), Nos. 1, pp. 36-39; 2, pp. 101-104).— The results of tapping experiments with various species of rubber are given and compared with those secured with the same species in other rubber-pro- ducing countries. Notes on creosoting, A. T. Gillanders {Trans. Roy. Scot. Arbor. Soc, 23 {1910), pt. 2, pp. 172-179). — A discussion of the relative merits of the pressure, boiling, and cold-immersion methods of creosoting timber. With the view of determining the value of the cold-immersion process, the author conducted tests with 7 kinds of timber comparing it with the pressure process. The data secured indicate that on very small estates the immersion method is the better on account of its simplicity, and that it may be so managed as to be quite successful. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of botanist and plant pathologist, H. W. Baeee (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 23-26). — In addition to the continuation of work on cotton anthracuose, sweet potato rots, and on the plant disease survey of the State, 742 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORI>. experiments looking to tlie best methods of controlling some of tlie common diseases of plants, and analyses of seed under the state seed law, have been undertaken and are here reix)rted. Greenhouse tests of seed from bolls attacked by cotton anthracnose have been followed by the appearance of the disease, while healthy seed planted on land previously grown to peas and oats last year, but planted to diseased cotton the previous year, gave plants entirely free from anthracnose. These experiments, it is claimed, demonstrated that the disease is carried in the seed, and can be eliminated by the use of clean seed and a one-year crop rota- tion. Many fields were found infested with anthracnose for the first time where the source of infection was traced to the use of diseased seed. In experiments with the sweet iwtato rots, 100 bu. of potatoes harvested in November were immediately put into slatted bins 3 by 4 feet in a well-ventilated house, and the temperature kept at from 70 to 90° F. for 2 weeks, when the house was closed, and the temperature kept at from 50 to 60° during the rest of the winter. None of the common storage rots, such as Rhizopus, Mucor, Peuicillium, and Fusarium, occurred, but black rot, with which the potatoes were already affected when stored, and a Nectria rot caused much damage, and by the first of April had destroyed the majority of the lot. It seems from this experiment that if the potatoes are sound and healthy when dug, this method of storage will prove a success. Plant disease survey of South Carolina, H. W. Barre (South Carolina St a. Rpt. 1910, pp. 29-39). — In this progress report the distribution throughout the State by counties is given of the more common diseases of economic plants. Plant diseases due to fungi, W. E. Collinge (Rpt. Econ. Biol., 1 {1911), pp. Jtl-ol, figs. 7). — ^The author reports the prevalence, damage done by, and means of control of, the following diseases of economic plants : Brown rot (Sclerotinia fructigena) ; apple scab {Venturia inequaUs) ; gooseberry sclero- tinia {8. fnclceliana) ; sleepy disease of tomatoes (Fusarium lycopersici) ; wilt disease of tomatoes and cucumbers (Mycosphwrella citrullina) , a hothouse dis- ease which is proving very injurious and becoming more prevalent each year ; potato scab (Oospora scaMes) ; yellow wart disease of potatoes (Synchytrium solani) ; finger-and-toe disease (Plasmodiophora hrassicw) ; bean anthracnose (Colletotrichm)i llndcmiithianum) ; iris leaf blotch (Heterosporium gracile) ; hyacinth yellows (Pscudonwnas hyacinthi) ; and Ornithogalum black mold (H. ornitJiogali). New species of Texas fungi, F. D. Heald and F. A. Wolf (Mycologia, 3 (1911), No. 1, pp. 5-22). — Descriptions are given of 41 new species of fungi, principally on economic plants, collected in the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas. Of the 12 genera represented, one belongs to the Ascomycetes (Dimerosporium parlcinsonice) , and the remainder are imperfect fungi. A preliminary note on the life history and cytology of Spongospora sub- terranea, T. G. B. Osborn (Ann. Bot. {London^, 25 (1911), No. 97, p. 271).— As a result of investigation the author concludes that the genus Spongospora should be grouped with Plasmodiophora, Sorosphsera, and Tetramyxa in the family Plasmodiophoracete. Contribution to the study of sooty molds, G. Aenaud (A^vn. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellder, n. ser., 9 (1910), No. Jf, pp. 239-277, pis. 3, figs. 3).— In a further study (B. S. R., 24, p. 152) of these fungi, the author discusses the habitat, mycelium, fructifications, and taxonomic position of Pleo splicer ia citri, P. pata- gonica, and Calicium populneum. A bibliography is appended. A new parasitic fungus found in the roots of grasses, E. J. Schwabtz {Ann. Bot, [Lonaon], 25 (1911), No. 97, p. 270).— In a brief preliminary note DISEASES OF PLANTS. 743 the author calls attention to the occurrence in tubercles on the roots of Poa annua and other grasses of a slime fungus allied to Sorosphcera junci, for which the name S. graminis n. sp. is proposed. A detailed account of its life history and cytology will be published later. The rusts of white and red clover, F. D. Kern (Phytopathology, 1 (1911), No. 1, pp. 3-6). — The author claims that the white clover rust is autoecious and is the species originally described as Puccinia trifoUi. It therefore should be known as Uromyces trifolii, while U. fallens (based on Ureclo fallens) is pro- posed as the proper designaton for the common red clover rust, the iecidial stage of which is as yet unknown. Blackleg or Phoma wilt of cabbage, T. F. Manns (Phytopathology, 1 (1911), No. 1, pp. 28-31, pis. 2). — Previously reported from another source (E. S. R., 24, p. 348). Lime and artificial fertilizers as a remedy for club r'oot disease, F. K. Ravn (Tidsskr. Landbr. Planteavl, 11 (1910), No. 1, pp. 163-177). — Lime was found to have a decidedly favorable influence on the root crop in the 8 series of experiments conducted, increasing the yields and decreasing the percentage of diseased plants. The artificial fertilizers, on the other hand, were found to increase the percentage of diseased roots, doubtless due to the application of large quantities of superi)hosphates. Report of investigations concerning rice, J. S. Collier (Stuttgart, Ark., 1910, pp. 28, figs. 11). — In this publication, which is issued by the Arkansas Rice Growers' Association, the author reports the results of a summer's ob- servation on rice growing, special attention being given to rice blight and its probable causes, and to rice maggot. The probable relationships of the following factors to blight were investi- gated : Soil acidity, soil constituents, temperature, content and temperature of irrigation water, shade, depth of water, wind, rain, sunshine, and the rice maggot. As a result of these investigations the author concludes that the blight found in the Grand Prairie region is not caused by a fungus, but is due to the soil and water. It was found that new soil was more subject to blight than old, and that the use of fertilizers was of no value in combating the disease, while chemical analyses of rain water indicated that it would cause blight much more readily than well water, especially on new soil, and that rice on acid soils blighted more severely than on nonacid soils. No relationship was found to exist between the rice maggot and blight. Fall plowing, thorough spring preparation of the seed bed, and shallow seed planting, followed by an early rolling of the soil and drying the soil for from 3 to 5 days when the rice was about 30 in. high, tended to decrease the amount of blight. Obsevations on rice maggot have been previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 661). The pamphlet closes with a summary of 361 answers received to questions sent out to rice growers in regard to the preparation of rice lands, seeding, irriga- tion of crops, prevalence of maggots and blight, crop rotation, and similar points. Floret sterility of wheats in the Southwest, E. C. Johnson (Phytopath- ology, 1 (1911), No. 1, pp. 18-27). — Previously reported from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 451). Observations on the w^intering-over of plant parasites, L. Hecke (Nattirw. Ztsehr. Forst u. Landw., 9 (1911), No. 1, pp. 4Jf-53). — ^A special study was made of the wintering-over of the uredospore stage of the yellow rust of wheat (Puccinia glumarum), in which the results of fall infection with uredospores are given. Series of pot plants were inoculated during October, November, and De- cember; part <)f each series was then placed in a greenhouse, and another set 744 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. in the open air, and the resulting infection tabulated for the months of November, December, January, and March. It was found that the incubation period was lengthened as the temperature fell until it reached a duration of 5 months. Plants inoculated on October 28, November 21, and December 18, and kept in the open air did not produce uredosori until March 28 of the following year. The author, therefore, believes it entirely possible for the uredospore mycelium to winter over in the tissues of the host, without any external evidence, until an optimum of temi)erature has been reached in the spring, when uredosori will aijpear. A table is given showing the maximum, minimum, and average temi^eratures and the frost periods for the mouths of October, November, and December, 1908, and for January, February, and March, 1909. After discussing the possibility of direct teleutospore infection on the wheat, and of infection by means of seed according to the myeoplasm theory of Ericksson, the author concludes that no authentic experimental proofs of such infection have yet been offered. Crown gall of plants, E. F. Smith (Phytopathology, 1 {1911), No. 1, pp. 1-11, pis. 2). — In a brief preliminary note on this disease the author claims that there is no evidence to show that fungi, myxomycetes. mites, frost, and nutrition disturbances iwoduce this disease, but that it is undoubtedly due to bacteria {Bncterium tuniefaciens), as shown by inoculation experiments con- ducted during the past 6 years. During this time successful inoculations were obtained from pure cultures and subcultures on more than 1,000 plants. A bulletin containing details as to experiments, etc., is in prei)aration. Cedar apples and apples, F. E, Lloyd and C. S. Ridgway {Bui. Agr. Dept. [Ala.] No. 39, 1911, pp. 19, figs. 12). — In a general discussion of the cedar apple fungus, the authors claim that several crops of sporidia may be produced In a given season, (1) by the germination of some teleutospores which failed to be- come active when the sori swelled, (2) by the swelling of sori which were immature at the time oC the first rains, or (3) by the secondary growth of a sorus after it has once become gelatinous and then dried. In {he third case, the part of the sorus exposed beyond the tissues of the gall swelled when wet by rain, but the sorus was not comiiletely developed and continued to push out from the gall, which with the next rain swelled and produced sporidia. The spei'mogonia (pycnia) were foand to secrete aud exude a large amount of nectar which attracted bees and other insects, thereby disseminating the pycnospores. It is also claimed that in dry weather the divisions of the pseudo- peridium of the secidia are straight or bent outward, permitting the spores to escape, but that when the atmosphere becomes moist these peridial strips curl inward, closing the oldening of the iiecidial tube and preventing the escape of the spores. Later, on drying, these strips are again straightened out, carrying some of the secidiospores on their tips, thus setting them free. In a few in- stances, fresh outgrowths from a point near the base of matured galls which have just finished bearing sori may occur. These outgrowths remain alive and form galls the succeeding year. A list is ai^i^ended of varieties of amiles which are resistant or susceptible to this disease. A new fruit spot of apple, W. M. Scott {Phytopathology, 1 {1911), No. 1, pp. 32-34). — Attention is called to a fruit spot of apples, especially of the Jonathan and Esopus varieties, which develops almost entirely after the fruit is picked and while in temporary cellar storage, en route to market, or after removal from cold storage. The spots, which are usually distributed promiscuously over the surface of the ai">ple, are dark brown in color, usually circular in out- line, from i to i- in. or less in diameter, and slightly sunken, with a lenticel DISEASES OP PLANTS. 745 in the center of each spot. The disease has been observed on apples from Iowa, Missouri, Virginia, New Yorlc, Oregon, and Washington. The cause of the trouble is not certainly known, but there is a strong sus- picion of injury by arsenate of lead used in spraying. Low temperatures retard or prevent its development, and the trouble may be partly avoided by placing the fruit in cold storage as soon after picking as possible. See also a note by O'Gara on page 759. Maine apple diseases, W. J. Morse and C. E. Lewis (Maine Sta. Bui. 185, pp. 337-392, pis. 16). — This is a discussion of the diseases, both parasitic and nonparasitic, to which the apple orchards of Maine are subject, including rather extended descriptions of the symptoms, range, methods of dissemination, and means of combating those which are the most common and dangerous. Under the nonparasitic group, the authors describe : Winter, crotch, frost, hail, and spray injuries, leaf spot, Baldwin spot, stag horn, and lichens on the trees. Of the parasitic diseases, the following are discussed : Scab, Cylindro- sporium fruit spot, sooty blotch, and fly speck of the fruit, Sphneropsis leaf spot, powdery mildew, Penicillium or blue mold, and bitter, brown, and pink rots; Alternaria, Botrytis, Phoma, Hypochnus, Fusarium, Verticillium, En- domyces, and Rhizopus decays ; canker and twig blight, and Sphteropsis, bitter rot, Myxosporium, Corj-neum. Phoma, Cytospora. and pear blight cankers, and crown gall and wood-destroying fungi. Under orchard sanitation, sprays, and spraying, the authors enumei'ate the different kinds of sprays to be used, their preparation, and methods of application, including Bordeaux mixture, and self-boiled, home-boiled, and commercial lime-sulphur sprays. Spraying' experiments with, a lime-sulphur summer wash, E. S. Salmon (Jou): Bd. Agr. [London], 11 {1911), No. 11, pp. 8S1-S91). — ^The results are re- ported of experiments with different strengths of home-boiled lime-sulphur mix- tures in regard to foliage injury to certain varieties of apples and gooseberries. It was found that late summer spraying with this mixture caused more or less leaf scorching and leaf fall on certain varieties, the amount of injury deiiend- ing upon the strength of the solution used and the variety of apple or goose- berry sprayed. Use of self -boiled lime sulphur in combating' scab and brown rot of peach, H. W. Barre (South CaroIhM Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 27, 28).— The results are reported of experiments in which 2 applications of self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture (8:8:50) were used on Carmine and Belle of Georgia peaches, and a third on Elberta. The lime-sulphur spray proved very successful in con- trolling the brown rot, but was not quite so efficient with the scab, due, it is thought, to not thoroughly covering the surface of the fruit with the spray mixture. Brown rot experiments in 1909, A. C. Lewis (Ga. Bd. Ent. Bui. 32, 1910, pp. 35-.'i3, fig. 1). — The results are given of experiments with self-boiled lime- sulphur mixtures with and without arsenate of lead, with concentrated lime sulphur, and with Bordeaux mixture. All the solutions used, with the exception of the self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead sprays, severely injured the trees. Three applications were made on the lime-sulphur plats. The first consisted of arsenate of lead and lime, 2 : 3 : 50, and the other two were lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead sprays. 8 : 8 : 2 : 50. The self-boiled lime-sulphur sprays did not injure the fruit or the foliage and protected the trees against scab, brown rot, and curculio, while the sprayed fruit had a better color and kept better in storage and in shipping. On the means for combating plant diseases, K. MtJLLER (Ber. Grossh. Bad. Landiv. Vers. Amt. Atignstenb., 1909, pp. 108-115). — Experiments made during 746 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 3910 with a new sulphur emulsion known as " Sulfabion " in combating the grape Oidium gave negative results. Diseases of the pineapple, L. D. Larsen {Hawaiimi Sugar Planters' 8ta., Path, and Physiol. Bui. 10, pp. 9-70, figs. 26). — Descriptions are given of the common diseases of the pineapple which occur in Hawaii, together with the results of experiments on several of the more injurious, descriptions of the causative organisms, and methods of control. The author claims that the most prevalent and destructive parasite con- nected with the pathology of pineapples is TMelaviopsis paradoxa {T. etha- ceticus). In a general study of this fungus it was found that sunlight was very destructive to both its mycelium and spores. An exposure of 24 hours during the summer to the direct sunlight destroyed both the spores and mycelium, but during the fall and winter the results were less pronounced. Successful cross- inoculations were made with pure cultures of the sugar cane and pineapple Thielaviopsis on both sugar cane and pineapples, thus proving the identity of these organisms. In a study of diseased pineapple tissues, 4 organisms were reiieatedly found, viz, T. paradoxa, Fusarium' sp., Eurotium sp., and a yeast-like organism desig- nated as Culture No. 26. Inoculation experiments wnth pure cultures of these 4 organisms showed that T. paradoxa was the cause of 3 distinct pineapple dis- eases, viz, a soft rot of the fruit, a base rot of the crown, and a leaf spot in which the infection occurs through wounds. The Fusarium produced a brown rot which occurs usually on the ripening fruit, while the yeast-like organism 26 probably causes a ripe rot which is always characterized by the odor of alcoholic fermentation. It was found that the Thielaviopsis fungus was capable of infecting perfectly sound, unbruised pineapples, provided moist atmospheric conditions prevailed, and that it attacked green pineapples quite as readily as ripe ones. In the base rot of the crown, the newly planted cut- tings are attacked just at the ground by the fungus, producing a soft rot which often kills the affected plant. In addition to the above described diseases, the author discusses sun scald, wilt (the cause of which is as yet unknown), tangleroot, nematode root galls, and manganese yellows (E. S. R., 21, p. 139), all of which occur in Hawaii, and spike, sanding, and heart rot or bitter heart, which have not yet been found on the islands. A study on gummosis of Pmnus and Citrus, with observations on squa- mosis and exanthema of the Citrus, O. Butler {Ann. Bot. [London], 25 {1911), No. 97, pp. 107-153, j}ls. //, figs. 3). — The author reports the results of investigations on the nature and cause of gummosis, in which the histoi'y and description of the disease, the chemistry of the gums, and the histology, cause, nature, and preventive and remedial measures for gummosis are discussed. As a result of these investigations the author claims that the gummosis of Prunus and Citrus are indistinguishable diseases and identical in histological development and causal relationships. The disease is claimed to be due to hydrolysis of the walls of the embryonic wood cells which develop into a sus- ceptible tissue. The dissolution of the cell walls begins in the secondary lamella and almost coincidently in the primary membrane, while the dissolution of the third lamella proceeds centripetally. With its final destruction the cell con- tents become a part of the gum mass. The cell contents are not actively con- cerned, nor does starch play any role whatever in gum formation. Gummosis develops autogenously, and is induced by all manner of traumatisms, provided they act as growth stimulants to the cambium. Once incited, the simultaneous concurrence of two conditions, one physiological and the other environmental, is necessary for the development of the disease. The cambium must be actively DISEASES OF PLANTS. 747 growing, and an abundant supply of water must be available to the roots ; either factor alone is inoperative. On the basis of a study of gummosis, the author suggests as preventive and remedial measures proper drainage, the use of resistant stocks, moderate root firuning, slitting the bark of the diseased trees, and amendments to the soil in the shape of lime and salt. After a similar study of squamosis and exanthema, the author concludes that the former is a species of gummosis, and consequently that growth and water are factors in its development, while exanthema is only differentiated from gummosis by the erumpent pustules, and can, therefore, probably be considered as only another form of gummosis. A bibliography is appended. Withertip of citrus trees, E. O. Essig i Pomona Col. Jour. Econ. Bat., 1 (1911), ^o. 1, pp. 25-56, figs. S).— The history and distribution of this disease in citrus orchards is given, together with a description of its characters and de- structiveness and the methods usetl in combating it. Attention is called to several local attacks of this fungus {CoUetotnclmm fflaosijorioides) on lemon and orange trees on the Pacific slope during 1909-10, especially in Ventura County, California, where serious losses have resulted to citrus growers from this disease, which seems to be increasing in frequency and severity. The results are also given of experiments on the control of this disease by the use of lime-sulphur and Bordeaux-mixture sprays. The best spray for this purpose is found to be a 4 : 4 : 50 Bordeaux mixture. The history and control of this disease iii the Limoneira orchard is presented by J. D. Culbertson. A new coffee disease (Phthora vastatrix), F. H. d'Herelle (An. Mus. Nac. [San Salvador], Jf {19 10), No. 2S, pp. 182-1S9). — This is a summary of investi- gations previously noted from other sources (E. S. R., 23, p. 749) on the life history of this fungus, which the author has described as a new genus and si>ecies. Two new fig^ diseases, C. W. Edgerton {Phytopatliology, 1 {1911), No. 1, p. 12-17, pi. 1, fig. 1). — ^The author describes a fig canker in which the tissue surrounding a fruit scar turns dark and shrinks, often showing a number of pink pustules. The diseased area spreads until the branch is nearly girdled, when the twig usually dies. In old cankers on branches 2 or 3 in. in diameter the dead tissue cracks and finally falls out, leaving an open permanent wound, which sometimes extends nearly to the center of the branch. Infection seems to occur only in the fruit scar and within less than a j'ear after the develop- ment of the fruit. The fungus producing the canker is described as a new species, Tubercularia fici. The second disease discussed is a limb blight of the flg tree, which is charac- terized by bright, salmon-colored fructifications on the branches and by the sud- den wilting and dying of the leaves on infected areas. The fungus {Coriicium Ixetum) generally gains a foothold in the tips of branches which have been killed by the fig canker or by fig borers and spreads from there into the living tissue. On a parasitic fungus of the oak, G. Arnaxjd {Ami. Ecole Nat. Agr. Mont- pellier, n. ser., 9 {1910), No. i, pp. 278-286, pi. 1). — ^A description is given of Trabutia quercina, a parasite on the leaves of Quercus ilex and Q. coccifera, which, the author claims, from its perithecial characters must belong to the Pyrenomycetes. The oak mildew, its dissemination in Austria-Hungary, and its signifi- cance in silviculture, G. Kock {Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr., 13 {1910), No. 2, pp. 8.'i2-888). — It is claimed that this mildew is generally prevalent in all the forests throughout this region where oaks are present. It appeared for 748 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the first time in 1908, followed in 1909 by serious outbreaks. Under natural forest conditions Quercus cciTis is more resistant to the disease. than Q. pednn- cvlata and Q. sessiliflora, while Q. rubra is extremely resistant, as are all the cultivated American species, even when in the same gardens with native Euro- pean oaks which are severely attacked by the mildew. In some cases the smaller twigs and branches were killed by the attack, in addition to a general lowering of the vitality of the tree due to leaf fall. The disease is attributed to O'idiiim quercinvm gemmiparum. A bibliography is appended. On outbreaks of oak mildews, P. Magnus (Yereinsschr. Gesell. Luxemi. Naturfr., 1910, pp. 108-111; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 29 {1911), No. 4-5, p. llJf). — It is claimed that the mildew epidemic on the European oaks in 1907 was caused by a Microsphsera, probably M. quercina, while the mildew in western France on Quercus tozza was probably a form of M. aim, which developed only the Oi'dium fructifications on the European oak. Willov/ trees killed by Armillaria mellea, F. T. Brooks {Gard. Chroti., 3. ser., 49 (1911), No. 1260, pp. 100, iOi).— Attention is called to the occurrence of this fungus on the roots of a species of willow (Salix alba), causing the sudden death of many of the trees. In England the fungus is rarely found on dicotyls, but is often very destructive to conifers. Ash trees which have been pltinted among the willows seem to be immune to the disease, and the replace- ment of the willows by ash is therefore recommended. The diseases and enemies of roses, R. Laubert and M. Schwartz {Roscth- lirankheiten vnd Eosenfeinde. Jena, 1910, pp. VI-\-59, pi. 1). — Under this title the authors list and discuss the principal diseases and insect enemies of the rose, including directions for the control of each. Notes on the free-living' nematodes, F. A. Potts {Quart. Jour. Micros. Set. [London], n. scr., 55 (1910), No. 219, pp. Ji3S-J,S-',, figs. 11; abs. in Zeiitbl. Allg. n. Expt. Biol., 1 {1910), No. 15-16, pp. 563, 564 ) -—Biological studies are reported. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The farmer's interest in g'ame protection, E. H. Forbush {Agr. of Mass., 57 {1909), pp. 273-279).— The author briefly considers the value of game birds and mammals, the financial benefits derived from game, and its artificial propagation. Plague amoung ground squirrels in America, G. W. McCoy {Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge]. 10 {1910), No. 4, pp. 589-601, />?s. 2, nmp 1).—A table accompany- ing this brief summarized account shows the number and results of examina- tions made of ground squirrels collected in 25 counties in California. A map gives the area from which examinations of squirrels have been made, and the approximate location of infected points. An outbreak of rat plague in SufEolk, A. M. N. Pringle {Pub. Health [Lon- don], 24 (1911), No. 4, pp. 126-131).— This is a detailed account of the occur- rence of plague in England as previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 556). It has now been conclusively shown that over a large area of a part of East Suffolk rats are at the present time dying of acute plague. " In addition hares Lave been found to have died of the disease in the same districts. IMany dead rabbits have been found, but up to the present plague has been found in only one case, the other rabbit deaths being due to other diseases which investigation would show to be common at this period of the year in any case. One cat has also been found infected and several ferrets. . . . Apart from the rats the infection of other animals must be regarded as an accidental concomitant of the rat epizootic." ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 749 A summary of the evidence as to the existence of plague among human beings in the affected parts of Suffolk show that " there were 4 cases of true pneu- monic plague in Holbrook in 1910, 8 cases of practically certain pneumonic plague in Shotley in 190G and 1907, and 7 cases of possible bubonic plague In Trimley in 1909 and 1910." It is said that the rat flea of Suffolk is Ccrato pfiyUus fascialus. The means by which the disease was introduced into this district is unknown ; the various theories which have been advanced are pre* sented at some length. Investig-ations of " Liverpool virus," a rat-destroying preparation, K. Steffenhagen {Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 36 (1910), No. 2, pp. 19S-220). — The cul- tural and biological studies here reported are accompanied by a bibliography of 32 titles. Publications of the Bureau of Entomolog'y ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Puds. Circ. 16, pp. 9). — ^A list of publications of the Bureau of Entomology that are available for free distribution by the Division of Publications of this Depart- ment. Entomology, A. W. Morrill (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 390-392) .—The author reports that insect i^ests are fast assuming in Arizona the important status they have long maintained in California. The woolly aphis has estab- lished itself in Graham and Yavapai county apple orchards, where it was intro- duced several years ago. The large red harvester ant ( Pogonomyrmcx sp.) is one of the most destruc- tive insect pests in the Territory, the areas made bare in alfalfa fields by this insect in some sections amounting to 5 or 10 per cent of the total acreage, and being estimated at 2 per cent throughout the Salt River Valley. The harvester ants also occasionally defoliate young citrus ti'ees and gnaw the bark, causing (he destruction of the trees attacked unless they are promptly suppressed. Experiments conducted have shown carbon bisulphid to be too expensive for general use against these insects in alfalfa fields. Potassium cyanid dissolved in water and used at the rate of 1 oz. to 1 gal. of water is the cheapest and best method for immediately checking them, but this treatment can not be relied upon to eradicate them completely. London purple, although slow acting, is stated to be the cheapest and most satisfactory insecticide of the many tested ; it should be applied at intervals in powder form at the rate of 1 table- spoonful scattered around the opening to each nest. Examinations of oranges were made in December, 1909 to determine the injury caused by the citrus thrips (Euthrips citri). Of 100 navels selected at random from the field boxes from each of 10 representative groves it was found that an average of 25 per cent was so scarred that it should properly be classed as second grade. The injury ranged in different groves from .3 to 57 per cent. Tenth report of the state entomologist of Connecticut for the year 1910, W. E. Britton (Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 9, irp. VI+657-712, pis. 8, figs. l.'f). — The entomological features of 1910 are briefly considered, includ- ing reports of the inspection of nurseries, imported nursery stock, and apiaries, and of the gipsy moth work. During the work 8,234 gipsy moth egg masses and 8,936 caterpillars at burlap bands were destroyed at Wallingford, where the area actually infested with the moth is estimated at 0.378 of a square mile. During the season a tachinid para- site (Tachina rneUa), which has previously been recorded as parasitic on the gipsy moth in Massachusetts was bred at Wallingford. At Stonington but 1 egg mass and 146 caterpillars were found and destroyed. A brief account is given of the brown-tail moth and its occurrence in Connecticut as previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p, 455), 750 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Tests made of several proprietary insecticides in destroying the rosy apple aphis and the San Jose scale are reported by B. H. Walden, who also presents a paper on a phorid (Aphiochceta rufipes) infesting onion seed. The small mag- gots of this fly were taken from onion seeds which had been placed in a ger- minator to test their vitality. The maggots were first observed in 3 or 4 days, or soon after the seeds began to sprout. " They soon ate out the interior of the seeds and were present in such numbers that it was impossible to obtain any data regarding the vitality of the seeds. Spinach and grass seeds which were in the germinator were not attacked, so the first supposition was that the onion seeds were infested when put in to test." A number of the larvte pupated in about 10 days from the time the seeds were first placed in the germinator, the first adult emerging on November 21, 24 days after the pupae were first ob- served. Technical descriptions are given of the stages. A pyralid caterpillar taken April 12 on nursery stock imported from Japan has been identified as Hemiscopis cmerea. Brief descriptions of the larva, pupa, and adult are included. Notes are presented on injury to cartridge shells by ants. Cardboard shells and in some cases the wads of a box of paper shotgun cartridges returned to the manufacturers from Texas had been eaten so that the powder and shot fell out and mixed together. The injuries indicated that the insects used the box of shells as a nesting place rather than a source of food. The author is of the opinion that this injury may have been caused by the Argentine ant (Irido- myrmex humilis ) . Other insects briefly considered are the pear-leaf blister mite; Bucculatrix canadcnsisclla, which infested birch trees as previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 455) ; the 15-spotted lady beetle iAnaiis 15-punctata) observed feeding on Cal- lipterus betulwcolens ; the cabbage looper; the cottouwood leaf beetle {Lina scripta) ; the red cedar bark beetle {Phlceosinus dentatus), which attacked Arbor vitse; the maple leaf stem borer {Prlophorus acericauUs) ; the rhodo- dendron lace bug {Leptobyrsa cxplanata), which in some cases caused I'ather serious injury to rhododendrons; the grape fruit worm; June beetles {Lach- nostcrna sp. ) , which defoliated poplars ; the clover seed chalcid fly ; caterpil- lars on fir (Ahies tomomi) from Japan; the currant spanworm {Cymatophiora ribearia) ; the cluster fly (PoUenia rudis) ; the Mocha stone moth (Melalopha inclusa), which was abundant on poplar and willow; the fern scale on green- house ferns; caterpillars feeding on Japanese barberry (Bcrbcris thunbergi) ; the drone fly (Eristalis tcnax) ; thysanurids {Isotoma [Folsomial flnietaria) in ginseng seeds; and spring tails {Isotoma sp.) in tobacco beds. Four insect pests (Maine ^ta. Doc. .'/Ol. pp. 2), figs. 10). — Articles are presented on The Typhoid Fly and Its Allies and Flea Beetles and Early Blight of Potatoes, by O. A. Johannsen, and on Plant Lice of the Apple in Maine, and Cutworms in Maine, by Edith M. Patch. Insect pests in the West Indies in 1910 {Agr. Nctos [Barbados], 9 {1910), No. 226, p. JfiO). — A brief account based on information furnished by the agri- cultural oflicers in the several islands of the Lesser Antilles. Insect pests in South Africa, C. W. Mally {Reprint from Agr. So. Africa, 1910, Sept. 23, pp. 12, figs. 6). — A summarized account of several of the more important insects, including the fruit fly, cutworms, and stalk borer {Scsamia fusca), with remedial measures applicable. Injurious insects of Formosa, T. Shiraki (Agr. Expt. Sta. Formosa, [1910], vol. 1, pp. 31. 'i, pis. 51). — This work by the entomologist of the Formosa govern- ment agricultural experiment station gives in Latin the scientific names of the Insects that are illustrated in colors and described in Japanese, ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 751 Entomological notes, E. E. Green {Trop. Agr. and Mag. Ceylon Agr. Soc, 35 (1910), No. 3, pp. 221-223, p?. i).— Brief notes are presented on the African snail [Achatina fulica), Clerus formicarius, a root-borer of Para rubber, a mealy bug on cotton plants (Dactyiopiiis virgatus), nettle grub on tea {Natada nararia), another scale pest of castilloa trees (Lecanimn olece), and the mango weevil (Cryptorhynchus mangiferce) . List of names used in India for common insects, H. M. Lefroy (Agr. Research Inst. Pusa [India'\, Bui. 19, 1910, tip. IV+J,9+XVII) .—This list gives the vernacular, scientific, and English names and the habitat of a large number of the insects destructive to crops in India. Two insects affecting- wheat and barley crops, P. Enock (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 36. (1910), No. 2, pp. 323-330, figs. 5).— A brief account is given of the life history of the Hessian fly as worked out by the author at Revells Hall, England. Notes are then presented upon a cecidomyid pest that seriously injured wheat and barley at Tenby, in 1908, which has been identified as Clinodiplosis equestris. The larvaj were found between the joints, underneath the leaf sheath, each in a cavity in the stalk -vs in. in length. Can mill insects in any stage pass uninjured through, the process of mill- ing? G. A. Dean {Oper. Miller, 16 {1911), No. 2, p. 119, fig. i).— From experi- ments conducted in which Tribolium confusum and SUvanus surmamensis were used, the author concludes that " no egg or larva of the common mill insects can pass uninjured through the rolls or the grinding process in the production of the common brands of flour. No egg or larva of the common mill insects can pass through the meshes of silk bolting cloth of sizes not less than No. 10 XX." A preliminary report on insects affecting maize in Southern Nigeria, C. W. Jemmett {Lagos [South. Nigeria]: Govt., 1910, pp. Jf, pi. 1). — The Insects mentioned are Calandra oryztr, G. granaria, and lepidopterous larvae. A preliminary report on grape insects, F. Z. Hartzell (Neio York State Sta. Bui. 331, pp. 485-581, pis. 15, figs. 8). — In this bulletin the author presents a report of the entomological work conducted since June 10, 1909, in connec- tion with the Chautauqua County grape investigations. Particular attention has been given to 5 of the more important pests, namely, the grape flea-beetle, grape-blossom midge {Contarinia johnsoni), rose-chafer, grape root-worm, and grape leaf-hopper. The economic importance, history, origin and distribution, food plants, character and extent of injury, description of the insect, seasonal history, summary of the life history, and control measures for each of these species are dealt with. " The grape flea-beetle is a small, steel-blue beetle which feeds on the swelling buds. The beetles appear during April and feed during the warmer days. Mating takes place during a period of nearly 2 months. Egg-laying extends over a period of nearly 2A months, but the greatest number of eggs are laid during a month and a half extending from about May 1 to the middle of June. The eggs are laid in the canes of the grape. The number of eggs laid by a female was found to vary from 5 to 103. The eggs hatch the latter part of June and early July and the larvae feed upon the foliage, reaching full development in about 3 weeks. The larvae form cells in the ground and transform to pupae in about 3 weeks. The adult beetles feed on the grape foliage and later in the fall seek sheltered places to hibernate. The most efficient spraying mixture is composed of 8 lbs. of arsenate of lead, 3 gal. of glucose, and 100 gal. of water. This is applied in the spring as the beetles are feeding on the vines. The use of the same spray will kill the larvae if applied the first part of July. 752 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " The grape-blossom midge is foimd in Chautauqua County, especially on early varieties of grapes. The adult midges emerge from the soil during the latter part of May and the first week in June. They mate soon after emergence and egg-laying begins. The females deposit the eggs in the blossom buds and soon perish. The eggs hatch in a few days and the larvae feed on the pistil of the blossom bud. The work of the larvae prevents the development of the buds and thus such injured buds do not produce any fruit. The feeding of the larvsB causes the buds to have an enlarged appearance and to become red in color. The larvae feed about 2 weeks and then pass from the buds to the soil where they remain until the following spring. These larvae form hibernating cocoons. Pup£e were found the first part of May. The pupal stage is at least 3 weeks in length. The use of a nicotin preparation as a spray was found to diminish the number of eggs laid. , , , " Experiments were made with various insecticides to kill the rose-chafer and a mixture consisting of 10 lbs. of arsenate of lead, 25 lbs. of glucose, and 100 gal, of water was found to be very effective in killing the insects. The net gain per acre over the unsprayed grapes was $G1.S4. Experiments proved that the numbers of the rose-chafer could be materially reduced by cultivating the soil when the insects are in the pupal stage. The grape root-worm is the most serious insect pest of grapes in Chautauqua County. . . . The most efficient method of controlling this insect is to spray the vines with an arsenical poison, preferably arsenate of lead, when the beetles are feeding. This is usually combined with Bordeaux mixture. Experiments during 1910 appear to show that the use of a gallon of molasses, 6 lbs. of arsenate of lead, and 100 gal. of water is a very effective treatment. " The experiments with the grape leaf-hopper have shown that the nymphs are very easily killed by the use of a nicotin preparation, guaranteed to con- tain 2.7 per cent nicotin, and diluted with 65 to 100 parts of water. Lime- sulphur solution as dilute as 1 gal. to 100 gal. of water proved very effective against the leaf-hopper nymphs but it generally caused much injury to grape foliage and the fruit." Commercial lime-sulphur solution, when used as a repellent for the grape blossom midge in dilutions ranging from 1-40 to 1-60, severely injured the foliage. [Olive insects] (BuJ. Dir. Agr. Com. et Colon. [Tunis^, Ik {1910), No. 56, pp. 296-3Ji5, figs. 7 ) . — Several papers relating to insect enemies of the olive and their control are here presented, as follows: Combating the Principal Olive Pests, by Chapelle (pp. 296-312) ; Treatment for Lccanium olew and a Fungus Disease due to Cycloconiwnv oleaginum, by E. Zacharewicz (pp. 315-318) ; Insects and Diseases of the Olive, by N. Minangoin (pp. 319-336) ; and Le- canium olece, by Morizot (pp. 340-345), Castilla rubber pests in Mexico, D. L. Crawford (Amer. Rev. Trop. Agr., 1 {1910), No. 8-9. pp. 2'il-2.'i7). — A brief account of observations of the insect pests of CasiiUa cUistica in Mexico. Insects destructive to Canadian forests, C. G. Hewitt {Com. Conserv. Canada Rpt., 1 {1910), pp. 142-151). — An address in which the more im- portant insect pests of Canadian forests are briefly discussed. The animal enemies of Pinus cembra, C. Keller {Mitt. Schweiz. Central- anst. Forstl. Versuchsu\, 10 {1910), No. U pp. 3-50, figs. 15; ahs. in Zrntbl. Allg. u. Expt. Biol., 1 {1910), No. 15-16, pp. 552, 553).— A report of studies of the insect and other animal enemies of cembran pine in the forests of the Swiss Alps. Insects destructive to books, W. R. Reinick {8ci. Amer. Sup., 10 {1910), No. 1825 pp. A08-410, figs. 8; Amer, Jour. Pharm., 82 {1910), No. 12, pp. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY, 753 550-562). — The author, who has been investigating the subject for a number of years, presents a summary of the facts discovered and collected. Contributions to a knowledge of the Odonata of the Neotropical Region, exclusive of Mexico and Central America, P. P. Calvert (A^vii. Carnegie Mus., 6 {1909), No. 1, pp. 73-280, pis. 9). — Two hundred and thirty-one species are noted, of which many are described as new. Termites and living plants, J. Chaine (Cotnpt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris'], 68 il910). No. 22, pp. 1087, 1088; 69 (1910), No. 33, pp. U6-l't8) .—The fourth article of this series (E. S. R., 24, p. 56) deals with the effect of the termites' attack upon the plant, the fifth with the beginning of the invasion. Observations on nearctic Capsidae with descriptions of new species, O. M. Eeutek (Acta Soc. Sci. Fermicce, 36 {1909), No. 2, pp. 86+III). — Descriptions of a large number of new species are included in this account. On the life history of Trioza camphorse n. sp. of camphor tree and its injuries, C. Sasaki {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 2 {1910), No. 5, pp. 277-286, pis. 2). — This psyllid occurs in swarms on camphor trees and is the source of considerable injury through the falling off of infested leaves. It is usually found on the camphor trees grown in the main island of Japan, Shikoku, and Kiushu, as well as in Formosa, South China, etc. The characteristics and developmental history of the hemipterous fauna of palearctic conifers, O. M. Reuter {Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicw, 36 {1909), No. 1, pp. 129). — This work includes an annotated list of 304 species, and an extensive bibliography of the literature relating to the Heteroptera, Auchenorrhynchia and P.syllid8e on palearctic conifers. Interim report on froghoppers, F. W. Ukich {Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad, 9 {1910), No. 66, pp. 177-182). — This account of the natural Jiistory and methods of control of froghoppers includes a bibliography of cane blight and froghoppers. Identification of the sugar cane froghopper, F. W. Urich {Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago, 10 {1910), No. 12, pp. 5.25-527).— It is stated that examina- tions made by E. D. Ball have shown the sugar cane froghopper to be Tomaspis varia. While T. postica was taken on sugar cane in Mexico, it is quite different from the species injuring sugar cane in Trinidad. Three additional species of Tomaspis are listed from the island. Notes on the biology of the froghopper, L. H. Gough {Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad, 9 {1910), No. 66, pp. 17^-176).— A preliminary account of the life history studies of the sugar cane froghopper. On spraying for froghoppers, L. H. Gough {Dept. Agr. [Trinidad], Circ. 5 [1910], pp. Jf, pi. 1). — The author finds that the control of the sugar cane froghopper by means of sprays must be limited to fighting the adults as the nymphs are protected by their froth or are underground and inaccessible. A mechanically mixed kerosene and water solution is thought to be the most effective spray. The froghopper fungus, J. B. Roreb {Bui. Dept. Agr. Trinidad, 9 {1910), No. 66, pp. 182-184; aos. in Agr. News [Barbados], 9 {1910), No. 222, pp. 350, 351 ) . — ^A brief account of results of investigations of the entomophthorous fun- gus that attacks the sugar cane froghopper. The fungus concerned is thought to be a species of Oospora. The green muscardine of froghoppers, J. B. Roreb {Proc. Agr. Soc. Trini- dad and Tobago, 10 {1910), No. 11, pp. 467-//82, pi. 1; abs. in Agr. News [Bar- bados], 10 {1911), No. 230, p. 62).— The fungus that attacks the sugar cane froghopper in Trinidad has been identified by R. Thaxter as Metarrhizium ani- sopUce. It is said to be widely distributed and to attack a variety of insects 94492°— No. 8—11 5 754 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. of different orders and in different stages of development. This fungus was first discovered by Metschnilioff in Russia on the larv?e of the wheat cock- chafer, AnisopUa aiistriaca. It has since been reported to attack the curcu- lionid beetle Cleonus punctiventris and silkworms, and a variety of the fungus has been described by Pettit (E. S. R., 7, p. 412) as attacking cutworms of the genus Agriotes. A bibliography of 26 titles accompanies the account. Results of experiments with the froghopper fungus, L. H. GouGH (Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinklad and Tohago, 10 {1910), No. 11, pp. J^6S-J^65) .—The author reports having found this fungus growing on flies and to have experimentally infected flies and a second species of froghopper that infests Hibiscus. In the cultural studies here reported it was found that the fungus grows readily on most artificial media. It attacks nymphs and adults with equal readiness. Nymphs infected in the last stage can molt but succumb to the infection as adults. " The period elapsing between infection and death is from 3 to 7 days. The fungus first appears as a white coating on the underside of the abdomen and on the upper and undersides of the thorax. The victim is usually held firmly in place on the cane-leaf or whatever it is sitting on by a felted mass of hyphfe. In experimental cages dead 'fungus' froghoppers are frequently found on the ground." Two methods of distributing the infection have given successful results. In the first the spores were scraped from potato media and after mixing with flour to increase the bulk were dusted with a powder bellows over the field. In the second the fungus was grown on small chips of potato, and after 14 days' growth the chips were deposited in the angles of top-cane leaves on October 10 and 11. The froghopper fungus and its practical application, L. H. Gough {Dept. Agr. [Tr-inidad], Circ. 6, 1910, pp. 6, figs. 2).— A discussion of the preparation and distribution of the fungus parasite of the sugar cane froghopper as above noted. Contributions to the biological study of Chermes, P. Maechal {Coiwpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 (1910). Nos. 15, pp. 652-651,; 17, pp. 732^731,; 19, pp. 832-834). — Biological notes on Chermes picew, C. nussUni, and C. pmi are here presented. Diaspis pentagona and its insect enemies, A. Berlese (Redia, 6 (1910), No. 2, pp. 29S-3-'i5, pL 1, figs. 11). — An account of D. pentagona, its geographical distribution, food plants, and more important insect enemies. Notes on the Pediculidse, L. G. Neumann (Arch. Par., 13 (1910), No. J,, pp. J/97-537, figs. 31). — An account of 18 species of which 7 are described as new. The diamond-backed cabbage moth (Plutella cruciferarum), W. W. Frog- GATT (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 21(1910), No. 10, pp. 89Jf-899, pi. 1, fig. i).— An ac- count of the life history, habits, and natural enemies of, and control measures for, P. cruciferarvin, a pest of world-wide range that is the source of consider- able injury to cabbages in Australia. The coiling of caterpillars of Epichnopteryx helicinella, C. Vaney and A. CoNTE (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 68 (1910), No. 10, pp. 432-434; a^^s. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1910, No. 5, p. 570).— Bionomic notes are pre- sented. Mealie grubs, C. Fuller (Natal Agr. Jour., 15 (1910), No. 4, PP- 426-436, pis. 2, figs. S). — Notes on the caterpillars of 3 moths, their injury to corn in Natal, and the remedial measures applicable. A cecidoniyiid on mango leaves (Agr. News [Barbados]. 10 (1911), No. 227, p. 10, fig. 1). — Mention is made of an undetermined species of cecidomyiid fly, the larva of which lives in the soft tissue of mango leaves in the island of St. Vincent. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 755 Mosquitoes of Minnesota, K. Taylor {St. Paul Med. Jour., 12 {1910), No. 7, pp. 329-S35). — The author presents a list of 12 species, representing 6 genera, which were found near St. Paul and Minneapolis and in other parts of the State. Malaria and anophelines in the valley of the Clear River, at Tuyen-quang and Hagiang-, C. Mathis and M. Leger {Bui. 8oc. Path. Exot., 3 {1910), No. 'J, pp. 632-636). — The authors have determined the presence of 13 species of anopheline mosquitoes in the vicinity of the Clear River, among which are Myzomia christophersi, Mysorhynchus 'barMrostris, Nyssorhynclius fuliginosus and N. stephensi, species known to transmit the malarial parasite. It is said that in the Tonkin delta where malaria occurs much less frequently Myzomyia rossi and Mysorhynchus sincnsis-pseudopictus, which do not convey malarial infection, are the principal species. Note on an acid-resistant parasite of the larvae of Stegomyia fasciata, J. Legendre {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 69 {1910), No. 21, pp. 19 Jt- 196). — Under the name BacilUis acidophilus stegomyice, the author describes an acid-resistant form that he has observed while rearing the yellow fever mos- quito. Although occurring but rarely in water in the aquarium, sections made of larvse and pupse have shown the alimentary canal to be filled throughout its entire length with this acid-resistant bacillus. The development of the mosquito, however, does not appear to be retarded thereby. Studies in relation to malaria, S. T. Darling {Washington: Isthmian Canal Coin,, 1910, pp. 38). — These biological studies of mosquitoes and their relation to the transmission of malaria have been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 23, p. 561). Studies upon leprosy. — IX, Mosquitoes in relation to the transmission of leprosy, D. H. Currie {Puh. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. 8., Pub. Health Bui. 39 pp. 3-19). — The author concludes that "mosquitoes feeding, under natural conditions, upon cases of nodular leprosy so rarely, if every, imbibe the lepra bacillus that we can exclude them as one of the ordinary means of transference of this bacillus from lepers to the skin of healthy persons. This insect is therefore not of epidemiological importance in this disease." " The reason that mosquitoes that have fed on lepers do not contain the lepra bacilli is that when these insects feed they insert their proboscis directly into a blood vessel and thus obtain bacilli-free blood, unmixed with lymph. The above-mentioned habit alone accounts for the absence of lepra bacilli in mosquitoes that have fed on lepers; the insect neither avoids biting a leprous nodule nor is its digestive tract or the contained fluids capable of altering the morphology of this bacillus in a reasonable length of time." A bibliography of 29 titles relating to the subject is appended. A remedy for the black fly pest in certain streams of the southern penin- sula of Michigan, Cora D. Reeves {Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sd., 12 {1910), pp. 77, 78). — Observations made of Si/mulium venvstimi, which was a great pest at Douglas Lake, Cheboygan County, Mich., in June, 1909, are recorded. Experi- ments conducted by the author indicate that the removal from the stream of smooth objects to which the larvse are attached will greatly lessen the black fly pest. Some observations on the bionomics of Tabanus ditseniatus and T. kingi, H. H. King {Bvl. Ent. Research, 1 {1911), No. //, pp. 265-21 1^, figs. 7).— A re- port of investigations conducted at the Wellcome Tropical Research Labora- tories at Khartum. [Flies], C. W. Stiles {Puh. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. S., Pub. Health Rpts., 25 {1910), No. 50, pp. 1829, 1830).—" If fly-blown fecal material is buried under 17 in. of sterilized sand, flies {Ophrya leucostoma) will crawl through 756 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. the sand and complete their development. When Qy-blown fecal material was buried under 48 in. of clean (unsterilized) sand, flies {Musca domestica) issued from the surface. When fly-blown fecal material was buried under 72 in. of clean (unsterilized) sand, flies (genus and species undetermined) issued from the surface." Studies upon leprosy. — X, Flies in relation to the transmission of lep- rosy, D. H. CuRKiE {Puh. Health and Mar. IIosp. Serv. U. S., PiiTi. Health Bui. 39, pp. 21-^2). — Following an introduction in which the literature is briefly reviewed, transmission experiments with several species of flies found in Honolulu and Kalawao, namely, Musca domestica, Sarcophaga pallincrvis, 8. barJ)ata, Volucella obesa, and an undetermined species of Lucilia are reported. The conclusions drawn are as follows : " The above named flies, when given an opportunity to feed upon leprous fluids, will contain the bacilli in their intestinal tracts and feces for several days after such feeding. The above fact, together with the well-known habits of these flies, make it certain that, given an exposed leprous ulcer, these insects will frequently convey immense num- bers of lepra bacilli, directly or indirectly, to the skins, nasal mucosa, and digestive tracts of healthy persons. Our present state of knowledge does not permit us to determine whether such insect-borne bacilli are or are not capable of infecting persons whose skin and mucosa are thus contaminated ; but until we have more accurate knowledge on this point we are justifled in regarding these insects with grave suspicion as being one of the means of disseminating leprous infection." The natural food of Glossina palpalis, D. Bruce et al. {Proc. Roy. 8oc. [London], Ser. B, 82 {1910), No. B 558, pp. Jt9 0-497). —"Two hundred and twenty G. palpalis were caught on various parts of the lake shore, and at in- tervals extending over several months; they were examined about 24 hours after capture. The examination of their intestinal contents revealed the fact that about 27 per cent contained the remains of blood, the majority of which was of mammalian origin. In the second experiment, 183 G. palpalis were caught at one spot where the food supply was abundant^birds and crocodiles — and the flies were examined at once. A much higher percentage (nearly 60 per cent) contained the remains of a blood meal. The blood in the majority of the flies had been obtained from birds or reptiles, and of these the reptilian blood was twice as frequent as the blood of birds." Mechanical transmission of sleeping sickness by the tsetse fly, D. Bruce ET AL. {Proc. Roy. 8oc. [London], Ser. B, 82 {1910), No. B 558, pp. 498-501).— " The mechanical transmission of sleeping sickness by means of Glossina pal- palis can take place if the transference of the flies from the infected to the healthy animal is instantaneous — that is, by interrupted feeding. This mechani- cal transmission does not take place if an interval of time comes between the feedings. Mechanical transmission plays a much smaller part, if any, in the spread of sleeping sickness than has been supposed." Flies and vermin, W. H. Hamer {Ann. Rpt. Med. Off. Health, County Lorv- don, 18 {1909), App. 4, pp. 9, dgms. 4). — In part 1 of this report, which is de- voted to the fly nuisance, the author deals with the total yield of flies on fly papers, the evidence as to nuisance at particular premises, differences observed in the yield of flies obtained by using difl'erent forms of fly traps, the distri- bution of flies by sexes, and further observations on the relation of the fly to food contamination and to spread of disease, etc. It is said that 2 species of rove beetle, Pterostichus madidus and Calathus cisteloides, were frequently found and always in conjunction with mutilated flies, and that earwigs have a marked partiality for flies. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 757 In part 2 a statistical record is jiresented of tlie results of routine inspection of beds in lodging houses for vermin. Diagrams are given which show the relation in point of time between the prevalance of flies and diarrheal mor- tality in London during the years 1907-1909, the numbers of flies belonging to 6 principal genera caught in balloons and on papers during the summer of 1909, the seasonal prevalence of 6 principal genera of flies, and the seasonal prevalence of bugs, fleas, and lice. Progress report of the investigation of pellagra, L. W. Sambon (Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg. [London'], 13 (1910), Nos. 18, pp. 271-282; 19, pp. 287-300; 20, pp. 305-315; 21, pp. 319-321).— " The many analogies existing between the epidemiology of pellagra and that of the best known insect-borne diseases; the constant association of the disease with Simulium-infested streams; the absence of any other arthropod with similar distribution that might account for it; the striking correlation between the fly and the disease in wide geographical dis- tribution, peculiar topographical exigencies, extraordinary double season ac- tivity, the marked influence of temperature, heavy rains, and inundations; are all facts which strongly point to Simulium as the necessary carrier of pellagra." Sheep maggot fl^y in the West, W. W. Fboggatt (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 21 (1910), No. 10, pp. S00-S92). — A brief report is given of an investigation made in the Trangie district of New South Wales, where this maggot is the source of considerable loss to sheep breeders. " Our investigations show that the damage is caused by the maggots of the 2 common yellow blowflies ( CaUlphova viJlosa and C. Oceania;), found in both the house and the bush all the year round. In winter they deposit eggs upon everything they infest, but in summer the eggs are hatched in the body of the fly and living maggots dropped. In no case have I found any species of the bright green or blue metallic flies, so common about dead sheep, to breed out from maggots taken from blown wool from the backs of live sheep. The de- struction of all material in which these blowflies deposit their eggs or maggots will be the greatest factor in reducing the sheep maggot fly pest." Technical results from the gipsy moth, parasite laboratory. — Investiga- tions into the habits of certain Sarcophagides, T. L. Patterson and W. F. FiSKE (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 19, pt. 3, tech. ser., pp. 25-32).— The authors' experiments here reported " indicate very conclusively that the sar- cophagids in New England do not destroy living gipsy-moth larvae or pupse in the field. From a collection of 2,G60 specimens not a single sarcophagid was reared. In cages the flies would not oviposit on healthy or recently killed cater- pillars or pupse, but did so freely after they became slightly decomposed. First- stage maggots, when placed artificially within living pupse, failed to develop in every instance, showing that the conditions were not favorable for their growth. When living and decomposing larvne or pupse were placed side by side in a cage, the flies selected the latter on which to oviposit, and normal larvse developed." On the biology of Oscinis frit, M. Shestebikov (Isv. Moskov. Selsk. Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron. EIoscou], 16 (1910), No. 3, pp. 207-228, figs. S).— This is an account of studies made by the author in Russia. The carrot fly, J. C. Chapais (Nat. Canad., 37 (1910), No. 6, pp. 84-89).— An account of Psila rosw, the carrot fly or carrot rust-fly. Studies of the natural history of Strepsiptera, N. V. Nassonov, trans, by A. v. SiPiAGiN (Ber. Natiirw. Med. Ver. Innshruclc, 33 (1910), pp. VIII+206, pis. 6, figs. 2). — This consists of translations from the Russian into German of a number of papers by Nassonov and a supplement by K. Hofeneder. Concerning a cysticercoid from a jerboa flea, A. Dampf (Centhl. BaJct. [etc.], 1. Ait., Orig., 54 (1910), No. 5, pp. 452-454, flffs. 2).— Up to the present 758 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. time the larva of Twnia ciicumerina, reported to occur in Pulex serraticeps and P. irritans, lias been the only one known to occur in fleas. The author now describes a cysticercoid found in the abdominal cavity of Mesopsylla eucta n. sp., a flea found on the jerboa (Alactaga jaciilus) of Turkestan and from which tapeworms have not hitherto been recorded. The hooks of this parasite are said to be like those of HymeiioleiHs nana. Life histories of Indian insects, Coleoptera I, H. M. Lefeoy (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Ent. Scr., 2 {1910), No. 8, pp. 139-163, pis. 7).— The beetles here described and figured are PliyUognathus dionysius, Anomala varians, Galerucella singhara, G. rugosa, Apomecyna perttgera, A. histrio, Cylas formicarius, and Clonus hortulanus. On the anatomy and biology of the bark beetle genus Cryphalus, O. NiJssLiN {Natunv. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 8 (1910), No. 6, pp. 289-298, figs. 5). — This first paper deals with the female genitalia. Nuclei for mating queen bees, R. Beuhne (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 8 (1910), No. 11, pp. 695-697, fig. 1). — The ways in which nuclei may be made are here described. Introduction of the St. Vincent Jack Spaniard into Montserrat (Agr. News [Barbados], 9 (1910), No. 224, P- 378).— A brief account of the introduction of Polistes annularis, which destroys the cotton worm, into the island of Mont- serrat. Synonymic and descriptive notes on the chalcidoid family Mymaridae, A. A. GiRAULT (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 18 (1910), No. 4, pp. 233-259, fig. 1).— Descriptions of a genus (Macrocamptoptera) and 3 species new to science are here included. The large larch sawfly, E. Henry (Rev. Eaux et Forets, !t9 (1910), No. 23, pp. 705-710). — It is stated that neither the large (Nonatus crichsonii) nor the small (N. laricis) larcti sawflies have as yet become the source of injury to larch in France. On the morphology and ontogeny of the Acaridse with particular consid- eration of Pediculopsis graminum, E. Eeuter (Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicce, 36 (1909), No. 4, PP- 288, pis. 6, figs. 12). — The author considers the subject in the following manner: (1) The Ecology of P. grammum (pp. 5-16); (2) The Morphology of the Acaridae (pp. 17-114) ; (3) The Ontogeny of the Acaridse (pp. 115-231) ; and (4) Remarks upon the Classification and Phylogeny of the Acaridse (pp. 232-288). A bibliography of the literature relating to the subject is appended. A new filarial species (Filaria mitchelli n. sp.) found in Heloderma suspectum and its larvae in a tick parasitic upon the Gila monster, A. J. Smith (Univ. Penn. Med. Bui., 23 (1910), No. 9, pp. 487-497, figs. 9).— Four of 7 living Gila monsters from Arizona examined by the author were found to be infested by filarial larvse of the species here described as new. Living and actively moving filarial worms were found in ticks attached to this host. Whether the tick is a true immediate host or whether the larval filarise taken into the tick with the blood abstracted from the primary host are eventually destroyed, has not yet been determined. Spraying as an essential part of profitable apple orcharding, R. A. Emer- son, R. F. Howard, and V. V. Westgate (Nebraska Sta. Bui. 119, pp. 3-26, figs. 8). — This bulletin discusses the cost of, and results obtained from, spraying small orchards, cooperation in spraying small orchards, and gives directions for the preparation and application of insecticides and fungicides. The authors report that during the past 5 years demonstrations have been made in 22 orchards, representing 18 localities in 13 counties of the State. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 759 Absorption of arsenic by apples from spray, P. J. O'Gara (Better Fruit, .5 {1911), No. 8, pp. 28, 29, fig. 1). — A preliminary report of investigations, ex- tending over a period of 3 years, on the spotting of apples by arsenate of lead. "A careful exainiuation of the spotted apples shows that only the epidermal and subepidermal cells are injured. . . . The spotting may be only a peculiar red mottling, with more or less distinct outlines, or it may be entirely black, with distinct margins. It varies, however, with the different varieties, and there are all gradations of injury. This injury may appear before the fruit is harvested, depending upon the season, but in most cases it becomes apparent only after the apples have been packed and have remained in storage for a short time." It is said that the spot in no way resembles the " Baldwin spot" which always affects the tissues beneath the epidermis. The author finds that the injury is not caused by climatic or cultural condi- tions, late harvesting and overripeness, or weak poorly fertilized trees. " In one particular orchard, with the trees in the very best condition, and which grew prize fruit, the greatest amount of injury was found. . . . An orchard of a few trees, which had received no spray treatments for the past 2 years, and which had received no other attention, did not develop a single spotted fruit excepting those that were purposely sprayed with a soluble arsenical for experimental purposes." Analyses made of 10 gm. samples of the epidermis and subepidermal tissues of Newtown and Si)itzenberg varieties " showed that the black and red spots contained from 0.03 to 0.05 mg., while the apparently sound skins showed 0.025 mg. of arsenic. . . . One analysis of very badly spotted Spitzenberg showed a quantity of arsenic, which, calculated as arsenic oxid (AS2O5), equaled about 0.3 mg., or approximately 0.005 grains." It is pointed out that there is no danger from eating such apples, as at least 0.005 gm. are required to produce a marked effect. The author advocates the use of at least 1 lb. of unslacked lime with each pound of lead arsenate. Paris green, T. E. Keitt (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. ^5-^9). — This is a report of analyses made of 10 lots of Paris green purchased fi-om different dealers. These samples were found to be unadulterated, the aulyses showing them to be a high-grade lot. FOODS— HITMAN NUTRITION. Chemistry of food and nutrition, H. C. Sherman (New York, 1911, pp. VIII +355, figs. 3). — The present work, which is the outgrowth of the author's experience in teaching the subject to collegiate and technical students, takes up the fundamental theories of nutrition, the various chapters dealing with organic foodstuffs, the general composition of foods and action of ferments, the course of the food through the digestive tract, the fate of the foodstuffs in metabolism, the fuel value of food and the energy requirement of the body, conditions affect- ing the total food requirement, protein metabolism and the protein requirement, food habits and dietary standards, iron in food and its functions in nutrition, inorganic foodstuffs and the mineral metabolism, and criteria of nutritive value and economy of foods. In an appendix are given a table showing the edible organic nutrients and fuel values of foods, together with the weight in grams of the portion which would supply 100 calories; a table showing the ash con- stituents of foods in percentage of the edible portion ; and a table showing the ash constituents of foods in grams per 100 calories of edible food material. According to the author, the purpose of the volume has been to present the principles of the chemistry of food and nutrition with special reference to the 760 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. food requirements of man and the considerations whicli should underlie one's judgment of the nutritive value of food, the subject being considered chiefly with reference to the nutritive relations of food. The numerous references to the literature of the subject which follow each chapter and the detailed index add much to the usefulness of the volume. Japanese meat inspection, G. N. West {Dailij Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], J4 (1911), No. JfS, p. 704). — Brief statements are made regarding the inspection and slaughtering of cattle in Kobe and Osaka. " It would appear that the precautions to insure that only sound and healthy fresh meat is placed on the market are ample to protect the public, and that the abattoirs are kept in cleanly condition." Information is also given regarding 2 canneries where chestnuts, bamboo sprouts, and mushrooms are preserved. "■ In neither of them was there any inspection of the vegetables canned or regulation governing cleanliness." The comparative rate of decomposition in drawn and undrawn market poultry, Maky E. Pennington (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 70, pp. 22, charts 6). — The investigation, briefly summarized, was made with 11 shipments of dry-picked, dry-chilled, and dry-packed unwashed fowls killed, transported, handled, and marketed under commercial conditions. The fowls were studied at every stage of marketing from the packer to the consumer, " the marketing throughout being in the market sense ' prompt.' " The data obtained showed that " undrawn poultry decomposes more slowly than does poultry which has been either wholly or partially eviscerated. " ' Full-drawn ' poultry, that is, completely eviscerated, with heads and feet removed, decomposes the most rapidly. " ' Boston drawn ' and ' wire drawn ' stand midway between the undrawn and full-drawn in speed of decomposition. The ' wire drawn,' which is most like the undrawn, is usually the better." " The effect of different methods of dressing in the case of delayed marketing is now under investigation." Chemical and bacteriological data are summarized in an appendix. Drawn v. undrawn poultry, Maby E. Pennington (Ice and Refrig., J/0 (1911), No. 2, pp. 59-62, charts 6). — On the basis of her investigations noted above, the author discusses the effects of different methods of handling and storing poultry. [Baking' tests], L. R. Waldron (North Dakota 8ta., Rpt. Dickinson 8ubsta. 1910, pp. JjS, .'ill). — In the comparison made of the different varieties of wheats of the crop of 1909 the Galgalos wheat flour produced the largest loaf, with Ghirka second. The color of the Galgalos wheat bread " was very good, and was only exceeded by the Ghirka loaf." The Bowman wheat produced the largest number of loaves from the patent flour obtained per bushel of wheat; on the other hand, it produced the fewest loaves per barrel of patent flour. The Ghirka flour yielded only 36 pound loaves per bushel of wheat. In the test carried on in 1910 the largest loaf was obtained from Ghirka and Red Fife wheats, and the bread was also of very good color. The smallest loaves were obtained from some of the durum wheats tested. The number of 1-lb. loaves obtained from a barrel of patent flour was 278 for Red Fife, as com- pared with 275 for Kubauka and 273 for Ghirka. " The flour of the Red Fife would seem to be excellent both from the standpoint of the housekeeper and the baker. The milling value of the Ghirka wheat is good, but it is somewhat inferior to the Red Fife." Wheat investig'ations — milling', baking, and chemical tests, E. F. Ladd and C. H. Bailey (Norh Dakota 8ta. Bill. 89, pp. J/,-SO).— An extended study of the milling quality, the chemical composition, and the baking quality of wheats FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 761 grown in 1908 and 1900 was carried on in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 20, p, 859). A few samples of flour submitted to the station were included to the test but with these exceptions the wheats studied comprised hard red winter wheats, hard red spring wheats, and durum wheats, collected for the work. As shown by the results of the investigations, there was a wide range in quality and composition in each class of wheat. With respect to quality the authors believe no hard and fast lines of division can be drawn between the classes. The hard wheats as a whole yielded flours highest in baking strength, and this was also characteristic of the hard spring wheats. In the case of the wheats grown in 1908 the samples obtained from points west of the Red River Valley yielded flour of better quality than those from the valley counties. In the case of the 1909 crop the differences were less noticeable. "Hard red winter (Turkey) wheats raised in the northwest did not yield flour of as good quality as the same wheat raised in sections of Kansas and Nebraska, although the flours contained a higher average percentage of crude protein. " The average durum patent flour, when properly milled, will yield bread of good quality, although somewhat yellow in color. " The quality of durum wheats is higher when produced in the drier sections of the State." In order to ascertain the influence which wetting or tempering has upon the yield and quality of flour, tests were undertaken with durum wheats. " While the results were not conclusive, they seem to indicate that the best general re- sults were obtained when the wheat was wet and allowed to stand for 16 to 20 hours, then heated or steamed immediately before going to the rolls. While most merchant mills do not have sufficient storage capacity to enable them to handle the wheat in this manner, these investigations made evident that thorough wetting and storing for as long a time as is ixissible up to 20 hours or even longer, is to be recommended." The Humphries process of treating- flour (Millers' Gaz., 3'/ (1911), No. 4^, pp. 5.'f6-5-'f8, Jiffs. 7). — A popular summary of the effect upon the size and shape of the loaf of adding bran products to flour and also of the effects of the water used for spraying the wheat during milling. It is claimed that if a water ex- tract of bran products is added in bread making, ash constituents excluded in the manufacture of white flour are restored to the bread. Changes in the weight of stored flour and butter, J. T. Willakd (Bui. Kans. Bd. Health, 7 (1911), No. 1, pp. 9-llf). — With a view to securing data for use in food inspection work, studies were made of the losses of flour and butter when stored under commercial conditions. Twenty-seven sacks of flour weighing close to 48 lbs. each were stored for a year and weighed at intervals, the test beginning in August. The sacks were piled in 3 layers of 9 sacks each in an airy room heated to ordinary temperature aud screened for protection from mice. The average loss per sack per year was 0.52 lb. The greatest loss in weight, 0.79 lb. per sack, was noted at the end of 8 months, showing that there was a slight gain in weight during the spring and summer months. " It will be seen that it would be quite possible for flour to leave the mill with sacks containing the full amount required and yet be short in weight at a later date, due to loss of moisture." The loss of water during storage under different conditions was studied with samples of butter packed in tubs and in pound prints wrapped in parchment paper and placed in paraffin cartons. Part of the cartons were packed in a wooden case and others were stored separately. In comparison with these 762 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, samples, which were placed in cold storage, another lot of wrapped prints in cartons were stored in a room kept at ordinary living temperature. The samples were under observation from the end of December until the begin- ning of the following July. The wooden case containing butter prints remained unaltered in weight. The tub. which originally contained 64.5 lbs., lost 3.5 lbs. in weight, and the individual prints in cold storage lost on an average 12.4 gm. each. The prints stored in a room at ordinary living temperature lost on an average 25 gm. each. Butter prints wrapped in double parclimeut paper and encased in paraffined cartons covered with an outside wrapping paper were also tested, being stored in an open refrigerator in a room heated to some extent, and in cold storage, a part of the samples being packed in a parafiiued fiber-board carrying case. In 3 months the butter stored in the open refrigerator lost on an average 15.8 gm. per print. The wrapped prints lost on an average 5.4 gm. each when in storage for 4.5 months, while the wrapped prints in the paralHned pasteboard carrier remained unchanged in weight. " The results with butter show that prints wrapped in parchment paper and pai'aflined carton and packed in cases remain constant in weight, but that such prints on prolonged exposure out of the case will lose slightly. It is evident that loss during the time that the retailer would have them out of the case would be unappreciable. Butter packed in wooden tubs will lose somewhat in weight, the water evidently being carried through by the fiber of the wood and evaporating." The leavening agent in salt-rising bread, Winona Woodward {Jour. Home Econ., 3 {1911), No. 1, pp. 100, 101). — The conclusion was reached that the fermentation occurring in salt-rising bread may be due to the presence of one or more organisms accidentally in the corn meal from which the batter used in starting the bread is made, or introduced in some similar way. The organism isolated was not a yeast but belonged to some other group. "Additional study of the matter should be undertaken and it would be interest- ing to compare the flavor and quality of the bread when different micro- organisms are present. . . . "A practical deduction from the work reported is that sterilizing the milk before mixing the batter is desirable, since more uniform results may then be expected and a product secured which does not have the unpleasant odor often associated with salt-rising bread." Bedouin desert bread, J. D. Whiting {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. \U. S.], IJf {1911), No. 89, pp. 630, 631).— An account is given of the manufacture of bread from the seed of samh {Jlesembri/antheinum forskahlii) , a small plant which grows wild over desert areas where nothing is cultivated, since the rain is insuflicient for growing grain. According to the information which the author could gather, the plant "grows in a clayey, sandy, saline soil, and where very little rain falls; it ripens about the same time as barley, but, contrary to most other plants, the seed pods do not open when ripe. They are affected by dampness but not by heat, which enables the Bedouin to collect them all summer. " Possibly this plant might thrive in some arid region in the United States, and while it never might be used for human food, examination might show it to have an economic value." Toxic material in vegetable butter and vegetable fat, J. Hertkoen ( Chem. Ztg., 3J, {1910), No. 155, pp. 1381, 1382).— Since crude vegetable fats may con- tain harmful substances, the author insists that such materials should be thoroughly rectified before they are used in the manufacture of vegetable FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION, 763 butter substitutes and also insists upou the need for thoroughly purifying animal fats. Perennial rice in Senegal, P. Ammann {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 70 (1910), No. 10, pp. 893-900). — According to the author, various wild or spon- taneous rices have been observed in Senegal, but the variety described differs from others in that it si^reads by means of rhizomes and may be propagated by this method as well as by seed. The presence of this root system also aids the plant in surviving through an S months' dry season. Analyses are reiwrted of this rice, of a wild and a cultivated rice of the same region, and of the stalks which, together with the young shoots, are used as fodder. In the author's opinion propagation of this perennial rice is prob- ably easy and he believes the plant might be improved by hybridizing. Data regarding the composition of perennial rice (plant and seed), wild rice, and rice cultivated locally follow : Composition of perennial rice and other rice samples. Material. Water. Protein. Fat. Starch. Total cel- lulose. Sacehari- fiable cel- lulose Ash. ' Undeter- mined. Per ct. 13.81 12.24 12.10 16.90 69.30 Per ct. 5.80 7.74 0.24 3.0G 2.15 Per ct. 2.05 l.GO 2.00 .72 .39 Per ct. 70.50 69.80 70. 20 Per ct. 2.35 2.15 2.70 21.55 10.44 Per ct. 4.50 4.00 4.80 45.45 9.30 Per ct. 0.58 .80 .70 9.94 2.50 Per ft. 0.41 Wild rice from Niafounk^ Cultivated rice from Niafounke. Peremiial rice, stalks dry Perennial rice, stalks green 1.67 1.26 2.38 5.92 Pomegranates {Pure Products, 7 {1911), No. 2, pp. 66, 67). — Data regard- ing the composition and uses of pomegranate are summarized, particularly with reference to the making of pomegranate sirup, which is commonly known as grenadine sirup. The preservation of fruit juices with fluoric acid, II, R. Cohn {Ztschr. Offentl. Chein., 17 {1911). No. 1, pp. 2-12). — Analytical and other data are presented which have to do with the use of fluoric acid as a preservative, its • subsequent removal from the material preserved, and the status of such goods under the pure-food law. Studies of the use of fluorids in preserved tomatoes, E. Cablinfanti and R. TuFFi {Arch. Farmacol. Spcr. e. 8ci. Aff., 8 {1909), Nos. 8, pp. 377-38Jf; 9, pp. S85-39'f) .—A large number of samples of preserved tomatoes were studied. Salts of tin in canned sardines, E. W. Duckwall {Cannier and Dried Fruit Packer, 32 {1911), No. 2, pp. 36, 38). — Almost no bacteria and only very small quantities of dissolved tin were found in 4 samples of sardines. In the case of other samples examined tin at the rate of 2.2 grains per pound in one case and 2.8 grains per pound in another was noted, the latter being sardines packed in vinegar, oil, and mustard, in which, as the author points out, " the corrosive action ... Is increased by the other ingredients." Concerning coffee, K. Gorter {Liebig's Ann. Chem., 379 (1911), No. 1, pp. 110-130).— The author has continued his investigations of chlorogenic acid from coffee previously reported (E. S. R., 20, p. 262). Concerning coffee glazes, E. von Raumer (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 21 (1911), No. 2, pp. 102-109) .—Since changes in the German coffee duties have been in force the soluble coffee glazes are again noted. With a view to securing data concerning such materials, the author reports the results of the examination of unglazed and glazed coffees and the composition of a coffee glaze. 764 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Food inspection decision (U. S. Bept. Agr., Food Insp. Decision 131, pp. 2). — This decision has to do with the amended requirements for evaporated milk. Henceforth the fat percentage must not be less than 7.8 and the sum of the per- centages of fat and total solids not less than 34.3. Notices of judgment ( U. 8. Bept. Agr., Notices of Judgment IJfl, pp. 2; 7^2, pp. 3; 743-7U, p. 1 eacli; 745, pp. 2; 746-747, p. 1 each; 750, pp. 14; 751, p. 1; 754, pp. 2; 760-762, p. 1 each; 763-764, pp. 2 each; 765-767, p. 1 eacfe).— These notices of judgment have to do with the adulteration of tomato pulp, desiccated egg product, tomato paste, tomato catsup, catsup, mince-meat, and belladonna root, powdered henbane, powdered gentian root, and powdered cloves-amboyna ; the misbranding of drug products, liqueur " curacao," olive oil, and extract of wintergreen ; and the adulteration and misbranding of soft drinks and tomato paste. [Examination of food and drug's], R. E. Rose {Fla. Quart. Bui. Bept. Agr., 21 (1911), No. 1, pp. 103-138). — Data are given regarding the examination of a large number of samples of beverages, confectionery, sweet potato flour, cassava flour, dairy products, drugs, and other materials under the provisions of the state pure-food law. [Examination of foods, and other food topics], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (North Bakota Sta. Spec. Bui. 30, pp. 287-296, 298-302).— This in- cludes analyses of 34 samples of canned tomatoes, a considerable number of water analyses, a list of beverages registered for 1911, some data regarding the labeling of sardines as to weight, a discussion of cold storage food products, and other data. Biennial report of the state chemist, 1909—10, H. Harms (Bien. Rpts. State Bainj and Food Comr., State Chcni., and State Bairy and Food Bur. Utah, 1909-10, pp. 73-156). — This report contains data regarding the examina- tion of samples of evaporated milk, cream, and other dairy products, oleomar- garine, baking powder, canned goods, olive and salad oils, and miscellaneous food materials. Food customs and diet in American homes, C. F. Langworthy ( U. S. Bept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 110, pp. 32). — This circular is a revision and ex- tension of an article published in the Yearbook of the Department for 1907 (E. S. R., 20, p. 264). It discusses popular ideas regarding diet, food habits and their origin, and methods of making and recording food investigations, studies of the kind of food eaten in American homes, the adequacy of the aver- age American diet, and other topics which have to do with the use in the home of agricultural food products, and presents a summary of the results of dietary studies and digestion experiments. The information summarized is very largely drawn from the results of experi- ments carried on and data collected as part of the nutrition investigations of this Office. [Report of subsistence officer in charg'e of the subsistence department, Isthmian Canal Commission], E. T. Wilson (Ann. Rpt. Istlunian Canal Com., 1910, pp. 323-325). — This report contains data regarding the kind and cost of food supplied at the Isthmian Canal Commission hotels and messes. The total number of hotels in operation on June 30, 1910, was 19; European laborers' messes, 19; and common laborers' kitchens, 20. The total revenue for the year from the line hotels, messes, and kitchens was $1,350,658.05, and the total expenses were $248,313.71. The total number of meals served at Isthmian Canal Commission hotels was 2,176,451 ; the cost for supplies was 24.87 cts. per meal, and the expense involved was 6.23 cts. per meal. The total number of rations furnished in European laborers' messes was 1,092,487, which cost 30.18 cts. per ration for food including ice, and 6.66 cts. per ration for expense. The FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION. 765 total number of rations served in common laborers' kitchens was 781,746, which cost 22.66 cts. for food, and 4.63 cts. for expense. The average daily attendance during June, 1910, in the kitchens was 1,496 ; in the messes, 3,178 ; and in the line hotels, 1,915. [Using average values for the composition of foods as purchased, it has been calculated that the European laborers' messes would supply 201 gm. protein and 5,428 calories energy per person per day, and the common laborers' kitchens 148 gm. protein and 4,6S0 calories energy. The amounts actually eaten were not calculated, as no data regarding the waste and refuse were available.] Increased expenditures of poor families in the German Empire {Erhe- hungcii von Wirtschaftsrechnungcn minderhemitteUer Familicn im Deutschen Reich, bearheitet im EaiserUch Statistischen Amte, Aiteilung fur Arbeiterstatis- tik. Berlin, 1009, pp. 77+229; Reichs ArheitsU., 7 {1909), Spec. No. 2; abs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 20 (1910), No. 15, pp. 8^S, 8-)9).— Statistical data regarding expenditures of working men's families are summarized. Considering 852 fami- lies, the expenditure for food and condiments was 45.6 per cent of the total. Growth and nutrition, H. Aron {Biocliem. Ztschr., 30 (1910), No. 3-/f, pp. 207-226). — From his experiments the author concludes that the force which he calls " growth tendency " is more noticeable in the skeleton than in other parts of the body. If an animal fasts the skeleton grows at the expense of the rest of the body, the fatty tissues being used iirst, and the other organs later, since the more important organs are also the more resistant. In his opinion the force which induces growth is resident in the skeletal framework, the muscular tissue possessing apparently no specific " growth tendency," but, perhaps owing to mechanical forces, following the skeleton in its growth provided the nutrition is sufBcient to permit it. Experimental data are discussed with reference to the relative development of the subjects (dogs) and to some extent with reference to the general problem of animal feeding. Concerning' the nutrition of fish, A. LiPSCHiJTz (Ztschr. Allg. Physiol., 12 (1911), No. li-2, pp. 59-117). — Experimental studies which include the measure- ment of oxygen consumed are reported and discussed. The metabolism of fish during fasting, A. Lipschijtz (Ztschr. Allg. Phy- siol., 12 (1911), No. 1-2, pp. 118-12^). — Experimental studies are reported. When asparagin, glucosamin, and grape sugar were dissolved in the water in which carp were kept, these organic substances were not utilized as food, and the general conclusion is drawn that such dissolved organic compounds can not be utilized. Fasting studies.— I, Nitrogen partition and physiological resistance as influenced by repeated fasting, P. E. Howe and P. B. Hawk (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 33 (1911), No. 2, pp. 215-25.'/, dgm. 1). — The investigation which was made included 2 fasting periods separated by a period during which the subject (a dog) was carefully fed. Quotations from the authors' summary follow : "A consideration of the summation of the nitrogen balances [reported] shows that there is a minimum amount of nitrogen which must be present in the body in order that life shall exist. . . . "Assuming the accuracy of the theory that the urinary creatin represents disintegrated muscular tissue and calculating accordingly, a discrepancy exists between the calculated mass of muscular tissue lost, when considered from the standpoint of total nitrogen and creatin nitrogen respectively. When all the facts in this connection are taken into consideration it is apparent that over 50 per cent of the total nitrogen had a source other than the muscular tissue. 7g6 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. "The creatin content of muscle showed a marked decrease (over 60 per cent) as a result of fasting, while the nitrogen content of similar muscle was but slightly lowered. This pronounced decrease of creatin found by us in fasting muscle is a most significant fact and shows clearly that in fasting we can not, with accuracy, consider the total amount of excreted creatin as resulting from the complete and permanent disintegration of muscular tissue. It appears that the creatin of the urine is derived either from disintegrating muscular tissue or Is removed in some manner from such tissues which are still func- tioning within the body. "As a result of our experiments we have shown that in repeated fasting there is a slower and less profound tissue disintegration during the second fast, indicating a greater resistance of the body acquired as a result of the initial fast. This increased resistance, noted in our experiments, following fasting may indicate that the 'repeated fast,' if properly regulated, may possess important therapeutic properties." The effect upon the glycog'en content of the liver of feeding different kinds of sugar, H. Haffmans {Uher den Einfluss der Futterung verschiedener Zuckerarten auf den Glijlwgengehalt der Leher. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1910, pp. 60). — The experiments reported were made with dogs. Considering the amount of glycogen in the liver of the control animal as 1, the relative amounts of glycogen accumulated S hours after feeding the different sugars were as follows : Sacchrose, 2.8.3 ; lactose, 1.2.5 : dextrose. 4.06 ; maltose, 1.47; galactose, 1.43; and levulose, 2.99. On the same basis of comparison, in a 16-hour period, the amounts ranged from 1..51 with levulose to 5.16 with saccharose, while in an 8-day period the values were 4.08 for saccharose, 1.39 for lactose, and 3.63 for dextrose. Concerning the metabolism of phosphorus in the animal body, F. Rogozin- SKi {Bui. Internat. Acad. Sci. Cracovie, CI. Sci. Math, et Nat., Ser. B, 1910, No. 4, pp. 260-312; ais. in Chem. ZentU., 1910, II, No. 20, p. 1549).— In experi- ments with dogs it was not found that sodium phosphate, phytin, or lecithin exercised any appreciable effect upon the renal excretion of nitrogen or upon nitrogen or phosphoric acid gains. The phosphoric acid of the sodium phosphate and lecithin underwent cleavage in the body and apparently was excreted quantitatively in the urine as inor- ganic phosphate. Of the phosphoric acid of phytin only about 30 per cent appeared in the urine, the remainder being apparently excreted unchanged in the feces. On the other hand, in experiments with man phytin apparently undergoes complete cleavage in the digestive tract ; owing in part to the action of the intestinal bacteria. This conclusion was reached since the author found that hi experiments in vitro the phosphoric acid was thus split off from the phytin present in feces. A small part of the phosphoric acid of phytin is apparently retained by man, while the remainder is excreted in the feces as inorganic phosphate. When phytin was taken per os inosit was not identified in the urine. An inquiry into some chemical factors of fatigue, W. Bukeidge (Jour. Physiol, 41 {1910), No. 5, pp. 285-307, figs. 8).— lu a study of the effects of different substances on fatigue, the author found that the motor nerve endings of the muscle were more susceptible to the action of each of the possible fatigue substances examined than was the case with any of the other elements in a muscle and nex've preparation. " Evidence has been brought forward for believing that free circulating potas- sium salts, having their origin in working muscles, form an important factor in the general fatigue observable after heavy work." ANIMAL, PRODUCTION. 767 " The action of potassium salts never appeared to be poisonous, for a complete recovery of a muscle and nerve was obtained after perfusion of all concentra- tions of tbe salt. . . . " Tbe action of lactic acid corresponded closely with that due to tbe excessive fatigue of an overworked muscle. Tbe nerve endings were very markedly affected, and their subsequent recovery from tbe effects of the acid took some time. The effects produced are almost entirely due to tbe hydrogen ion. " Under tbe conditions assumed to exist in a bard working muscle, even such traces of lactic acid as have been found in ' resting ' muscle were found capable of abolishing tbe indirect response for some time. Hence it was considered that lactic acid must be neutralized, and that tbe limit of tbe working capacity of the intact muscle is reached at tbe stage when lactic acid has been produced so as to be present in the free condition beyond the merest traces. When such free lactic acid is present, tbe subsequent recovery of tbe indirect response will show a more or less marked delay, e. g., stiffness. "A possible role of creatin is tbe neutralization of lactic acid ; and where this is insufficient, ammonium lactate, with subsequent formation of purins, may represent a further attempt at such neutralization. " The hydrogen ion is a necessary concomitant of waves of variation in the response of a fatigued muscle." Contribution to the physiology of the intestine, U. Lombeoso (Arch. Far- maool. Sper. e. Sci. Aff., 0 (1910), Nos. 6, pp. 262-288; 7, pp. 289-298).— A series of experiments which have to do with the functions of the intestinal tract is reported and discussed. The bacillus of long' life, L. M. Douglas (London wnd Edinburgh, 1911, pp. YII-\-16-'i, pis. 57, figs. 5). — Tbe author has collected and summarized a large amount of historical and other data with reference to tbe theory that the use in the diet of soured milks of different sorts tends to prevent putrefactive changes in the intestine and so favors health and longevity. Such subjects are con- sidered as tbe bacteriology of fermented or soured milk, tbe preparation of soured milk in the house and in the dairy, and soured milk in health and dis- ease. The book, as a whole, is a collection of data which might be considered as favoring the theory advanced rather than of evidence on tbe question as a whole. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Nutritive value of cholla fruit, A. E. Vinson and W. H. Ross (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 396, 397). — From the digestive coefficients found for cholla fruit (Opuntia fulgida) and from other investigations it is estimated that not less than 45 lbs. of cholla fruit would be required daily for a sheep of 120 lbs. shorn live weight. This would contain over 1.3 lbs. of mineral matter, of which 0.5 lb. would be absorbed and require elimination by tbe kidneys. On one- fourth of this amount of cholla fruit, supplemented by a little alfalfa, the feces would no longer remain normal, and any marked increase would lead to scouring. A nitrogen metabolism experiment with cholla fruit, supplemented by alfalfa and water-grass hay, showed that a sheep receiving 2 oz. of alfalfa daily and cholla fruit would not be able to maintain indefinitely its nitrogen equilibrium. When about i lb. of alfalfa and a like amount of water-grass hay was given with cholla fruit ad libitum, of which about 4 lbs. was eaten, the nitrogen balance was restored. From these results it is estimated that from ^ to i lb. of alfalfa and 6 or more pounds of cholla fruit would maintain a sheep indefinitely in a lean but 768 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ]iealtlay condition. No injurious effects were observed to follow cholla feeding. It is stated that somewhat more favorable results may be anticipated with cattle. On the effect and suitability of poppy-seed cake, A. Kemnek (Ueber die Wirkung und Gedeihlichkeit der MoJmkiichen. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1909, pp. 2Jf). — Poppy-seed cake obtained from the East Indies was fed in rations to swine, milch goats, and cows without apparent harmful effect. The milk of the lactating animals was not changed in any perceptible manner, and the cake is recommended as a suitable feed for stock. The feeding of sugar, sugar beets, and by-products of sugar-beet fac- tories in 1910, A. Stift {Wiener Landiv. Ztg., 61 {1911), No. 14, pp. l-'i.'t, 145). — ^A summary of some experiments in feeding animals made during the year. The present status of the beet-leaf drying industry, L. Kuhle {Deut. Zuckerindus., 35 {1910), No. 45, Beilagc 1, pp. 861-S64). — This paper discusses the various methods and the machinery for drying beet leaves, the use of the product for feeding animals, and a report by the experiment station at Mockern in regard to the composition of the product and its feeding value. Details in regard to the cost of production are given. Commercial feeding stuffs, E. H. Jenkins and J. P. Street {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1909-10, pt. 8, pq). 619-656). — ^Analyses are reported of maize, linseed meal, cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed feed, wheat, rye, oats, barley, maize, and buckwheat products, gluten feed, malt sprouts, distillers' grains, brewers' grains, alfalfa products, and mixed feeds. There are also comments on the state law regulating feeding stuffs. Average composition of commercial feeding stuffs, R. E. Rose and E. P. Greene {Fla. Quart. Bill. Dcpt. Agr., 21 {1911), No. 1, pp. 35-37, 83-102).— Analyses are reported of cotton-seed and linseed meals, wheat by-products, corn, corn meal, corn cobs, corn-an.d-cob meal, hominy feed, barley, barley sprouts, oats, rice, rice by-products, rye, rye bran, cowpeas, cowpea hay, velvet beans and hulls, velvet bean hay, beggar weed hay, Japanese kudzu hay, gluten feed, beef scrap, giant millet, maiden cane hay, blood meal, and mixed feeds. Inspection and analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, W. F. Hand et al. (Alississippi Sta. Bui. 144, PP- 69). — Analyses are reported of corn chop, wheat products, rice products, and proprietary mixed feeds. A brief discussion of some principles of animal nutrition are given, with rations for different kinds of live stock and notes on the state feeding stuff law. Inspection and analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, W. F. Hand et al. {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 145, pp. 3-25). — Continuing the work noted above, analyses are reported of 205 samples of corn chop, wheat products, rice prod- ucts, hominy feed, and various proprietary mixed feeds. Stock feeds, G. M. MacNider, E. W. Thornton and W. H. Stbowd {Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 31 {1910), No. 11, pp. 6//).— Analyses are reported of wheat and wheat products, flour, shipstuff, by-products of rye and rice, oat feed, corn and oat chop, molasses and mixed feeds, dried beet pulp, hominy feed, cotton- seed meal, peanut meal and hulls, gluten feed, cracked corn, meat meal, fircreenings. and poultry feeds. ^ [Analyses of feeding stuffs], T. E. Keitt {South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 42-45). — The chemical analysis of a sample of kudzu vine gave the follow- ing percentages: Water 69.4, protein 5.48, fat 1.05, nitrogen-free extract 13.58, fiber 8.25, and ash 2.24, and when air-dried contained 7.07 per cent of water. Analyses are also reported of cowpea vine, rice meal, cotton-seed meal, bran, beet pulp, and mixed feeds. ANIMAL, PRODUCTION. 769 Analyses of feeding stuffs, H. Immendorff (Bci: Landw. Vers. Stat. Univ. Jena, 190D, pp. 11-15). — ^Analyses are reported of cotton-seed meal, peanut cake meal, palm nut cake meal, linseed cake meal, rice meal, dried brewers' grains, and sesame cake. Feeding stuffs, P. Liechti (Landw. Jahrt). ScMoeis, 24 (1910), No. 7, pp. 530-539). — Analyses of sesame-oil cake, peanut cake, linseed cake, wheat bran, dried brewers' grains, fish meal, soy beans, soy-bean cake, and mixed feeds are reported. Analyses of stock foods and Victorian native and introduced grasses, P. R. Scott (Rept. Dept. Agr. [Victoria], 1907-1910, irp. 25-27).— The stock foods analyzed included oat hulls, oat branning, maize meal, malt combings, malt kiln dust, and molasses. The analyses of the native plants included Polygonum minus, bracken fern (Pteris aquilina) , and the following grasses : Paramatta rat tail (Sporoholus indicus), kangaroo (Anthistiria oiliata), wallaby (Danthonia semiannularis) , fine-leaved wallaby (D.peniciUata), panic (Ehrharta stipoides), meadow or weeping rice (Microl(sna stipoides) , toothed hent (Agrostis solandri or "Deyeuxia forsterii), Australian love (Eragrostis broionii), king's clover (Meli- lotus officinalis and Eleusine germinata), long-haired plume or mouse (Diche- lachne crinita), wheat (Agropyrum scaUnm), corkscrew (Stipa setacea), small-fiowered love (Eragrostis pilosa), mat (Hermarthria compressa), rough feather (Stipa scahra), blady (Imperata arundinacea) , and wiry (Poa cwspi- tosa). The introduced plants included the hog weed (Polygonum aviculare), Plantago lanceolata, and the following grasses: Cocksfoot (Dactylis glom- erata), prairie (Bromus unioloidcs), English rye (Lolium perenne), buffalo (Stenotaphriim amencanuni) , couch (Cynodon dactylon), Kentucky blue (Poa. pratensis), summer reddish panic (Panicum sanguinale), pigeon or black-beaked panic (Scfaria viridis, var. imberhis), Toowomba canary (Phalaris commutata), long-styled feather (Pennisetum, longistylum) , herd's or Florin (Agrostis alba), and golden crown (Paspaluni dilatatum). Notices of judgment (U. S. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 7^8, p. 1; 749, pp. 2; 752, pp. 2; 755, p. 1; 756, pp. 2; 757, p. 1; 758, pp. 2; 759, p. i),— These relate to the adulteration and misbrandiug of oats and cotton-seed meal. Feeds and feeding, W. A. Henry (Madison, Wis., 1910, 10. ed., rev., pp. VIII+613).—A new edition of this standard work (E. S. R., 10 p. 82), so written as to include the results of recent investigations. The scientific feeding of animals, O. Kellneb, trans, by W. Goodwin (Lon- don, 1909, pp. XlII+40.!i)-—A translation and abridgment of this well-known treatise. On the necessity for increasing animal production, B. Moeeschi (Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital., 15 (1910), No. 7, pp. 277-294)-— A statistical accoimt of the output of animals and animal products in Italy, with suggestions for increasing it in quantity and quality. The essential factors in the acclimatization of European animals in warm countries, Meuleman (Lcs Factenrs Essciitiels dc UAcclimatement du betail Europeen dans les Pays Chauds. Paris: Assoc. Sci. Internat. Agron. Colon., 1909, pp. 23). — ^A discussion of the effect of humidity and temperature on the animal body, with notes on some tropical parasites of animals. Contribution to the study of the acclimatization of European animals in Costa Rica, F. Peralta (Contribution a U Etude de L'Acclimatement du b6tail Europ4en au Costa Rica. Etampes, France: Assoc. Sci. Internat. Agron. Colon., 1910, pp. 8). — A brief account of the conditions which must be overcome on introducing European breeds of cattle to Costa Rica. 94492°— No. 8—11 6 770 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Factors of acclimatization of European animals in Algeria and in other ■warm countries, T. Monod (Dcs Factciirs de UAccUnuitation clu h^tail Enropeen en Algerie et dans les Pays Chauds. Etampes, France: Assoc. Sci. Internat. Agron. Colon., 1909, pp. 27 ) .—Besides a general consideration of the effect of climatic factors and the change of food, results are reported which have already been obtained in introducing European breeds of live stocl^ into Algeria. Essential factors in the acclimatization of European animals in Tonkin, E. DouAKCHE (Les Faoteurs Essentiels de L'Acclimatement du detail Europeen au Tonkin. Etampes, France: Assoc. Sen. Internat. Agron. Colon., 1910, pp. 23). This is chiefly a description of the climatic factors in Tonkin which un- faA-orahly affect the European breeds of live stocli. Physiology of man and mammals, R. du Bois-Reymond (Physiologie des Mensclicn nnd der Sdugetliicrc. Berlin, 1910, 2. ed.. pp. XII+6U, figs. 139).— A revised edition of a treatise written for students who wish to get a general outline of the comparative physiology of man and higher animals. Plasm and cells. — A general anatomy of living matter, M. Heidenhain (Plasma nnd Zelle. — Allgemeine Anatomic der Lehendigen Masse. Jena, 1907, vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. VIII+506, figs. 276; 1911, pt. 2, pp. VI+507-1110, pi. 1, figs. 395), — This work is intended to serve as a foundation for the study of micro- scopical anatomy. The first part of volume 1 treats of the general properties of the cell and its parts, while the second part discusses in detail muscular tissue and the physiology of contractilitj'. Each chapter is accompanied with an extensive bibliography. Cultivation of adult tissues and organs outside of the body, A. Carrel and M. T. Burrows (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 55 {1910), No. 16, pp. 1379- 1381). — Experiments ai'e reported on the successful cultivation of connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and other tissues from various organs of dogs, cats, and frogs on artificial media in a way similar to the cultivation of bacteria. The importance of these results to the study of biology and pathology is pointed out. Tissues and organs cultivated outside the body, J. B. Huber (Sci. Amer., 103 (1910), No. 19, p. 359). — A popular summary of the work of Harrison ** on embryonic transplantation and that of Carrel and Burrows (noted above). The stability of life. — A study of energetics as applied to the evolution of species, F. le Dantec (La Stahilite de la vie; etude encrgctique de Vecolu- tion des esp^ces. Paris, 1910, pp. 300; rev. in Ztschr. Indnktivc Abstam. u. Vererbungslehre, 4 (1911), No. 3-4, pp. 293, 294). — ^A physico-chemical view of life that is in accord with the transformism of Lamarck. " Fatness " as a cause of sterility, F. H. A. Marshall and W. R. Peel {Jour. Agr. »Sc/., 3 (1910), No. J,, pp. 383-389, pi. 1).—A histological study of the generative organs of 7 fat heifers. Next to the presence of lipochrome the most noteworthy characteristic of the ovaries was the number of degenerative fol- licles in various stages of atrophy. " Conclusions reached are that the derangement of the estrous cycle in fat animals is caused by a disturbance of the ovarian metabolism as manifested especially by a considerable deposition of pigmented fat or lipochrome in the interstitial tissue, and that this process is accompanied by an unusually ex- tensive degeneration of follicles which may lead to a prolonged state of steril- ity. However, since the degeneration does not usually occur to any especially great extent in the smaller or less mature follicles, it may be inferred that the sterility so induced is commonly of a transient nature, and can be reme- °Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 4 (1906-7), p. 140; Jour. Expt. Zool., 9 (1910), No. 4, p. 787. ANIMAL. PRODUCTIOlSr. 771 died sooner or later by a reduction in tlie quantity of food supplied or by an increase in the amount of exercise." Heredity in the light of recent research, L. Doncasteb (Cambridge, 1910, pp. X+IJ/O, figs. 12). — A brief popular work on variation, the statistical study of heredity, Mendelian heredity, and the material basis of heredity. A glossary of technical terms and a bibliography are appended. Hereditary characters and their modes of transmission, C. E. Walker {London, 1910, pp. XII+239; rev. in Lancet [London], 1910, II, No. 23, p. 1611 ; Nature [London], 85 {1911), No. 2156, p. 536). — A treatise which covers the whole field of heredity, but in which is proposed a theory that attempts to har- monize the views of Mendelists and the biometricians by assuming that some elements of the cell are inherited in an alternative manner. These are called individual characters and are contained in the chromosomes, while the racial characters divide in bulli and are blended as transmitted. The relative inheritance of ear length in rabbits according to Castle, and the problem of blending inheritance in the formation of hybrid races, A. Lang {Ztsehr. InduJctive Abstani. n. Vcrerbtingslehre, 4 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-23; abs. in Arch. Rassen u. Gesell. Biol., 7 {1910), No. 6, pp. 752, 753). — A critical discussion of Castle's work, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 772). Are particular chromosomes sex determinants? T. H. Montgomeey, Jr. {Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, 19 {1910), No. 1, pp. 1-17).— A review and criticism of the sex-chromosome theory, which is considered a crude hy- pothesis, although it is deemed probable that the activities of the chromosomes may affect in some way the sex of the organism. The author insists that there is no valid reason to interpret sex as an immutable unit character resident in or presided over by particular chromosomes and sorted out and distributed by Mendelian segregation with all the complex mechanisms of dominance and de- terminers, but rather as a growth of the results of a labile process which may be changed by a variety of influences. A bibliography is appended. [The identification of animals by means of modifications in the epidermis about the muzzle], H. G. Boehme {Exterioristische Betrachtungen ilber die Formationes parorales et paranaricae der Wiederkduer, Suiden und Car- nivoren des Hausstandes in Bezug anf die Moglichkeit einer Benutzung zur In,dividualcharakteristik u. Eennzeichnung der Tiere. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern., 1910, pp. 24, pi. 1, figs. 2). — From a study of the epidermal tissues about the nose and mouth of animals, the author believes that impressions may be taken, as in the Bertillon system of the identification of criminals, which may assist materially iu the identification of individuals in cattle, sheep, goats, swine, and dogs. The method is not applicable in the case of the cat and the horse. It is thought that this means of identification, combined with measurements and photographs, will be of service for veterinary inspectors, breeders, and in cases at law where the ownership or identification of animals is necessary. Direc- tions are given for making the impressions. A bibliography is appended. Investigations on the annual horn rings of cavicornia as an indication of the age of the animal, with special reference to cattle, G. Schroeder {UntersucJiungen iiher die Jahresringe als Alter smerkmal der Cavicornier unter spezieller Beriicksichtigiing des lUndes. Inaug. Diss., Vnin). Bern, 1909, pp. 91, pis. .5).— Investigations on the fetal growth of horny tissues are summarized, and a report is made of a study on the growth of the rings on horns of mature cattle and sheep. Measurements were made of a large number of animals. The age could not be determined with any degree of accuracy by means of the rings iu the case of Y72 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. bulls, castrated animals, or heifers previous to the time of the first calf. The rings', however, were found to be an approximate indication of age in cows, pro- vided they had been regularly in calf, although other factors such as food tend to obscure or modify the size of the ring. Farm stock 100 years ago, W. Gilbey (London, 1910, pp. XVII+15J,, pis. U, fl9' 1 ) -—A survey of the live stock industry in England during the reign of George III, with notes on changes in flocks and herds since that time. There are brief biographical sketches of a few famous English breeders. History of Aberdeen- Angus cattle, J. Macdonald and J. Sinclair {Lon- don, 1910, rev. cd., pp. XriI+6S2, pis. 35, figs. 2).— This is a new edition of a work published in 1882, which is intended to be a work of reference concerning "the foundation, improvement, extension, and substantial merits of the Aber- deen-Angus breed." The revision has been accomplished with the cooperation of many prominent breeders. Studies of the Harz cattle, with special reference to the Upper Harz breeding stock, O. Heine {Studien iibcr das Harzrind mit besonderer Beruclc- sichtiffung des Oberharzer mannlichen Zuchtvichs. Inaiig. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1910, pp. 54). — This is an account of the history, geographical distribution, and characteristics of the Harz breed of cattle. Measurements of many bulls at different ages are given. Sheep breeding, F. W. Wilson (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 386-389, fig. 1).— A report on the condition of the breeding flocks at the station, and the sys- tem of keeping records of the work in sheep breeding. The average weight of lambs at birth, at 6 months, and at 1 year of age is given. An apparatus for testing the elongation and breaking strength of wool fiber, devised by W. W. Henley of the department of mechanic arts of the University of Arizona, is described. The sheep of Sardinia and their products, P. Spissu (Gior. R, 8oc. Naz. ed Accad. Vet. Ital., 58 (1909), Xos. 50, pp. 1054-1060; 51, pp. 1177-1184; 52, pp. 1193-1202; 59 (1910), Nos. 2, pp. 27-33; 3, pp. 50-56).— A general and sta- tistical account of the sheep industry in Sardinia. A critical consideration of the derivation and relationship of the domestic goat, based upon comparative anatomy and cross breeding experiments, with special reference to its relationship with Capra jerdoni Hume, E, Binder (Kritischc Bctrachtungen iibcr Abstainmuug und Verivaiidlschaft der Hausziege auf Grund anatomischer IJntersuchungen und Kreuzungsexperimen- ten mit besonderer Beriiclcsichtigung der Verwandtschaft mit Capra jerdoni Hume. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1910, pp. 34, pi. 1). — This contains skeletal measurements of different breeds of goats and a brief historical sketch of goat breeding, and reports experiments in crossing the domestic goat with 2 varieties of C. falconcri. Inheritance in race horses. — Coat color, R. Bunsow (Mendel Jour., 1911, No. 2, pp. 74-102, charts 2). — A discussion of inheritance of coat color in race horses. The need of having the colors accurately described in studbooks for the purpose of studying inheritance is pointed out. The origin of dun horses, J. C. Ewart, J. Wilson, and J. B, Robertson (Nature [London^, 85 (1910), Nos. 2141, p. 40; 2143, p. 106; 2144, pp. 138, 139). — Additional notes of a controversial nature concerning data previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 376). The age of speed sires (Amer. Nat., 7//, (1910), Nos. 521, pp. 306, 307; 523, pp. 431-433; 525, pp. 564-567).— A further discussion by F. R. Marshall and C. L. Redfield concerning the relation of selection to the age of speed sires (E. S. R., 20, p. 1174). DAIRY FAEMING DAIRYIKG. 773 Breeding horses for the army, J. E. Downing (Breeder's Gas., 59 (1911), No. 9, pp. 563, 564, fid- i).— An outline of a plan for supplying horses for the service of the United States Army. The half-bred horse, A. Gallier (Le Cheval de Demi-Sang. Paris, 1908, pp. VI+332).— This book treats of the origin, characteristics, and uses of cross- bred horses in the diiferent districts of France. The encyclopedia of the stable, V. Shaw (London and Netv York, [1910], pp. 363, pis. 15, figs. 102).— "A complete manual of the horse, its breeds, anatomy, physiology, diseases, breeding, breaking, trainmg, and management, with articles on harness, farriery, carriages, etc." Heads, combs, wattles, and ear lobes of standard bred fowls, F. L. Sewell (Rel. Poultry Jour., 11 (1910), Nos. 1, pp. 5-'t, 55, 8ft, figs. J,; 2, pp. 171-d73, 249-252, figs. 8; 3, i)p. 331-333, 354, 355, figs. 11; 6, pp. 608-610, 628-631, figs. 6; 9, pp. 852-855, 893-896, figs. 9).— This article discusses the different types of heads, the correlation between head and comb, and the type of head as an ^index to the type of body. Ideal heads of fowls, defects of the head, and heads of prize-winning birds are illustrated and described. A note regarding variation in the single combs of fowls, R. Pearl (Mendel Jour., 1911, No. 2, pp. 189-195). — ^An answer to a criticism of work previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 674). Construction of a modem poultry house and report of experiments in hopper feeding laying hens, PI. Atwood (West Virginia Sta. Bui. 130, pp. 195- 206+7, pis. 3, dgms. 7). — ^A report is given of a trial of the hopper feeding- system for poultry, which was installed in order to save labor. In a year's test with 5 pens of white Leghorns the cost of food varied from 68 cts. to $1.04 per fowl per year, and averaged 90 cts. per fowl for the 100 fowls in the experiment. The egg production varied from 81.4 eggs per hen, when fed principally upon corn, to 124.7 in the pen which received whole grain once per day, scattered in litter, and dry mash and beef scrap ad libitum in a hopper. The food cost of the egg* during the year varied from 8.5 cts. to 11.9 cts. per dozen. Two pens, hopper fed, produced eggs having a lower food cost than the pen which received moistened mash, and iu this test there was apparently no benefit from the extra labor involved in moistening the mash. The open-front laying house, previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1172), has continued to give satisfaction in respect to the comfort and health of the fowls, but the double wall on the north side of the house has proved to be an excellent harbor for rats, and the method of construction is not recommended. A new open-front house of another type, 24 by 64 ft., large enough to house 400 Leg- horns and costing $450, is illustrated and described. DAIEY FARMING— DAIRYING. A dairy laboratory guide, H. E. Ross (Netv York, 1910, pp. VI+84, pi. 1). — This is designed as a guide for students engaged in dairy laboratory work, and brief explanations are given with each exercise, although the work is not intended to be used in the place of a general text-book on dairying. The book can also be used by the practical dairyman who wishes to test milk and its products. Systems of dairying, W. J. Fraser (Wallaces' Farmer, 36 (1911), No. 12, p. 573; Hoard's Dairyman, 42 (1911), No. 13, pp. 450, ^.5i).— Four different sys- tems of dairy farming were compared, producing from 991 lbs. to 3,150 lbs. of milk per acre and returns of from $15.16 to $48.20 per acre. 774 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD, [Dairying], Miss E. A. Maidment (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 8 (1911), No. 3, pp. 423-434). — Some notes on the general condition of the dairy industry in Rho- desia. The cattle at the Kon-Kolodiesk Agricultural Scliool, A. V. Abriutin (Selsk. Khoz. i Licsov., 234 (1910), Oct., pp. 234-24G, figs. 3; ahs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Bui. Bur. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 1910, No. 2, pp. 310, 311). — An account of the dairy herd of the agricultural school of Kon- Kolodiesli. The breeds repi'esented are Simmental and crosses of this with native Rus- sian breeds. The milk yield has been increased by careful selection for a number of years, while the average live weight has decreased. The average fat content for 15 years has been 4.5 per cent. [Feeding experiments with dairy cows], E. Barnett (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 69-71). — A brief report of the work in animal husbandry at the station. In the study of the physiological effects of feeding cotton-seed meal in large amounts to dairy cows, it was found that 4 lbs. per head per day could be safely fed to mature cattle in connection with other feeds, but that when fed in amounts from 6 to 8 lbs. per head and day for periods of from 1 to 3 years the milk production was lessened, and it was thought to be the cause of mam- mitis and abortion. The average cost of the feed for 17 cows was $57.23 per head per annum. The average yield of milk was 5,741 lbs., containing an average of 4.5 per cent fat. [Milking machine] (NeiD Zeal. Dairyman, 15 (1911), No. 5, p. 15). — ^A description of a new type of milking machine, said to be simple in construction and easily cleaned. The cow's udder and the process of milk production, M. H. Reynolds (Hoard's Dairyman, 42 (1911), No. 10, pp. 345-350, figs. 10). — ^A popular ac- count of the physiology of milk secretion and the structure of the tissues concerned. [Milk secretion], K, Basch (Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 36 (1910), No. 21, pp. 987-990; abs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 21 (1911), No. 3, p. i75).— From studies of the innervation of the mammary gland and experiments in transplanting the gland from the ventral to the dorsal side of dogs, the author concludes that milk secretion is not stimulated by means of the nervous system, but by a stimulat- ing constituent of the blood. Injections of placental extracts also induced milk secretion. It is stated that this view is supported by the case of the Blazek sisters, who were connected twins but had separate nervous systems, and both of whom secreted milk after one of them had given birth to a boy. Investigations on the milk production of rutting cows, B. Weber (Ililchiv. ZentW., 7 (1911), No. 1, jjp. 1-19). — In only a few instances was the yield of milk or the percentage of fat reduced during the rutting period from that of a normal condition. As a rule there was no change in the taste, appearance, or character of the milk, except that it did not coagulate readily upon boiling. Whenever the cow was unduly excited there was a high percentage of acidity, and sometimes the milk was exceptionally yellow in color. A bibliography is appended. Milk from slop-fed cows, A. Rolet (Lait. et Indus. Ferme [Paris], 20 (1910), No. 12, pp. 89, 90). — This is an unfavorable view concerning the use of distillery slop for feeding dairy cows, on the ground that on feeding large quan- tities the flavor, odor, and acidity of the milk are affected. The opinion is expressed that milk coming from cows fed distillery slop should never be labeled "sanitary milk." DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 775 Effect on milk of water or watery food given to cows (Jfarfc Lane Express, 105 (lyil). No. 4IJ1J1, p. 26'f/).— Periodical doses of common salt administered to cows, even to the extent of purging, did not cause the consumption of excessive quantities of water.. The amount of water consumed by the cows appeared to have no direct bearing on the composition of the mills;. Prevalent rain-bearing winds and the milk supply of Manchester during the years 1896-1909, W. Gordon {Brit. Med. Jour., 1011, No. 2618, pj). 482- 485). — The author, having previously determined that rain-bearing winds are a factor in increasing the mortality in human tuberculosis, reports a study of the relation between rain-bearing winds and bovine tuberculosis. The data used were those furnished by Delepiue in an article previously noted ( E. S. R., 23, p. 81). By subdividing the regions which furnish milk to the city of Manchester, England, the author found, as anticipated, that the least exposed districts showed a lower percentage of farms with tuberculous cows. Effect of boric acid on milk (Rpt. Govt. Bur. MicroUol. N. S. Wales, 1909, pp. 124-130; ahs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No: 24, p. I41O). — A study of the effect of adding different proportions of boric acid to milk showed that 400 grains or more of boric acid per pint would be needed to sterilize the milk. The only notable effect produced by the addition of 10 grains was to pre- vent or check the development of bacteria and thus delay souring and allow putrefactive changes to take place more rapidly. Homogenized milk, H. de Rothschild, trans, by J. H Monrad {N. Y. Prodr uce Rev. and Anicr. Cream., 31 (1911), No. 17, pp. 600, 601). — ^A review of investigations and a discussion of the advantages of homogenizing or " fixing " milk. Champagne milk (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 21 (1911), No. 6, p. 179). — ^A process is described for charging milk with carbon dloxid by fermenting with a champagne yeast. Utilization of whey for dietetic purposes, F. T. Bond (English Patent 26,168, Nov. 12, 1909; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 24, p. 1470).— A note is given on a patented process by which the whey may be so concen- trated under atmospheric or reduced pressure as to form a sirupy liquid, or a solid mass that may be ground and the powder pressed into tablets. Or the whey may be sprayed into a current of air having a temperature of about 300° F. and the finely divided dry powder thus obtained pressed into tablets. Process and apparatus for sterilizing milk and milk products, E. Wiener (English Patent 19,621, Aug. 22, 1910; als. im, Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., SO (1911), No. 3, p. 149). — A description of a patented process and apparatus for sterilizing milk and its products by means of ozone. [The temperator], J. H. jMonrad (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 31 (1911), No. 17, p. 598, figs. 2). — An apparatus for the regulating of the heat in the pasteurizer is illustrated and described. Heating milk, F. W. Culbertson et al. (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 31 (1911), No. 21, pp. 738-740). — A symposium on the machines recom- mended for heating milk before running through the separator, and the tem- peratures used. Composition of the milk of sheep in the region of Boquefort, R. Martin (Ann. Falsif., 4 (1911), No. 28, pp. 86-88, figs. 3).— Analyses are reported of sheep's milk for the different calendar months from February to July, 1910. Bules relative to testing dairy cows (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 28, pp. 6). — A revision of Circulars 9 and 15, previously noted (B. S. R., 20, p. 374). Notice of judgment (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Notice of Judgment 753, p. 1). — This relates to the adulteration of milk. >J^Q EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Clean milk and public health, J. D, Bueks (Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. and Soc. 8ci., 37 (1911), No. 2, pp. 192-206).— A popular article in which statistical data are presented showing the importance of a pure milli supply. The methods of obtaining pure milk and of regulating the milk supply of cities are discussed. Beport of milk inspector for the year 1909-10, J. O. Jordan {Reprint from Ann. Rpt. Health Dept. Boston, 38 (1909), pp. 62, pis. 8, charts 2).— This contains information on inspection of dairy farms and places where milk is sold at wholesale and retail. The results of a bacterial examination of over 6,000 samples of market milk are reported and discussed in detail. Milkmen's cooperative association, M. G. Kains (Amer. Agr., 86 {1910), No. 21, pp. -'{96. 497). — A method is outlined for forming organizations of milk pro- ducers in order to reduce the cost of delivering milk in the city. The informa- tion is based on the results of 10 years' success of an organization in Erie, Pa. Cooperative dairy fanning' in Eng'land, T. Reece {HoarcVs Dairyman, 42 {1911), No. 10, p. 354). — This relates to the work of the Eastern Counties Dairy Farmers' Cpoperative Society, recently organized in Wiltshire, England. [Danish cooperative dairy associations], J. H. Monrad {N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream.., 31 {1911), No. 17, p. 594). — A note on the amount of business done by the Danish associations engaged in exporting butter. Butter making- on the farm, J. M. Tkueman {Connecticut Storrs 8ta. Bui. 65, pp. 191-210, figs. 7). — The advantages of making butter over those of selling milk are pointed out. Directions are given for separating cream and making and marketing butter. Certified butter in California, J. N. Force {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 56 {1911), No. 11, p. 834). — Because tuberculosis germs were found in so many samples of high-grade butter, a score card was devised for butter factories similar in scope to that for city milk plants, and giving due credit for pasteuriz- ing apparatus and its use. A law recently enacted by the California legislature, giving to the medical milk commissions authority to certify butters free from pathogenic organisms, is discussed. Twenty-third annual report of the Bernese Dairy School at B/iitti-ZoUi- kofen, A. Peter et ax. {Jahresher. Molk. Schulc Riitti-Zollikofen, 23 {1909- 10), pp. 54). — This report contains a general account of the activities of the station, and reports experiments in the manufacture of butter and cheese. A. Peter and G. Koestler continued their study (E. S. R., 21, p. 678) on the relation of milk constituents to the composition of Emmental cheese. The average figures for 10 normal cheeses, 8 of which were made in September, were as follows : Amount of milk used 969 kg., with fat 3.73 per cent and total solids 12.7 per cent ; weight of green cheese 97.3 kg., of ripened cheese 89.1 kg. ; fat content in cheese 33.54 per cent, total solids 65.75 per cent; ratio of the fat content of the milk to the fat content of the total solids in the ripened cheese 1 : 13.67, ratio of the solids in the milk to the yield of cheese 1 : 0.729 ; fat content of the whey 0.49 per cent. These results agree closely with those obtained in previous years. There appears to be a direct relation between the total solids in the milk and the yield of cured cheese and the approximate yield can be obtained by multiplying the total solids in the milk by 0.7. There was a constant relation between the fat content in the milk and that in the cheese, but relatively more fat was lost in the whey when the milk had a high fat content. It is suggested that the percentage of fat in the cheese can be estimated from the fat content of the milk by multiplying the fat content of the milk by a variable factor. The following factors are proposed: For 3 per cent milk 14.5, for 3.4 per cent 14, and for 3.8 per cent 13.5. The fact that when working with a rich milk the yield is increased relatively more than that indi- cated in the fat percentage is accounted for because such cheese contains a VETEEINAEY MEDICINE. 777 larger amount of water. Cheese makers are recommended to make cheese from milk testing about 3.4 per cent of fat, as there is less loss in weight unless a cheese made from a milk low in fat is sold when fresh. Koestler and J. Held make a preliminary report on investigations with Tilsit cheese, which were conducted along the same lines as the work with Emmental. The average results obtained from 6 lots of cheese, made in May, were as follows: Amount of milk used 330 kg., with fat 3.12 per cent and total solids 12.16 per cent ; weight of fresh cheese 36.67 kg., of ripened cheese 33.5 kg. ; weight of green cheese per 100 kg. of milk 11.1 kg. ; fat in cheese 29.96 per cent ; total solids 57.9 per cent ; ratio of the fat content of the milk to the fat content of the total solids in the cheese 1 : 14.98 ; ratio of the solids in the milk to the yield of ripe cheese 1 : 0.833. Early spring cheese, F. W. Culbertson et al. (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 31 {1911), No. 21, pp. 754, 755). — ^A symposium by practical cheese makers as to overcoming the defects in cheese which are so common in March and April. Investig'ations of the Swiss type of cheese made in the Caucasus, S. M. Weller {Ztschr. Arudyt. Chem., 50 {1911), No. 2, jyp. 87-89). — The average analysis of IS samples of cheese was found to be as follows : Water 31.12, fat 36.71, protein 25.13, ash 4.76, lactic acid 1.09, milk sugar 0.97 per cent. Laguiole cheese, J. H. Monrad {N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 31 {1911), No. 17, pp. 60S, 609). — The method of making this cheese, which is a species of Cantal, is descx'ibed in detail. Heating apparatus for cheese makers, G. A. Witt {Die Heiztechnischen Einrichtungeti der Kiiserci. Bern, 1911, pp. 669, figs. 637; rev. in Molk. Ztg. [Hildesheim], 24 {1910), No. 92, p. 1733). — This is a comprehensive and system- atic treatise on methods of heating the curd and supplying heat to all parts of the cheese factory. Details are given of different kinds of heating appara- tus and all accessory appliances such as kettles, vats, and other necessary factory equipment. The work is designed for students, teachers, and practical cheese makers. There is a bibliography which includes trade catalogues and patent litera- ture, as well as books and articles on dairying. Arrang'ing' machinery, H. H. Burton et al. (2V. Y. Produce Rev. wnd Am^r. Cream., 31 {1910), No. 9, pp. 310-312, figs. 3).— Several floor plans for cream- eries are illustrated and described. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Handbook of comparative microscopic anatomy of domesticated animals, W. Ellenberger {Handbiich der vergleichendcn mikroskopisclicn Anatomie der Haitstiere. Berlin, 1911, vol. 2, pp. 7111+622, figs. 391).— In this second vol- ume (E. S. R., 19, p. 376), which consists of articles by a number of authors, the circulatory apparatus is dealt with by H. Baum (pp. 1-148) ; the pitui- tary and pineal bodies, by A. Trautmann (pp. 148-176) ; the structure of the central nervous system, by H. Dexler (pp. 177-240) ; the uropoietic apparatus, by J. Tereg (pp. 241-279) ; and the organs of generation, by R. Schmaltz (pp. 280-662). A text-book of veterinary patholog'y, A. T. Kinsley {Chicago, 1910, pp. VIII +400, inserts 5, figs. 205, table 1). — This book, prepared for students and practitioners, contains the following topics : Definitions— the cell ; general consideration of disease — table of vegetable parasites, Saccharomyces, Schizo- mycetes, animal parasites (Protozoa, Helminthes, and Arthropoda) ; immunity; malformations; circulatory disturbances — hemorrhage, lymphorrhagia, edema (dropsy or hydrops), thrombosis, embolism, ischemia, and hyperemia (passive 778 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and active); inflammatiou ; progressive tissue changes; retrogressive tissiie changes; necrosis and death; tumors; fever; infective granulomata ; glossary. Veterinary medicine and surgery, E. F. Jarrel {Cincinnati, 1911, pp. 2Jf.'i, pl_ ^). — A worli intended for use by the student and stockman. Text-book of toxicolog-y for veterinarians, B. Frohneb {LehrhucJi dcr Toxikologie fiir Ticrdrzte. Stuttgart, 1910, 3. ed., pp. XI+391).—A revised edition of this worli. New and nonofficial remedies, 1911 (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 56 {1911), No. 15, pt. 2, pp. 79). — This work contains the medicinal substances examined prior to January 1, 1911, by the council of pharmacy and chemistry of the American Medical Association, and which appeared to comply with the rules of the council. Drug- therapy of the present time, M. Kahane {Die Arzneitliera'pie dcr Gcgenwart. Berlin and Vienna, 1910, pp. VIII+603). — This is a description of, and a discussion in regard to, the newer remedies. Ehrlich.'s biochemical theory; its conception and application, L. H. Marks {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 55 {1910), No. 23, pp. 1974-197S).—A general review of Ehrlich's work in chemo-therapy. South. African poisonous plants, L. 11. Walsh {Cape Town, 1909, pp. 5}, figs. 16). — Notes on South African plants poisonous to stock, with particulars of symptoms and treatment. In regard to the color-ch.emical method of detecting some oxidizing sub- stances of the body, W. Loele {Miinchen. Med. Wchnschr., 57 {1910), No. ^6, pp. 2J)l.'i-2-'fl6). — A consideration of some of the chemical factors involved in the staining of tissues and color reactions obtained with normal and patho- logical body fluids." In regard to the bactericidal power of yeast and cereal maceration extracts, A. Fernbach and E. Vulquin {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 151 {1910), No. 15, pp. 656-658; uhs. in Ztschr. Immunitatsf. ti. Expt. Thcr., II, Ref., 3 {1910), No. 7, p. 821). — The authors in their previous work have shown the bactericidal power of yeast maceration extracts to be due to the presence of volatile bodies which have the characteristics of amius. This work, which was done with cereal extracts, indicates that the active principle here involved is different from that which exists in yeast. In regard to the agglutination of Micrococcus melitensis by normal serum, L. Negke {Compt. Rend. Soc Biol. [Paris], 69 {1910), No. 37, pp. 56-'i, 565).— The author found that in certain instances an agglutination was obtained with normal serum. He therefore recommends a procedure in which this error may be eliminated. Sera of certain diseases which agglutinate both the Micrococcus meli- tensis and the typhoid bacillus, L. NiiGRE {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris]. 69 {1910), No. 38, pp. 631-633).— The author found that serum from typhoid cases agglutinated the M. melitensis, and that the sera from cases of Malta fever were capable of agglutinating the typhoid bacillus. In regard to the relation of bacterial precipitins to agglutinins, S. Amir- adzibi and Kaczynski {Ztschr. Immunitatsf. u. Expt. Thcr., I, Orig., 6 {1910), No. 5, pp. 694-702; ahs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AU., Ref., 48 {1911), No, 12, pp. 361, 362). — The mixing test was found to be less sensitive than the layer test when high-power sera were examined. On the other hand, the layer test was unsatisfactory with low power rabbit sera, particularly so because positive results were obtained with heterologous extracts. Normal sera were also found to give a layer test with bacterial extracts. «Munchen Med. Wchnschr., 57 (1910), No. 26, pp. 1394, 1395. VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 779 The authors were unable to note an earlier formation of precipitins than agglutinins. Nor were they able to note that the serum of a rabbit which had been infected for 24 hours contained only agglutinogen (E. S. R., 23, p. 584). The quantitative chang'es in the protein in the blood plasma of horses in the course of immunization, R. B. Gibson and E. J. Banzhaf (Jour. Expt. Med., 12 {1910), No. 3, pp. 411-434; ads. in Zentbl. Bioohem. u. Blophys., 10 (1910), No. 15-16, pp. 720, 721).— The authors determined the various protein fractions in the oxalate plasma from 11 horses during the course of immuniza- tion. An experimental study of opsonic immunity to Staphylococcus aureus, J. C. Meakins {Jour. Expt. Med., 12 {1910), No. 1, pp. 67-81, charts 3; ahs. in ZentU. Oesam. Physiol, u. Path. Stoffwechsels, n. ser., 5 {1910), No. 19, p. 759). — Injecting killed cultures of ;Sf. aureus into rabbits yields an opsonic immunity of high degree, which protects against living virulent stapbylococci. This pro- tection is in direct proportion to the amount of opsonins present in the serum. Repeating the injection very often diminishes its opsonic capacity. These op- sonins are very active toward homologous strains but only slightly, so toward the heterologous strains. In regard to complement binding in helminthiasis and the chemical na- ture of the tapeworm antig'en, K. Meyer (Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. ii. Expt. Ther., I, Grig., 7 {1910), No. 6, pp. 732-747).— The results show that aqueous and alcoholic tapeworm extracts give a complement binding reaction. These same complement binding antibodies can be produced by immimiziug rabbits against tapeworm extracts. On the other hand, the complement binding reaction is very often negative with echinococcus extracts. By immunizing rabbits with echinococcus extracts, antibodies can be produced which act only slightly, or not at all, with cystic fluid ; this is not the case with man. _ Complement binding antibodies are not specie specific, but rather genus specific. The active antigen of the tapeworm extract is not a proteid body but a lecithin-like lipoid. It does not yield a protein reaction and is not attacked by pepsin and tryi)sin. It is soluble in ether, alcohol, and benzol, but is insolu- ble in acetone and is decomposed by lipase. A chemical study of Sclerostomum equinum, T. Bondouy {Arch. Par., 14 (1910), No. 1, pp. 5-39). — This is a biochemical study of the parasite S. equinum. From the results it is seen that this organism contains fats, fatty acids con- sisting chiefly of butyric acid, soaps, mucin, albumoses, purin bases and creatin, a ptomaine, a crystallizable alkaloid, an amino acid, and an amorphous sub- stance containing nonprotein nitrogen and phosphorus which gives the pre- cipitating reactions for an alkaloid. The cuticle of this parasite was also found to contain a unique protein combination which has no relation to chitin. Contrary to the findings of Weinberg,'' an alcoholic extract of the parasite was found to possess a strong hemolytic power. The soaps, fatty acids, crystal- lizable alkaloids, and ptomaines were active in the hemolytic pi'ocess. The parasite further secretes a lipase which is capable of dig'esting the fat con- tained in horse serum. This lipase, according to the author, plays an active role in hemolysis. The bilirubin of horse serum is changed by the cellular activity of the parasite. The specific meiostagmin reaction, M. Ascoli (MUnchen. Med. Wchnschr., 57 (1910), No. 2, pp. 62, 63; abs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 21 (1911), No. 1, p. 24).— This is a physical-chemical reaction, and is used by the author to determine "Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 21 (1907), No. 10, pp. 798-807; Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 63 (1907), No. 24, pp. 13-15. 780 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED-, the relation of the surface tension of an immune serum to the surface tension of an antigen. It is conducted with the aid of Traube's stalagometer (E. S. R., 23, p. 217), in which the serum of the patient, the antigen, and a normal serum dihited with an 0.85 per cent solution of sodium chlorid are compared in regard to the number of drops coming from the instrument under the same conditions and in a given period of time. The observations are made as soon as the apparatus is filled with the serum and again after 2 hours of incubation at 37° C. Some results with typhoid serum are given. Meiostag'min reaction with m.alig'nant growths, M. Ascoli and G. Izab (Miindien. Med. Wchnschr., 57 {1910), No. S, pp. .'(03-405, • abs. in Hyg. Rund- schau, 21 {1911), No. 1, pp. 24, 25). — The results show that diluted serum from rats affected with sarcoma when mixed with diluted sarcoma antigen has a lower surface tension than diluted normal rat serum. Some results are also given for cases of human sarcoma. The results with malignant growths were regularly positive. Clinical experience with the meiostagmin reaction, G. Izae {Munchen. Med. Wchnschr., 57 {1910), No. 16, pp. 842-81,4; ahs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 21 (1911), No. 1, p. 25). — The reaction gave positive results in 34 out of 35 posi- tive cases of tuberculosis. Other cases which had a positive cutaneous reac- tion, but a negative finding in regard to tubercle bacilli, were also positive. Cases of typhoid, ankylostomiasis, and echinococcus (7 pigs and 3 cows) also yielded positive results. On the other hand, sera from 2 subjects which had anthrax 2 months previous to the test gave negative results. Alimentary anaphylaxis, C. Richet {Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol. [Paris], 70 {1911), No. 2, pp. 44-46). — Dogs which took crepitin through the alimentary tract were fovmd to be strongly anaphylactic against an injection of crepitin. Serodiagnosis of pregnancy, G. Lemaire and Laffont {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 69 {1910), No. 31, pp. 337-339) .—The authors were not able to diagnose pregnancy with either the precipitin or the complement binding reaction, using amniotic fluid as the antigen. A contribution to the etiology of Aujeszky's disease, Schmiedhoffee (Kozlem. Osszehasonl. Elet es Kortan Eorebol, 10 (1910), Nov. 5; abs. in Rev. Gen. Med. V^t., 17 {1911), No. 196, p. 232).— Observations made of this disease in bovines, cats, and dogs in Hungary are first reviewed. The authoi' finds that the virus, which passes through very porous filters only, occurs in greatest abundance at the point of inoculation, next in the blood and in the central nervous system. The liver, spleen, and kidneys were at times found to be infectious, as was the urine in 2 or 3 cases. The resistance of the virus is very weak. Rabbits and guinea pigs are the most susceptible of the laboratory animals. The carnivora and ruminants are also very susceptible, solipeds being much less so, while the hog, pigeon, and fowl are refractory. The shortest incubation period is found in the rabbit in which it is less than 20 hours, the longest in the horse in which it is 10 days. Treatment through the subcutaneous injection of antiseptic solutions at the point of inoculation, followed by the use of atoxyl and quinin, was ineffective. See also previous notes (E. S. R., 23, p. 288). In regard to the dissemination of hog erysipelas by the Lorenz vaccine, Meyee {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 38, pp. 737-740).— A polem- ical article in regard to Rickmann's work.*' Hookworm disease, G. Dock and C. C. Bass {St. Louis, 1910, pp. 250, pi. 1, figs. 49). — The etiology, pathology, diagnosis, prognosis, prophylaxis, and treat- ment of hookworm disease is dealt with. o Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 25 (1909), No. 35, p. 643. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 781 In reg-ard to the mastitis caused by streptococci, W. Meyer (Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 36 (1010), No. 6, pp. 583-633).— The author studied a number of naturally infected and artificially infected cows, in which the patho-anatomi- cal changes were noted in 4 naturally and 2 artificially infected animals. A study was also made of the morphological and biological characteristics of the various strains of streptococci isolated. The work shows that chronic streptococcic mastitis begins as an acute condi- tion, which is often of brief duration. It manifests itself patho-anatomically as a purulent catarrh of the ducts and the alveoli of the mammary gland, and shows in addition a marked increase in the connective tissue of the gland struc- ture. The inflammation is not produced by the streptococci themselves, but by the metabolic products of these organisms. The milk obtained from such animals showed a diminished fat and acid content, an increased catalytic action, and a loss of the reducing (reductase) action. The specific gravity of the milk from chronic cases remains within normal limits. Therapeutically considered, the only effective measure lies in giving an injection of an anti- septic solution at the very earliest period of the disease; later injections do not prevent the destruction of the quarter involved. The streptococci when growing in the gland were found to produce short and interwoven bands, while those multiplying in bouillon formed long chains. Foot-and-mouth disease, J. Paechtner {Ztschr. Spiritusindus., 34 {1911), No. 2, pp. 13. Iff). — A general discussion in regard to the epidemiology, cause, and prevention of the disease. Sporotrichosis in man and in the horse, R. L. Sutton (Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., 16Jf (1911), No. 6, pp. 179-181, figs. 4; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 56 (1911), No. 8, p. 617). — The author reports a case of sporotrichosis in man, confined to the wrist, which followed an injury that took place while the patient was repairing the manger of a horse suffering from sporotrichosis of the neck. [Investigation of the stomach worm and hookworm disease in young cattle and lambs], E. Barnett (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 71, 72). — A brief report of observations made in continuation of studies previously noted (B. S. R., 22, p. 681). Time relationships of the wood tick in the transmission of Rocky Moun- tain spotted fever, J. J. Moore (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 8 (1911), No. 3. pp. 339-3.'f7). — "The minimum duration of feeding necessary for a tick to infect a guinea pig was found to be 1 hour and 45 minutes. The average time neces- sary seems to be about 10 hours, while 20 hours were almost constantly in- fective. The duration of feeding necessary to infect a tick is approximately 25 hours, while the minimum incubation period in the tick was not definitely determined. With ticks obtained from nature it is possible that the duration of feeding necessary to infect the tick and the incubation period in the tick will be found to be much less than is indicated here." Complement deviation in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, B. F. Davis and W. F. Petersen (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 8 (1911), No. 3, pp. 330-338 ).—" Posi- tive deviation of complement, using spotted fever antigen and antibody, has been obtained in but one instance, and the results of experiments undertaken to confirm this positive finding have been negative." Curative tests of Ehrlich-Hata " 606 " in spirochetosis of geese, bovine piroplasmosis, and rinderpest, E. Dschunkowsky (Berlin. Tierdrztl. WchnscJir., 27 (1911), No. 1, pp. 2-9; ahs. in Jour. Cotnpar. Path, and Ther., 2Jf (1911), No. 1, i)p. 91-9 Ji). — The author and a collaborator have previously shown (E. S. R., 24, p. 280) that atoxyl has a specific action in spirochetosis of geese. In the experiments here reported it was found that as in other spiro- i-^^2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. chetoses "606" (dioxydiamidoarsenobenzol or salvarsan) lias a much stronger spirocUeticide action than has atoxyl. When "G06" and the spirochete virus were injected simultaneously, no noticeable symptoms of the disease appeared and the spirochetes could not be found in the peripheral blood. Although the virus employed killed control geese in 4 days, diseased geese were cured not only when injected 48 hours after being infected but also after 72 and even 96 hours, that is, even when administered only a few hours before death would otherwise have taken place. The disappearance of the spirochetes from the blood was observed to take place in from 10 to 30 hours after the injection of " 606," depending upon the quan- tity administered. No great difference was observed as regards the visible action of different doses. The protective and curative power of " 608 " in this affection is estimated at 50 times that of atoxyl. In experiments with piroplasmosis due to PiropJasnm higcmintim 7 animals were employed, 3 being held as checks. The drug was found to dissolve large numbers of the piroplasms in a very short time, setting endotoxin free and resulting in an acute intoxication of the host. The author considers it prob- able that a substance will be found which when injected simultaneously with " 606 " will combine with the endotoxin and render it harmless to the host. The author's experiments led him to conclude that " GOG " has no therapeutic value for rinderpest. Experiments on the treatment of animals infected, with, trypanosomes, by means of atoxyl, vaccines, cold. X-rays, and leucocytic extract; enumera- tive methods employed, IC. Eoss and J. G. Thomson {Proc. Roy. Soc. [Lon- don], Scr. B, 83 (1911), A'O. B 563, pp. 227-23.', ; -4nn. Trop. Med. and Par., 4 (1911), No.. Jf, pp. Ji87-527, charts 5). — The experiments here reported are thought to be the first in which the effect of drugs has been measured through regular daily counts of the parasites by measured thick film methods. The treatment of trypanosomiasis, with especial reference to surra, R. P. Steong and O. Teague {Philippine Jour. Sck, B. Med. Sci., 5 (1910), No. 1, pp. 21-53): — The authors here consider the more important methods of treatment of trypanosomiasis under the headings of serum therapy and vaccination, and treatment with anilin and other dyes, with compounds of arsenic, with com- pounds of antimony, and with a combination of 2 or more drugs. Four series of experiments are reported which show conclusively that monkeys (Cynomol- gus philippincnsis) can be ^ui-ed permanently of surra infection by a single injection of arsenopheuylglycin. Experiments with horses and mules in which 23 animals were employed are also reported. The authors state "that arsenopheuylglycin has proved to be by far the most satisfactory means of treatment of trypanosomiasis yet dis- covered. . . . While the results in horses are the best that have as yet been obtained, they are not nearly as encouraging as in monkeys. We have, how- ever, for the first time been able to cure horses afilicted with surra, and this we could never accomplish before by any other means. While it appears that we can save a certain percentage of the horses infected with surra during an epi- demic, we can never predict with certainty whether in a given instance we will be able to cure the horse, or whether he will succumb first to the action of the drug." A bibliography of 73 titles is appended. Epidemiolog'y of tuberculosis, R. Koch (Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektionskrank., 67 (1910), No. 1, pp. 1-18, charts 7). — This is the last contribution of the late Robert Koch, and treats of the epidemiology of human tuberculosis in various parts of the world. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 783 The retrojugular glands for the early diagnosis of tuberculosis in experi- mental guinea pigs, G. Kie-vlyfx (Berlin. Klin. WcJiiiscIn:, .'il (1910), No. U, pp. 2013-2017, fig. 1). — The author draws attention to the fact that invariably an early swelling or caseation of the lymphatic glands on the right and left sides of the incisura jugularis sterni is present in practically all instances and long before any other signs are manifest. He proposes to use this criterion for the detection of tuberculosis in the animal. An illustration is given. The ligroin method for tubercle bacilli, L. Lange and P. Nitsche (Ztschr. Hug. u. Infel-tionsK-ranlc, 67 (1910), No. 1, pp. 151-158) .— Tubercle bacilli have a definite adhesive property toward ligroin, and this allows an easy separation of these bacilli from other bacteria and material. This article deals particu- larly with refuting « the question of the superiority of other methods. '^ Tuberculosis of farm animals, C. F. Briscoe and W. J. AIacneal (lUinois Sta. Bui. 1J,9, pp. 317-1,31, figs S).— This review of the present status of our knowledge of tuberculosis includes reports of original investigations. Following a brief introduction, the authors deal with the pathology; general methods employed in determining the presence of the bacillus ; examinations for tubercle bacilli of market milk and butter, of milk from tuberculous cows with sound udders, of feces, and of the blood of tuberculous animals; public health rela- tions; distribution of tuberculosis among farm animals; and methods of com- bating animal tuberculosis. In the experiments reported, it was found that "Bacillus iiihercniosis remains alive in butter as ordinarily salted for a much longer time than butter is usually kept in storage. ... Of the 6 samples of butter tested ... 2, or 33i per cent, contained tubercle bacilli virulent to guinea pigs." "According to the literature reviewed, tubercle bacilli are very common in market milk, being found, in the 7,845 samples tabulated, 537 times, or 6.8 per cent. A composite of the 3 largest testings done in the United States in 1908 and 1909, those of Anderson (Washington), Fields (Louisville), and Hess (New York City), gives a total number of 447 samples, of which the number contain- ing tubercle bacilli is 78, or 17.5 per cent. The 4 largest series of tests in Con- tinental Europe, those of INIueller, Beatty, Smit, and Eber, comprise a total of 4,229 samples, and of these only 205, or 4.8 per cent contain tubercle bacilli. The testing of 37 samples of market milk from Champaign and TJrbana, from 21 dairies, revealed no tubercle bacilli." " Those investigators finding positive results and those finding negative re- sults in testing milk of tuberculous cows with sound udders are about equal in number as shown by the literature cited. Though the question is yet un- settled whether tuberculous cows with sound udders secrete tubercle bacilli in their milk, the facts so far accumulated point to these conclusions : (a) Tubercle bacilli are rarely found in the milk of tuberculous cows with sound udders, especially if the infection is localized ;(b) when a cow has extensive generalized tuberculosis or when the tubercle bacilli are free in the blood (as, for example, after injecting a pure culture of tubercle bacilli into a vein), at such times tubercle bacilli may be secreted along with the milk. We have tested for tubercle bacilli a total of 47 samples of milk from 10 tuberculous cows. All the cows at autopsy showed normal udders except one. [which] showed ex- tensive induration in the right forequarter of the udder, but this change was not tuberculous in nature. In none of the 47 samples were any tubercle bacilli o Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektionskrank., 66 (1910), p. 315. ^Deut. Med. Wchnschr., 35 (1909), pp. 435, 1428, 1617; Hyg Rundschau, 19 (1909), p. 699; Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 67 (1909), p. 507. 784 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. found, and at autopsy none of the 10 cows was found to be very extensively tuberculous." "At this station, 97 samples of feces from 62 tuberculous cattle have been tested for tubercle bacilli by inoculation of guinea pigs. Tubercle bacilli were found 4 times in samples from 3 animals." " In tbe circulating blood of tuberculous cattle, tubercle bacilli liave been found by good investigators, but their occurrence here would appear to be rather infrequent. In our own tests the results were wholly negative, but it should be remembered that the cattle tested were not in an advanced stage of tuberculosis." " There is a great need of extending the excellent sanitary regulations of some of our large cities to the smaller cities and throughout the country generally. A system of popular education concerning tuberculosis, the tuberculin test, and health regulations would be of great benefit to the State." " For handling the tuberculous cow one of the following methods is advised : (a) In advanced cases where there are physical signs of the disease or when the cow is not very desirable for breeding or dairy purposes, slaughter under inspection is best, (b) When it is desirable to keep the reacting cow for the purposes mentioned above, the Bang method is recommended especially to large stock owners, (c) For owners of smaller herds the modified Bang method by means of a stock owners' association, so the tuberculous animals may be farther removed from the healthy herd, is to be recommended." Elaborate bibliographies follow the discussions. Tuberculosis in the hog, S. Anderson (Maanedskr. Dyticeger, 21 (WW), No. 24, pp. 651i, 655; abs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 26 (1910), No. 52, p. 1053). — Out of a total of 64,G37 hogs examined in Odense, 3,039 were found tubercular. The distribution of tuberculosis in the animal body was as follows: In the lymphatic glands of the head, 1,121 cases; mesenteric glands, 882 ; head and mesenteric glands, 204 ; head, lungs, liver, and mesenteric glands, 358; head, lungs, liver, mesentery, and spleen, 45; head, lungs, and liver, 77; head, lungs, pleura, and mesentery, 11; head, lungs, liver, mesentery, and flesh glands, 100; head, lungs, liver, mesentery, and bones, 107; lungs, liver, and mesentery, 4 ; lungs and mesentery, 4 ; lungs, 29 ; head and liver, 3 ; head and lungs, 66; liver and mesentery, 9; lungs and liver, 4; head, liver, lungs, mesentery, and central nervous system, 1. Experiments in connection with the treatment of cattle affected with redwater, with trypanblue, and trypanred, S. Dodd (Yet. Jour., 66 (1910), No. 421, pp. 394-411). — The author reports experiments conducted in Queensland to determine the value of these drugs in treating animals affected with viru- lent strains of the piroplasm. He finds that while the injection of trypanred appears to have some effect in destroying the parasites in the blood of an animal affected with piroplas- mosis, its effect in reducing the temperature in severe cases is uncertain. The effect of the drug in arresting the course of the disease in severe cases was found to be slight, even when animals were treated early. He concludes that the results obtained do not justify its further use in the field. The several series of experiments with trypanblue here reported show it in the main to be an efficient remedy. " The most favorable results following its use, however, are seen when it is injected at an early stage of the disease. It may also be used with the anticipation of good results following when the fever is at its height, but if the disease has been in existence several days, not counting the period of inoculation — that is, the animal has been actually ill for some days — favorable results must not be looked forward to with too much confidence, for although, even in these cases, the-drug exerts an undoubted VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 785 effect upon the parasite, complications may have already set in, and when such is the case it is the latter which may ultimately cause the death of the animal. Although the results following the use of the drug in experimental cases have been very satisfactory, yet definite conclusions can only be drawn after the drug has been used for some time in the field on a large scale and over a large area." The results following the use of trypanblue in practice have so far borne out the experimental observations. Causative agent of infectious abortion in bovines, ZwicK {Ztschr. Inv- munitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Rcf., S {1910), Tsio. 7, p. 810).— The bacillus caus- ing this condition was not found to be absolutely anaerobic. The aerobic phase can be acquired, and there are strains which are aerobic at the outset. The disease can be reproduced in goats and rabbits. For the diagnosis of this condition, the agglutination test is of particular value, but the complement binding reaction also gives good results. The serum obtained from fetuses was not found to contain active substances. The author is making some tests with " abortin," which is prepared in the same manner as tuberculin. The etiology of contagious abortion of cows, W. J. Macneal {III. Agr., 15 {1911), No. 6, pp. 8-lft). — The data here presented have been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 24, p. 483). Etiology and prophylaxis of an udder epizootic, R. Osteetag {Ztschr, Immumtdtsf. u. Evpt. Ther., II, Ref., 3 {1910), No. 7, p. 809).— In an epi- zootic of young bovines the author isolated Bacterium pyogenes iovis lique- faciens, with which he was able to obtain positive results by inoculating it into animals. Repeated injections of this organism act as a protective, but are not without danger, because there is a tendency to produce thrombosis. The local treatment of the udder with killed bouillon cultures or extracts protects against an infection for from 2 to 4 weeks. Johne's disease, D. B. Clark {Amcr. Vet. Rev., S8 {1910), No. 3, pp. 360- 367). — Four head in a herd of cattle in which this disease had been known to exist for 10 years, and which were tested in Wisconsin with tuberculin pre- pared from avian tubercle bacilli, gave a slight reaction but at post-mortem examination neither the bacilli nor the characteristic infiltration of epithelial cells were found. Three and one-half years is the longest time that the author Las observed an animal to live after showing symptoms of intermittent scouring. Eradication of the common cattle tick, A. Smith and J. C. Robert {Bui. Hiss. Live Stock Sanit. Bd., 1908, pp. 16, figs. 11). — This bulletin presents the laws of the State of Mississippi relating to the control of the cattle tick and several brief popular accounts which emphasize the importance of its eradi- cation. The Texas fever tick. — Some actual results which have been accomplished in cattle tick eradication in Virginia, J. G. Ferneyhough {South. Planter, 72 {1911), No. 3, pp. 290, 291). — It is stated that by April 1, 1911, all but 6 of the counties quarantined for cattle ticks in Virginia would have been released. Worm nests in cattle due to Eilaria gibsoni, J. B. Cleland and T. H. Johnston {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 23 {1910), No. J,, pp. 335-353; Bpt. Govt. Bur. Microbiol. N. 8. Wales, 1909, pp. 91-99) .-Thin detailed account includes references to the literature relating to the subject (E. S. R., 23, p. 588). Heavy loss of cattle from the effects of CEsophagostoma inflatum, D. F. Lucky {Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 6 {1911), No. 1, pp. 367-369) .—The author here reports an outbreak of 0. inflatum in a herd of 102 yearlings that had been shipped to southeast Missouri in February, 1910, for grazing purposes. Upon 94492°— No. 8—11 7 786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. examining the lierd on September 15, 22 head were found to be dead and the others in a very poor condition, although they had had access throughout the summer to good pasture with plenty of clover. Several similar outbreaks in the State of Missouri in the spring of 1904 are mentioned, as follows : " In 1 outbreak in a herd of 36 head in Jasper County, 23 head died and the remaining 13, mostly cows, were left in a very poor con- dition. One outbreak in Grundy County in a herd of 320 head of grade and full-blood Aberdeen-Angus cattle, resulted in the death of 83 head. In 1 neigh- borhood in Gentry County 40 different farmers had cattle affected with this worm, and lost by death from 1 to 34 head each. The amount of the loss from the emaciation of the cattle that lived was equal to the loss by death." It is said that this worm spreads quite rapidly from one animal to another. In all the outbreaks in the larger herds the disease was definitely traceable to some infested animal getting into the pasture or being added to the herd. An account is given of the symptoms and the results of post-mortem examinations. It is recommended that infested animals be removed from infested pastures and supplied with nutritious feed. In many badly affected animals very satis- factory results were secured by withholding food from the animals for 24 hours and then administering a cathartic, following with a full dose of gasoline and sweet milk. Gastritis due to trichostrongyle invasion. — Cases in adult cattle, J. A. Gil- BUTH and Georgina Sweet (Vet. Jour., 66 (1910), Xo. ^21, pp. 4iS-42i).— The authors report having found parasites very similar to the Ostertagia ostertagi of Stiles present in large numbers in a herd of milch cows. The treatment of affected animals with lysol and tonics internally resulted in a gradual return to a normal condition. About white scours in calves, C. Titze (Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., II, Ref., 3 {1910), No. 7, p. 810). — Various bacteria were found to be present in addition to the abortion bacillus (Zwick). Bacteria-free blood filtrates were not found to be pathogenic. Vaccination tests w^hich were made resulted nega- tively. In regard to braxy or bradsot in sheep, C. Titze and A. Weichel {Arh. K. GsndMsamt., 36 (1910), No. 2, pp. 171-197).— According to the authors, the bacillus usually known as the bradsot bacillus is not an etiological factor in this disease. They consider it to be saprophytic and as belonging to the group of anaerobic cadaver bacteria. Bradsot or braxy can therefore only be diagnosed by the autopsical find- ings. The authors in this work were not able by direct transference to convey the disease, nor was it possible to relate such factors as bad water, condi- mental foods, and roughage to the causation of this condition. Some points in the epizootiolog'y of sheep scab in relation to eradication, S. Stockman (Jour. Compar. Path, and Then, 23 (1910), No. .',, pp. 303-31.',).— In discussing this subject the author reports experiments personally conducted. The questions relating to the epizootiology of sheep scab which he points out as requiring further investigation include (1) the period of time after removal from affected sheep during which the acari and their eggs are capable of infecting other sheep; (2) the length of time during which the acari or their eggs may remain in a quiescent state upon sheep and subsequently give rise to scab; (3) the period of time after what may be called ineffective dipping in which one may expect the active symptoms of scab to reappear; and (4) whether there is anything in connection with the habits of the parasite or the general conditions of the sheep which can account satisfactorily for the almost complete disappearance of scab during the summer months. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 787 Septicaemia pluriformis ovium, Miessner and Schern (Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 36 (1910), Nos. 1, pp. J,.',-96; 2, pp. 208-2^; aU. in Rev. G6n. MM. V^t., 15 (J910), No. 180, pp. 705, 706).— In the first paper, following a review of the literature, a number of cases are reported. An account of the affection, including symptoms and pathological anatomy, is then given, with a report of experimental studies of the cause and nature of the disease, etc. The second paper takes up methods of combating the disease. The cultural and biological properties of the bacillus are said to place it in the septicemia pluriformis group. Three forms of the disease, acute, subacute, and chronic, are described. Treatment of dourine with trypanred and with arsenical preparations, W. L. Yakimoff (Bui. Soc. Path. Exot., 4 (1911), No. 2, pp. 116, 117). — The treatment of 4 stallions suffering from dourine with trypanred alone and asso- ciated with arsenical preparations did not give satisfactory results. A report upon 112 horses satisfactorily treated by the new operation for roaring- or whistling, F. Hobday (Vet. Jour., 67 (1911), No. Jf27, pp. 4-22, figs. 5). — In performing this operation the author now strips both ventricles, operat- ing through the crico-thyroid ligament only, and without using a saw to cut the thyroid cartilage or the scalpel to cut the cricoid or tracheal rings. Metabolism of dogs with functionally resected small intestine, E. P. Un- derfill (Aincr. Jour. Physiol, 27 (1911), No 4, pp. 366-382; abs. in Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 56 (1911), No. 8, p. 618). — From experimental observations conducted it is apparent that as much as 39 per cent of the small intestine of a dog may be resected without causing significant detrimental changes in the utilization of the various foods, and the animal may gain in weight. The verminous dermatoses of the dog, L. G. Neumann (Rev. V4t. [Tou- louse]. 36 (1911), No. 2, pp. 76-83). — A review of the present knowledge of the subject. A cerebral embolism caused by Strongylus vasorum, Capdebielle and Htjssenet (Rev. V6t. [Toulouse], 37 (1911), No. 3, pp. l!,5-lh7, fig. 1).—A cerebral embolism in a fox terrier of 15 months is reported upon. Some observations on a laboratory epidemic, principally among dogs and cats, in which the animals affected presented the symptoms of the disease called distemper, J. P. M'Gowan (Jour. Path, and Bact., 15 (1911), No. 3, pp. 372-380). — The author deals with the "bacteriology and pathological anatomy of a disease found to be epidemic in several varieties of animals, which, among dogs, was characterized by the following symptoms : Watering at eyes, epiphora, purulent discharge from eyes, corneal ulcers; serous at first, later purulent, discharge from the nose; sneezing, coughing; vomiting, diarrhea; rise of tem- perature; occasionally abdominal rash; dullness, anorexia, emaciation, paralysis, chorea, interstitial keratitis." Concerning an epizootic among cats caused by an organism of the hemor- rhagic septicemia group, Z. BouCek (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 53 (1910), No. 3, pp. 279-293; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1910, No. //. p. P7). — During the course of a very fatal epizootic among cats in Bohemia during 1908-9, the author made studies of the organism concerned. From the blood and various organs a small ovoid, nonmotile, nonsporulating. Gram-negative bacillus, which showed well marked polar staining, was ob- tained. The organism, to which the name Bacillus felisepticus is given, gi-ew readily upon ordinary media and the feeding and inoculation of pure cultures proved fatal to kittens and mice. A young cat was immunized against the organism through inoculation of the bacillus of rabbit septicemia. In regard to anthrax infection in birds by feeding, O. Hofherr (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Orig., 55 (1910), No. 6, pp. J,3Jf-Ji6Jf).— In order to deter- mine whether certahi deaths in ducks were caused by the anthrax bacillus, the 788 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. author conducted feeding tests with this organism and ducks, chickens, and pigeons. The results show that birds are relatively nonreceptive to anthrax infection, as only 7 out of 29 birds succumbed to it. The body fluids of the chickens seemed to have an extraordinary capacity for destroying the anthrax bacillus. In the infected animals no absolute immunity seemed to remain behind. A bibliography of 43 titles is appended. The leg' mange of birds, T. Haiduck {Rev. in Deut. TierUrztl. Wchnschr., 18 {1910), No. 13, p. 197; Vet. Rec, 23 {1910), No. 1173, p. 408).— The author considers the marked proliferation of horn in this disease to be indicative of an active stimulation of epithelial growth that can not be explained by the me- chanical irritation of the parasite alone. He attributes it to the influence upon the epithelium of toxic substances excreted by the mites. Experimental trans- mission of the parasite gave negative results. Having tested various agents he recommends oleum carvi in the form of an ointment, 1 : 5. New investigations of Leucocytozoon sabrazesi and L. caulleryi of tlie domestic fowl of Tonkin, C. Mathis and M. Leger {Bnl. Soc. Path. Exot., 3 {1910), No. 8, pp. 504-510, fig. i).— During the period from July, 1909, to September, 1910, the authors examined 1.148 fowls, finding 28 infected by L. caulleryi and 226 infected by L. sabrazesi. A double infection was observed in 3 cases. They also examined 196 ducks, 72 geese, 23 turkeys, 35 guinea fowls, and 253 pigeons without finding either of the parasites. Experimental leukemia in chickens, II, V. Ellekmann and O. Bang {Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektionskrank., 63 {1909), No. 2, pp. 231-272, figs. 2; ahs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 26 {1910), No. 50, p. 1001). — Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 20, p. 286), the authors were able by the intravenous injection of an emulsion of the organs of fowls afflicted with leucosis to produce the typical condition in chickens. Doves, turkeys, rabbits, and guinea hens could not be infected. The incubation time was found to be from one to two months. The infective agent is considered an ultrafilterable virus. White diarrhea in chickens, its causes, and treatment, W. Westphal (Deut. Landw. Gefliigel Ztg., 1910, No. 44 J «&«• i^ Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wclinsclir., 26 {1910), No. 50, p. 1001). —The author believes the cause of this disease to lie chiefly in the strain of the bird, in unsystematic and bad feeding, and in im- proper care of the chicks. Only birds which are at least 2 years old and fully grown should be employed for breeding purposes. Another cause is supposed to be the insufiicient absorption of the contents of the yolk sack, this being due to some fault arising during artificial incubation. After leaving the shell the condition may also be brought about by giving food a little too early. Accord- ing to the author, food should only be given after from 48 to 72 hours, and should consist of corn, wheat, oats, and from 3 to 10 per cent of meat or fish meal. How to prevent and cure white diarrhea in chickens, F. L. Platt (Reh Poultry Jour., 17 {1911), No. 11, pp. 1154, 1164-116S).— This is a popular de- scription of this subject, and also of work previously noted (E. S. B., 20, pp. 386, 496). Studies in regard to the penetration of formaldehyde, P. Lassabliebe {Arch. Internet. Pharmaeod. et Ther., 20 {1910), No. 1-2, pp. 5-36). — This is a physical and bacteriological study of the penetrating powers of formaldehyde, with particular regard to its use as a disinfectant. The author points out that the penetration is dependent on 5 factors, namely, the temperature of liberating the gas, the humidity of the atmosphere, the time of exposing the gas to the objects, their temperature, and the size of the room. The vaporizing apparatus was found most effective when operated at a tem- KUKAL ENGINEERING. 789 perature between 160 and 175° C. The penetration of the objects by the gas was found to begin in about 3 hours after commencing the exposure. Disinfection for all practical purposes can be attained in from 5 to 7 hours for all room and general superficial purposes, but books and mattresses require 24 hours at a temperature of from 18 to 28°. The gas is absolutely efficient under these conditions for destroying Bacillus typhosus, B. diphtheria;, and the staphylococcus, but is not certain with spores, particularly the spores of B. subtilis. Disinfecting rooms, books, mattresses, etc., at a temperature below 10° is not possible. At from 10 to 18° it is just apparent but rather inconstant, while from 18 to 30° the penetration is absolutely efficient for rooms, carpets, and most other objects. Perfect disinfection of mattresses and books can be secured at 50 to 60°. The effect of certain reagents on hides, W. F. Cooper and W. H. Nuttall {Jour. Econ. Biol., 5 {1910), No. 4, pp. 157-159).— The authors state that the application of picric acid, pyridln picrate, and mercury bichlorid does not inter- fere with the tanning process or affect the color of the tanned pelt. "As far as any objection to tanning is concerned, there is no reason why a large num- ber of other dyes and chemicals should not be tried as a means of controlling and preventing . . . infestations by many pests." RURAL ENGINEERING. Second progress report of cooperative irrigation investigations in Cali- fornia, F. Adams {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cire. 108, pp. 39).— This circular continues the report of the irrigation investigations carried on by the Office and the State of California (E. S. R., 16, p. 9.30). It discusses the water- right situation in California, including recent legislation in other States and needed changes in California, describes the present status of irrigation de- velopment in the State, and reports duty of water determinations, investigations of irrigation by pumping, studies of water distribution and delivery, the use of concrete in irrigation, the application of water to crops, seepage losses from canals, the cleaning of canals, the drainage of irrigated lands, and the status of investigations now under way. In experiments to determine the duty of water on various standard crops in the State at large it was found that the duty on alfalfa varied from 1.40 ft. to 8.60 ft. On citrus fruits in southern California the duty varied from 0.80 ft. to 2.48 ft. On the experiment farm at Davis 8 plats of alfalfa which received no irri- gation yielded 4.08 tons per acre, while 22 plats which received 12, 24, 30. 36, and 48 in. of water yielded respectively 4.79, 6.43, 8.09, 7.60, and 8.45 tons per acre. Experiments in irrigating barley and corn showed large increases in yield with the application of relatively small amounts of irrigation water. Complete tests were made of 38 pumping plants in the vicinity of Pomona and Riverside and fuel and water tests of 100 others. The complete tests showed that the efficiency of the gasoline-driven plants varied from 30 to 50 per cent and that of electrically-driven plants from 40 to 55 per cent. The partial tests showed a greater economy in fuel consumption in the larger than in the smaller plants and a striking variation in fuel consumption in the different plants. Measurements of seepage losses from canals showed that the losses varied from 0.17 to .51.50 per cent per mile, and averaged 5.93 per cent. Irrigation investigations at Koppenhof, 1910, E. Kruger {Mitt. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. LamUv. Bromberg, 3 {1911), No. 3, pih 115-183, pi. J).— From results of experiments on fertilized and unfertilized fields planted to potatoes, the author draws the following conclusions : 790 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Fertilizers, without irrigation, gave a profitable increase in yield. Irrigation witlaout fertilization gave an increase in yield in one instance only, there being, on an average, uo increase in yield. A short-period irrigation (51 days) was as efficient as, and even more so than, a long-period irrigation (97 days), the later irrigation giving no increase but rather a reduction in yield. The time of irrigation seemed to be of great importance in the production of potatoes, results of earlier investigations favoring the first of June rather than July for the first application. As in previous experiments an increase in water gave an increase in yield, but in direct proportion. Irrigation, but not fertiliza- tion, increased the percentage of large potatoes in the crop, and almost without exception increased the starch content of the potatoes individually, as well as the total starch content and the percentage of plant food assimilated. Owing to the abundant rainfall of the year (330.7 mm. in 48 rainy days from May to September) the effects of irrigation were not so marked as they might be in a drier year. The reclamation of seeped and alkali lands, C. F. Brown and R. A. Hart (Utah Sla. Bid. Ill, pp. 76-92, figs. 8). — This bulletin gives the results of drain- age operations carried on in cooperation with this Office at Huntington, Emery County, Utah, from 1906 to 1910, and also at several points in western Colorado, where the peculiar structure and condition of the soil have made the reclama- tion of seeped lands extremely difficult. The Huntington experiment is de- scribed in detail and the beneficial results from drainage are set forth. Following this is given a condensed set of recommendations intended to cover the general conditions as found throughout the Colorado plateau, among these being the following: The exact source of water supply should be deter- mined for the field being examined, by means of auger borings and test pits. If the source is in underground shale knolls, drains not less than 5 ft. deep from some suitable outlet through the natural course of seepage should be laid directly into the shale knolls. The deeper the drain in the shale, the better the results. To avoid expensive construction, drainage should be undertaken as soon as seepage makes its appearance, but even localities that have already been seeped for a long time may usually be successfully reclaimed. To clean out the drainage system after completion, it is advisable to turn irrigation water in at the head. It is also well to arrange a permanent flushing box at the upper end of all drains for this purpose. Vigorous cultivation in the fall, to give the rains and snows an opportunity to leach out the alkaline salts de- posited on the surface is one of the first steps toward reclamation, and more cultivation in the spring, followed by a liberal application of irrigation water, is another important factor. Alkali-resistant crops should be planted. Care must be taken not to irrigate directly over the drain lines, and where an irriga- tion ditch crosses a drain a flume should be provided. The cost of draining small tracts, using lumber box drains, will probably average $18 per acre in lands that have been long seeped. The seepage is in general due to losses from the irrigation canals and can be prevented by lining or silting them where they cut through shale formations. Construction of a silo, H. Atwood {West Virginia 8ta. Bui. 129, pp. 187- 195, pis. 2). — ^A discussion of some principles involved in silo construction. Directions are given for building a brick silo, reinforced with woven wire fenc- ing, which is in use at the station. The estimated cost of this silo, including labor, was .$313. Cooperative silo building', C. Nelson {Country Gent., 76 {1911), No. 3027, p. 110). — Estimates are given of the cost of building stave and cement block silos. RURAL ENGINEERING. 791 The family house, C. F. Osborne {Philadelphia, 1910, pp. 236, pis. i, dgms. 23). — This popular treatise on lionse building discusses location, sunsliine and \iew, planning and building, beating and ventilation, plumbing, the house and the garden, timely repairs, and similar topics. Domestic sanitary engineering and plumbing, F. W. Raynes {London, 'New York, Bombay, and Calcutta, 1909, pp. XIII+J,74, figs. 277).— This book is designed for students of domestic sanitary engineering and plumbing, but especially for those who are to be entrusted with the design, supervision, and execution of this branch of engineering work. Different chapters treat of subjects as follows: Materials and their prop- erties and mode of manufacture; roof work; pipe fixing and pipe bending; pipe joints; solders, fluxes, and lead burning; sanitary fittings and accessories; soil and waste pipes; drainage of houses and other buildings; disposal and treatment of sewage from mansions and houses in country districts; water supply; appliances for raising water; hydrostatics and hydraulics; domestic hot water supply ; and low pressure hot-water heating apparatus. An appendix gives hydraulic memoranda, the weight of water at different temperatures, as well as of metals and cast-iron pipes, and dimensions of wire and plate gages. Rural hygiene, H. N. Ogden {Neiv York, 1911, pp. XVII+Jf3Jf, figs. 77). — This book, which is one of the Rural Science Series edited by L. H. Bailey, was prepared by the professor of sanitary engineering in Cornell University, and presents the subject of hygiene in its broad relations to the general health of the community at large, dealing rather with the engineering than with the medical side, and in the case of diseases with prevention rather than with etiology and treatment. Details of engineering methods and processes are not attempted, but the way to a proper selection is indicated. The book empha- sizes the interdependence in matters of hygiene of individulas and of commu- nities, especially between rural and urban communities, and seeks " to promote the comfort and convenience of those living in the rural part of the community who, unfortunately, while most happily situated from the standpoint of health in many ways, have failed to give themselves those comforts that might so easily be added to their life." The author holds that it is "not fair to say, despite frequent but careless statements by writers on typhoid fever, that this disease is a country disease, and that it is transmitted to the city by the vacationist who finds the disease lurking in the waters of the farm well. ... As a matter of fact, the greatest danger from typhoid fever is neither in the country nor the large city, but in the village or small city. Here the growth and congestion of population has made necessary the introduction of a water supply, and in many cases this has not been supplemented by the construction of a sewerage system. The ground becomes saturated with filth, percolating, in many cases, into wells not yet abandoned, and the introduction of the typhoid germ brought in from outside is all that is needed to start a widespread epidemic." But while the health conditions in the open country " are quite as good as those of the city, the comforts of country life are as yet inferior." The introductory discussion of vital statistics or general health conditions in the open country is followed by chapters on location of a house — soil and sur- roundings, construction of houses and barns with reference to healthfulness, ventilation, quantity of water required for domestic use, sources of water sup- ply, quality of water, water works construction, plumbing, sewage disposal, preparation and care of milk and meat, foods and beverages, personal hygiene, theories of disease, disinfection, tuberculosis and imeumonia, typhoid fever, 792 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. children's diseases, parasitical diseases, diseases controlled by antitoxins, and hygiene and law. Sanitation in rural communities, C. E. North (Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. and Soc. Sci., 37 {1911), No. 2, pp. 127-1/tD). — This article calls attention to the absence of ofticial supervision of rural sanitation, compares the rural and urban death rates, and discusses household sanitation, ventilation, lighting and water supply, food, sewage and garbage disposal, transmission of disease by flies and mosquitoes and by diseased persons, and the need of education regarding sani- tation in rural communities. It is shown that the death rate in the northeastern United States is less in the country than in the city. The typhoid death rate is about the same in cities and in rural communities, while malaria is the more prevalent in the country. The need of giving greater attention to the rural water supply is especially em- phasized, and the danger of using unprotected shallow wells is pointed out. It is shown that the water from such wells may be a fruitful source of minor intes- tinal diseases of various kinds, even if not the cause of spread of typhoid fever. In conclusion, the author states that " it is to be hoped that public sentiment on matters of sanitation and of general health will in the course of time reach the same degree of interest that is displayed in the study of agri- culture. It does not seem unfair to suggest to the public authorities that at least as much money should be spent in instructing the dwellers in rural com- munties how to raise their own children and to protect themselves against infectious disease as is now expended in informing them how to raise pigs and how to breed cattle and horses."' Hot water for domestic use, edited by J. K. Allen {Chicago, 1910, pp. 122, figs. 24). — In this volume, designed to give information regarding supplying and heating water for domestic purposes, different systems of water heating are described and information is given on such topics as range boiler con- nections, use of check and safety valves, incrustation of water backs, and deix)Sits of mud in water backs and boilers. Electric lig'liting in the country {Breeder's Gas., 59 {1911), No. 2, p. 82). — It is recommended that dynamos and storage batteries be used for electric lighting purposes in connection with the gasoline engines which many farmers now use for running farm machinery. " Electric-light plants have been so simplified that nearly any farmer of intelligence can install and operate a plant himself, and many ingenious farm- ers can wire their houses and barns. A complete plant requires only a small space and can be set up either in a cellar or in some small outbuilding. The operating cost of an electric lighting plant is practically covered by the cost of the fuel required to run the engine, and a gasoline engine requires about 1 pint of gasoline per horsepower per hour. A 1-horsepower gasoline engine will cost about 2J cts. per hour for gasoline, assuming the price to be 18 cts. per gallon. This means that electric light can be supplied to the extent, for illus- Iration, of 15 lights for about 4 to 8 cts. per hour, depending upon the amount of light used. The cost of such plants runs from about $400 upward." Acetylene for lighting country homes, J. D. Bowles {Univ. Mo. Engin. Expt. ma. Bui. 1, pp. 3J,, figs. &).— This bulletin, the first of a series to be de- voted to private lighting systems, contains a brief discussion of the properties of acetylene, its preparation from calcium carbid, and its use as an illuminant. The details of acetylene generation and of acetylene generators are coi sidered, as well as the planning of a typical lighting arrangement, in which ara taken up in detail the factors governing the size and number of burners, the capacity of generator required, piping and fixtures, and the value of scientific shading and diffusing of the light where satisfactory illumination is desired. Cook- RURAL ECONOMICS. 793 ing and heating by acetylene are discussed briefly. The design of a complete installation is worked out in detail, with cost data, and village and town light- ing systems are briefly discussed. An appendix contains the results of tests made by the station, a schedule of pipe sizes, and a table of dimensions and costs of acetylene generators, together with the list of generators approved by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. The estimates for a country home which are presented are $283.40 for instal- lation of the plant with a total yearly cost of $66.81 for maintenance. Esti- mates of about $225 for a cheaper installation, and $47.75 per year for its maintainance, ai'e also given. Acetylene g'as as fuel for a domestic science kitchen, Joan Hamilton {Jour. Home Econ., 2 {1910), No. 6, pp. 654, 655).— A brief account is given of the installation and use of acetylene gas as a part of the equipment for domestic science work in schools. According to the author acetylene gas has proved satisfactory. RTJKAL ECONOMICS. Agricultural survey of four townships in southern New Hampshire, E. H. Thomson {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 75, pp. 19, figs. 3). — This circular gives the results of an agricultural survey of 4 townships in southern New Hampshire made for the purpose of determining the relative condition of farms in the region, the prevailing types of farming, and the profitableness of these types for that section. The information was obtained by a personal visit to each farmer within a certain area. Tables are given to show the average areas, capital, receipts, expenses, and profits for 266 farms; the distribution of the investment of capital, the distribution of profits in relation to the capital invested, and the average distribution of expenses. The data are summarized below : Average area, capital, receipts, expenses, and profits for 266 New Hampshire farms, classified by types of farming. Items covered by survey. Dairy (118 farms). Poultry (40 farms). Fruit (9 farms). General (99 farms). 133.7 65.4 45.7 100.1 37.6 18.2 21.1 31.6 86,134 84,066 84, 730 84,972 1,633 1,754 2,300 1,386 1,071 1,072 908 838 306 203 236 248 256 479 1,156 300 4.27 9.89 23.08 5.0 Average (266 farms). Area acres. Tillable area acres. Capital invested Receipts Expenses, including unpaid family labor Intprest at 5 per cent Labor income Profit on investment per cent. 108.0 31.9 85,350 1,682 978 267 337 5.7 It is noted that " the average farmer in these 4 towns receives $1.07 per day, his house rent, and what the farm produces toward his own living," and " has practically three-fourths of his capital in real estate, including permanent improvements, and one-fourth in equipment," while nearly one-third of the farmers in the territory investigated " receive an income insuflicient to pay 5 per cent on the capital invested, to say nothing for additional pay for their own time and labor." The farmer as a business manager, D. H. Otis {Farmers Voice, 49 {1911), No. 115, pp. 8, 13, 15, 29). — This is an address before a convention of farmers which reports and discusses the results of a special investigation of 20 dairy farms in Wisconsin comparing investment, exi>enses, receipts and net profits, taking (a) 10 farmers at random, largely in one county, but regardless of any 794 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. reputation tliey have made in their business, and (b) 10 of the best farmers that could be found in the State. The 10 farms taken at random showed the following averages: Size, 174 acres; laud value, $12,885; improvements, $4,041; equipment, $859; live stock, $2,205; cash reserve, $80; total capital, $20,070; total receipts, $2,981; total expenses, $2,448; net profits, $533. The 10 farms chosen for their successful management averaged as follows: Size, 157i acres; land value, $13,396; im- provements, $6,9SG; equipment, $1,162; live stock, $9,493; cash reserve, $595; total capital, $31,632; total receipts, $8,217; total expenses, $5,380; net profits, $2,835. Farm accounting' and the cost of producing crops, F. "W. Gist (Bien. Rpt. OK-la. Bd. Agr., 2 (1909-10), pp. 189-195).— This article points out the necessity and advantage of business methods in conducting a farm, inasmuch as farm- ing is as much a business as the selling of goods or other occupation which involves the receipt and expenditure of money. Accurate records are consid- ered feasible, and the article discusses a few simple and convenient forms by which the farmer may know at any time what are his liabilities and assets. How a city family managed a farm, J. H. Arnold ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farm- ers' Bui. 432, pp. 28, figs. 7). — This points out how a family without previous experience or special training, by following systematically the ordinary crop- ping system and methods of tillage, succeeded in solving the problem of making a living, building a home, and educating the children. Among the more im- portant social, economic, and technical farm problems worked out were those dealing with farm labor, the household, the training of children in responsi- bility in management, and the carrying on of farm work in a way to meet the requirements of a normal social life and of cultivated intellectual tastes. A diary and a financial record were kept on this farm for 17 years and the data given are based on these records. Two institute workers and their farm homes, D. H. Knowlton {Agr. of Maine, 1909, pp. 66-73). — An account of the practical working of two successful farms, showing the kind of crops grown, the acreage, and the yield of each, and demonstrating the practicability of raising live stock in connection with the farm. Profi.table farming in southern Wisconsin, R. E. Roberts (Ann. Rpt. Wis. Bel. Agr., 1010, pp. 3'i'i-356). — The author discusses the problem of building up ' and maintaining soil fertility the necessity of conserving farm manures, and the mistake of selling hay and roughage with the idea that it pays better than feeding it out upon the farm. He argues that under conditions where labor is scarce intensive farming should be practiced rather than extensive. The impor- tance of system in every department of farm work is emphasized, showing that the successful farmer of the future must necessarily farm more intelligently. He suggests that a permanent and profitable system of farming may be best developed by keeping enough live stock of a high grade to profitably consume the farm products, yielding a good profit in itself, and at the same time furnish- ing a by-product to build up and maintain the fertility of the land. Agriculture (Ann. Rpt. Comr. Agr., Com. and Indus. S. C, 7 (1910), pp. 25- 57). — The report gives a detailed account of the development of the agricultural industry in South Carolina for the last decade, referring particularly to 9 of the leading crops of the State, giving comparative tables showing acreage, pro- duction, yield per acre, and value of product; and the acreage, production, value, cost of producing, and net profit of the trucking industry in the Charles- ton district from July, 1909, to July, 1910. The average yield in corn for the entire State was increased from 8.9 bu. per acre in 1906 to 18.5 bu. per acre in 1910. The wheat crop in 1907 amounted to EURAL ECONOMICS. 795 a little more tban 2,500,000 bu. and in 1910 to 4,983,000 bii. The oat production per acre increased from 10.54 bu. in 1906 to 21 bu. in 1910. The total value of agricultural products in 1900 is sbown to be $51,324,000, whereas in 1910, omitting the fruit, trucliing and live-stock industries, melon growing, and all minor divisions, the value had increasetl to $144,169,200. The significance of agricultural soil in Germany and the yield from 1885 to 1910, II. Dade (Mitt. Dent. Land to. GcscU., 25 {1910), No. 50, pp. 722- 724)- — The author points out the significance of agricultural advancement iu Germany and the income obtained from 1SS5 to 1910. Tables are given showing the proportion of landowners, renters, overseers, laborers, etc., in relation to the agricultural population, the relative size of the farms, and the number of the agricultural population for each size. Division of estates and the migration from the land, E. Langenbeck (Mitt. Deut. Landiv. GeselL, 26 {1911), No. 10, pp. 116-121). — This article discusses at length the tendency toward the division of estates in certain sections of Ger- many and the migration of the agricultural classes to the large industrial centers. The agricultural association and its value to the Philippine farmer, E. A. CoDDiNGTON {Ptiiiippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 3 -{1910), No. 12, pp. 715- 725). — The author points out the social, educational, and economic advantages of agricultural organizations of farmers iu the several spheres of farm life in the Philippine Islands, showing what has been done by such organizations in other countries and at the same time the lack of success thus far in the Phil- ippines, which he attributes to the lack of commercial confidence on the part of the people not only in strangers but also in their own countrymen and neighbors. [Agricultural organizations and the cooperative movement] {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Bui. Bur. Econ. and ^oc: Intel., 1 {1910), No. 2, pp. XV+ 2S3). — This is a continuation of the series previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 591). The data here given deal with conditions in Germany, Austria, the Otto- man Empire, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Sweden, Rou- mania, Holland, and Switzerland. [Agricultural organizations and the cooperative movement] (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Bui. Bur. Econ. and Soc. Intel, 1 (1910), No. 3, pp. XV+ 400). — This is also a continuation of the series noted above, dealing with con- ditions in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Cuba, British India, France, Italy, and Great Britain. The report also discusses more fully the recent law in France for individual credit for long periods on behalf of small rural properties. It is contended that this law establishes very important principles upon the subject and will tend to improve the social and economical condition of the peasant class and encour- age them to remain on the farm. Agricultural societies, J. Long (Dairy, 23 (1911), No. 265, p. 7).— A list is given of the various societies which are connected with agriculture and allied industries in Great Britain, as prepared by the Board of Agriculture. It is summarized as including 871 agricultural chambers and clubs, 240 live stock and show societies, and 231 agricultural cooperative societies. "There are now 32 agricultural cretlit societies in England and Wales, all of which are able to borrow from nonmembers under the Act of 1898. There are also 155 societies whose object is to provide small holdings and allotments to their members. Again, there are 100 agricultural cooperative societies which purchase manures, feeding stuffs, seeds, and other materials, and sell to their members. Among them are dairy, poultry, and egg societies. Cattle insurance societies number 61, of which 21 are in Lincolnshire. Horses are the object of insurance in 796 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. only 2 societies, pigs in 32, and cattle in 23. There are, in addition, 20 societies of a more general character, 11 central cooperative societies, 12 horse-breeding, 22 cattle-breeding, 26 sheep-breeding, and 6 pig-breeding societies, and, in addi- tion, 82 poultry and 12 dairy societies." Historical resume of -works on agricultural statistics in Spain, J. de Abce (Bol. Agr. Tdc. y Econ., 3 {1911), No. 25, pp. 73-86).— This report gives a history of agricultural statistics in Spain from 1748 to the present time. Crop Reporter {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 13 (1911), No. 2, pp. 9-16).— This gives statistics of the average value per head of farm animals in the United States, the farm value of important crops, condition of the wheat crop in the United States and foreign countries 1907-1910, the monthly receipts of eggs and poultry in the chief markets of the United States, a summarized statement of the monthly interior movement of farm products,- imports and exports of animals and animal products during 1909 and 1910, and the average farm price of horses and cattle in the United States, 1867-1911. Crop Reporter (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 13 (1911), No. S, pp. i7'-2.i).— Statistics and notes on the condition and acreage of crops in the United States and foreign countries, the farm values and range of prices of agricultural products, the monthly receipts of eggs and poultry in the United States, the average wages of farm labor (male) during the past year, and the tonnage of farm products carried on railways in the United States, 1905-1909 are presented. AGRICULTTJRAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education: National Education Association — State and other teachers' associations, B. M. Davis (El. School Teacher, 10 (1910), No. 9, pp. m-452). — The author deals in a historical way with the development of inter- est in agricultural education in the National Education Association, showing that it was not considered as a separate subject, except in connection with the agricultural colleges, until 1898, when the association held its meeting in con- nection with the International Congress of Education and a paper on agri- cultural education was read by a Russian delegate. Subsequently it appears that interest in this subject has increased rapidly. In referring to the work of the state and interstate teachers' associations, the author finds that agricultural education began to receive attention from these associations at about the same time that the National Education Associa- tion became actively interested in it. Shall theoretical and practical agriculture and the physical development of childhood he added to the curriculum, of the city public schools? A. B. Stickney (St. Paul, Minn., 1910, pp. 16., pis. 7, dgms. 2). — The author reviews changes in the industrial conditions which have gi-eatly reduced opportunities for the industrial employment of children, and recommends not only industrial courses but also agricultural courses for city children. He believes that these would contribute to the physical development of children. As chairman of a citizens' committee to plan a comprehensive system of parks for the city of St. Paul, he has drawn plans for a " composite agi-icultural school and physical development park," and these plans are illustrated and briefly described. Agriculture and nature study for rural schools, H. W. Hochbaxjm (State Norm.. School. Colo. Bui., 10. ser., No. 5, pp. ////, figs. 21t). — This bulletin is de- voted to rural school improvement and discusses why rural schools are often ineflicient, the need of redirecting the work of the rural school, the aims in teaching nature study and agriculture, and the training of rural school-teachers. Outlines are given for teacher-training work in nature study, elementary agri- AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 797 culture, school gardening, outdoor art, plant production, soils and crops of the farm, animals of the farm, dairy industry and poultry husbandry, horticulture on the farm, the farm home, rural sociology, and the rural school, as well as outlines in nature study and agriculture for both the lower and upper grades arranged according to seasons. Practical m^ethods of approach suggested for teaching agriculture iu schools, E. Hyatt {Indus, and Agr. Ed. [CaL], Bui. 2, pp. 8, figs. 4). — Specific suggestions are given for connecting the school work with (1) harvesting fruit crops, (2) school gardens, and (3) boys' and girls' agricultural clubs. The soil, R. H. Embebson (Univ. Mo. Bui., 10 {1909), No. 10, pp. 8, fig. 1).— Six elementary lessons on soils, with a few simple practicums, are given. The lessons relate to the formation and kinds of soils, soil texture, soil tilth, and moisture in soils. Ten lessons on the study of Indian corn, M. P. Miller and R. H. Emberson, (Univ. Mo. Bui. [1909], pp. 20, figs. 8). — In these lessons, prepared for use in public schools, the authors treat of the history and uses of Indian corn and give suggestions for the study, judging, and testing of corn, and reasons for cultivating it. Corn: The American cereal, D. W. Working {W, Va. School Agr., 1 (1911), No. 3, pp. 42-62, figs. 10). — This deals with the history and importance of corn, types of corn, the seed of the corn plant, plans for a corn show, and suggestions for boys' and girls' clubs, including a constitution and a helpful bibliography. Directions for selecting corn for exhibition, W. D. Hubd (Facts for Farmers [Mass. Agr. Col.], 1 (1910), No. 1, pp. 4)- — Suggestions are given for improving the quality of corn by field selection, selecting exhibits and preparing them for the corn show, and judging corn by means of the score card. A study of cattle, R. H. Emberson (Univ. Mo. Bui., 12 (1911), No. 4, PP- 16, figs. 8). — Information is given concerning the origin of domestic cattle, the principal beef and dairy types and their conformation, and the importance of live stock on the farm. The horse, R. H. Emberson (Univ. Mo. Bui., 10 (1910), No. 11, pp. 8, figs. 4 ) . — Data concerning the origin of horses and the principal breeds in the heavy and light classes are given, with brief mention of ponies, donkeys, and mules. Sewing, Bessie W. Birdsall and Lora B. Able (Winthrop Norm, and Indus. Col. S. C. Bui, 2 (1908), No. 2, pp. 31, pis. 9). — Directions and illustrations are given for elementary stitches, seams, hems, gathering, bands and fastenings, plackets, darning and patching, ornamental stitches, embroidery and lace, and applied work. The school museum in its relation to geography and commerce, C. R. TooTHAKEB (Philadelphia: Phila. Museums, pp. 27, figs. 6, map 1). — In this pamphlet suggestions for teachers are given on the use of specimens and illus- trative material, largely agricultural, in teaching geography and mathematics. Industrial contest for Minnesota boys and girls, 1910, G. F. Howard (Univ. Minn., Dept, Agr., Ext. Bui. 3, 1910, pp. 24, figs. 5). — Suggestions are made for organizing such contests, and the plans of the Minnesota School of Agriculture for promoting this work, beginning in April, 1911, are given. Proceedings of the third annual Conference on Agricultural Education. — School and home gardens (2Iass. Agr. Col., Dept. Agr. Ed. Circ. 10, 1910, pp. 30, figs. 4, dgms. 2). — The papers on school and home gardens presented at this conference are included in this pamphlet. They include the following: Coor- dinations Between Garden Work and Nature Work and Book Work, by G. L. Green ; How Agriculture Put New Life into a Rural School, Ethel H. Nash ; The Story of Pinehurst Gardener's Club, Aaron Green ; Rural School and Home Gardens During the Summer, Elizabeth Hill; Gardening in the Schools of 798 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Springfield, Fannie A. Stebbins; Home Gardens of the Worcester Public Schools, Edna R. Thayer; and Some Suggestions for Beginning Garden Work, W. R. Hart. A list of books on school and home gardens and of other publications by the department of agricultural education of the Massachusetts Agricultural College is appended. Agricultural fair associations and their utilization in agricultural educa- tion and improvement, J. Hamilton ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Girc. 109, pp. 23). — This circular gives the result of an extended study of the condi- tions of county fairs in the various States, and contains numerous suggestions in detail as to methods of increasing their usefulness for the betterment of edu- cational, social, and economic conditions in rural communities. These sugges- tions relate to the management of the fair, exhibits, judging, the allotment of space, demonstrations, contests, entertainments and amusements, concessions, and other important details. An appendix contains a suggested form of organi- zation. Farmers' clubs (Univ. Minn., Dept. Agr., Ext. Bill. 1, 1910, pp. 16). — The possible functions of such clubs and their value in cooperative educational endeavor are discussed, and a suggestive constitution and by-laws are given. List of books for a farmer's library {Venn. State Col., Dept. Agr. Ext. Girc. 10, pp. If). — Lists of books with publishers and prices are given on general agri- culture, agricultural economics, farm equipment, live stock, crops, soils, dairy- ing, general horticulture, and special topics. These lists would be useful to teachers of agriculture in high schools. MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-first Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1910 {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 361-402, table 1, figs. 3). — This contains the organization list, an ad- ministrative report by the director on the work and publications of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, and departmental reports, the experimental features of which are for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue, together with determinations of the solubility of copper sulphid in pure water, analyses of Salton Sea water, and discharge measure- ments of the Rillito and Santa Cruz rivers. Twenty-second Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1909 {Illinois Sta. Rpt. 1909, pp. 11). — This contains lists of the publications of the station since its establishment and during the fiscal year, a brief statement concerning the principal lines of work, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1909. Twenty-third Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1910 {Illinois Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 12). — Data similar to the above are reported for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910. Twenty-third Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1910 {New YorJc Gornell Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. Lir+498, pi. 1, figs. 222).— This report, which is not intended for general distribution, contains the organization list of the station, a report of the president of the university, a report of the acting director which includes brief statements of the main lines of work of the various departments, a financial statement as to the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June .30, 1910, and reprints of Bulletins 270-277 and 279-283. Twenty-eighth Annual Report of New York State Station, 1909 {New York State Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 588, pis. 31, figs. iO).— This contains the organization list of the station, a financial statement for the federal funds for the fiscal year MISCELLANEOUS. 799 ended June 30, 1909, and for the state funds for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1909, reprints of Bulletins 311-315, 317, and 319-321, Technical Bulletins 9-12, and Circulars 10-12, all of which have been previously noted, a list of the periodicals received by the station, and meteorological observations noted on page of this issue. Director's report for 1910, W. H. Jokdan (New York State Sta. Bui. 332, pp. 583-608). — This contains the organization list and a review of the worli and publications of the station for the year, with a discussion of its needs and functions. Third Annual Report of Dickinson Subexperiment Station, 1910, L. R. Waldron (North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Dickinson Substa. 1910, pp. 85, figs. 14, charts 10). — This contains the organization list of the North Dakota Station and an account of the Dickinson substation for 1910. The experimental work recorded is abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-ninth. Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1910 (Ohio Sta. Bui. 220, pp. XXVII). — This contains an announcement concerning the work of the sta- tion, the organization list, a report of the board of control containing the text of the act of 1910 providing for the establishment of county experimental farms, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, and a report of the director summarizing the work of the station during the year. Twenty-third Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1910 (South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1910, pp. 73, figs. 3). — This contains the organization list of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, and reports of the director and heads of departments on the work of the station during the year, the experimental features of which are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Analyses of mucks, ground limestone, oyster-shell lime, soot, and of several soils are also reported. Report of the director on the establishment of the new state stations, H. H. Harrington (Texas Sta. Bui. IS.'f, pp. 11). — An account of the establish- ment of substations in Texas at Denton, Fort Worth, Spur, Lubbock, Pecos, and Beaumont, and of the expenditures under the state appropriation for the purpose. Press bulletins (Ohio Sta. Bui. 220, pp. 660-666).— Reprints of press bulle- tins on the following subjects: Harvest mites, "jiggers" or " chiggers " ; the mineral elements in animal nutrition; forage crops for emergencies; the need of lime on southwestern Ohio soils; purchasing seeds and fruit trees; profits in farm poultry; growing the best varieties of corn; examining seed potatoes for dry rot; Ohio pastures; the blade blight or yellowing of oats; and how to fight the chinch bug. Publications of the Office of Experiment Stations (U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Pubs. Giro. 17, pp. 12).— The publications of this Office available for distribu- tion by the Division of Publications are here listed. Publications of the Library (U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Pubs. Circ. 18, pp. 3).— The publications of the Library available for distribution by the Division of Publications are here listed. NOTES. Hawaii Federal Station.— The recent Territorial legislature appropriated $20,000 for the station for the next biennial period, to be used chiefly in main- taining demonstration farms on the various islands. Three of these farms are already in operation, one on Kauai and two on Hawaii. Two more will be established on Maui, one in the rubber district and one in the corn district, with possibly an additional substation in the Kona district of Hawaii. These demonstration farms will enable the station to carry on experiments with nearly all of the important crops in localities which are especially suited to them. Attention will be given chiefly to cotton, corn, taro, bananas, pine- apples, rubber, coffee, legumes, and a few garden vegetables, and to the soil conditions and insect pests affecting these crops. It is expected that sufficient funds will be available to build a propagating house and horticultural laboratory during the coming year. Kansas College and Station. — Recent appointments include M. M. Sherman, of Crawford, to the board of regents, A. H. Leidigh in charge of the crops work of the department of agronomy, and C. E. Millar as assistant in soil analysis. Minnesota Station. — H. B. Scammell has been appointed assistant entomolo- gist, and has entered upon his duties. Missouri University and Station. — The three special trains sent out this spring covered 2,640 miles, with 512 addresses to 93,800 people. The train over the Wabash Railroad was visited by 35,000 people in three days. A special teacher was employed to address school children above the fifth grade, and it is esti- mated that over 10,000 were reached in this way. R. C. Bishop has been appointed assistant in chemistry, Nebraska University and Station. — A. E. Davisson, principal of the school of agriculture since its establishment, died April 13. O. L. Sponsler has been added to the station staff, vice F. J. Phillips, deceased. New Mexico College and Station. — A department of extension work has been established, in charge of H. H. Schutz, now assistant agronomist. Dr. J. H. Squires, of the department of agronomy, has resigned to engage in commercial work, to take effect July 1. E. C. Wooton, of the departments of botany, biology, and geology, has also resigned, to take effect on the same date, and will be succeeded by H. S. Hammond, at present assistant professor of biology, J. W. Rigney, a student assistant in the department of horticulture, has been appointed assistant in that department for special work on the codling moth and Irish potatoes. A series of experiments is to be undertaken to determine the effect of electric lights on the codling moth. Cornell University and Station. — G. A. Crabb, of the department of soil tech- nology, has accepted a position with the Bureau of Soils of this Department. Rhode Island College and Station. — A State appropriation of $1,000 has been granted for additional work in the college extension department. E. F. South- wick has resigned as assistant in agronomy in the station. West Virginia Station. — F. E. Brooks, as.sociate entomologist, has accepted a position with the Bureau of Entomology of this Department. 800 O INDEX OF NAMES. Aaronsohn, A., 136. Abbe, C, 517. Abbott, F. D.,296. Abbott, J. F., 164. Abbott, J. S., 568. Abderhalden, E., 392, 511. Able, L. B., 398, 797. Abrahamsohn, B., 629. Abriutin, A. V., 774. Accomazzo, P., 311. Acevedo, D. G., 689. Acqua, C, 230, 531. Adami, J. G., 384. Adams, F., 488, 789. Adam.s, L. E., 160. Adams, W.G.S., 292. Adcock, G. H., 341. Adelung, E. von, 60. Agata, J. d', 83. Agee, A., 111. Agee, H. P., 199, 695. Agetoii,C.N.,598. Agnew, M. A., 494. Agulhon, H., 138, 721. Ahern, G. P., 646. Aicher, L. C, 295. Ainslie, G. G., 61. Akerberg, K., 476. Alazraqui, J., 049. Albert, T. J., 024. Albrecht, 73. Albrechtsen, J., 281, 284, 389. Albright, A. R., 309. Alcock, A., 479. A16n, J. E., 707. Alexander, A. S., 389, 674. AUard, H. A., 034. AUbright, W. B., 613. Allen, E.W., 110, 116, 195. Allen, J. A., 54. Allen, J. K., 792. Allen, M. 0.,661. Allen, R. M., 264. Allen, AV. J., 47. Alsberg, C. L., 298, 409, 511, 701. Alsop, J. W.,'295. Alter, J. C, 127. Althoff, T. d', 227. Alway, F. J., 9, 122, 143, 144, 169 175, 184, 318, 319. Amiradzibi, S., 778. Ammann, P., 763. Anderson, 227. Anderson, A. C, 99. Anderson, G. E,, 577, 579. Anderson, H., 383. Anderson, S., 784. Andersson, G., 299. Andouard, P., 577. Andre, 713. Andr§, C, 127. Andrg, G.,229, 429,721. Andrg, S., 51. Andres, A., 98. Andrews, B. R., 298. Andrews, F., 191. Andrews, F. M., 141. Angus, V.'., 36. Annett, H. E.,33]. Anselmino, O., 19. Anstead, R. V., 699. Antram, C. B., .558, 5.59, 656. Antz, E.,384. Apolant, H., 281. Appel, A., 694. Appel, O., 5.50, 047. Appiani, II. P., 514. Appleman,C. O., 139. Apsit, J., 122. Arce, J. de, 796. Arenander, E. O., .596. Arkhangelskil, A. D., 324. Arldt, T., 417. Arloing, S., 280,281. Armani, G., 609. Armsby, H. P., 108, 115, 195, 468, 496, 697. Armstrong, E. F., 124, 169, 172. Arnaud, G., 152, 347, 742, 747. Arnold, J. H., 794. Aron, H., 765. Arruda, J., S2. Arthaud-Berthet, J., 380, 618. Arthur, J. C, 1.52, .550. Arzberger, E. G., .554. • Ascoli, M., 779, 780. Ashburn, P. M., 260. Ashmead, W.H.,662. Askew, S. B., 300. Asmis, vr., 190. Aso, K.,231. Assheton, R.,274. Aston, B. C, 19, 48.5. , Atkins, E. F.,636. Atterberg, A., 218, 220, 299. Atwater, C. G., 1.3-3. Atwood,H.,716,773, 790. Aubert,L.,246. Aubert, P., 82. Auchinleck, G. G., t)99. Aufsberg, T.,614. Aureggio, E. , 265. Austen, E. E.,59. Auten, J. T.,497. Avery, S., 110, 111. Ayers, S. H.,275. Ayres, B., 112. Babcock, E. B., 243, 445, 693. Babcock, J. W.,568. Babcock, K. C.,109. Babcock, S. M.,183. Bach, E.,122. Bagnall, R. S., 558. Baier, 466. Bailey, C. H., 264, 760. Bailey, F. R.,384. Bailey,!. W., 52. Bailey, L. H., 91, 312, 700. Bailhache, G., 442, 641. Baillaud, E.,174. Bainer, H. M., 279, 288. Baiues, M. T.,88. Baird, R. O., 464, 634, 6.35, 671. Baker, C. F.,700. Baker, E.L., 197. Baker, H. D., 177, 271, 280, 337, 674. Baker, .T. L.,70.5. Baker, O. E.,687. Balcom, R. W., 198. Baldasseroni, V., 259. Baldrey, F. S. H., 480, 482. Balfour, A., 483, 562. Ball, B.,195. Ball, C, R., 196, 734. Ball, E. D.,.56, 298, 753. Ballon, F. H., 5.39, 544. Ballou, H. A., 355. Baltet, C.,148. Bamber, M. K:.,741. Bancroft, C. K.,251. Bancroft, K., 550, 648, 6.51. Bang, B.,281, 283, 4a3. Bang, N. O. H., 381, .579. Bang, O., 280, 284, 483, 788. Bang, T.H., 578. Banzhaf, E. J., 779. Barber, T.C., 4.56. Barboni, J. , 609. Bark, D. H., 17. Barlow, J. C, 96. Barlow, W. H.,62.5. Barnard, C, 290. Barnard, H. E.,170, 363, 364, 566. 801 802 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Bames, C. R.,626. Barnes, F. M., jr., 479. Barnes, S. E. , 400. Barnes, W. , 5c9. Barnet,^. A., 637. Barnett, E., 598, 774, 781. Barr, E. de, 667. Barratt, J. O. W.,562. Barre, H. W., 97, 155, 741, 742, 745. Barrier, G.,379. Barringer, B. S., 467. Barringer, T. B., jr., 467. Barsacq, J., 653. Bartels, A.,24. Barthe, A. E., 158. Barthe y Barthe, A., 689. Barthel, C.,477, 515. Bartlett, H. H.,231. Bartlett, J. L.,17. Bartlett, J. M., 199, 271. Bartow, E.,209. Basch, K.,774. Bashford, E. r.,281. Bass, C. C.,780. Bastin, E. S.,24. Batelli, F.,411. Bateson, W.,574. Bauer, J., 281. Bauer, J. W.,312. Bauer, O., 617. Baum, H.,777. Bauniann, A., 320. Baume, W. la, 577. Bauriedl, B.,672. Bautz, F.,83. Bavier, B.,345. Baxter, 0. G.,487. Bay, J. C.,698. Bayllss, J. S. , 631. Beach, S. A., 341. Beadnell, H. J. L., 216. Beal, W. H.,93, HI. BealjW. J., 195,236. Beale, J. F., 519. Beals, E. A., 149. Beam, W., 220, 299. Beattie, W. U.,734. Beauverie, J., 351. Beck, E., 265. Becker, 082. Beckerich, A., 690. Beckurts, H.,703. Bedford f Duke of), 340, .349. Beebe, W. L.,485. Beger, C.,209, 369. Behncke, W., 123. Behre, A., 77,363. Beijermck, M. W., 305, 529. Beitzke, H.,482. Bellis, A. E.,517. Belz, J. 0.,2]5. Bemmelen, J. M. van, 100. Bencke, A., 38. Benedict, F. G.,.309. Benedict, P. A., 419, 428, 470. Bennett, A. E.,693. Bensley, B. A.,160. Benson, C. C, 464, 467. Benson, M., 033. Benson, O. H., 698. Bentley, C. A., 356. Bentley, G. M., 162. Berberich, F. M., .383. Berckmans, P. J., 100, 441. Berekowski, A., 176, 178. Berg, R., 173. Berg, W. N., 702. Berger, E. W., .355. Bergman, H. F.,.398. Berlese, A., 54, 751. Bennbach, P., 185. Bernard, C, 41, 158, 359, 629. Bernard, F.,291. Bernard, N., 699. Bernard, P. N., 585. Bernhart, R.,307. Bersch, W.,422. Berthet, J. A., 380, 618. Berlhold,H.,579. Bertoni, M. S., 36. Bertrand, G., 10, 510, 703. Besana, C.,700. Besley, F. W., 136. Bcssau, G.,26G. Bessey, C. E., 298. Besso, S. L., 367. Betegh, L. von, 586. Bethune, C. J. S., 161, 558. Belts, H. S., .344. Beuhne, U., 758. Sevan, L. E. W., 482. Bevler, I.,693. Bey, P., 280. Beythien, A., 267, 308. Biederstedt, 318. Biedl, A.,584. Rieler-Chatelan, 620. Bierema, S.,327. Biernacki, E., 172, 572. Biflen, R. H., 169. Bigelow, F. H., 16, 17, 120, 312. Bigelow, W. D., 097. Biggie, J., 180. Billiet, P., 3.53. BUlings, G. A., 181. Binder, E., 772. Bippart, E., 490. Birchard, F. J., 304. Birdsall, B. W., 797. Birt, C.,60. Bishop, E. S., 122. Bishop, II. E.,.363. Bisliop, R. C, 800. Bissmann, 641. Bitting, A. W.,664. Bitzer, K.,578. Bizzell, J. A., 131, 197, 710. Bjerregaard, A. P., 516. Bjorlykke, K. O., 299. Black, O. F., 409, 511. Blackham, R. J., 280. Blickman, F. F., ,53.3. Blackshaw, J. r.,077. Blackwelder, F.., 25. Blair, A. W.,319. Blair, W. R., 126, 312. Blanc, M. le, 624. Blanchard, L., 194. Blanchard, R.,98. Blanck, E.,315. Blarez, C.,410. Blatchiey, W. S., 259. Bleuel, G.,.312. Blichfeldt, S. H., 21.3. Blieck, L. de,281. Blochouse, D. M. de, 548. Blodgett, F. H., 136. Blodgett, W.,300. Blome, K. L.,486. Blood, A. F.,12. P.lunno, M., 545. Boehme, H. G.,771. Boekhout, F. W. .T.,80. Bogdanov, S., 621. Boggild, B., 476, 596, 694. Bohmer, 346. Bohmerle, K., 445. Bohutinsky-Krizevci, G., 154, 552. Bois, D., 342. Bois-Reymond, R. du, 770. Boisen, A. T., 243. Bolin, P., 526, 732. Bolle, A., 672. BoUey, H. L., 97, 116, 132, 448, 710. Bolster, R. H., 313. Bommer, C, 343. Boname, P., 573. Bond, F. T., 775. Bondouy, T.. 779. Bonebright, H. B., 288, 296. Bongert, J., 281, 283. Bonnett, W. E., 312. Bonns. W. W., 194. Boodle, L. A., 164. Booth, W. M., 519. Boquet, A., 673. Bordet, J., 390, 486. Borkel, C, 125, 612. Bomand, M.. 512. Bornemann, F., 591. Borrel, 390. Borrino, A., 511. Borthwick, J. D., 479. Bosch, E., 375. Bostock, L., 562. Bosworth. A. W., 277, 663. Bosz, J. E. Q., 307. Bottieher, W., 123. Bottomley, W. B., 229, 431. Bou6ek, Z., 787. Bouchet, 485. Boufiard, A., 308. Bouin, 514. Bouquet, A. G. B.,239. Bourdet, L., 513^ Bourne, G. C, 377. Bourquelot, E., 31, 608. Bousfield, W. R., 417. Bouvier, G., 40. Bovell, J. R., 542. Bowles, J. D., 792. Bowman, I., 709. Boyce, R. W., 60, 562. INDEX OF NAMES. 803 Boyle, J. G., 39. Boynton, W. H., 87. Bracci, F., 215. Bracket, G. B., 148. Braddon, W. L , 66. Bradley, C. E., 217, 297, 625. Brand, C. J., 142. Brand, R. E., 582. Branitski, M. E., 730. Brasart, 610. Brauler, R., 581. Brdlik, V., 75. Eredo, H. R., 484. Breed, R. S., 182. Brehmer, 24, 41, 226. Bremme, W., 677. Bremner, O. E., 162. Brenchley, W. E., 31, 37. Brenier, H., 43. Brewer, W. H., 295. Brewster, C. E., 53. Briant, L., 516. Bricker, G. A., 92, 693. Bridel, M., 608. Briggs, L. J., 196, 215. Brighara, A. A., C74. Brigham, A. P., 291. Brinkmann, T., 489, 672. Briosi, G., 345. Brioux, C, 323, 623. Briscoe, C. F., 783. Briscoe, J. M., 547. Brittain, J. I., 215. Britton, W. E., 454, 553, 749. Broadbent, A., 68. Brockmann-Jerosch, H., 245. Brockmann-Jerosch, M., 245. Brocq-Rousseu, D., 56, 551. Brodersen, H., 518. Broeck, E. van den, 128. Broekema, L., 176. Broili, J., 647. Broil, R., 680. Brooks, F. E., 555, 800. Brooks, F. T.. 48, 450. 451, 453, 748. Brooks, W. P., 233. 239, 241, 274, 600, 713. Broomhall, G. J. S., 593. Broquet, C, 559. Brouet, G., 522. Brown, C. F., 790. Brown, E., 97, 98. Brown, E. E., 109. Brown, G. W., 692. Brown, H. R., 677. Brown, H. Y. L., 427. Brown, J. A., 306, 512. Brown, L. A., 267. Brown, L. C., 40. Brown, L. F., 98. Brown, W. H., 296. Browne, G. A.. 199, .305, 514. Brownlee, J., 374. Bruce, A. B., .374. Bruce, D., 60, 686, 661. 756. Bruce, W., 371 Brues, C. T., 564. Brumpt, E., 479. 1394°— 11 2 Bruncken, E., 7.39. Bruner, L., 654. Brunet, R., 452. Briining, 180. Briinnich, J. C., 79, 520. Bryan, A. H., 266. Bryan, H., 210. Bryan, T. J., 198. Bryant, L. S., 171. Bryce, A., 368. Bub, M., 77. BubAk, F., 45, 49, 346, 650. Buchanan, R. E., 480. Buchanan, W. D., 440. Buchner, 226. Buclmer, E., 411. Buckham, M. H., 95. Budd, H. W., 733. Buell, J., 96. Buell, T. W., 297. Bugge, G., 185. Bukraba, V. V., 636. Bull, C. P., 36. Bunneraeyer, B., 312. Bunsow, R., 772. Bunzel, H. H., 511. Burck, W., 533. Burd, J. S., 136, 228. Burgess, A. F., 298, 457. Burgess, J L., 142. Burke, E. W., 463. Burkett, C. W., 53.5. Burks, J. D., 776. Burlison, W. L., 640. Burmann, J., 12. Burnett, E. A., 117. Burns, J. C, 373. Burns, W., 649. Burr, A., 280, 383, 706. Burr, N., 558. Burr, W. W., 130, 723. Burrel, O. B., 339. Burridge. W., 766. Burrows, M. T., 474, 770. Burton, H. H., 280, 777. Busck, A., 660. Busquet, H., 575. Butler, E. J., 48, 152, 351, 500. Butler, N. M., 292. Butler, O., 746. Butler, T., 200. Buttenberg, P., 706. Butterfleld, K. L., 109, 117, .300. Buttz, H. A., 300. Cabasse, E., 613. Cadoret, A., 50. Caesar, L., 250, 557, 659. Caffey, E. A., 43. Cagny, P., 280. Cahen, E., 209. Calhoun, L. A., 671. Call, A. F., 650. Callendar, H. L., 393. Calmette, 528. Calvert, P. P., 753. Calvin, H., 96. Cameron, F. K., 196, 697. Campbell, D. H., 632. Campbell, J. R., 382. Campbell, R. II., 343. Canada, W. W., 579. Cannon, W. A., 428. Canstein, F. von, 467. Cantaloube, P., 82. Capdebielle, 787. Capps, S. R., 313. Capus, J., .57. Carbonell, L. G. y, 615. Cardin, P. P., 49. Carles, P., 410. earlier. A., 26, 37. Carlinfanti, E., 763. Carlson, K. A., 446. Carlsson, C. B., 691. Carlyle, E. C, 497. Carlyle, W. L., 269. Carmody, P., 445. Carpenter, E., 675. Carpenter, F. B., 621. Carpenter, G. H., 54, 61, 98, 661. Carpenter, P. H., 738. Carre, H., 485. Carrel, A., 770. Carrier, L., 196. Carriker, M. A., jr., 556. Carter, R. M.,386. Cary,C. A., 679. Casper, M., 285. Cassal,N. C.,214. Castellani, A., 479. Castle, R. L.,39. Castle, W. E., 475, 671. Cathcart,C. S., 428, 528. Cazcnave, P., 309. Cazeneuve, H. I., 60. Celli, A.,562. Center, O. D.,597. Cesari, E., 281. Chace, E. M., 198, .309. Chaine, J.,56, 753. Chalmers, A. J., 479. Chamberlain, F. W.,400. Chamberlin, T. C.,709. Chandler, B. A.. 497. Chandler, C. L., 126. Chandler, W.H., 449. Chapais, J. C.,757. Chapelle, J.,573, 752. Chapin, J.,353. Chapin, L. J., 696. Chapin, R. W.,98. Chapman, G. H., 238, 245, 247. Chapman, H. G.,304. Charlan, F., 3.37, 636, 637. Charles, F. L.,594. Charlton, G. A., 17. Charlton, J. D.,194. Charlton, T. G., 127. Charnass, D.,213. Charon, 392. Chase, A., 432. Chase, J. S..739. Chase, W. W., 456, 459. Chatelan, B.,620. Cheney, E. J., 88. 804 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. Cherrington, F. W.,549. Chevalier, A., 646. Chevalier, O., 636. Chilcott, E. C.,231. Chiles, R. V., 291. Chittenden, F. H., 357, 360, 655. Chouchak, D.,423. Cliristensen, A., 596. Christensen, F.,707. Christensen, F. W., 296, 497. Cliristensen, H. R., 29, 523, 527. Clu-istensen, N. C, 694. Christie, G. I., 110, 118, 597. Christie, W.,6&5, 733. Christophle, F., 41. Chrysler, M. A., 1.36. Church, J. E., jr., 415. Churchill. O. O., 400. Clacher, W.,512. Clark, 1). B.,7S5. Clark, E., 198, 199. Clark, E. D., 122,409. Clark, V. I,., 169. Clark, V.'. E.,653. Clarke, W. T., 97. Clausen, 26. Clausen, H.,449. Cleland, J. B., 161, 353, 785. Clmton, G. P., 553. Clippert, C. G., 228. CIodot,C.,3]5. Clothier, 0. L.,644. Clothier, R. W.,727. Cobbett, L.,587. Conhel, W. A., 70, 269. Cockayne, A. H., 56, 57, 160, .3.?9. Cockayne, L.,420. Cockerell, T. D. A., 55, 167, 456. Coddington, E. A., 795. Cofiey, G. N.,696. Coffigniez, J., 148,-348. Cohn, R., 76.3. Cohnheim, O., 174. Coit, J. E., 342, .535. Cole, C. A., 297. Cole, L. J., 187,590. Coleman, L. C.,a50. CoUett, R. W., 142. Collier, J. S.,061, 743. Collin, E., 123,706. Collinge, \V. E., 165, 654, 742. CoUingwood, H. W., 379. CoUins, C. W.,57. Colliu.s, G. N., 141,2.36. Colltos, S. H...37. Comanducci, E., 705. Combes, R.,32S. Compton, A., 10, 703. Compton, R. H.,430. Cone, V. M., 695. Congdon, L. A., 297. Conn, H. J., 529. Connell, W. T., 128. Connor, A. B.,332. Conrad, H., 672. Conradi, A. F., 598. Conte, A.,281,754. Cook, F. C, 265. Cook, .T., 698. Cook, M. T., 63, 360. Cook, O. F., 36, 444. Cooke, E. T., 41. Cooke, W. AV., 64, 697. Cooley, F. S., 300. Cooley, R. A., 255. Coons, G. H., 94, 194. Cooper, C. S., 42. Cooper, AV. F., 481, 789. Copeman, S. M., 59. Coquillett, D. W., 258. Corbett, L. C, 36, 151. Corson, T. H., 61. Cory, C. B., 654. Cory, E. N., 657, 658. Costanzo, G., 615. Cotte, J., 359, 431. Cotton, E.G., 63. Cottrell, H. M., 237. Couchman, M. E., 399. Coull, .S.,31. Coulter, J. !>., 393, 698. Coulter, J. M., 626. Cousins, H. H., 38, 564. Couts, C. 0.,641. Coventry, B., 500. Covp-t, C. C, 313. Coville, F. v., 443. Cowan, J. L., 75. Cowles, H. C, 330, 626. Cox, W. G., 417. Crabb, G. A., 800. Craig, A. G., 237. Craig, C. F., 260. Craig. R, A., 684. Craigie, P. G., IM. Cramer, M., 576. Cramer, P. J. S., 43, 242, 631. Cramer, \V., 670. Crampton, G. C, 495. Crawford, D. L., 700, 7.52. Crawford, J. C, 664. Creelman, G. C, 96. Crispo, 703. Crispo, D., 679. Crocheron, B. H., 91, 688. Crosby, C. R., 557. Crosby, D. J., 92, 112, 119, 292, 299, 493, ,599, 691. Crossley, A. W., 226. Cruchet, D., 350. Criiger, H., 502. Crumley, J. J., 6*4. Cruz, O., ,562. Cuboni, G.. 245. Cu6not, L., 576. Culbertson, F. W., .383, 775, 777. Culbertson, J. D., 747. Cunie, D. H., 755, 756. Curry, B. E., 471, 625. Curr>-, H. W., 48. Curtis, C. E., 689. Curtis, C. H., 547. Curtiss, C. F.,111. Cushman, A. S., 24. Cushny, A. R., 81. Cutler, W. P., 382. Czadek, O. toq, 471. Czapek, F., 137, 5«0. Dabbeue, R., 6.54. Dabney, C. W., 292. Dachnowski, A., 529. Dade, IT., 795. D'Agata, J., 83. Dairat, J., 41. Dakin, G., 697. Dalla Torre, K. W. von, 5ii3. Dalrymple, \V. H., 585. D'Althog, T., 227. Damberg, E. F., 740. Dammann, 281, 283, 390. Damon, C. M., 127, 416, 615. Dampf, A., 757. Damseaux, A., 542. Dana, S. T., 547. Dangeard, P. A., 720. Daniels, C. W., 479. Danis, 546. Dantee, F. le, 374, 770. Dantony,E., 51,707. Darhng, S. T., 481, 660, 755. Darnell-Smith, G. P., 347. Davel, D., 579. Davenport, K., Ill, 113, 114, m7 492, G90. Davidson, J. B., 473. Davidson, R. J., 197. Davidson, W. C, 418. Davidson, W. M., 57. Davis, B. F., 781. Davis, B. M., 140, 79«. Davis, C. A., 712. Davis, H. v., 631. Davis, J. R., 44*. Davis, K. C, 92. Davis, R.O.E., 20, 2ie. Davis, V. H., 241. Davis, W. T., 252. Davison, A., 160. Davison, A. G., 163. Davisson, A. E., 800. Davy, E. W., 35. Dawson, J., 443. Dawson, R. W., 654. Dean, G. A., 751. Dean, W. H., jr., 297. De Arce, J. , 796. Deamess. J., 594. DeBarr, E.,667. DeBlieck, L.,2S1. De Blochouse, D. M., 64S. Dechambre, P., 281, 414. DeDoes, J. K. F.,281. Deedmeyer, F., 567. Deerr, N., 411. Degen, A. von, 170. Degive. A., 281. Degrully, L., 51. DeHaan, J., 282. DeHaas, W. R. T., 151. Dehlinger, G., 490. De Inkey. B., 220, 299. Deitz, E.,654. Dejeanne, A., 51. INDEX OF NAMES. 805 Dekker, J.,573. De Kniljfi, E., 717. Delacroix, G., 348. Delage, Y.,473. De Lancey, F. W., 677. Delano. J. W.,353. Dela Rosa, G. F.,395. De Launay, L. , 426. De Lavison, J. de R., 532. Deleano, N., 411., Delehaye, M. H.,610. De Leon, A. P., 637. Delepine, A. S., 775. De Lotbini&re, H. G. J., 19. Del Rosario, M. V., 611. Delwiche, E. J., 191. Demaree, F. H., 237. Demarest, W. H. S., 194, 496. De Molinarl, M., 325. Demolon, A., 522. Demoussy, E.,31, 139. Demuth, G. S., 557, 654. DeNansouty, M.,227. Deneumostlcr, C, 37. Dengler, A., 126, 453. Dennlss, F. II.,77. De Recklinghausen, M., 218. De Regny, P. V., 219, 299. De Rothschild, H., 775. Derr, H. B.,335. Derry, R., 158. De Rufz de Lavison, J., 532. De Ruijter de \Vildt, 135. Deseler, B., 481. DesmouUns, A., 545. DeSoiiza, A., jr., 82. Deubler, E. S.,682. De Verteull, J., 61S, 620. Deville, 39. De Vilmorin, P., 228. DeVine, J. F., 386. De Vries, J. J. O., 80, 581. De Vries, P., 546. Dewar, J. R. U.. 281, 283. DeWildeman, E., 177. Dewing, A. S., 275. Dewitz, J.. 660. Dexler, H., 777. D'Hereulais, J. K., 9S. D'Herelle, F. H., 414, 747. Dibble, W., 234. Dicenty, D., 220, 299. Dickins, A., 40. Dickinson, J. M., 690. Didier, C.,395. Dietrich, T., 418. Di Gristina, G..286. Dijkstra, L. S.,278. Dilhnan, A. C, 436. Dinsmore, S. C, 264, 417, 471. Dittmar, F., 477, 700. Dix, J. H.,90. Doane, C. F., 665. Doane, R. \V.,354. Doby, G., 552, 707. Dock, G., 780. Dodd, S., 484, 784. Dodson, W. R., 200. Does, J. K. F. de, 281. Dole, R. B.,313. Dombrowsld, W., 477. Doncaster, L., 475, 662, 771. Donnel, C. A., 127. Doolittle, A. W., 600. Doria, G.,612. Dorogin, G., 52. Dorset, M., 280, 284, 697. Dorsett, K B., 491. Doten, S. B., 494. Doty, S. W.,269. Douarche, E.,378, 770. Douglas, L. M., 582, 767. Douglass, B. W.,557, 654. Douglass, T. R., 296. Downing, J. E., 379, 383, 773. Dox, A. W., 121, 511. Doyarenko, A. G., 24, 135. Drake, T. F., 17. Dralle, A., 184. Dresbach, M., 185. Drevenstedt, J. H., 473. Drouin, V., 285. Drushel, W. A., 10. Dryden, J., 274, 595. Drysdale, J., 234. Dschunkowsky, E., 280, 781. Dubard, M., 43. Dubois, 486. Dubois, W. L., 198. Du Bois-Reymond, R., 770. Duchemin, R. P., 126. DuckAvall, E. W., 763. Ducloux, A., 450. Ducomet, V., 251. Dudgeon, E. C, 3.32. Duerden, J. E., 380. Duerst, U., 180. Duff, J. S., 593. Duggar, B. M., 717. Duggar, J. F., 91, 110, 111, 196, 299, 698. Dumitrescou, 211, 611. Diimmler, 351, 545. Dumont, J., 520. Dumont, R., 176. Dunbar, P. B., 198. Dunlap, R. W., 171. Dunstan, J. R., 687. Dunston, C. E., 7.39. Dupon, 179. Durig, A., 669. Du Sablon, L., 27. Dushechkin, A. L, 734. Dussert, P., 351. Duvel, J. W. T., 215. Dyce, J. R., 94. Dye, F., 97. Dyer, B., 5.37, 640. Dyson, Q. E., 679. Dzierzbicki, A., 28. Earle, W. F., 73. Earnshaw, F. L., 53. Earnshaw, G. F., 234. East, E. M., 141. Easlierby, H. T., 531. Eastman, F. M., 60. Eaton, E. H., 53. Eaton, E. O., 199. Eber, A., 587. Eber, E., 281. Eberhardt, P., 43. Eckles, C. H., 76, 99, 278. Eckstein. 244. Edelmann, R., 280, 281. Edgerton, C. W., 47, 747. Edmondson, C. H., 353. Edson, H. A., 411. Edwards, F. E., 493. Edwards, H., 112. Eggleston, J. D., 599. Egorov, M. A., 321. Ehle, H. N., 735. Ehrenbaeher, 395. Ehrenberg, P., 21, 131, 521. Ehrhorn, E. M., 255. Eichel, G. F., 80. Eichinger, A., 248. Eigner, 352. Eikenberry, W. L., 137. Einaudi, L., 691. Elfer, A., 585. Elgar, W. R., 516. EUenberger, W., 777. EUermann, V., 788. EUiff, J. D., 293. Elliott, C. O., 106. Elliott, J., 293. Elliott, T. H., 591. Ellis, D. C, 698. Elofson, A., 596, 732, 736. Eisner, G., 280. Emberson, R. H., 797. Embody, G. C, 161. Emeis, C, 620. Emerson, R. A., 632, 758. Emery, W. O., 199. Engeland, II., 701. Engler, A., 441. Enock, F., 751. Erf, O., 99. Erlandsen, A., 587. Ertel. F., 478. Eschmann, M., 624. Escobar, R., 383. Escot, M. E. P., 209. Essig, E.G., 559, 700, 747. Esten, W. M., 707. Eulefeld, 652. Euler, H., 608. Evans, G., 560. Evans, G. H., 482. Evans, I. B. P., 155, 157. Evans, S., 697. Evans, T. J., 353. Evans, W. A., 679. Evvard, J. M., 174. Ewart, A. J., 424 736. Ewart, J. C, 178, 376, 377, 772. Ewert, R., 339, 340. Ewing, E. C, 732. Eyre, J., 481. Faber, F. C. von, 159. ^abritius, 180. 806 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Fachini, S., 612. Faes, H., 168. Failyer, G. H., 21. Fair, W. C, 384. FalrcWld, F. R., 739. Fairfield, W. H., 432, 440. Faitelowitz, A., 412. Falconet, H., 43. Falke, 174. Fallada, O., 361, 471. Falliferes, A., 171. Fally, v., 486. Fambach, 47"). Fantham, II. B., 393, 684, 685, 686. Farneti, R., 652. Farrar, R., 94, 691. Farrington, E. H., 183, 514, 583. Farrington, H. A., 548. Fascetti, G., 700. Faunce, R. H., 600. Faure, G., 510. Faure, L., 522. Fay, C. R., 394. Fehse, A., 81. Feige, A., 314. FeUden, G., 216. Feilitzen, H. von, 29, 3t'., 127, 299. 427, 526, 621, 622. Feilitzen, M. von, 596. Felger, A. H., 53. Fellows, A. L., 312. Felt, E. P., 54, 58, 257, 454, 561. Fendler, G., 125, 612. Fermor, L. L., 623. Fernald, C. H., 254. Fernald, H. T., 254, 260. Fernbach, A., 778. Ferneyhough, J. G., 785. Fernow, B. E., 151. Ferrar, H. T., 216. Ferroni, F. M., 39.5. Ferry, J. F., 556. Ferry, N. S., 285. Fetzer, L. W., 681. Feytaud, J., 57. Fichtenbolz, A., 31. Field, G. W., 3.53. Field, J., 293. Fields, J., 698. Files, E. K., 9. Filsinger, F., 123. Finch, C. H., 42. Findlay, W. M, 35. Fink, B., 28. Finzi, G., 283, 585. Firket, C, 390. Fischer, C. E. C, 548. Fischer, E., 346, 411, 5.54. Fischer, R., 6(i7. Fischer, T., 316. • Fish, P. A., 285. Fisher, E., 622. Fisher, G. E., 300. Fisher, R. W., 150. Fisher, W. R., 100, 553. Fiske, W. F., 456, 4.57, 563, 757. Fitch, C. L., 2.37. Fitch, M. A., 396. Fitz, L. A., 146. Fitz-Randolph, R. B., 566. Flagg, C. O., 499. Flammarion, C, 417, 720. Fleischmann, W., 121. Fleisher, M. S., 385. Fletcher, H. I'., 622. Fletcher, J., 109. Fletcher, R., 519. Fletcher, S. AV.. 240. Fletcher, W. F., 311. Flint, P. N., 598. Foex, E., 252. Foex, G., 499. Foley, n., 82. Folin, O., 703. Foudard, L., 42. Forbes, A. C, 167, 547. Forbes, S. A.. .58. Forbush, E. H., 748. Force, J. N., 776. Ford, W. W., 384. Foreman, F. W., 6.53. Formenti, C, 581. Fortier, S., 102. Fortineau, L., 389. Fortmi, V., 11- Foster, B., 527. Foster, S. W., 455. Foth, 83. Foulkes, P. H., 728. Foussat, J., 414. Foust, J., 170, 463. Fowler, C.E. P., 562. Foxworthy, F. W., 151. Frailong, R., 120. Francis. O.K., 65, 464, 635, 671, 704. Frank, F., 549, 572. Frank, L.,278. Frankel, S., 585. Frankenfleld, H. C, 312. Frankfurt, S. L., 22, 440. Fraps, G. S., 130, 302, 326, 423, 516. Eraser, W. J., 99, 100, 773. Frear, D. \V.,.594. Frear, W.,37, 136, 198. Fredholm, A., 564. Free, E. E.,221. Freeman, E. M., 246. Freeman, G. F., 727. Frei, W.,392. French, C, jr., 57, 3.54. French, G. T., 736. French, W.H., 119. Frick, H.,281. Fricke, 424. Friedberger, E., 584. Fries, J. A., 468. Friese,H.,358, 359. Friesenhof, von, 592. Frischaiif, J., 75. Frissell, H. B.,698. Fritsch, J., 224. Fritz, C, 690. Fritzsche,M., 477. Froggatt.W.W., 3.53,558,754, 75' Frohner, E.,778. Fromm, E., 707. Frost, W.D., 529. Frosterus, B.,299. Frothingliam, L., 86, 2S1. Fruwirth, C, 634. Fuchs, K., 477. Fuertes, L. A., 54. Fiihrer, L., 177. Fullaway, D. T., 361, 655. Fuller, C, 56, 58, 754. Fuller, C. A., 480. Fuller, H. C, 199.' Fuller, M. L., 314. Fuller, V.E., 381. Fulton, E. S., 2.33, 274. Funk, C, 510. Fiirth, O. von, 213. Fyles, T. W.,558. Gable, C. H., 654. Gaertner, A., 86, 683. Gagnaire, J., 650. Gain, E.,.56, 122. Gaine, E., 551. Gaither, E. W.,26,527. Gale, H. S., 25, 624. Gallagher, J. S., 700. Gallardo, A.,374. Galli-Valerio, B., 356, 357. 512. Gallier, A., 179, 773. Gallinger, J. H., 499. Gallon, F.,.500. Gamble, M. G.,597. Gandara, G., 157, 163, 650. Garcia y Mercet, R., 98. Gardner, E. A., 486. Gardner, V. R., 296. Garfield, G. H., 353. Garman,H., 98, 147,356. Garrett, A. O., 447. Garrett, C. C, 127. Gaskill, E.F., 233, 274. Gates, B. N., 3.58. Gatin, C. L., 431. Gaumnitz, D. A., 516. Gauthie, F.,42. Gay, C. W., 180,472. Geary, G., 697. Gedoelst, L., 98. Gedrolts, K. K.,324,630. Gee, W. P., 598 Geerligs.H.C. P.,214. Gerber, C, 124, 125, 431. Gerber, K..213. Gerhartz, H.,369. Gerlach, M.,711. Gerlich,H.,464. Gervifes, A., 51. Gessert, F.,90. Gibbs, W. D., 111. Gibson, A., 557, 558. Gibson, C. B., 599. Gibson, H., 417. Gibson, R. B.,779. Giersbergen, L. van, 308. Gies, W. J.,627, 702. Gifford, C. M., 497. Gilbert, A. G., 473. Gilbert, W.R., 575. Gilbey, W.,772. INDEX OF NAMES. 807 Gilchrist, D. A., 34. Gildemeister, E., 123. Gill, T. P., 397. Gill, W., 446. Gillanders, A. T.,741. Gillanders, F.,2.34. Gillette, 0. P., 56, 57. Oilmore, G., 597. Gilruth, J. A., 281, 786. Girault, A. A., 259, 758. Gisevius, P., 346. Gist, F. W., 794. Glage, F., 184. Glasenapp, S., 149. Glasser, K., 388. Glenn, L. 0., 711. Glenn, T. H., 702. Glimni,E., 511. Glinka, K. D., 130, 221. Gloser, K., 184. Glover, G. H., 283. Godbille, P., 281. Godoy, A.,680. Gofton, A.,82. Goldman, E. A., 160. Goldschmiedt, G., 124. Goldth waits, N. E.,363. Goler, G. W.,181. Gomez, G., 613. Gonder, R., 83, 063, 683. Ooodale, H. D., 676. Goodman, L. A., 653. Goodricli, C. E.,703. Goodwin, W., 769. Goodwin, W. H., 462, .560. Gordon, P. R., 179. Gordon, R. A., 689. Gordon, W.,775. Gore, H. C., 516. Gorga?, W. C, 562. GorjanoviC-Kramberger, K., 299. Gorier, K., 703. Gottlieb, M. B.,497. Gough, L. H.,753, 7.54. Gouin, A., 577. Gould, H. P., 311,441. Gonlier, L., 640. Gourley, J. H.,539. Gowdey, C. C.,6C1. Gowing-Scopes, L., 209. Grabein, 592. Giabham, G. W.,216. Graenicher, S.,562. Graff, P. W., 153. Graham, J. C., 495. Graham, R., 495. Grahain-.Smith, G. S., .59. Granard, 179. Grandeau, L., 24, 527. Grannis, F. C.,295. Grant, C, 295. Grant, K. C, 128. Grantham, A. E., 143. Granville, J. J., .312. Grau, 641. Graves, C. N., 093. Graves, H. S., 739. Gray D. D., 455. Gray, D. T., 74. Graz, R. M., 548. Greaves, J. E., 25. Gredinger, W., 636. Greeley, W. B., 44. Green, A., 797. Green, C. R., 596. Green, E. E., 259, 751. Green, G. L., 797. Green, G. R., 297. Greenbaum, H. S., 667. Greene, C. W., 409. Greene, E. P., 768. Greene, H. A., 693. Greening, G. E.,445. Greer, D. M., 615. Grggoire, A., 472. Gr6goire, V., 575. Gregory, W. B., 287, 488. Gregory, W. K., 653. Greig, R. B.,35, 71. Gresham, W. A., 200. Grier, J. P., 77. GritHth, E. M., 646. Griffiths, D., 243. Griffon, E., 246, 247, 447, 631, 652. Grimnie, C.,309, 371. Grimmer, W., 13, 612. Grindley, H. S., 199, 704. Grinnell, J., 353. Grisdale, J. H., 432, 471, 476, 599. Grisebach, A., 738. Grist, A., 479. Gristina, G. di, 2S6. Groh, H., 647. Grohmann, 15. Grossenbacher, J. G., 561. Groth, B. H. A., 1.56. Grout, J. H., 538, 614. Grove, A. J., 164. Gruner, 618, 741. Oruner, H., 21,315. Giiinhut, L.,515. Griiss, ,1., 554. Griittner, F.,387. Gruzewska, Z., 701. Gudeman, E.,38I. Guegiien, F., 251. Gugpin, H.,527. Guerbet, M., 120. Guido, F.,485. Guilbert, G., 127. Guiselin, A., 515. Gully, E., 320. Gunn, D., 56. Gimning, J. W. B.,35,3. Giinther, A., 267. Gappy, P. L., 255. Guraey, W. B., 356. Giissow, H. T., 251, 432, 447. Gutches, G. A., 740. Guth, O., 176. Guthrie, C. C, 576. Guthrie, F. B., 420, 567, 619. Guttmann, A., 319. Guye, P. A., 417. Guyer, M. F., 75. Gvozdenovic, F., 443. Gwillim, W. E.,280. Haagner, A., 353. Haau, J. de, 282. Haan, P., 180. Haar, A. W., van der, 122. Haarst, J. van, 14. Haas, J., 217. Haas, W. R. T. dc, 151. Hadley, P. B., 187, 375, 589, 590. Hadlock, W. L.,175. Hadwen, S., 564. Haeberle, A. T., 699. Haedicko, 217. Haehn, H., 411. Haffmans, H., 766. Hafiz, A.,252. Hager, H., 678. Haghmd, E., 299. Haiduck, T., 788. Hal5,sz, J., 680. Halbert, J. N., 354. Halbfass, W., 216. Halenke, 308. Hall, A. D., 21, 37, 141, 168, 204, 321, 339. Hall, F. H.,583, 664, 736. Hall, H. V. M., 564. Hall, J. G., 345, 448. Hall, L. D., 69. nalI,M. C, 87, 3*1. Hall, M.R., 313. Hall, R. R.,542. Hall, W. L., 697. Hall, W. W.,297. Hall-de Jonge, A. E. van, 159. Halle.r, A., 213. Hallisan, .T. E.,.326. Halversoa, J. O., 667. Hamer, W. H. , 756. Hamilton, J., 97, 109, 117 192, 293, 494, 798. Hamilton, Joan, 793. Hamilton, J. H., 496. Hamilton, J. M., 111. Hamm, A. H., 167. Hammar, A. G., 165, 256. Hammond, H. S., 800. Hanmer, N. O.,302. Hand, W. F., 98, 428, 716, 768. Hand, W. H., 92. Hanna, F. W., 312. Hansen, F., 526. Hansen, K., 694, 731. Hansson, N., 476, 572, 57:'.. Hanug, J.,413. Han/lik, P. J., 703. Happieh, H., 182. Harcourt, R.,169, 199. Hardin, G. H., 199. Harding, H. A., 582. Harding, W., 697. Hardy,.!. C., Ill, 698. Hardy, W. B., 169. Hare, B. B., 696. Hare, R. F., 516. Harley, V., 368. Hanns, H., 764. Harper, R. A., 140,298. Harper, R. M.,642. 808 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Harrington, H. H., 799. Harris, J. A., 375. Harrison, 770. Harrison, B. H., 209. Harrison, F. C.,128. Harrison, J. B., 316, 5.3o. Hart, C, 482. Hart, D. B., 670. Hart, E. B., 183, 382. Hart, J. H., 149. Hart, J. W., 194. Hart, R, A., 790. Hart, W. K., 798. Hartel, F., 170, 466. Barter, L.L., 31. Hartl, R., 281. Hartley, C. P., 36, 236. Hartmann, J., 252. Hartmann, M., 557. Hartog, M.,274. Hartwell, B. L., 123, 225. Hartzell, F. Z., 751. Hartzell, S., 169. Harvey, F. W., 643. Harvey, H. W., 625. Hasak, J., 581. Hasenbaumer, J., 521, 522. Hasklns, H. D., 197, 227, 228, 625. Haslam, T. P., 284. Hassall, A., 161, 654. Hastings, E. G.,382. Hatch, K. L., 118. Hauch, L. A., 344. Haudek, M., 571. Hauptner, R.,617. Hausner, A., 413. Hawes, A. r.,342, 447. Hawk, P. B., 571, 572, 76,5. Hawkins, L. A., 50. Hawley, W. C.,499. Hayden, C. C, 278. Hayden, C. E., 285. Hayes, M.W., 127. Haynes, J. H., 291. Hays, W. M., 112, 113, 299, 300. Haywood, A. H., 144. Haywood, J. K.,98, 197. Headden, W. P.,409. Headlee, T. J., 298. Heald, F. D., 63, 742. H6bert, A., 431, 528. Hechler, W. R.,598. Heeke, L., 743. Hedgcock, G. G.. 249, (w2. Hedges, C. C, 663. Hedley,M.,479. Hedlund, T.,552. Hedrick, U. P., 700. Hefter, G., 122, 413. Heide, C. von der, 68, 267. Heidema, A. W.,281. Heidemeister, W., 612. Heidenhaln, M., 770. Heiduschka, A., 120. Helm, F., 414, 431, 528. Heimburger, L., 428. Heine, O., 772. Heinemanu, P. G., 181. Heinricber, E.,28. Heinze, B., 326, 430. Heisler, A., 267. Helbronner, A., 218. Held, J., 777. Heller, E., 555. Hellquist, S. A.,216. Hellstrom, P.,525. Hempel, n.,267. Henderson, G. S., 176. Hendrick, J.,934. Hendrickx, F., 281. Henley, W.W., 772. Henri, v., 218. Henry, A., 88, 429. Henry, A. J., 312. Henry, C, 342. Henry, E.,758. Henry, M. E., 160. Henry, W. A., 769. Henshaw, F. F., 708. Henslow, G., 136, 141. Hensman, R., 338. Hepburn, J. S.,411. Herbert, A., 414. Herculais, J. K. d', 98. Ilerelle, F. H. d', 414, 747. Herms, W. B., 356. Herns, F., 79. Herrick, G. \V.,557, 560. Herrraan, H., 544. Herrmann, C. F. von, 312. nertel,694. Herter, C. A., 500. Hertkorn, J., 762. Hertwig, O., 574, 670. Herzfeld, A., 608. nerzfeld,S.,652. Herzog, M.,3S4. Hess, E., 281, 284. Hesse, 612, 678. Hesse, B.C., 697. Hesselink van Suchtelen, F. II., 327. Heslon, J. W., 599. Hewitt, C. G., 54, 58, 350, 454, 558, 752. Hewlett, R. T., 189, 277. Hey, 133. Heymans, J. F., 281, 283. Hibbard, G. H., 695. Hibbard, P. L.,306. Ilii^bard, R. P., 347. Hibsbman, E. K.,37. Hidinger, L. L., 487, 488. Hieronyini, 84. Hildebrand, J., 674. Hilgard, E. W., 220,299. Hill, A. R., Ill, 112, 113. Hill, D.H., 111, 112. Hill, E.,797. Hill, F.D., 715. Hill, J. A., 578. Hillman, F.H., 640. Hills, J. L., 99, 110, 115, 419, 428, 470. Hiltner, L., 29, 427. Hiitner, R. S., 198, 199. Hilzheimer, M., 175, 178, 376. Hindle, E., 83. Hinds, W.E.,94, 462. Hine, J. S., 61. Hinkel, F. C, 68. Hinman, C. II.,118. Hinrichsen, F. W., 613. Hinson, AV.M.,338. Hissink, D. J., 219, 299, 527. Hitchcock, A. S., 432. Hitchens, A. P., 392. Hitchings, E. F., 654. Iliti, F., 610. Ilitier, 89. Hobday, F., 787. Hober, R., 702. Hoc, P., 624. Hochbaum, H. W., 796. Hodge, C. F., 54. Hodgetts, P. W., 148. Hodgkiss, H. E., 656. Hodgson, T. R., 12. Hoesslin, H. von, 574. Hof, H., 24. Hofeneder, K., 757. Iloff, J.n.van't, 134, 699. Hoffman, M., 694. Hoffmann, J. F., 541. Hoffmann, M., 15, 20, 22, 345. Ilofhen-, O., 787. Hotman-Bang. N. O., 381, 579. Hofman-Bang, T., 578. Hoft, II., 706. Hohnel, F. von, 45, 348. Holde, D., 11. Holden, P. G., 3.3, 34, 111, 118, 119, 599. Holdhaus, K.,98. Holland, E. B., 210, 212. Holland, P. E., 465, 667. Holland, T. H., 623. Holland, W. J., 98. IloUick, A., 352. Ilollis, T., 544. Holm, M. L., 486. Holm, T., 442. Holmes, E.S., 247. Holmes, II. C, 297. Holmes, J. D.E., 392. Ilolterbach, H., 281, 586. Holtz, F. L., 595. Holtz, H. F., 696. Homans, G. M., 646. Honcamp, F., 133, 427, 550. Honing, J. A., 248. Iloogkamer, L. J., 281. Hooker, C. W., 260. Hope, G. D., 40, 738. Hopkins, A. D., 256, 459. Hopkins, C. O., 196, 197, 397, 424. Hopper, n. A., 94, 583. Hopson, G. A., 295. Hornberger, R., 320. Home, A. S., 31,247, 448. Horton, A. H., 313. Hoskins, E. E., 295. Hough, R.B., 643. Houghton, A. A., 289. INDEX OF NAMES. ^09 Houlbert, C, 54. Hoverstad, T. A., 118. Howard, A., 72.3. Howard, B. H., 199. Howard, B. J., 613. Howard, C. D., 5t56. Howard, G. F., 797. Howard, G. L. C, 723. Howard, L. O., 94, 458, .562. Howard, R. F., 342, 758. Howe, F. W., 92, 398. Howe, P. E., 572, 765. Howie, J., 580. Howlett, J. M., 98. Hoyt, W. D., 194. Hubbard, P., 489. Huber, E., 589. Huber, J. B., 770. Hubert, P., 546. Hudig, J., 523. Hudson, C. S., 125, 199. Ilugiies, E., 308. HultoD, 11. F. E., 705. Hume, A. N., 696. Hume, H. 11., 150. Hume, V,-. F., 221, 299. Humphreys, W. J., 312, 697. Humphries, A. E., 169. Huni, E., 628. Hunt, C. L., 68. Hunt, R., 84, 173. Hunter, W. D., 358. Huntington, A. O., 548. Hunziker, O. F., 77, 100, 382. Hurd, W. D., 195, 600, 797. Hurst, B. F.,56. Hurst, C. C, 697. Husmann, G. C.,414. Hussenet, 787. Hussou, R.,389. Hutchinson, H. B., 621. Hutchinson, J. R., 477. Hutchison, C. B. 236, 7.33. Hutt, (Mrs.) W. N.,699. Hutton, G. H., 432, 440, 471. Hutyra, F.,280, 284. Huyge, C.,79. Hyatt, E., 493, 797. Hyde, C. B., 363, 398. Hyslop, J. A., 58. lies, L., 296. Imhofi, K.,418. Immendorff, H., 22, 623, 769. Inaba, R.,366. Indermiihle, K., 182. Ingersoll, E. H.,198. Inkey, B. de, 220, 299. Inouye, R., 356. Irving, A. A., 628. Irving, H., 42. Isaachsen, H.,671. Iserman, S., 212. Ishiwata, S. , 58. Ivanov, A. P., 324. Ivanov,!., 179. Ivanov, N. N., 138. Ives, J. D.,3.59. Izar, G.,7S0. Jaccard, P., 350. Jack, R. W.,.360. Jackson, E. R., 294. Jacob, M., 86. Jacoulet, M. J., 281. Jacquot, A. , 548. Jaezewski, A. von, 152. Jaeger, A., 281. Jaensch, 0., 466. Jafla, M. E., 198. Jahr, M. E., 298. James, C. C.,96. Janicki, C.,4S6. Janson, A., 39. Jarrel, E. F.,778. JarYis,T. D., 558. Jebbink, G. J., 467. Jeffers, A., 217, 691. Jeffrey, J. S.,273. Jemmett, C. W., 256, 751. Jenkins, E. H., 97, 325, 3.38, 768. Jensen, H. I., 618, 619. Jensen, J., 674, 694. Jepson, F. P., 59, 60. Jepson, J. P., 59. Jepson, W. L., 445. Jerosch, H. B.,245. Jerosch, M. B., 245. Jesser, H., 477. Jesunofsky, L. N.,312. Joachim, 284. Job,H. K.,161. Johannsen, O. A., 750. John, 389. Johnson, A. K., 263, 666, 667, 764. Johnson, A. T.,580. Johnson, E. C, 46, 246, 743. Johnson, F.,165. Johnson, G. A., 218. •Johnson, R. H., 3.58, .389. Johnson, T.,338. Johnson, W. H.,43. Johnson, W. T., jr., 275. Johnston, T. H., 45, 153, 78.5. Johnstone, J., 311. Jolles, A., 704. Jollos, V.,557. Joly, G.,281. Jona, T.,705. Jones; C. H., 197, 419, 428, 470. Jones, D. B.,10. Jones, E. D.,687. Jones, E. R.,288. Jones, H., 167. Jones, (Mrs.) H. M.,692. Jones, J. E.,478. Jones, J. R. G.,127. Jones, J. S.,617. Jones, J. T. S.,684. .Tones, L., 614. Jones, M. F.,398. Jones, P. R., 262, 455. Jones, W. J., jr., 26, 98. Jonsson, B.,627. Jordan, E. 0.,717. Jordan, H. E.,378. Jordan, J O., 582, 776. Jordan, W. H., 110, 111, 114, 11.5, 195, 540, 573, 799. Jordi, E., 345. Jowett, Vv'., 486. Juckniess, P., 679. Jumelle, II., 161, 245. Jiirgenscn, C, 68. Juritz, C. F.,413. Kabat, J. E., 346. Kaczynski, 778. Kahane, M., 778. Kahlden, von, 189. Kains, M. G., 776. Kaiser, K., 133. Kalning, H., 362. Kappen, H., 323. Kar, S.C, 331. Kaserer, II., 29, 320. Katayama, T., 310. Kaumanns, N., 108. Kaupp, B. F., 283. Kayser, E., 529, 717. Kearney, T. H., 438, 442. Kebler, L. F., 109. Keeblo, F., 632, 633. Keeble, J. B.,4S1. Keilhack, 216. Keitt, T.E.. 712, 759, 768. Kellar, P. R., 364. Keller, 75. Keller, C, 752. Keller, O., 75. Kellerman, K. F., 104, 218, 222 620. Kelley, W. P., 621, 635. Kellner, O., 769. Kellogg, J. W., 63. Kellogg, V. L., 56, 57. Kelso, J. J., 494. Kemner, A., 768. Kemp, E., 643. Kempski, K., 623. Kempster, H. L., 473. Kendall, E.C., 122. Kendall, W. C, 168. Kendell, W.n.,464. Kennedy, P. B., 437, 442. Kenny, E. G., 337. Kent, F.L.,289. Kepner, B. H., 496. Kereszturi, P., 472. Kern, F. D., 743. Kern, O. J., 692. Kerr, J., 296. Kerr, J. E., 483. Kerr, J. W., 171. Kerr, W.J. ,108. Kershaw, J. C, 57. Keyser, A., 236, 237. Keyser, V., 97, 693. Kickelhahn, P., 464. Kickton, A., 123. Kienitz, M., 549. Kiessclbach, T. A., 137. Kilgore.B.W., 27, 200,336. Kimball, H. H., 16. Kimberly, A. E., 6ig. 810 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Kincli, E., 35, 539. King, F. II., 318. King, n. II., 356, 755. King, J. J. F. X., 354. King, W.E., 186. Kingzett, C. T., 189. Kinman, C. F., 147. Kinnieutt, L. P., 616. Kinsley, A. T., 777. Kir41yfi, G., 783. Kirk, T. W., 56, 57, 59, 160. Kirkaldy, G. W., 57. Kirk-patrick, AV. F., 187. Kirkwood, J. E., 151, 245. Kissel, .!., 328. Kissling, R., 125. Kitt, 285. Klebs, G., 141. Kleemanu, A., 74. Klimmer, M., 281. Klinck, L. S., 169, 560. ICling, C. A., 282. Kling, M., 371. Klossovskil, A. V., 15. Knab, F., 164, 259. Knapp, A. W., 515. Knapp, B., 498. Knapp, S. A., 36, 233, 292, 299, 497, 622. Knauer, F., 353. Knibbs, G.II.,90. Knischewsky, O., 567. Knobbe, B., 386. Knorr, G. W., 192. Knowles, N. S., 92, 171. Knowlton, D. H., 794. Knudson, L., 717. Knuth, P., 280, 281, 662. Kober, P. A., 703. Koch, A., 140. Koch, J., 83. Koch, M., 86. Koch, R., 782. Koch, W., 307. Kochs. J., 170. Kock. G., 552, 747. Koefoed, M., 394. Koehler, G., 678. Koestler, G., 309, 776, 777. Koldewijn, H. B., 581. KonefC, D., 281. Konew, D., 184. Konig, 426. Konig, J., 521,522,527. Koning, C. J., 14, 181, 182. Kooper, W. D., 12, 612. Kapp4nyi, I., 681. Korn, R., 415. Kornauth, K., 552. Korneek, O., 613. Korolev, J., 131. Kossovich, P., 299. Kotl4r, v., 280. Kozewalofl, S., 283. Kraemer, A., 74. Kraemer, H., 374, 607. Krafit, 187. Kramberger, K. G,, 299. Kramer, H., 180. Kraus, R., 584. Krauss, F. G., 142, 539. ICreis, H., 610. Kremer, E., 517. Krisehe, P., 224. Kjistensen, R. K., 526. Krizevci, G. B., 154, 552. Kronacher, 176. Kronacher, C., 281. Kroon, H. M., 181, 281. Krueger, 0.,681. Krug, 308. Kruger, E., 789. Kriiger, W., 222. ICruijff, E.de,717. Krzemieniewska, H., 717. Kxihl, H.,267. Kiihie, L., 768. Kiihn, B., 409. Eiihne, 483. Kuhnert, 709. Kuhnert, F., 396. Kunze, M., 549. Kuppelmayr, H., 678. Kutscher, F., 665. Kuttenkeuler, H., 209. Kuyper, J., 533. Kuznitski, S. A., 734. Laabs, F. AV., 679. Laan, F. H. van der, 309. Labat, A., 281. La Baume, AV., 577. Labbe, G., 155. Labergerie, 250. Labroy, O., 554. Ladd, E. F., 262, 263, 666, 667, 760, 764. Laflont, 780. Lafont, A., 359. Lafont, F., 559. Laing, E., 522. Lalin, L. M., 11. Lamb, C. G., 679. Lamb, F. H., 477. Lambe, L. M., 101. Lameere, 98. Lamont, AV. J., 346. Lancey, F. AV. de, 677. Lander, G. D., 680. Landis, J. II., 477. Landmack, P. \'. F. P., 381. Lane, C. H., 297, 090. Lang, A., 771. Lang, AV., 46. Lange, D., 595. Lange, L., 783. Langenlieek, E., 490, 795. Langeron, M., 356. Langworthy, C. F., 67, 268, 298, 697, 704. Lantz, D. E., 453. La Rosa, G. F. de, 395. Larsen, L. D., 746. Larsen, O. II., 527. La Rue, E.G., 708. Larue, P., 526. Lassablifere, P., 788. Lassell, AV. A., 296. Lassieur, A., 213. Lathrop, E. C., 523, 524. La Touche, T. H. D., 623. Latta, AV. C, 111. Laubert, R., 159, 748. Laughlin, J. L., 489. Launay, L. de, 426. Laur, E., 688. Laurent, J., 650. Laurer, G., 175. Lavalard, 280. Lavmder, C. H., 568. Lavison, J. de R. de, 532. LaAVall, C. H., 125. Lawrence, AV. H., 496, 696. Laws, H. E., 360. Lawton, E. M., 300. Lay^, D., 39. Lazenby, AV. R., 466, 496, 693. Leach, A. E., 198, 200. Leather, J. AV., 432. Lebedeff, M. A., 608. Le Blanc, M., 624. Lebrun, L., 360. LecaiUon, A., 576. Lechmere, A. E., 648. Leclainche, E., 280, 281. Leclerc, J. A., 697. Leclerc du Sablon, 27. Le Dantec, F., 374, 770. Ledeboer, F., 648. Lederer, R., 477. Lee, G.,499. Leeds, .T. S., 546. Leeuwen-Reijnvaan, J. van, 662. Leeuwen-Reijnvaan, AV. ^-an, 662. Lefevre, J., 431. Lefroy, 11. M., 63, 164, 560, 751, 758. Legendre, J., 755. Leger, M., 88, 755, 788. Leidigh, A. H., 800. Leighton, II., 325. Leighton, R.,5S0. Leiningcr, H., 647. Leith, B. D., 298. Lemaire, G., 780. Leraeland, P., 611. Lemmermann, O., 327, 731, 732. Lenihan, M. J., 108. Leon, A. P. de, 637. Leon, N., 356. Leopold, G. H., 299. Le Prince, J. A., 562. Lesne, P., 63. Letourneau, 0., 274. Levene, P. A., 304. Lovochkin, S., 636. Levy, E., 83. Lewis, A. C, 745. Lewis, C. E., 746. Lewis, C. I., 40. Lewis, H. R., 595. Lichtenheld, G.,481. Liddle, L. M., 10, 514. Liebau, P., 731, 732. Liebenberg, von, 37. INDEX OF NAMES. 811 Liebert, F., 530. Liebetanz, E., 486. Liechti, P., 769. Lidnaux, E., 281. Liesegaug, R. E.,609. Ligniferes, J., 280, 281. Ligot, 0.,325. Lill, J. G., 145. Lillo, M., 343. Lindberg, E., 608. Lindemann, 283. Lindemann, H., 178. Lindemann, O., 182. Lindenberg, 321. Lindet, L., 610, 678. Lindsey, J. B., 227, 208, 269, 27S. Link, G. K. K., 194. Linossier, G.,630. Linsbauer, L., 49. Lipman, J. G., 116, 197, 327, 423, 496. Lippmann, E. O. von, 411. Lipsehiitz, A., 765. Listoe, S., 490. Liston, W. G., 60. Little, C. C, 475. Livingston, B. E., 330. Ljung, E. \V., 734. Lloyd, F. E., 629,744. Lloyd, J. S., 181, 281. Lobner, M., 543. Locbhead, J.,670. Lochhead, W., 558. Lock, R. H., 741. Lockwood, A., 127. Lodewikjs, J. A., jr., 648. Loeb, L., 385. Loeffler, F., 281, 282, 286. Loehlein, M., 385. Loele, W., 778. Loew, O., 132, 135, 716. Loisel, J., 720. Lojewski, von, 589. Lombroso, U., 767. Long, J., 795. Loock, 610. Loomis, H. M., 611. Loop, C. R., 381. Lord, N. W., 717. Lorenzoni, G., 591. Loring, J. A., 555. Lotbiniere, H. G. J. de, 19. Loughridge, R. H., 220, 299. Lounsberry, A., 547. Lounsbury, C. P., 48, 55, 348. Lourens, L. F. D. E., 281. Lovell, J. H., 563. Lovink, 642. Lowry, T. M., 417. Lubimenko, W. N., 718. Lubin, D., 191. Lucas, A., 217. Lucas, H., 189. Luce, R., 366. Luekey,D. F., 679, 785. Luders, R.,189. Ludewig, 75. Ludewig, H. J., 43. Ludluin, L. C.,497. Ludwig, W., 125. Lugner, I., 127. Luhs, J. , 2S0. Lunde, H. P.,38L Liistxier, G., 156, 157, 159, 163. Lutman, B. F., 447. Lyle, J., 312. Lyman, H. H. , 558. Lpnan, J. F.,368. Lynch, W., 690. Ljaide, C. J.,128. Lynde, R. N., 500. Lyon, T. L., 131, 710. Lyons, W. J., 313. Lythgoe, H. C, 14, 200, 514. Maassen, A., 140. McAdie, A. G. , 17, 38, 127, 311 , 312. Macalik, B., 376. Macallum, A. B., 576. McAlpine, D., 45, 46, .555, 647. McArthur, N. J., 594. McCaffrey, F.,381. McCall, .f. S. J.,35. McCampbell, E. F.,529. McCaughey, W. J., 520. McCay, D.,568. McClellan, F. C.,500. McClendon, J. F.,575. McClendon, S. E., 271. McConkey.T. G., 184. McConneil, P., 33. McCool, M. M., 297. McCoy, G. W., 748. McCrackan, R. F., 211. McCrory, S. H., 487. McDonald, E. M.,29.5. MaeDonald,I.,562. Macdonald, J., 772. McDonnell, C. C, 197, 199. McDonnell, H. B.,27. MacDougal, D. T.,428. MacDougall, R.,98. McDunnough, J., 559. McEathrou, W. J., 487. McFadyean, J., 388. McFarland, J.,584. Macfeat, M.,398. McGill, A., 170, 267, 363, 463, 477, 666. McGinnis, J. W.,393. McGowan, J. P., 477, 787. MacGregor, M. E., 482. McGregor, R. C.,254. Machodin, S.,83. Mclnroy, J., 445. Mclntire, C.,496. Mackay, A., 432,440,471. McKee, R., 239. Mackenzie, K. J. J. , 574. Mackenzie, K. K., 149. Mackie, D. B.,53. McKillip, I.,99. Mackintosh, R. S.,93. McLean, J. A., 495. Macmillan, E. J., 334. Maemillan, H. F.,642. MacMillan, H. R.,740. Macnamara, N. C. 574. McNath, T. B.,99. McNatt, H. E.,279. McNaughton, J., 80. MacNeal, W. J., 483, 783, 785. MacNider, O. M., 199, 672, 768. Macoun, J., 254. Macoun, J. M., 254. Macoun, W. T., 432, 440, 461. Macpherson, A., 543. McPherson, W., 701. Macqueen, J., 281. McRae, W.,251. McVey, K. A., 418. McWeeney, E. J., 417, 700. McWethy,L. B., 526, 535. Magaldi, V.,395. Magnus, P., 47, 252, 748. Magruder, G. L., 683. Mahieu, 418. Mahr, J. C, 567, 667. Mai, C, 612. Maidment, E. A., 774. Maignou, F., 175, 281, 468. Maire, E.,53. Maisonneuve, P., 649. Maiziferes, 324, 427, 622, 625. Makin, R. N.,142. Malarski, H., 121. Malkmus, 281. Mally, C. W.,750. Malpeaux, L., 74. Malthouse, G. T., 449, 629, 648. Mal'tsey, A. I.,338. Mameli, E.,29. Manceaiix, L., 481. Mangham, S., 718. Mangin. L., 32. Mankovski, K., 730. Maun, 11. H., 390, .'■v20. Mami, J. C, 516. Manning, B., 360. Manns, T. F., 348,743. Mansell, R. E., 338. Mansholt, 315. Manteufel, 187. Mantle, A. F., 17. Maquenne, L., 31,139. Marbut, C. F., 129. Marcas, L., 79. Marcelo de Blochouse, D., 648. Marchal, P., 754. Marchenko, E., 620. Marchlewski, L., 121. Marcille, R., 212. Marckwald, E., 549. Marcusson, J., 11. Marie, A., 568. Marks, L. H., 778. Markus, H., 281. Marlatt, C. L., 657. Marquis, J. C, 688. MaiT, O., 413. Marsh, C. E., 14. Marsh, H. O., 167.360. Marsh, W. W„ 077. Marshall, F. H. A., 475, 670, 770. 812 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. MarshaU, F. R.. 772. MarshaU, G. A-, 441. Marshall, J. A., 497. Marshall, J. D., 597. Marston, A., 128. Martel, E. A., 128. Martel, H., 280. Martin, R., 775. Martineau, G., 707. Martinez, L., 635. Mason, C. J., 707. Mason, F. E., 588. Mason, S. C, 442. Massee, G., 44, 45, 452. Masters, M. T., 141. Mathews, A. P., 702. Mathews, J. L., 615. Mathews, J W., 074. Mathewson, E. H., 338. Mathewson, W. E., 198, 307. Mathis, C, 88, 755, 788. Mathis, F. K., 297. Matievi(?, M., 577. Matignon, J. J., 360. Matruchot, L., 723. Matsumui'a, S., 300. Matthaei, O. L. C, 532. Matthes, 645. Matthiesen, C, 280. Maublanc, A., 247, 348, 447, 652. Maublanc, C, 158, 348. Maublanc, L., 348. Matirecourt, 624. Maurel, E., 568. Mavor, J., 290. May, E. E., 262. May, W., 175. Mayer, A., 120, 320. Mayer, E. W., 628. Mayer, M., 386. Mayer, P., 254. Maynard, W. H., 400. Mayo, N. S., 679. Maze, P., 79, 583, 720. Mazversit, N., 734. Mazzini, C. M., 593. Meaeham, F. T., 1-12. Meakins, J. C, 779. Meenen, P. J., 284. Meier, A., 511. Melander, A. L., 561. Melander, K., 608. Melckebeke, van, 413. Melin, W., 596. Mell, C. D., 446. Mehille, C. H., 562. MeMn, A. D., 280, 679. Memmler, K., 613. Mendel, L. B., 368. Menge, G. A., 703. Mer, E.,251, 453. Mercet, R. G. y, 98. Mercler, L., 576. Merk, A., 164. Merriam, C. H.,253. Merrill, A., 54. Merrill, J. F., 02.5. Merrill, L. S., 99, 296. Merwe, C. P. van der. 242, .3.M, 05fi. Metchnikoff, 268. Mettler, A. J., 64. Metzger, F. J., 2U. Menleman, 769. Meuriot, P., 491. Meyer, 780. Meyer, D., 73,134,323,716. Meyer, F. N., 737. Meyer, F. W., 41. Meyer, H., 408. Meyer, K., 779. Meyer, L., 148. Meyer, M. II., 583. Meyer, ^y., 391, 781. Meyering, H., 521, 522. Mezey, B., 681. Mezger, O., 477. Michael, I,. G., 5.38. Michels, J., 280. Micko, K., 265. Middleton, T. H., 204. Miessner, 85, 281, 483, 787. Mieth, H., 325. Mill, H. R., 127. Millar, C. E., 800. Miller, E.G., 628. Miller, E.E., 621. Miller, J. II., 97, 110. Miller, M. F., 129, 235, 230, 797. Miller, V/.DeW., 35:3. Millward, R. 11., 63. Milroy, J. A., 665. Minangoin, N., 752. Minear, S. A., 400. Minot, C. S., 501, 670. Mirande, M., 139,631. Mitchell, G. E.,227. Mitchell, H. H., 174. Mitchell, J. P., 61,5. Mitseheriich, E. A., 419. Miyake, I.,47. ' Miyake, T., 356, 360. Miyawaki, A., 289, 495. Moat,C. P., 198. Mohler, J. R., 280, 481, 679. Mohr, E.G. J., 217, 316, 419. Mohr, O., 126. ilolinari, M. de, 325. Moll, R., 430. MoUer, O., 080. MoUiard, M., 431. Moltke, C., 098. Monahan, A. C.,109. Monod, T., 770. Monrad^ J. 11., 382, 383, 478, 775, 776, 777. Montanari, O., 228. Montemartiui, L., 47, 49. Montgomery, E. G., 14."), 195, 196. Montgomery, F., 127. Montgomeo', T. H., jr., 63, 771. Monvoisiu, A., 125. Mooers, C. A., 437. Moore, H. W., 194. Moore, J. J., 781. Moore, R. A., 144. Moore, V. A., 387. Moore, W. M., 394. Morange, P., 151. Moreau, A., 280. Moreau, L., 168. Morehouse, A. D., 287. Moreillon, M., 3.'>0. Moreschi, B., 769. Morgan, A. E., 487. Morgan, H. A., 698. Morgan, T. H., 274. Morgen, A., 369. Morizot, 752. Morkeberg, P. A., 380. Morman^ J. B., 697. Moro, E., 479. Morozov, G. F., 216. Morres, V/., 515. Morrill, A. W., 749. Morris, D., 98. Morris, F. J. A., 557. Morris, H., 296. Morrison, C. B., 198. Morse, F. W., 509. Morse, G. B., 187, 188, 286. Morse, \V. J., 439, 745. Mortensen, M. L., 550, 731. Morton, G. E., 269. Motas, C. S., 280. Motter, M. G., 81. Moulton, C. L., 199. Moussu, 588. Muir, F., 456. Mullord, AV., 296. Muller, 641. Miiller, H., 52, 137. Muller, H. C, 516. Miiller, J., 393. Muller, K., 745. Miiller, M., 381, 473. Miiller, O., 467. Miiller, P. T., 584. Muller, R., 374. Miiller, AV., 123. Mulliken, .'^. P., 512. Mumford, F. B., 115. Miinch, E., 52,651,652. Mundy, II. G., 538, 729, 731. Munson, T. V., 41, 545. Munter, F., 323. Miintz, A., 422, 522. Murashko, K. F., 636. Murison, P., 562. Murphy, C. D., 579, 673. Murphy, P. A., 552. Murray, J., 432. 440, 471. Nabokich, A. J., 230. Nalepa, A., 168. Nansouty, M. de, 227. Naniyan Rao, D. L., 336. Nash, C. B.,5.i7. Nivsh, E. II., 797. Nasonov, N. V., 578, 757. Nathorst, J., 578. Nattino, J. P. y, 734. Naumann, A., 80, 361. Naumann, W., 188. Nazari,V.,532. INDEX OF NAMES. 813 Neger, F. W., 740. Nfegre, L.,778. Negro, C, 615. Nelson, A. E., 33, 34, 399, 093. Nelson, C, 790. Nelson, E. IC, 199. Nelson, S. B., 679. Ngniec, B., 378. Nenzek, T.. P., 612. Nernst, W.,417. Nesterov, N. S., 130, 620. Netzspli, J., 614. Neubauor, 214, 427. Neumann, 47. Neumann, E., 84. Neumann, !>. G., 754, 787. Neumann, M. P., 567, 707. Neville, H. A. D., 527. Newland, D. H.,325. Newlin, J. A., 243. Newman, C. C, 148, 738. Newman, J. E., 331, 332. Ncwstead, R., 168, 354, 355, 564. Nicholls, A. G., 384. Nichols, E. S., 312. Nickerson, W. S., 564. Nickles, J. M., 21, 420. Nicolau, E., 211, 611. Nicolle,C.,4Sl. Nielsen, Signe S., 510. Nielsen, SigvalS., 510. Nielson, A., 394. Niemann, A., 510. Nierensteii) , M., 679. Niggl, 423. Niklewski, B.,425. Nilsson, F. A., 215. Nilsson, J.,380. Nilsson-Ehle, H., 735. Nitsche, Pr, 783. Niven, J., 483. Niven, L. A.,398. Niwa, S.,163. Nixon, C, 272. NLxon, W. H., 48. Nj ego van, V., 515. Noelle, W., 445. Nolan, O., 94. Noorden, H. K. J. van, 690. North, C.E., 181, 792. Norton, H. W., jr., 270. Norton, J. B., 544. Norton, J. B. S., 250. Norton, R. P., 94. Nouri, 0., 617. Nowacki, A., 35. Niisslin, O., 758. Nuttall, G. H. F., 60, 161. Nuttall, W. H., 789. Nystrom, A. B., 194, 690. Obeisteln, 0., 649. O'Brien, J. W., 696. O'Brien, R. A., 286. O'Byrne, J. W.,446. Ocock, C. A., 289. O'Donoghue, C. H., 378. Oelker, 0.,428. Oettle, X., 672. O'Gara, P. J., 148, 312, ,342, 4."a, 759. Ogden, .\. B.,709. Ogden, H. N., 791. O'Grady, J. E.,6.34. Ohaus, F., 563. Ohler, 682. Okey, C. W.,287. Okey, F. M., 128. Oldys, H., 53. Oliver, G. W., 736. Ollech. von, 312. Olsson-Seffer, P., 500. O'Malley, E. R., 381. Omeis, 308. Onaka, M., 587. Opp6, A.,628. Oppenheim, O., 2S1. Oppokov, E.,518. Orelli, O. S.,231. Orr, A. W., 579. Orwig, P. G., 300. Osbom, T. G. B., 742. O.sborne, C. F.,791. Osborne, T. B., 10, 304, 514. 0.s6s, R. G., 034. Osmond, I. T.,290. Osner, G., 15.3. Ossa, B. D., 520. Ost,H.,414. Osterberg, E.,609. Ostertag, R., 280, 281,283, 284, Osterwalder, A., 52. Ostrander, J. E., 127,416. 615. Otis, D.IL, 793. Ottde Vries, J., SO, .">81. Ottiker, A.,213. Ovchinnikov, N., 714. Ove, N. A., 380. Overbeek, A. A., 281. Overton, J. B., 626. Owen, H. A., 699. Owen, I.E., 327. Packard, W.E.,53o. Pacottet, P., 41, 452. Paechtner, J., 680, 781. Page.C. G.,86. Paige, C, 499. Paige, J. B., 86. Paine, J. H., 57. Palgrove, T. G., 683. Palladin, W., 139. Palmer, T. S., 298. Pammel, L. H., 97. 98, 195, .3.30, 384, 480. Panisset, L., 281. Pankov, M.,319. Pantanelli, E.,510. Pape, R.,515, 581. Parish, S. B., 722. Park, J., 177. Park, J. B., 597. Park, W.H., 385. Parker, A. C, 464. Parker, J. B., 56:3. Parker, P., 177. Parks, P. C, 97. Parow, E., 15, 613. Parr, A. E., 142. Parrott, P. J., 162, 663. Par.sons, S., 150. Passerini, N., 30. Passon, M., 634. Patch, E.M., 750. Patrick, G.E., 199. Patrigeon, 379. Patten, A. J., 228. Patten, n.E.,620. Patterson, A. J., 594. Patterson, F. W., 735. Patterson, H. J., 200. Patterson, (Mrs.) H. J., 90. Patterson, J. II., 700. Patterson, J. K., 108. Patterson, J. T., 576. Patterson, O. G.,464 Patterson, T. L., 757. Pattison, (Mrs.) F. A., 300. Patton, C. A., 708. Paturel, G., 714. Paulsen, T.C., 296. Peairs, L. M., 657. Pearl, R., 238,474,675,677,773. Pearse,C. G., 599. Pearson, K., 374, 500. Peck, S. S., 15, 224. Pecus, 283. PeeI,W. R., 770. Peglion, v., 550. Pekaf, J., 187. Pellet, H., 705. Pellew, C.,632,633. Pember, F. R.,225. Pengelley, C. F., 580. Penhallow, D. P., 100. Penning, C. A., 280, 281, 577. Pennington. L. H.,329. Pennington, M. E., 361, 760. Peralta, F.,769. Perez, F. S., 98. Perkins, 177. Perkins, A. E., 194. Perkins, F.,365. Perkins, J. B., 697. Perold, A.I., 350,. Perotti, R., 717. Perrier, A.,380. Perrier, H., 161, 245. Pen-oncito, E.,281. Perry, H. W., 580. Peter, A., 776. Peters, A., 479. Peters, A. T.,86, 185. Peters, R.C., 612. Petersen, O. V. C. E., 587. Petersen, W. F., 781. Petersen-Landmack, P. V. F., 381. Peterson, E. L.,696. Peterson, F. L.,606. Pethybridge, G. n., r>r,2. Petri, L., 721. Petrie,O.F.,286. Petfik, F., 413. Pettis, C.R., 446. 814 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Pettit.J. H.,397. Pettifr, M.,63. Pettit,R.H., 298, 360,754. Pettit, R. T.jSa'i. Pfeiffer, T.,319. Pfeiler,'\V.,285. Phelps, I. K., 298, 609. Philbrook, E. E.,654. Phillips, A., 698. Phillips, F. J., 400,800. Phillips,!. M., 282. Piault, L., 121. Piazza, E., 124,704. Pick, H., 521. Pickermg, S. U., 301, 340, 349, 420, 421. Pierce, G. J., 722. Pierce, H.C., 180. Pierce, W.D., 62, 358, 563 Pierce, W. M.,565. Pillmann, J.,283. Pilwat, F.,187. Pinchot,G.,687. Pinckney, R. M.,9,144. Plnn, A. J.,53S. Pinto, M., 82. Piorkowski, 393. Piper, C. v., 195,439. Piroechi, A.,281. Pison, E.,281. Pitchford, H. W.,393. Pitsch, 0.,577. Pittier, H.,444. Plahn-Appiani, H., 514 Piatt, F. L.,788. P16sz, B.,281. Plumb, C. S.,378. Pocock, R. I., 76. Poe,C.,698. Poel,P. P. vander,280. Poels, J., 281,283. Poetting, B.,377. Poll, H., 575. Pollacci, G.,29. Pommrich, 589. Pomtow, W.,149. Ponce de Leon, A., 6.37. Ponder, C, 189. Ponroy,M.,339. Popenoe, F. W., 642,700. Popp, J. R. v., 500. Popp, M.,427. Poppe,K., 86,284. Porcher, 280. Porchet, F.,613. Portale, r.,442. Porter, A., 88. Porter, H. P., 127. P6schl,V.,120. Postoii,R. H.,688. Potter, J. S.,399. Potts, C, 473. Potts, F. A., 748. Potts, H.W., 688. Pouget, I.,423. Pougnet,328. Poulton,E. B.,99. Powell, G.H., 40. Powell, J., 516. Pozzi-Escot, M. E.,209. Pratt, H. C.,558.. Pratt, R. W.,616. Prenant, A. , 408. Prentice,©. S.,479. Prescott, S. C.,182. Preusse, M.,280. Prlanishnikov, D. N., 24,25.130, 620, 629. Pribram, E., 477. Price, E. M.,445. Price, H.C., 113, 496. Price, J. D.,5&7. Price, J. M., 198. Pricolo,A.,482. Priestley, J. H., 648. Prince, J. A. le,562. Pringle, A. M. N.,748. Pringsheim, H.,671. Prinsen Geerligs, H. C, 214. Pritchard,E.,170. Prizer, J. A., 163. Proskowetz, E. von, 634. Protopopescu, N., 176. Proulx, E. G.,26. Prout, \V. T.,5r,2. Prucha, M. J., 277. Publow,C. A.,584. Publow,G. G.,79. Pudor, H.,595. Pugliese, \., 649. Puuig y Nattino, J., 734. Puntigam, F.,265,280. Purcell, B. L.,98. Putnam, G. A., 95. Quaintance, A. L., 260. Quantin, H.,512. Quautz, W. B., 123. Quayle, E. T.,416. Quayle, H. J.. ,457, 461, 560,563. Quereau, F. C, 71. Rabak, F.,414. Rabild,H.,99. Rabino, H. L., 559. Rackmann, K., 245. Raclot,V.,126. Rddl, E., 574. Radlberger, L., 120. Rahman, A., 723. Rahn, O., 408, 409. Railliet, A., 88. Ralston, J. C.,127. Ram, F.,179. Rama Rao, 549. Ramann, E., 219, 299. Rammstedt, O., 211. Ramsay, W., 218. Ramsdell, (Mrs.) F. R., 568. Randolph, R. B. F., .'',66. Rane, F. W., 195. Rankin, F. H.,96. Ransom, B. H., 87, 259, 679. Ransom, W.,353. Rao, D. L. N.,336. Rather, J. B.,516. Rdtz, S. von, 281. Raumer, E. von, 763. Ravenna, C, 228, 229, 534. Ravenscroft, B.C., 41. Ravn, F. K., 550, 743. Rawson, W. B.,234. Raynes, F. W., 791. Rea, P. M.,556. Recklinghausen, M. de, 218. Record, S. J., 644. Redfleld, C. L., 772. Redman, R. W.,94. Reece, T.,776. Reed, J. C, 213. Reed, O. E.,76. Reed, T., 30. Rees, B.,721. Reese, A. M., 556. Reeser, H. E.,280. Reeves, C. D.,755. Reggiani, E., 181, 700. Regn(§r, G.,587. Regny, P. V. de, 219, 299. Reichard, C, 513. Reichel, J.,589, 682. Reid, F. R., 223. Reid, H. A., 485. Reid,H. E.,696. Reidemeister, W., 125. Reijnvaan, J. van L., 662. Reijnvaan, W. van L., 662. Reike, F. C, 289. Reinders, E.,626. Reinhard, A., 328. Reinhardt, F.,610. Reinick, W. R., 752. Reinisch, M.,478. Reis, F., 133, 323. Reitmair, O., 1.54. Remlinger, P., 617. Remy, T.,427,715, 717. Renard, A.,98. Rennes, J., 68. Rennie, T.,482. Renouf, E.,427. Reuski, M. D.,439. Repiton, F.,610. Rettger, L. F.,4S6. Reuter, E.,758. Reuter, O. M.,753. Revett, T. B., 148. Reymond, R. du B., 770. Reynolds, M. H., 387, 391, 774. Ricard, J. n.,548. Ricci, U.,593. Rice, C. W.,26. Rice, J. E., 272, 580,674. Richards, E. H., 298, 467. Richards, R. W. , 25. Richardsen, A., 379. Richardson, A. E. V., 543, 551. Richardson, F. W., 122. Richet, C.,780. Richmond, G. F.,415. Richter, A., 630. Rickards, B. L.,597. Rickmann, 480. Richter, L., 331, INDEX OF NAMES. 815 Rickmann, W., 281, 391. Bidgway, C. S.,744. Ridley, H. N., 48, 1.58. Rieger, P., 677. Rlemer, 286. Rietz, H. L., 174, 537, .538. Rievel, H.,280. Rigaux, 25, 26. Riggs, E. J.,496. Rigney, J. W.,800. Rindell, A.,220, 299. Ring, E. E.,547. Rising, A., 664. Rissling, P.,83. Ritter, P., 697. Riviere, G., 442, 641. Rixford, G. P., 564. Roark, R. C, 199. Robbins, E.T.,579. Robbins, L. H., 36. Robbins, W. W., 27, 167, 359. Robert,!. C, 785. Roberts, H. F., 145, 153. Roberts, R. E., 794. Robertson, C, 461. Robertson, J. B., 377, 772. Robertson, J. W.,331. Robertson, R., 432, 440. 461, 471. Robertson, T. B., ,304, 525, 575. 607, 60S. Robertson, W ., 81, 590, .591. Robinson, F., 305. Robinson, R. L., 548. Robinson, T. R., 146, 222. Robinson, W. J., 627. Robinson, W.O.,520. Robison, C.H.,593, 594. Rochaix, A., 125. Rocliaz de Jongli, J., 357. Rockwood, E. W., 169, 171. Roekwood, L. C, 171. Roeding, G. C, 545, 564. Rogers, C. A., 580. Rogers, E. A.,237. Rogers, J. S., 199. Rogers, L. A., 68, 478. Rogers, S.S.,.55K Rogozinski, F., 766. Rohland, P. 120,711. Rohwer, S. A., 662. Relet, A., 382, 774. Rolfs, F. M., 450. Rolfs, P. H., 195,299,342. Rona, P., 514. Roos, L.,30S. Roosevelt, T., 555. Roper, D.C., 539. Rordam, K.,.524. Rorer, J. B., 2.50, 354, 7.53 Rosa, G. F. dela, 395. Rosario, M. V. del, 611. Rose, C, 173. Hose, R. E.. 428, 764, 768. Rosen, J. A., 94. Rosenbach, F. J.. 388. Rosenberg. A., 329. Rosengren. L. F., 382. Rosing, G., 717. Ross, B. B., 198. Ross, E. L., 199, 704. Ross, H., 145. Ross, H. C, 562. Ross. H. E., 773. Ross, R., 385, 562, 782. Ross, W. H., 767. Rostrup, E., .5.50. Roszler, K., jr. ,318. Rothenfusser, S.,612. Rothera, A. C. H.,217. Rothschild, H.de, 775. Rothschild, N. C.,61, 357. Roubaud, E., 359, 562. Roiillet, J., 43. Rous, P., 286. Roussel, J.,227, 324. Rousset, H., 424. Ronsseu, D. B., .56, 551 . Rovelli, F.,689. Rowan, G. N., 399. Roy, V. L.,692. Royer, J.,310. Ruau, J.,89. Rubinsky, B.,478. Rubner, M.,668. Ruby, J., 573. Ruddiman, E. A., 199. Rudovsky, J.,281. Ruehle,G. L. A., 496. Ruggles, W. B.,519. Ruble, J., 409. Ruhm, J., jr., 624. Rulon, S. A., jr., 571. Riimker, K. von, 37. Rusby, H. n., 199. Russell, E., 12. Russell, E. J., 144, 168, 221, 227, 303,321,339,424,621,712. Russell, H. L., 110, 111, 117, 299. Russell, H.M., 62, 257. Russell, L., 693. Russell, U.S.. 667. Russo, A., 671. Rutherford, T. A., 572. Rygftrd, H.,325. Ryneveld, A. van, 57. Saar, R.,515. Sablon, L. du, 27, Sacco,F.,374. Sach, H., 185. Sacks, W.H., 296. Sacqu6p6e, E., 173. Sadler, W., 582. Sadtler, S. S., 612. Sagnier, H.,490. Saito, K., 718. Salaman, R. N., 420, 6.32. Salant, W.,68. Salm, 90. Salmon, D. E.. 481. Salmon, E. S., 450, 745. Samarani, F., 172. Sambon, L. W., 757. Sames, T., 412. Sammis, J. L., 679. Samoilov, Y. V., 324, 422. Sande, K. von, 86. Sanders, G. E., 558. Sanderson, E. D., 110. Sanderson, T., 263. Sandor, F., 299. Sanfelici, R., 700. Saul, G., 229. Sarasin, F., 160. Sartory, A., 251. Sasaki, C, 58, 753. Sassenhagen, M., 681. Saunders, C. E., 169, 432, 435, 465. Saunders, E. R., 633. Saunders, W., 432, 446, 599. Sauton, B., 32. Savas, C, 562. Savastano, L., 441. Saville, C, 418. Saville, C. M., 517. Sawyer, H. E., 71, 614. Seal, C, 314. Scammell, H. B., 800. Scard, F. I., 614. Schaeffer, G., 120. Schaetzlein, C. 418. Schaflnit, E., 52, 533. Schall, n., 267. Schallmayer, W., 374. Schander, R.. 46. 346. Schat, P. T., 386. Schattke, A., 175. Schauh, I. O., 92. Scheffer, T. H., 254. Schenck, C. A., 547. Schern, K., 82, 125, 787. Scheunert, A., 574. Schilling, 379. Schilling, C, 562. Schindler, J., 567. Schittenhelm, A., 572. Schlaak, M., 673. Schlampp, W., 81. Schlesinger, H., 304. Schmaltz, R., 280, 485, 777. Schmeitzner, R., 519. Schmid, J., 266. Schmidt, H., 359. Schmidt-Nielsen, Signe, 510. .Schmidt-Nielsen. Sigval, 510. Schmiedhoffer, 780. Schmitt, F. M., 588. Schmitz, N., 38, 47. Schmoeger, M., 413. Schneider, G., 560. Schneider, O., 52, 137. Schneider-Orelli, O., 231. Schneidewlnd, W., 73, 132, 134, 264 321,323, 424, 427. Schniirer, J., 2S1. Schoenbeck, R., 579. Schoenberg, W., 244. Schoene, W. J., 663. .Schoenleber, F. S., 679. Schonewald, 140. Schonherr, O., 527. Schottler, F., 376. Schreib, H., 126. Schreiber, H., 512. 816 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Schreiner, O., 32,223,301, 328, 524, 712. Schroeder, 0., 771. Schroeder, 11., 532. Schroeder, J., 418. Schubart, P., 7S5. Schubert, J., 126. Schultze, 588. Schultze, J., 592. Schulz, A., G35. Schulze, B., 573. Schulze, E., 531, 701. Schurman, J. G., 492. Schiitz, 281. Schutz, H. H., 800. Schuyten, 409. Schwantke, A., 31(5. Schwartz, E. J., 53, 742. Schwartz, M., 163. 748. Schweitzer, H., 585. Scoates, D., 94. Scopes, L. G., 209. Scott, C. A., 345. Scott, C. F., 401. Scott, J., 582. Scott, J. M., 733. Scott, L. L., 245. Scott, P. R., 769. Scott, AV.M., 451, 653, 744. Scovell, M. A., no. Scurti, F., 209. SealTight, J. K., 297. Sears, F. C, 40, 149, 600. Seeker, A. F., 198, 307. Seeligmana, T., 43. Seerley, H. H., 599. Seller, P. O., 500. Seidlitz, G., 161, 162. Selby, A. D., 293, 447. Scliber, G., 120. Selvatici, E., 121. Semper, 740. Sergent, E., 82, 562. Serlupi, G., 452. Severance, G., 336, 696, Severini, G., 159. Severson, B. 0.,95. Sewell, F. L., 773. Sewerin, S. A., 530. Seymour, G., 540. Seyot, P., 242. Shamel, A. D., 737. Shannon, C. W., 520. Shantz, H. L., 722. Share-Jones, J. T., 684. Sharpe, H. G., 68, 568. Sharpe, T. A., 432, 440. Shaw, A. M., 287. Shaw, G. W., 637. Shaw, J. K., 228, 240, 241. Shaw, J. W., 446. Shaw, N. E., 565. Shaw, v., 773. Shear, C. L., 298, 534. Shedd. O. M., 197, 307. Sherman, F., jr., 298. Sherman, U. C, 64, 122, 608, 7.59. Sherman, M. M., 800. Sherwood, R., 95. She^terikov, M., 757. Shimooka, C, 396. Shipchlnskil, V., 317. Shiraki, T., ira. Shirley, A. G., 279. Shorey, E. C, 301, 523, 524. Short, W. C, 379. Shreve, F., 136. Shrewsbury, H. S., .515. Shrivell, F. W.E.,640. Shull, G. II., 141. Shulov, I. S., 629. Shutt, F. T., 128, 169,315, 417, 421, 432, 465, 470, 712, 713. Siebenthal, C. E., 128. Siebert, T., 467. Siege^mond , K. , 683. Siegfeld, M., 14, 125. 'Sigmond, A. von, 209, 299. Sigmimd, W., 215. Sill, E. M.,364. Simmich, P., 267, 308. Simmons, R. E., 152. Simon, IT., 467. Shuon, J.. .543. Sinclair, J., 772. Sinclair, J. E.,64. Singleton, W. M., 580. Sinnatt, F. S., 409. Sipiagin, A. v., 757. Sirrine, F. A., .540. Sisoff, P. W., 686. Sisson, S., 81. Sixt, E.,618. Sjostrom, A., 596. Skinner, n.,99. Skinner, J. H., 70, 72, 115. Skinner, J. J., 32, 712. Skov, C. P., 380. Skrodski, I., 730. Slingerland,M.V.,557. Smith, A., 298, 598, 785. Smith, A. J., 163, 758. Smith, B. H., 199. Smith, CO., 48. Smith, C. S., 344. Smith, E. F., 744. Smith, F., 5S. Smith, F. W., 199. Smith, G. A., .582. Smith, G.E. P., 18. Smith, G. P. D., 347. Smith, G. S. G., 59. Smith, H. J., 598. Smith, H. R., 371,398. Smith, H. S., 557. Smith, J. B., 162, 356, 562. Smith, J. L., 197. Smith, J. R., 644. Smith, J. W., 499, 696. Smith, L. H., 537, 538. Smith, L. M., 735. Smith, M., 90. Smith, P. H., 213, 268, 279. Smith, T., 500, 590, 684. Smith, T. O., 471, 625. Smith, W. W., 72. Smythies, A., 42. Snodgrass, J. II.,380, 578. • Snow, B. W., 672. Snowden, R. R., 525, 722. Snyder, A. G., 177. Snj'der, A. 11., 33, 34. Snyder, W. P., 673, 723. Sokolowski, S., 541. Solano, J. v., 49. Soli, J., 609. SoUas, I. B. J., 375. Soiling, J., 170,466. Somerville, W.,643. Sopcf, 11. A., 128. Sorauer, P. , 554. Sorensen, A. I., 389. Soule, A. M.,97, 110,698. South, F. W., 246, 647. South, R., 258. Southwick, E. F.,800. Souza, A. de, jr., 82. Sparks, E. E., HI. Spaulding, P., 555, 652. Speir, J., 580. Spengler, C.,483. Sperk, B.,125. Spethmann, M. T., 293. Spillman, W. J., 195,377,491,675 Spisar, K., 47. Spissu, P., 772. Sponsler, O. L.,800. Spry, W., 127. Squires, J. H., 800 Stabler, A. L., 695. StaS, O., 169. Stafford, E. W.,696, Stambke, H.,175. Stiinder, F., 416. Standley, P. C, 432. Stangk, V.,214. Stange, C. H., 480. Stanley, A., 660. Stannus, II. S., 386. Stanton, T. R., 695. Stapledon, R. G.,35. Stassano, H.,36S. Staubli, C.,391. Stubbing, E. P., 662. Stebbins, F. A., 798. Stedefeder, 390. Stedman, J. M., 96, 192, 20 '. Steel, M., 703. SteSenhagen, K., 749. Steinbeck, E., 511. Steinhardt, E., 479. Stella, L.M., 337. Stene, A. E., 454, 545. Stenlus, J. A., 194. Stepanov, N.,20. Stephenson, C. n.,199. Stern, L.,411. Stetson, I. G., 446. Stetson, J. G., 44. Stevens, F. L. , 246, 345, 448 Stevens, (Mrs.) F. L., 96. Stevens. .T. C. 313. Stewart, F. C. 549. Stewart, J. H. 716. INDEX OF NAMES. 817 Stewart, J. P., 642. Stewart, J T.,289. Stewart, R., 422. Stickney, A. B.,796. Stift, A., 418,636,768. Stigler, R.,571. Stiles, C. W., 161, 254, 654, 755. Stimson, A. M., 83. Stockdale, F. A., 164, 316. Stocking, W. A., jr., 99, 100. Stockman, S., 280, 284, 485, 786. Stoermer, C.,312. Stok, J. E. van der, 541. Stoklasa, J.,431. StoU, .\.,628. Stone, A. L., 147. Stone,G. E., 237,245, 248,249,252, 253. Stone, W. E., 110, 111. Stopford, E. A., 378. Stormer, K.,47,248, 347, Story, F., 740. Story, G. E.,695. Stouder, K. AV., 389. Stough, H. B.,355. Stow, A. M.,580. Stoykowitch, W., 40. Strand, E., 557, Stratton, F. J. M., 633, Strauss, H., 572. Street, J. P., 198, 199, 322, 325, 565, 768. Streit, E.,688. Strich,M.,14. Strickland, C, 662. Strong, F. W,, 537. Strong, R. P., 782. Strose, 458. Strowd, W. H., T68. Stubenraueii, A. V., 641. Stuckey, II. P.,23fl. Sturgess, G. W.,392. Stortevant, A. H., jr., 179. Stutzer, A., 22, 23, 133, 134, 320, 323, 426,607,609,715. Stuurman, W.,281. Suchtelen, F. H. H. van, 327. Sudwortti, G. B.,243. SuSran, 393. Sullivan, J. J., 696. Sullivan, M. X., 223. Summers J. N.,254. Summers, L. W,, 296. Summers, W L..490. Sunderland, J., jr., 696. SundstTom, 8., 171. SurfacP, F. M., 194, 23S, 474, 67.^. Surface, H. A., 149, 255. Sury, J. von, 170. Sutherst, W. F., 227. Suthofi, W., 13. Sutton, J. R., 312. Sutton, R. L., 781. Suzuki, S. K., 382, 679. Svedberg, T., 408. Swaine, J. M., 558. Swan, .T. M., 60. SwaHson, C, O., 136. Swanwick, B., 539. Swartz, M. D., 367. Sweeny, M. P., 199. Sweet, G^ 786. Swellengrebel, N. H., 662. Swenk, M. H., 6.54. S%vTngle, L. D., 497. Swingle, W. T., 564. Sydow, H., 647. Syraons, T. B., 298, 657, 658. Szpilman, J., 281. Taber, W. C, .512. Tacke, B., 427, 537. Taft, W. H., 697. Taggart, W. G., 125. Takaki, T., 562. Talarico, J., 368. Talbot, n. E., 483. Tallgren, H., 84. Talman, C. F., 126, 312. Tamhane, V. A., 520. Tandberg, G., 596. Tandler, J., 75. Tanret, C, 33. Tanret, G., 509. Tarragd, E., 634. Tartakowsky, M. G., 281. Taylor, A. E., 520. Taylor, E. P., 56, 63. Taylor, F. W., 236, 440. Taylor, O. M., 150. Taylor, H. C, 191. Taylor, K., 7.55. Taylor, W. J., 87. Teague, O., 782. Teele, R. P., 288. Teichert, K., 413,500. Tempany, H. A., 162, 538, S39, 545. Ten Eyck, A. M., 195. Tennent, D. H., 575. Teppaz, L., 481. Tereg, J., 81, 777. Ternetz, C, 444. Terry, R. J., 676. Texier, 392. Thatcher, R. W.. 115, 196, 321, 567, Thaxter, R., 447, 753. Thayer, E. R., 798. Thayer, P., 194. Theiler, A., 63, 82, 280, 386, 484. Theobald, F. V., 98, 361. Theunis, A., 418. Theveuoii, L., 125. Thibault, B., 82. Thiel, F., 319. Thoday, D., 30. Thomas, E. D., 379. Thomas, H. W., 562. Thomas, K., 15, 172. Thomas, L. M., 262. Thomas, L. W., 263. Thomas, T. G., 292, 690. Thompson, A. R., 635. Thompson, D. S., 473. Thompson, H. C, 45. Thompson, W. C, 654. TbompsoD, W. H., 168. Thompson, W. O., 9», no. Thomsen, F., 56. Thomson, E. H., 793. Thomson, J. A., 574. Thomson, J. G., 782. Thornber, J. J., 727, 730. Thornber, W. S., 342. Thome, C. E., Ill, 114, 195, 717. Thornton, E. W., 768. Thresh, J. C, 519. Tidswell, F., 484. Tiebout, G. L., 695. TijderLS, H., 309. Tijmstra,. S., 713. Tillery, R. G., 695. Tillmann, 485. Tillmans, J., 13. Timberg, G., 590. Titus, E. G., 4.58, 563. Titze, C, 280, 786. Todd, F. M., 161. ToUens, B., 509. Tolman, L. M., 14, 197. Tomhave, W. H., 516. Tomiiye, M., 339. Tonegutti, M., 229. Tonney, F. O., 678. Toothaker, C. R., 797. Topfer, 486. Torre, K. W. von D., b(>i Torrilhon, G. L.,43 Torro,R.,281. Tortelli,M.,ll,124. Tort«lli,P.,704. Totani, G.,701. Toth,A. V.,6«4. Touche, T. H. D. la, 62^.. Tousley, E.M.,69». Towar, J. D.,526,53.'>. Tower, G. E.,S47. Tower, W. v., 162,266. Tracy, S.M., 195. Tracy, W.W.,sr., 28. Trapp,S5- Trautmann, A., 777. Trehernc, R. C'.,5o7. Treleaven . S. , 338. Trenkler, A.,214. Tretyakov,S.,436,440. Treub,M.,100. Trier, G.,701. Tritschier, C. H.,440. Trivett,J. B.,396. Tromp de Haas, W. R., 151. Troop, ,T., 39. Trotter, A. M., 264, 280. Troueasart, E.,179. Trowbridge, P, F. , 65 , 199, 200,704. True, A. G., 93, 108, 109, 110, 115, 118,195,299,691. True,G. H.,4S9. True, R. H.,697. Trueman, .1. M.,776. Trumbull, R. S.,184. Tryon,H.,559. Tschulok,S.,474. Tubeuf, K. von, 45, 453,652. Tuck, C-H., 119. 818 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Tucker, E.S., 461. Tuffl, R.,763. Tumin, G.,619. Turnbull, R. E., 674. Turner, 591. Turner, D., 552. Turner, J. D.,98. Twort, F. W., 683. Tyzzer, E. E.,486. Udall, D. H.,82. (Jhlenhuth, 187. Ulpiani, C. , 226, 323, 623. Ulrich, B.,1S0. Underbill, E. P., 787. Ungermann, E., 283, 584. Urbahns, T. D.,598. Urbain, 314. Urich, F. W., 163, 255, 354, 753. Utz, F.,677. Vageler, P.,221,321,619. Valade,392. Valder, G.,144, 535. Valerio, B. G., 356, 357, 512. Vallee, H.,281. Vallillo,G.,282. Vanatter.E. S.,296. Van Bemmelen, J. M., 100. VandenBroek,E.,128. Van der Haar, A. W., 122. Van der Laan, F. H., 309. VanderMer\ve,C. P., 242, 354. 656. VanderPoel,P. P., 280. VanderStok,J. E.,541. Vandevelde, A. J. J. , 364, 514, 567, 568, 670. Vaney,C.,754. Van Giersbergen, L., 308. Vanha. J., 154,552. Van Haarst, J., 14. VanHall-de Jonge, X. E., 1.59. VanHise,C, R.,290. Van Leenhoff, J. W., 150. Van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan, J., 662. Van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan, W. , 662. Van Melckebeke, 413. Vanney, .^..,585. Van Noorden, H. K. J.. 690. Van Norman, H. E., 99. Van Pell, H. G.,580. Van Rensselaer, M. , 96, 298. Van Ryneveld, A. , 57. VanSlyke, D. D.,304. Van Slyke, L. L., 198, 663, 697. Van Suchtelen. F. H. H., 327. Van't Hoff, J. H., 134,699. Van Warmelo, H. 321. Van Wisselingh, G., 630. Vaplon, W. E.,274. Varrey,592. Vennerholm, J.,281. Venturis, 343. Vera, V ,427. Vermorel, V, , 51, 98, 707. Verteuil, J. de, 618, 620. Verworn, M. , 574. Vesterberg, A., 210, 220, 299, 596. Viala, P.,452. Villard, V. , 545. Villemoes, N.,61. ViUeneuve, 559. VUlian, L.,362. Vilmorin, P. de, 228. Vinassa de Regny, P. , 219, 299. Vincent, G. E.,194. Viner, V.,22, 2.3. Vlnet, E.,168. Vinson, A. E., 767. Violle, J.,518. Visart, A.,343. Vitek, E., 543. Vivencio de Rosarlo, M., 611. Voermann, G. L., 308. Vogel,J.,221,318. Voges,E.,448, 450. Voisenet, 212. Volpius, G.,84. Volta, R. D.,591. Voorhees, E. B.,111,496. Voorhees, J. F., 16, 162. Vriens, J. G. C.,713. Vries, J. J. O. de, 80, 581. Vries, P. de, 546. Vrijburg, B.,281. Vuaflart, L.,573. Vuillemin, P., 28, 352. Vulquin, E.,778. Wager, H., 329. Waggaman, W. H., 24, 715. Wagner, 452. Wagner, P., 427, 716. Wagner, W., 500. Waite, M. B.,452. Wakeling, T. G.,60. Walden, B. H.,750. Walden, P., 417. Waldron, L. R., 142, 634, 708, 725, 760, 799. Walker, C.E., 771. Walker, E. D.,617. Walker, G. K., 472. Walker, G.T., 311. Walker, L. S., 625. Walker, P. H.,199. Wallace, E., 653. Wallace, W. B.,28e. Wallis, E., 644. Walsh, L.H., 778. Walter, E., 516, 706, 707. Walter, H. L.,703. Walters, J. A. T., 733. Walz, F. J.,312. Warburton, C.,164. Warburton, C. W.,237. Warcollier, G.,215. Ward, A. R., 85. Ward, E. P., 84. Ward, H. J., 546. Ward, J., 697. Ward, S. H., 485, 679. Warmelo, H. van, 321. Warren, J. A., 136. Washburn, F. L., 92, 298. Washburn, H. J. , 280. Washburn, R. M.,462. Wasilieff, A. M.,609. Wasniann, E., 98. Waters, H. J., Ill, 195. Watkijis-Pitchford, H., 393. Watson, M., 562. Watson, S. E.,383. Watson, T. L. , 420. Watt, A. L., 548. Waugh, F. A., 228, 643, 700. Waxweiler, E., 571. Wayne, A. T., 556. Webb, S., 204. Webber, H. J., Ill, 114. Weber, E.,774. Weber, H. .A.., 672. Webster, R. L.,557. Weed,C. M.,398. Weeks, A. D., 192. Weese, J., 45. Weevers, T.,138. Wehnert, H..41.3. Weibull, M., 220, 299, Weichardt, W., 468. Weichel, A.,681,786. Weigmarm, H. , 79. Wein, E.,427. Weinbau, A., 51. Weinberg, 779. Weinhausen, K., 706. Weise, J.,563. Weiser, S., 281. Weiss, M., 587. Weisweiller, G.,510. Welbel, B., 423. Welch, H., 285. Weld, I. C., 99. Weldon, G. P., 457, 461. Waller, H., 125. Waller, S. M., 777. Walhnan, C, 60. Wallmann, O., 75. Wells, E. L., 17, 38, 149. Wells, H., 96. Wells, P. P., 646. Welsh, D. A., 304. Wente, A. O., 14. Wenyon, C. M., 88. Wamick, M., 151. Wery, G., 41. Wesche, W., 164. Wesenberg, G., 182. Wesson, D., 666. West, G. N., 760. Westell, W. P., 42. Wester, P. J., 341, 642. Westerdijk. J., 449. Westgate, J. M., 221. Wastgate, V. V., 758. Wasthausscr, F., 369. Westphal, W., 788. Weydahl, K., 547. Wlieeler, H. J., Ill, 116, 196, 225, 577, 697. Wheeler, W.M., 354, 359. Whetzel, H.H., 1.53,550. Whipple, O. B., 148. Whitaker, G. M., 68, 181, 381, 580. INDEX OP NAMES. 819 Whitchurch, J. E., 295. White, B. D., 99. White, H.C., 111. White, H. L., 263. White, J., 627, 721. White, O. E., 149. Whitehead, E.K., 398. Whitehouse, W. L., 200. Whiting, J. D., 762. Whitney, M., 290. Whitson, A. R., 195. Whittaker, H. A., 104, 218. Whittemore,M.,398. Wichers, J. L., 509. Wiclis, W. H., 242, 641. Wickson, E. J., 338, 3.39. Widmann, A. F. v., 500. Wiegner, G., 13, 121. Wiener, E., 775. Wijsman, H. P., 364, 567. Wilbert, M. I., 81. Wilbrink, G., 648. Wilcox, E. v., 344. WUdeman, E.de, 177. Wiley, H. W., 98, 196, 200, 614, 697. Wiley, R. C, 135. Wilkening, L., 414. Wilkie, J. M.,9, 120. Wilkinson, E., 479. Wilkinson, L. St. G., 218. Wilkmson, W. P., 612. Willard, J. T., 135, 761. Willard, R. E.,296. Willcocks, F. C, 163, 355. Williams, A. W., 84, .38.5. Williams, C. L., 385. Williams,!. B., 557. Williams, J. O., 271, 472. Williams, P. F., 93. Williamson, A. A., 613. Williamson, E. B.,354. WUlis, C, 334, 640. Willis, C.W., 297. Willstatter,R., 329,628. Wilsdorf, G.,374. Wilson, A. D., 96. 1394°— 11 3 Wilson, C. E.^ 495. Wilson, C. S., 700. Wilson, E., 44. Wilson, E. T., 764. Wilson, F. W., 772. Wilson, James, 196. Wilson, J., 376, 377, 639, 772. Wilson, J. E., 582. Wilson, R. n., 186. Wilson. R. N., 319. Winckel, M., 267. Wmg, H. H., 578, 588. Winkler, II., 632. Winn, A. F., 558. Winslow, A. A., 622. Winslow, C. E. A., 616. Winslow, E., 384. Winter, O. B.,228. Winterstem, E.,531. Wmton, A. L., 199, 697. Wislicenus, H., 614. Wisselingh, C. van, 630. Withers, W. A., 4, 196. Witt, D. O., 549. Witt, G. A., 777. Witte, H., 731. Wlokka, A., 437. Wohl, A.,511. Wohlgemuth, J., 14. Wolf, C. G. L., 609. Wolf, F. A., .53, 1.55, 159, 742. Wolff, A., 280, 476. Wolff, M., 559. Wolflfer, P., 184. WoU, F. W., 200, 514. WoUaber, A. B., 17,38. Wollenweber, H. W., 550, 647. Welters, C, 516. Wood, T. B., 470, 6.33. Woodbury, C. G., 39. Woodcock, H. M.,393. Woodcock, R. C., 189. Woodhead, G. S.,315. Woodhead, S., 189. Woodrow, G. M., 738. Woods, C. D., 98, 110, 115, 697. Woodward, W., 762. Woodworth, C. W., 167, 560. Woolman, A. J., 024. Woolman, M. S.,298. Wooton, E. O.,800. Work, M. N.,691. Working, D. W., 594, 595, 797. Worsham, E. L.,456. Wortmann, J., 38. Wright, A. M.,306. Wright, J. P.,. 357. Wrightson, J., 472. Wuestenfeld, H.,706. Yakimofi, W. L.,787. Yarnell, D. L.,487. Yates, C. H.,582. Yoakum, B. F., 491. Yoder, P. A., 125, 612. Yoshida, T., 339. Yoshimura, E., 12. Young, D. B.,454. Young, F. L., 297. Zacharewicz, E., 40, 649, 752. Zacharias, E., 700. Zaharia, A.,.38. Zaitschek, A., 707. Zaleski, W.,328, 718. Zamorani, M.,534. Zavitz, C. A., 169, 196. Zdobnicky, W.,431. Zeleny, J.,298. ZeUner, J., 140. Zenneck, J., 715. Zerban,F.,497, 611. Zijlstra, E.,626. Zikes, H.,449. Zimmer, J. T., 654. Zimmermarm, A., 645, 733. Zimmermann, H., 550. Zimmermann, R., 572. Zitkowski, H. E., .305, 608. Zon,R.,342. Zorner, A.,. 392. Zwick, 280, 681, 785. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Note.— The abbreviations "Ala. College," "Conn. State," "Mass.," etc., after entries refer to the pub- lications of the respective experiment stations; "Alaska," "Hawaii," and " P. R." to those of the experi- ment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico; "Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada, and " U.S.D.A." to those of this Department. Page. Abattoirs, inspection, N.Dak 666 (See also Slaughterhouses.) Aberia caffra, propagation experiments, P.R. 148 A bics pcctinata, introduction into Belgium. . . 344 spp., introduction into New York 54 Abortion, contagious, in cattle, Kans 389 Nebr 185 cause 483,484 in cattle, studies 388, 389, 785 notes 680 relation to cottonseed meal, S.C. . . 784 Acacia arabica, mealy bug affecting 355 hererocn, analyses 371 Acalla schalleriana, notes 252 azalcana, notes 361 Acanthosicyus horrida, analyses 309 Acaridae, studies and bibliography 758 Acarina, notes 558 Ace phaltocystisovistragelaphi, notes, V.S.D. A. 8S /l«r«accftarmuTO, fungus disease affecting 352 Acetanilid, determination in flavoring ex- tracts 198 Acetic acid, effect on gelatin 464 plants 630 Acetonitril, resistance of animals to 84, 173 Acetylene for lighting country homes 792 gas as fuel 793 Achatinafulica, notes 751 Acid phosphate. (See Superphosphate.) Acids, absorption by carbohydrates 305 in soils 131 effect on plant growth 230, 630 fatty, in Clieddar cheese 382 micro-chemical reaction of 120 resin, in soils, U.S.D.A 301 volatile, determination in fermenta- tion products 120 loss during storage of butter . . 679 Aclerda of Ceylon 259 Acrobasis fcltella, notes 454 Acrocomia totai, analyses 309 Acrostalagmus vilmorinii thomcnsis n. var., description 251 Actinomyces rosaceus, culture experiments . . . 140 Adenin in Boletus edulis 12 metabolism 368 Adenitis equorum, immunization tests 392 Admintia pergandei, parasitic on smoky crane- fly, U.S.D.A 59 Adorctus tcnuimaculatus, notes, Hawaii 655 JEcidium euphorbix gcrardianse, studies 346 magcllanicum, notes 448 Aeration in soils, relation to nitrogen fixation . 29 Aerology, bibliography, U.S.D.A 126,312 Page. ^sculus hippoeastanum, new enzym in 215 Afforestation. (See Forestation.) African coast fever — prevalence in Cape Colony 479 studies 683 treatment 481 Agaricus campestris, studies 665 Agave rigida pulp, analyses and uses 414 var. sisalana, alcohol from 414 Ageratum sp., relation to tobacco gummosis.. 248 Agglutinins, relation to bacterial precipitins. . 778 Agrarian problem, bibliography 395 Agricultural- advancement in Hard wick. Mass 499 advantages in South Africa 90 bank in the Phihppine Islands 690 banks, mutual credit, in Roumania 90 chemical station at Halle, report 516 Schleswig-Holstein, report 413 chemistry. (See Chemistry.) colleges — association of 108 U.S.D.A 92 chemistry in 196 engineering in 101 entrance requirements Ill functions of 698 in Australia 90 United States, history 492 notes 99 organization lists, U.S.D.A 494 statistics, U.S.D.A 293 (See also Alabama, Arizona, etc.) conditions in Bavaria 395 New South Wales 396 United States 596 of the Ozark region. Mo 129 contracts, laws of Roumania 89 cooperation, advantages 89, 393, 690 in Denmark 394, 698 Ireland 698 Italy 395 Roimiania 90 the Phihppines 795 various countries 795 studies and bibliography 591 treatise 394 cooperative — societies 90, 592 development in Germany. . . 592 in France 490 Great Britain 795 credit banks in Holland 490 821 822 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Agricultural— Continued. Page. credit in France, long term 690, 795 Italy 592 Prussia 396 societies in England and Wales — 395 France 490 demonstration work in Ontario 96 demonstrations, establishment and over- sight 96 development in Great Britain, plans 201 northwest Canada 290 economics. (See Rural economics.) education — bibliography 493 correlation of work 299 for rural population 299 government aid to in England 482 in Africa 691 secondary schools 492 the United States 492, 796 U.S.D.A 691 monograph 292 paper on 491 progress in 599 U.S.D.A '. 292 (See also Agricultural instruction.) engineering, courses in 101 in Prussia 691 equipment for high schools 294 exhibits of public schools 698 experiment stations. (See Experiment stations.) experiments, interpretation 633 explorations in China, U.S.D.A 737 exports and imports of Denmark 694 extension, relation to economic develop- ment 192 work, discussion 6, 109, 117, 494 in high schools 299 Ohio 293 Ontario 96 relation to experiment stations 114 (See also Agricultural colleges.) fairs, educational value, U.S.D..\ 798 features of Maryland 136 field trials , error of experiment in 339 Gazette of New South AVales, index 694 high schools, paper on 92, 300 holdings in German}- 795 Ireland 397 Spain 689 Switzerland 688 implement house, description, Colo 289 institute at Ultuna 596 Instruction — at Columbia University 300 exercises in, Cal 493 in city pubUc schools 796 elementary schools 92, 293, 398,599,698,699,796 France and Belgium 596 high schools 92, 293, 299, 493, 593, 692 insurance, bibhography 489 societies in France 490 Tunis 592 investigation, training men for 194, 195 Agricultural— Continued. Page. labor conditions, bibhography 489 problem in Germany, studies and bi bliography 189 South Australia 490 laborers^ association of Roumania 89 in England 691 Germany 592, 795 lower Lombardy 689 Ontario 593 Virginia 691 insurance against accidents 593 negro, economic conditions 97 value of students as 490 wages of, in Belgium 491 land problem, bibliography 489 laws in Roumania 89 libraries, books for 595 losses, address on 299 machinery and implements in Germany. 591 investigations, Colo 288 mutual aid societies, congress of 490 phosphate. (See Phosphate, insoluble.) population in Germany 591, 795 possibilities of northern Wisconsin, Wis. 191 southern Arizona, Ariz. . . 18 products, analyses 707 exchange values 394 exports, U.S.D.A 191, 292 factors affecting cost 687 imports, U.S.D.A 91 prices in Ireland 292 statistics 593 research in Great Britain 204, 494 school ui Honduras 699 schools in United States 493 science, affiUation of societies 3 society for promotion of 194 small holdings— in Belgium 491 England and Wales 88, 395 France 89 Germany 591,592 proprietary, factors affecting 291 relation to cooperation 89 statistics 397 U.S.D.A 90 in Spain 796 of Belgium 491 Germany 692 Ireland 397 South Carolina 794 sm^vey in southern New Hampshire, U.S.D.A 793 tenancy in Great Britain, handbook 689 terminology, discussion 196 train in Mexico 699 transportat ion , bibliography 489 wages in Ontario 593 workers, southern, convention of '200 Agriculture — aim in teaching 91 bibliography 489 course in, for schools 92,594,693 department of. (See United States De- partment of Agriculture.) elementary, books on, U.S.D.A 92 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 823 Agriculture — Continued. Page. elementary, manual 398 in Algeria 491 Australia 90, 688 Denmark 395, 591, 694 Dutch East India 321 Germany 591, 694 Grenada 699 India, improvements 396 Japan 396 lower Lombardy, treatise and biblio- graphy 689 Norway and Sweden 596 Roumania 176 Spain, rehabilitation 395 Switzerland 688 United States, future of 687 intensive, factors affecting 489 in England 687 international institute of 191, 591 methods of teaching 91, 92, 797 national school of, in France 499 profitableness 489 relation to capital 290 chemistry 209 meteorological observations. . . 126 meteorology 615 midergi-ound water 216 research in 507 treatise 33, 568 Agrilus anxius, notes 454 Can 455 Agrogeologica! congress, international 221,298 Agromyza crythrinx, gall insects affecting 662 Agronomy, bibliography 596 Agropijron. cristatiim, notes, U.S.D.A 437 A gropyrum scabium, analyses 769 Agrostis alba, analyses 709 solandri, analyses 769 Agrostis, seed examination. Mass 238 Agrotis ypsilon. (See Black cutworm.) Air and water, bibliography 312 bleaching effect on flour. Can 406 consers'ation of purity, U.S.D..\ 312 drafts, resistance of wire screens to 75 pressure, effect on water in soils 130 weather, and water, review of literature . 15 (See aiso Atmosphere.) A ilonia capensis, analj'ses 371 Akis, host of Hymenolep'nt diminuta 564 Alabama College, notes 400 Station, notes 400 A Ibizzia lebbck, mealy bug affecting 355 Albumin, effect on nitrogen in soils 326 Alcohol — absorption by milk 581 denatured, laws 126 manufacture, U.S.D.A 614 use in kitchens 290 effect on composition of urine 68 germination of seeds 532 industrial, from potato culls, U.S.D.A 14 manufacture from agave residues 414 cornstalks 707 grape by-products 707 Kafir corn 464 wood 414 methyl, laws 126 Alcohol— Continued. Page. methyl, methods of analysis 410 tables, unification of 197 Aldehyde, determination in cider vinegar 198 distilled liquors. 611 .\.lder sap stain, cause and treatment 52 wood, fresh, cause of reddening 740 A leurochiton aceris, studies 559 Aleyrodes citri. (See White fly.) nubifera, notes, Fla 355 vaporarioTum . (See White f!y, green- house.) Aleyrodicus cocois, injurious to coconuts 57 Alfalfa— and clover, comparison, Wash 336 as affected by acids, alkalis, and salts 630 cold resistance of , U.S.D.A 142 culture experiments 436, 729, 731 Mo 236 N.H 236 Nebr 725 Wash 336 effect on nitrogen content of soils 131 Utah... 422 fertilizer experiments 526, 640 fertilizing value. Wash 321 fixation of nitrogen by 537 for steers, Nebr 372 hay, analyses, Colo 269 Mo 76 digestibility, Nev 471 for pigs, Colo 269 notes 174 injurious to horses 393 inoculation experiments 731 Can 433 U.S.D.A... 222 Investigations, Nebr 143 Insects affecting, Ariz 749 irrigation experiments, Nev 489 U.S.D.A 789 leaf-weevil, life history 563 studies and bibliography, Utah 458 meal , analyses 672 N.H 471 misbranding, U.S.D.A 174 nematode affecting 55 new disease affecting 347 nitrogen content, studies, Nebr 144 production in Cuba 634 products, analyses. Conn. State 768 roots, solvent action of 217 seed examination. Mass 238 germination and purity tests 338, 736 purity and germination test, N.Y. State 736 seeding experiments 334, 634 Can 435 N.Dak 725 Tex 333 self-pollination experiments, N.Dak 725 silage, digestibility, Nev 471 sterilization experiments, U.S.D.A 146 varieties 526, 731 Ariz 728 Can 432 Nev 437 824 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Alfalfa— Continued. Page. varieties, S.Dak 334 U.S.D.A 436 Wyo ^5 winterkilling, N.Dak 725 U.S.D.A 143,436 AlgEE, nuclear phenomena of sexual reproduc- tionin 140 Algaroba, introduction into Hawaii, Hawaii. 344 Alkali as affected by gypsum 227 inRioGrande Valley, U.S.D.A 488 soils. (See SoUs, alkali.) Alkalis, effect on plant growth 230, G30 Alkaloids, micro-chemical tests for 199 Alligator pears. (See Avocados.) Allium cepa, sulphur compounds of 12 Almonds, crown gall aflEeetmg, U.S.D.A 249 Aloha ipomase, notes, Hawaii 655 Aliernaria solani, notes 45 S.C 155 sp. , notes 155 spp., parasitic on wheat 449 Alum in food products, N. Dak 2G3 Aluminum — as affected by milk 413 effect on oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A 223 nitrogen, manufacture 227. 426 phosphate, fertilizing value 324 A manita spp., poisons of 384 Avibli/ormiia spp., lUe history, Tenn 63 Amelanchier alnifolia, pear blight affecting. . . 451 American — Association — for Advancement of Science 298 of Economic Entomologists 298 Farmers' Institute Workers 95 Horticultural Inspectors 298 Chemical Society 298 Home Economics Association 298 Phyto-Pathological Society 298 Society of Agricultural Engineers 102 Agronomy 1, 195 Amido-acids, conversion of proteins into 530 Amids, assimilation by plants 431 digestibility 370 effect on yield of milk 370 Ammonia — assimilation by micro-organisms 327 cleavage, experiments 29 determination in presence of hydrogen sulphid 209 soils 303 urine 703 in rain 127 solutions, solvent power for humus, Nebr. 9 Ammonification in soils 28. 4.30. 717 Hawaii 224 Ammonium — nitrate, effect on availabihty of phos- phoric acid 325 salts, digestibility 370 efleot on solubUity of phosphates . . 25 jieldofmUk 369 fertilizing value 425 sulphate. (See Sulphate of ammonia.) Amniotic sac in cattle, dropsy of 284 Amoeba (Entamaba) lagopodis n. sp., descrip- tion 685 Page. Amceba meleagridis and Coccidium tenellum, identity of 590 Amorbia emigratella, notes, Hawaii 6.55 Amylase, studies 511 Amylases, determination 122 Anagrus spp., notes, Hawaii 655 Analysis, quahtative organic, progress in 512 volumetric, treatise 703 Anaphothrips orchidaceus, studies 558 Anaphylaxis, ahmentary , studies 780 bibliography 479 reaction, utilization of 82 studies 283,584 Anaplasma marginale n.g. and n.sp., descrip- tion 82 studies 82,386,484 Anaplasmosis of cattle, studies 484 relation to gall sickness 82 (See also Gall-sickness.) A nastatus bifasciatus, notes 456 AtmHs 15-punctata, notes 750 Anatomy of living matter, bibliography 770 treatise 160, 770, 777 Anchylostoma caninum extracts, effect on blood and hemolysis 385 Ancylis comptana. (See Strawberry leaf- roller.) Andropogon contorlus, analyses 371 leucopogon, notes, Tex 333 sorghum, culture 246 perennis, n. var., de- scription 36 Anemia, pernicious, in horses 392 Anesthetics. (See Ether and Cliloroform.) Angora goats. (See Goats, Angora.) Anhydro-oxymethylene-diphosphorie acid, notes 664 Animal — breeding- artificial, dangers of 281,575 centers, organization 99 experiments with cattle 677 goats 772 poultry, U.S.D.A. 675 sheep, Ariz 772 in Saxony 379 notes 574 review of literatm'e 374 yearbook 374 diseases — as affected by cold 385 eradication in the Transvaal 63 infectious, diagnosis 281 in Saxony 679 prevalence in India 479 Ireland 479 protozoan, studies 2S0 relation to stables 181, 281 ticks 360 transmission by flies 60 treatise 384 treatment 778 tropical, research 281, 585 (See also specific diseases.) feeding, notes 765 husbandry at South Carolina Station, S.C. 774 InAustraha 90 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 825 Animal— Continued. Page. husbandry in Dsnmark 694 France and Belgium 596 hybrids, report on 377 industry— in Java 577 the Belgian Congo 177 of Greece 177 Italy 769 relation to profitable farming 490 short course in, Cal 93 migrations, treatise 353 morphology, studies 377 nutrition, mineral elements in, Ohio 799 notes, Miss 76S oil, methods of analysis 410 organs as allected by muscular work 369 parasites, higher, bibliography 86 injurious to man 87 pests in Ireland 54 notes 413 production, secondary course in 109 U.S.D.A. 398 products, disinfection 281 tissues, methods of analysis 307 transformation of glycogerv into glucose by 468 Animals — and plants, treatise 397 arsenic in 409 as aflected by bathing 189 carrots 74 beef, phosphorus in 65 beriberi in 66 coat color and hoofs, correlation 179 crustaeeous, inspection 281 determination of age 771 diet, effect on poison resistance 84, 173 diseased, disposition of carcasses 679 domestic, anatomy of 777 ancestry of 175, 176 definitions of breed types 177 hair whorl of 375 heredity in 397 plague in 82 dumb, and their treatment, textbook 398 estimation of live weight 75 European, acclimatization in warm coun- tries 378, 7G9, 770 feeding experiments 174 paper on 281 treatise 769 fur-bearing, opportunities for rearing 75 growth at pasture 174 identification , bibliography 771 immunization against glanders 83 poisonous fungi . . . 384 inspection in Saxony 679 ^ large game, raising, U.S. D. A 453 of antiquity, treatise 75 pug-faced, history 377 pure-bred, certification, U.S.D.A 378 rabid, blood of 283 small, respiration apparatus for study. . . 174 solid-hoofed, polydactylism in 178 sputum sampler for, description 84 suppurative conditions in, immunization 282 transmission of diseases by 280 Animals— Continued. Page. transportation of 479 tropical, parasites of 769 vehicles of transport, disinfection 281 wild, new Hfematozoa affecting IGl (See also Live stock. Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Anisolabis, host of Hymcnolepis dimmuta 564 A nisota virginiensis, notes 558 Anjan forests, formation and care 549 Ankylostomiasis, meiostagmin reaction with. 780 Anomala varians, life history 758 ^nonscftfrimoZa, grafting experiments, P. R. ' 148 spp., pollination experiments 341 Anopheles, hibernation in China 60 Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, notes 661 spp., control in California 356 New York City... 259 relation to malaria 60 Ant, Argentine, notes. Conn. State 750 prevalence in Cape Colony. . 55 studies, Cal 167 Colorado, notes, U.S.D.A 167 conflicts, paper on 558 large red harvester, notes, Ariz 749 Antelopes, host of Multiceps muUiceps, U.S.D.A 87 polydactylism in 576 relation to sleeping sickness 586 Antestia anchorago, notes 57 Anthistiria ciliata, analyses 769 Anthocyanin, formation and destruction in plants 328 A nlhonomus grandis. (See Cotton-boll weevil. ) A nthostomella sullx n. sp. , description 47 Anthoxanthum. as aflected by ultraviolet rays 328 Anthrax — and helminthiasis in a horse 392 bacillus, organism resembling 480 virulency tests 83 bacteriological diagnosis of. 83 in cows, diagnosis 184 infection in birds, studies and bibliog- raphy 787 meiostagmin reaction with 780 prevalence in Cape Colony 479 symptomatic. ( See B lackleg. ) Anthrenus verbasci, notes 454 Anthurium sp., assimilation of nitrogen by . . 29 Anticharbon vaccination, studies 83 Antiformin, bactericidal value 483 Antimony, absorption by milk 581 Antiprotease from yeast press juice 411 Antirrhinums, history, culture, and uses 643 Antiserums, investigations 391 Antlers, growing tissues, studies 475 Ants and their guests 98 destructive to codling moth, U.S.D.A.. 256 injurious to cacao 354 cartridge shells, Conn. State. 750 of northern Colorado, studies 359 remedies 360 white. (See Termites.) Aonidiella aurantii. {See Orange scale.) Apateticus (Podisus) marginiventris , notes, U.S.D.A 635 Apatinse, revision 63 Aphaniptera, bibliography 557 826 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Aphanomyces Ixvis, injurious to sugar beets. . 248 A phelinus diaspidis, studies 461 Aphididae, notes 57 of southern California 559 Aphiochzta rufipes, notes, Conn.State 750 Aphis gossypii. (See Cotton aphis and Melon aphis.) pomi-mali. (See Apple aphis.) setarix, notes 557 Aphis, woolly, notes, Ariz 749 Aphthous fever. {See Foot-and-mouth dis- ease.) Aphycus stomachosus, notes, Md 658 Apiaries, inspection, Conn.State 749 Apiculture, notes. Can 455 {See also Bees.) Apis mellifera. {See Bees.) Apomecyna spp., life history 758 Apoplexy in winter-fed lam"bs, studies, N.Y. Cornell 588 parturient. {See Milk fever.) Appalachian Forest Reserve Act 498 Apple- aphis, rosy, remedies, Conn.State 750 woolly, notes. Can 455 bitter pit, studies 48, 155 rot, studies 348 black spot, treatment 555 brandy, manufacture 215 butter, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 464 canker, notes 450 caterpillar, red-humped , notes 558 crown gall, studies, U.S.D.A 249 disease resembling potato leaf roll 47 diseases, notes. Mass 245 studies 744 Me 745 treatment 447, 545, 653 Conn.State 553 Ohio 544 U.S.D.A 260 hairy root, studies, U.S.D.A 249 leaf spot, notes 155 leaves, mineral content, studies 331 maggot, notes. Can 455 membracids, studies and bibliography, N.Y. State 656 mildew, treatment 156 orchards, fertilizer experiments. Mass 241 renewal 545 spraying, Nebr 758 tillage V. sod mulch in, U.S. D.A 93 scab, notes 742 treatment 45, 450, 555 Oliio 544 sooty blotch, occurrence in England 450 tree borer, bronze, notes, Mont 255 Apples— as affected by arsenate of lead 759 Bordeaux mixture. Mass. . 253 N.J. . . 156 lime-sulphur mixtures 745 Ben Davis group, studies, Mass 240 blooming dates 340 Nev 442 Page. Apples— Continued . cider, methods of drying 215 crab. {See Crab apples.) culture in Ohio, Ohio 544 Pennsylvania, Pa 642 Rhode Island 545 distance expei-iments. Can 441 fertilizer experiments 640 for export 242 grafting experiments, S.C 738 handling for market 40 influence of seeds on ripening process 340 insects affecting 545, 654 new variety, description 341 notes, P.R 147 packing for market, N.H 242 plant lice affecting. Me 750 protection against rodents 545 score card for 149 termites affecting 56 variation in, investigations. Mass 241 varieties — Can 440 Pa 642 for Germany 642 Massachusetts 149 Middle Atlantic States, U.S.D.A. 441 the home orchard, Mich 149 Victoria 544 resistant to bitter pit 48 canker 450 yield as affected by planting distances. . . 149 Apricot disease, new, studies 48 Apricots, crown gall affecting, U.S.D.A 249 dried, misbranding, U.S.D.A 171 pear blight affecting 451 ■ termites affecting 163 A proof a n. spp. , descriptions 88 Arachis hypogea, yields 35 Arachnida, bibliography 101. 557 Araneads, studies and bibliography 63 Arbor day in the Philippines 399 Arbutin in pear leaves 31 studies 138 Arbutus menzicsii, parasitism 57 Arctianse of Japan 356 Arcca catechu, bud rot affecting 351 Arenicola piscatorum , notes 316 Argentine ant. (See Ant, Argentine.) Arginin, occurrence in Boletus edulis 12 mushirooms 665 soils 524 U.S.D.A 302 Aristida uniplumis, analyses 371 Arizona Station, financial statement 798 report of director 798 Armillaria mellea, notes 45,154,748 Army rations, discussion 68 worm, notes 454 Arrihalzagia (?) malefactor, notes 661 Arsenic, occurrence in various substances. . . 409 use in treatment of surra 392 Arsenical dips for cattle ticks 679 Artemisia californica, gall insect affecting 564 Artesian basin of San Luis Valley 128 Arthritis deformans, chronic, in horses 281 Arthropods, blood-sucking, of Jamaica 168 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 827 Page. Artichokes, anatomy, studies 30 fertilizer experiments 640 Arum maculatum, hydrocyanic acid in 431 Asafetida, misbranding, U.S.D.A 171 Ascaris lumbricoidcs, occurrence in pigs 391 Ascochyta lappse, description 346 n. spp., descriptions 346 quercus-ilicis n. sp., description 251 Ascogaster carpocapsx, notes, U.S.D.A 256 Ascom3-cetes, sexual and taxonomic studies. 28 Asculase in horse chestnuts 215 Ash bark bacterial disease, notes 246 determination in sugars and sirups 214 posts, durability, Ohio 644 translocation in leaves 331 Asopia,host of Hymenolepis diminuia 564 Asparagin, effect on bacteria in soils 326 formation in plants 629 in root tubercles of Viciafaba. . .. 229 Asparagus- beetle, parasitism. Mass 255 prevalence in Massachusetts,Mass . 254 composition 509 culture experiments 544 fertilizer experiments 640 Mass 233 forcing, treatise 544 roots, analyses 510 variety resistant to rust 544 Aspartic acid, determination 514 Aspergillus — nigcr as affected by iron 32, 630 notes 717 oryzx, notes 510, 718 spp., lipase from 411 relation to blind staggers, Kans 2S4 studies 511 Asperula as affected by ultraviolet rays 328 Asphaltic oil, use as a wood preservative 549 Aspidiotus destructor, notes 57, 255 perniciosus. (Sec San Jose scale.) sp., notes, Mont 255 Aspirin, absorption by milk 581 Asses, hybridization 76 Association of — American Agricultural Colleges — and Experiment Stations 1, 108, 599 U.S.D.A... 93 Farmers' Institute Workers 1 Feed Control Officials 1,98 OflBcial Agricultural Chemists 1, 196 U.S.D.A.. 514 Seed Analysts 1, 97 Aster, woody, destructive to sheep 298 Asterococcus mycoides, studies 390 Asterolecanium of Ceylon 259 Asterolecanium pustulans, injurious in To- bago 255 Asters, Fusarium disease of 52 gall midges afTecting 58 Astrelbe triticoidcs, notes, Tex 333 Athletes, diet of 467 Atmograph, description 137 Atmosphere, circulation, studies, U.S.D.A... 126 Atmospheric — absorption, studies and bibliography, U.S.D.A 16 Page. Atmospheric — Continued. circulation, studies, U.S.D.A 312 pressure. {See Barometric pressure.) temperature. (Sec Temperature.) Atriplex vesicaria, analyses 371 Atropin, resemblance to beriberi poison 67 Auouba leaves as affected by heat 139 Aujeszky's disease, studies 7S0 Aulacaspis pcntagona, notes 55, 454 Aurora borealis, method of measuring, U.S.D.A 312 Auto-enterectomy in the bitch, paper on 285 Autographa brasskx. (See Cabbage looper.) Automobile v. horse and wagon travel, cost.. 288 Avocados, culture in southern California 642 disease affecting, P.R 147 Azalea indica diseases, treatment 252 insects affecting 252 Azolla caroliniana, nitrogen assimilation by . . 29 sp., notes 562 Azotobacter — as affected by superphosphates, Hawaii . . 224 development, studies 717 fixation of nitrogen by 431 in moor soils, investigations 29 mineral needs of 29 occurrence in garden soils 28 peat soils 621 Azotobacter chroococcum — culture experiments 140 fixation of nitrogen by 229 Babcock glassware, methods of calibration, Ind 77 testing, Mass 279 test, directions, Mo 279 investigations, lud 77 reading. Mass 279 tester, speed experiments, lud 78 Bacilh, colon, in flies, examination for 59 Bacillus — abortus, relation to contagious abortion . . 483 acidi urici n. sp. , description 530 acidophilus stegomyise n. var. , description . 755 amyfoyoras, investigations 451 bipolaris septicus, notes, R.I 589 enteritidis, notes 173 erysipelatis , organism resembling 080 felisepticus n. sp., description 787 melanogenus n. sp. , notes 552 mycoides, effect on bacteria in soils 327 oleracex, notes 048 paratyphus /3, bacteria resembling in horses 589 prodigiosus, variability in 529 pseudotuberculosis vars. , not es 388 solanacearum, notes 648 spp. , culture experiments 140 effect on galactans 368 growth in colostral milk 77 notes 189, 530 organism resembling 286 role of, in plant diseases 246 studies 305,391 and bibliography 678 virulence of 389 subtilis, notes, U.S.D.A 147 suipestifer, investigations 390 828 EXI>ERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Bacillus— ConVmaed. suisepticus, immunization 284 tuberculosis. {See Tubercle bacillus.) vitivorus, notes *549 Bacillus, Koch's, relation to cancer 184 of cow manure, culture experiments 140 Bacteria- aerobic, activity of, measuring 327 as affected by nitrous oxid 140 decomposition of uric acid by 530 determination in tomato catsup,U.S.D. A. 613 disease-producing, treatise 385 fluorescent, r61e of, in plant diseases 246 garden soil, culture experiments 140 in milk, soils, water, etc. (See Milk, Soils, Water, etc.) iron and sulphur, notes 717 migration tlirough intestinal wall 184 mineral needs of 29 nodule-forming, investigations 326 relation to higher fonns of lif3 717 soil fertility 22, 529, 621 resembling Bacillus cry si pel at is in bo vines and fowls 680 sources of, Cal 583 Bacterial precipitins, relation to agglutinins . 778 products, government control of . . . 280 Bacterins, standardization 385 Bacteriology of milk, U.S.D.A 275 sour milk 277, 582, 767 review of literature 529 soO investigations 28 treatise 184, 384, 529, 717 Bacterium— calco-aceticum, notes 530 coli, poisoning due to 173 commune, culture experiments 140 gummis, injurious to oranges 157 lactis aerogenes, effect on citric acid, N.Y. State 278 viscosus, notes 477 malvacearum, notes. Miss 347 odoratum n. sp. , description 530 ovisepticus, notes 485 pyogenes bovis Uquefaciens, notes 785 sawastonoj, formation of (3-gluconic acid by. 701 solanacearum, notes, S.C 155 spp. , in kumiss 478 tumefaciens, notes 452, 744 Bagworms, notes 58 Bakery fermentation, studies 717 Baking powder, examination 764 injurious substances in 198 Balloons, use in meteorology, U.S.D.A 126 Ballotafoelida, atachyosc in 121 Bamboo beetle, remedies 602 Philippine, manufacture of paper from 415 shot-borer, remedies 662 sprouts, basic constituents of 701 Banana bacterial disease, description 250 diseases, studies 554 flour, analyses and uses 170 Bananas, branch dimorphism in, U.S.D.jV .. 444 culture experiments 38, 445 dried, analyses 267 nutritive value and digestibility. . . 267 Page. Bananas, premature ripening, causes 39 refrigeration in transit 546 Bantam hybrid, description 577 Bantams, book 077 Barberry, Japanese, insects affecting. Conn. State 750 Barium in soils, studies and bibliography, U.S.D.A 21 Bark beetles, injurious to forests 167 notes. Can 455 studies 758 louse, oyster-shell. (See Oyster-shell bark-louse.) weevfls, studies and bibliography, U.S.D.A 459 Barley — albumin content, relation to malting value 437 analyses 122, 768 Colo 269 awnless, new variety 335 culture experiments 436,537 Cal 637 Nebr 725 U.S.D.A 232 in the South, U.S.D.A 335 diseases, treatment, U.S.D.A 335 extract, relation to malting value 437 fertilizer experiments 134, 425, 526, 728 Cal 638 R.I 225 Wyo 535 food assimilation by 543 for pigs, Colo 269 grass, take-all affecting 551 growth as affected by — acids, alkalis, and salts 630 electricity 331, 332 salts 31 sunshine and precipitation 16 heredity in 430 insects affecting 751 U.S.D.A 335 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A 789 kernel weight, relation to malting value. . 437 loose smut, treatment 346 malting value, studies 437 natural crosses of 723 production in Canada 35 products, analyses, Conn. State 768 protein content, relation to malting value 437 rcsistence to poisons •. . 532 respiration during germination 629 seeding experiments, Cal 638 Can 435 Nebr 724 smut infection experiments 647 smuts, life histories and treatment 46 sprouts, analyses 768 statistics 593 sulphur bleaching, U.S.D.A 735 varieties 34, 142, 235, 731, 732 Can 432, 435 N.Dak 726 Nebr 142,724 S.Dak 334 resistant to smut 647 zoogloea on roots 449 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 829 Page. Barnyard- grass, notes, Ariz 731 manure — as a source of phosphoric acid 321 affected by climate and soil condi- tions 738 changes during storage 622 composition as affected by absorbents 622 effect on nitrogen content of soils 22 quality of wheat 264 soil fertility 423 fertilizing value 424, 436,440,542,622,641,716 Can 432 Mass 233,234,242 N.Dak 727 W.Va 716 toss of nitrogen from 425 methods of analysis 526 necessity of conserving 794 storage experiments 526 transmission of smut by 550 use 225 U.S.D.A 622 in orchards, U.S.D.A 240 winter v. spring applications, Mass. . 234 Barometric pressure of Rocky Mountain re- gion, variations, U.S.D.A 312 Bases, absorbed, determination in soils 130 influence on plant growth 230 Basic slag. (See Phosphatic slag.) Basidiomycetes . cytology 28 Basketworms, notes 58 Baths, effect on animals 189 Bats, digestion experiments 268 Trypanosoma vespcrtilionis in 063 Bauhinia vcnturii n. sp., description 343 Bean anthracnose, notes 742 growing, commercial, U.S.D.A 294 weevils, notes, U.S.D.A 655 Beans, analyses 367 culture experiments, Ariz 730 East African, analyses 363 fertilizer experiments 34, 132, 134,640 field, varieties 731 Florida, notes 35 germination experiments 729 heredity in 032 horse, fertilizing value, U.S.D.A 240 varieties 732 inoculation experiments 531, 029 irrigation experiments, Ariz 727 moth, notes, Tex 333 natural crosses of 723 rust affecting. Mass 245 statistics 593 sterilization experiments, U.S.D.A... 146 velvet. (Sfe Velvet beans.) Bedbugs, development of Trypanosoma lew isi in 662 remedies 360 studies 259. 654 Bedellia orchilella, notes, Hawaii 655 Bee diseases, notes, P.R 162 flies, relation to flowers 562 keeping in Indiana 654 Ontario 63 Page. Bee keeping in Pennsylvania 255 notes 476 Beech heartwood disease, notes 652 high forest, in France 42 red, yield in Saxony 549 Beeches as affected by lead arsenate, Mass. . . 253 damaged, saving of .' 244 infection e.xperiments 52 oak Oidium affecting 652 Beef, analyses 65 and yeastextracts,comparison,U.S.D.A. 265 baby, production Mich 270 chilled, exports from Australia 271 chilling and preservation 271 extract, nutritive value 168 extracts, studies and analyses 265 fat, process for rendering 613 iron, and wine, paper on 199 market classes and grades. 111 69 production, Nebr 371 in the Philippines 68 quality and classification 362 scrap, analyses 072,768 N.H 471 digestibility. Me 272 Bees, African, treatise 358 castration, studies, and bibliography... 354 color sense of 563 diseases of 358, 486 injurious to bananas 554 inspection in Indiana 557 notes 359 of Lesser Antilles, Bahamas, and Ber- mudas 359 parthenogenesis of, bibliography 563 pollination of sweet peas by 151 queen, nuclei for mating 758 Rocky Mountain, studies 167 swarming habit, cure 167 wintering experiments, Can 461 Beet chips, dried, analyses 369 feeding value 73 leaf drying industry in Germany 768 leaves, feeding value, Mass. 269 storage 707 pulp, analyses 573 Mass 269 S.C 768 dried, analyses 672,768 preservation 74 silage, analyses 573 refuse compound, fertilizing value, R.I. 225 scab, notes, Mass 245 seed polarization 514 sugar products, rafflnose from 608 treatise 630 tops, dried, feeding value 73 Beetle borer, small, notes 255 gru-gru, notes 255 Japanese, notes, Hawaii 655 larvae, destructive to codling moth 660 Beetles, hosts of Hymenolepis diminuta 564 injurious to cucumbers, U.S.D.A — 360 sugar cane, P.R 162 tobacco 357 of Indiana 259 relation to chestnut fungus 252 830 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Beets, assimiJatioii of nutritive substances by 734 breeding experiments "35 culture 42^ fertilizer experiments 23, 20,225,226,323,440,640 for pigs, Colo 269 forage, analyses ^^ growth as aCected by electricity 33 moth aflecting 354 storage '^0^ sugar. (See Sugar beets.) varieties 731,7.32 Beggar weed hay, analyses 768 Belladonna root, adulteration, U.S.D.A 764 Belonogaster, parasitism 562 Belus ursus n. sp. , description 558 Bembex nubilipennis, nesting and feeding habits 563 Bembex, predaceous on Glossina 359 Benzaldehyde in Centaurea aspera 431 Benzoate of soda, use in food products, Nev. . 264 Benzoic acid, detection in foods 309 Benzol, methods of analysis 410 Berberis thunbergi, notes, Conn. State 750 Beriberi, cause and prevention , monograph . . 66 relation to organic phosphorus 467 Bermuda grass, studies, Okla 071 Berries, exposed , bacterial condition 568 Berseem, notes 35 Betain, occurrence in mushrooms 065 plants 701 Betel pahns, notes 48 Beverages, analyses, N.Dak 764 carbonated, examination. Me 667 examuiation 764 nutritive value, tables 268 Bibliography of— Acaridse 758 aerology, U.S.D.A 126,312 African Tabanidse 064 agrarian problem 395 agricultural chemistry 607 cooperation 591 education 493 insurance 489 labor conditions 489 problem in Germany.. 190 land problems 489 transportation 489 agriculture 489, 689 agronomy 596 air and water 312 alfalfa leaf-weevil, Utah 459 AUgau cattle 673 anaphylaxis 479 anatomy of living matter 770 animal parasites 86 anthrax infection in birds 788 apple and pear membracids, N. Y. State. . 657 Araneads 63 atmospheric absorption, U.S.D.A 16 Bacillus spp 678 barium in soils, U.S.D.A 21 bark weevils, U.S.D.A 461 biological theories 574 birds of Argentina 654 Costa Rica and Cocos Island 556 Page. Bibliography of— Continued. birds of Illinois and 'Wisconsin 654 botany of New Mexico 4.32 cane blight 753 castration in ducks 676 insects 354 cattle, Bavarian red 176 cheese making 777 chemistry of food and nutrition 760 climate and plant distribution 126 coccidiosis, avian, R.I 188 codling moth 454 Coleoptera 162 coniferous roots 445 corn 797 cultui-e, U.S.D.A 236 correlation of characters in corn, N.y.Cornell 733 cotton culture in the German colonies... 733 diseases. Miss 347 crown gall, U.S.D.A 250 dairying 777 Darwin centenary 175 diet of Japanese farmers 366 diseases of the udder and teats of cows. . . 82 Echinostoma spp 654 effect of drugs on milk 182 food fat on body fat 182 Eimeria ( Coccidium) avium 085 entomology 161, 1G2, 557 fauna of Ceylon 160 fertilization 378 fig culture in Italy 442 flies as caiTiers of disease 60 forest fires 548 forestry in Ohio 446 froghopper fungus 754 froghoppers 163,354,753 frosts, Wis 17 fruit industry of Naples 441 fungus root tubercles of Ceanothus, El»- agnus, and MjTica 555 gardening 739 grape berry moths 660 industry in East Germany 149 root-worm, U.S.D.A 167 grouse blood 686 growth measurements of horses 376 guinea grass 336 gummosis of Prunus and Citrus 747 gypsum deposits in New York 325 hackberry psylla 355 hair whorl in animals 376 hairyroot, U.S.D.A 250 Hemiptera of palearctic conifers 753 heredity 771 and selection 374 liorsechestnuts as a feeding stuff 371 horseshoeing 180 ice cream making, Vt 463 identification of animals 771 immunity and experimental therapy 584 insects and plant diseases 354 irrigation waters, Tex 130 Johne's disease 283 Kafir corn, Okla 635 lady beetles 358 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 831 Bibliography of — Cohtinued. Page. leprosy 755 Leucocytozoon 88 linden moth, snow-white, N.Y.Cornell.. 560 Liverpoolvirus 749 longitudinal compression of plants 330 lymphangitis, epizootic 86 maple sugar, U.S.D.A 267 maturation 575 meteorology 517, 615 milk inspection 077 pasteurized, U.S.D.A 277 production of rutting cows 774 minerals 420 molasses as a feed 672 Neuroptera of Ireland 354 North American geology 21, 420 oak mildew 748 oat enemies 56, 551 oil palms 546 ornithology of California 353 parasitic protozoa of red grouse 685 ruminants' s t o m - achs 486 parthenogenesis in bees 563 birds 576 peat 712 pecan cigar case-bearer, U.S.D.A 258 phosphates 26, 420 photosynthesis in plants 720 Piroplasma cants culture 481 plant diseases, N.Y. State 550 polydactylism in solid-hoofed animals ... 178 potash deposits of Germany 134 potato leaf-roll 552 rainfall and famine in German East Africa 517 roselle 642 rubber, plantation 43 rural economics 489 sap ascent in trees 626 sex determination 771 se.xual functions 575 silk culture. 58 sky polarization, U.S.D.A 16 smuts of Australia 40 soil investigations, Hawaii 224 soils 420, 596 alkali 525 Tex 1.30 solar radiation, U.S.D.A 16 sooty molds 742 sugar-cane blight 163 sulphur compounds of the onion 12 surra in cattle 386 tendency of lungs toward tuberculosis . . . 482 Tenthredmoidea, U.S.D.A 662 terrapin scale, Md 659 training of teachers for rural schools 693 translocation of carbohydrates 718 trees, exotic, in Belgium 343 trichinosis 392 tropical gardening and planting 643 trypanosome disease , 782 tuberculosis, 111 784 in man 483 variability of lower organisms 671 vegetable industry in Oregon, Oreg 239 BibUography of— Continued. Page. water, weather, and air 15 weather forecasting, U.S.D.A 311 wheat industry in France 040 wild ox of Europe 376 winterkilling of peach twigs. Mo. Fruit. . . 451 zoology 161, 254 Bichlorid of mercury, effect on hides 789 Biedermann's Zentralblatt fiir Agrikultur- chemie, index 707 Biliary fever. {See Piroplasmosis, canine.) Bindweed, parasitic on millet 246 Binucleata,.phylogeny and classification 557 Biochemistry, notes 38 Biographical sketch of— Buckham, M. H 95 Knapp, S. A 497 Biological- processes, interpreting by curves, Mich. . 408 products, federal supervision 079 theories, history and bibliogi-aphy 574 \vritings of Samuel Butler 274 Biology, international catalogue 070 of soils, notes 20 relation to chemistry 209 rcTiew of investigations 473 treatise 274, 474, 584, 070 Birch borer, bronze, notes 454 Can 455 leaf-mining sawfiy, notes, Can 455 paper, importance and use 547 sap stain, cause and treatment 52 Bird lice, parasitic, on vultures 56 relation to coccidiosis, R.I 188 migrations, treatise 353 Birds, Australian, feeding habits 101, 353 destructive to codling moth 060 Colorado potato beetle, U.S.D.A 655 domestic, coccidiosis in, R.I 188 echtnostomid parasites of 654 game, value to agriculture 748 mallophagan parasites of 57 nests, edible, analyses 307 of Argentina, bibliography 654 California, bibliography 353 Canada, catalogue 254 Colorado 53 Costa Rica, bibliography 556 Illinois and Wisconsin, bibliography 054 New York, treatise 53 North America, treatise 555, 556 South America 353 Carolina, treatise 556 the Philippines, treatise 254 parthenogenesis in 576 poisoning by insecticides 556 protection in Nebraska 557 relation to agriculture 398 susceptibility to plague 82 treatise 101 useful in Minnesota, chart, Minn 92 Biscuits, adulteration, U.S.D.A 464 Bismuth, absorption by milk 581 Bison. {See Buffaloes.) Bison, spp., skulls of, studies 577 Bitters, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 667 832 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Bitumens, use in road construction, U.S.D. A. 489 Black scale, parasitism 163, 563 Blackberries, CTOvm gall aUecting, U.S.D.A. . 249 winterkilling. Mass 233 Blackberry products, adulteration and mis- branding, U.S.D.A 264, 464 Blackhead m turkeys, investigations, R.I. . . 187 Blackleg, bacteriological diagnosis of 83 immunization 389, 680 relation to glycogen 680 Blady grass, analyses "69 Blastophaga grossorum — occurrence in California 564 prevalence in Cape Colony 55 Bleaching powder, sterilization of water by . . 315 Bleekrodea tonkinensis, studies 43 Bleisand, humus acids of 320 Blepharipa scutellata, notes 456 Blepharoealyx n. spp. , descriptions 343 Blind staggers, studies, Kans 284 Blmus Icucoptcrus. {See Chinch bug.) Blister beetle. Say's, notes 454 beetles, feeding habits, U.S.D.A 655 notes, Can 455 mite, notes 454 remedies, N. Y.State 664 Blood as affected by extracts of Anchylostovia caninum 385 digestibility 265 dried. (See Dried blood.) meal, analyses 768 serum, antitryptic and hemolytic power 585 Blue grass, Kentucky, analyses 769 Blueberries, culture experiments, U.S.D.A.. 443 new species 149 Body louse, life history 164 Bolbodimyia, comparative studies 61 Boletus edulis, organic bases in 12 Boll weevil. (See Cotton-boll weevil.) BoUworm. (See Cotton bollworm.) Bombyliidse, relation to flowers 562 Bombyx mori. (See Silkworm.) Bone, avilability of nitrogen in, R.I 225 dissolved, fertilizing value 234 dust, fertilizing value 234 marrow, lecithia content 672 meal for poultry, N.C 273 inspection and analyses. La 326 steamed , fertilizing value 714 Mass.. 233 sequestrum in a foal 285 solubility of nitrogen in, Conn.State... 322 Bones, form and strength, investigations 674 strength of, as affected by feed 175 Nebr. . 175 Books on — African game trails 555 agricultural conditions in lower Lom- bardy 689 cooperation 394 instruction in high schools. 593 prices in Ireland 292 tenancy in Great Britain. . . 689 agriculture 33 analysis, volumetric 703 anatomy 160,770,777 Page. Books on— Continued. animal diseases 384 migrations 353 animals 398 and plants 397 bacteria, disease-producing 385 bacteriology 184, 629, 717 bees, African 358 beet sugar manufacture 636 beriberi 66 biology 274,474,574,584,670 birds 161 of Canada 254 New York S3 North America 555, 556 South Carolina 556 the Philippines 254 botany 626 butter making 583 cane sugar 614 cattle, Aberdeen- Angus 772 and dairying in the Punjab 680 cheese, fancy, in America 584 making 777 chemistry and physiology of milk. 13 colloid 120 of food and nutrition 759 colloidal solutions 408 conservation of natural resources 290, 687 cooking 68, 668, 693 cost of living 366 cotton culture 634 in the German colonies ... 733 grading 594 dairy farming 381, 580, 773 dogs 580 domestic sanitary engineering and plumb- ing 791 drug therapy 778 drying and dryers 413 electro-therapeutics for veterinarians 81 embryology 556, 574, 670 enzyms, chemistry of 608 evolution 374, 670, 770 farm crops 635 farming and country homes 491 fats and oils 413 feeding of animals 769 school children 467 fertilization 378 fertilizers 224, 621 fish and game laws of Massachusetts 353 flower shows 647 food of the Finnish people 171 poisoning 173 forest fires 54S forestry 151, 547, 548. 730 fruit growing 39 fungus diseases of West Indian plants 650 gardening 41, 547, 640, 738 grafting 641 and budding 148 grape industry in East Germany 149 greenhouse cultures 41 haj- production 35 health, progress and administration in the West Indies 60 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 833 Books on— Continued. Page. heredity 374, 670, 771 histology 384 hookrvvorm disease 780 horses 179, 579, 684, 773 horticulture 440 house building 791 flies 356 India rubber and guttapercha 43 infection and immunity 584 insects 54. 354 landscape gardening 150, 445, 643 live-stoclt industry of England 772 malaria 562 mammals of antiquity 75 man and plants 607 marketing of southern produce 292, 690 meat inspection 68 meteorology 15, 615 micro-organisms, disease-producing 384, 385 milk 677 and its products, testing 514 mineral resources of Virginia 420 moths of the British Isles 258 mushrooms 39 nitrogen of the air and its utilization 133 oat enemies 551 oil palms 546 oils and fats 413 organic compounds, analysis and deter- mination 408 Orthoptera of western Europe 558 parasitology 479 pathology 384 pecans 150 pellagra 568 pharmacology and therapeutics 81 physiology 574, 770 pigeons and bantams 677 plant breeding 543, 634 diseases 44, 345, 354 plants 384, 398 poultry 180, 379, 473, 580, 595, 674 houses and fixtures 580 purposive matter, living 574 reproduction 670 roses, diseases and enemies 748 rubber 613 Para 43 rural hygiene 791 science of life 574 selection and heredity 374 sewage clarification 519 disposal 616 sex determination 671 sexual functions 575 snapdragons 643 soils 397, 424, 520 starch manufacture 15 stud farm. Royal Frederiksborg 674 sugar 707 beets 636 therapeutic technique 81 therapeutics of sour milk 582, 767 timber cruising 446 toxicology for veterinarians 778 trees 42, 44, 548, 643 and slirubs of the British Isles 42 Books on — Continued. Page. trees, cone-bearing, of California 739 of Argentina 343 trichinosis 391 tropical agriculture 568,043 medicine and hygiene 479 trucking in the South 440 variability of lower organisms 071 vegetables 339, 544 veterinary anatomy 81 medicine and surgery 778 pathology 777 walnut culture 445 water 19, 615 wool industry of Australasia 379 zoology 254 Books, insects affecting 752 BorassusspY>., bud rot affecting 351 Borax spray, insecticidal value. U.S.D.A 262 Bordeaux mixture — effect on apples. Mass 253 copper content of tea 331 peaches, N.J 155 fungicidal value 50, 257 preparation and use 158 tests 447 Vt 447 Boric acid, determination 198 effect on milk 775 Boron, role of in plants 138, 721 Bos prirnigenius, bibliography 376 spp., studies 176,577 Bostrichidae, revision 63 Botanic garden and museum at Dahlem 441 Botany— in high schools 398 of New Mexico, studies and bibliography. 432 textbook 626 Botflies. (See Horse and Sheep botfly.) Boirtjodiplodia elastkx, notes 352 Botryodiplodia, injurious to coconuts 48 Botrytis cinerea. (See Grape gray rot.) ribis, injurious to currants 47 vulgaris, notes 555 Botrytis, treatment 649 Bottled goods, examination 667 Botulism, studies 173 Bovine leukemia, relation to tuberculosis 84 piropla-smosis, notes 481 races in Yangtze Basin 379 sputum, examination for tubercu- losis 84 Box elder apliis, notes 557 leaf midge, introduction into New York. .54 Boxes for packing apples, N.H 242 Boys' and girls' clubs, suggestions for 797 clubs, outlines of work for 399 corn club work, notes 92,698 industrial contests for 797 Brachysficha fidise., notes, U.S.D.A 166 Bracken fern, analyses 709 spongy bodies in 448 Bracon eurygaslcr, notes, U.S.D.A 357 Bradsot in sheep, studies 786 Bran, analyses, Mo 76 S.C 768 products, effect on flour 761 (See also Wheat, Oat, Rye, etc.) 834 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Brandy, adulteration and misbranding, U.S. D.A 364 apple and pear, manufacture 215 methods of analysis 410 Brassica olcracca, erepsin from 12 Braxy in sheep, studies 786 Bread acidity, studies, N.Dak 263 as affected by durum flour, N. Dak... 262 baking con tests for girls, U.S. D.A 193 tests. Can 465 Bedouin desert, notes 762 evolution of gas from, Nebr 169 factors affecting size of loaf, Nebr 169 from whole grain, analyses 362 fruit diseases, notes 353 judging, score card for, U.S. D.A 193 salt-rising, leavening agent in 762 ■wrapping, studies, N.Dak 263 Breakfast foods. (Sec Cereal foods.) Breeding. (See Animal breeding and Plant breeding.) Brevipalpus obovatus, remedies 359 Brewers' grains, analyses 672 Conn.State 768 N.n 471 dried, analyses 759 Brick, cork, for dairy barns 289 Broilers, marketing, N.Y. Cornell 273 Brome grass, culture, U.S.D .A 232 experiments, Ariz 731 smut, life history 46 sowing experiments 731 varieties, U.S.D .A 436 yields, N.Dak 726 Bromus creclus, notes, N.Dak 726 ivermis. (See Brome grass.) unioloides, analyses 769 Brooders, electric, address on 473 Broom corn, studies, Colo 236 Brown rot, notes 742 Brown-tail motli^ control in Connecticut, Conn.State 749 New England." 195 Rhode Island 454 in Canada 58 notes 557 Can 455 paper on 654 parasites, studies 456 prevalence in Massachusetts, Mass 254 remedies 454 Bruchidffi, paper on 654 Bruchophagus funebris. (See Clover seed chalcid fly.) Bruehus obtectus. (See Bean weevil.) pisorum. (See Pea weevil.) Brussels sprouts, fertilizer experiments 640 Bryobia pratensis. (See Clover mite.) Bubalis sp., host of Multiceps muUiceps, U.S.D. A 87 Bubalus pallassii, skulls of, studies 577 Bucculatrix caTiadensisella, notes 454 Conn.State.. 750 Buckham, M. H., biographical sketch 95 Buckwheat, fertihzer experiments 135 products, analyses, Conn.State . 768 varieties. Can 432 Page. Buckwheat, wild, studies, S.Dak 640 Bud moth, notes 654 Budding and grafting, treatise 148 Buffalo berry, notes, U.S.D.A 136 grass, analyses 769 hybrid, notes 577 industry in the Punjab 580 meat, food value 265 tree hopper, notes , Mont 255 studies, N.Y. State 6-56 Buffaloes, introduction into Algeria 378 new Hsematozoa affecting 161 notes 579 opportunities for rearing 75 Bufo spp., of northeastern United States 353 Bugs, notes 757 Bulb mite, notes 654 Bulbs as affected by cold storage 546 Bulldogs, history 377 Bullocks, feeding experiments 371 Bulls, use as draft animals 472 Bunt spores as affected by passage through animals 550 Burnet, culture 334 sheep, notes 731 Butter — adulteration 413 analyses 125,182,477,566 as affected by storage 679, 761 boxes, manufacture of 79 certified, in California 776 composition, charts, U.S.D.A 67 detection of coconut oil in 515 examination for tubercle bacilli. 111 783 exhibitions in Sweden 478 exports of Denmark 694 factories , cost of equi pping 280 fat. (See Fat and Milk fat.) flavor as affected by storage 478 industry in Ireland 382 inspection in Pennsylvania 463 making experiments 776 in creameries 279 on the farm, Colo 279 Conn.Storrs 776 pasteurization in, U.S.D.A 93 treatise 583 marketing 292, 690 methods of analysis 515 misbranding, U.S.D.A 583 mottled, causes 280 packing, use of parchment paper in 280 production, statistics 382 quality as affected by moisture content. . 678 soy-bean cakes 382 review of literature 717 stability of samples. Mass 212 substitutes 382 use of, history 678 V. oleomargarine, discussion 463 vegetable, production in Germany 613 toxicity 762 water content, determination 515 whey, methods of making 583 Buttermilk, analyses 182 biological and biochemical studies 182 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 835 Buttermilk, dietary studies, U.S.D.A 65 use, U.S.D.A 68 By-products, refuse, examination, Mass 228 Cabbage — blacldeg, studies 348,743 butterfly, notes 354 club root, notes 742 looper, notes. Conn. State 50 moth, diamond-bacii, studies 754 Cabbages — culture 235 Ga 239 erepsin from 12 fertilizer experiments 640 Mass 233 insects affecting, Ga 239 transmission of unexpressed characters in. 28 weevils affecting 62 Cacao, branch dimorphism in, U.S.D.A 444 dieback fungus, notes 651 diseases, studies 158, 353, 647 fertilizer experiments 545 fruit fly, life history and remedies. . . 661 insects affecting 354 pod disease, description 251 seeds, blackening of, studies 251 shells, feeding value 573 studies 149 Cacoecia larvae, relation to codling moth 257 Cactus, destniction by cochineal insect 559 feeding value 174 Csenocoris margiruitu}i, notes 57 Cseoma tsugv n.sp., description 652 Caffein, determination in tea and coffee 12, 198 Calandra oryza. {See Rice-weevU.) spp., notes 751 Calathus cisteloides, notes 756 Calcium — acid phosphate, adulteration and mis- brandmg, U.S.D.A 364 benzoate, fungicidal value, Mass 252 carbonate — effect on ammonification, Hawaii 224 avaUabOity of phosphoric acid 324 nitrogen transformation in soils 222 fertilizing value 135, 528 preservation of molasses feeds by 471 chlorid, milk serum, refraction 13,125 cyanamid — applicaton, R.I 226 as affected by atmosphere 323 decomposition in soils 226, 323 products of 133 fertilizing value 35, 132, 133, 226,234,425,426,539,713 R.I 225 formation and decomposition 624 investigations 623 manufacture 627 methods of analysis 323 determination 610 eflecton oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A 223 in food and nutrition, U.S.D.A 64 1394°— 11 4 Page. Calcium— Continued . nitrate- effect on plants 328, 630 fertilizing value 132,539,714 manufacture from air 323 peroxid, effect on vegetation 522 phosphate, as affected lay soluble salts.. . . 25 fertilizing value 324 solubility 527 relation to fat in cream 14 salts, effect on solubility of phosphates... 25 silicate, fertilizing value 325 sulphate. (See Gypsum.) Calicium populncum, studies 742 Caliephialtes vicsser, notes 55 California Station, notes 94, 695 University, notes 94, 295 Calliphora spp., notes 757 Callose, investigations 32 Calosomafrigidum, parasitic on saddled prom- inent 457 Calves, feeding experiments 577, 672 Ind 70 Mich 270 U.S.D.A 694 immimization against foot-and-mouth disease 282 market classes and grades. 111 69 susceptibility to plague 82 Cambium miners, investigations, N.Y.State. 561 Camels v. horses for the army 579 Camphor, methods of analysis 410 Canada Experimental Farm, notes 599 thistle, studies, S.Dak 640 thistles, eradication. Wis 147 Canals. (See Ditches.) Canarium oleosum, analyses 309 Canary grass, Toowomba, analyses 769 notes 731 Canavalia ensiformis, analyses and feeding value 573 Cancer, etiology and pathology 281 heredity of, in mice 576 relation to Koch's bacillus 184 Candelilla wax, analyses 516 Cane blight, bibliography 753 sirup, glucose decomposition products in 214 sugar, formaldehyde in 125 inversion, studies, Hawaii 411 slime, studies 305 treatise 614 Canme distemper. (See Dog distemper.) piroplasmosis, notes 481 tetanus, paper on 285 Cankerworms, notes 454 Can 455 remedies 560 Canned goods, examination 170, 464, 667, 764 Conn. State 565 N.Dak 666,667 inspection decision, U.S.D.A. 67 peas, methods of analysis 199 Cannonading, prevention of hail by 518 Cantaloups. (See Muskmelons.) 836 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Caoutchouc. (-See Rubber.) Cape jasmine, relation to white fly 355 Capital, relation to agriculture 290 Capnodium meridionale n. sp., description ... 152 Capra jerdoni, relation to domestic goats 772 Capnicum longum, dodder affecting 3.38 Capsidffi, nearctic, new species 753 Caradrina exigua, injurious to cotton 163 Caramel, adulteration 410 determination in flavoring extracts. 198 Carapa procera, analyses 309 Carbohydrate digestion, studies 467 metabolism, notes 172 Carbohydrates- absorption of acids by 305 effect on pentosans in plants 229 formation in plants 701 heat production from 668 in asparagus 509 synthesis, in absence of chlorophyll 431 translocation in plants, bibliography 718 valuation of, in feeding stuSs 195 Carbon— bisulphid, effect on ammoniflcalion, Hawaii 224 dioxid, evolution in bread baking, Nebr. 109 fertilizing value 716 production in soils 530 Carbonic acid, effect on lime sulphur 053 Carcasses, condemned, treatment 280 Carcelia gnava, notes 456 Carex stellulata, ergotism in. Can 433 ani/M.stota, host of Claviceps. . 647 Carissa arduina, propagation experiments, P.R 148 Carnation diseases, treatment, Mass 249 stems, analyses 42 Carnations, as affected by fertilizers 42 Carp, glycogen content, studies 175 Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth.) Carrot fly, notes 757 Carrots, analyses, Can 470 and feeding value 476 culture 235 feeding value 73 fertilizer experiments 234, 640 Mass 233 growth as affected by electricity 332 rot affecting, cause 246 varieties 731, 732 Can 432, 435 Carya, gall midges affecting 58 Caryota palms, notes 48 Casern content of milk, studies, Wis 183 determination in milk, U.S.D.A 294 digestibility 172 dried , manufacture and use 383 in alcohol-water mixtures, refractive Indexes 608 industry In Russia 614 investigations 706 manufacture from skim milk 614 microscopic structure of 581 Caseous suppuration of sheep and goats 485 Cassava, culture experiments 38 flour, examination 764 red spider affecting 359 Page. Castilla blight, notes 255 trees, scale insect affecting 751 Castilla elastka, culture experiments 39 insects affecting 752 Castnia licus, notes 164, 255 Castor bean borer moth, notes 56 oil, manufacture 613 methods of analysis 410 pomace, solubility of nitrogen in, Conn. State 322 Castration, effect on insects 354 hemostasis in 281 Cat diseases, studies 787 saliva, diastases in 285 Catalase as affected by light 411 determination in milk 213 potatoes 139 in milk, studies 412 role of in plants 329 Catalpa leaves, assimilation, studies 30 posts, durability, Ohio 644 Catarrh, clironic infectious intestinal, in bovines 85 infectious vaginal, in cattle 389 Catecholase, notes 138 Catfish, American, habits and culture 168 Catophractcs alexandri, analyses 371 Cats, anatomy of, treatise 160 immunization experiments 83 MuUiccps scrialis affecting, U.S.D.A. . . 87 plague infection in 82, 748 polydactylism in •. 576 Catsup, adulteration, U.S.D.A 364,764 examination 566, 667 Conn. State 565 N.Dak 666 methods of analysis 199 tomato, investigations, U.S.D.A 613 Cattle- Aberdeen- Angus, history 772 AUgau, studies and bibliography 672 amniotic sac, dropsy of 284 as affected by pasturing and stabling 677 at Kon-Kolodiesk Agricultural School ... 774 Ayrshire, milk and fat records 580 Bavarian red, monograph 176 blue breed of Belgium 176 breeding for milk production 677 in German colonies 379 Roumania 176 Sind 176 Sweden 397 Yangtze basin 379 review of literature 473 societies in Great Britain 796 daily gain in live weight 577 determination of age 771 live weight 577 diseases, diagnosis 481 in Nyasaland, notes 481 distribution of phosphorus in 704 elementary lessons on 797 exporting societies in Denmark 394 feces, examination for tubercle bacilli 682 feeding experiments 371 , 470, 581 Can 476 Pa 468 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 837 Cattle— Continued. Page. feeding, influence of age on, Ind 70 Frencli, introduction into Algeria 378 gadflies affecting, Ky 356 gray Steppes, ancestry of 176 grazing with sheep, notes 72 growth at pasture 174 Harz. studies 772 immunization against tuberculosis 283 industry in Austria, Germany, and Den- marls: 577 Belgium 472 Central America 379 Greece 177 Panama 177 Sao Paulo 577 SouthChina 577 the Punjab 472,580 longhom, notes 379 mange, paper on 679 maritime transportation of 281 market classes and grades, 111 69 mixed infection of 185 new protozoan parasite of 82 phosphorus in 66 plague. (See Rinderpest.) prehistoric, description 176 protein requirements, Pa 470 pure-bred, in New York 177 relation to sleeping sickness 586 Shorthorn , historj' and distribution 673 ticks, eradication 260, 679, 785 life history, Tenn 63 relation to piroplasmosis 484 (See also Ticks.) utilization of feed by 195 Pa 468 warble fUes affecting 61 Cauliflowers, fertilizer experiments 640 Mass 233 Caustic-soda emulsion, insecticidal value, U.S.D.A 262 Cavalry schools of Europe, notes 473 Ceanothus americanus, fungus root tubercles of, studies and bibliography 554 Cecidology in America, notes 63 Cedar apples, studies 744 bark beetle, notes. Conn. State 750 posts, durability, Ohio 644 Cedars, incense, polypore fungus affecting. . . 652 mountain, fungus disease aflecting. . . 53 Celery diseases, notes, Cal 552 fertilizer experiments 640 insects aflecting, Cal 552 late blight, studies, Cal 551 leaf-tyer, remedies 560 seed, germination tests. Mass 237 CeU division, causes 274 dynamics of 575 relation to surface tension 576 CeUase as affected by temperatiure 703 individuality 10 Cellia albimana, notes 661 Cells and plasm, treatise and bibliography. . . 770 determination in milk 182 electrical conductivity of 702 Uving, relation to transpiration and sap flow 626 Cellulose — Page. decomposition in cecum of horse 574 destruction by bacteria 717 determination 199 digestibility 574 fermenting organisms, studies 29 manufacture from cornstalks 707 role of in development of dates 629 value in nitrogen fixation 140 Cement dust, effect on plants 722 Centaurea aspera, benzaldehyde in 431 repens in alfalfa seed, N.Y.State . . 736 Cephalosporium lecanii, description 246 Ceratitis capitata, notes 59, 356 occiurence in Hawaii 255 remedies 55 punctata, studies 661 Ceratophyllus fasciatus, notes 662, 749 franciscanus n.sp. , description . . 61 Ceratostomajuniperinum, notes 159 Cercopeus artemmx n.sp. , description 62 Cercospora gassy pina, notes, Miss 347 sp. , notes 353 Cereal black rust, studies 152 breeding, review of literature 339 diseases, dissemination and treatment, Can 447 food, misbranding, U.S.D.A 264 foods, studies 464 maceration extracts, bactericidal power 778 products, analyses> 367 rusts and smuts, treatment 345 smuts, life histories and treatment 46 Cereals, analyses 413 effect on soil fertility 423 fertiUzer experiments 135 indigenous to Palestine and Syria. . . 136 insects affecting 654 light and hea\-y kernels, seed value. . 195 relation to beriberi 67 termites affecting 56 use in food products, Nev 264 varieties 436 yield, methods of improvement 132 (See also specific kinds.) Cerebritis, enzootic, studies 480 Cerebrosids, micro-chemical reaction of 120 Cerebro-spiual meningitis , epizootic, studies. . 480 Ceresa bubalus. (See Buffalo tree-hopper.) spp., studies, N.Y.State 656 Cerococcus of Ceylon 259 Ceronema of Ceylon 259 Ceroplastodes of Ceylon 259 Cestodes in Procavia 486 Cetonia spp., notes 167 Ceutorhynchus lesquerellx n. sp., description . . 62 Chsetophoma erysiphoides n. sp., description. . . 447 Chaffinch, parasites of 393 Chaitophorus negundinis, notes 557 Chalcis flavipes, notes 456 obscurata, notes, Hawaii 655 Chalcodermus xneus, investigations,U.S.D.A . 61 Chamois, host of Multiceps multiceps, U.S.D.A 87 Charbon. (See Anthrax.) Charcoal, wood, analyses 413 Charlock. (See Mustard, wild.) 838 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Charts, food, U.S.D.A 67 Cheese- analyses 79,80,280,777 as aflfected by fat content of mill;:. Wis 183 milk constituents 776 Brussels, biochemical study 79 Cheddar, fatty ticids and esters in 382 making 79 classification "9 composition charts, U.S.D.A 67 cottage, defects in. U.S.D.A 094 methods of making 280 use, U.S.D.A 68 Coulommier, methods of manufacture — 80 curds, investigations 706 curing. (See Cheese, ripening.) defects, studies 478 digestibility, U.S.D.A 665 early spring, defects 777 Edam, defects of 80 Emmenthal, methods of analysis 309 English, methods of making 79 factories, cost of equipping 280 paying for mUk at 383 Wis 183 plans 383, 478 fancy, in America 584 fermentation test 515 goat, methods of manufacture SO Gorgouzola, analyses of plaster 80 industry in France 382 the Caucasus 777 Laguiole , method of making 777 making, acidity in 382 experiments 280, 583, 770 treatise and bibliography 777 methods of analysis 79 misbranding, U.S.D.A 364, 464 moisture and fat estimation in 14 content, studies. Wis 679 Neufchatel, methods of making 280 misbranding, U.S.D.A 182 nutritive value 280 U.S.D.A 65 Olivet, manufacture 382 paralTming experiments 382 pasty, causes and prevention 80 re%'iew of literature 717 ripening, studies 79,679 Thenay , manufacture 382 use of, history 678 varieties 280 Vendome, manufacture 382 Wilstermarsch, manufacture 182 Cheiropachys obscuripes n.sp., description 564 Chelonus blackbnrni, notes, Hawaii 655 Chemical reagents, testing 197 Chemicals, examination 707 Chemistry — agricultural, bibliography 607 progressin 607 unification of terms 197 colloid, text-book 120 international catalogue 408 milk, progress in 1910 612 , of soils, notes 20 physical, theories of 702 Page. Chemistry — Continued. physiological, subject and author index. . 15 relation to agriculture and biology 209 teaching in agricultural colleges 4, 196 Chemotherapy, review of literature 585, 778 Cherimoya, pollination experiments 341 Chermes picese, introduction into New York. . 54 spp. , studies 754 Chernozem , nitrifying capacity 23 Cherries, crown gall aSecting, U.S.D.A 249 notes 345 pear thrips aflecttng, U.S.D.A 455 termites affecting 56 varieties for the home orchard, Mich. 149 Victoria 544 weevils affecting 62 Cherry disease resembling potato leaf-roll 47 ermine moth, notes 162 laurel leaves as affected by ultravio- let rays 328 leaf scorch disease, studies 48, 450 sap stain, cause and treatment 62 Chestnut black canker, studies 251, 652 fungus, notes 252 posts, durability, Ohio 644 Chestnuts, crown gall affecting, U.S.D.A 249 inarching of, U.S.D.A 736 oak Oidium affecting 652 root fungi affecting 52 Chick embryos, duplicity in 378 feed, misbranding, U.S.D.A 672 peas, natural crosses of 723 Chickens, anthrax infection in 788 susceptibility to plague 82 transplanting of tissues in 474, 576 (See also Fowls, Poultry, etc.) Chicks, hatching, lecture on 473 methods of feeding, N. Y.Comell 272 Chicory in ground coffee, notes 170 Children, care and training 494 food requirements of 171 school, dietary studies 364 feeding 171, 467 undemoiu'ished, facts concerning. . 365 Children's gardens. (See School gardens.) Chillies. (See Peppers.) Chinaberries, relation to white fly, Fla 355 Chinch bug, remedies, Ohio 799 Chinin, absorption by milk 581 Chionaspis citri, notes 355 Chitin, presence in ergot 308 Chlorin, determination 307 Chloris gayana, notes, Tex 333 Chloroform, effect on germination of seeds. . . 532 Chlorogenic acid, occurrence in coffee 763 Chlorophyll as affected by light 720 relation to photosynthetic en- ergy 718 studies 121, 329, 628 Chlorophyllan, formation of phyllotaonins from 121 Chlorophyllase, studies 628 Cholin in Boletus edulis 12 occurrence in bamboo sprouts 701 mushrooms 665 Cholla fruit, nutritive value, Ariz 767 Chou Moellier, yields 538 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 839 Christmas berries, pear blight affecting 451 Christ's Thorn, mealy bug affecting 355 Chromosomes, function in heredity 75, 274 relation to nucleoli 378 Chrysanthemum — diseases, treatment, Mass 249 rust, variety resistant to 159 Chrysanthemums— as affected by colored light 720 crown gall affecting 452 fungus disease affecting 555 Chrysohotliris dorsata, injurious to peaches 56 ChrysomelidsB of the Philippines 563 Chrysomphalus aurantu, notes 461 CTirysomt/ia s-p., parasitic on flying fish 163 Chrysopas, economic value 654 Churches, rural, address on 300 Cicada, periodical, in 1911, U.S.D.A 657 Cicinnobolus ccsatii evonymi, notes 352 Cicirmobolus, parasitic on Sphxrotheca mors uvx 649 Cider, adulteration and inisbranding,U.S.D. A 264 analyses 215 diseases, notes 613 fermentation as affected by cold 516 preparation 613 vinegar, ash content, studies 198 examination 667 Cigars, nicotine-free, examination 125 Cimeilcctularius. (See Bedbugs.) Cinchona, red spider affecting 359 Cintractia sorghi-vulgaris, life history 46 Clonus hortulanus, life history 758 0>Z?MSspp., studies, U.S.D.A 253 Citral, detennination 198 Citric acid — effect on bacteria in soils 327 gelatin 464 plants 630 fermentation in milk, N.Y. State 277 solutions, solubility of zinc in 363 Citrullus naudinianus, analyses 309 Citrus australasica, inarching of, U.S.D.A 730 tri/oliata, relation to white fly, Fla 355 Citrus- culture experiments 38, 342 exanthema, relation to gummosis 746 fruit black rot, studies 157 fruits as affected by cement dust 722 bud selection in 737 insects, affecting, Ariz 749 irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A.. . 789 notes, P.n 147 refrigeration in transit 546 shipping problems 40 (See also Oranges, Lemons, etc.) gummosis, studies and bibliography 746 mealy bug, remedies 559 orchards, decadence in, studies 342 gi-een manures for, U.S.D.A ... 240 squamosis, relation to gummosis 746 white fly. (See ■\Miite fly, citrus.) withertip, studies 747 Cladochytrium csespitis n.sp., description 247 Cladosporium fulvum, notes, S.C 155 sp., notes 155,157 Claviceps n.spp., descriptions 448 Claviceps, new host of 647 Clemson College, notes 598 Clerus formicariu^, notes 751 Climate— and distribution of plants, bibliography. . 126 of Arizona, Ariz 730 Belgium 343 Germany, changes in 417 India, changes in 311 northern Europe as affected by Gulf Stream 311 Wisconsin, Wis 191 relation to bovine tuberculosis 775 plant distribution 126 (See also Meteorology.) Climatology of Colorado 27 Venezuela 18 (See also Meteorology.) Clinodiplosis equestris, notes 751 Clinopodium vulgare, stachyose in 121 Clover — alsike, seed examination, Mass 238 varieties, Can 432 and alfalfa, comparison, Wash 336 bur, fertilizing value, Cal 638 crimson, culture experiments, Del 143 fertilizer experiments 234 inoculation, U.S.D.A 222 sterilization, U.S.D.A 146 culture ex-periments 436, 537, 637, 730, 731 Mo 235 N.Dak 725 Wash 336 digestibility, Me 272 diseases, notes 345 effect on nitrogen content of soils 22 fertilizer experiments 132, 134, 135 Can 433 Mass 233 W.Va 716 for pasture mixtures, Mo 235 grass, King's, analyses., 769 hay worm, notes 557 host plant of alfalfa leaf-weevil, Utah 459 Japan, smoky crane-fly affecting, U.S.D.A 59 mite, studies 461 pollination experiments, N. Dak 726 production in northera Wisconsin, Wis. . 191 red, culture experiments 731 effect on soil nutrients 522 fertiUzer experiments 135, 629 seed examination. Mass 238 varieties 731 Can 432 relation to soil improvement, lU 92 rusts, notes 743 seed chalcid fly, notes. Conn. State 750 testing, U.S.D.A 640 tests 736 N.Y. State 736 seeding experiments 634 varieties. Wash 336 white, improving pastures by 72 inoculation experiments 629 seed examination. Mass 238 Cloves-amboyna, adulteration, U.S.D.A 764 840 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. Page. Club root, treatment 743 Cluster fly, notes, Conn.State "50 Coagulum, fibrin, microscopic structure 581 Coal, apparatus for sampling 516 conservation of ^^'^ tar creosote, testing 516 Coat color and hoof quality, correlation 179 inheritance in horses 376, 377 Cobnuts, fertilizer experiments 640 Coccidae of Audubon Park, New Orleans 456 Boulder County, Colorado 456 California, notes 559 Ceylon...' 259 Coccidiosis and pseudotuberculosis in a cow 185 avian, bibliogi-aphy , R.I 188 investigations, R.I 1S7 studies 590,685 intestinal, of rabbits, studies 684 occurrence in cattle 483 Coccidium avium, studies and bibliography. . 684 cuniculi, studies 684, 686 tenellum and Amaba meleagridis, identity of 590 CoccineUidse of the Philippines 563 studies 559 Coccophagus lecanii, notes, Md 658 Cochineal insect, effect on prickly pears 559 Cockylis ambiguella, bibliography 660 remedies 57 Cockroach, American , parasitism 564 Cocksfoot as a permanent grass 34 grass, analyses 769 sowing experiments 731 Coco butter, cause of disagreeable odor in — 213 fat, detection in butter 413 Cocoa, culture experiments 38 examination 566 insects affecting 255, 250 shells, detection in cocoa 123 Coconut cake, analyses 573 disease, notes 48 fat, determination in margarin 213 foliage, analyses 573 oil, cause of disagreeable odor 213 determination in butter and margarin 515 Coconuts, bud rot affecting 351 culture e.Nperiments 38,40 insects affecting 57, 255 Cocos nuci/era, bud rot affecting 351 Codfish, preparation for market, U.S.D.A... 604 reddening, studies, U.S.D.A 664 Codling moth — bibliography 454 control in Cape Colony 55 the West 56 one-spray method, U.S.D.A 260 diseases, notes 060 eggs, parasitism 63 life history and remedies, U.S.D.A 256 notes, Can 455 parasitism, U.S.D.A 256 remedies 257, 454, 560, 561 Colo 457 Conn.State 553 N.Y.State 664 Page. Codling moth— Continued. remedies, Wash 561 studies 659 Coelostoma wairoense, injurious to flax 56 Canurus cerebralis, investigations, U.S.D.A . . 87 Coffea laurentii, studies 242 spp., resistant to leaf rust 351 Coffee- analyses 763 and chicory compound, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 567 branch dimorphism in, U.S.D.A 444 culture, P.R 150 experiments 38 disease, new 747 glazes, studies 763 ground, adulteration 170 insects affecting, P.R 150 leaf- weevil, studies, P.R 162 misbranding, U.S.D.A 264,364 plantations, renovation, P.R 150 varieties resistant to leaf rust 351 Cognac. (Sfc Brandy.) Cola sirup, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 607 Colastus truncalus, notes 341 Colchicin poisoning from pastures 680 Cold, effect on animal diseases 385 storage for eggs 473 fruits 641 in floriculture 151 plants, cooperative, address on. 40 {See also Temperature, low.) Coleophora caryxfoUella, studies and bibliog- raphy, U.S.D.A : 257 limosipennella, notes 454 Coleoptera, bibliography 161,162 of Colorado 55 India 758 Indiana 259 Colic in the horse, pathological anatomy of. . 187 Colleges. {See Agricultural colleges.) Collctotrichum— cradwickii n.sp. , description 251 gloeosporioidcs, injurious to oranges 157 studies 747 gossypii, notes, Miss 347 iiorx n.sp., description 447 lindemuthianum, notes 742 lycopersici, notes, S.C 155 spp. , parasitic on wheat 448 Collodion membranes, value as filters 479 methods of analysis 410 sacs, bacterial integrity 480 Colloidal solutions, treatise 408 Colloids, determination in soils 219,299 effect on plant nutrition 219 importance in soils 219, 299, 521, 711 Collyhia velutipes, infection experiments 52 Colorado College, notes 597 Station, financial statement 494 notes 695 report of director 494 Colors, oil-soluble, identification 198 Columbia River, annual rise, U.S.D.A 17 University, agriculture at 300 Comhretum primigenium, analyses 371 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 84i Page. Commodities, prices of, hearings before Senate committee 571 Compsilura concinnata, notes 456 Condiments, analyses 467 chemistry of, progress in 1909... 209 Condors, bird lice affecting 56 Confectionery, examination 764 exposed, bacterial condition.. 568 Confections, methods of analysis 512 Coniferous roots, studies and bibliography. . . 445 Conifers, palearctic, insects affecting 753 Coniophora cerebella as a cause of wood rotting. 52 Coniothccmm chro matosporum, treatment. ... 45 Coniolhyrium sacchari, notes 348 Connecticut College, notes 295,597 State Station, notes 94 Stations, notes 295 Storrs Station, notes 597 Conotrachelus nenuphar. {See Plum curcu- lio.) Conservation movement, history 290 of natural resources, book 290, 687 Contarinia johnsoni, notes 454 studies, N.Y.State 751 Convolvulus arvensis, parasitic on millet 246 Cookers, tireless, use 68, 290 Cooking, course in 399 ellect on tryptic digestion of milk . . 308 recipes for 399 relation to nutritive value, U.S. D.A 208 treatise 68, 268, 568, 693 Copper- determination, Mass 210 salts, fungicidal value 51 U.S. D.A 50 solubility in preserved vegetables 363 sulphate, effect on germination of grain. . 347 plant growth 31 sulphid, solubility in pure water, Ariz. . . 798 Copra industry in the Malay States 40 oil, preparation and use 613 puriflcation 213 Coprinus comatus, notes 717 Copypu, host of MuUiceps serialis, U.S. D.A. . 87 Cork brick tor dairy barns 289 Corkscrew gi-ass, analyses 769 Com, analyses 74, 464, 768 Conn. State 768 Mo 76 and fertilizing value, Pa 270 and-cob-meal , analyses 768 oat feeds, analyses 672, 768 beard grub, notes 656 bibliography, U.S.D. A 236 breeding and selection, N.H 236 experiments, 111 537 U.S. D.A 92,236 hybridization methods in 141 chop, analyses 672 Miss 768 Tex 374 cob worm, notes 656 cobs, analyses 768 cockle, food assimQation by 543 color, relation to yield 195 composition charts, U.S.D. A 67 Page. Corn, constants of, Okla 635 correlation in. Ill 537 studies and bibliog- raphy, N.Y.Cornell ... 732 cracked, analyses 672, 768 cross pollination, prevention 196 culture, U.S.D. A 232, 236 experiments 235, 436, 634 N.Dak 727 Nebr 724 in Russia 538 on crimson clover sod, Del 144 demonstration work, U.S. D.A 233 deterioration, determination, U.S. D.A. 409 digestibility. Me 272 ear characters, relation to yield, U.S. D.A 93 to row test 33, 34, 399 worm, notes 557 effect on nitrate content of soils 710 soil moisture 634 N.Dak 708 elementary lessons on 797 fertilizer experiments 234, 535 Can 432 Mass 233,234 W.Va 716 flower, food assimilation by 543 fodder, shredding, notes 573 growing contests for boys, U.S. D.A 193 heredity in 28, 632 insects affecting 399, 656, 751, 754 Irrigation experiments, Ariz 727 U.S.D.A 789 judging by the score card 797 meal, analyses 768, 769 Vt 470 occurrence of prussic acid in, Nebr 184 oil, constants of, Okla 635 planting experiments 33, 34, 142 Can 433 poppy, food assimilation by 543 production in northern Wisconsin, Wis. 191 publications on, U. S. D. A. 92 products, analyses. Conn. State 768 preparation and use as food.. 567 relation to blind staggers, Kans 284 soil improvement. 111 92 respiration as affected by salts 328 Rhodesian, standard types 538 r61e of boron in 721 seed, curing and testing. Wis 144 germination tests 33, 34, 399 Mass 237 investigations, U.S.D.A 36 rack for storing. Me 239 score card for, U.S.D.A 193 selection and storing 36, 693 selecting and judging, Mo 733 selection for exhibition 797 silage for ewes and lambs, Ind 72 sirup, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 464 smut, studies 46, 140 stalk borer, notes 656 stalks, sugar, cellulose, and alcohol from 707 statistics 593 842 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Corn, sterilization experiments, U.S.D.A 146 stover, analyses and fertilizing value, Pa. 270 studies and bibliography "97 transpiration experiments, Nebr. 137 use by Iroquois Indians 464 value of hybrids 236 varieties 35, 235, 335, 535, 034, 037, 733 Can 432,435,441 Qa 335 N.Dak .';.''" 726 Ohio 799 S.Pak 334 variety tests, far-tors affecting, Tenn . . 437 wlreworms affecting, Can 455 yield, relation to color 195 July rainfall, Tenn.. . 16 uniformity in I'^e Cornell University, notes 94, 290, SOO Correlation coetricients in heredity 374, 375 Corrodentia, bibliogi-aphy 161,557 Cortkium Ixtu m. n. sp., description 747 sp., injurious to oranges 157 spp. , notes 352 Coryneum fc unzc! castancx, notes 652 Cossettes, diffusion, storage of 707 Cost of li ving, studies 491 treatise 366 Cotton- American, yield in India 142 anthracnose, studies, S.C 741 aphis, notes '''57 boll disease, bacterial, notes 647 weevil, destruction, U.S.D.A 233 investigations, U.S.D.A 358 worm, notes 557 branch dimorphism in, U.S.D..\ 444 breeding, method of selection 35 cowpeacurculio affecting, U.S.D.A 61 culture, U.S.D.A 2»3 exTDeriments 142, 336,537 treatise 634 and bibliography 733 diseases, prevention 733 studies and bibliography, Miss . . 347 Egyptian, breeding experiments,U.S.D.A . 438 fertilizer experiments 336, 539 flower-bud maggot, notes 102 goods, analyses 413 grading, text-book 594 insects affecting 62, 98, 163, 256, 733 marketing cooperatively 393 mealy bug, notes 355, 751 natural crossing in 634, 723 root development 538 score card for, U.S.D.A 193 seed cake, studies 515 feed, analyses, Conn.State 768 seed meal — adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 709 analyses 27, 672, 708, 769 Conn.State 32.5,708 Miss 428 N.H 471 S.C 708 Vt 470 Page. Cotton— Continued. seed meal — continued. analyses and fertilizing value. Pa — 270 fertilizing value, Ga 239 for poultry, N.C 273 injurious effects, S.C 774 inspection and analyses, La 326 manufacture of rafffnose from 608 solubility of nitrogen in. Conn. State. 322 seed oil, detection in olive oil 212 refining 666 studies 515 production for sale, U.S.D.A 36 selection on the farm, U.S.D.A 36 stainer, notes 255,354 statistics 539 supply, world's, position of South in 394 varieties 35, 330, 537 Ga 335 worm, parasitism 758 Cottonwood leaf beetle, notes, Coim. State 750 Couch grass, analyses 709 Coumarin, determination in flavoring ex- tracts 198 Country homes, improvement 699 lightuig 792 manual 491 sanitation in 418,519 water supply for 418 CouTCoupita guianensis, propagation, P.R 148 Cover crops, relation to lemon cottony mold 49 Cow hybrid, notes 577 manure, analyses 23 fertilizing value 321 loss of plant food from 23 use in greenhouses. Mass 249 stables, studies 181 stalls, descriptions, Oreg 289 testing associations in Denmark. . 380,394,476 Norway 596 Sweden 380 Cowpea curculio, investigations, U.S.D.A ... 61 hay, analyses 768 Cowpeas, analj'ses 573, 768 S.C 768 culture, Mo 236 experiments 729 fertilizer experiments 234, 535 W.Va 716 inoculation experiments 531 notes, U.S.D.A 233 varieties 535 Tex 333 Cows, Allgau, milk records 380 cost of keeping, Tenn 77 feeding experiments 476,573,672,768 S.C 774 for milk production. Mo 278 gestation period, variation in 75 high producing, methods of feeding — 580 host of Multiceps multiceps, U.S.D.A. . 87 milk variation in 477 Mo 76 milking capacity, estimating 180, 281 phosphonis in 65 pure bred, testing. Mass 279 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 843 Page. Cows, rabid, use of mill: from 84 rations for, U.S.D. A 71 methods for computing 180 records. (See Dairy herd records.) spayed, conformation of 75 stables for, in Holland 181 sterility, causes and treatment 389 relation to infectious genital diseases 281, 284 testing, 111 278 Mass 775 in New Zealand 580 tetanus in 184 udder and teat diseases, studies 82 use as draft animals 472 Crab apples, wild, pear blight allecting 451 conserves, examination 706 Crabs, methods of conserving 706 Cracker mdustry in North Dakota, N.Dak... 6b7 Cranberries, fertilizer experiments, Mass 239 Crane fly, notes 654 smoky, investigations, U.S.D.A.. . 58 Cratxgus douglasii, pear blight aSecting 451 oxyacanthoidcs, notes 359 spp., cambium miners of, N.Y. State 562 Cream, adulteration, U.S.D. A 182 analyses 125, 182, 566, 764 bacterial examinations, value 582 composite samples, studies, Ind 77 dietary studies, U.S.D. A 65 grading 381 management, Cal 583 of tartar, examination. Me 67 powdered, analyses 182 raw v. pasteurized 381 relation of fat to calcium content 14 sampling, studies, Ind 77 separator house, description 383 separators, notes, Cal 583 sterilization 381 test bottles, inaccuracies in, Ind 77 variations in, Cal 583 testmg for milk fat, Ind 77, 382 Creameries, floor plans ■. . . 777 Creatinin, determination 514 Creosote, coal-tar, testing 516 for preserving gate posts 44 oil, insecticidal value, U.S.D. A 202 Creosoting, comparison of methods 741 Cress as affected by ultraviolet rays 328 Crimson clover. (See Clover, crimson.) Crioceris asparagi. (See Asparagus beetle.) 12-punctata, notes, Mass 254 Crop production, notes, U.S.D. A 93 records, keeping 196 reports, U.S.D.A 91,191,292,492,796 rotations. (See Rotation.) Crops, cultm-e on the Great Plains, U.S.D.A. 231 electrification of 331 fertilizer requirements, Kans 135 of northern Europe as affected by Gulf Stream 311 prices in Ireland 292 relation to nitrifying energy of soils. . . 222 soil renovating, notes, U.S.D.A 233 water requh'ements 318 Page. Crops, yield as affected by summer tilling, Nebr 142 Crotalaria, natural crosses of 723 Crotalaria spp., notes 142 striata, notes 35 Croton gratissimus, analyses 371 Cro^vn gall, notes 452, 744 studies and bibliography, U.S. D.A 249 grass, golden, analyses 769 Crude fiber. (See Cellulose.) petroleum. (See Petroleum.) Crustacea, bibliography 161,557 Crustaceans, inspection, treatise 68 Cryphalus spp., studies 758 Cryptogamic poisoning, studies 480 Cryptolxmus montrouzien, studies 559 Cryptorhynchus batatsp., notes, Hawaii 655 mangifers , notes 751 Cryptosporidium muris n.g. and n.sp., de- scription 486 Cr5'stal eggs, adulteration, U.S.D.A 364 Cucasa, fungicidal value 51 Cucumber beetles, notes, U.S.D.A 360 diseases, treatment, Mass 248 mosaic disease, notes. Mass 249 wilt, notes 742 Cucumbers, Dacus spp. affecting 55 exports from Natal 641 fumigation experiments, Mass... 260 fusarium diseases aflecting 448 growth as affected by electricity. 332 malnutrition. Mass 249 recipes 363 Cucurbitaria pruni mahaleb, notes 350 Cucurbits, Dacus spp. aflecting 55 insects affecting, U.S.D.A 360 Culex concolor, predaceous on Anopheles 357 fatigans, nematode affecting 260 spp., control in New York City 259 relation to filariasis 60 Culicidse. (See Mosquitoes.) Cultivation, effect on colloids in soils 219 Culture media, effect on formation of diastase . 718 Curasao, liqueur, misbranding, U.S.D.A 764 CurcuLionidae, new species, descriptions 358 Currant disease resembling potato leaf-roll ... 47 jam, misbranding, U.S.D.A 264 mite, notes 163 span worm, notes. Conn. State 750 Currants, cambium miners affecting, N.Y. State 561 fertilizer experiments 640 red, silver-leaf disease affecting 452 regulations concerning, Me 67 Cuscuta americana, injurious to oranges 157 obiusiflora breviflora, parasitic on pep- per 338 Custard apples, pollination experiments 341 Cutworms, notes 656 Can 455 Hawaii 655 remedies 750 studies. Me 750 Cyanamid, decomposition in soils 323 determination in calcium cyan- amid 323 844 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Cyanospora albiccdne n.g. and n.sp., descrip- tion ^^ Cycloconium oleaginum, treatment 752 Cylasformicarius, life history 758 notes 354 Hawaii ^^^ Cymatophora ribearm, notes, Conn.State 750 Cynodon dactylon, analyses 371, 769 Cyperus root diseases, studies 53 Cyrtocanthacris scptcmfasciata, notes 558,564 Cysticercus botryoides, description, U.S.D.A. . 88 Cystopsora olcx n.g. and n.sp., description. . . 152 Cytisin, absorption by railk 581 Cytology, treatise and bililiography 378 Cytosin, isolation from soils 524 U.S.D.A 302 Cytospora cincta, notes. Mo. Fruit 451 CytospoTcUa damnosa n. sp., description 246 Dactylis glomcrata, analyses 769 Dactylopius calceolarisc, injurious to flax 56 nipx, injurious to mulberries 164 pcrniciosus, notes 355 virgatus, notes 751 Dacus spp., remedies 55 tryoni, notes 356 Dxdalia qucrclna. notes 717 Dairies, cooperative, in Denmark 394 inspect ion in Boston 776 refrigeration in 478 Dairy- associations, by-laws 280 bacteriology, review of literature 476 barn at Kansas Station, description 289 barns, new floor material for 289 by-products for pigs, U.S.D.A 74 cattle judging, student contests 99 chemistry, progress in 125 conditions in United States 596 cooperative association in Pennsylvania. . 776 associations in Denmark 776 farming, cooperative, in England 776 in eastern United States 180 profitableness 773, 793 farms, score card for, 111 582 herd records 580 Can 476 herds, competition in Denmark 380 industry, history 678 in Australia 90 Rhodesia 774 Russia 380 Sao Paulo 380 Saskatchewan 478 United States, history 580 various coun tries 280 inspection in Massachusetts, Mass 279 instructors, association of 99 law in Massachusetts, Mass 279 legislation in Denmark 476 machinery , depreciation 384 production in Ontario 593 products- analyses. . . 367, 413, 463, 510, 566, 667, 707, 764 marketing cooperatively 393, 690 methods of analysis 413 state V. municipal control 381, 583 school at Rutti-Zollikofen, report 776 Page. Dairy— Continued. schools in Norway 596 societies, cooperation with banljs 692 in Great Britain 795 wash water, purification 519 Dairying, bibliography 777 cooperative, advantages of 280 goat, in United States 383 in Denmark 694 Jamaica 580 New South Wales 381, 396, 580 re^'iew of literature 381 secondary course in, U.S.D.A 398 sheep, studies 383 statistics 382 treatise 580,773 Danthonia spp., analyses 769 Dafana angnsii, notes 558 Date, monoecious, description 342 Dates, bud rot alfecting 351 development and nutrition, studies... 629 Decomposition processes, investigations 28 Deer, anatomy of 180 raising, U.S.D.A 453 starvation in Alaska, U.S.D.A 653 Deforestation in the Appalachians 711 Delaware College, notes 597 Station, notes 597 Dematophora necatrix, injurious to oranges. . . 157 Dcndroctonus piccaperda. {See Spruce beetle, eastern.) Dcndrophagus globosns, notes 452 Denitrifioation in soils 22, 24, 717 Hawaii 224 review of literature 529 Department of Agriculture. {See United States Department of Agriculture.) Dermatoses in dogs, studies 285, 787 Deserts, water supplies, notes 216 Dew formation, studies 312 ponds, genesis and function of. 417 Dextrins, effect on hydrolysis of starch 511 Dextrose, determination 305 effect on ammonification, Hawaii. . 224 hydrolysis of starch 511 DeyeiLxia forsterii, analvses 769 5-gluconic acid, formatior 701 Diabrntica spp., studies, U.S.D.A 360 Diaporthe parasitica, notes 252 Diaprepes abbreviatus, notes 63 Diarrhea in chickens, causes and treatment. . 788 white, in chicks, notes 486 Diaspis pentagona, studies 754 pyri, injurious to fruits 163 Diastase fonnation, studies 718 in milk, estimation 14 Diastases in saliva of dogs and cats 285 Diastrophus nebulosus, notes 359 Diatrsea saccharalis. (See Sugar cane borer.) Dicalcium phosphate, fertilizing value 527 Dichelachne crinita, analyses 769 Dichomera carpini n.sp., description 447 Dichromcris marginellu.i, notes 54 Dicyandiamid as a source of nitrogen 133 determination in calcium cy- anamid 323 injurious effects 623 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 845 Page. Diet, effect on resistance of animals to poi- sons 84, 173 in the United States, U.S.D.A 764 of atliletes 467 Dominican peons 667 Isthmian Canal laborers 764 Japanese farmers, studies and bibli- ography 366 troops in Manchuria 366 prisoners in Bengal 568 students at University of Minnesota. 364 workingmen in Belgium 571 {See also Food.) Dietary- inexpensive, discussion 68 standards, charts, U.S.D.A 67 studies, U.S.D.A 64,268 in Bengal 56S Switzerland and Italy 367 of under nourished school chil- dren 3G4 Dietetics, papers on 298 Digestion- experiments with bats 268 dogs 467,574 goats 671 men, U.S.D.A 665,764 poultry. Me 271 sheep, Nev 471 Okla 671 in swine as atfected by body movements. . 175 tests, thermoregulator for 209 value of micro-organisms in 268 Digestive activity of stomach, relation to hunger 571 Dihydroxystearic acid — effect on oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A 223 plant growth, U.S.D.A 32 Dimerosporium parkinsonise n.sp., descrip- tion 742 Dinapatinfe, revision 63 Dindymus sanguineus, notes 57 Dinoderus minutus, remedies 662 Dioscorea, drug, source, U.S.D.A 231 list of species, U.S.D.A 231 Diphtheria antitoxin, concentration 717 avian, microbe of 486 relation to udder diseases of cows. 82 Diplococcus lanceolatus ovium. n.var., descrip- tion 684 pneumonia;, notes 684 sp. , relation to mastitis 681 (Streptococcus) lanceolatus, notes. 86 Diplodia cacaoicola, notes 651 natalensis n.sp. , studies 157 rapai, notes 158, 352 Diplo-streptococcus pleuro-pneumonise, notes. . 285 Dipotassiam phosphate, effect on plants 328 Dipping agents, tests 393 Diptera, bibliography 161, 657 cuticolous, in the Kongo 98 North American, type species of . . . 258 Dirt, determination in milk 125 Diseases — contagious, relation to milk, U.S.D.A — 68 infectious, prevention 163 of animals. (See Animal diseases. ) Page. Diseases— Continued . of plants. (See Plant diseases.) transmission by animal foods 265 flics 356 and mosquitoes 792 insects 98,163 Disinfectants, formulas. 111 582 methods of testing 1S9 Disinfection, methods 189 D isodium phosphate , effect on plants 328 Distemper, canine or dog. (See Dog distem- per.) Distillate-oil emulsion, insecticidal value, U.S.D.A 262 Distillers' grains, analyses 672 Conn. State 768 . N.H 471 Vt 470 Distillery slop diseases, notes 680 Ditches, protection, U.S.D.A 221 Bocophorus snydcri n.sp., description 57 Dodder in alfalfa seed, N.Y. State 736 Dog distemper, epidemic resembling 787 immunization 282, 283 , 393 investigations 285 notes 486 fly-blown and distempered, paper on 275 saliva, diastases in 285 Dogs, digestion experiments 467, 574 dissemination of gid parasite by, U.S. D.A 87 fasting experiments 765 feeding experiments 766 handbook 580 immunization against distemper 282, 2S3 metabolism experiments 368, 572, 766, 787 polydactylisra in 576 relation to outbreak of rabies, Colo 283 wounds as affected by licking 393 Dogwood, pecan cigar case-bearer affecting, U.S.D.A 258 DoUchos spp., notes, Tex 333 Domestic — economy in United States, develop- ment 693 sanitary engineering and plumbing, trea- tise 791 science, college course in 109 in elementary schools 92, 698 high schools 493, 692 school at Illinois State fair 692 use in food preparation 171 Donkey hybrid, description 76 Dourine in stallions, treatment 787 Doves, turtle, Leucocytozoon affecting 88 Dragonflies of North America 354 Drainage — ditches, studies, U.S.D.A 287 experiments, Utah 790 in Louisiana, U.S.D.A 487 Rio Grande Valley, U.S.D.A 488 southern Louisiana 287 the Nile Valley, studies 19 Wisconsin, Wis 288 loss of plant food by 132,711 of irrigated lands, U.S.D.A 789 swamps 615 846 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Drainage— Continued . project in northeastern Arkansas, U.S. D.A 487 water, iron content, studies 217 Dried blood- availability of nitrogen in, R.I 225 fertilizing value 234, 336, 542 Mass 233 N.Y.State 540 solubility of nitrogen in. Conn. State 322 Drink, soft, misbranding, U.S. D.A 171 Drone fly, notes, Conn. State 750 Drosera rotundifoHa, protein-digesting power. 627 spp., proteolytic enzyms of 627 Drouglits in Idaho, U.S. D.A 127 Drug, adulteration and misbranding, U.S. D.A m inspection, Conn. State 565 N.Dak 67,667 in New ilampshire 566 New Jersey 566 Oklahoma 567 Wyoming 463 laws of Ohio 171 products, misbranding, U.S. D.A 171, 264, 464, 667, 764 regulations, Me 67 therapy, treatise 778 Drugs, absorption b}- milk 581 examination 170, 667, 764 passage into milk 182 preservation, Ky 267 standardization 703 Dry farming— in Arizona, Ariz 727 northwest Canada 291 the East, U.S. D.A 312 nitrogen and humus problems in, Utah.. 422 problems in 319 notes, Wyo 535 relation to rainfall and evaporation, U.S.D.A 215 Dry matter, determination in slaughterhouse products 214 in root crops, feeding value 476 Drying and dryers, treatise 413 Duck keeping in Australia 473 Ducks, antlirax infection In 788 castrationin.studiesand bibliography. 676 susceptibility to plague 82 teal, Leucocytozoon affecting 88 wild, feeding habits 161 Duomites capensis, notes 56 Durras, planting experiments, U.S.D.A 734 Durum wheat. {See Wheat, durum.) Duty of water. {See Water, duty.) Dysdercus (?) andrex, notes 354 suturcUus. (See Cotton stainer.) Dyes, certification, U.S.D.A 264 Dysentery, chronic bacterial. (See Johne's disease.) Dziggetai hybrid , description 76 Earias insulana, injurious to cotton 103 Earthworms, effect on soil productivity 424 relation to coccidiosis, R . T 188 Earwig, host of Hymcnolepis dimhiuta 584 Earwigs, notes 756 Page. East coast fever. (See African coast fever.) Eccoptogaster spp., notes 454 Eehinococcus, meiostagmin reaction with 780 Echinoderms, hybridization of 575 studies 378 Echinostoma spp., bibliography 654 parasitic on birds 654 Eclithrodelpliax s-pp. , notes, Hawaii 655 Eclampsia, puerperal. (See Milk fever.) Economics, home. (See Domestic science.) rural. (See Rural economics.) Edema albifrons. (See Symmerista albifrom.) Edestin, methods of analysis 10 Education, agricultural. (See Agricultural education.) in Switzerland 698 progress in the South 698 relation to economicdevelopment. 192 technical, need of 299 vocational, address on 299 Eelworms, injurious in New Zealand 160 to potatoes 247 Egg associations in Minnesota and Ontario. . 676 exporting societies in Denmark 394 laying competitions in New South Wales. 473 Tasmania 676 noodles, adulteration, U.S.D.A 667 product, desiccated, a d u 1 1 e r a t io n, U.S.D.A 264, 364, 704 production in hens, Oreg 274 studies, Can 473 U.S.D.A 675 societies in Great Britain 795 Eggs, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A .304 analyses 367 cold storage of 473 composition charts, U.S.D.A 67 effect on maple sirup, U.S.D.A 266 evaporated, adulteration, U.S.D.A. 264 frozen, adulteration, U.S.D.A 667 marketing 292,690 cooperatively 670 monthly receipts, U.S.D.A. . . 191, 292, 796 permeability of 575 preserving, N.Dak 67 production, N.C 273 refrigeration, studies, U.S.D.A 361 regulations concerning. Me 07 use in ice cream, Vt 463 Egyptian corn, notes, Ariz 731 Ehrharta stipoides, analyses 769 Ehrlich-Hata " 606 " , curative tests 585, 781 Eider, long, feeding habits 161 Eimeria ( Coccidium) avium, studies 684 cuniculi, studies 684, 686 Elxagna squamebunda, notes 558 Elseagnus argentea, fimgus root tubercles of, studies and bibUography 554 Elaeagnus, generic position 28 Elxis guineensis, treatise and bibliography. . . 546 Elaphidion villosum, studies, U.S.D.A 357 Electric conductivity of soUs, studies 20, 521 lighting for country homes 792 Electrical bridge for soil analysis, U.S.D.A. . 210 Electricity, effect on plant growth 33, 331 Electro-culture, history and importance of. . . 33 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 847 Page. Electro-therapeutics for veterinarians, trea- tise 81 Elephant surra, trypanosomes in 481 Eleusinc gcrminata, analyses 769 Elk raising, U.S.D.A 453 'Elks, opportunities for rearing 75 Elm-leaf beetle, control in Rhode Island 454 notes 454 Mass 254 seedlings, heredity in 429 span worm, notes 454 studies 558 and bibUography, N.Y.CorneU 560 Elms, fimgus disease of 52 oak pruner afiecting, U.S.D.A 357 Emajagua, notes, P.R 150 Embankments, protection, U.S.D.A 221 Embolism, cerebral, in a dog 787 Embryo, investigation of early stages 274 Embryology, treatise 556, 574, 670 Embryos, chick, duplicity in 378 preparation for study 670 Emmer, cultme experiments 535 Nebr 725 varieties. Can 432 Emulsin, determination 124 individuality 10 Encyrlus sp., parasitic on terrapin scale, Md. 658 Endodermis, role of, in plants 532 Ennomos subsignarius. (See Elm spanworm.) Ennyomma cUstoides, parasitic on cowpea cur- culio, U.S.D.A 62 Entamaba lagopodis n.sp., description 685 Enteritis, chronic. (Sec Johne's disease.) Enterohepalitis, infectious. (See Blackhead.) Entomological errors, paper on 558 Society of Ontario, report 557 Entomologists and insects, lecture on 162 ear her .Vmerican 162 economic, American associa- tion 298 Entomology- bibliography 161, 162, 557 importance in development of Canada. . . 54 in the United States, historical resume... 99 international congress 98 medical, conference on 98 Entorhiza cypericola, life history 53 Enzym flour, notes, N.Dak 666 Enzyms as affected by ions 702 chemistry of, treatise 008 oxidizing, relation to sap stains in lumber 52 proteolytic, of Drosera spp 627 respiratory, as affected by salts 328 E-picserus lepidotus n.sp., description 62 Epicauta spp., feeding habits, U.S.D.A 655 Epichnoptcryx helicinella, notes 754 Epidiaspis pyricola, remedies, U.S.D.A 232 Epididymc-vaginalitis, infectious, in horses . 485 Epilrimerus vitis, notes 16S Epitrix cucumeris, notes. Can 455 parvula. {See Tobacco flea-beetle.) Equine anatomy, atlas 485 piroplasmosis, notes 481 pneumonia, immunization 285 Page. Equitation, manual 472 Equus spp., hybridization 76 notes 178 Eragrostis, notes, Tex 333 Eragrostis spp., analyses 769 superba, notes 335 Erepsin of the cabbage, studies 12 Ergot, determination in flour 307 Eriophyes californica n.sp., description 564 cratsegumplicans n.sp., description. 359 pyri. {See Pear-leaf blister-mite.) ribis, notes 163 Erktalis teimx, notes, Conn. State 750 Erthesinafullo, notes 57 Erysipelas, precipitin reaction in 585 Erysipeloid, causative agent 480 Erythrina hypaphorus, analyses 573 lithosperma, gall insects affecting... 662 Essential oils. {See Oils, essential.) Ester number, determination in butter 413 Esters in Cheddar cheese 382 soils, U.S.D.A 302 Ether, effect on germmation of seeds 532 Ether extract, determination in — cashew nuts 199 dried powdered substances 198 Eucalypts, breeding experiments 243 of Califoraia,utilization, U.S.D.A. 344 Eucalyptus spp., notes. P.Pv 148 tests of strength, U.S.D.A.. 344 Eudemis botrana, bibliography 660 remedies 57 Eugenics, equine, treatise 179 Eulecanium nigrofasdalum. {See Terrapin scale.) persicse. {See Peach-scale.) Euonymus, Japanese, Oidium of 252 Euphorbia spp., parasite in latex of 359 Euproctis chrysorrhcea. {See Brown-tail moth.) European elm case bearer, notes 454 fruit Lecanium, remedies, U.S.D.A. 262 pear scale, remedies, U.S.D.A 262 EuTotium sp., notes, Hawaii 746 Eurytorna sp., notes 359 Eutltrips citri. {See Orange thrips.) pyri. (See Pear thrips.) Euthyrhynchus floridanus, notes, U.S.D.A... 655 Eutypa caulivora n.sp., description 45 notes 158,352 Euxesta spp., notes, U.S.D.A 655 Evaporation^ as affected by soil mulches, U.S.D.A 17 from sod, studies 317 water surfaces, U.S.D.A 16,17 relation to dry farming, U.S.D..V 216 Evaporator scale, formation, Hawaii 15 E vergreen plantations, management 446 Evergreens, treatise 440 Evolution, notes 575 of species, bibliography 175 treatise 374,670,770 Ewes, com silage for, Ind 72 Exobasidium sp., notes 252 Eiocarpus spp., root parasitism in 633 Experiment- Station at Burbage, England 697 Cienf uegos, Cuba, report 636 848 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD, Experiment— Continued. Page. Station at Geisenheim, report 38 Lamao 339 Oaxaca, Mexico 300 investigators, training 194, 195 literature, card index, U.S.D.A.. 694 work, methods and conclusions. . 195 stations, Adams fund investigations 115 association of 108 U.S.D.A 93 in Spain 500 organization lists, U.S.D.A 494 relation to extension work 114 statistics, U.S.D.A 293 (See also Alabama, Alaska, etc.) Experimental data, interpretation 633 Extension work. (See Agricultural colleges and Agricultural extension work.) Extraction apparatus, new form 409 Extracts, examination 667 Eye-spotted bud motii, notes, Can 455 Fallowing, effect on soil fertility 423 experiments 21, 730 Ariz 728 Famine in German East Africa, bibliography. 517 Farcy. (See Glanders.) Farm accounting, advantages of 794 animals. (See Live stock and Animals.) clubs for boys and girls, U.S.D.A 193 crops, cost of production 794 treatise 535 equipment, studies 33 holdings, laws of Roiunania 89 homes association, national 687 houses, methods of lighting. Pa 290 sewage-disposal plants for 128 laborers. (See Agricultural laborers.) lands, renting in Wisconsin, Wis 191 machinery. (See Agricultural ma- chinery.) management by a city family ,U.S.D.A. 794 sources of loss in 291 studies 688 mechanics, courses in 101 mortgages in Ontario 593 products. (See Agricultural products.) Farmers— as business men 393 clubs, educational value 798 organization 96 cooperative banks in North Dakota 690 stores, studies 690 work with 196,291,600 demonstration work, U.S.D.A 233,292 government loans to 90 indifferent, problem of 96 institutes— for negro farmers 97 women 96 young people 96 U.S.D.A 192 general purposes 95 in United States, U.S.D.A 293 list of lecturers and directors, U.S.D.A 494 Japanese, dietary studies 366 list of books for 596,798 Farmers — Continued. Page. relation to national economics 491 short course for, Cai 93 Farming— in Maine, profitableness 794 southern Wisconsin, profitableness 794 intensive, relation to soil fertility 321 manual 491 value of animal production in 490 (See also Agriculture.) Farms, experimental, in Australia 90 water supply for 128, 314 Can. 417 Farmyard manure. (.See Barnyard manure.) Fasting, studies 765 Fat, beef, p rocess for rendering 613 body, passage of food fat into 182 determination in cotton products 199 milk 705 estimation, gravimetric, notes, Ind 7S extraction apparatus, Knorr, improve- ments in, U.S.D.A 703 methods of analysis, Mass •. 212 relation to calcium in cream 14 vegetable, toxicity 762 yielding foods, composition charts, U.S.D.A 67 Fatigue, studies 468, 766 Fats and oils, treatise 413 animal, need for purifying 763 chemistry and methods of analysis 120 determination 198, 199 uniform methods of analysis 198 Fatty acid products from Kafii' corn 464 bodies, micro-chemical reaction of 120 Fauna of Ceylon, studies and bibliography. . 160 Feather grass, analyses 769 Feces of cattle, examination for tubercle bacilli 682 preservation of 572 Feeding experiments, notes 768 (See also Cows, Pigs, etc.) standards, reduction, Pa 470 Feeding stuffs — analyses 413, 516, 672, 707, 768, 769 as affected by molasses. Mass 268 condimental, analyses, Mass 269 notes, U.S.D.A 694 definitions of terms 98, 572 detection of poisonous seeds in 82 ell'ect on quality of products 278, 281 inspection and analyses, Conn. State 768 Mass 268 Miss 768 N.H 471 S.C 768 Vt 470 law, Conn.State 768 Kans 572 Miss 768 in Maryland 672 Ohio 672 uniform 98,471 productive value 75,572,672 proprietary, analyses 67^ Mass 269 Miss 768 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 849 Feeding stuffs— Continued. proprietary, analyses, Vt misbranding, U.S.D.A registration, Kans treatise valuation of carbohydrates in (See also specific kindf:.) Feeds. (See Feeding stuffs.) Feldspar as a source of potasli deposits in United States fertilizing value Felt mixture, fertilizing value, R.I Fence, portable panel, notes, U.S.D.A posts, durability, Oliio Fenugreek, fertilizing value, U.S.D.A Fermentation chemistry, progress in 1909 products, analyses review of literature Ferments, fat-splitting, notes lactic, preserving beet pulp by peptolytic, detection in milk (See also Enzyms.) Fern scale, notes. Conn. State Ferrets, plague infection in 82, i Ferrocyanid of potash, use in glucose estima- tion Fertilization, treatise and bibliography Fertilizer — experiments- determining soil productivity by.... methods of making, Kans relation to weather (See also special crnps.) law in Indiana, Ind Kansas Michigan, Mich Ohio various States materials, composition, Kans mixtures, calculation, Kans requirements of .soils. (See Soils.) Fertilizers- analyses 27,413,428,516,'; Ind N.Y.State and their use, Kans as affected by dihydroxystearic acid U.S.D.A...! ash, from garbage availability of nitrogen in effect on colloids in soils flour strength, Can mineral content of hay nitrogen transformation in soOs. oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A pastures permeability of soils plant respiration soil fertility variegated plants high grade v. low grade. Mass home mixing, Ind inspection— and analyses Conn. State Kans La Page. 470 371 572 769 195 24 24 133 225 93 044 240 126 413 717 122 74 511 14 750 i56,718 121 378 22 135 15 26 135 228 717 428 135 135 07,717 2G 27 135 32 227 197 219 465 714 222 223 71 526 328 22,423 547 228 27 136 325 135 326 Fertilizers— Continued. Page. inspection— continued . and analyses. Mass 228,625 Mich 228 Miss 428,716 N.H 625 N.J 428,528 Tex 326 Vt 428 in Pennsylvania 136 list of publications 25 manufacture from grape by-products 707 nitrogenous. (See Nitrogenous fertiliz- ers.) notes 21, 22 Mo 236 phosphatic. (See Phosphates.) potash. (See Potash.) residual effects 443 review of literature 418 selection and home mixing, Kans 135 solubility of nitrogen in, Conn.State 322 treatise 224, 621 unusual v. standard U.S.D.A 694 use against club root 743 in fish culture 709 Germany 591 greenhouses. Mass 249 Texas,Tex 326 of 621 U.S.D.A 622 utilization of plant food of 424 worthless, notes, Cal 228 (See also specific materials.) Fescue seed, germination tests 338 tall, sowing experiments 731 Fetuses, transplanting in chickens and guinea pigs 576 Fever, Malta, epidemic in France 82 recurrent, method of transmission 82 sand-fly, studies 60 Fiber, crude. (See Cellulose.) indurated, butter boxes from 79 Fibers, differentiation 415 Fibrin-heteroalbumose, hydrolysis of 304 Fidia viticida. (See Grape root- worm.) Fidiobia jlavipes, life history, U.S.D.A 166 Field crop diseases, studies 246 treatment 550 N.Y. Cornell . . 550 crops, culture in Imperial Valley, Cal . . . 535 in Denmark 694 insects affecting 654 production in Ontario 593 water requirements in India. 432 (See also special crops.) peas. (Sec Peas, field.) Fig culture in Italy, bibliography 442 diseases, new 747 leaves as affected by heat 139 wasps, occurrence in California 564 Figs, new method of grafting 545 premature dropping, U.S.D.A 694 termites affecting 56 Filaria gibsoni, notes 785 irritans, notes 285 (Microfilaria) philippinensis, notes . . . 260 mitchelli n.sp., description 758 850 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Filaria quadrispina, parasitic on Ixodes rici- nus 259 Filariasis, relation to mosquitoes GO Finger-and-toe disease, notes 742 treatment 34 Fiorin grass, analyses 769 Fiorinia stricta, injurious to flax 56 Fir disease, notes 652 Fireless cooljers. (See Cooliers, flreless.) Fires, forest. (.See Forest fires.) Firs, growth as affected by moisture 740 insects aflecting, Conn. State 750 of California, guide 739 Fish, acid, availability of nitrogen in, R.I 225 adulteration, U.S.D. A 364 analyses 367 and game laws of Massachusetts, book. . 353 composition charts, U.S.D. A 67 culture, review of literature 473 use of fertilizers in 709 dried, solubility of nitrogen in. Conn. State 322 flying, parasitism 163 forest, and game law of New York 555 inspection, relation to hygiene 281 treatise 68 lines, silk, preparation 58 meal, analyses 74, 769 metabolism experiments 765 nutrition of 765 products, preserved, inspection 464 purin content 266 salt, preparation for market, U.S.D. A.. 664 Fisheries in Australia 90 market, descriptions 168 Fistulous withers, immunization 283 Flavoring extracts — adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D. A. 667 examination 170,566,567 Conn. State 565 Flax as a catch crop, U.S.D. A 232 affected by acids, alkalis, and salts. . 630 fertilizer experiments 324 flakes, groimd, analyses, Vt 47o insects affecting 56 natural crosses of 723 production in Canada 35 retting, studies 717 statistics 539 varieties. Can 439 yields, methods of increasing 448 Flea beetles, studies. Me 750 Fleas, identification 357 new species, descriptions 61 n^tes 757 Flies as carriers of disease, bibliography 60 black, remedies 755 blood-sucking, of Roumania 356 wasp destructive to 359 coloring for identification 59 control in urban districts 59 esTOiination for colon bacilli 59 hou.se. (See House flies.) Jiotes .■ 755 relation to cattle surra 386 disease transmission 59, 60,163,356,792 Page. Flies, relation to leprosy 756 remedies 756 transmission of vaccine virus by 164 Floats, fertilizing value, Ohio 527 Flock, dissemination of vermin by 164 Floods, Colorado River, conservation, U.S. D.A 312 in Nebraska, U.S. D.A 127 Paris, studies 128 Flora of Cots wold pastm'es, notes 35 Floriculture, cold storage in 151 Flour as affected by storage. Can 465 baking quality 169 tests 199 N.Dak 264,760 Nebr 169 Wyo 535 bleached adulteration and misbrand- ing. U.S. D.A 607 studies. Can 465 Ky 264 bleaching, effect on digestibility 169 chemical properties of 169 color and ash content, Nebr 169 of, paper on 199 durum, effect on bread, N.Dak 262 enzym, notes, N.Dak 666 examination 566, 667, 768 judging 211 quality in 169 red dog, analyses, Vt 470 statistics 593 strength of 169, 567 treating, Humphries process 761 use in ice cream, Vt 463 weight as affected by storage 761 Flower bulbs. (Sec Bulbs.) diseases, description and treatment, Miss 45 pollen, new method of preserving 543 seeds, distribution 338 shows, handbook 547 Flowers, cut, preparation for extiibition 547 heredity in 633 preservation by refrigeration 151 relation to bee-flies 562 treatise 440 water scretion in 534 Flucggea obovata, analyses 371 Fluorescein , absorption by milk 581 Fluoric acid , use as a preservative 763 Fluorids, use in preserved tomatoes 763 Fluorin compounds, use in preservation of wood 614 determination in wine 123 Fly, white. (See White fly.) Foals, immunization experiments S3 Fodder plant, new, description 337 Folsomia fimctaria, notes, Conn. State 750 Fames scmitostus, notes 158, 352 Fongose, notes 33 Food acidity, determination 199 and Drugs Act, benefits from 196 nutrition, treatise and bibliog- raphy 759 calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in, U.S. D.A 64 Charts, U.S.D.A, 67 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 851 Page. Food colors, identification, I7.S.D. A 611 detection of saccharin in 1 24 fat, passage into body fat 182 hygiene, relation to sewage irrigation. . 617 increased cost of, studies 687 inspection — Conn.State 5G5 Me 667 N.Dak 666, 667, 764 decisions, U. S.D.A.. 67,264,269,278,304, 371, 382, 464, 567, 583, 667, 678, 7frl, 775 in Florida 764 Missouri 566, 667 New Hampshire 506 New Jersey 506 Oklahoma 567, 667 Pennsylvania 170 Utah 764 Wisconsin 667 Wyoming 463 relation to hygiene 281 investigations, publications, U.S.D.A.. 68 law in France 171 Ohio 171 Oklahoma 667 Pennsylvania 170 laws, officials concerned in, U.S.D.A... 171 of the Fmnish people, treatise 171 plants, use by Iroquois Indians 464 poisoning, monograph 173 preservatives. {See Preservatives.) products — alum in, N.Dak 263 artificial coloring in, Nev 204 cold storage, notes, N.Dak 704 digest of data, U.S.D.A 208 examination 467 imported, inspection, U.S.D.A 171 inspection in Pennsylvania 463 regulations, Me 67 relation to beriberi 66 sanitation, studies 508 (See also Diet.) Foods, address on 398 adulteration 367 analyses 170,367,467^516, 707 N . Dak 67, 262, 203 animal, transmission of diseases by . . . 265 at restaurants, markets, and stores, bacterial condition 364 cereal. {See Cereal foods.) chemistry of, progress in 1909 209 choice and preparation 171 cold storage of, N.Dak 262 digest of data on, U.S.D.A 208 heat production from 008 micro-organisms in 3S4 nuclein content 407 nutritive value 172, 267, 007 phosphorus compounds in, studies. . . 004 physical influence of 407 production and distribution 491 purin content 266 Foot-and-mouth disease — immunization 281, 282 1394°— 11 5 Page. Food-and-mouth diseases— Continued. outbreak cyg studies 282, 681, 781 Foot canker, immunization 283 Forage crop diseases, treatment 447 new, notes 36, 174 crops, culture experiments, Tex 332 digestibOity, U.S.D.A 294 notes, Ohio 799 {See also special crops.) plants, analyses 371 breeding, review of literature . 3.39 drought-resistant, U.S.D.A... 436 fertilizer experiments 135 in Sind 176 notes 338 relation to rainfall, Ariz 730 poisoning, studies 480 Forest- administration in Saxony 547 the Andamans 548 border in Austrian Alps, treatise 5.18 conditions In the Ozark region, Mo 644 diseases, notes 33 Mo 644 fires in Canada 740 Mame 547 1910, U.S.D.A 312 Vermont 343 notes 43 protection from 547, 739 treatise and bibliography 548 fish, and game law in New York 555 gro^vth, prediction 44 legislation in South Australia 446 notes 646 management, guide 547 nurseries for schools, U.S.D.A 294 nursery stock, distribution, Vt 447 of Retz, description 42 planting, notes 43,44 products, exports, U.S.D.A 191, 292 imports, U.S.D.A 91 in Bavaria 44 Industry of Baden 44 Canada 740 insects affecting, U.S.D.A 256 regions, extension 243 reservation in Appalachian mountains.. . 498 resources of the world, U.S.D.A 312 settlements, work and policy 44 supervisors, meeting at Missoula 44 trees. (See Trees.) Forestation, effect on soils 424 in England 190 New York 446 Forestry — administration 44 development in Ohio 446 in Alsace-Lorraine 740 Australia 90 Baden 44 Bavaria 43 Belgium 343 California 046 852 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Torestry— Continued . in Canada 343 Great Britain 202 Ireland 397 Mississippi 739 North America, treatise 739 Orange River Colony 446 Prussia 646 South Australia 446 the Philippine Islands 646 Vermont 342 West Prussia and Posen 740 Wisconsin 646 instruction in Canada 692 United States 691 , 692 reconnaissance and working plans 44 relation to underground water 216 treatise 151,547 Forests— anjan, formation and care 549 as affected by decreased rainfall 127 conservation of 290, 687 determination of site quality 446 effect on temperature of soils 620 improvement 243 insects affecting 558, 654, 752 Mo 644 U.S.D.A 459,662 national, use of water power in, U.S.D.A. 548 of Denmark, statistics 42 Ireland, bark beetles affecting 167 Lekenik, mildew affecting 352 Maryland 136 Switzerland 245 protection 739 relation to conservation of snow, Nev 415 wealth 698 resinous, of France, exploitation 548 selection system, studies 151 taxation 739 Formaldehyde — disinfection, studies 486, 788 effect on germination of grain 347 seed germination, U.S.D.A 140 occurrence in cane sugar 125 Formalin. (See Formaldehyde.) Formic acid, determination 610 Formica cinereorufibarbis , notes, U.S.D.A 167 Fort Hall irrigation project, U.S.D.A 312 Reno remount station, notes 379 Fowl cholera — bacteria, excretion by infected animals. . 393 immunization 686 studies, R.I 589 Fowls, beriberi in 66 forced molting of, U.S.D.A 93 language of 675 Leucocytozoon spp. parasites of 788 spirochetosis afTccttng 187 pure-bred, heads and appendages of. . 773 (See also Poultry.) Fringed scale, Akee, injurious in Tobago 255 FringiUa coelcbs, parasites of 393 Froghopper fungus, studies and bibliog- raphy 753^ 754 Froghoppers, notes 255 studies and bibliography. 163, 354, 753 Page. Frost charts for Tennessee 162 fighting, U.S.D.A 17, 38, 312, 342 Wis 17 injurious to pines 453 prevention in orchards 148, 342 Frosts, bibliography, Wis 17 Fructose; occurrence in asparagus 509 Fruit breeding, review of literature 339 disease resembling potato leaf roll 47 diseases — description and treatment. Miss. .. 45 dissemination and treatment, Can. 447 prevention 40 flies, studies 55, 59, 356, 750 fly, Mediterranean, in Hawaii 255 growing, treatise 39 industry of France 39 Naples, studies and bibliog- raphy 441 investigations in Ontario, report 148 judging and pac king contests 100 juices, analyses 170 preservation 706, 707, 763 sterilization 706 marketing cooperatively 690 pastes, analyses 466 products, examination 466 regulations in Cape Colony 55 tree bark beetle, notes 454 scoly tids, notes 558 trees, grease banding 361 mineral content of leaves 331 purchasing, Ohio 799 Fruits, analyses 170, 367 arsenic in 409 chlorosis affecting, treatment 148 citrus. iSce Citrus fruits.) cold storage transportation 546, 641 composition charts, U.S.D.A 67 cooperative cold storage 40 culture in Ceylon 643 China, U.S.D.A 737 Imperial Valley^Cal 535 dietetic value 466 exposure, N. Dak 262 fertilizer experiments 640 fungus diseases of 39 Heliothis armiger affecting 57 influence of seeds on ripening process. 340 insects affectmg.. 39, 56, 163, 356, 454, 558, 654 marketmg 292, 393, 690 notes 441 S.C 738 of Germany 641 Ireland 397 oil, analyses 309 orchard, culture 40 diseases, treatment 447, 449 insects affecting 449 notes, P. R 147 origmated in Michigan , Mich . 240 planting experiments 39 varieties for Nebraska 441 Washington.... 342 preparation for exhibition 547 production in northern Wisconsin, Wis 191 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 853 Page. Fruits, protection from £rost 148 quarantine act in Cape Colony 55 ripening as affected by cold 516 sliipping problems 40 small, culture 40 diseases, treatment 447 intercropping with vegetables. 39 varieties for Nebraska 441 Wasliington 342 sterility in 544 stone, notes 345 termites affecting 56 treatise 440 tropical, propagation experiments, P.R 148 uses 266 wild, pear blight affecting 451 Fivcus spp., analyses 625 Fumigation- boxes, construction 462 materials,, tests 462 of buildings, directions 56 studies 565 with hydrocyanic-acid gas. Mass 260 Fungi, callose in 32 cultivated by termites 161 higher, chemistry of 140 imperfect, life history 550 in orchards, relation to ground cover . . 155 leaf cast, cultures of 45 mold, studies 511 new species, descriptions 45 nuclear phenomena of sexual re- production in 140 of Texas, new species 742 on onion seed, Mass 247 parasitic on scale insects 246 poisonous, immunization of animals against 381 relation to agriculture _ 398 review of literature 28 taxonomic discussion 348 wood destroying, discussion 52 Fungicides — effect on germina' ion of grain 347 inspection, U.S.D.A 361 preparation and use 450 Miss 45 Nebr 758 Fungus diseases, handbook 550 notes. Mass 245 occurrence in Cape Colony. 55 treatment, U.S. D. A 261 Fusarium incarnatv m , notes 52 ^.ycopcTski , notes 742 solani, notes 154, 248 sp., notes .352 Hawaii 746 relation to blind staggers, Kans 284 spp. , notes, S.C 155 parasitic on wheat 448 Fusarimn, monograpli 647 studies 550 Fusicladium dendriticum. (See Apple scab.) ejfusum, paper on 452 sp. , notes 352 Page. Fusicoccum bulgarkum, studies 45 Gadflies, outbreak in Kentucky, Ky 356 Galactans, soluble, nutritive value .307 Galactose, effect on hydrolysis of starch 511 Galerucella lineola, studies 98 lutcola, notes 454 spp., life history 758 Gall insects of Michigan 360 studies 662 midges, separation of species 58 mites, notes 662 sickness, relation to anaplasmosis 82 studies 386, 484 {See also Anaplasmosis.) Gallfly, notes ,■559 Game and flsh laws of Massachusetts, book. .353 animals, raising, U.S.D. A 453 farming, article on 75 flsh, and forest law of New York 5.55 inspection , relation to hygiene 281 law of Alaska, defects, U.S.D. A 653 laws for 1910, U.S.D. A 53 marketing 292. 690 protectiOin, fanners' interest in 748 trails, African, book 555 Garbage ashes, use as a fertilizer 227 tankage, solubility of nitrogen in. Conn. State 322 Garden crop diseases, studies 246 crops, culture in Imperial Valley, Cal. 535 fertilizer experiments 640 insects affecting 654, 738 Can 455 seeds, tests 736 Gardening for farmers, Idaho 641 in cities 90 treatise 41, 150, 547, 642 and bibliography 738 Gardens, papers on 797 school. {Sec School gardens.) Garget. (See Mammitis.) Gas generator, description 209 Uquor, fertilizing value 325 Gaseous exchange in metabohsm, studies 669 GasoUne color value, determination 199 Gastritis in cattle 7S6 Gastro-enteritis, epizootic, notes 486 intestinal poisoning, studies 173 Gastrophilus equi. {See Horse botfly.) Gaunacos, value as domestic animals 579 GazelleSjhost oi Multiceps muUiceps, U.S.D. A. 87 Gelatin, setting experiments 464 use in ice cream, Vt 463 Genetics, meaning of chance in 275 methods and scope of 574 Gentian root, powdered, adulteration, U.S. D . A 764 Geology, bibhography 21, 420 of San Luis Valley 128 southern Arizona, Ariz 18 Georgia College, notes 194, 597 Station, notes 597 Gestation period, variation in, studies 75 Gid parasite, investigations, U.S.D. A 87,390 Gila monster, parasitism 758 Ginger extract, paper on 198 Ginseng fiber rot, studies 153 854 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Ginseng seeds, thysanurids allecting, Conn. State 750 wild, in Manchuria 339 Gipsy moth- control in Connecticut, Conn. State 749 Maine 654 New England 195 Rhode Island 454 eggs, resistance to digestive fluids of birds. 57 notes 557, 654 parasites, studies 456 parasitism, U.S.D.A 757 prevalence in Massachusetts, Mass 254 Girls' clubs, outlines of work for 399, 797 Glanders, diagnosis 82, 184, 282, 481 immunization 83 prevalence in Cape Colony 479 Massachusetts 479 treatment 679 Glceosporium — alborubrum, notes 352 inconspicuum campestris n.var., descrip- tion 52 mangiferx, description and treatment 49 nervisequum, relation to grape mildew 50 psidii, injurious to oranges 157 rufomaculans. (See Olomerella ni/omacu- lans.) Glomerella, pure line cultures of, studies 534 Glomcrella rufomaculans, studies 348 Glossina palpaiis, infection of cattle by 586 studies 756 trypanosomes in 61 Glossina, wasp destructive to 359 Glucose decomposition products in cane sirup 214 determination 121 manufacture from Kafir corn 464 occurrence in asparagus 509 Glucosid in pear leaves 31 Glucosids, studies 138 Glucuronic acid, reaction for 124 Glutaminic acid, determination 514 Gluten feeds, acidity of, N.Y. State 573 analyses 768 Conn.State 768 N.H 471 Vt 470 Glycerids, fatty, in soils, U.S.D.A 302 occurrence in soils 524 Glycerin, determination 198 GlycocoU in root tubercles of Viciafaba 229 Glycogen— content of animals as affected by genital glands 175 liver as affected by sugars 766 oysters, studies.' 665 relation to symptomatic anthrax 680 transformation into glucose 468 Glymol, use in Babcock test, Ind 78 Glyptapanteles fulvipcs, notes 456 Gnomonia ertjthrosloma, life history 48, 450 Goat breeding, review of literature 473 cheese, Altenburg, manufacture 80 dairying in United States 383 industry in Greece 177 Mexico 383,579 Page. Goat industry in the Punjab 580 milk, analyses 77 Goats, action of tubercle bacilli on 386 Angora, opportunities for rearing 75 breeding experiments 772 digestion experiments 671 domestic, relation to Caprajerdoni 772 feeding experiments 73, 370, 672, 768 host of Multiceps multicrps, U.S.D.A. 87 infection experiments per rectum 184 polydactylism in 576 Golden plover, migration, U.S.D.A 54 Goose disease, epizootic, studies 286 Gooseberries — as affected by lime-sulphur mixtures 745 fertiUzer experiments 640 notes. Can 440 silver-leaf disease affecting 452 Gooseberry mildew, notes 648, 649 treatment 452 sclerotinia, notes 742 Gophers, pocket, destruction , Kans 254 Gossypium spp., mealy bug affecting 355 Gourds, heredity in 632 Gout in fowls, studies 286 Grafting and budding, treatise 148 cleft, treatise 641 effect on grape seeds 242 stock, effect on scion 38, 641 Grain aphis, spraig, notes 354 diseases, treatment 447 Fusarium diseases affecting 448 germination as affected by fungicides.. 347 loose smut, apparatus for treatment. . . 346 marketing cooperatively 393 movement in the Great Lakes region, U.S.D.A 191 rust, studies 46,152 slop, analyses, U.S.D.A 71 smut, factors affecting amount of 550 smuts, treatment 345 testing, U.S.D.A 640 Grains, analyses 367 heated, diastatic power of 122 moisture tester for, U.S.D.A 215 small, culture, U.S.D.A 232 fertilizer experiments 526 in northern Wisconsin, Wis... 191 seeding experiments 634 varieties 526 yield, movement for improvement. . . 195 {See also Cereals and special crops.) Granite, analyses 19 Grape acarinosis, studies 168 beetles resembling root-worm, U.S.D.A . 165 berry moths, bibliography 660 black rot, treatment, U.S.D.A SO blossom midge, notes 454 studies, N.Y.State.... 751 by-products, utilization 707 court nou6, studies 350 culture, relation to California vine disease 649 diseases, dissemination and treatment. Can 447 notes 649 studies 49,350 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 855 Page. Grape diseases, treatment 51 U.S.D.A 50 flea-beetle, studies. N.Y. State 751 fruit worm, notes. Conn. State 750 gray rot, uotes 48, 350, 352 treatment 653 hybrids, studies 545 industry in Germany, treatise and bib- liography 149 the Niagara district 148 juice, examination 567 unfermented, manufacture and use 414 leaf-hopper, studies, N.Y. State 751 rollers, bibliography 060 spot, red, studies 157,351 mildew, studies 50 treatment 250, 452, 649,650 Oldium, treatment 746 Roesleria, studies 452 root worm, studies, N.Y. State 751 and bibliography, U.S.D.A 165 seeds as affected by grafting 242 stocks, phylloxera-resistant, tests 545 Grapefruit, bud variation and selection 737 Grapes, American, notes 41 analyses 545 breeding experiments 545 crown gall affecting, U.S.D.A 249 culture 41 exposed, bacterial condition 568 fertilizer experiments 443 inarching of, U.S.D.A 736 insects affecting 168, 654 N.Y.State 751 parthenogenesis in 340 ripening, sugar content 308 termites affecting 56 varieties resistant to mildew 050 Peronospora 452 Grapevine stakes, fungi affecting 157 Grass and clover mixtures, notes 34 culture experiments 537, 731 fertilizer experiments 26, 35. 234, 729 Indian, gall insect affecting 164 looper, striped, notes 255 mixtures, nurse crops for 234 rusts, studies 152 seed, purity and germination test, N.Y.State 736 testing, U.S.D.A 640' tests 736 smuts, life histories 46 Grasses, analyses 371 culture, Mo 235 experiments, Ariz 730 drought resistance in, Ariz 728 growth as affected by potash 328 injurious to rice, U.S.D.A 36 new parasitic fungus affecting 742 seeding experiments 35, 235, 634 varieties 731, 732 (See also specific kinds.) Grasshoppers. (See Locusts.) Grazing ranges of Arizona, Ariz 730 Grease for banding fruit trees 361 Page. Greeu bottle fly, studies 661 bug. (See Grain aphis, spring.) fruit worm, notes, Mont 255 manures, fertilizing value 36, 132, 425 for orchards, U.S.D.A 239 notes 21,225 manuring experiments 24, 133 Cal 637 N.Dak 727 Greenhouse — crops, insects affecting, Can 455 cultures, treatise 4i diseases, treatment, Mass 248 , plants as affected by Bordeaux mixture. . 156 Grocery stores, score card for, N.Dak 263 Ground squirrels. (See Squirrels, ground.) water supply, investigations, Ariz. . . 18 Groundnuts. (See Peanuts.) Grouse blood, studies and bibliography 686 disease, studies and bibliography 684 fly, notes 393, 685 nematodes affecting 4S6 red, parasitic Protozoa of 685 ruffled, breeding experiments 54 Growth, studies 765 Grubs, Injurious to com 754 Guam Station, notes 695 Guamas, beetles affecting, P.R 162 Guanin, metabolism 368 Guano, fertilizing value 716 Peruvian, analyses 714 Guavas, beetles affecting, P.R 162 Guayule as affected by soil conditions 151 life history 245 Guignardia bidwellii, treatment, U.S.D.A 50 Guinea fowls destructive to Colorado potato beetle, U.S.D.A 655 grass, culture and bibliography 336 Guinea pigs— anaphylaxis experiments with 283 as affected by Trypanosoma gambiense. . . 481 disease affecting, description 286 effect of desexing on glycogen content. . . 175 heredity in 375 immunization against swine plague 284 experiments 83 infection experiments per rectum 184 transplanting of tissues in 576 value in inoculation tests for rabies 84 Gulf Stream, effect on clhnate and crops of northern Europe 311 Gum tragacanth, use in ice cream, Vt 463 Gummosis, studies 554 Gums, tests of strength, U.S.D.A 344 Oy mnogyps calif ornianus, bird lice affecting. . . 56 Gy mnosporangiu m— n.spp., descriptions 152 spp., studies 554 terminaU-junipcrinum n.sp. , description . . 554 tremelloides, studies 346 Gynerium argcnteum, culture in Mexico 635 Gypagus papa, bird lice affecting 57 Gypsum deposits in New York, studies and bibliography 325 effect on alkali in soils 227 ammoniflcation, Hawaii... 224 bacteria in soils 327 856 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Gypsum, effecton Oregon soils 625 plants 630 fertilizing value 135 Gyrotsenia (?) argentina n.sp., description 343 Hackberry psylla, studies and bibliography. . 355 Hadena devastatru. {See Glassy cutworm.) Hssmaphysalis punctata, occurrence in Canada 5G4 Hxmatobia exigua n.sp., relation to cattle surra 386 Hxmatopinus spinulosus, notes 662 Hsemin, notes 329 Hxmogregarina canis adusti u.var., descrip- tion 161 Hzmoprotcus mansoni, notes • 685 Hail protection appliances, studies 518 explosive method 17 Hailstorms, effect of cannonading on 127 Hair grower, misbranding, U.S.D. A 567 mixture, fertilizing value, R.I 225 whorl, studies and bibliography 375 Hairy root, studies and bibliography, U.S.D. A 2-19 Halley's comet, passing through tail, U.S.D. A 312 Halogen compounds, effect on plant growth . . 230 HaUeridium fringiUx, notes 393 Halterophora capitata, notes 59 Haltica chalybea. (See Grape flea-beetle.) Hardwickia hinata, studies 549 Hares, JV/jiWicfps wr/a/Zs affecting, U.S.D. A. 87 plague infection in 556, 748 studies in anatomy of 180 Harness, adjustment 473 Hawaii Federal Station, notes 800 Hawthorns, inarching of, U.S.D. A 736 pear bUght affecting 451 Hay, analyses 369, 714 Mass 268 and fertilizing value. Pa 270 as affected by fertiUzers 714 molasses. Mass 268 fertiUzer experiments. Mass 233 W.Va 716 production, treatise 35 (See also Alfalfa, Clover, and Timothy.) Hazelnuts, fat and nitrogen content 267 Headache powders, report on 199 remedies, examination, 5fe 267 tablets, misbranding, U.S.D. A. . . 171 Health in tlie West Indies, treatise 60 public, relation to milk 776 regulations, framing 181 relation to dental hygiene 68 Heartwood , diseased, formation 651 Heat, effect on hydrolisis of starch 511 plants 139 regulation in the li\nng body, studies. . . 668 (See also Temperature.) Heather, culture experiments 537 Hedero-peroxidase, studies 122 Hedysarum coronarium, parasitism 98 sowng experiments. 731 Helianfhus annuus, germination of 628 Heliophila unipuncta. (See Army worm.) Heliothis armiger, notes 57, 656 ohsoleta. (S«e Cotton boUworm.) Heliothrips Tubrodnctus, injurious to cocoa... 255 Page. Helminthiasis and anthrax in a horse 392 complement binding in 779 Helminthosporium spp., parasitic on wheat. 448 Heloderma suspcctum, parasitism 758 Helopeltis theivora, life history 558, 559 Hemerocampa leucostigma. (See Tussock moth, wliite-marked.) Ilemichionaspis aspidistras. (See Fern scale.) Hemileia vastatrii, notes 351 Hemiptera in Colorado 55 of palearctic conifers, bibMography 753 oriental, biological notes 57 Hemiscopis cinerea, notes, Coim. State 750 Hemoglobinui'ia in bovines, immunization . . 588 Hemogi'egarina, notes 88 Hemolysis as affected by extracts of A nchy- lostoma caninum 385 Hemoprotozoa, avian, studies 393 Hemorrhagic septicemia. (See Septicemia.) Hemp, Ambari, natural crosses of 723 retting, studies 717 statistics 539 Henbane, powdered, adulteration, U.S.D. A. 764 Hendersonia acicola, studies 652 Henequin pulp, composition and use 528 Hen's egg, double, description 576 Hens, egg production in, Oreg 274 feeding experiments, W.Va 773 Hentriacontane in soils, U.S.D. A 301 isolat ion from soils 524 Herbs, culture in Ceylon 643 termites affecting 56 Herd's grass, analyses 769 Hereditary characters, transmission 771 Heredity and evolution, treatise 670 bibliography 175 cliromosome theory, deficiencies of . . 75 correlation coefficient in 374 function of chromosomes in 274 in barley 430 citrus fruits 737 elm seedlings 429 flowers 633 Glomerella 534 guinea pigs 375 peas. Mass 228 plants 032 and animals 397 potatoes 429 poultry 375, 474, 773 rabbits 771 silkworms 58 vegetables, studies 28 wheat, Nebr 146 yellow mice 475 meaning of chance in 275 Mendelian, investigations 228 theory 374 mutation tlieory of de Vries 27 notes 575 of cancer in mice 576 coat color in horses 179, 772 sex, experimental studies 475 witches' broom 453 review of literature 274 studies 574 treatise and bibliography 374, 771 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 857 Page. Hermaphrodites, sex organs, notes 378 Hermarthria compressa, analyses 769 Hernia, umbilical, in horses, treatment 285 Herniaria as affected by ultraviolet rays 328 Hessian fly, investigations. 111 58 notes. Can 455 Hcterakis cylindrica n. sp., description 486 Hetero-albumose, fibrin, hydrolysis of 304 Heterocampa guttivitta, parasitism 457 Heterocordylus malinus, notes 162 Heterodera, radicicola, notes. Miss 347 spp., injurious in New Zealand. . . 160 Heteromeles arbutifolia, pear blight afTecting. . 451 Hcterosporium spp. , notes 742 Hevca brasiliensis. (Sec Rubber, Para.) Hibiscus rosa sinensis, notes, P. R 150 sabdariffa, bibliogi'aphy 642 tibiaceus, analyses 573 Hibiscus scale, parasitism 164 Hickories, investigations, U.S.D. A 243 Hickory bark borer, notes 454 leaf stem borer, notes 454 Hide and skin meal, fertilizing value, R.I 225 Hides as affected by certain reagents 789 prevention of damage to 379 Highways. (See Roads.) Hippopholis sow, mcri, notes 56 Hippotragus equinus {?), notes, U.S.D. A 87 Histidin, occurrence in soils 524 U.S.D. A 302 Histology, text-book 384 Hog cholera- control by veterinary poUce 280, 284 experiments, history of, Nebr 185 immunization 86, 187,679 Ind 684 Kans 186 Nebr 185 Tenn 86 prevalence in Ireland 479 studies 187, 390, 679 Kans 186 erysipelas, causative agent 480 dissemination by Lorenz vac- cine 780 weeds, analyses 769 Hogs. (See Pigs.) Holly fern disease, notes 653 Home economics. (See Domestic science.) Gardening Association, report 293 making as a profession 398 Homes, hygiene in 398 Hominy feeds, analyses 768 Miss 768 N.H 471 Vt 470 Homodontomys spp., studies 161 Honey adulteration, detection 512 analyses 267,667 judging 308 mead, calculating card for 613 methods of analysis 610 production in Latin America 63 uses 266 Hoof meal, fertihziug value, Conn.State 322 R.I 225 quality and coat color, correlation 179 Page. Hookworm disease, treatise 780 Hookworms in calves and lambs, S.C 781 Hop-drying plants, notes 616 flea-beetle, notes. Can 455 Hordeum spoiitaneum, notes 136 Horiola arquata, injurious to cocoa 255 Horn feeding lepidopterousjarva, notes 660 meal, availability of nitrogen, in R.I . . . 225 rings as an indication of ago 771 Hornbeam high forest in France 42 Horns, growing tissues, studies 475 Horse and wagon v. automobile travel, cost. . 288 beans, fertilizer experiments 427 fertilizing value, Cal 638 bot fly, studies 165,654 breeding— in Denmark 694 Finland 180 Great Britain, government aid to 179,203,674 progress in, U.S.D. A 93 review of literature 473 societies in Great Britain 796 station in Colorado, Colo 271, 472 treatise 179 chestnuts, analyses 371 asculin and fat-splitting enzym in 215 bibliography 371 disease affecting 159 infection experiments 52 cholera serum — use in hog cholera, Kans 186 Nebr 186 diseases, immunization 283 prevalence in Saxony 679 flies, comparative studies 61 industry in Australia 674 insurance societies in Bavaria 396 manure, analyses 23 fertilizing value 321 loss of plant food from 23 prehistoric, studies 176, 178 training, manual 472 Horseradish as affected by ultraviolet rays . . 328 Horses, army, methods of training 379 as affected by carrots 74 Australian, use in the Philippine Is- lands 674 beriberi in 66 breeding experiments 178 for the army 773 cavalry, conformation and selection. 379 Clydesdale, score card for 179 coat color and hoofs, correlation 179 colic in, pathological anatomy of 187 dose of tetanus antitoxin for 392 draft, adjustment of harness 473 breeding in America 579 dun, origin 376 elementary lessons on 797 endurance tests 379 feeding experiments 573, 579 Can 471 glandered, studies of blood serum 282 growth measurements, bibliography. 376 history of 178 858 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOED. Page. Horses, host of MuUiceps multiceps, U.S.D.A. 87 immunizalion — against glanders 83 various diseases 283 tests ^^^ in Panama ^'^^ the United Kingdom, statistics... 874 infection experiments 391 inheritance of coatcolor in. 179,376,377,772 lymphangitis affecting S6 methods of measuring 180 Morgan, regeneration 472 myology of ^85 Percheron, ancestry of 179 polydactylism in 576 pure-bred, in New York 1"7 sloping croup in, studies ISO stomach digestion in, studies 175 summer sores of, treatment 285 treatise 579,684,773 trotting, age of sires 772 V. camels for the Army 579 V. motor trucks, comparison 580 Horseshoeing, studies and bibliography 180 Horseshoes, ancient forms 180 Horticultural- inspectors, American association 298 laws of Indiana 557 Horticulture — relation to Weather Bureau 149 U.S.D.A 127 House building, treatise "91 flies, notes 557,756 U.S.D.A 93 relation to leprosy 756 studies 454,654 Me 750 treatise 356 Humano-longus, description 483 Humic acid salts, relation to nitrogen fixa- tion 29 acids, studies, Tex 302 Humification, review of literature 529 Humus, acid constituents of 523 acids, investigations 320 of peat moss, investigations.. 422 analyses 19 content of soils, studies 319 determination, Nebr 9 m soils 197,320,596 Tex 302 editorial on 206 eflect on decomposition of urea 523 nitrogen in soils 326 in New Zealand soils, investigations. 19 investigations 523, 020 problem in dry farming, Utah 422 silicic acid, effect on sandy soils 426 Hunger, relation to digestion 571 Huntcrellus hookerii, notes 55 Hurricanes, tropical, of 1910, U.S.D.A 312 Hj'acinth yellows, notes 742 Hyacinths, water, eradication, U.S.D.A 288 Hyalodema evansii n.g. and n.sp., description . 252 Hybridization — animal, report on 377 bibliography 175 Page. Hybridization— Contin ue d . experiments with Echinoderms 575 (See also Plant breeding and Animal breeding.) Hybrids, animal, notes 577 of the horse, fertility of 179 pheasant-bantam, description 677 Hydrastis, examination, N.Dak 667 Hydrocarbons, paraffin, isolation from soils. . 524 H>i)rochloric acid, effect on plants 630 Hydrocyanic acid — detection in plants 229 formation in linseed cake 680 from leaves of cherry laurel 139 gas fumigation. Mass 260 occurrence in A rum maculatum 431 Centaurea aspera 431 germinating seeds 534 sorghum and com, Nebr . . 184 Hydrogen peroxid— adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A. 171 effect on seed germination, U.S.D.A 146 vegetation 522 oxidation of pyrogallol by 511 use in hydrolysis of starch 701 Hydrography of I'anama Canal Zone 517 Hydromel, calculating card for 613 Hydrophobia. {See Rabies.) Hygiene, dental, relation to health 68 in home and schools 398 relation to food inspection 281 rural, treatise 791 Hylastinus obscurus. (See Clover-root borer.) Hymenobosmina pomonellse, destructive to codling moth 55 Hymenochxtc noxia, notes 352 Hymenolepis diminuta, hosts of 564 Hymenoptera— bibliography 161 hosts of Strepsiptera 461 in Colorado 55 parasitic, of Africa 564 North America 564 Hyoscyamusseeds,occurrence in poppy seeds. 170 Hyphantria cunea. (See Webworm, fall.) Hyphomycetes, studies 550 Hypoderma bovis, investigations 98, 458 Hyponomeuta malinella, introduction into New York 55 padella, notes 102 Hyposera>mia, pathology and treatment 484 Hypoxanthin in soils, U.S.D.A 301 isolation from soils 524 nitrate, metabolism 368 Hypsopygia costalis. (See Clover-hay worm.) Hyrdx, MuUiceps serialis affecting, U.S.D.A. 87 Hysteriacesc, parasitic, cultures of 45 Icaria, parasitism 562 Ice cream — clams, adulteration, U.S.D.A 364 cones, adulteration, Nev 264 U.S.D.A 364,667 examination. Conn. State 565 Me 667 N.Dak 666 industry in North Dakota, N.Dak 667 Inspection in Canada 463 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 859 Ice cream — Continued. Page. making, studies and bibliographj',Vt. 4G2 powders, use, Vt 4G3 specific heat of 417 Iceryi m.ontserratensis, notes 255 Iclinoumonids, destructive to codling moth. . 55 Idalio University, notes 295 Iht argcntina n.sp., description 343 Illinois Station, financial statement 798 notes 295, 597 University, notes 597 Immigrants, distribution in Canada 291 Immunity and experimental therapy, notes. 584 Immunization. (See Anthrax, Tuljerculosis, etc.) Immunizing agents, studies 5S5 Impaction in horses 393 Impcrata arundinacea, analyses 709 Incubation experiments 180 Incubators, electric, address on 473 heating by electricity, Can 473 ventilation 473 India rubber. (See Rubber.) Indiana Station, financial statement 693 notes 93, 296, 597 report of director 693 Indigofera galcgoidcs, notes 359 rubra, notes 142 Industrial education m secondary schools 493 Incrrnicap.ijfer spp., in Procavia 486 Infant mortality, relation to milk supply 477 Infantile paralysis, studies 680, 717 Infants, banana flour for 170 Infection and immunity, treatise 584 Influenza, equine, immunization 589 Inglisia of Ceylon 259 Inheritance. (See Heredity.) Insect galls in Michigan 360 migrations, treatise 353 parasitism, studies 456 wood-boring, injurious to cacao seeds. . 251 Insecticide Act of 1910, U.S.D.A 361 formulas 654 lasecticides— notes, N.Y.Cornell 557 preparation and use 98, 450 Miss 45 Nebr 758 use in Hawaii, Hawaii 361 (See also specific forms.) Insects — and entomologists, lecture on 162 beneficial, notes 353 Hawaii 656 to sugar cane 360 castration, studies and bibUography 354 destructive to codling moth, U.S.D.A ... 256 distri bution as affected by soils 98 European, in America 54 household, notes. Can 55 in Minnesota, chart for schools, Minn — 92 injurious — artificial distribution of 98 in Colorado 55 Connecticut 454 Formosa 750 Imperial Valley, Cal 535 Indiana 557 Insects— Continued. Psige. Injurious — continued. in Iowa 557 Ireland 54 Maine 654 Massachusetts, Mass 254 Montana, Mont 2^5 Nebraska 557 Ontario 557 Quebec 558 South Africa 750 the Adirondaeks 454 Transvaal 56 West Indies 354, 750 Tobago 255 Trinidad 255 notes 654 Ariz 749 Can 454 remedies 162 N.Y.Cornell 557 to alfalfa, Ariz 749 apples 545, 654 Azalea indica 252 barley 751 U.S.D.A 335 books 752 cabbages, Ga 239 celery, Cal 552 cereals 054 citrus fruits, Ariz 749 cocoa 255, 256 coconuts 57, 255 coflee, P.R 150 conifers 753 com 399, 656, 751 cotton 98, 163, 256, 733 Diaspis pentagona 754 field crops 654 forest products, U.S.D.A 256 forests 558, 654, 752 Mo 644 U.S.D.A 459,662 fruits 39, 56, 163, 356, 454, 558, 654 garden crops 654, 738 Can 455 grapes 168, 654 N.Y.State 751 greenhouse crops. Can 455 mangoes 49 mulberries 163, 356 oats 551 U.S.D.A 237 olives 752 oranges 157, 163 P.R i62 orchards 56, 449 Mass 254 peaches, Conn. State 553 peanuts, U.S.D.A 734 pines 752 plants 45, 98 potatoes 237, 399 Can 454 Ohio 539 poultry 187 quinces -10 rhododendrons 361 860 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Insects— Continued. Page. Injurious— continued. to roses 163, 748 rubber 159,752 saltbush 558 sugar beets 361 cane 255,360 sweet potatoes, Hawaii 655 tea...'. 359,656 tomatoes, Ind 39 trees 246, 454, 654 Conn.State 750 Mass 254 control, U.S. D. A 256 truck crops, U.S.D.A 360, 655 vegetables - 354 wheat 751 Mo 237 of India, nomenclature 751 pollination of A nana spp. by 341 sweet peas by 150 refrigerating plant for studying, Tenn — 63 relation to agriculture 398 summer sores of horses 285 timber supplies, U.S.D.A 256 scale. {See Scale insects.) superparasitism of 563 transmission of diseases by 98, 163, 280 treatise 54, 354 wattle, notes 56 (See also specific insects.) International- Agricultural Congress 200 Agrogeological Congress 221,298 catalogue of biology 670 chemistry 408 meteorology 517 Commission of Agricultural Education... 8 on Zoological Nomenclature . 254 Congress of Applied Chemistry in 1912. . . 697 Institute of Agriculture 191, 591, 691 Live Stock Exposition 200 Ornithological Congress 161 Veterinary Congress 280 Intestinal rupture during birth, prevention. . 682 tract, physiology of 767 Invertase, studies 608, 702 lodin, determination in organic compounds, U.S.D.A 307 value in tetanus treatment 283 Ions, effect on activity of enzyms 702 physiological efleet on 702 Iowa College, notes 598 Iridomyrmex humilis, notes 55 Conn.State 750 Iris leaf blotch, notes 742 Iron arsenate, insecticidal value 56 chlorid, use in water filtration 218 effect on A spergillus niger 32, 630 metabolism, relation to spleen 572 oxid, effect on yield of wheat 532 phosphate, as affected by soluble salts. . . 26 fertilizing value 321, 324 salts, effect on phosphates 25 sesquioxid, cfiect on germination of wheat 532 sulphate for chlorosis 148 Irpexflavus, notes 352 Irrigation — Page. at Koppenhof 789 canals. {See Canals and Ditches.) experiments, Ariz 727 InCahfornia, U.S.D.A 789 Hungary 318 Imperial Valley, Gal 535 northwest Canada 291 the Nile Valley, studies 19 Rillito Valley, Ariz 18 legislation, recent, U.S.D.A 288 notes 21, 615 plants in Prussia 691 pumping plant, description, Ariz 19 relation to soil permeability 522 sewage, studies 617 water. {See Water.) Ischiemum pilosum, gall insect affecting 164 Isomaltol, notes 608 Isotoma spp., notes, Conn. State 750 Italian pear scale, remedies, U.S.D.A 262 Ilhyphallus impudicus, notes 348 Ixodes ricinus, parasitism 259 Jack beans, analyses and feeding value 573 Jahresbericht fiir Cheniie, index -707 Jam, adulteration, U.S.D.A 567 compound, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 171 Jams, examination 667 methods of analysis 512 Japanese cane, studies, Fla 733 Jaundice, malignant. {See Piroplasmosis, canine.) Jellies, methods of analysis 512 Jelly, examination 466, 667 making, investigations 363 sugar-glucose, misbranding, U.S.D.A.. 171 Jerboa fleas, superparasitism 757 Jerusalem corn, notes, Ariz 731 Johne's disease bacillus, studies 683 diagnosis 483 occurrence in Iowa 480 studies 281,483,785 and bibliography 283 Johnson grass, notes 334 Journal of Board of Agriculture, index 694 Juglans californica, hybrid experiments 243 nigra, introduction into Belgium 344 Juncus bufonius, notes 53 Juncus root diseases, studies 53 Juniper webworm, introduction into New York 54 Juniperus communis, fungus disease affecting. 159 Junket, dietary studies, U.S.D.A 65 Jute, culture experiments 537 statistics 539 Kafir corn — analyses 464, 635 notes, Ariz 731 planting experiments, U.S.D.A 734 studies and bibliography, Okla 634 varieties, Tex 332 yields, Ariz 727 Kainit, fertilizing value 425, 636, 713 use in fish culture 709 1909 624 Kangaroo grass, analyses 769 smuts, life histories 46 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 861 Page. Kansas College, notes. 296, 495, 598, 800 Station, notes 495, 598, 800 Kentucky blue grass, seed examination. Mass 238 College, notes 495 Station, notes 495 Kerosene burner, test, Pa 290 emulsion, tests, Can 461 Ketchup. (See Catsup.) Ketones, detennination in easential oils 199 Kickxia elastka, fungus disease affecting 159 tapping experiments 645 Kindergartens, notes 595 Kitchens, labor-saving devices in 290 Kites, use in meteorology, U.S.D.A 126, 312 Knapp, S. A., biographical sketch 497 Knife for kilhng poultry, U.S.D.A 180 Kohl-rabi, culture 235 Kowliangs, planting experiments, U.S.D.A.. 734 Krameria spp. , parasitism, studies 428 Kudzu hay, analyses 768 vine, analyses, S.C 768 value as a forage crop 174 Kulthi, notes, Tex 333 Kumiss, dietary studies, U.S.D.A 65 studies 478 Laboratory utensils, platinum, paper on 199 Laborers, farm. (See Agricultural laborers.) German, standard of living 765 in Belgium, dietary studies 571 Isthmian Canal, diet 764 Laboulbeniaceae, affinities 28 Lachnopus sp., studies, P. Pi 162 LachnosUrna sp., notes, Conn. State 750 Lactalbumin, action against rennet 124 Lactic-acid— bacteria cultures, use in cheese making. . 280 in milk, studies, U.S.D.A 276 determination 213 Lactoglobulin, action against rennet 124 Lactose, behavior in aqueous solutions 121 determination 513, 705 in milk 614 chocolate 198 Lady beetle, notes, Conn. State 750 beetles, studies and bibliography 358 Laganaria, notes, Tex 333 Lambs, corn silage for, Ind 72 feeding experiments. Can 471 N.Y.Cornell.... 578 (See also Sheep.) Lamps, denatured alcohol, studies 290 Land, city, cultivation of 90 gi-ant colleges. (See Agricultural col- leges.) plaster. (See Gypstun.) reclamation in Louisiana, U.S.D.A... 287 tenure in Australia 90 Spain, history 689 values in northwest Canada 291 Landolphias, rubber yielding, in Madagascar. 245 Lands, alienated. Government resumption of 90 cultivated, forestation of 424 overflowed, reclamation in Kansas, U.S.D.A 487 salt, of the Nira Valley, reclamation. . 520 Landscape gardening, treatise 150, 445, 643 Page. Larch plantation at Keswick, England 548 sawflies, notes 758 sawfly, large, in Great Britain 03 notes. Can 455 Larches as affected by elevation and expo- sure 548 witches' broom affecting 453 Lard, exports from China 579 market classes and grades. 111 70 substitutes 066 Larix europxa, introduction into Belgium. . . 344 Lasiodiplodia theobromx, notes 348 Latex, role of in plants 029 Lathromcris (Brachysticha) fidise, notes, U.S.D.A 166 Lalhyrus tingitanus, fertilizing value. Wash . . 321 Laurel, cherry, hydrocyanic acid from 139 Lead, absorption by milk 581 arsenate, effect on apples 759 foliage. Mass 253 inspection, U.S.D.A 361 methods of analysis 197 tests 447 Can 461 use in viticulture 168 chi"omate, insecticidal value 63 preparation and use 64 determination in lead arsenate 199 Leaf roller, tortricid, notes, Hawaii 655 Leather, methods of analysis 199 mixture, fertilizing value, R.I 225 Leaves, blackening of, investigations 139 dropped, starch content 31 fall and renewal of, studies 720 green, as affected by salts 31 phosphorus and ash content 229 Lebbek trees, mealy bug affecting 355 Lecaniodiaspis of Ceylon 259 Lecanium corni (armenianim) , remedies, U.S.D.A 262 nigrum, parasitism 164 olex, notes 751 remedies 752 viride, notes 355 Lecithin content of bone marrow 072 pathologic milk 681 Leeks, fertilizer experiments 640 Leg mange of birds 788 Legislation, relation to economic develop- ment 192 Legumes, analyses 367,508 composition charts, U.S.D.A 67 sowings, notes 235 Leguminous plants — effect on soil fertility 423 fertilizing value. Wash 321 fixation of nitrogen by 131,537 inoculation, U.S.D.A 222 notes 142 relation to nodule-forming bacteria 326 root tubercles. (See Root tubercles.) varieties "32 wild, distribution, U.S.D.A 136 Lemna spp., assimilation of nitrogen by 29 Lemon cottony mold, studies 48 extract, adulteration, U.S.D.A 171, 264,384,667 862 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Lemon extract, misbranding, U.S.D.A 2G4, 364,384,667 gummosis, treatment 650 oil, constituents of 123 (ietection in orange oil 309 withertip, studies 747 Lemonade, solubOity of zinc in 363 Lemons, malnutrition diseases of 525, 722 Lentils, natural crosses of 723 Leopard moth, notes. Mass 254 plant as affected by fertilizers 547 Lepargyrxa argentea, notes, U.S.D.A 136 Lepidocricus herricki n.sp., description 62 Lepidoptera, bibliography 161 in Colorado 55 Lepidopterous larvae, parasitic on plant lice. C54 Lepidosaphes ulmi. {See Oyster-shell scale.) Lepidoselaga, studies 61 Leprosy, studies and bibliography 755 transmission by flies 756 mosquitoes 755 Leptinotarsa dccemlineata. {See Potato beetle, Colorado.) Leptobj/Tsa explanata. notes 454 Conu. State 750 Leptomonas sp., notes 359 Lepus cuniculus, injuries by 160 Lespedeza. {See Clover, Japan.) Lettuce diseases, treatment. Mass 249 fertilizer experiments 640 seed, germination tests. Mass 237 Leucocytes, bactericidal power 282 in grouse, classification 686 methods of counting 479 Leucocytozoon— fringillinarum, notes 393 lovati, studies 393, 685 spp., parasitic in fov/ls 788 studies and bibliography 88 Leuco-encephalitis, studies 480 Leucosphxra bainesii, analyses 371 Leukemia in bovines. relation to tuberculosis. 84 chickens 788 Levees, natural, discussion, U.S.D.A 287 Levulans, soluble, nutritive value 367 Levulose, effect on hydrolysis of starch 511 Library, traveling, benefits of 300 Lice, notes 757 Lichens of Minnesota, monograph 28 Light and ventilation, paper on 82 colored, effect on plants 720 effect on catalase 411 chlorophyll 720 perception in plants 329 {See also Sunlight.) Lightning damages in Schleswig-Holstein 518 Lignoeeric acid in soils, U.S.D.A 302 isolation from humus 524 Ligularia as affected by fertilizers 547 Lilac disease, new, notes 159 leaves as affected by heat 139 Lilacs as affected by cold storage 546 Lily-of-the-valley as affected by cold storage. 546 Lime and magnesia, ratio in soils. . 135,525,716,722 potash, interaction 423 arsenite, tests. Can 462 effect on nitrification 131 , 222, 397 Page. Lime, effect on permeability of soils 526 plant adaptation 22 growth 328 solubility of phosphates 25 soil constituents. 26 fertilizing value 34, 41, 71, 134, 234, 336, 536, 625, 713 111 92 W. Va 716 for Ohio soils, Ohio 799 mud, fertUizing value 34 niter. {Sec Calcium nitrate.) nitrate, fertDizing value 35, 426 nitrite, fertilizing value 426 nitrogen. {See Calcium cyanamid. ) rare finger, inarching of, U.S.D.A 736 relation to Azotobacter development . . 29 requirements of soils, investigations 527 translocation in leaves 331 trass, fertilizing value 134,715 use against club root 743 with fertilizers 235 utilization by plants 424 Limes, culture 355 Mediterranean fruit fly affecting 255 scale insects affecting 355 slime flux disease affecting 553 Limestone formations, waters from 128 ground, analyses, S.C 799 Lime-sulphur — mixture, chemistry of, N.Y. State 663 fungicidal value 257 preparation and use, N.Y.State. 663, 064 tests, can 461 mixtures, fungicidal value, U.S.D.A 50 insecticidal value, U.S.D.A ... 262 preparation and use 162 tests 447, 653 N.Y.State 663 Niagara, tests, Conn.State 553 Limewater-Bordeaux mixture, tests 555 Liming experiments 537 Limnerium blackburni, notes, Hawaii 655 Lina scripta, notes, Conn.State 750 Linden moth, snow-white — paper on 558 studies and bibliography, N.Y.Comell. . . 560 Linguatula txnioides, parasitic in goats 588 Linguatulosis in a goat 588 Linota rufesccns, parasites of 393 Linseed cake, effect on mUk and its products. 581 hydrocyanic acid in 680 meal, analyses 672, 768, 769 Conn.State 768 Mo 76 Vt 470 misbranding, U.S.D.A 672 oil, adulteration, N.Dak 2G2 statistics 593 Lipase of molds, notes 411 Lipcurus margtnalis, parasitic on vultures ... 56 Lipoids, role of, in plants 139 Litchis, propagation, U.S.D.A 736 Lithium , absorption by milk 581 Live stock — associations of Ontario, reports 177 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 863 Page. Live stock— Continued. breeding societies in Denmark 394 car, description 378 commercial literature, notes 378 diseases, notes 472 prevalence in Orange River Colony 479 European, acclimatization in Tonkin 378 feeding, principles, and practice, Vt 470 import regulations for Hawaii 81 industry in Belgium 491 California 177 England, history 772 Great Britain 378 Ireland 397 northern Wisconsin, Wis 191 Ontario 593 the Punjab 472 insurance, cooperative 378 in Bavaria 396 Great Britain 795 Saxony 679 relation to meat inspection. . . 281 Judging contests in New England 100 notes 375 marketing cooperatively 690 prices in Ireland 292 pure-bred, in New York 177 rations, methods of computing 74 sanitary officers, State, U.S. D. A 184 work in Cuba 679 statistics 397, 672 U.S.D.A 90 of Saxony 379 studies 33 transportation, studies 378 (See also Animals. Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Liver diseases in poultry, studies 286 of sulphur, fungicidal value 053 LiverpoolvLrus, studies and bibliography 749 Llamas, value as domestic animals 579 Lobster product, canned, description 567 Locust posts, durability, Ohio 644 Locusia pardalina, notes 558 Locusts, control in Cape Colony 55, 57 South Africa 558 giant, notes 255 invasions of 98 notes. Can 455 Log rules, Maine and Blodgett, comparison . . 4-!6 Logging operations, discussion 44 Lolium perenne, analyses 769 parasitism 247 Lonchsea longicornis, notes, U.S.D.A 655 Lonchocarpus sylvatkus n. sp., description 343 London purple, methods of analysis 197 Lophodcrmium macrosporum., studies 453 treatment 251 pinastri, notes 45, 53, 643 Loquat, pear bUght affecting 451 Loranthus calyculalus, injurious to oranges. . . 157 Louisiana Stations, notes 296. 695 University, notes 695 Love grass, analyses 769 Loxostege similalis. (See Garden webworm.) Lucern. (See Alfalfa.) Lucilia spp., relation to internal myiasis 60 Page. Lues, treatment 585 Lumber as affected by soda dipping 645 industries in North Carolina 152 sap stains, cause and treatment 52 yield of Baden 44 (See also Timber and Wood.) Luminous larvse, notes 454 Lung sickness, prevalence in Cape Colony. . . 479 Lungs, tendency toward tuberculosis, bib- liography 482 Lupines, fertilizer experiments 526 fertilizing value 36 respiration as affected by salts 328 varieties 520, 729 Lyda nemoralis, studies 359 Lygus invitus, injurious to pears 102 pratcnsis. (See Plant bug, tarnished.) Lymphangitis, epizootic- prevalence in Cape Colony 479 studies and bibliography 86 treatment 481 Macaroni, adulteration, U.S.D.A ,364 examination 467 misbranding, U.S.D.A 171,364 wheat. (See Wheat, durum.) Machinery. (Sec Agricultural machinery.) Macrocamptoptera n.g. and n.spp., descrip- tions 758 Macrodactylus subspinosus. (See Rose chafer.) Macromia of North America 354 Macrophoma phoradendri n.sp., description.. 159 Macrosporiumfasiculata, notes, S.C 155 porri on onion seed. Mass 247 spp., parasitic on wheat 449 Magnesia — and lime, ratio in soils 135,525,716,722 fertilizing value 134 utilization by plants 425 Magnesium — carbonate, fertilizing value 135 chlorid, effect on plants 630 fertilizing value 135, 323 determination 610 effect on oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A 223 importance in agriculture 26 in chlorophyll, importance 329 food and nutrition, U.S.D.A 64 nitrate, effect on calcium phosphate 25 salts, effect on plant gi-owth 135 solubility of phosphates... 26 sulphate, effect on plalits 328, 630 fertilizing value 105,323 Maiden cane hay, analyses 768 Maine Station, notes 94, 194 University, notes 94, 296 Maize. (See Com.) Maladieducoit. (Sc? Dourlne.) Malaria epidemic In Bombay, studies 60 in Bombay, natural history .356 the Tonkin delta 755 transmission and prevention 600 by mosquitoes 755 treatise 502 Malic acid, determination 012 Malignant grovrths, meiostagmin reaction with 780 Mallophaga, bibliography 101,557 864 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. Page. Mallophaga parasitic on vultures 56 Malnutrition of children, causes 305 Malt combings, analyses "69 kiln dust, analyses "69 preparation and studies, U.S.D.A 15 sprouts, analyses 672 Conn.State 708 Malta fever, contagiousness of 586 epidemic in France 82 in fowls, notes 486 Maltol, notes 608 Maltose , effect on hydrolysis of starch 51 1 Mammals, domesticating, U.S.D.A 453 game, value to agriculture "48 of Ceylon, studies and bibliog- raphy 160 Colorado 53 West Virginia 555 orders of 653 relation to agriculture 398 small, review of literature 473 treatise 75, 160, 353 Mammary glands, experimental activity of. . 477 Mammitis, anaphylaxis reaction for 82 causative agent C81 chronic streptococcic, studies 781 In pigs, studies 684 relation to cottonseed meal, S.C .. 774 Man and plants, treatise 607 digestion experiments, U.S.D.A 065. 764 lymphangitis affecting 80 metabolism experiments . 36S, 467, 569. 572, 706 U.S.D.A 64 in as affected by water drinking 571 parasites aflecting 87 polydactylism in 576 respiration experiments 668 Manganese- detection in foods 211 determination 211 in wines 611 dioxid, effect on germinal ion of wheat . . . 532 eftect on oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A 223 oxid, effect on yield of wheat 532 sulphate, effect on plant growth 31 fertilizing value 26 Mange. (See Cattle, Dog, Horse, and Sheep mange or scab.) Mangels, analyses 476 Can...'. 470 fertilizer experiments 235, 728 growth as affected by electricity 332 irrigation experiments, Nev 489 varieties 34, 729 Can 432, 435 Mango bloom blight, description and treat- ment 49 weevil, notes 751 Mangoes, cecidomyiid fly affecting 754 culture experiments 38 insects affecting 49 notes, P.R 147 propagation, U.S.D.,\ 736 whip grafting, P.R 148 Mangosteens, inarching of, U.S.D.A 736 Mangrove swamps of Malaya, studies 151 Page. Manioc. (See Cassava.) Manna, Boer, culture experiments 729 Mannans, soluble, nutritive value 307 Mannit, notes 509 Mannose effect on hydrolysis of starch 511 Mantispida3 of Japan 300 Manure, analyses 23 barnyacd. (See Barnyard manure.) effect on quality of tea 41 fertilizing value 22 relation to soil fertility 22 (See aUo Cow, Poultry, Sheep, etc.) Manurial requirements of soils. (See Soils.) Maple-leaf stem-borer, notes, Conn.State 750 scale, false cottony, notes 454 sirup, adulteration and mi.sbranding, U.S.D.A 171 as affected by micro-organisms. 411 examination 363,566 studies, U.S.D.A 206 soft, vitality of seeds 330 sugar, adulteration 170 bibliography, U.S.D.A 267 statistics, U.S.D.A 267 Maples as affected by lead arsenate. Mass 253 fungus disease affecting 352 Marasmius sacchari, notes 348 sp., notes 352,047 Mare hybrid, notes 577 Mares, gestation period, variation in 75 Margarin, detection of coconut oil in 515 methods of analysis 515 Margaropus annulatus. (See Cattle ticks.) australis, relation to piroplasmo- sis 484 Marmalade, analyses 466 Marmalades, judging 308 manufacture 516 methods of analysis 512 Marshes, absorption and storage of water in. . 518 Martens, beech, nematodes affecting 259 Martins, breeding in Massachusetts 556 Maryland Station, notes 695 Mascartnliasia dastica, analyses C46 Mascarenhasias, rubber yielding, in Madagas- car - 245 Massachusetts — College, notes 94,495,695 Commission on Cost of Living, report 366 Station, financial statement 294 report of director 294 Mastitis. (See Mammitis.) Mat grass, analyses 769 Maturation , studies and bibliography 575 Mayetiola destructor. (See Hessian-fly.) Mead, honey, calculating card for 613 Meadow fescue, culture experiments 731 seed examination. Mass 238 varieties 731 oat grass, winterkilling, N.Dak 726 Meadows, fertilizer experiments 526, 728, 731 (See also Grasses.) Meal moth, host of Hymenolepis diminuia 564 Mealy bugs, injurious in Tobago 255 to lebbek trees 355 mulberries 164 stalk borer, studies 66 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 865 Page. Measures and weights, laws in Ohio 171 Meat as affected by feeding stuffs 281 composition charts, U.S.D.A 67 condemned, treatment 280 dressing and curing on the farm 516 examination 125 hygiene, digest of data 265 inspection — N.Dak 667 in Germany 464 Japan 760 Massachusetts 479 paper on 280 relation to live stock insurance 281 treatise 68 juices, studies 265 market classes and grades. 111 69 marketing cooperatively 393 meal, analyses 74, 708 nitrogenous bases in 266 of Indian buffalo, food value 265 products, adulteration, Nev 264 preserved, inspection 464 supplies, inspection, international 264 Meats, imported, inspection, U.S.D.A 171 typhoid poisoning from 173 Mechanical colleges. {See Agricultural col- leges.) Medicago spp. seed, resistance to heat 231 Medicines, stock, notes 81 Meiostagmin reaction, studies 779, 780 Mclalopha incbisa, notes, Coim. State 750 Mdanconis spp., notes 652 Mcliana albilinea, notes 557 Mclilotus alba as a green manure, U.S.D.A . . 232 officinalis, analyses 769 Melilotus as affected by ultraviolet rays 328 fertilizer experiments 234 Melon aphis, notes 557 diseases, treatment, Mass 248 flies, remedies 55 mosaic disease, notes, Mass 249 stem canker, notes 246 Melophagus ovinus. (See Sheep ticks.) Melting point, determination 703 Mendelian theory of heredity 374 Meningo-encephalitis, studies, Kans 284 Menopon fasciatum, parasitic on vultures 56 Mental work, effect on nutritive processes. . . 369 Mentha sylveslris, stachyose in 121 Menus, vegetable, description 68 Meraporus n.spp., descriptions 461 Mercuric chlorid, effect on seed germination, U.S.D.A ,. 146 Mercury, absorption by milk 581 Mcrulius lacrymans, injurious to timber 353 Mesembryanthemumforskahlii, bread from . . . 762 Mesopsylla eucta n.sp., description 758 Mesuaferrca, analyses 309 Metabolism — as affected by partial inanition 84 poisons 173 sour milk 368 cellular, factors affecting 576 experiments. Interpretation of 174 with animals 368 dogs 572,766,787 Page. Metabolism— Continued. experiments with fish 765 men .... 368, 467, 569, 572, 766 steers, Pa 469 wethers 370 gaseous exchange in, studies 669 in man as affected by water drinking 571 mineral, relation to organic nutrients 572 of iron, relation to spleen 572 phosphorus 766 potassium 172 protein 569, 572 purin compounds 368 studies 668 Metals, inhibitory action against rennet 124 Mctarrhizium anisoplix, studies 753 Meteorological- observations— Conn.Storrs 707 Mass 127, 416, 615 N. Dak 708 N.Y.State 708, 799 Nebr 725 Ohio 708 Tenn 16 U.S.D.A 17, 126, 312 Wyo 517 in Cape Colony 518 Caracas 18 Colorado 27 Cuba 615 Denmark 694 France 417 Germany 16, 38, 126 New South Wales 127 northwest Canada 17, 291 Norway 596 Ontario 593 Orange River Colony 312 Panama Canal zone 517 Sweden 526 Trinidad and Tobago 216 {See also Climate, Rain, Weather, etc.) station in South Orkney Islands, U.S.D.A 126 Meteorology, future development of 517 in elementary schools 594 international catalogue 517 recent papers on, U.S.D.A 312 relation to agriculture 126, 615 text-book 15 treatise and bibliography 615 Methoxyl, occurrence in soils 524 Methylene blue, use in iodometric titrations. . 409 Methylheptylketon in coco butter 213 Mica, potash from 131 role of in cultivated soils 620 Mice, heredity of cancer in 576 lymphangitis affecting 86 yellow, heredity in 475 Michigan College, notes 296, 400, 598 Station, notes 94, 296 Microbial processes, interpreting by curves, Mich 408 Micro-chemLstry, progress in 408 Micrococcus melitensis — agglutination by normal serums 778 866 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Micrococus melUensis— Continued . endotoxin of 585 notes 486 pathology 481 Microfilaria jMlippinensis, notes 260 Microlxna stipoides, analyses 769 Micro-organisms- assimilation of nitrogen compounds by . . 327 conversion of proteins into amido-acids by 530 disease producing, treatise 384, 385 effect on maple sirup 411 soil fertility 621, 717 occurrence in exposed foods 568 root tubercle, generic position 28 value in digestion 268 (See also Bacteria.) Microscope, value in the dairy 582 Microsphsera alni, notes 448 spp., notes 748 Middlings. (See Wheat, Oat, Rye, etc.) Milk absorption of drugs by 5S1 acidity, apparatus for determining 125 adulteration, U.S.D.A.... 182,278,382,678,775 analyses 77, 125, 182, 566, 581, 667 Mass 279 as affected by boric acid 775 drugs 182 feeding stuffs 281 bacterial content, studies 677 examinations, value 582 flora, studies, U.S. D. A 275 boiled, detection 125 burnt taste of, organism producing 582 canned, examination. Me 67 care and use in the home, U.S.D.A 68 casein content, studies. Wis 183 catalytic activity, determination 412 certified, iu New York 5S3 champagne, manufacture 775 charities in the United States, statistics. 171 chemistry, progress in 125, 612 coagulation, studies 125, 581 colostral, bactericidal properties 77 composition as affected by feeding stuffs . 775 charts, U.S.D.A 67 condensed, standards, Ind 382 constituents, eflect on composition of cheese 776 control stations in Norway 596 cost of production 77 5S0 Mass 278 curdled, therapy of 368 decomposition, determination 51 5 depot, cooperative, in England 381 depots, score card for. 111 582 detection of added substances in 705 water in. Mass 213 determination of cells in 182 dog's, analyses 278 dried, analyses 1S2 manufacture 078 eflect on aluminum 413 maplesirup, U.S.D.A 260 evaporated, examination 704 legal standard, U.S.D.A 704 standards, Ind 382 examination for tubercle bacilli, 111 783 Page. Milk, examination for hygienic methods 515 exposed, bacterial condition 568 fat as affected by heat, Mass 213 content, relation to casein 183 variation in 182 determination 515, 705 Ind 77,382 in margarin 213 (See also Fat.) fermentation of citric acid in, N. Y.State. 277 ferments, investigations 14 fever, pathology and treatment 484 foam preventer, description 478 food value, U.S.D.A 05, 08 from rabid cows, use of 84 slop fed cows, use of 774 tuberculous cows, studies. 111 783 goat's studies 078 grading 381 handling and care, ni 582 heated, detection 412,612 heating before separation 775 high V. low fat content, cost of produc- tion ; 470 homogenized, studies 775 hygiene, digest of data 265 effect on prices 476 relation to stables 181, 281 inspection, N.Dak 607 international 264 studies and bibliography 677 laws, IU 582 lime content as affected by feeds 278 methods of analysis 413, 477, 514, 515 natural and fermented, digestibility 172 normal and pathologic, differentiation . . 213 occurrence of yeast in 477 oxidation index 705 pails, notes, Cal 583 tests, N. Y.State 582 pasteurization 181, 078, 775 in the home, U.S.D.A... 68 state V. city control 583 pasteurized, bacteriology, U.S.D.A 275 detection 213 pathologic, studies 681 paying for at cheese factories 383 Wis 183 powdered, analyses 182 preformed sulphuric acid in 13 preparations, digestibility 172 production. Mo 70,278 bibliography 774 relation to form of cows 281 studies 281. 677, 774 products, dietary studies, U.S.D.A 65 occurrence of yeast in 477 state V. municipal control 381 sterilization 775 raw and boiled, differentiation 125 bacteriology, U.S.D.A 275 resistance to rennet 124 V. pasteurized 381 records of Allgiiu cows 380 regulations, framing 181 relation to contagious diseases, U.S.D.A 08 public health 776 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 867 Page. Milk, relation to scarlet fever 477 review of literature 717 ropy, studies 477 sanitary control 280 cost of production 181 score card for, 111 582 secretion as affected by yohimbine 581 serum, ash content, investigations 515 calcium chlorid, refraction. 13, 125, 612 sheep's, analyses 775 skimmed. (See Skim milk.) solids-not-fat as affected by creaming. . 581 sour, bacteriology 277, 7()7 effect on metabolism 3G8 preparation and value 582 sterilization 381. 775 ■ sugar, manufacture 215,614 supply, hygienic, papers on 679 of Boston 776 cities, report 381 Copenhagen 476 Metz 678 Washington 583 test bottles, inaccuracies, Ind 77 Mass 279 testing on the farm , Mo 279 treatise 13, 514, 677 tryptic digestion as affected by cooking. 368 use of, history 678 variations in 477 watered, detection 514,612 woman's, coagulation of 125 yield as affected by amids 37" Milking machine, new type, description. _. . . 774 notes, Cal 5&3 Mill insects, passage through process of mill- ing 751 Millers, technical education for 293 Millet, culture 235, 246 effect on nitrate content of soils 710 fertilizer experiments, R.I 225 giant, analyses 768 Japanese, culture experiments 729 parasitism 246 seed examination, Mass 238 Texas, notes, Ariz 730 varieties 144, 334 Can 432 Tex 3.33 U.S.D.A 4.36 Millipedes, British, bionomical studies 353 Milo maize, breeding experiments, Tex 3.33 culture and feeding value, Colo. . 237 irrigation experiments, Ariz 727 planting experiments, U.S.D.A. 734 Mince-meat, adulteration, U.S.D.A 264,764 examination, Conn.State 565 misbranding, U.S.D.A 264 Mineral — deposits, conservation of 687 matter, determination in rice 122 retention of by plants 721 metabolism, relation to organic nutrients. 572 oil, white, use in Babcock test, Ind 79 resources of Virginia , handbook 420 1394°— 11 6 Page. Mineral— Continued . salts, use in vinegar fermentation 706 water, nutritive value, tables 268 Minerals — analyses 19, 413 apparatus for sampling 516 bibliography 420 conservation of 290 Minnesota University, notes 194, 598 Station, notes 598,800 Mississippi College, notes 94 Missouri Station, notes 296,495,800 University, notes 598. 800 Mistletoe leaf blight, studies 159 Mites, harvest, notes, Ohio 799 notes. Can 455 red, destructive to codling moth 660 Moguilia tomentosa, analyses 309 Moisture — deterniination in food products 198, 199 effect on electric conductivity of soils 20 (See also Water.; Molasin for horses and cows 573 Molasses — analyses 769 Mass 268 and wine-residue mixture, analyses 471 beet pulp. (See Beet pulp.) blackstrap, for pigs, Tex 373 effect on ammonification, Hawaii 224 digestibility of hay. Mass 268 soils, Hawaii 224 examination, N.Dak 667 feeds, analyses 672,768 N.H 471 Vt 470 mbced, standards 214,215 preservation 471 misbranding, U.S.D..\ 364 studies and bibliography.". 672 waste, potassium cyanid from 215 Molds, assimilation of nitrogen compounds by 327 catalase of, studies 121 determination in tomato catsup, U.S.D.A 613 studies 152, 511 Moles, studies 160 MoUusks, inspection, relation to hygiene 281 treatise 68 of Ceylon, studies and bibliography 160 Monarthropalpus buxi, notes 54 Monascus purpureus, occurrence in silage 480 Monilia, treatment, Mass 252 Monkeys, beriberi in 66 Monocalcium phosphate, fertilizing value 321 Monochelus calcaratus, notes 56 Monocystis sp., notes 685 Monodontomerus sereus, notes 456 Monohydroxystearic acid — isolation from humus 524 soils, U.S.D.A 302 Monopotassium phosphate, fertilizing value . . 321 Montana College, notes 495 Country Life Commission 300 Station, notes 296,495 868 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED. Page. Moon, effect on vegetation 312 Moor soils. (See Soils, moor.) Morphin, absorption by milk 581 determination in opium prepara- tions 199 resistance of animals to 85 Morphology, animal, studies 377 Morrill Act, semicentennial celebration 7 Mosquito bites, irritant ac tion of 502 yellow fever, distribution of 98 Mosquitoes — anopheline, in the Tonkin delta 755 control in California 356 New Jersej' 356 New York City 259 the West Indies 60 extermination 562, 660 U.S.D.A 458 in China, hibernation of 60 of Minnesota 755 relation to filariasis 60 leprosy 755 malaria 60, 357, 755 studies 164, 357, 060 transmission of diseases by 163, 280, 792 West African, notes 164 Moss, eflect on wood accretion 445 reindeer, digestibility 671 Moth borers, notes 255 pyralid, injurious to beets 354 Moths, cochylis and eudemis, remedies 57 of the British Isles, treatise 258 (See also Lepidoptera. ) Motor trucks v. horses, comparison 580 Mouflons, host of MuUiceps multkcps, U.S.D.A 87 Mountain ash, pear blight atfecting 451 scale, notes, Mont 255 Mouse gi'ass, analyses 769 Mucilage, eflect on germination of seeds 534 Muck soils. (5e€ Soils, muck.) MucoT rhizopodoformis, relation to blind stag- gers, Kans 284 Mucorinefe, sexual studies 28 Muhinyo, studies 586 Mulberries, cultivation and care 559 insects affecting 163, 356 Mulberry disease, notes 164, 650 posts, durability, Ohio 644 Mules in Panama 177 IjTuphangitis affecting 86 Mullein, white, sugar from 608 MuUiceps — multiceps, investigations, U.S.D.A 87, 390 serialis, investigations, U.S.D.A 87 spp., descriptions, U.S.D.A SS Muriate of potash — fertilizing value, Can 434 Mass 233 Ohio 540 Mus spp., fleas found on 357 Musca domestica. (See House-fly.) Muscarin, resemblance to beriberi poison , , . . 67 Muscular work, effect on — animal organs 369 heat production 66S nutritive processes...... ,,......,,...... 369 Page. Museum pest, notes 454 Mushrooms, basic extractive material in 605 book 39 culture 723 factors affecting growth 339 selecting and conserving 706 Muskmelons, Altemaria leaf spot affecting, Mass 245 Mustard — as affected by acids, alkalis, and salts. . . 630 effect on nitrogen content of soils 327 eradication, Cal 639 fertilizer experiments 134, 135, 324 prepared, examination. Me 67 wild, food assimilation by 643 Mustela foina, nematodes affecting 259 Musts, wine, analyses 267 Mutation theory, criticism 141, 374 Mutations, periodic, theory 27 Mutton, market classes and grades, 111 69 Mycology, re-\-icw of literature 28 Mycorrhiza, injurious to chestnuts 52 Mycosphxrclla citrullina, notes 742 Myiasis, internal, studies 60 Myiophasia senca, parasitic on cowpea curcu- lio, U.S.D.A 62 Mjinaridse, notes 758 Myriangium duricei description 246 Myriapoda, bibliography 161, 557 host of Hymcnolcpis diminuta 564 Myrica cerifcra, fungus root tubercles of, stud- ies and bibliography 554 Mytihispis citrkola, notes .^ 365 cordylinjdis, injurious to flax 56 Msrxobacteriaccffi, afiinities 28 Myxogasteres, cytology and biology 28 Myxosporium pruni mahaleb n. sp., descrip- tion 350 Myzormjia spp. , relation to malaria 357, 755 Myzorhynchus spp. , notes 755 Nxmospora jasmini n. sp. , description 447 Natada nararia, notes 751 National Association of State Universities. . . 1 Corn Exposition, notes 500 Dairy Show 99 Education Association 599 Formulary, digest of comments 81 Natural resources, conservation — relation to AVeather Bureau, U.S.D..\. . . 127 treatise 290 Nature study in elementary schools 493. 594, 796 Nebraska Station, financial statement 193 notes 194, 400,800 report of director 193 University, notes 194, 400, 800 Nectria cinnabar ina, notes 159 diiissima, notes 450 spp. , studies 45, 352 iheobromicola n. sp., description 45 Negro farmers of the South, condition of 97 Negroes, education of 699 Nematodes, injurious in New Zealand 160 to grouse 486 potatoes 154,247 studies 748 Nemattis— ericMottii, distribution la G^eat Pritaio, . 63 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 869 Nematus — Continued. Page. ericksonii, notes, Can 455 spp., notes 758 Ncocellia spp., relation to malaria 357 Neoclijtus erythrocephalus, notes 252 Neocosmospora vasinfccta, notes 347 Miss 347 Neolecanium of Ceylon 259 Ncoioma spp., studies 160 Ner^'e irri lation in tuberculosis control 679 Ncsnsydric ipomaicola, notes, Hawaii 655 Nests, trap, notes, Can 473 Neurin, solution of tubercle bacilli in 2S3 Neuroptera, bibliography 557 of Ireland, list and bibliography. 354 Neuroterus lenticularis, studies 662 Nevada Station, financial statement 494 notes 695 report of director 494 New Hampshire College, notes 296, 696 Station, notes 296, 096 Jersey College Station, notes 696 Station, notes 194 Stations, notes 496 Mexico College, notes 296, 800 Station, notes 296,496,800 New York — Cornell Station, financial statement 399, 798 notes 296,800 report of director 399, 798 State Station, financial statement 798 notes 496 report of director 799 Nico Sul, insecticidal value, Md 659 NidoTcUa auriculata, analyses 371 Night soil, utilization 218 Nitrate — assimilation by micro-organ isms 327 deposits of Chile, studies 426 industry in Chile 526 Norwegian, fertilizing value. . . 133,226, 425,714 manufacture 527 of lime. (See Calcium nitrate.) of soda — analyses, Conn. State 325 availability of nitrogen in, R.I 225 effect on ammonification, Hawaii 224 nitrogen in soils 326 permeability of soils 526 potatoes 541 fertilizing value 35, 132, 133, 225, 234,321,330,425,536, 539,542,637,714,716 Cal 638 Can 434 Ga 239 Mass 233,239 N.Y.State 540 Ohio 540 R.I 226 Wyo 526,535 use in fish culture 709 greenhouses, Mass 249 1910 622 solutions as affected by crushed quartz. . . 620 Nitrates- determination, comparison of methods. . . 209 effect on solubility of phosphates ... . 25 Nitrates— Continued. Page. effect on tumeric test for 1)oric acid 198 increase of, in limed soils 620 in soils, studies, Fla 319 utilization by plants 531 Nitric acid — determination in Chile saltpeter 120 nitrates 609 effect on plants 630 in rain 127 manufacture from air 323 Nitrification — as affected by fertilizers 222 m soils 131, 140, 222, 302, 397, 4.30, 717 Hawaii 224 review of literature 529 Nitrifymg bacteria as affected by heat, Ha- waii 224 energy of soils, investigations 318 Nitrites, determination 609 N itro-bacterine, tests 53 1 , .536, 629 Nitrogeji — amid, assimilation by micro-organisms ... 327 animoniacal, fixation 132 assimilation by bacteria 326 mustard 327 in soils 430 atmospheric, fixation 24, 229 by electricity 427 utilization 226, 715 availability in fertilizers 197 balance, investigations 22 compounds, effect on bacteria in soils 326 determination 306 as cyanamid and dicyandi- amid 009 in cereals 122 feces 609 miUv and feces 209 soils 220, 299 various substances 397 excretion in man, studies 467 fertilizing value 336, 539, 636 Hawaii 635 W.Va 716 fixation as affected by fertilizers 222 in soils 319, 430, 431, 717 Hawaii 224 investigations 28, 326 review of literature 529 fixing bacteria as affected by heat,Hawaii. 224 organisms, studies 430 tests 629 free, assimilation by green plants -29 in soils as affected by electricity 332 industry in Chile 622 lime. (See Calcium cyanamid.) loss from top-dressing 132 in barnyard manure 425 of the air, treatise 133 partition as affected by fasting 765 problems in dry farming 319 Utah 422 solubility in fertilizers, Conn. State 322 supply of soils and plants 430 transformation in soils 232 translocation in leaves, , 33i 870 EXPEEIMEN"T STATION EECOKD. Page. Nitrogenous- fertilizer, new, manufacture 227 fertilizers — comparison 35, 132, 133, 226, 321, 424, 714, 728 Mass 233 ■N.Y.State 540 R.I 22.5 effect on chernozem 23 plant growth 328 manufacture from the air 24 foods, heat production from 668 manure, fertilizing value, R.I 225 Nitrous oxid, effect on bacteria 140 Noodles, egg, adulteration, U.S.D. A 364, 667 misbranding, U.S.D. A 364 North Dakota College, notes 598 Station, notes 297 Notolophus antiqua, notes, Mont 255 Novocain in veterinary medicine 81 Nuclease of the mammary gland, studies .... 511 Nuclein compounds, use in tuberculosis 84 content of foods 467 substances, determination in food. . . 664 Nucleoli, relation to chromosomes 378 Nummularia discrcta, notes 155 Nursery inspection. Conn. State 749 in Canada 58 Cape Colony 55 Maine 654 Ohio 565 Ontario. 557 Pennsylvania 255 Rhode Island 454 laws in Tennessee 162 stock, forest, distribution, Vt 447 propagation 641 storage in retarding houses . . 151 Nutrients, organic, relation to mineral me- tabolism 572 Nutrition — calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in. 64 charts, U.S.D.A 67 chemistry of 759 human, study of, in Belgium 670 investigations, work and publications, U.S.D.A 68 notes, N.Dak 67 papers on 298, 765 progress report, U.S.D.A 268 relation to salt 572 {Seealso Digestion, Food, Metabolism, etc.) Nutritive processes as affected by work 369 Nuts, analyses 367 breeding experiments 243 composition charts, U.S.D.A 67 culture in China, U.S.D.A 737 dietetic value 466 fat and nitrogen content 267 varieties for AVashington 342 Nyssorhynchus spp., notes 755 Oak high forest, in France 42 mildew, notes 352, 748 studies and bibliography , . 747 Oidium on the chestnut and beech . , , , , 652 parasitism , , ,,,,,..., 352 Page. Oak posts, durability, Ohio 644 pruner, studies, U.S.D.A 357 Oaks, fungus disease affecting 246 gall midges affecting 5? inarching of, U.S.D.A 736 leaf parasite affecting , 251 Oat and corn feeds, analyses 672 blade blight, notes, Ohio 799 bran, analyses 769 diseases, studies 551 treatment, U.S.D.A 2.37 enemies, bibliography 56 treatise and bibliography 551 feeds, analyses 768 Vt 470 grass, tall, culture experiments 731 yellow, seed examination, Mass. . . 238 hulls, analyses 769 loose smut, life historj' and treatment. . . 46 products, analyses, Conn.State 768 seed, purity test 338 smut, studies, N.C 246 treatment, U.S.D.A 237 substitutes for horses, U.S.D.A 294 yellows, description ahd treatment 449 notes, Ohio 799 Oats, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 174, 371, 769 analyses 768 as a cover crop for clover 637 culture experiments 235, 537 Nebr 724 U.S.D.A 232,237 digestibUity , Me 272 distribution and uses, U.S.D.A 2.37 effect on nitrate content of soils 710 fertilizer experiments 132, 133, 134, 135, 226, 234, 321,. 324, 325,425,420,427,526,714 Cal 6.38 R.I 225 U.S.D.A 335 food assimilation by 543 ground, analyses, Vt 470 growth as affected by- acids, alkalis, and salts 630 electricity 331 potash 328 sunshine and precipitation 16 insects affecting 56, 551 U.S.D.A 237 irrigation experiments, Nev 489 Norwegian, notes 733 production in Canada 35 rolled, digestibUity, Me 272 seed examination. Mass 238 score card for, U.S.D.A 193 seeding experiments. Can 435 N.Dak 726 Nebr 724 statistics 593 sulphur bleaching, U.S.D.A 735 use in nature study .- 594 varieties 34, 142, 235, 728, 731, 732, 735 Can 432,435 N.Dak 726 Nebr 142,724 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 8Vl Page. Oats, varieties, S.Dak 334 Wyo... 535 resistant to rust 234,340 wUd, studies, S.Daii 640 yields, methods of increasing 448 Ochropsora sorbi, studies 346 Odonata, bibliograpliy 557 of Nortli America 354 tlie neotropical region 753 Odynerus nigripennis , notes, Hawaii 655 (Echalia grisea, notes, Hawaii 656 (Edemagena tarandi, notes 661 remedies 98 CEnothcra laviarckiana, a Mendelian hybrid. . 27 mutation of, studies.. 141 spp., studies 141 (Esophagostoma inflatum in cattle 785 CEstrid'E, notes 98 Ohio State University, notes 490 Station, financial statement 799 notes 95,194,297,496,690 report of director 799 Oidium of Japanese euonymus, notes 252 parasitism 352 treatment 749 Oidium qucrcinum gemmiparum, notes 748 tuckcri, notes 350 Oil emulsions, insecticidal value, U.S.D.A.. . 202 foreign, identification in paprika 198 fruits, analyses 309 manufacture from grape by-products 707 of bitter almonds in Ccntaurea aspcra 431 palms, treatise and bibliography 546 role of, in development of dates 029 {See also specific kinds.) Oils and fats, treatise 413 color reactions for 310 cruciferous, detection in oil mixtures 11 edible, detection of rape oil in 11 essential, determination 512 loss from tea 41 examination 567, 667 illuminating, examination, N. Dak 666 inspection in V.'yoming 463 methods of analysis 198, 410 volatile, production in United States, U.S.D.A 414 Oklahoma College, notes 297, 400 Station, notes 297, 400 Oleander twig galls, notes 652 Oleomargarine, examination 125, 764 legislation concerning 382 methods of analysis 515 f. butter, discussion 463 Oligotrophus ischasmi n.sp., description 104 Olive disease, new, description 49 diseases, studies 7.52 flies, remedies 59 oil, adulteration, U.S.D.A.. 171,204,464,567 examination 667, 764 methods of extracting 215 misbranding,U.S.D.A 171, 204, 364, 567, 764 twig galls, notes 652 wild, notes 55 relation to white fly, Fla 3.55 Olives, adulteration, U .S.D . A 171, 204, 364 Page. Olives, drought resistance in, U.S.D..\ 442 fertilizer experiments 40 insects affecting 752 new method of grafting 545 sterility in, studies 721 Omphale metallicus, notes, Hawaii 055 Omphisa anastomosalis , notes, Hawaii 055 One for All, tests, Conn. State 553 Onion maggot, notes, Mont 255 seed, examination, Mass 237, 247 phorid fly afieeting, Conn.State . 750 thrips, studies. Mass 254 Onions, analyses and bibliography 12 fertilizer experiments 640 growth as alTeeted by electricity 332 sulphur compounds of '. 12 Oosporn scabies. {See Potato scab.) Opaque objects, apparatus for photographing, Nev 494 Ophiobolus graminis, studies 551 Ophionectria coccicola , description 240 Ophrya leucostoma, notes 755 Opwssum farming in Australia 074 Opsonic immunity to Staphylococcus aureus. . 779 Opsonins, value in tuberculosis immunity. . . 283 Opuntiafulgida, nutritive value, Ariz 767 spp. , destruction by cocliineal insect 559 Orange diseases, studies 157, 650 extract, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 364 gases, effect on bananas 39 girdler weevil, notes 354 scale, notes 461 thrips, notes, Ariz 749 tortrix, studies 457 withertip, studies 747 Oranges— as affected by cement dust 722 culture experiments 537 insects affecting 157, 163 r.R 162 malnutrition diseases of 525 , 722 Mediterranean fruit fly affecting 255 navel, bud variation and selection 737 Sclerotinia sp. affecting 49 trifoliate, relation to white fly, Fla 355 Orchard — brown mite, studies. 461 diseases, studies 246 treatment 653 N.Y.Cornell 550 grass, culture experiments 731 notes. Mo 236 seed examination, Mass 238 varieties 731 inspection. (See Nursery inspection.) inspectors in Pennsylvania, reports 255 management, treatise 39 planting, studies, Mich 149 Orchards- apple. (See Apple orchards.) demonstration, in Pennsylvania 255 establishing and managing 149 green manures for, U.S.D..\ 239 insects affecting 56 Mass 254 model plan 149 872 EXPEElME25^T STATlOlf Si;cOR&. Page. O rchards — Continued . prevalence of fungi In 155 protection against frost 148, 342 U.S.D.A 38,342 sod V. tillage, Mass 242 spraying experiments 257 Orchid thrips, studies 558 Oregon College, notes 297. 490 Station notes, 297, 496 Organic — compounds, fertilizing value 132 treatise 408 matter — as affected by fertilizers 222 conservation in soils, U.S.D.A 232 effect on-bacteria in soils 222. 326, 327 oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A 223 in soils, investigations, U.S.D.A 301 relation to nitrogen fixation. 29 studies, Tex 302 relalion to pliosphiorus content of soils 132 nutrients, relation to mineral metabolism. 572 substances, classification 512 Organisms in clieese ripening, notes 79 lower, variability of 671 Organs, cultivation outside the body 770 isolated, apparatus for study 174 Oriental sore, investigations 481 Origanum vulgarc, staehyose in 121 Ornamentals. (See Plants, Shrubs, and Trees.) Ornithodoros moubata, notes 002 Ornithogalum black mold , notes 742 Ornithological congress, international, report. 161 Ornithology of California, bibliography 353 Ornithomyia lagopodis, notes 393, 685 Orobanchc crenata, vitality of seeds of 30 Orthoptera, bibliography 161, 557 of western Europe, treatise 558 Ortstein, liumus acids of 320 Oryctes sp. , injurious to coconut palms 255 Osage orange posts, durability, Oliio 044 Oscinisfrit, studies 7.57 Osmotic pressure of soils, investigations 521 Osteomalacia, occurrence in New Zealand. . . 485 Osteoporosis aUecting horses in Ceylon 392 Ostcrtagia ostcrtagi, organism resembling 780 Ostrich wirevvorm, life history 591 Ostriches, quilling experiments 380 Otiorliynchus sukaius, notes .301 OWy.f ccrcsarum, notes, N.Y. State 657 Ovis orientalis, description 578 Ox labor, use by English farmers 472 warble fly, investigations 458 warbles, control in Denmark 01 wild, of Europe, bibliography 376 Oxen, rations for, U.S.D.A 71 Oxidizing substances of the body, detection. 778 Oxycarmim hyiJinipcnnn , injurious to cotton. liiS Oxydase, effect on germination of wheat 532 Oxydioxydiamidoarsenobenzol, description. . 585 Oxygen fixation, relation to spore formation . . 32 Influence on plant growth 230 relation to anthocyanin in plants 328 Oyster-shell bark-louse. (See Oyster-shell scale.) Page. Oyster-shell lime, analyses, S.C 799 scale, notes 454 Can 455 shells for poultry, N.C 274 OysterS; composition charts, U.S.D.A 67 exammation 566 glycogen content, studies 665 Ozonium omnivorum, notes, Miss 347 Pachypsyllaceltidis-mammx, studies 355 Pachyrhina viaculosa, notes 654 Pachytylus sulcicnVia, notes 558 Packing-house products. (See Animal prod- ucts.) Paddy. {See Rice.) Paint, exammation 170,667 Paints, determination of water in, N.Dak 612 Palm bud rot, studies 351 koleroga, studies 650 nut meal, analyses 769 oil, determination in presence of vege- table oils lOS' rot-disease, studies 650 Palms, oU, treatise and bibliography 546 Palmyras, liud rot affecting 351 Pampas grass, culture in Mexico 635 Panaritium, epizootic, in cattle 389 Pancreatin, determination of diastatic power, 122 Panic grass, analyses 769 Panicum {maximum?), analyses .573 sanguinale, analyses 769 North American species 432 Panorpidae of Japan 360 Pansy seed, germination tests. Mass 237 Papaipema nitela. {See Stalk borer.) Paper birch, importance and use 547 manufacture from Philippine bamboo. 415 Papillomatous stomatitis, in goats 390 Paprika extract, chemical characteristics 198 Para rubber. (See Rubber.) Paracasera bilactato in cheese, prevention... 80 investigations 706 Paraffinic acid in soils, U.S.D.A 302 isolation from humus 524 Paralysis, Bell's in a heiler calf 683 in the ostrich .-.90 Paranuclein solutions, refractive indexes 304 Parasites. (See Animal parasites. Insect parasites, etc. ) Parasitology, treatise 479 Parchment paper, use for butter packing 280 Paresis, parturient. (See MUk fever.) Paris green, analyses 63 S.C 759 inspection, U.S.D.A 361 and analyses. La 326 tests, Can 461 Paritium tiliaceum. notes, P. R 150 Parsley, sheep , sowing experiments 731 Parsnips, fertilizer experiments 640 Parthenium argentatum, life history 245 Parthenogenesis— in lairds, studies and bibliography 576 fruits 340 gooseberries... 339 Partridge eggs, mcubation experiments 180 Parturient apoplexy, paralysis, or paresis. (See MUk fever.) INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 873 Page. Paspalum dilatatum 573, 769 notes 334,731 Pastes, determination of water in, N.Dak ... 612 e.xamination 467 Pasteurization of milk 181, 678 Pastry, exposed, bacterial condition 568 Pastures, colchicin poisoning from 680 fertilizer experiments 71, 235, 677 for pigs, U.S.D.A 74 hill, improvement of 71 in Ohio, Ohio 799 Pasturing, effect on dairy cattle 677 Patent medicines, methods of analysis 199 Pathology, treatise 384, 777 Pavonia, notes, P.R 150 Payette-Boise irrigation project, U.S.D.A... 312 Pea weevils, notes, U.S.D.A 655 Peach bark beetle, parasitism 564 brown rot, treatment 451 butter, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 171 canker, studies and bibliography, Mo. Fruit 450 disease, little, studies 250 diseases, descriptions 250 treatment 653, 745 Conn. State 553 S.C 745 leaf curl, notes. Mass 245 preserves, adulteration and misbrand- ing, U.S.D.A 464 scab, treatment 451 scale, West Indian, notes 454 white, notes 55 sun scald, studies and bibliography. Mo. Fruit 450 worm, occurrence in California 163 Peaches, Bordeau-x injury on, N.J 156 buprestid beetle ailecting 56 canning on the farm, U.S.D.A 311 conserving in vinegar 613 crown gall affecting, U.S.D.A 249 insects affecting, Conn. State 553 oak pruner affecting, U.S.D.A 357 termites affecting 163 varieties for the home orchard, Mich . 149 Victoria 544 winterkilling of twigs, Mo. Fruit 450 Peanut cake, analyses 573 diseases, notes, U.S.D.A 734 hulls, analyses 672,768 meal, analyses 672, 768, 709 detection 82 oil, analyses 369 detection m other oils 612 root disease, notes 647 Peanuts, culture and use, Hawaii 539 experiments 635 U.S.D.A 734 fat and nitrogen content 267 insects affecting, U.S.D.A 734 notes 142 varieties 729 Hawaii 539 Tex 333 yields 35 Pear blight, investigations 451 Page. Pearbrandy, manufacture 215 chlorosis, treatment 148, 348 leaf blister mite, notes. Conn. State 750 Mont 255 leaves, glucosid in 31- mineral content, studies 331 membracids, studies and bibliography, N.Y.State 656 Phytophthora rot, description 49 thrips, notes 654 studies, U.S.D.A 455 Pears, apple mildew affecting 156 crown gall affecting, U.S.D.A 249 defoliation experiments 442 false tarnished bug affecting 162 for export 242 glucosids from 138 grafting experiments 641 influence of seeds on ripening process. 340 notes, P.R 147 oak pruner affecting, U.S.D.A 357 Rhenish, disease affecting 156 termites affecting 56, 163 use in cider making 215 varieties for Germany 642 the home orchard, Mich. . 149 Victoria 544 Peas, Canada, fertilizing value, Cal 638 notes, U.S.D.A 232,437 canned, examination. Conn. State 565 fertilizer e-xperiments 132, 1.34, 640 fertilizing value, N.Dak 727 U.S.D.A 240 field, culture experiments, Wyo 535 for pigs, Colo 269 varieties 731 Can 432 Wyo 596 Fusarium diseases affecting 448 garden, sterilization, U.S.D.A 146 varieties. Can 441 grass, varieties, U.S.D.A 437 heredity in 228, 632 inoculation experiments 629 natural crosses of 723 respiration as affected by salts 328 statistics 593 Tangier, fertilizing value. Wash 321 variation in. Mass 228 varieties. Can 432, 435 Peasant associations in Roumania 90 Peasants of Germany, economic conditions . . 592 Roumania, economic conditions. 89 Peat, bibliography 712 lands or soils. (See Soils, peat.) litter, value as absorbent 622 preparation and use as fuel 712 solubility of nitrogen in. Conn. State. .. 322 Mass 227 Pecan cigar case-bearer, studies and bibliog- raphy, U.S.D.A 257 scab, paper on 452 Pecans, oak pnmer affecting, U.S.D.A 357 treatise 150 Pectin, use in jelly making 363 Pediculidas, notes 754 I graminum, studies 758 874 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Page. Pediculus vestimenti, studies 82, 164 Pegomyafusciceps, notes 557 Pelargoniums as affected'by fertilizers 547 Pellagra, investigations 757 notes, U.S.D. A 409 treatise 568 Peltophorum africanum, analyses 371 Pemphigus ranunculi n. sp. , description 57 Penicillium expansum, notes 155 glaiLCum, lipase from 411 spp., studies 511 Penniseium longistylum, analyses 769 sp., description 337 Permisetum, varieties, Tex 333 Pennsylvania College, notes 95 Pentaclethra macrophylla, analyses 309 Pentarthronsemifuscatum, notes, Hawaii 655 Pentosans, determination in soils 523 in plants, studies 228 soils, U.S. D A 302 relation to dentriflcation 24 soluble, nutritive value 3C7 Peons, Dominican, diet of 667 Pepper adulteration, detection 123 dodder affecting 338 misbranding, U.S.D. A 364 Peppermint, spirits of, examination, N.Dak. 667 Peppers, recipes 363 Pepsin, filtration of 510 Peptone decomposition in soils 430, 717 effect on nitrogen in soils 326 silk, preparation and use 511 Peridermium fructigenum n. sp., descrip- . tion 550 strobi, notes 343 Perilloides {Perillus)bioculatus,notes,V.S.D.A 655 Periplaneta americana. (.See Cockroach, American.) Perkinsiella n.spp., descriptions 456 Peronea minuta, notes 557 Peronospora, grape liybrids resistant to 452 Peronospora jaapiana, n. sp., description 47 xchleideniana on onion seed. Mass 247 Peroxidases, new method of isolating 122 Persimmons, notes, P.R 147 Peruvian guano solubility of nitrogen in Conn. State 322 Pestalozzia guepini, notes 353 palmarum, studies 647 Petrolatum liquidura, use in Babcock test, Ind 79 Petroleum, insecticidal value, U.S.D. A 262 Petroselinum sativum, sowing experiments. . . 731 Petunias, heredity in 633 Phacepholis pallida n. sp., description 62 Phxdon xruginosa. {See Water-cress leaf beetle.) Phalaris bulbosa, notes 73i commutata, analyses 769 notes 234,335 Pharaxonothi spp., notes 341 Phannacology and therapeutics, text-book. . 81 Pharmacopoeia, United States, digest of com- ments 81 Pheasant eggs, incubation experiments 180 hybrid, description 577 Page. Pheasants, breeding experiments 54 Phenacoccus acericola, notes 454 Phengodes plumosa, notes 454 Phenolphthalein, absorption by milk 581 Philadelphus, varieties, Can 441 Phlebatrophia mathesoni, notes, Can 455 Phlebotomus fever, studies 60 Phlebotomus papatasii, injurious to man 60 occurrence in P. Ru- mania 356 Phleum pratense. (See Timothy.) Phlaophthorus liminaris. (See Peach bark- beetle.) Phlceosinus dcntatus, notes. Conn. State 750 Phloentribus liminaris, notes 564 Phlyctxnia despecta, notes, Hawaii 655 ferrugalis, remedies 500 Phoenix sylvestris, bud rot affecting 351 Phoma batx, inj urious to sugar beets 248 oleracea, studies 348 Phonolite, fertilizing value 24,134,323,425,427 Phoradendron flavescens, leaf blight, notes 159 Phorbia cepetorum. (See Onion maggot.) Phonnium , insects affecting 56 Phosphate — calcined, fertilizing value 325 deposits in Dutch West Indies 134 Florida, U.S.D. A 715 Mexico 324 Montana 624 Russia 324 South Australia 427 the Pacific Isles 625 United States 624 western States 24, 25 industry in Tennessee 624 insoluble, fertilizing value 134 of lime. (See Calcium phosphate.) Palmaer, fertilizing value 527 notes 427 precipitated , fertilizing value 134 rock, dissolved. (See Superphosphate.) ground, fertilizing value 325 Phosphates- analyses, mechanical agitator for 120 as affected by lime 26 soluble salts 25 bibliography 26, 420 commercial, methods of analysis. 120 comparison. Mass 233 detection in plant and animal tissues 609 determination 409, 703 effect on respiration of plants 138 fertilizing value* 25 inorganic, determination in food mate- rials 664 list of publications 25 production in 1909 427 sources, supply, and importance 227 (See also Superphosphates.) Phosphatic fertilizers, comparison 134, 321,324,424,527,536,729 slag, composition and use, Mass. . 227 fertilizing value 71 , 134, 234, 527, 542, 728 Can 434 Mass 227 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 8*75 Page. Phosphatic slag, methods of analysis 197 use in fish cultiire 709 Phosphatids, determination in food materials 664 milk 515 micro-chemical reaction of 120 Phosphoproteids, determination in food mate- rials 664 Phosphoric acid — availability in phosphates 324 changes of, in soils 530 content of soils, studies 423 determination 9 in soils 220, 299 effect on bacteria in soils 326 plant growth 328, 630 fertilizing value 336 111 92 Mass 239 from manures, tests 321 in soils, relation to nitrogen fixation 29 soluble, determination in basic slag 200 relation to soil fertility 423 translocation in leaves 331 Phosphorite, Kulomzin, fertilizing value 440 Phosphorites, fertilizing value 25 Phosphorus — compounds in foods, studies 664 organic, of the soil 131 determination in food 199, 004. 704 presence of sulphur 609 various substances 397 fertilizing value 036 in beef animals, studies 65 food and nutrition, U.S.D.A 64 turnips, studies 123 metabolism studies 766 organic, relation to beriberi 407 Photography, use in study of soils 418 Photomicrography, studies, Nev 494 Photosynthesis, effect on pentosans in plants. 229 studies 028 and bibliography 719 Photosynthetic energy, relation to cliloro- phyll 718 Phthora vastatrix n.g. and n.sp., description. . 747 Phthorimssa opcrculcUa. (See Potato-tuber worm.) Phygocytosis, efl'ect on colostral milk 77 Phyllachora pomigcna, notes 450 Phyllocoptes vitisn. sp., description ICS Phyllognathus dionysius, life history 758 Phylloporphyrin, notes 329 Phyllosticta limitata, notes 155 n.spp., descriptions 346 Phyllotaonins, formation from chlorophyllan . 121 Physics of soils, notes 20 Physiological — chemistry, subject and author index 15 resistance as affected by fasting 765 Physiology, treatise 574, 770 Phytic acid, studies 664 Phytin, fertilizing value 321 Phytol, notes 329,028 Phytonomus murinus. (.See Alfalfa leaf- weevil.) punctatus, notes 557 Phytophosphates, determination in food 664 Page. Phytophthora — cactorum, injuries to pears 49 faberi n.sp., description 158 infestans. {See Potato late blight.) omnivora arecx n.var., description 651 sp., studies 353,651 syringx, notes 159 thcobromx n. sp., description 051 Phytoptus sp., notes 359 Phytosterol in soils, U.S.D.A 302 Picea excelsa, introduction into Belgium 344 Pickles, examination, N.Dak 007 Picric acid, effect on hides 789 Pieris sp., notes 354 Pig breeding, review of literature 473 societies in Great Britain 796 diseases, studies 86 houses, portable, description, U.S.D.A. . 74 industry in Greece 177 manure, analyses 23 use in greenhouses. Mass 249 raising in .-Yustralia 074 Pigeon grass, analyses 709 studies, S.Dak 640 manure, fertilizing value 321 Pigeons, anthrax infection in 788 bock 077 glycogen content, Studies 175 infection experiments per rectum .. . 184 susceptibility to plague 82 Piggeries, ventilation. Can 471 Pigment, red, formation in plants 329 Pigs, alfalfa hay for 174 breeding and management 180 butchering on the farm, Mo 579 digestion in, studies 175 effect of diet on quality of meat, N. Dak. 07 feeding experiments 74, 180, 768 Can 471 Colo 269 Tex 373 U.S.D.A 74 in the South, U.S.D.A 74 following cattle, Ind 70 from cholera immune sows 391 grazing and soiling. La 271 immunization — against foot-and-mouth disease 282 hog cholera 80, 187 Kans 186 Nebr 185 Tenn 86 tests 391 market classes and grades, 111 69 metabolism experiments 368 mule-footed, history 377 polydactylism in 576 pure-bred, in New York 177 rabies in, diagnosis 84 relation to codling moth 257 susceptibility to plague 82 transmission of surra by 481 tuberculosis in, Nebr 185 Pimpla conquisitor, notes, N.Y.Cornell 560 heliophila, destructive to codling moth. 55 Pine blister rust, notes 343 diseases, studies 652 876 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Pine forests, litter experiments 445 of France, development 549 leaf-cast, notes 53, 643 loblolly, studies, U.S.D. A 42 rin? scale, root infection by 252 sliortleaf, studies, U.S. D.A 42 yellow, tests 645 sun scorch, studies, Mass 252 Pineapple diseases, studies, Hawaii 746 Pineapples, canned, adulteration, U.S.D.A. . 464 culture, Fla 319 fertilizers for, U.S.D.A 93 Pines as affected by frosts 453 soil properties 244 common, variations in 549 fertilizer experiments 245 growth as affected by moisture 740 insects affecting 752 new fungus affecting 246 of California, guide 739 Scots, seeding experiments 740 witches' broom affecting 453 Pinus cembra, animal enemies of 752 echinata, studies, U.S.D.A 42 spp., introduction into Belgium 344 sylvestris, seeding experiments 740 variations in 549 <;e(?o, studies, U.S.D.A 42 Piroplasma bigeminum, notes 484 canis, bibliography 481 culture experiments 481 Tossi n.sp. , description 161 spp., development of 83 occurrence in South Africa. 83 role of in cattle diseases 481 Piroplasmosis, bovine, treatment 781 canine, treatment 486 in cattle 386 of cattle in Queensland 484 various animals, notes 481 prophylaxis and pathology. . . 280 transmission by ticks 481 Pissodes n. spp., descriptions, U.S.D.A 460 notatus, introduction into New York. 54 spp., studies and bibliography, U.S.D.A 459 Pisum spp., natural crosses of 723 Placenta, relation to activity of mammary glands 477 Plagionoius speciosus, notes 454 Plague, bubonic, in ground squirrels, U.S. D.A 253 control in San Francisco 161 in domestic animals 82 ground squirrels 784 occurrence in England 556,748 Planarians of Ceylon, studies and bibliog- raphy 160 Plant associations, causes of succession 330 breeding- experiments— notes 723 with beets 735 corn 732 lU 537 cotton 634 U.S.D.A 438 Plant breeding— Continued. experiments — continued . with forage plants, U.S.D.A. .. 436 grapes 545 Solanum spp 632 sweet corn. Me 238 trees 644 wheat 735 Can 433 review of literature 339 treatise 543, 634 bug, tarnished, notes 454 culture, relation to weather 15 diseases — in Indiana, notes 557 South Carohna, S.C 741,742 new fungus, of Iowa 195 notes 38, 345, 447, 647, 654 prevalence in Imperial Valley, Cal. 535 West Indies 647 role of fluorescent bacteria in 240 studies 45 and bibliography, N.Y. State. 549 symptoms, U.S.D.A 694 treatise 44. 345, 354, 398, 440 treatment 132, 345, 550, 745 N.Y.Cornell 550 S.C 742 Vt 447 {See also different host plants. ) distribution, relation to climate 126 food, determination 397 in soils 220,299,320 physiological function of . . ; 299 removal from soils by drainage . . 711 growth as affected by — character of soil 21 dihydroxystearic acid, U.S.DA 32 electricity 33 magnesium 26 salts 31,135,328 soil solution 220 temperature 720 in heated soils, studies 421 stimuli, investigations 230 hybrids, natural, importance *23 inspection. (See Nursery inspection.) lice, injurious to apples. Me 750 A zalea indica 252 notes 57 parasitism 654 remedies 454 {See also Apple aphis, etc.) life of Maryland, studies 136 nutrition as affected by colloids 219 studies 225 parasites, wintering-over 743 physiology, notes 38 production, course in, U.S.D.A 92 propagation, seedling-inarch and nurse plant methods, U.S.D.A 736 regulations in Cape Colony 55 respiration as affected by salts 328 role of reduction processes miDEX OF SUBJECTS. 8Y7 Page. Plant roots, excretion of toxic substances by. 524 oxidative power, U.S.D.A 223 seeds, germination tests, Mass 237 study, use of spectroscope in 136 Plantago lanceolata, analyses 769 food assimilation by 543 Plantain bacterial disease, description 250 meal, manufacture and use 465 Plantains, food assimilation by 543 Plants, acid content 231 adaptation to soils 21,141 arsenic in 409 as afiected by- acids, alkalis, and salts 630 cement dust 722 colored light 720 environment 141 heat 139 longitudinal compression 329 low temperature 533, 630 radium rays 230 tarring roads 631 ultraviolet rays 139, 328 vapors 139 assimilation and respiration, studies. 30 ofamidsby 431 bulbous, development 429 callose in 32 cross-fertilization in, importance 723 cultivated, infection experiments 29 insects affecting 98 desert, relation to soil moisture 330 distribution, Cal 338 exercises with, for schools, Cal 493 exosmosis in, experiments 137 formation of asparagin by 629 green, nitrogen assimilation by 29 heredity in 397 imports, U.S.D.A 723 individuality in 169 labiate, stachyose in 121 living, termites affecting 56, 753 malnutrition in. Mass 249 movement of water in 626 nouleguminous, effect on soil nitrogen 710 notes 441 P.R 147 * of New Mexico, type localities 432 ornamental, as affected by cold stor- age 546 culture in Ceylon 643 notes, Cal 535 varieties for Nebraska... 441 osmotic power of, determination 521 parasitism in, investigations 428 pentosans in, studies 228 perception of light by 329 perfumery, production in United States, U.S.D.A 414 poisonous and medicinal, notes 338 of Missouri. 480 manual 384 of South Africa 778 resistance to acids 231 respiration 533 as affected by stimulants . 138 retarding by refrigeration 151 Page. Plants, retention of mineral matter by 721 rdle of boron in 138, 721 catalase in 329 latexin 629 lipoids in 139 tannin in 630 sprouting, physiological processes in. 1.37 substitution of assimilating organs in . 627 transpiration as affected by solar spectrum 136 treatise 41, 397,607 tropical, culture experiments 636 methods of improvement . . . 631 utilization of nitrates by 531 variation in. Mass 228 water secretion in 533 wild, relation to tobacco gummosis. . 248 Plasm and cells, treatise and bibliography. . . 770 Plasmodiophora brassicx. (5ee Cabbage club root.) Plaster, land. (See Gypsum.) Platinum laboratory utensils, paper on 199 Plectaneias, rubber yielding, in Madagascar.. 245 Pleosphxria spp. , studies 742 Pleuro-pneumonia, contagious, in cattle 85 microbe of... 390 infectious in horses 281 Pleurotus cornucopioides, notes 723 Plowing experiments, Cal 637 Plum curculio, notes. Can 455 remedies 459 U.S.D.A 260 dwarf, new variety 642 leaves, mineral content, studies 331 rot, treatment. Mass 252 Plume grass, analyses 769 Plums as aflectedby Bordeaux mixture, N.J. 156 lead arsenate. Mass 253 conserving in vinegar 613 crown gall affecting 452 U.S.D.A 249 fertilizer experiments C40 notes, P.R 147 pear blight affecting 451 silver-leaf disease affecting 349 silvering in, notes 451 varieties, Can 441 for the home orchard, Mich. 149 Victoria 544 Plusia chalcites, notes, Hawaii 655 Plutella cruciferaru m, notes 754 Pneumonia, eq nine, treatment 485 (See also Pleuropneumonia.) Poa spp., analyses 769 Podisus marginiventris, notes, U.S.D.A 655 Podosphxra leucotricha, treatment 156 Pogonomyrmez sp., notes, Ariz 749 Poinsettias, fungus disease affecting 555 Poisons, resistance of animals to 84, 173 wheat and barley to . . . 532 Poliaspis media, injurious to flax 56 Polish, methods of analysis 410 Polistes annularis, notes 758 Poll-evil in horses, immunization 283 Pollen, new method of preserving 543 Pollinia of Ceylon 259 Pollinia rudis, notes. Conn. State 750 878 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Pollinia rufispica, analyses 573 PolychTosis {Eudemis) 6orrona, bibliography. 660 viteana. (Sec Grape berry moth.) Polydactylism in man and domestic animals. 576 Polygonum spp., analyses "69 Polynema striaticorne , notes, N.Y.State 657 Polyporus amarm n. sp. , description 052 spp., infection experiments 52 injurious to oranges 157 sulphurous, notes 717 vaporarius, notes 157 Polystkhum lonchitis, new Taphrina affecting. 652 Pomegranates, composition and uses 763 Pomphopcea sayi, notes 454 Pond apples, pollination experiments 341 Ponies. (See Horses.) Poplars, infection experiments 52 insects affecting, Conn. State 750 Poppy, natural crosses of 723 seed cake for live stock 768 seeds, adulteration 170 Populin, studies 138 Populus canadensis, notes 138, 343 spp. , saccharose from 138 Porta vincta, notes 352 Porina signata, injurious to flax 56 Pork, market classes and grades. 111 69 production following cattle, Ind 70 quality as affected by diet, N Dak 67 Porthctria dispar. {See Gipsy moth.) Porto Rico Federal Station, notes 598 Station, report Ip3 Sugar Station, notes 497 Posidonia austraUa, cloth from 337 Posts, fence, durability, Ohio 644 gate, preservation 44 Pot cultures, preparation 397 experiments, mineralogical significance of 422 Potash— and lime, interaction 423 as affected by lime 26 availability in soils 197 deposits in the Netherlands 527 of Germany, bibliogi'aphy 134 determination, cobalti-nitrite method 307 effect on bacteria in soils 326 permeability of soils 526 plant gi'owth 328 estimation in organic liquids 10 fertilizers, comparison 133, 134, 323, 424, 728 Mass 233 zeolitic, notes 715 fertilizing value 336, .527 Cal 638 W.Va 716 from feldspar, notes 24 various minerals 422 increase in use of 324 industry in Germany 624, 715 papers on 324 progress in 24 methods of analysis 197 prices 624 requirements of soils 624 salts. (See Potassium salts. ) translocation in leaves 331 Potassic superphosphate, fertilizing value 728 Page. Potassium — carbonate, effect on plant respiration 328 fertilizing value 323 chlorid, effect on plants 630 solubility of phosphates 26 fertilizing value 133, 134, 323 cyanid from molasses waste 215 fumigation. Mass 260 methods of analysis 197 determination in soils 197 various substances 120 hydroxid, effect on plants 630 use iii breaking down reducing sugars 705 metabolism, investigations 172 nitrate, effect on plants 328, 630 fertilizing value 132 phosphate, effect on calcium phosphate.. 25 salts, fertilizing value 425 silicate, as a source of potash 24 fertilizing value 24, 133 sulphate, effect on iron phosphate 26 plants 630 Potato- bacterial disease , notes 648 beetle, Colorado, enemies, U.S.D.A 655 remedies, Can 401 black scab, treatment 449 culls as a source of alcohol, U.S.D.A 14 culture in the Philippines 68 diseases, dissemination and treatment. Can.. 447 notes : 45, 742 studies 247, 347, 552 treatment 237, 345 Ohio .'. 539 Vt 447 distillery, description and operation, U.S.D.A 14 early blight, studies. Me. 750 flea beetle, notes, Can 455 industry in Ohio, Ohio 537 late blight, life history and treatment 46 notes 45,248 treatment 552 leaf-roll, studies 46. 47, 154, 345 and bibliography 552 mosaic disease, studies 449 moths, notes 500 pollen, studies 430 scab, notes 742 slop, analyses, U.S.D.A 71 stalk borer, notes 557 U.S.D.A : 655 tuber worm, notes 560 wart disease, studies 648 diseases, studies, U.S.D.A. 93 treatment 449 Potatoes — analyses 74 anatomy, studies 30 as a truck crop, U.S.D.A 36 affected by sunshine and precipitation 16 blackleg affecting, U.S.D.A 93 breeding experiments 399 correlation between longitudinal diam- eter and starchiness 439 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 879 Page. Potatoes— Continued . cultivation and marketing, U.S.D.A 36 culture 436 Colo 237 experiments 537, 635 Oliio 540 Wyo 535 dried, manufacture and use 613 effect on nitrate content of soils 710 examining for dry rot, Ohio 799 fertilizer experiments 26, 36, 132,134,135,144,226, 235, 323, 425, 426, 540, 040, 715, 716, 734, 789 N.Y.State 540 Ohio 540 W.Va 716 growth as affected by electricity 332 heredity in 632 honey fungus disease affecting 153 insects affecting 237,399 Can 454 Ohio 539 investigations, Wasli 237 irrigation experiments 789 male sterility in 429 nematodes affecting 247 planting experiments, N.Dak 727 preservation by steaming and storage 413 respiration experiments 541 seed selection and culture 237 storage 560 selecting, scoring, and storing 693 spongy bodies in 448 statistics 593 typhoid poisoning from 173 use in nature study 594 varieties 36, 144, 235, 335, 436, 729, 731, 732 Can 432, 435 N.Dak 727 Wash 237 Wyo 596 resistant to blight 234 wart disease 347, 648 wilt, Ohio 540 yield as affected by depth of planting. Can 434 yields 34 Poultry- appliances, labor-saving, N.Y.Cornell 580 barring in 474 breeding for egg production, U.S.D.A 675 contest in Oregon 595 culture, review of literature 473 decomposition in, U.S.D.A 760 digestion experiments. Me 271 diseases, studies 187, 286 drawn v. undrawn 760 dressed, regulations concerning, Me 67 experiments, Can 473 feeding experiments, Mass 274 lecture on 473 feeds, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 269 analyses 672, 768 Mass 269 N.H ; 471 Page. Poultry— Continued. heredity in 375, 474, 773 house, concrete, construction 289 houses and fixtures, treatise 580 construction, Colo 274 W.Va 773 heated v. unheated 473 Can 473 insects affecting 187 inspection, relation to hygiene 281 investigations, progress in 076 judging 674 knife for killing, U.S.D.A 180 management 674 N.C 273 manure, availability of nitrogen in, R.I.. 225 use in greenhouses. Mass 249 measurement of body parts 674 monthly receipts, U.S.D.A 191,292,790 polydactylism in 570 products, marketing cooperatively 393 profits in, Ohio 799 raising, Colo 274 cleanliness in 188 refrigeration, studies, U.S.D.A 361 societies in Great Britain 795 treatise 68, 180, 379, 580, 595, 674 {See also Chickens, Ducks, etc.) Power plants, hydroelectric, U.S.D.A 127 Prairie grass, analyses 769 Precipitation. (See Rainfall, Snowfall, cic.) Precipitins of honey, studies 512 Pregnancy, serodiagnosis of 780 Prepodes vittatus, notes 354 Preservatives, digest of data 364 examination 267 influence on the Ijody 567, 568 Preserves, adulteration, U.S.D.A 464 misbranding, U.S.D.A 171, 464 Prickly ash, relation to white fly, Fla 355 pear. {See Cactus.) Primula obconica grandi flora, notes 555 sinensis, white flowered varieties. . . 633 Priophorus acericaulis, notes, Coim. State 750 Pristomerus sp., notes, Hawaii 655 Privet leaves as affected by heat 139 Privets, relation to white fly, Pla 355 Procavia, cestodes in 486 Prodenia littonalis, ir jurious to cotton 163 Prophylaxis, studies 173 Propionitrile, resistance of animals to 85 Prosopis juliflora, introduction into Hawaii, Hawaii 344 Proteid. {See Protein.) Protein — as a source of fat 679 foods, heat production from 668 formation in ripening seeds 431 hydrolysis products, methods of analysis . • 10 in blood plasma as affected by immuniza- tion 779 food and nutrition, U.S.D.A 64 metabolism, studies 572 requirements of cattle, Pa 470 solutions, refractive indexes 304, 607, 708 substitution of amids for. , , 370 880 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOKD. Page. Proteins- conversion into amido-acids 530 differentiation 304 digestion by Drosera rolundifolia 627 partial hydrolysis of 304 peptolysis of "02 relation between composition and food value 1 '2 transformation into fats in cheese 679 vegetable, determination 199 studies 304 Proteus vulgaris, notes 173 Protoparcc convolvuli, notes, Hawaii 655 Protopulvinaria of Ceylon 259 Prototracheata, bibliography 161, 557 Protozoa — fresh water, of Tahiti 353 of the blood, phylogeny and classification. 557 parasitic of red grouse, bibliography 685 ruminants' stomaclis, bibli- ography 486 pathogenic, treatise 384 Provender, analyses, Vt 470 Prune industry in Ser via 40 Prunes, crown gall affecting, U.S.D.A 249 pear thrips affecting, U.S.D.A 455 physiological investigations 40 termites aflecting 163 Prunus genkuJata n.sp., descriptioji 642 mahaleh, disease affecting 350 tucumancnsis n.sp., description 343 Prunus gummosis, studies and bibliography. 746 Prussic acid. (See Hydrocyanic acid.) Pseudococcus citri. (Sec Citrus mealy bug.) sp., notes, Hawaii 655 Pseudomonas destructans, notes 648 hyacJnthi, notes 742 radicicola, fLxation of nitrogen by 229 spp., fixation of nitrogen by . . . 431 Pseudopeziza tracheiphila, notes 157 Pseudorabies, studies 681 Pscudofsuga douglasii, notes 344 Pseudotuberculosis and coccidiosis in a cow. . 185 Psila rosse, notes 757 Psophora spp., control in New York City 259 PsyUiodcs punctulata. (See Hop flea-beetle.) Pteris aquilina, analyses 769 Pterostichus lucublandus, notes U.S.D.A 655 madius, notes 750 Public lands, conservation of 687 depletion in Canada 291 Puccinia albulensis, studies 346 baumleriana n.sp., studies 346 deschampsix n.sp., description 550 glumarum, wintering-over 743 graminis, life history 152 spp., interchanges of hosts by 153 studies 152 strepfanthi n.sp. , description 348 trifolii, notes 743 Pueraria thunbergiana, notes 174 Puerperal septicemia, causative agent 682 Pulp, straw, butter boxes from 79 Pulvinaria maskclli, notes 558 Pulvinaria of Ceylon 259 Pumping machinery for small planta, U.S.D.A 488 Page. Pumping plants in southern Arizona, Ariz . . 18 tests, U.S.D.A 789 Pumpkins, culture 235 Dacus spp. , affecting 55 Purdue University, notes 93, 296,597 Purin bases, occurrence in soils 524 compounds, metabolism SOS determination in foods 266 Purposive matter, living, treatise 574 Pus cells. (See Leucocytes.) Pyaung, culture and parasitism 246 Pyobacillosis in various animals, notes 388 Pyocyanase, use in treatment of blackleg 389 Pyocyaneus bacilli, virulency tests 83 Pyridin bases, methods of analysis 410 picrate, effect on hides 789 Pyrimidin derivatives, occurrence in soUs 524 Pyritic earth, fertilizing value 427 Pyrogallol, effect on soils 523 oxidation by hydrogen peroxid . . 511 Pyropolyporus igniarius, injurious to maples. 352 Pyrus rivvlaris, pear blight affecting 451 Ptjthium debaryanum, injurious to sugar beets 248 palmivorum, injurious to palms 351 Quack grass, eradication, Wis 147 seeds, studies, U.S.D..A. 040 studies, S.Dak 640 Quagga, hybrid. Lord Morton's, studies 376 Quail , breeding experiments 54 Quarter evU, prevalence in Cape Colony 479 Quartz, crushed, effect on nitrate solutions. . 620 Quercus, gall midges affecting 58 Quercus ilex, leaf parasite aflecting 251 rubra, introduction into Belgium 344 spp. , hybridization experiments 243 Querquedula crecca, Leucocytozoon affecting. 88 Quince jam, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 404 Quince^, culture 40 insect and fungus pests 40 pear blight aflecting 451 rust affecting, Mass 245 varieties for home orchard, Mich ... 149 Rabbits, anaphylaxis experiments with 283 anatomy of, treatise 160 as affected by Trypanosoma gambi- ense 482 enemies of 160 heredity in 771 immunization against swine plague. 284 experiments 83 in Germany, injuries by 160 Infection experiments, Kans 284 per rectum. . 184 metabolism experiments 368 Multiceps serialis affecting, U.S.D.A 87 plague infection in 82, 556, 748 value in inoculation tests for rabies. 84 Rabies, control in New York 386 diagnosis 84,281,589 investigations 83 notes, Colo 283 prevalence in Massachusetts 479 Radishes as affected by ultraviolet rays 328 eradication, Cal 639 sterilization experiments, U.S.D.A. 146 white, food assimila^tion by ... . 54? INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 881 Page. Radium rays, effect on plants 230 RafBnose, determination 608 in sugar '705 preparation 608 sucrose crystals, studies 305 Railway development in northwest Canada . 291 Rain, contamination of 519 fertilizing value, Can 417 gages, recording, description 127 water, nitrogen content 22 Rainfall — early, at Fresno, U.S.D.A 312 effect on quality of tea 41 heavy, in Nebraska, U.S.D.A 127 Ohio River Valley, U.S.D.A .... 312 in California, U.S.D.A 312 France, decline in 127 German East Africa, bibliography 517 Louisiana, U.S.D.A 488 Nebraska, Nebr 130 Rio Grande Valley, U.S.D.A 488 southern Arizona, Ariz 18 the British Isles 127 Great Plains, U.S.D.A 233 of Barbados, composition 518 Ireland, local variation 313 relation to dry fanning, U.S.D.A 216 forage plants, Ariz 730 grape gray rot 350 winter temperature 416 Raisins, adulteration, U.S.D.A 171 regulations concerning. Me 67 Ramularia areola, notes. Miss 347 Ranges, protected v. open, Ariz 730 Ranunculus californicus, parasitism 57 Rape, fertilizer experiments 234, 426 oil, detection in edible oils 11 respiration as affected by salts 328 Raspberries, crown gall affecting 452 U.S.D.A... 249 fertilizer e.xperiments 41,640 Rat destroying preparation, studies and bib- liography 749 fleas, Trypanosoma lewisi in 662 lice, Trypanosoma lewisi in 662 tail grass, analyses 769 Rations, live stock, methods of computing... 74 Rats, destruction 53, 161 lymphangitis affecting 86 plague infection in 556,748 white, as affected by Trypanosoma gambiense 482 wood, studies 160 Red bug, host of grape root-worm, U.S.D.A. 165 clover. {See Clover, red.) dog flour. (Se6 Flour, red dog.) gum sap stain, cause and treatment 52 spider. {See Spider, red.) Redpolls, parasites of 393 Redtop, seed examination. Mass 238 Reduction processes, role of in plant respira- tion 71S Reduviolus blackburni, notes, Hawaii 656 Jtedwater. {See Texas fever.) Rhodesian, {See African coast fever.) Page. Reflorit, fungicidal value 51 Refrigerating plant for insect study, Tenn. . . 63 Refrigeration for plan ts and flowers 151 in dairies 478 of poultry and eggs, U.S.D.A.. 361 Reindeer moss, digestibility 671 warble fly, notes 661 remedies 98 Remigia repanda, notes 255 Rennet, boiled milk, resistance by raw milk. 124 filtration of 510 inactivation by shaking 510 use in ice cream, Vt 403 Reproduction, treatise 670 Reptiles of Ceylon, studies and bibliography. 160 Rescue grass, culture, Tex 333 sowing experiments 731 Resin-sodawash,insecticidal value, U.S.D.A. 262 Respiration apparatus for small animals, de- scription 174 calorimeter, check tests 195 description 601 experiments, U.S. D.A 268 new uses for 605 tests. Pa 468 experiments with man 668 Respiratory quotient as affected by altitude. 669 Rhagium lincatum, notes. Can 455 Rhagohtis pomonella. {See Apple maggot.) Rheum rhaponticum, notes 47 RMgozum trichotomum, analyses 371 Rhina barbirostris, notes 255 Rhipicephalus appendiculalus, notes 683 Rhizina undulata, notes 453,652 Rhizobius vefitralis, studies 559 Rhizoctonia sp., notes. Miss 347 Rhizoglyphus echinopus, notes 654 Rhizopus nigricans, relation to blind staggers, Kans 284 Rhode Island College, notes 297,800 Station, notes 297,800 Rhodesian redwater. {See African coast fever.) Rhododendron lace bug, notes 454 Conn. State... 750 Rhododendrons, insects affecting 361 Rhopalosiphum arbuti n.sp., description 57 Rhubarb disease, new, description 47 fertilizer experiments 640 Mass 233 RhjTichota, bibliography 161 Ribbed rhagium, notes. Can 4.55 Ribes spp., cambium miners affecting, N.Y. State 561 Rice, analyses 568,573,763,768 blight, studies 743 bran, analyses 573 Tex ' 374 by-products, analyses 672, 768 feeding value, U.S.D.A.. 93 composition, Hawaii 635 crop of Luzon, relation to rats 53 culture U.S.D.A 36 experiments 142,537,743 extraneous mineral matter in..., , Igg 882 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Rice, feeding value, U.S.D.A 93 fertilizer experiments 536 Hawaii 635 fungi, parasitic, studies 47 grass, analyses 769 jungle, notes, Ariz 631 maggots, studies 661,743 meal, analyses 769 S.C 768 misbranding, U.S.D.A 171 perennial, in Senegal 763 products, analyses. Miss 768 relation to beriberi 66 seed, wUd, for planting 36 spelts, determination in feeds and ferti- lizers 310 starch manufacture, progress in 1 26 statistics 593 varieties 537, 541 percentage areas, U.S.D.A 91 weevil, parasitism 461 Rinderpest, treatment 781 Ripersia smilhii n.sp., description 559 River water, nitrogen content 22 Road building operations, notes 43 Roads, importance of improvement 104 improvement in Great Britain 202 protection, U.S.D.A 221 tarring, effect on plants 631 use of bitumens for, U.S.D.A 489 Roaring in horses, treatment 787 Robinia, directions for sowing 446 Bobinia pseudacacia, introduction into Bel- gium 344 Rock phosphate. {See Phosphate.) Rocks, analyses .* 19 Root crops, breeding, review of literature 339 fertilizer experiments 526 varieties 526, 732 maggot, notes. Can 455 tuliercle bacteria, culture experiments . 140 tubercles of Viciafaba, studies 229 Roots, composition charts, U.S.D.A 67 intumescences in, notes 631 selective power in absorption of salts. 532 Rose-chafer, notes 557 studies, K. Y.State 751 green fly, anatomy 164 leaf hopper, notes 454 rot, studies 351 Roselle, history and bibliography 642 RoselUnia necatrix, notes 158 Roses, crown gall affecting 452 U.S.D.A 249 diseases and enemies of, book 748 inarching of, U.S.D.A 736 insects affecting 163 rust affecting, Mass 245 Rotation experiments 21 Can 433 N.Dak 727 importance of, R.I 225 improvement of soil by, 111 92 in the Great Plams, U.S.D.A 231 Roubaudia rvfescens, life history 562 Rove beetles, notes , , , .-. . 756 Page. Rowen, fertilizer experiments, Mass 2.33 Rubber, Castilla, branch dimorphism in, U.S.D.A 444 insects affecting 752 culture in the Malay Peninsula 43 diseases, studies 352 industry in Cochin China 151 Mexico 43 Mascarcnhasia elastica, analyses 646 methods of analysis .■ 613 Para, analyses 646 catch crop for 242 culture experiments 38 dieback fungus of 651 diseases, studies 158 insects affecting 159, 354 latex as affected by tapping process 151 leaf disease affecting 159 parasitism 45 tapping experiments 741 termites affecting 558 pests, notes 43 plantation, studies and bibliography 43 plants in Madagascar 245 . preparation for market 43 root-borer, notes 751 scale insects affecting 354 shrub, guayule, studies 151 tapping experiments 741 treatise 43, 613 tree, Teo-Nong, tapping experiments 43 Tonkin, studies 43 ■lailcanized, analyses 549 West African, studies .-. . 549 Rumex acetosela, assimilation of food by 543 culture experiments 537 Rural banks, laws of Roumania 89 communities, water supply for 418 conditions in France 549 Uruguay 689 cooperation in America 698 depopulation in Belgium 395 Germany 190,795 United States 687 economics, bibliography 489 hygiene, treatise 791 Life Conference 91 in Scandinavia 698 progress, paper on 91 sanitation, studies 792 schools. {See Schools, rural.) welfare, studies 90 Russian thistle, studies, S.Dak 640 Rusts of Utah, catalogue 447 studies 152 {See also Corn, Wheat, etc.) Ruta-bagas. {See Swedes.) RuteUdffi of the Philippines 563 Rye, analyses 768 as affected by sunshine and precipita- tion 16 bran, analyses 768 detection 82 by-products, analyses 768 culture experiments .,... 730 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 883 Page. Rye, fertilizer experiments 132, 133, 134, 636 Conn. State 323 W.Va 716 fertilizing value, Cal 638 N.Dak 727 U.S.D.A 232 flour, judging 211 food assimilation by 543 grass, chytridiaceous parasite of 247 English, analyses 769 Italian, seed examination, Mass.. 238 sowing experiments 731 perennial, culture exjieriments. . . 731 kernel color, studies 37 products, analyses, Conn.State 768 Vt 470 statistics 593 stinking smut, treatment 345 varieties 37, 142, 731, 732, 734 Can 432 yield as affected by spring harrowing. . . 734 Rynchophorus palmarum, notes 255 Sabina sabimydes, fungus disease affecting. . . 5?_^ Saccharimeter scales, verification 5j Saccharin , detection in foods 124, 70l Identification of 124 Saccharomijces farciminosus , notes 86 Saccharose — determination In presence of sugars 611, 704 effect on hydrolj'sis of starch 511 manufacture from cornstalks 707 occurrence in asparagus 509 Populus spp 138 Sainfoin, fertiUzer experiments 234 fertiUzing value, Wash 321 inoculation experiments 629 sowing experiments 334, 731 Saissetia sp. , notes, Hawaii 655 Salad oil, examination • 764 Salicase, notes 138 Salicin, studies 138 SalicyUc acid, determination 214 reactions, studies 513 Saligenolase, notes 138 Salix, gall midges affecting 58 Salix purpurea, notes 138 Salt, apparatus for sampling 516 effect on potassium metabolism 172 solubility of phosphates 25 examination 666 Me 67 fertilizing value 34, 135, 323, 542, 728 relation to nutrition 582 Saltbushes, culture experiments, Ariz 730 insects affecting 558 ornamental value, U.S.D.A 243 Saltpeter, Chile. {See Nitrate of soda.) industry in India 623 Salts, alkaline, effect on leaves 32 effect on oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A... 223 plant growth 230, 630 respiration 328 in drinking water, effect on physical development 173 metallic, effect on coagulation of milk. . 125 nutrient, role of, in soils 220 soluble, determination in soils, U.S.D.A. 210 toxicity toward plants 31 1394°— 11 7 Page. Salvia sp. , assimilation of nitrogen by 29 spp., stachyose in 121 Salvinia auriculata, assimilation of nitrogen by 29 Samh, manufacture of bread from 762 Sampler, mechanical, description 616 San Jose scale — control in Rhode Island 454 notes 454 Can 455 Colo 457 prevalence in Massachusetts, Mass 254 remedies 456 Conn.State 750 Md 657 N.Y.State 664 Sand dunes, fixation 548 of New Zealand , notes 420 flies, injurious to man 60 fly fever, studies 60 worms, relation to soil fertility 316 Sandal seedlings, germination and propaga- tion^ 549 Vi'drilting, fixation, U.S.D.A 221 misorba minor, notes 731 initary inspection in Ohio 171 police in colonies 281 Sap ascent, studies and bibliography 626 Sarcoajsiis cameli n.sp. , description 588 Sarcocysts in the camel 588 Sarcoma of fowls, studies 286 Sarcophaga spp. , relation to leprosy 756 Sarcophagidfc, parasitic on gipsy moth, U.S. D.A ." 757 Sarcorhamplius gryphus, bird li. e affecting 57 Sarcosporidiosis in the opossiun 481 Sardines, canned, tin salts in 763 examination, N. Dak 667 labeling, N.Dak 764 Sassafras posts, durability, Ohio 644 Saturnia pavonia, introduction into New York 54 pyretorum , life history 58 Sauerkraut, examination, N.Dak 667 fermentation 717 Sausage, bologna, adulteration 566 examination 125, 566 Sawflies, catalogue, U.S.D.A 662 Scabies, prevalence in Cape Colony 479 (See also Cattle, Dog, Horse, and Sheep mange or scab.) Scale insects, fungoid parasites of 246 injurious to coconut palms 255 flax 56 limes 355 rubber 354 of New Zealand 57 "West Indies 355 oyster-shell. (See Oyster-shell scale.) San Jose. (See San Jose scale.) Scalecide, insecticidal value, Md 658 Scarlet fever, relation to milk supply 82, 477 runner, inoculation experiments 629 Scaurus, host of Ilymenolepis diminuta 564 Scelio liowardi n.sp. , description 564 Schedius kuvanx, notes 456 Schizomycetes, notes 159 Schizoneura lanigera. (See Apple aphis, woolly.) 884 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Schizophyllum commune, notes 52, 348 Schizura concinna. (See Apple caterpillar, red-humped.) School gardening, manual 398 gardens, educational value 595 in St. Paul 595 paperson 399,797 grounds, irapro vement 93 museum, uses 797 Schools- ad ministration in Ireland 192 agricultural. (Sec Agricultural schools.) chart of birds and insects for, Minn 92 elementary — agriculture in 92, 293, 398, 493, 599, 698, 699, 796, 797 domestic science in 698 industrial education in 493, 599 meteorology in 594 nature study in 493, 594 farm-life, in North Carolina 600 forest nurseries for, U.S.D.A 294 high, agricultural extension work in 96, 299 agriculture in 92,293,299,493,593,692 botany in 398 domestic science in 493,692 industrial education in 493 of Scandinavia 698 hygiene in 398 public, tree growing for, Cal 693 rural, address on 300 agriculture in 796 consolidation, U.S.D.A 192 domestic science in 92 extension work in 91 nature study in 796 reconstruction 698 sewing lessons for 595 suggest ions for 693 training of teachers for 693 Science, method of, editorial 501 of life, treatise 574 Scion as affected by stock 38, 641 Sclerospora macrospora, studies 550 Sclcro.itomum cquinum, studies 779 Sclerotinia sp., life history 4S spp., notes 742 Scolytidse, injurious to forests 167 Score card for butter factories 77C corn 797 Mo 733 cards for dairies, 111 582 farm crops and bread, U.S.D.A 193 Screenings, analyses 768 ScutelUsta cyanea, life history and habits 563 Sea-bird manure, analyses 19 lion manure, analyses 19 salt, fertilizing value 542 urchin eggs , electrical conductivity of 575 Seaweed, analyses 227, 625 cloth from 337 Secalc montanum, notes 136 Seed analysts, official, association of 97 disinfection, U.S.D.A 93 inoculation, review of literature 529 studies, U.S.D.A 147 Page. Seed inspect ion. Me 040 law in New Hampshire,N.H. 440 production in Sweden 736 sterilization, studies, U.S.D..\ 146 testing apparatus, description, Ky 147 weevils, paper on 654 Seedlings, studies for schools 595 Seeds, adulteration 338 analyses, S.C 742 distribution, Cal 338 edible, culture in China, U.S.D.A 737 examination, Can 432 Mass 238 germinating, hydrocyanic acid in 534 germination — as affected by germicides 532 heating of soils 420 mucilage 534 seed coat 721 sterilization, U.S.D.A 146 experiments 330 factors affecting 422 tests, Ky 147 Mass 237 N.H 440 imported, disinfection of 98 imports, U.S.D.A 723 induced maturity of 720 poisonous, detection 82 purchasing, Ohio 799 purity and germination test, N.Y. State 736 ripening, protein formation in 531 studies for schools 595 testing, Mo 236 U.S.D.A 640 tests 736 vitality of 195 weed, detection in clover seed, Del 143 germination experiments 330 in plant seeds. Me 640 Seepage in the Nile Valley, studies 19 Rio Grande Valley, U.S.D.A 488 investigations, U.S.D.A 789 Seismology, recent paperson, U.S.D.A 312 Selasoma, comparative studies 60 Selection, treatise and bibliography 374 Separators. (See Cream separators.) Septicaemia pluriformis ovium, studies 787 Septicemia, hemorrhagic, in sheep 485 in mice, causative agent 480 Septoria azaleas, notes 252 lycopersici, notes, S.C 155 petToselini apii, studies, Cal 551 Sequestrum, bone, in a foal 285 Sericulture. (See Silk.) Seroprophylaxis, value for veterinary in- spectors 282 Serotherapy, value for veterinary inspec- tors 282 Serradella, infection experiments 29 Serum, antifowl cholera, preparation and use . 686 antiproteoly tic substances in 281 blood, antitryptic and hemolytic powers of 585 globulin, refractive indexes 607 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 885 Page. Serum, method of drying 585 milk, calcium chlorid, refraction 612 Serums, agglutination by 778 government control of 280 heterologous, toxicity of 584 therapeutic, studies 585 Service berries, pear blight affecting 451 Sesame cake, analyses 769 natural crosses of 723 oil, detection 310 Sesamia fusca, life history and remedies 56 notes 656 remedies 750 Setaria viridis, studies 550 var. i mberbis , analyses 769 Sewage, analyses 516 clarification, treatise 519 disposal in country homes. 418, 519, 791, 792 Great Britain 218 on the farm 289 plants for private houses. . . 128 studies 617 treatise. 616 fertilizing value 218 irrigation, studies 617 sludge, analyses 709 disposal 418, 519, 709 fertilizing value 218 use in agriculture 617 waste products , utilization 218 water. (See Water, sev/age.) Sewerage of Paris, relation to floods 128 Sewing, directions for 398,399 elementary lessons in 595, 797 Sex cells, maturaUon of 575 determination as affected by lecithin 671 studies 275,475 and bibliography. 771 treatise 671 heredity. (See Heredity of sex.) Ihnited inheritance, notes 375 organs of hermaphrodites 378 Sexual characters, secondary, studies 575 functions, treatise and bibliography. . 575 Sheep, as affected by Trypanosoma gambicnse 482 bladderworm, Investigations, U.S.D.A 87 blood pressure of, studies 185 breeding experiments, Ariz 772 review of literature 473 societies in Great Britain. . . 796 caracul, wool studies 472 dairying, studies 383 destruction by woody aster 298 determination of age 771 digestion experiments, Nev 471 Okia 671 feeding experiments 370, 680 Ariz 767 Mass 268 grazing with cattle, notes 72 immunization against foot-and-mouth disease 282 experiments 83 Industry In Australia 73, 90 California 177 Greece 177 Page. Sheep, industry in New South Wales 396,674 Panama 177 Russia 578 Sardinia 772 Scotland 578 Sweden 578 the Constantine Sahara... 673 Punjab 580 Infection experiments per rectu m 184 louse, destruction of scab mite by 163 maggot fly, investigations 757 manure, analyses 23 solubility of nitrogen In, Conn. State 322 use in greenhouses. Mass 249 market classes and grades. 111 69 new disease of 86, 683 polydactylism in 576 prehistoric, description 176 pure-bred, In New York 177 relation to codling moth 257 scab, law in Orange River Colony 86 studies 786 slaughter tests 673 stone, of the Austrian Alps 177 ticks, destruction of scab mite by 163 wild oriental, of Gmelin 578 zackel, wool studies 472 Sheep's milk, composition 383 Shellac solution, methods of analysis 410 Shellfish, regulations concerning. Me 67 Ship stuff, analyses 768 Shore birds, distribution and migration, U.S.D.A 54 Slirubs, as affected by cold storage 546 inarching of, U.S.D.A 736 of the Ozark region. Mo 644 ornamental, for Montana, Mont 150 San Jose scale affecting. Mass 254 termites affecting 56 treatise 41, 42, 440 varieties for Nebraska 441 Sigalphus sp., parasitic on cowpea curculio, U.S.D.A 62 Silage, analyses. Mo 76 and fertilizing value, Pa 270 moldy, poisoning of animals by 480 occurrence of Monascus purpureus in . 480 (See also Corn, Clover, etc.) Silica, colloidal, relation to impermeable soils. 620 Sihcates, anhydrous, potash from 131 exchange of bases in 131 SIUc culture, bibliography 58 station at Chaibassa, report 58 Padua, report 58 fish lines, preparation 58 industry In Persia 559 statistics 539 Silkworm diseases, studies 659 Silkworms — heredity in, Mendel's law 58 investigations 356 multivoltine, artificial production 164 raising 559 Silos, construction, W.Va 790 cooperative construction 790 886 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Silos, Iowa, construction, U.S.D.A 694 notes, Mo 278 Silvanus surinamensis, notes 751 Silver-leaf disease, studies 349, 451 nitrate, effect on seeds 532 spray, fungicidal value 250 preparation an d use — 51 phytate, studies 664 Silviculture in Brazil 343 treatise 151 Simulium spp., relation to pellagra 757 venustum, remedies 755 Siphonaptera, bibliography 161 Siphonophora rosarum , anatomy 164 Sirup, cane. {See Cane sirup.) pomegranate, manufacture 763 Sisal pulp, composition and use 528 Stam milk, analyses 182 condensed, standards, Ind 382 detection 514 digestibility 172 manufacttjre of casein from 614 powdered, analyses 182 use, U.S.D.A 68 Skins, prevention of damage to 379 Sky polarization, studies and bibliography, U.S.D.A 16 Slag. (See Phosphatic slag.) Slaughterhouse refuse, effect on pork, N.Dak. 67 Slaughterhouses, cooperative, in Denmark... 394 inspection, N.Dak 666 (See also Abattoirs.) Sleeping sickness — mechanical transmission by flies 756 relation to cattle and antelopes 586 Slop, dried, analyses 363 feeding, investigations, U.S.D.A 71 Slugs, inj urious to Para rubber 354 Smoke, disposition, U.S.D.A 17 prevention, U.S.D.A 312 Smut spores as affected by passage through animals T 550 (See also Barley smut, Corn smut, etc.) Smuts of Australia, bibliography 46 monograph 45 Utah, catalogue 447 Snail, African, notes 751 Snapdragons, culture 643 Snow, analyses 519 contamination of 519 fertilizing value, Can 417 Snowfall, apparatus for measuring, Nev 415 in Alaska, U.S.D.A 653 England 127 Snowiellus, comparative studies 61 Soap, manufacture from Kafir- corn 464 methods of analysis 410 Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Sci cnce 1,194 Sod, evaporation from, studies 317 Soda fountain products, examination 667 Sodium— benzoate, determination in jams and cod- fish 198 chlorid. (See Salt.) iodid, determination in animal tissues... 703 nitrate. (See Nitrate of soda.) Page. Sodium— Continued. phosphate, effect on calcium phosphate.. 25 salts, effect on plant growth 135 sulphate, effect on iron phosphate 25 fertilizing value 323 Soft drinks, adulteration and misbranding, U.S.D.A 764 methods of analysis 199 Soil acidity, determination 135, 197 effect on legume inoculation, U.S.D.A 222 aeration, effect on nitrogen transforma- tion 222 analysis, value of. Mass 713 bacteria, culture experiments 140 fixation of nitrogen by 431 relation to soil fertiUty 22 bacteriology, investigations 28, 221, 327 constituents, as affected by lime 26 erosion in the Appalachians 711 fatigue, review of literature 424, 529 fertility^ as affected by — micro-organisms 717 stubble burning 424 conservation 321 discussion of theories 22 factors affecting 321 investigations in R ussia 423 laboratory manual 397 maintenance of 709, 794 new method of study 423 relation to micro-organism s 621 natural vegetation, U.S.D.A 722 soluble phosphoric acid. . 423 transpiration periods in plants 196 review of literature 524 Whitney's new theory, notes 224 formation in the tropics 619 inoculation, notes 21 investigation, notes 21 management in the Ozark region, Mo 129 mapping, newer methods 21 moisture — as affected by crops 634 culture 708 packing, Can 421 evaporation experiments 317 investigations 318 nonavailable, determination 186 relation to desert vegetation 330 root development, Nebr. . 137 studies, Nebr 130 mulches, effect on evaporation, U.S.D.A. 17 organisms, studies 29,430 oxidation, studies, U.S.D.A 223 particles, classification 218 permeability, relation to irrigation 522 productivity as affected by earthworms. 424 reaction, relation to Azotobacter 29 solutions— as affected by dihydroxystearic acid, U.S.D.A ". 32 preparation for analysis 209, 210, 299 sterilization, beneflcial effects 710 relation to yields 196 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 887 Soil surfaces, determination 521 surveying, papers on 299 surveys in Indiana 520 valuation, studies 617 waters, studies 316 Soils, absorption of acids in 131 adaptation of plants to 141 air pressure on, studies 130 alkali, analyses 20 as affected by gypsum 227 of Hungary, irrigation 31S the Nira VaUey 520 reclamation 525 Utah 790 studies and bibliography, Tex. . 130 analyses 19, 21, 244, 5lfi, 540 Can 712 Idaho 617 Mo : 129,130 Nebr 130 S.C 712,799 arsenic in 409 as affected by bacterial flora 529 forestation 424 heat 420 pasturage 541 availability of potash in 197 bacterial activity Ln, measuring 327 barium content, studies, U.S.D.A 21 bibliography 420, 596 biochemistry of 430 black, of Morocco, investigations 316 blowing, prevention, U.S.D.A 221 chemistry, physics, and biology 20 chernozem, fertilizer requirements 22, 714 Chinese tea, examination 520 classification 190, 220, 299, 316 Vt 419 clover sick, treatment 326 colloid substances in 21, 219, 299 condensation of water vapor in 620 conservation of 132, 290, 448, 615 cultivated, nitrogen gain and loss in. . . 140 role of mica in 620 decomposition processes in 196 effect on distribution of insects 98 peptone decomposition 717 electric conductivity of 20, 521 elementary lessons on 594, 797 Cal 493 evaporation from 318 examination. Mass 228 exchange of bases in 131 fallow, bacteriological investigations. . . 320 fertilizer requirements, Kans 135 fixation of bases and phosphorus in 397 frozen , bacterial content 529 garden, Azotobacter in 28 geological formations in, importance. . . 315 granulation 196 heated, studies 301 , 421 heavy, fertilizer requirements 713 impermeability , studies 620 improvement. 111 92 knowledge of, importance 321 laterite, formation 619 lawn, invfstigations, U.S.D.A 712 Page. Soils, limed, increase of nitrates in 620 management 196 mechanical analyses 218, 219, 220 methods of analysis 20, 220, 299, 419. 610 reclaiming, U.S.D.A 488 micro-organisms in 385 moor, Azotobacter in 29 muck, analyses, S.C 799 nitrification in 303,319 nitrifying energy of 222, 318 nitrogen content — as affected by electricity 332 fertilizers, Fla 319 green manures 36 nonleguminous plants 710 studies 22 nitrogen economy of 21 transformation in 222 Norrbotten marsh, investigations 525 of Atbaser District, studies 619 Austria and Saxony, studies 315 Belgium, fertilizer requirements 526 British Guiana, deterioration 420 studies 316 Campinas, Brazil, analyses 618 Deli, analyses 713 Denmark, lime requirements 527 East Afi-ica, analyses 221 Egypt, studies 221, 299 Florida, classification 420 Germany, analyses 315 Hawaii, studies and bibliography, Hawaii 224 Imperial Valley, notes, Cal 5.35 Java, studies 316, 419 New South Wales, notes 420, 618, 619 northern Wisconsin, Wis 191 Rio Grande Valley, U.S.D.A 488 Russia, notes 221 southern Arizona, Ariz 18 southwest Africa, analyses 618 Sweden , types 299 Tamana, analyses 618 the Ozark region, Mo 129 Upper Burnett, analyses 520 western Canada, analyses 713 organic compounds in 524 con.stituents, editorial on 206 matter in, studies, Tex 302 of,U.S.D.A 301 oxidation in, as affected by salts, U.S.D.A 223 peat, Azotobacter in 621 improvement 320 permeability, apparatus for determin- ing 522 phosphoric acid in, studies 131, 423 pineapple, management, Hawaii 621 reaction and acidity 397 relation to growth of pines 244 vegetation 221 review of literature 418 role of nutrient salts in 220 sandy, as affected by humus silicic acid 426 methods of improving 621 shallow V. deep cultivation 318 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Soils, saturation of 522 seeped, reclamation, Utah 790 sick, of Porto Rico, notes, P.R 132 studies 33 temperature as affected by forests 620 teratological changes in 22 treatise 424,520 wattpolder, of North Sea coasts, origin. 315 western prairie, analyses 315 (See also Subsoils.) Solanella rosea n.g. and n.sp., description 154 SoIanumspY>., studies 632 Solar radiation, studies and bibliography, U.S.D.A IG Solenopsis sp., injurious to cacao 354 Solutions, aqueous, behavior of lactose in 121 Somateria spectabilis, feeding habits 161 Soot, analyses 625 S.C 799 Sooty molds, studies 152 and bibliography 742 Sorbus occidentalis, pear blight affecting 451 Sore throat, relation to udder diseases of cows. 82 Sorghum, compound, adulteration and mis- branding, U.S.D.A 404 culture experiments 235, 7.30 Nebr 725 fertilizer experiments 535 grain smut, life history 46 studies, U.S.D.A 734 irrigation experiments, Ariz 727 legume mixtures, tests, Tex 333 occurrence of prussic acid in, Nebr . 184 varieties 535 Tex 332 U.S.D.A 436 Sorghum halapense, notes, Tex 333 vulgare, infection experiments 45 Sorosphsera graminis n. sp., description 743 junci, life history 53 Sorosporium reilianum, studies 46 Sorrel, culture experiments 537 food assimilation by 543 Soursop, pollination experiments 341 South Carolina Station, financial statement.. 799 notes 598 report of director 799 Dakota College, notes 297, 096 Station, financial statement. . 399 notes 297,696 report of director 399 Soy bean cake, analyses 769 effect on milk and its prod- ucts 581 quality of butter . . 382 oil, waterproof liquid from 613 beans, analyses 769 effect on nitrate content of soils. . . 710 fertilizer experiments. Mass 233 history, U.S.D.A 439 notes 35 pollination experiments, U.S.D.A 439 varieties, U.S.D.A 439 Spathegaster baccartim, notes 662 Spear grass, take-all affecting 551 Species, evolution of, bibliography 175 Page. Spectroscope, use in study of plants . . 136 Spelt, varieties, Can 432 Spermophy tes, parasitic, development 28 Sphseropsis malorum, notes 155 Sphxrostilbe coccophila, description 246 SphxrotJieca lancstris, notes 352 mors uvx, superparasitism 649 Sphenophorus parvulus, notes 557 piceus, notes 255 sp., injurious to coconut palms 255 Sphenoptera lineata, notes 98 Splitngidae of North America 559 Spices, examination 367, 567, 667 Spider, red, studies 401 Spinach, fertilizer experiments 640 Spirochxta — bovis caffris n. sp., description 161 equi, organism resembling 385 n. spp. , descriptions 685 Sugar Planters' Station: Rio Piedras; J. T. Crawley. " Rhode Island— Aw j/sfow.' H. J. Wheeler." South Carolina— CTewison College: J. N. Harper.'; South Dakota— Brookings: J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— i'noxt't'He; H. A.Morgan." TsxAS— College Station: H. H. Harrington." Utah— Logan: E. D. Ball." YM-RjiOi^T— Burlington: J. L. Hills." Virginia— Blacksburg: S. W. Fletcher." I Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson. o Washington— PuZ?ma?j; B. W. Thatcher." West Virginia — Morgantoxvn: 3. H. Stewart." Wisconsin— Kadisoji.- H. L. Russell." j Wyoming— Lammie.- H.G. Knight." in charge. "^ Acting director. New York Botanical Garden Library 3 5185 00292 3959 fl^~^^'^> .4^A,,m