m T w I . I 76 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. i molt. If the juvenile feather is removed from the follicle the next feather produced by that follicle will be the secondaiy sexual feather, and not a feather of the juvenile type. After that all further regenerations are of the sexually differentiated feather." The measurement of changes in the rate of fecundity of the individual fowl, R. Pearl (Sciaice, n. ser., 40 (19U), No. 1028, pp. 383, 384; aJ)S. in Maine Sta. Bui. 234 (1914), pp. 283, 2S^).— This is a preliminary paper calling atten- tion to a method of measuring and representing graphically changes in the intensity of ovarian activity, as indicated by rate of ovulation in the domestic fowl. It is said that " by a simple statistical expedient it is possible to represent the changes in rate of fecundity in an individual bird as a continuous curve, of which the ordinates represent the rates of egg production on a percentage scale (0 to 100) at the time intervals plotted as abscissae. This is done by taking, as the rate of fecundity for any given day Pn, the percentage which the actual number of eggs laid by the bird during the 21 days, of which Pn is the central day, is of 21. Put as a formula, if — i?Pw=rate of fecundity (or ovarian activity as indicated by ovulation) on the day Pn, l=an egg produced, and S denotes summation between the indicated limits, we have — RPn- ^o^QJltll') 21 " The rates so calculated for each successive day may be plotted as a curve. . . . "Applying this method to records of one, two, and three-year-old hens many interesting and novel points regarding ovarian activity, as expressed in ovula- tion, may be made out. The long-period secular cycles of production appear much more clearly and precisely than in flock mass statistics. The steady diminution in maximum rate of fecundity per unit of time after the first spring cycle in the bird's life is very strikingly shown in the great majority of cases. " This method of measuring fecundity opens the way to the attacking in the individual of a number of problems which hitherto have only been amenable to indirect, statistical treatment. Such, for example, are the questions of relation of size of egg to rate of fecimdity, the realtiou between fertility (in the fowl readily measured by hatching quality of eggs) and fecundity." Poultry department, V. R. McBride (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui, 2 (1015), No. 10, pp. 26-30, fig. i).— From records kept of the sub- station Ilock, it is estimated that the average cost of feed for a laying hen is $1.50 per hen per year, for the general-purpose breeds, such as Orpingtons, Plymouth Rocks, and Langshans. The cost for Leghorns and Anconas has been $1.35 each. The average cost of producing eggs has boon IG cts. per dozen. In incubating and brooding trials, out of 3,000 eggs incubated 2,30(1 chicks were hatched. The loss of chicks during the brooding period was 8 per cent. It was found that chicks hatched from eggs weighing from 24 to 27 oz. per dozen were more vigorous and grew more rapidly than those hatched from abnormally large or very small eggs. The small eggs were about equal to the larger ones in fertility, but the chicks hatched from these wei-e lacking in vitality. The abnormally large eggs, weighing moi^ than 27 oz. per dozen, were low in ferlilily and did not hatch well. :.[ 1. Pr.;- pp.;. iag.: • dDck- pp.: II: ■ U. S. DEPARTMEXT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERMCE .V C. TRUE, DmZCTOR EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD VOLUME XXXIII JULY-DECEMBER, 1915 WASmSGTOS GOVXRXMEXT PSJSTTSG OTTIZ 1916 Ubrary U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ' Scientific Bureaus. Wbatheb Bureau— 0. F. MarviQ, Ckkf- Bureau of Animal Industry— A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chv'f. Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau ©f Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Markets and Rural Organization — 0. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A, C. True, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama — College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.o Canebrake Station: Uniontown; L. H. Moore.o Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W. Carver.o Alaska— StJfto; C. C. Georgeson.6 Arizona— r«cson; G. F. Freeman.c Arkansas— J'oyetteuiMe; M. Nelson. Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee.o Idaho — Moscow: J. S. Jones.o Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport.o Indiana— Zo Fayette: A. Goss.a lo-wk— Ames: C. F. Curtlss.a K A NBAS— Manhatian: W. M. Jardine.o KxsTTJCKT— Lexington: J. H. Kastle.o LoxnsiANA— State Station : JSatowJSo«^e; ) Sugar Station: Audubon Park, New Orleans; North La. Station: CaJhoun; ] Maine— Orono; C. D. Wooda.o Maryland— College Park: H. J. Pattersoii.a Massachusetts— .4 mRry, 1915 126 Circular 15, March, 1915 247 Circular 16, April, 1915 i 220 Circular 17, April, 1915 237 Circular 18, April, 1915 231 Circular 19, April, 1915 227 Circular 20, April, 1915 235 Wisconsin Station : Bulletin 248, March, 1915 47 Bulletin 249, February, 1915 206 Bulletin 250, April, 1915 323, 325, 331, 342, 344, 351, 367, 368, 369, 381, 382, 389, 396, 398 Bulletin 251, April, 1915 383 Bulletin 252, April, 1915 336 Bulletin 253, June, 1915 568 Research Bulletin 34, May, 1915 394 Research Bulletin 35, June, 1915 515 Wyoming Station : Index Bulletin E, March, 1915 299 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Journal of Agricultural Research : Volume 3 — No. 6, March, 1915 56, 72 Volume 4 — No. 1, April, 1915 107,125,147,148,149,150,178 No. 2, May, 1915 217, 234, 245, 246, 254 No. 3, June, 1915 323, 329, 345, 346, 351, 354, 357, 360 No. 4, July, 1915 610, 641, 644, 648, 650, 651, 658 No. 5, August, 1915 726, 742, 744, 748, 761, 762, 766 Bulletin 125, Zygadenus, or Death Camas, C. D. Marsh, A. B. Clawson, and H. Marsh '. 177 Bulletin 168, Grades for Commercial Corn, J. W. T. Duvel 433 Bulletin 175, Mushrooms and Other Common Fungi, Flora W. Patterson and Vera K. Charles 65 Bulletin 184, The Huisache Girdler, M. M. High 63 Bulletin 185, Bird Migration, W. W. Cooke 57 Bulletin 188, Importance of Thick Seeding in the Production of Milo in the San Antonio Region, S. H. Hastings 88 CONTENTS. xm. Bulletin 189, Studies of the Codling Moth in the Central Appalachian *^*" Region, F. E. Brooks and E. B. Blakeslee qi Bulletin 190, The Drainage of Irrigated Land, R. A. Hart 88 Bulletin 191, Demurrage Information for Farmers, G. C. White 91 Bulletin 192, Insects Affecting Vegetable Crops in Porto Rico, T. H. Jones_ 59 Bulletin 193, The Drainage of Jefferson County, Tex., H. A. Kipp, A. G. Hall, and S. W. Frescoln 183 Bulletin 194, The Plow of Water in Irrigation Channels, F. C. Scobey 183 Bulletin 195, Potato Breeding and Selection, W. Stuart 233 Bulletin 196, Methods Followed in the Commercial Canning of Foods, A. W. Bitting 210 Bulletin 197, Homemade Lime-sulphur Concentrate, E. W. Scott 154 Bulletin 198, Report Upon the Cypress Creek Drainage District, Desha and Chicot Counties, Ark., S. H. McCrory et al 288 Bulletin 199, Loss in Tonnage of Sugar Beets by Drying, H. B. Shaw 185 Bulletin 200, A Maggot Trap in Practical Use ; An Experiment in House- fly Control, R. H. Hutchison 15g Bulletin 201, Native Pasture Grasses of the United States, D. Griffiths, G. L. Bidwell, and C. E. Goodrich 227 Bulletin 202, The Alcohol Test in Relation to Milk, S. H. Ayers and W. T. Johnson, jr 113 Bulletin 203, Field Studies of the Crown Gall of Sugar Beets, C. O. Town- send 147 Bulletin 204, Report on the Gipsy Moth Work in New England, A. F. Burgess 254 Bulletin 205, Eleven Important Wild Duck Foods, W, L. McAtee 251 Bulletin 206, The Woolgrower and the Wool Trade, F. R, Marshall and L. L. Heller 270 Bulletin 207, Cypress and Juniper Trees of the Rocky Mountain Region, G. B. Sudworth 343 Bulletin 208, Fields of Native Prickly Pear in Southern Texas, D. Griffiths- 134 Bulletin 209, Testing Grape Varieties in the Vinifera Regions of the United States, G. C. Husmann 538 Bulletin 210, Seed Production of Western White Pine, R. Zon 144 Bulletin 211, Factors Affecting Range Management in New Mexico, E. O. Wooton : 268 Bulletin 212, Observations on the Pathology of the Jack Pine, J. R. Weir__ 351 Bulletin 213, The Use of Land in Teaching Agriculture in Secondary Schools, PI Merritt 195 Bulletin 214, Spring Wheat in the Great Plains, E. C. Chilcott, J. S. Cole, and W. W. Burr 137 Bulletin 215, Composition of Corn (Maize) Meal Manufactured by Differ- ent Processes and the Influence of Composition on the Keeping Qual- ities, A. L. Winton et al 259 Bulletin 216, Cotton Warehouses : Storage Facilities Now Available in the South, R. L. Nixon 191 Bulletin 217, Mortality Among Waterfowl Around Great Salt Lake, Utah, A. Wetmore 251 Bulletin 218, Oats in the Great Plains Area, E. C. Chilcott et al 232 Bulletin 219, Corn in the Great Plains Area, E. C. Chilcott et al 231 Bulletin 220, Road Models 393 Bulletin 221, The Southern Corn Leaf-beetle, E. O. G. Kelly 358 Bulletin 222, Barley in the Great Plains Area, E. 0. Chilcott et al — 230 XIV EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. Page. Bulletin 223, Botanical Characters of the Leaves of the Date Palm Used in Distinguishing Cultivated Varieties, S. C. Mason 342 Bulletin 225, A System of Accounting for Cooperative Fruit Associations, G. A. Nahstoll and W. H. Kerr 191 Bulletin 226, The Verbena Bud Moth, D. E. Fink 255 Bulletin 227, Toxicity to Fungi of Various Oils and Salts, Particularly Those Used in AVood Preservation, C. J. Humphrey and Ruth M. Flem- ing 651 Bulletin 22S, Effect of Frequent Cutting on the Water Requirement of Alfalfa and Its Bearing on Pasturage, L. J. Briggs and H. L. Shantz___ 230 Bulletin 229, The Naval Stores Industry, A. W. Schorger and H. S. Betts_ 543 Bulletin 230, Oil-mixed Portland Cement Concrete, L. W. Page 685 Bulletin 231, Recent Studies of the Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil, B. B. Coad 563 Bulletin 232, The Production of Lumber in 1913 844 Bulletin 233, Relation of the Arizona Wild Cotton Weevil to Cotton Plant- ing in the Arid West, B. R. Coad 257 Bulletin 234, Utilization and Management of Lodgepole Pine in the Rocky Mountains, D. T. Mason 443 Bulletin 235, Control of Dried-fruit Insects in California, W. B. Parker — 353 Bulletin 236, A System of Accounts for Farmers' Cooperative Elevators, J. R. Humphrey and W. H. Kerr 192 Bulletin 237, Strawberry Supply and Distribution in 1914, W. A. Sherman, H. F. Walker, and O. W. Schleussner 142 Bulletin 238, Sugar Beets: Preventable Losses in Culture, H. B. Shaw__ 434 Bulletin 239, The Eggplant Lace-bug, D. E. Fink 355 Bulletin 240, Pasteurizing Milk in Bottles and Bottling Hot Milk Pasteur- ized in Bulk, S. H. Ayers and W. T. Johnson, jr 382 Bulletin 241, Studies on Fruit Juices, H. C. Gore 316 Bulletin 242, Corn, Mllo, and Kafir in the Southern Great Plains Area : Relation of Cultural Methods to Production, E. F. Chilcott, W. D, Griggs, and C. A. Burmeister 332 Bulletin 243, Cone Beetles: Injury to Sugar Pine and Western Yellow Pine, J. M. Miller 458 Bulletin 244, Life History of Shortleaf Pine, W. R. Mattoon 443 Bulletin 245, Further Experiments in the Destruction of Fly Larvse in Horse Manure, F. C. Cook, R. H. Hutchison, and F. M. Scales 455 Bulletin 246, Vitrified Brick Pavements for Country Roads, V. M. Peirce and C. H. Moorefield 686 Bulletin 247, A Disease of Pines Caused by Cronartium pyriforme, G. G. Hedgcock and W. H. Long 448 Bulletin 248, Fleas, F. C. Bishopp 657 Bulletin 249, Portland Cement Concrete Pavements for Country Roads, C. H. Moorefield and J. T. Voshell 685 Bulletin 250, Food Plants of the Gipsy Moth in America, F. H. Mosher — 453 Bulletin 251, The Calosoma Beetle (Calosoma sycophanta) in New Eng- land, A. F. Burgess and C. W. Collins 457 Bulletin 252, Life History of the Codling Moth in Maine, E. H. Siegler and F. L. Simanton 559 Bulletin 253, Effect of Different Times of Plowing Small-grain Stubble in Eastern Colorado, O. J. Grace 332 Bulletin 254, The Sharp-headed Grain Leafhopper, B. H. Gibson 356 CONTENTS. X¥ Page. Bulletin 255, Douglas Fir Pitch Moth, J, Brunner 454 Bulletin 25G, Katydids Injurious to Oranges In California, J. R. Horton and C. E. Pemberton 45^ Bulletin 257, Progi-ess Reports of Experiments in Dust Prevention and Road Preservation, 1914 ^ 68q Bulletin 258, Lessons in Elementary Agriculture for Alabama Schools. E. A. Miller 597 Bulletin 259, Studies on Changes in the Degree of Oxidation of Arsenic in Arsenical Dipping Baths, R. M. Chapin 478 Bulletin 261, American Plum Borer, E. B. Blakeslee 454 Bulletin 262, The Parandra Borer as an Orchard Enemy, F. E. Brooks 457 Bulletin 263, The Cranberry Rootworm, H. B. Scammell 456 Bulletin 264, The Violet Rove Beetle, F. H. Chittenden 563 Bulletin 266, Outlets and Methods of Sale for Shippers of Fruits and Vegetables, J. W. Fisher, jr., J. H. Collins, and W. A. Sherman 692 Bulletin 267, Methods of Wholesale Distribution of Fruits and Vegetables on Large Markets, J. H. Collins, J. W. Fisher, jj-., and W. A. Sherman__ 692 Bulletin 268, Crop Production in the Great Plains Area, E. C. Chilcott, J. S. Cole, and W. W. Burr 632 Bulletin 269, Farmers' Institute "Work in the United States in 1914, and Notes on Agricultural Extension Work in Foreign Countries, J. M. Sted- man 698 Bulletin 270, Cereal Experiments at the Williston Station, F. R. Babcock_ 633 Bulletin 273, Dispersion of Gipsy Moth Larvae by the Wind, C. W. Col- lins 653 Bulletin 274, Factors Governing the Successful Shipment of Red Rasp- berries from the Puyallup Valley, H. J. Ramsey 642 Bulletin 277, Cotton Warehouse Construction, R. L. Nixon 784 Bulletin 279, Single-stalk Cotton Culture at San Antonio, R. M. Meade__ 730 Bulletin 281, Correlating Agriculture with the Public School Subjects In the Northern States, C. H. Lane and F. E. Heald 791 Bulletin 282, Study of the Soft Resins in Sulphured and Unsulphured Hops in Cold and in Open Storage, G. A. Russell 709 Bulletin 284, Construction and Maintenance of Roads and Bridges from July 1, 1913, to December 31, 1914 ^ 889 Bulletin 286, Strength Tests of Structural Timbers Treated by Commer- cial Wood-preserving Processes, H. S. Betts and J. A. Newlin 845 Bulletin 287, Device for Sampling Grain, Seeds, and Other Material, E. G. Boerner 836 Bulletin 288, Custom Ginning as a Factor in Cotton Seed Deterioration, D. A. Saunders and P. V. Cardon 833 Bulletin 289, Red-clover Seed Production: Pollination Studies, J. M. Westgate et al 832 Bulletin 290, Rail Shipments and Distribution of Fresh Tomatoes, 1914, W. A. Sherman, P. Froehlich, and H. F. Walker 837 Report 107, Larvae of the Prioninae, F. C. Craighead 366 Farmers' Bulletin 657, The Chinch Bug, F. M. Webster 59 Farmers' Bulletin 658, Cockroaches, C. L. Marlatt 59 Farmers' Bulletin 659, The True Clothes Moths, C. L. Marlatt 62 Farmers' Bulletin 660, Weeds : How to Control Them, H. R. Cox 139 Farmers' Bulletin 661, A Method of Analyzing the Farm Business, E. H. Thomson and H. M. Dixon 91 Farmers' Bulletin 662, The Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar, A, L. Quaintance_ 155 XVI EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. Page, Farmers' Bulletin 663, Drug Plants Under Cultivation, W. W. Stock- berger 241 Farmers' Bulletin 664, Strawberry Growing in the South, H. O. Thompson 47 Farmers' Bulletin 665, The Agricultural Outlook 93 Farmers' Bulletin 666, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, J. R. Mohler 84 Farmers' Bulletin 667, Breaking and Training Colts, V. G. Stambaugh__ 271 Farmers' Bulletin 668, The Squash-vine Borer, F. H. Chittenden 255 Farmers' Bulletin 669, Fiber Flax, F. C. Miles 232 Farmers' Bulletin 670, Field Mice as Farm and Orchard Pests, D. E. Lantz 250 Farmers' Bulletin 671, Harvest Mites or "Chiggers," F, H. Chittenden — 258 Farmers' Bulletin 672, The Agricultural Outlook 192 Farmers' Bulletin 673, Irrigation Practice in Rice Growing, G. G. Haskell 337 Farmers' Bulletin 674, Control of the Citrus Thrips in California and Arizona, J. R. Horton 354 Farmers' Bulletin 675, The Roundheaded Apple-tree Borer, F. E. Brooks- 360 Farmers' Bulletin 676, Hard Clover Seed and Its Treatment in Hulling, G. T. Harrington 334 Farmers' Bulletin 677, Growing Hay in the South for Market, C. V. Piper, H. B. McClure, and L. Carrier 882 Farmers' Bulletin 678, Growing Hard Spring Wheat, C. R. Ball and J. A. Clark 337 Farmers' Bulletin 679, House Flies, L. O. Howard and R. H. Hutchison 455 Farmers' Bulletin 681, The Silverfish; An Injurious Household Insect, C. L. Marlatt 459 Farmers' Bulletin 682, A Simple Trap Nest for Poultry, A. R. Lee 473 Farmers' Bulletin 684, Squab Raising, A. R. Lee 872 Farmers' Bulletin 686, Uses of Sorghum Grain, C. R. Ball and B. E. Rothgeb 835 Farmers' Bulletin 687, Eradication of Ferns from Pasture Lands in the Eastern United States, H. R. Cox 836 Farmers' Bulletin 688, Tlie Culture of Rice in California, C. E. Chambliss and E. L. Adams 834 Farmers' Bulletin 689, A Plan for a Small Dairy House, E. Kelly and K. E. Parks 892 Program of Work of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1916— 698 Weekly News Letter, Vol. 2, No. 51 674 Yearbook, 1914 209, 210, 219, 235, 242, 250, 261, 268, 270, 273, 274, 288, 290, 292, 294, 299 Office of the Secketaey: Circular 47, Cooperative Agricultural Extension Work 94 Circular 48, Marketing Maine Potatoes, C. T. More and G. V. Branch- 40 Circular 49, Motor Vehicle Registrations and Revenues, 1914 189 Circular 50, Diversified Agriculture and the Relation of the Banker to the Farmer, B. Knapp 490 Circular 51, The Hessian Fly Situation in 1915, F. M, Webster and E. O. G. Kelly 455 Special [Circular], Peanut Growing in the Cotton Belt, H. 0. Thompson 40 CONTENTS. XVn BUKEAU OF BlOLOGICAI, SUB\'EY : Page. North American Fauua 37, Revision of the American Marmots, A. H. Howell 57 Bureau of Chemistky: Circular 64 (Reprint), Studies of Poultry from the Farm to the Consumer, M. E. Penniuyton 660 Btjeeau of Crop Estimates: Monthly Crop Report — Volume 1 — No. 1, May 10, 1915 295 No. 2, June 12, 1915 395 No. 3, July 15, 1915 594 No. 4, August 17, 1915 788 Forest Service: The Use Book ; a Manual for Users of the National Forests, 1915 541 Bureau of Plant Industry: Document 782, Peppers, O. Powell and M. E. Creswell 297 Inventory 34, Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported from January 1 to March 31, 1913 827 Relation of Washing to Decay in Washington Navel Oranges; Season 1914-15, C. W. Mann 737 Work of Belle Fourche Reclamation Project Experiment Farm, 1914, B. Aune 829, 837, 871 Work of the Huntley Reclamation Project Experiment Farm in 1914, D. Hansen 429 Work of the San Antonio Experiment Farm, 1914, S. H. Hastings 830 Work of the Truckee-Carson Reclamation Project Experiment Farm, 1914, F. B. Headley 728, 735, 780 Work of the Umatilla Reclamation Project Experiment Farm in 1914, R. W. Allen 333, 338, 379, 390 Weather Bureau: National Weather and Crop Bulletin 7 615 Circulars B and C. Instrument Division, 5. edition. Instructions for Cooperative Observers '. 118 Monthly Weather Review: Volume 43 — Nos. 1-2, January-February, 1915 116. 117 Nos. 3-4, March-April, 1915 318, 319. 320 Nos. 5-6, May-June, 1915 71.5.716 Supplement 2 825, 844' Clinntolngical Data: Volume 1 — No. 13 321 Volume 2 — Nos. 1-2. January-February, 1915 19 Nos. 3-4. March-ApriT. 1915 321 Nos. .5-6. May-June, 1915 508 The Weather Bureau [Pamphlet], H. E. Williams 717 Office of Experiment Stations : Report on Work and Expenditures of Agricultural Experiment Sta- tions, 1913 .. 299 28121°— 16 2 XVin EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. Office of the Solicitob: Page. Circular 82, Food and Drugs Act 364 Laws Applicable to the United States Department of Agriculture, Third Supplement 698 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS.* Aldrich, J. M., A New Sarcophaga Parasitic on Allorhina nitida 860 Allard, H. A., A Review of Investigations of the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco, Together with a Bibliography of the More Important Contribu- tions 447 Alsberg, C. L., and Black, O. F., The Distribution of Cyanogen in Grasses- 665 Ames, Adeline, The Temperature Relations of Some Fungi Causing Stor- age Rots 545 Ashe, W. W., Loblolly or North Carolina Pine 844 Ashe, W. W., Possible Measure of Light Requirements of Trees 738 Ayers, S. H., and Rupp, P., The Alkali-forming Bacteria Found in Milk_ 675 Ayers, S. H., The Determination of Bacteria in Milk 876 Baker, A. C, and Turner, W. F., The Brown Grape Aphid 857 Bark, D. H., Duty of Water Investigations 583 Barrows, W. B., Reading and Replotting Curves by the Strip Method 739 Barrows, W. B., The Construction of a Set of Taper Curves 739 Bartlett, H. H., Additional Evidence of Mutation in CEnothera 221 Bartlett, H. H., Mutation en Masse 524 Bartlett, H. H., The Experimental Study of Genetic Relationships 822 Bates, C, The Refrigeration of a City's Milk Supply 675 Benson, O. H., and Betts, G. H., Agriculture 95 Benson, O. H., Home Gardens, Field Crops, and Home Canning for Boys' and Girls' Club Work 599 Bishopp, F. C, Dove, W. E., and Parman, D. C, Points of Economic Im- portance in the Biology of the House Fly 860 Blakeslee, E. B., A Mechanical Protector for Preventing Injury by the Peach Borer 858 Bloeser, W., Notes on the Life History and Anatomy of Siphona plusice 561 Boyce, J. S., Some Methods in the Germination Tests of Coniferous Tree Seeds 645 Braman, W. W.,* A Study in Drying Urine for Chemical Analysis 116 Busck, A., Descriptions of New Microlepidoptera of Forest Trees 655 Busck, A., Descriptions of New North American Microlepidoptera 748 Busck, A., Life History of Eucosma haracana 655 Busck, A., and BQving, A., On Mnemonica auricyanea 655 Carter, E. E., Notes on the Relation of Planting Methods to Survival 738 Chapin, R. M., and Powick, W. C, An Improved Method for the Estima- tion of Inorganic Phosphoric Acid in Certain Tissues and Food Prod- ucts 111 Chapin, R. M., Blood Charcoal as a Purifying Agent for Arsenic Solutions Previous to Titration 110 Chapman, J. W., and Glaser, R. W., A Preliminary List of Insects Which Have Wilt 856 Clark, W. M., The Reaction of Cow's Milk Modified for Infant Feeding 163 Cobb, N. A,, Rhabditln. — Contribution to a Science of Nematology 681 •Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department. *In cooperation with the Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition. CONTENTS. ynr Page. Cotton, J. S., New England Pastures : 526 Coville, F. v., The Formation of Leaf Mold 24 Cullen, J. A., The Availability of Nitrogen in Kelp 206 Davis, J. J., Cages and Methods of Studying Underground Insects 855 Day, P. C, What the Weather Bureau is Doing in Agricultural Meteor- ology gl5 Diesem, H. C, Irrigation in Nebraska §88 Douglas, L. H., The " Bedding Out " System of Handling Sheep on Big Horn Forest, Wyoming q'jq Eichhorn, A., Biological Therapeutics 876 Etherton, W. A., Architectural Problems of the Farmhouse 892 Evans, Alice C, The Presence of Bacilkis abortus in Milk 875 Fairchild, D., The Mangosteen 841 Fairchild, D., The Small Field Laboratory and Its Atmosphere of Research 793 Fawcett, G. L., Bordeaux Mixture as a Citrus Spray 649 Fetzer, L. W., Francis Humphreys Storer 801 Fetzer, L. W., Publications of Francis Humphreys Storer 801 Fleming, C. E., " Blanket " System of Handling Sheep on the Madison National Forest 669 Fortier, S., How to Express Seepage Losses from Irrigation Canals 886 Fortier, S., The Use of Water in Irrigation 389 Fortier, S., Transmission Losses in Unlined Irrigation Channels 885 Foster, W. D., Observations on the Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides 681 Foster, W. D., Peculiar Morphologic Development of an Egg of the Genus Tropidocerca 681 Fry, W. H., and Cullen, J. A., Cleaning Soils for Microscopic Examination 109 Gahan, A. B., Notes on Two Parasitic Diptera 749 Glaser, R. W., The Economic Status of the Fungus Diseases of Insects 258 Graybill, H. W., The Action of Arsenical Dips in Preventing Tick Infesta- tion 679 Griflaths, D., Hardier Spineless Cactus 231 Hall, M. C, A Note on Syngamus laryngeus from Cattle in the Philippine Islands 284 Hall, M. C, Experimental Ingestion by Man of Cysticerci of Carnivore Tapeworms 681 Hall, M. C, Taenia saginata Associated with Spurious Parasitism in an Infant 864 Hare, B. B., Long-time Farm Loans 191 Harter, L. L., Distribution and Prevalence of Three Important Sweet Potato Diseases 743 Hartley, C, and Merrill, T, C, Storm and Drought Injury to Foliage of Ornamental Trees 550 Heidemann, O., A New Species of North American Tingitidfe 355 Heinrich, C, and Degryse, J. J., On Acrocercops strigiflnitella 656 Hitchcock, A. S., and Chase, Agnes, Tropical North American Species of Panicum 727 Hood, J. D., An Outline of the Subfamilies and Higher Groups of the Thysanoptera 556 Houghton, H. W., and Weber, F. C, Methods Adapted for the Determina- tion of Decomposition in Eggs and Other Food Products 112 Howard, L. O., Dr. A. F. A. King on Mosquitoes and Malaria 560 Howard, L. O., Possible Poisoning of Insectivorous Birds in War Against Gipsy Moth 653 XX EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. Page. Humphrey, C. J., apd Fleming, Ruth M,, Toxicity of Various Wood Pre- servatives 651 Humphrey, H. B., and Weaver, J. E., Natural Reforestation in the Moun- tains of Northern Idaho 242 Jardine, J. T., Producing More and Better Sheep by Improvement in Methods of Handling 670 Jennings, A. H., Summary of Two Tears' Study of Insects in Relation to Pellagra 555 Jodidi, S. L., Factor Used for Phosphoric Acid in Neumann's Method 803 Johnston, Augusta F., Irrigation Investigations in Wyoming, 1913-14 583 Judd, C. S., Douglas Fir and Fire 739 Kelley, W. P., and Thompson, Alice R., The Organic Nitrogen of Hawaiian Soils 621 Koehler, A., Longleaf Pine Distinguished Visually from Loblolly or Short- leaf 844 Lane, C. H., Does an Agricultural Education Pay? 494 Lathrop, E. C, The Chemistry of Base Goods Fertilizer 219 McCormick, E. B., Draft of Wagons 890 McCormick, E. B., Test of a Bridge Slab 487 McGregor, E. A., The Serpentine Leaf-miner on Cotton 255 Marshall, C. G., Perjugate Cotton Hybrids 132 Mason, D. T., The Management of Lodgepole Pine 443 Meyer, F. N., Breeding for Horns 173 Miles, F. C, A Genetic and Cytological Study of Certain Types of Al- binism in Maize 131 Mohler, J. R., and Eichhorn, A., Virus Carriers as Factors in the Spread of Foot-and-Mouth Disease 179 Munger, T. T., Formula for Normal Growing Stock in Selection System Forests 738 Obst, Maud M., Bacteria in Preserved Eggs 764 Palmer, A. H., Popular Misconceptions Concerning the Weather 210 Parker, E. G., Selective Absorption 411 Parks, T. H., Effect of Temperature Upon the Oviposition of the Alfalfa Weevil {Phytonomus posticus) 257 Phillips, E. F., How Can the Teacher Make Bee Culture a School Subject?- 791 Piper, C. v., Andropogon halepensis and A. sorghum 221 Piper, C. v., and Bort, Katherine S., The Early Agricultural History of Timothy 235 Piper,, C. v., The Phototype of the Cultivated Sorghums 531 Rohwer, S. A., Description of a New Sawfly Injurious to Strawberries — 258 Rohwer, S. A., Descriptions of Braconidse 749 Rumbold, Caroline, Notes on Chestnut Fruits Infected with the Chestnut Blight Fungus 551 SafEord, W. E., Eysenhardtia polystachya, Source of True Lignum Ne- phriticum Mexicanum 740 Sasscer, E. R., Catalogue of Recently Described Coccidse, V 748 Scales, F. M., The Enzyms of Aspergillus terricola 410 Schorger, A. W., Oils of the Conifer^.— I, The Leaf and Twig Oils of Cuban and Long-leaf Pines and the Cone Oil of Long-leaf Pine 18 Schorger, A. W., Oils of the Coniferse. — II, The Leaf and Twig and Bark Oils of White Fir 203 Schorger, A. W., Oils of the Coniferse. — III, The Leaf and Twig and the Cone Oils of Western Yellow Pine and Sugar Pine 409 CONTENTS. XXI Schorger, A. W., Oils of the Coniferee, — IV, The Leaf and Twig Oils of Digger Pine, Lodgepole Pine, and Red Fir 409 Shamel, A. D., Improvement of Lemon Varieties by Bud Selection 737 Shear, C. L., Utilization of Peat Land for Cranberry Culture 786 Skinner, J. J., Effect of Salicylic Aldehyde on Plants In Soil and Solu- tion Cultures 328 Smith, P, T., Reforestation on the Black Hills National Forest 843 Sohier, W. D., Relation of Road Maintenance to Traffic 290 Spencer, J. W., The Management of Engelmann Spruce-Alpine Fir Stands- 739 Spillman, W. J., The Efficiency Movement In Its Relation to Agriculture— 490 Steffen, E. H., Range Reconnaissance on the Wallowa National Forest 843 Taber, W. C, Tamarind Sirup 805 Thibault, jr., J. K., The Losses to Rural Industries from Malarial Mos- quitoes 749 Thompson, H. C, Experiments in Growing Greenhouse Crops on Muck or Humus Soils 139 TowTisend, C. H. T., Proposal of New Muscoid Genera for Old Species 156 Townsend, C. O., Single-germ Beet Seed 532 True, A. C, Agricultural Education and Agricultural Prosperity 789 True, A. C, The Relation of the College Curriculum to Human Life and Work 895 True, R. H., Toxicity and Malnutrition 725 Turner, W. F., and Baker, A. C, Occurrence of an Intermediate in Aphis pomi 748 Turrentine, J. W., The Preparation of Fertilizer from Kelp 424 Van Dine, D. L., The Losses to Rural Industries Through Mosquitoes that Convey Malaria 255 Webb, J. L., Notes on the Rice Water Weevil (Lissorhoptrus simplex) 257 Weir, J. R., New Hosts for Some Forest Tree Fungi 550 Weir, J. R., Some Observations on Abortive Sporophores of Wood-destroy- ing Fungi ^__ 552 Weiss, H. F., and Teesdale, C. H., Records on the Life of Treated Timber in the United States 544 Weiss, H. F., The Preservation of Structural Timber 243 Willis, C. P., and Hofmann, J. V., Study of Douglas Fir Seed 739 Woodward, K. W., Forest Administration in the Southern Appalachians— 738 Woodward, T. E., Feeding Sour Milk to Young Calves 269 Wooton, E. O., and Standley, P. C, Flora of New Mexico 727 Bottle Washing Costs 876 ILLUSTRATION. Page. Fig. 1. Approximate grouping of States as rainfall sections 318 >-\/' \f? >' U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. XXXIII JULY, 1915 No. 1 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTmO OFFICE 1915 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientifie Bureaus. Weather Bueeau — C. F. Marvin, Chief. BxjKEAi; oi" Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau or Plant Industry — W. A, Taylor, Chief. Forest Service — ^H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils — ^Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — ^L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau Of Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Office OF Public Roads AND Rural Engineering — L.W. Page, Director. Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.o Canebrake Station: Uniontown; L. H, Moore.o Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W, Carver." Alaska— Siiftffi.- C. C. Georgeson.* Aeizona— Tucson: 'R. H. Forbes.o X^CEJ^SKS—Fayetteville: M. Nelson.a Chusomiik— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt.o Colorado— Por< Collins: C. P. Gillette.a Connecticut— State Station: New Eaven;\„ _ ,. , . „ /E. H. Jenldns.o Storrs Station: Storrs; I Delawaee— 7Ve«;orfc.' H. Hayward.a Fuinmx—Oainesville: P. H. Rolfs.a Georgia — Experiment: R. J. H. De Loach.a GvAii— Island of Guam: A. C. Hartenbower.!> IlAWAn— Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate> Sugar Planters' Station: Eonolulu; H. P, Agee.o IDKBO— Moscow: J. S. Jones.o Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport. a INDUNA— Lo Fayette: A. Goss.o loy!K~Ames: C. F. Curtiss.o Vi.K'ssks— Manhattan: W. M. Jardine.o 'Ks.Y^tvcKY— Lexington: J. H. Kastle.o Louisiana— State Station: Baton Rouge; \ Sugar Station: Audubon Pari. L^ R.Dodson« Netc OrUans; I North La. Station: Calhoun; j Maine— Orono; C. D. Woods.o lixiiYiAm>— College Park: H. J. Patterson.^ Massachusetts— Xm/i«rirt; W. P. Brooks.o Michigan— £ioldes, Kiley 17 Canning friiits and ^ ogotaldos on tlio farm, Vinront 18 A practu-al treatise ou^tho uiannlaeturo of vinegar, edited by Brannt 18 llandbook for the ehemieal laboratories of tanneries, Cirasser 18 Oils of t lie Coniferte. 1 , Selioi-gor 18 Chemistry of pine oil, Tueh 19 METEOROI.OliY. Agi'icxiltunvl meteorology', Figuciredo 19 Torrostrial temperature and sohir ehanges. Huntington 19 Formation of o/ono in tho upper atmosphere, and its iufhience, Pring 19 Climatologii-al data for tho United totaled by feetions 19 ileteon)h>gieal observations, Stevens 19 Saltou Sea water, Vinson and Catlin 19 Kainfall of tho eott(m belt of tho United States and its results, Wallis 20 Isomerie rainfall maps of tho r>rit ish Isles. M ill and Salter 20 Seasonal distribution of rainfall in tho British Isles 20 Atlas of agricultural meteorology. — I, Droughts in European Kusida, Brounov. . 20 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soils of the cut anil burned over areas of north Idaho, Jones and Colver 21 Bond Oouutv t*oils, Hopkins et al 21 Beelamation of an unproductive soil of Kankakee marsh region, Abbott et al. . 22 Soils, Briinnich 22 Cliemical studies of soils, Tijmstra.... 22 The sphere of adsorption phentunena in the soil, Sokolobskif ._ 22 Inlluenco of ra^lio-acti^■ity of air on mii-ro-organisms, Trillat and Fouassier 23 Studies of tho microfauna' of soils from rice localities. Cauda and Sangiorgi 23 Fhysiology and ilistribution of denitrifying thiosulphate bacteria, Gehring 23 The formation of leaf mohl . Coville 24 Soil tank experiments. Collison 24 Fertilizer value of bat guanos of Cuba and Isle of Pines. Ageton 24 Utilization of septic and Imlioff tank sludges, Lipman and Burgess 24 Peat. Davis 25 [l* tilizatiou of prickly pear as a fertilizer], Johnston and Trj'on 25 The action of liquid manure as a nitrogenous fertilizer, Schnlze 25 The manufacture of nitrates from the atmosphere, Scott 25 The action of certain new nitn.^genousfertilizei's, Tacke 25 [Some effects of fertilizer mixtures containing calcium cyanamid], King 25 The kelp industry 25 The new potash dejiosits in Spain 26 Potash deposits in Catalonia 26 Lime in agriculture, Shutt 26 Ground limestone for acid soils, Barker and Collison 26 Gvpsum, Stone 26 Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers, Cathcart et al 27 Fertilizer registrations. Cathcart 27 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Applied and economic botany. Rraemer 27 The vesretation of Nantucket. Harshberger -7 The character of the tubers of Batatas edit lis, Kamerling 1^7 The structure of clover blooms, Fominykh 27 Studios of Cam ptosoms rhizophyUus, Pickett 27 The sexuality of rust fungi. Rawitscher 27 Recent aspects of mutation. Gates 27 Gnnvth and variation in maize, Pearl and Surface 28 The causes of growth in plants. III. Borowikow 28 Further studies on the colloidal and physical chemistry of tlie cell., Ruhland. . 28 CX)NTENTS. m Pagp. Influence of ultraviolet raya on clilorophylI-9 '-.- , .. . . -.• ,- ..-.--. a. Mijller 09 The j^en/jination of seeds ot ArLs<*;ma. Pickett 09 The loij;eriments], McOmie 31 I Field crop trials], Scott 31 I Field crops experiments], Garrett and Quereau 32 "ield experiments, Wooas 32 Experiments with farm crops in southwest Missouri, Hutchison and Douglass. . . .33 Sf^il fertility problems, Stookey 33 [Cultural and fertilizer experiments], Stookey .33 Growingsucculent feeds for fall and winter use. — I. Root crops, Stookey 34 Grovi-ing succulent feeds for fall and winter use. — II. [Winter crops], Stookey.. .34 Summar\' of results [with] cereals. 1914, Saunders etal 34 Reportofassbtant botanist. Belling .34 Com, Ricks and Ames 34 Com experiments, Williams and Welton 35 Varieties, culture, and fertilization of com, Williams et al 36 Saving hay crops, Blanchard 38 Imy»ortance of thick seedin? in production of milo. Hastings 38 Studies on oat breeding. — II, Selection within pure Lines, Surface and Pearl. . 3R Peanut growing in the cotton belt, Thompson 40 Marketing Maine potatoes. More and Branch 40 Potato growing in western Washington, Stahl 40 Lime-sulphur r. Bordeaux mixture as a spray for potatoes, III, Munn 40 Lirne-Eulphur injurious to potatoes. Hall 41 Sudan graiss, Youngblood and Conner 41 Turnips as a stock food , V.'oods 41 The quality of home-grown versus imported wheat. Stewart and Hirst 41 Yellow-berry in v,'heat, its cause and prevention, Headden 41 HORTICULTURE. Summer treatment of greenhouse soil, Green 42 Onions, spinach, cauliflower, and casabas, Garcia and Rigney 43 [Report of the] horticultural department, Stahl 43 Rhubarb culture, Stahl 44 Piecommended varieties of fruit for Idaho, Vincent and Downing 44 Standard varieties of tree fruits, Stahl 44 Studies in fruit bud formation, Gourley , 44 Fertilizer experiments on apple trees at Highmoor Farm, Woods 45 Profits from spraying twenty-five Missouri orchards in 1914, Howard 45 Spraying and thinning notes, 1914, Gourley 46 Spring and summer spraying for the orchard , P^ees 47 Spraying calendar, Vincent and Edmundson .-.--.--- ^Z Analy-ses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides, Cathcart and W illis. . 47 Syptcms of training berry canes. Stahl 47 HarveKting the berry crops. Stahl ^^ Varieties of strawberries and raspberries, Stahl 47 TV CONTENTS. Page. StrawbeiTy growing in the South. Thompson 47 Strawbem- culture in ^Yisconsin. Moore 47 Fertilizer tests with red raspberries. Stahl 48 [Experiments with citrus seedlings in 1914], Floyd 48 Citrus experimental grove. Collison 48 [Report of the horticulturist], Lawrence 48 [Walnut growing in Arizona]. Thomber 49 Tree troubles at Douglas, Arizona. Thomber 49 FORESTRY. Report on progress in forestry, hunting, and fishing for 1913. Weber 49 Pennsylvania trees. Illick • 49 The C\'presses, Camus 49 [Eucah-pt yields]. McOmie 49 The cultivation of the black locust in southeastern Indiana, Culbertson 50 Rubber in Brazil. Labroy and Cayla 50 International Rubber Congress. — Rubber book, edited by Van Hall 50 Chinese forest trees and timber supply. Shaw 50 Production and value of Irish timber, Forbes 50 Manuring experiments on Castleton Estate, Telok Anson, Barrowcliff et al 50 Report of the director of forests. Jolly 51 DISEASES OF PI^NTS. Plant diseases, Prillieux 51 Plant patholog\', Tr\-ou 51 Studies on Orobanche, Gueguen 51 Foot rot of cereals, Moreau 51 Smut disease in maize 51 Winterkilling of wheat, Schaffnit 51 Studies of club root. II, Methods of combating club root, Cunningham 52 Studies on potato anatomy, von Tiesenhausen ' 52 Diseases of potatoes. II. Ill, Rees 52 The spindling-sprout disease of potatoes. Stewart and Sirrine 52 Morphology- and cytclog>- of Phytophthora erythrose plica , Murphy 53 The physiolog\' cf Phoma hetx, Fischer 53 Black spot of the tomato. Darnell-Smith 53 Black hearted turnips. Woods 53 Fire blight of pear and apple. Rees 53 Blight resistance in pears and pear stocks, Reimcr 53 Plum diseases. Rabate 54 A parasitic disease of quinces, Blin 54 Experimental spraying for blackberry anthracnose, Rocs 54 Mulberry' diseases. Arnaud 54 A study of chlorosis in grape stocks, Marsais 54 Grape mildew, Ravaz 55 Treating citrus trees for gummosis and heart rot, Prizer 55 Report cf plant physiologist. Floyd 55 Report of plant pathologist. Stevens 55 Die-back of citrus trees in the northern districts, Williams 56 Diseases of the peony. ^Vhetzel 56 Diseases of oak and chestnut in Brittany, Ducomet 56 Chestnut disease in France, Mangin 56 Dissemination of ascospores of the chestnut blight fungus, Heald ct r.l 56 Witches' brooms on British willows, Christy 56 Estimating nematodes, Baunacke 56 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Revision of the American marmots, Howell 57 Bird migration, Cooke 57 Entomolog\-, Morrill - 57 Report of the state entomologist of Connecticut for 1914, Britton 57 Report of entomologist, WatsOn 58 Insects affecting vegetable crops in Porto Rico, Jones 59 CONTENTS. V Page. The control of apple insects in Clinton County, Crosby and Mix 59 Insects destructive to grain and grain products stored, Dean 59 House fumigation, Woodworth 59 How to control the grasshoppers. Ball 59 Cockroaches, Marlatt 59 List of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine, Parehley 59 The chinch bug. Webster 59 Spraying for the grape lealhopper, Quayle 59 The woolly white fly {Aleurothrixus [Aleyrodes] ho'iardi), Watson 59 Recent Illinois work on the corn root aphis and its control, Forbes 60 The gipsy moth, Britton 61 The codling moth in the central Appalachian region. Brooks and Blakeslee. . . 61 The spring cankerworra situation in Kansas, Dean 02 The true clothes moths, Marlatt 62 The root maggot pest, Stookey G2 The huLsache girdler (Oncideres putator), High 63 The spotted click beetle ( Monocrepidius vespertinus), Eagerton 63 FOODS — IIUMAX NUTRITION'. Acidity in wheat flour, Fitz 64 Accidental poisoning due to flour containing barium carbonate, Hugounenq. . . 64 Feterita, Summers 64 Some data on peanut butter, Utt 64 I Utilization of prickly pear as human food], Johnston and Tiy-on 64 Mushrooms and other common fungi, Patterson and Charles 65 Analyses of human milk, Spindler 65 Mother's milk and influence of calcium and phosphorus additions, Zuckmayer. 65 What every ice cream dealer should know 65 The preparation of pure sucrose and dextrose caramels, Beal and Zoller 65 Harmful effect of certain sugar cane products, Blosser 65 Lime juice, McGill 66 Lea^•ening agents, Hart 66 The blanching of canned goods. Berg 66 Packing tea in foil containing lead, Bordas 66 The toxicity of caffein, Brauer 66 Preservatives and other chemicals in foods: Their use and abuse, Folin 66 [Analyses of foods, drugs, and beverages], Kolb 66 Special food and drug analyses, 1914, Rose and Heimbmger 66 Thirteenth annual report of the state food commissioner of Illinois, Jones 66 Fourteenth annual report of the state food commissioner of Illinois, Matthews. 67 [Food and drug inspection and analysis], Cogswell et al 67 [Food analyses and pure food topics], Foust 67 Sixth annual report of the food and drug commissioners, Jackson et al 67 Fourteenth report of food and drug commissioner of South Dakota, Frary 67 [Pure food topics and food and drug inspection], Ladd and Johnson 67 Department rulings relative to food and dairy products and their labeling 67 The food inspector's handbook, Vacher 67 The commercial aspect of electric cooking and heating, Wilmshurst 67 Electric cooking on a large scale, Schiilz 68 The usefulness of nickel cooking utensils, Gheorghiu 68 Kitchen ventilation for a modern hotel 68 Dollar limcheons to serve four people 68 Feeding of Arab soldiers, Amar 68 Studies of the protein minimum, Hindhede 68 Studies of unbalanced diets, Tachau 68 The influence of restricted rations on growth. Hart and ^McCollum 69 Constancy of the content of phosphorus lipoids. Mayer and Schaeffer 69 Constancy of the content of fatty acids and cholesterol, Terroine 69 Fat intoxication, Weltmann 69 Observations on creatiu and creatinin, Shaffer 69 Effect of salts and other ions upon oxidative processes in the body, I, Zuntz . . 69 Experimental studies of effect of salts upon resph-aton,' metabolism, II, Mader. 69 The average composition of the alveolar air. Krogh and Lindhard <0 Respiratorv' exchange with and without ventilation, Socor '0 Vm CONTENTS. Page. [Agricultural and domestic science instruction in high echoola of Wisconsin]. . . 94 High school clubs in agriculture and home economics, Anderson and Parrish. . 94 Boytj' and girls' demonstration club work in Arkansas, Jernigan 95 School credit for home work, Werner 95 The Montana Country Life Education Association 95 Agriculture, Benson and Betts 95 Practical helps in agriculture and nature study, Jones and Fowkes 95 Outline of course in natiu-e study and agriculture, Wood 95 Nature study and agriculture for rural schools of Texas, Taylor and Winkler. . 95 Nature study and agriculture in Manitoba schools 95 Fights of the farmer, Snyder 95 The book of useful plants, Rogers 96 Correspondence courses in agriculture for teachers. — I, Farm plants and soils. . 90 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-fifth Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1914 96 Twenty -seventh Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1914 96 Annual Report of Florida Station, 1914 96 Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1914 96 Twenty -seventh Annual Report of Louisiana Stations, 1914 96 Finances, meteorology, index 96 Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1913 97 Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1914 97 Report of Western Washington Station to December 31, 1914, Linklater 97 Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 97 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Arizona Station: Page. Twenty-fifth An. Rpt. 1914. . . 19, 31, 48, 49, 57, 73, 77, 87, 94, 96 Arkansas Station: Circ. 25, Fob., 1915 86 Circ. 26, P^eb., 1915 91 Giro. 27. Feb., 1915 95 California Station: Bui. 251, Apr., 1915 24 Circ. 126, Mar., 1915 59 Circ. 127, Mar. , 1915 59 Colorado Station: Bui. 205, Feb.. 1915 41 Twenti'-seventh An. Rpt. 1914 96 Connecticut State Station: Bui. 186, Feb., 1915 61 An. Rpt. 1914, pt. 3 57 An. Rpt. 1914, pt. 4 71 Florida Station: Bui. 126, Mar., 1915 59 An. Rpt. 1914 24, 31, 34, 48, 55, 58, 74, 96 Idaho Station: Bui. 81, Jan., 1915 21 Bui. 82, Mar., 1915 18 Bui. 83, Mar., 1915 44 Cii-c. 1, 1915 47 Illinois Station: Bui. 178, Jan., 1915 60 Soil Rpt. 8, Oct., 1913 21 Twenty-seventh An. Rpt. 1914 96 Indiana Station: Bui. 170, popular ed., Dec, 1913-- 22 Kansas Station: Circ. 46, Feb 1, 1915 62 Circ. 47, Feb. 15, 1915 59 Kentucky Station: Bui. 190, Jan., 1915 73 Louisiana Stations: Twenty-seventh An. Rpt. 1914. 32, 96 Maine Station: Bui. 234, Dec, 1914 19, 28, 59, 74, 75, 76, 96 Bui. 235, Jan., 1915 38 Bui. 236, Feb., 1915 32, 41,45,53,73,90 Mississippi Station: Bui. 170, Jan., 1915 .34 Missouri Station: Bui. 123, Jan., 1915 33 Bui. 124, Jan., 1915 45 New Hampshire Station: Tech. Bui. 9, Jan., 1915 44 Circ 17, Mar., 1915 46 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 273, Oct. 26, 1914 47 Bui. 274, Dec 17, 1914 27 Bui. 275, Jan. 7, 1915 27 New Mexico Station: Bui. 92, Jan., 1915 43 Stations in the United Stales — Con. New York Cornell Station: Page. Bui. 355, Feb., 1915 80 Bui. 356, Mar., 1915 59 Circ. 27, Feb., 1915 17 New York State Station: Bui. 397, Feb., 1915 40,41 Bui. 398, Mar., 1915 78 Bui. 399, Mar., 1915 52 Bui. 400, Mar., 1915 26 Tech. Bui. 40, Jan., 1915 11 North Carolina Station: Bui. 229, Feb., 1915 .36 North Dakota Station: Bui. 109, Dec, 1914 78 Spec. Bui., vol. 3, No. 16, Mar., 1915 67 Paint Bui., vol. 1, No. 6, Mar., 1915 17,90,91 Ohio Station: Bui. 281, Jan., 1915 42 Bui. 282, Feb., 1915 35 South Carolina Station: Bui. 179, Dec, 1914 63 Texas Station: Bui. 172, Jan., 1915 41 Utah Station: Bui. 137, Feb., 1915 41 Bui. 138, Feb., 1915 59 Vermont Station: Bui. 185, Nov., 1914 52 Twenty-sixth An. Rpt. 1913. . 97 Twenty-seventh An. Rpt. 1914. 97 Washington Station: Popular Bui. 84, Mar., 1915. . . 74 Popular Bui. 85, Mar., 1915. . . 90 Popular Bui. 86, Mar. , 1915 ... 77 West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui.— vol. 1— No. 3, Nov., 1913 97 No. 4, Dec, 1913 34, 44, 53, 90, 97 No. 5, Jan., 1914 34, 44, 97 No. 6, Feb., 1914 40,52,97 No. 7, Mar., 1914.. 47,52,77,97 vol. 2— No. 1, Apr., 1914 97 No. 2, May, 1914 90,97 No. 3, June, 1914 38,47,97 No. 4, July, 1914 97 No. 5, Aug., 1914 90,97 No. 6, Sept., 1914 54, 97 No. 7, Oct., 1914 48,97 No. 8, Nov., 1914 33,97 No. 9, Dec, 1914 79,97 No. 10, Jan., 1915 33, 43, 76, 78, 97 No. 12, Mar., 1915.. 44, 47, 62, 97 vol. 3— No. 1, Apr., 1915 97 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 248, Mar., 1915 47 IX LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Joiir. Agr. Research, vol. 3, No. 6, Page. Mar., 1915 56,72 Bui. 3 75, Mushrooms and Other Common Fungi, Flora W. Patter- eon and Vera K. Charles 65 Bui. 184, The Huisache Girdler, M. M. High 63 Bui. 185, Bird Migration, W. W. Cooke 57 Bui. 188, Importance of Thick Seeding in the Production of Milo in the San Antonio Region, S.H.Hastings 38 Bui. 189, Studies of the Codling Moth in the Central Appalachian Region, F. E. Brooks and E. B. Blakeslee Gl Bui. 190, The Drainage of Irrigated Land, R. A. Hart 88 Bui. 191, Demurrage Information for Farmers, G . C . Waiite 91 Bui. 192, Insects Affecting Vegeta- ble Crops in Porto Rico, T. H. Jones 59 Farmers' Bui. 657, The Chinch Bug, F. M. Webster 59 Farmers' Bui. 658, Cockroaches, C. L. Marlatt 59 Farmers' Bid. 659, The True Clothes Moths, C. L. Marlatt 62 Farmers' Bui. 661, A Method of Analyzing the Farm Business, E. H. Thomson and H. M. Dixon 91 U. S. Department of Agriculture— Con. Farmers' Bui. 664, Strawberry Growing in the South, H, C. Thompson Farmers' Bui. 665, The Agricul- tural Outlook Farmers' Bui. 666, Foot-and-Mouth Disease, J. R. Mohler Office of the Secretary: Circ. 47, Cooperative Agricul- tural Extension Work Circ. 48, Marketing Maine Po- tatoes, C. T. More and G. V. Branch Spec. fCirc], Peanut Growing in the Cotton Belt, H. C. Thompson Biu'eau of Biological Survey: North American Fauna 37, Re- vision of the American ^lar- mots, A. H. Howell A\' eather B lu^eau : Climat. Data, vol. 2, Nos. 1-2, Jan.-Feb., 1915 Scientific Contributions: « The Formation of Leaf Mold, F. V. Coville Oils of the Coniferse. — I, The Leaf and Twig Oils of Cuban and Long-leaf Pines and the Cone Oil of Long-leaf Pine, A. W. Schorger Page. 47 93 84 94 40 40 57 19 24 18 a Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXIII. July, 1915. No. 1. Under the plan adopted by the last Congress for the reorganization of the Federal Department of Agriculture, the States Relations Service Avas formally established by Secretary Houston, and began its activities with the new fiscal jenr on July 1, 1915. The new organization developed upon the foundation of the Office of Experi- ment Stations, which it will include. In addition the cooperative demonstration work of the Department has been transferred from the Bureau of Plant Industry and joined with the extension work of the States. The functions assigned to the new Service are first of all, as the name implies, to represent the Secretary of Agriculture in his relations with the state agricultural colleges and experiment stations under the Morrill, Hatch, Adams, and Smith-Lever Acts and acts supple- mentary thereto. In addition, the Service is to carry on the activities authorized by Congress for farmers' cooperative demonstration work, investigations relating to agricultural schools, farmers' institutes, the relative utility and economy of agricultural products used for food, clothing, and other uses in the home, and the maintenance of agricultural experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and Guam, and such other matters as the Secretary of Agriculture may designate from time to time. To carry on these various lines of work the Service will comprise the following offices: (1) The Office of the Director of the Service, which includes the general work and administration of the Service; (2) the Office of Experiment Stations, including the relations with the State and insular experiment stations, publication of Experiment Station Record, etc.; (3) the Office of Extension Work in the South, including the farmers' cooperative demonstration work and the Smith-Lever agricultural extension work in fifteen Southern States ; (4) the Office of Extension Work in the North and West, including the demonstration and extension work in the remaining States; and (5) The Office of Home Economics, including investigations relative to foods, clothing, and household equipment and management. The work of the Service relating to agricultural instruction is to be under the immediate attention of the Director, as is also that relating to farmers' Institutes and similar organizations, the latter being conducted in close cooperation with the offices of extension work. The Service will thus have jurisdiction over matters relating 1 Z EXPERIMENT STATIOIST RECORD. to all the extension work of the Department, and those connected with the administration of the Smith-Lever Act. With the exception of the addition of the farmers' cooperative demonstration work which, as is well known, has arisen in the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the separation of the irrigation and drainage investigation3 by transfer to the newly expanded Office of Public Roads and Eural Engineering, most of the duties of the Service are those which have been previously conducted by the Office of Experiment Stations. The reorganization involves no radical alterations in personnel or policy except as stated, and the Office of Experiment Stations remains as an integral part of the new and larger organization. The history of this office is coincident with that of the experiment station system in this country, and a brief re- view of its development and activities through a period of nearly twenty-seven years seems opportune at the present juncture. The Office of Experiment Stations was organized in 1888 by the late Hon. Norman J. Colman, then Commissioner of Agriculture. It was established primarily as the agency of the Department in carrying out the provisions of the Hatch Act of 1887, especially Sec- tion 3 of that Act which provides, in addition to other requirements, that it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture with reference to the new stations " to indicate from time to time such lines of inquiry as to him shall seem most important; and, in gen- eral, to furnish such advice and assistance as will best promote the purpose of this act." Specific provision was made for this Avork in the appropriation act approved July 18, 1888, in which $10,000 was appropriated for the purposes enumerated in the above section, and also " to compile, edit, and publish such of the results of the experi- ments made under Section 2 of said Act by said experiment stations as he may deem necessary." Even before the passage of the Hatch Act had established the prin- ciple of federal aid to the States for agricultural research, the need of a central clearing house which would aid in joining the separate agi^icultural colleges into a single well-united system had been fore- seen by the Commissioners of Agriculture and many of the institu- tions themselves. The matter had been under consideration at the special conventions of the agricultural colleges and other agricul- tural workers held by the Department in 1872, and subsequently those in 1882 and 1883. At the convention of 1885, called specifically to consider the establishment of closer relations between the Depart- ment and other agricultural institutions, a resolution was adopted recommending the creation of a bureau or division in this Depart- ment which should be the special medium of intercommunication and exchange between the Department and the various institutions EDITORIAL. 3 represented. In advocacy of such an agency Commissioner Colman said in his annual report for 1885: " For many years it has become more and more apparent tiiat one great need of the agricultural interests of the TTnited States is a better understanding and a more intimate relation between the sev- eral agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and a more practi- cal cooperation between these institutions and the Department of Agriculture. . . . These agricultural colleges were severalh'^ endow^ed by one and the same act of Congress. They are now separately carrying on experiments at an expense of time and means, and yet without any central head through wdiich to report and compare results with each other. ... " Believing that the Department of Agriculture can, if wisely con- ducted, become a vitalizing center for a more general cooperative effort for the promotion of agricultural science, and that the various state expei'iment stations should be encouraged by the most cordial cooperation on the part of this branch of the National Government, I have endeavored, with my very limited means and force, to organ- ize a branch in this Department to take charge of the returns from these colleges and stations, and to collate and distribute the infor- mation obtained for the benefit of all interested parties. I am happy to say that the institutions alluded to warmly approve of this plan, and are aiding me with their suggestions and cooperation." The Hatch Act passed March 2, 1887, but did not become operative until the following year, Avhen the appropriation under it was made. A definite organization for the new Office was effected October 1, 1888. On this date Prof. W. O. AtAvater, who had been one of the leading advocates of a national system of experiment stations, began his duties as director, retaining as well the directorship of the Con- necticut Storrs Station and his professorship in chemistry in Wes- leyan University. Dr. A. W. Harris, now president of Northwestern University, became assistant director of the Office, and with one clerical assistant completed its initial organization. The general policy of the Office and many of the lines of its future work were mapped out to a large extent by Professor Atwater, and in considerable measure have been adhered to in subsequent years. Some of its proposed principal functions were outlined in the report of Commissioner Colman for 1888, as follows: " The most immediately pressing need seems to be that of a clear- ing house and an exchange for the stations. The stations are widely separated; they need to know more about each other's work; they need each other's help, especially that which comes from the inter- change of experience. Much is gained by the proper distribution of 4 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Avork and by cooperation where that is feasible. As a clearing house this Office can facilitate intercommunication between the stations, collate the results of their work, and facilitate its most advantageous coordination. It can serve as an exchange or distributing point for information in two ways, negotiating betw^een the stations and the agricultural public on the one side and between the stations and the world of science on the other. " One of the means by which this Department can mediate between the stations and the agricultural public is the issuing of a series of farmers' bulletins, which should- collate the results of station work bearing upon special topics, and the teachings of other research, and put the whole into a form so plain that the intelligent farmer will understand it, so brief that he will read it through, and so practical that he will take it to heart. Thus while each station is distributing its own results to the farmers of its own State, this instrumentality will help to make the several stations serviceable to the agriculture of the whole country. "As a mediator between the stations and the world of science, this branch of the Department should be in a condition to collate the re- sults of experimental research in this country and in Europe, and jDublish them in convenient form for the use of the station workers and others interested in the science of agriculture. The past forty years has been a period of great and increasing activity in agricul- tural inquiry, especially in Europe. The mass of material accumu- lated is large and rapidly growing ; it is mostly in foreign languages, and in costly journals, publications of learned societies, monographs, and other books, which but few of our workers have, and which with lack of leisure, but few could sufficiently utilize if they had them. Indexes of literature of given subjects and, especially, abstracts of experimental research are wanted. " One need is a journal for the stations, to contain accounts of their current research, abstracts of similar work in this and in other coun- tries, and other matters of mutual interest. What is wanted is a pub- lication, properly edited, adapted to our special conditions, appearing regularly and giving the latest information, doing for workers in these lines what Die Landwirthschaf tlichen VersucJis-Stationen, the Centralhlatt fiir AgHcuUurchemie, and other publications do for the German stations; in short., a means to provide prompt and constant intercommunication between the stations and bring them from out- side the things they want to know. " Information is also greatly needed in regard to past work and its results. This would be probably best brought to the stations in the form of monographs on special subjects. ... It is important to avoid going over old ground, to start where others have left off, and with the benefit of their experience." EDITOEIAL. 5 Of the various lines of work here suggested, the first to be taken up was that of getting into communication with the various agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations. One of the earliest steps was the preparation of an address list of the stations. This w^as soon sup- plemented by an organization list, showing the personnel of the in- stitutions, such as has been issued in somewhat modified form ever since. This material, together with historical accounts of the experi- ment station movement, federal legislation and rulings relating thereto, and similar data, constituted Bulletin 1, issued in February, 1889. Bulletin 2 was a digest of the annual reports of the stations for* 1888, while other early bulletins dealt with the organization and lines of work in progress in special lines, such as horticulture and botany, reprints of the proceedings of the annual conventions of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta- tions, etc. In 1890 the publication was commenced of a card index of experiment station literature, now embracing over thirty- five thou- sand entries. The useful series of compilations of analyses and simi- lar data was instituted in 1892 by a compilation of such data for feeding stuffs. Reference may also be m.ade to Bulletin 180, a list of the publications of the experiment stations to June 30, 1906; the monthly list of experiment station publications, begun in 1904; and the large amount of historical and statistical data embraced in the annual reports of the Office. The abstract journal referred to was provided in the Experiment Station Record,, the first volume of which appeared in 1889. Thirty- two volumes of this publication have now been completed, the last two volumes of Avliich, representing merely the last fiscal year, con- tain nearly eight thousand abstracts as well as editorials, special articles, and brief notes on important phases of the progress of agri- cultural investigation and science. In addition to comprehensive indexes for each volume, two general indexes have been issued, cover- ing respectively Volumes I to XII and XIII to XXV. The latter index contained fully two hundred thousand separate entries. The first farmers' bulletin was published in 1889. The series proved so popular that it was soon transferred from the Office and made a general series for the Department. Nearly seven hundred of these publications have been issued to date, many of them in very large editions and distributed by Members of Congress on a large scale. A considerable number of these farmers' bulletins have been prepared in this Office, notably the series known as Experiment Station Work, of which seventy-six numbers appeared, containing over six hundred articles, based mainly on the practical work of the experiment stations. The Office has, indeed, from the beginning been recognized as one of the most active branches of the Department in the dissemination 6 EXPEBIMENT STATIOX RECOED. of information through publications. In addition to the thirtY-t"wo volumes of the Record, the many farmers* bulletins, special lists, indexes, reports, etc., already referred to, nearly three hundred buUe- tLQs, mainly of a scientific and technical nature, one hundred and twenty-five circulars, and many other documents of miscellaneous nature have already appeared. Considerable attention has been given from the first to means for bringing to public notice the "work of the stations as a whole. An extensive collective exhibit of the methods and results of experiment station work was prepared for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, in 1893, and a similar exhibit for most of the subse- quent expositions in this country, as well as for the Paris Exposition of 1900. In connection with these expositions much bibliographical material relating to the stations has been collected and published by the Office, such as Bulletin 15, a handbook of experiment station work; Bulletin 80, an elaborate report on the history and status of each station in the United States; and Bulletin 112, a similar report on the experiment stations in foreign countries. One of the first projects to be undertaken was the assembling of the library of station publications, now believed to be the most complete collection of these publications in existence. A collection has also been attempted of the books published by college and experiment station workers, with a view to illustrating the marked influence of these institutions in this direction. With each succeeding year the Office has come into more intimate relations with the various experiment stations as regards the super- vision of their expenditures from federal funds, and in an advisory capacity with their general management and development. An an- nual inspection has been made of ^ach station since 1894. Following the passage of the Adams Act in 1906, the duties of the Office in relation to the use by the stations of the federal funds were much increased. Inasmuch as the legality of the expenditures is so largely dependent upon the character of the investigation, the supervi- sion of the funds becomes in a large measure a supervision of the investigations and experiments as far as their character, original features, and continuity are concerned. The passage of the Smith- Lever Act in 1911 added similar duties as to the administration of funds for extension work. The Office has also conducted negotiations between the various bureaus of the Department and the stations with reference to the large amount of cooperative work which has been undertaken, and has likewise exerted its influence through the Association of Ameri- can Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations and a large num- EDITORIAL. 7 ber of other organizations devoted to various phases of agricultural science. The establishment of the Office also enabled the Department to give to its constantly increasing multitude of correspondents definite information based on experimental inquiries in many lines not cov- ered by its own investigations. For a considerable period a large share of its work consisted in answering inquiries, but with the exten- sion of the work and organization of the Department such work has been largely assumed by the other bureaus. Closely allied to the work of the Office with reference to the experi- ment stations have been its relationships with institutions for agri- cultural education. One of the first pieces of work undertaken by the Office was the preparation of a brief history of agricultural edu- cation and research in the United States for the Paris Exposition of 18S9. After the passage of the ]SIorrill Act of 1S90. the Office was made the deiDOsitory of the reports of the agricultural colleges to the Secretary of Agriculture, and through its close association with the Association of American Agi'icultural Colleges and Experiment Stations was called on to aid the rapidly growing movement for agricultural education in various ways. The director of the Office has served on the standing committee on agi'icultural instruction of the Association for many years, and has been dean of the Graduate School of Agriculture since its beginning in 1902. In recent years many of its activities have been conducted through its agricultural education seiwice. which represents the Department in its relations with agricultural colleges and schools at home and abroad. Much attention has been given to improving the courses of instruction in agriculture by reducing the various branches to soimd pedagogical form, the encouragement of agricultural instruction of secondary grade, and the development of adequate graduate instruc- tion. The work of aiding in the development of farmers' institutes was officially undertaken in 1903, when a farmers' institute specialist was appointed, and has since continued with increasing attention to the various other phases of extension work. In addition to its general supervision of the expenditures of the experiment stations under the Hatch and Adams Acts, the Office has had in direct charge the management of the so-called insular stations. The fii*st of these was established in Alaska in 1898, followed by the federal stations in Hawaii and Porto Rico in 1901, and that in Guam in 1908. These stations have from the start given much emphasis to special problems, the general policy having been to determine and develop the agricultural possibilities of Alaska, to diversif}- the agri- culture of Hawaii and Porto Eico, and to restore that of Guam to its former importance. Many important results have already been se- 9G610°— Xo. 1—15 2 8 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. cured by these stations and their recommendations have effected valu- able improvements in the agricultural practice of their respective localities. In 1894 the state experiment stations were specifically authorized by Congress to include the study of the food of man in their inquiries and instructed to report their progress to this Department. An ajDpropriation was also made of $10,000 " to enable the Secretary of Agriculture to investigate and report upon the nutritive value of the various articles and commodities used for human food." The prose- cution of this inquiry was assigned to the Office of Experiment Stations, which had already instituted work in collating information regarding the methods and results of food investigations in this country and in Europe. The enterprise subsequently became a part of the regular work of the Office and has contributed largely to the available fund of technical and popular data on nutrition, and to the introduction of studies along this line into the curricula of a large number of colleges and schools. The purpose of the nutrition investigations has been to study the use as food of the products of farm, ranch, and garden and to bring the results obtained to the attention of housekeepers and thus help them in making the best, most rational, and most economical use of their available resources; and to provide material for the teacher, physician, and others who need accurate information on food and nutrition in their professional work. Very many questions have been studied and the results obtained have been of decided value to the producer of food supplies and to those who manufacture, handle, and market them, as well as to the housekeeper, the teacher, and the professional man. The respiration calorimeter, an instrument of precision for measur- ing the total income and outgo of matter and energy in experiments with man, has been perfected, found useful for a great variety of experimental work, and extensively and profitably employed for such piu-poses. Later developments of this instrument are forms suited to the study of problems of vegetable physiology and other questions of interest in connection with the work of the Department. A total of 132 nutrition publications have been issued, of which 62 are technical bulletins. The publications as a whole have been in much demand, their total distribution to the close of the fiscal year 1915 being 16,305,800 copies, of which 15,952,150 copies were farmers' bulletins. The scope of this work was increased in 1914 to include similar studies of agricultural products in their relation to clothing and other uses in the honie. This extension was brought about very largely in response to the demands of housekeepers, educators, and EDITORIAL. 9 others for work along these lines, in consequence of their apprecia- tion of the value of the studies with foods already undertaken. In 1898 Congress added further to the work of the Office by appro- priating $10,000 " for the purpose of collecting from agricultural colleges, agricultural experiment stations, and other sources . . . valuable information and data on the subject of irrigation, and pub- lishing the same in bulletin form." This work has grown from year to year as Congress has increased the appropriations, the allotment for the past year being $106,400. At the time the work was begun the most conspicuous need of the arid region was legislation con- trolling the use of water for irrigation. Largely through the efforts of this Office most of the arid States have since that time adopted comprehensive codes of water laws. As demands for legal studies have decreased more attention has been given to engineering and agricultural improvement in irrigation practice. Local appreciation of the value of this work is evidenced by the fact that in most of the arid States either the States them- selves or some of their public institutions have of late been cooperat- ing with the Office on a dollar for dollar basis. The object of all these investigations is the best use of the water supply of the arid region, which is so limited that under the most favorable conditions only a small percentage of the arable land can be irrigated. Previous to 1902 the Department gave no special attention to land drainage, although it has been estimated that there are in the United States approximately seventy-nine million acres of land, exclusive of tidal marshes, that can not be profitably cultivated on account of excess moisture but which could be reclaimed at a net profit of nearly $1,600,000,000. In that year authority was given the Office in con- nection with its irrigation investigations to investigate the making of plans for the removal of seepage and surplus water by drainage. Subsequently the work was further extended in scope, and in 1907 was organized as a separate division of the Office. In recent years it has included a study of the requirements of drainage in various localities and under different conditions, the collection of technical data of service to engineers and others having to do with the design of drainage improvements, and the rendering of assistance by correspondence to owners of land needing draining, by personal consultation, and occasionally by surveys with reports presenting detailed plans for the requisite improvements. Investi- gations have been conducted in nearly every State and approximately ten million acres have been surveyed. Of late much attention has been given to the many difficult problems in the abatement and pre- vention of seepage and alkali in irrigated sections. 10 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. • The vast increase in scope of the original activities of the Office, and especially the addition to its duties of the special investigations in irrigation, drainage, and human nutrition, necessitated a large increase in its personnel and facilities. The initial corps of three employees had grown at the time of the reorganization to about two hundred and seventy-five, of whom over half were engaged in field work outside of Washington. The funds for its maintenance rose from $10,000 in 1888 to $1,930,780 in 1915. To the student of governmental institutions, the Office of Experi- ment Stations has presented an example of an agency exercising chiefly advisory functions. Although charged with administrative duties toward the funds for experiment stations, it has relied less on the authority of law than on its influence in promoting the development and the well-being of the experiment station system. In accordance with the Hatch Act, it has been an integral part of that system, and in a broad sense it has sought to realize the part somewhat vaguely set forth in the clause leading to its establishment. From the first the Office has maintained close and sympathetic relations with the stations throughout the entire country, studying their conditions and problems at first hand. From these studies and the history of investigation, standards of work and of organiza- tion have been set forth, and the effort has been made to stand between the stations and influences which did not represent their best interests in the long run. The fact that this relationship has been so largely voluntary and informal, and in a sense a personal one, rather than a strictly official one operating under force of law, has shown the mutual confidence and understanding which have devel- oped through these twenty-seven years. Stimulation and assistance rather than restraint or attempt at centralized direction has been the guiding motive at all times. The same principles have very largely determined the course of action in the special lines of service which have been added to its more general duties from time to time, and this will continue with- out interruption in the enlarged field of the States Relations Service. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Concerning the organic phosphorus compound of wheat bran and the hydrolysis of phytin, R. J. Anderson {New York State Sta. Tech. Bui. 40 {1915). pp. SI). — "This bulletin contains reports of investigations concerning (1) the nature and composition of the principal organic phosphoric acid iso- lated from 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid extract of wheat bran, (2) the products formed from phytiu by the action of the enzym phytase contained in wheat bran, (3) the hydrolysis of the organic phosphorus compound of wheat bran in different solvents, and (4) the nature and composition of the organic phosphorus compound of wheat bran when isolated from solvents which destroy the enzym phytase. " It has been shown in previous reports [E. S. R., 28, p. 17] that the organic phosphorus compounds isolated from 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid extracts of wheat bran differ in composition from phytin and phytic acid or inosit hexaphosphoric acid. It has also been shown [E. S. R., 32, p. 17] that the above substance is not a homogeneous compound but that it can be separated into several fractions which differ in composition. " The first part of this bulletin describes the further separation of these com- pounds and the isolation of a new organic phosphoric acid, inosit triphosphoric acid, as a crystalline strychnin salt from the water-insoluble portion of the acid barium salts. The neutral barium inosit triphosphate, CaHoOisPsBaa, was pre- pared from the crystalline strychnin salt. It was a white amorphous powder. The free inosit triphosphoric acid, CeHisOisPs, was prepared from the barium salt, and it was obtained as a noncrystallizable sirup. The reactions of inosit triphosphoric acid differ in several pai'ticulars from those of phytic acid or inosit hexaphosphoric acid, but like the latter it decomposes, when heated in a sealed tube with dilute sulphuric acid, into inosit and phosphoric acid. " The chief products of the hydrolysis of phytin by the phytase in wheat bran are inorganic phosphoric acid and certain intermediate compounds apparently consisting of inosit tri-, di-, and monophosphoric acids. These intermediate substances are identical with the compounds which we have previously isolated from 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid extracts of wheat bran. A portion of the phytin was completely hydrolyzed by the action of the enzym into phosphoric acid and inosit because the solution was found to contain some free inosit. All of the phytin was partially hydrolyzed since the final reaction mixture did not contain any unchanged inosit hexaphosphoric acid. " The results herein reported amplify and confirm the experiments of Suzuki. Yoshimura, and Takaishi [E. S. R., 19, p. 966], and of Plimmer [E. S. R., 29, p. 166], concerning the presence of the enzym 'phytase' in wheat bran which is capable of hydrolyzing phytin with the production of inorganic phosphoric acid. The maximum activity of the enzym has been shown to occur in the presence of 0.1 per cent hydrochloric acid and 0.2 per cent acetic acid. With increasing concentration of the hydrochloric acid the activity rapidly diminishes, 11 12 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. and with 0.5 per cent hydrochloric acid there is practically no hydrolysis of the organic phosphorus. The enzym is destroyed by boiling water and by boiling 0.2 per cent hydrochloric acid. It is also destroyed by a short exposure to 0.5 per cent hydrochloric acid and to 0.25 per cent ammonia. It is shown that wheat bran normally contains about 0.1 per cent of inorganic phosphorus, which is equal to about 11 per cent of the total soluble phosphorus. " By digesting wheat bran in 1 per cent hydrochloric acid, which is sufficiently strong to destroy the enzym phytase, it is possible to isolate from the extract crystalline barium salts of the following composition : CeHisOziPeBaa+SHoO and (CcH„024Po)2Ba7+14H»0. These salts are identical with the tribarium phytate and heptabarium phy- tate obtained from oats, corn, cotton-seed meal, and commercial phytin. All of these materials contain, therefore, the same organic phosphorus compound, viz, phytic acid or inosit hexaphosphoric acid, CoHis024Pe." A proposed modification of the Kober method for quantitative ammonia distillation by aeration, F. L. Dillingham (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 36 (1914), No. 6, pp. 1310-1312). — The A'alue of the Kober and Graves method" for deter- mining ammonia was studied with ammonium sulphate. As a pump drawing only 360 liters of air per hour was available, more aeration, as recommended by the originators of the method, was used. "A large number of determinations were made, and in no case could all the ammonia be recovered by this method of aeration. In each case quantities of ammonia varying, in round numbers, from 3 to 15 per cent were found to be retained in the residual liquid in the Kjeldahl flask. . . . "This failure to recover all of the ammonia, by aeration alone, suggested a modification of the method, which has been carefully tried out and which it is desired to offer. The modification consists in utilizing the heat of neutraliza- tion and in heating the liquid in the Kjeldahl flask over a low flame during the entire period of aeration. Pieces of zinc may be added to prevent bumping. It is well also to use a larger amount of water than the original method calls for. The outlet tube of the Kjeldahl flask should be provided with a glass trap to prevent carrying over of the sodium hydroxid. This modification will allow all of the ammonia to be recovered from ammonia sulphate in one and one-half hours. The liquid in the absorption bottle naturally becomes quite hot from the steam, but no loss of ammonia occurs, provided the standard acid is present in excess. When the absorption of ammonia is complete the absorption bottle may be cooled and the excess of standard acid titrated in the usual manner." A substitute for potassium permang'anate to liberate formaldehyde gas from a water solution, S. G. Dixon {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 (1914), No. 12, p. 1025). — The substitute proposed is sodium dichromate. The formaldehyde is mixed with sulphuric acid and kept as a stock solution. A procedure for separating organic ammoniates from the mineral portion of commercial fertilizers, C. H. Jones and G. F. Anderson (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 7, pp. 580, 581).— The method consists of drying from 100 to 600 gm. of materials, preferably unground, at a temperature of not over 170° F., cooling and weighing, and dropping the sample in 25 to 50 gm. portions into a beaker nearly filled with carbon tetrachlorid. The mixture is then stirred, allowed to settle, the portion which floats skimmed off with an ordinary tablespoon, and the floats placed on a dry filter. The process is con- tinued until the entire sample has been treated, using another beaker if neces- "Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, S5 (1913), p. 1594. AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 13 sary. The filters containins tlie organic portions of the fertilizer are dried in an air bath, cooled, weighed, and preserved for microscopical and chemical analyses. The above procedure has been subjected to extensive use on many commer- cial fertilizer and crude nitrogenous stock samples. It was found that the fol- lowing materials float on carbon tetrachlorid : Dried blood, fish, tankage, hoof meal, horn meal, leather, kanona tankage, morocco clippings, azotin, cotton- seed meal, castor meal, castor pomace, beet refuse compound, nitrogenous manure, casein, peat, garbage tankage, tartar pomace, mowrah meal, rape meal, soy-bean meal, wheat gluten, tobacco stems, fillerine (partly), and cinders (cer- tain types). Ground bone, nitrate of lime, cyauamid, grape pomace, aluminum nitrid, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, acid phosphate, rock phosphate, basic slag, dissolved bone black, animal charcoal, muriate and sulphate of pot- ash, and kainit sink in carbon tetrachlorid. A table is given showing the results obtained by the chemical analysis of the floats, including the determination of water insoluble nitrogen by the alkaline permanganate method (E. S. R., 23, p. 705) and also the finding obtained by visual inspections. The results show large variations in the nitrogen content of the mixtures which contribute to furnish the organic nitrogen found In com- mercial fertilizers. The water insoluble nitrogen indicates similar ranges. The inorganic portions of the samples were also tested as regards their insol- uble nitrogen content and its activity. The activity noted compared favorably with that shown by the organic (float) portion. A classification for organic nitrogen activity as determined by the alkaline permanganate method is presented. The method may be used for other pur- poses also. Comparison of a few methods for total phosphoric acid in superphosphate, C. A. Peteks {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cheni., 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 39, 40). — These data were taken from a thesis presented at the Massachusetts Agricultural College by A. G. Weigel, and consist of the results of a comparative study of a superphosphate homemade from ground rock. The results confirmed previous knowledge, indicating that " the official gravimetric method of determining total phosphoric acid gives high results when phosphoric acid is determined in super- phosphate without evaporation of the solution to dryness on a steam bath to remove silica. Several methods other than the official gravimetric give equally good results in half the time." The determination of creatin in muscle, L. Baumann (Jour. Biol. Chem., 17 {1914), ^^0. 1, pp. 15-17). — Many of the methods proposed in the literature for determining the creatin in flesh and blood are tedious and time-consuming. A method which follows gives results that are within the limits of experimental error. " Fifty gm. of hashed muscle is weighed into a round bottom, short-necked Jena flask ; to this 125 cc. of 5 times normal sulphuric acid and a few chips of unglazed porcelain are added and the whole boiled for three hours under a reflux condenser. At the end of this time the muscle is disintegrated. The solution is now filtered quantitatively through a 15 cm. filter paper into a 250 cc. volumetric flask (the volume of the sulphuric acid and the dilution being proportional to the weight of muscle used for analysis), the residue (less than 2 gm. of dry material) is washed thoroughly with distilled water, the fluid is cooled, and the flask filled to the mark. " Twenty cc. of the claret-colored extract is pipetted_ into a small porcelain disk (8.5 cm. in diameter) and 18 cc. of 10 per cent sodium hydrate is added while stirring. The partially neutralized fluid is then evaporated on the water 14 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. bath to about 10 cc. and trausferred qualitatively to a 50 cc, volumetric flask containing 30 cc. of saturated aqueous picric acid solution (the solid particles adhering to the sides of the dish are of no consequence provided the washing has been thorough). The flasli is filled to the mark with distilled water when its contents have reached the proper temperature, shaken vigorously, then filtered through a dry filter paper. To 25 cc. of the clear filtrate 6 cc. of the 10 per cent sodium hydrate is added, and the creatinin determined colorimetri- cally according to Folin, allowing 10 minutes for the color to develop. The standard is a creatinin solution containing about 7 mg. of creatinin per 10 cc. of solution. It may easily be prepared by heating pure anhydrous creatin (about 80 mg.) with 50 cc. of 5 times normal sulphuric acid for 3 hours under a reflux condenser, then diluting at once in a volumetric flask to 100 cc. The titer of this solution remains constant for months." A new apparatus for determining crude fi.ber in foods, feeding stuffs, and feces, A. D. Emmett {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 39 (1914), A'o. 1017, p. 957). — It is often very difiicult in making crude fiber determinations to transfer the last portions of the insoluble residue from the flask to the Gooch crucible or funnels. The use of a beaker instead of a flask has many advantages, and accordingly a device was developed which makes this possible. " It consists of a specially constructed glass cone and rubber ring which prevents appreciable loss of water vapor during the boiling and thereby any increase in the concentration of the acid and alkali solutions. The inverted cone is attached to a Hopkins condenser with rubber tubing and the ring is snapped on the lower edge of the cone. The condenser, cone, and ring are then lowered over a 400 cc. lipless beaker and adjusted until the connection between the rubber ring and beaker is tight. The entire apparatus is fastened in place by the clamp which holds the condenser. The glass cone is provided with a side-tube attachment which is so constructed that when air is drawn through the apparatus gently the tendency to foam is greatly retarded." The estimation of the acid content of flour, farina, and bread, with especial reference to bacterial and enzym action, O. Rammstedt (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 26 {1913), No. 91, Aufsatzteil, pp. 677-680). — In some work with maize and malted maize products the author concluded that the acidity determinations made by the methods of Kreis-Arragon (B. S. R., 12, p. 823), Plan^chon, Schindler, and Hilger and Glinther were unsatisfactory. The least satisfactory results were obtained with the last-named method. A method was therefore devised which is a combination of the Kreis-Arragon and Lehmanu methods and which excludes the influence of bacteria and enzym s. The determination of acid in flour, H. Kbeis and C. Akkagon (Ztschr. Angeiv. Chem., 27 {1914), No. 16, Aufsatzteil, p. 120; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 35, Repert., p. 157). — The opinion of Rammstedt (see above) that the Kreis-Arragon method gives results which are too high on account of the enzyms and bacteria, was not found tenable by the experimental data secured. On the other hand, it was found that in handling the residue with alcohol according to Rammstedt's recommendation an amount of acid remains behind which is equivalent to the differences observed by Rammstedt between the two methods. The determination of lecithin-phosphorus in macaroni and farinaceous articles, H. C. Fullee {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 39 {1914), No. 1017, p. 952).— " The macaroni is thoroughly softened with hot water, the mass treated with a large excess of alcohol, the liquid filtered, and the solid substance treated with further portions of alcohol; the combined alcoholic solutions are evaporated and the residue extracted with ether, which dissofves the lecithin. Phosphoric AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY ^AGROTECHNY. 15 acid is determined in ttie latter by ignition [with] calcium acetate and finishing in the usual way with ammonium molybdate and magnesium mixture." The analysis of maple products. — IV, The composition of maple sugar sand, J. F. Snexl and A. G. Lochhead (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 6 {191.',), No. Jf, pp. 301, 302). — In this investigation analyses of six samples of washed air-dried Quebec maple sand are reported. " This material contains from G5 to SO per cent of normal calcium malate, from 6 to 18.5 per cent of silica, minor quantities of manganese, magnesium, and phosphorus, traces of iron, and from 10 to 17 per cent of undetermined material." See also a note by Warren (E. S. R., 25. p. 803). Determination of benzoic acid in chopped meats, A. Krxjger (Ztschr. Vnter- sueh. Ndhr. u. Genussmtl., 26 {1913), No. 1, pp. 12-20; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 88 {191Jf). No. Jflf, Repcrt., p. 203). — The procedure is as follows: Dissolve 50 gm. of the chopped meat in a round-bottomed, one-half liter flask with 45 cc. of TO per cent sulphuric acid by heating gently and then dis- till with steam, using precaution that not more 500 cc. is obtained. Then filter the distillate, make slightly alkaline, evaporate to a small bulk in a 100 cc. disk, and treat with a saturated solution of potassium permanganate until a permanent red color remains. Remove the excess of permanganate with sodium .sulphite solution and condense the solution to a bulk of 10 cc. After cooling, place in a cylindrical separatory funnel, acidify, and rinse the evapo- rating dish with sodium sulphite solution and sulphuric acid. Then shake the benzoic acid solution, which should amount to from 15 to 20 cc, several times with ether-petroleum ether, wash the combined ethereal solution several times with 3 cc. of water, and shake with a little (as much as will go on the tip of a knife) powdered gum tragacanth. Allow the etheral solution to evaporate spontaneously in a weighed dish, dry the residue over soda lime, and weigh. As a control the residue is dissolved in a little neutralized alcohol and titrated, or any benzoic acid still pi'esent may be isolated by sublimation in the Polenske apparatus (E. S. R., 27, p. 715). A shorter method consists in shaking out the benzoic acid fi'om the steam distillate with several portions of benzol containing equivalent amounts of soda solution. The extracts must also be treated with potassium permanganate to remove the fatty acids. A note on the quantity of benzoic acid contained in prunes and cranber- ries, M. J, Radin {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 6, p. 518). — For the estimation of benzoic acid Kriiger's method was employed with a charge of 50 gm. of fruit. From several duplicate analyses in each instance it was found that prunes, as obtained in the market, contained approximately 0.05 per cent benzoic acid and cranberries 0.06 per cent. " These results were furnished from the weight of sublimed benzoic acid and by titration, the data in each instance agreeing closely." Determination of Prussian blue in tea, G. W. Knight (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., G (1914), No. ii< PP- 909, 910). — ^The method consists of decom- posing the Prussian blue in the tea with 85 per cent phosphoric acid and collecting the hydrocyanic acid in a 10 per cent sodium hydroxid solution. The hydrocyanic acid is then reconverted into Prussian blue and weighed as such. " By means of it one part in 200,000, and sometimes even one part in 300,000, can be detected. A man inexperienced in the manipulation can run four determinations in a day easily, and doubtless with experience could rim many more. Two operators working independently on the same sample obtained 0.0019 and 0.0016 per cent of Prussian blue." Several samples of uncolored China and Japan teas were examined by the method, but no Prussian blue was found. 16 EXPEEIMEISTT STATION EECORD. The detection of cotton-seed hulls in cotton-seed meal, C. Gkimme {Ghem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. IS, pp. 137-139, fig. J).— It is stated that the difficulties encountered in the Fraps method (E. S. R., 20, p. 90S) may be obviated if 2 gm. of the meal after being freed from fat is digested for 30 minutes from the time of boiling with 200 cc. of a 1 per cent hydrochloric acid solution, diluted to 1,000 ce. with hot water and filtered through asbestos. The residue on the filter is washed acid-free with hot water, three times with alcohol, and once with ether, dried at from 105 to 110° C. to constant weight, ignited, and the amount of ash deducted from the first weighing. The percentage of hulls is calculated by the formula a:=^^~ J ■ in which y represents the oy amount of ash-free residue. The results agree well with those given by the Fraps method. Note on the precipitation of lactalbumin in cow's milk, W. O. Walker and A. F. G. Cadenhead {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 {1914), ^o. 7, pp. 573, 574). — The official method for estimating lactalbumin in milli, i. e., pre- cipitation with a 0.3 per cent acetic acid solution from a neutral solution from which casein has been removed, was found unsatisfactory. Sebelien's method "■ gave more satisfactory and uniform results and was quite as convenient, both from the standpoint of time and manipulation. The reagent, which was Almen's, was composed of 4 gm. of nitrogen-free tannic acid, 190 cc. of 50 per cent alcohol, and 8 cc. of 25 per cent acetic acid. The best results were obtained with from 10 to 12 cc. of the reagent for a 10 gm. sample of milli. " The clear filtrate, with washings from the casein — which was precipitated according to the official method — was neutralized with sodium hydroxid with the addition of a few drops of phenolphthalein. The pink color was then discharged with one drop of 10 per cent acetic acid, the filtrate, about 200 to 250 cc. in volume, was heated to 40-45° C, and the reagent added, the mixture stirred continually for two minutes and then allowed to stand for half an hour before filtering, when the albumin was precipitated in a very fine flocculent form. When filtered immediately after precipitation, some of the precipitate invariably passed through the paper. The precipitate and the paper was then treated according to the official Kjeldahl-Gunning method, the nitrogen determined, and the result multiplied by 6.34 for the albumin. The protein in the filtrate from the above operation was determined in each case and was found to show an average of 0.1 per cent." Comparison of methods for the estimation of fat in cream with special reference to Sichler's " alcohol sin-acid" method, E. Blanck {Milchw. ZentU., 43 {1914), No. 12, pp. 316-325). — The Sichler alcohol sin-acid method '(E. S. R., 16, p. 506) gave good results, which agreed with those yielded by the Gerber and Vieth methods. The results by the Rose-Gottlieb method with the same milks were slightly lower. The alkali method for the determination of fat in ice cream and condensed milk, C. M. Bradbury {Va. Dairy and Food Div. Giro. 42 {1914), pp. 4)- — ^An adaptation of the Short method " for determining fat in milk and cream to the determination of fat in ice cream and condensed milk. A rapid method for the determination of sodium chlorid in butter and its substitutes, T. M. Rector {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 39 {1914), No. 1017, p. 952). — Sodium chlorid is determined by titration with silver nitrate with a chromate indicator, in a water solution of a weighed sample of butter in the presence of « Hoppe-Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 13 (1889) No. 1-2, pp. 135-180. J-Wisconsiu Sta. Bui. 16 (1888), pp. 14, pi, 1. AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTEY AGEOTECHNY. 17 the butter fat. Some results are given to show that the fat does not interfere with the accuracy of the method. A rapid method for the determination of unsaponifiable matter in fats and oils, T. M. Rectob (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 39 (1914), No. 1011, p. 952). — "The sample is saponified in the usual manner and the alcoholic soap solution diluted to an alcohol content of 55 per cent. The solution is then extracted with light petroleum spirit, the solvent evaporated, and the residue dried in vacuo and weighed." Method of varnish analysis, R. W. Daenee (North Dakota Sta. Paint Bui., 1 {1915), No. 6, pp. 108-111). — "The analysis of oil varnishes is one of great difficulty, and it is almost impossible with the present methods in use (Mcll- hiney's, Scott's, and Twitchel's) for separation of gum and oil to get better than an approximate estimate of the ingredients in a varnish." The following method is suggested for long oil varnishes : "Three to four gm. of varnish are spread out on an Adams filter coil which has been dried and weighed along with an extractive thimble. The coils absorb water rapidly, and for this reason the coils and thimble must be weighed in a weighing bottle. The varnish is best weighed and added to the coil from a dropping bottle. The coil is then held in the mouth of a 300 cc. weighed Erlen- meyer flask, and 100 cc. of petroleum ether, 0.G7 specific gravity, added slowly. A large percentage of the varnish will be washed out of the coil by this treat- ment. The coil is then placed in the extraction thimble and extracted for 36 hours [in a Caldwell extractor with the bottom cut out], or until extraction is complete, when 150 cc. of petroleum ether, 0.G7 specific gravity, is added to the flask and the flask cooled to 3° C, until the gums settle and the liquid is clear. " The liquid containing the oils and rosin is poured ofC the gums and the flask washed several times with petroleum ether and the washings added to the original petroleum ether extract. The Erlenmeyer flask and thimble are then dried at 105°, to constant weight. The increase in weight of the flask and thimble minus the weight of the metallic driers represents the weight of hard gums in the varnish. The extract from the gums is freed of the jjetroleum ether, saponified with half-normal alcoholic potash, and the unsaponifiable matter extracted with ether. The rosin and fatty acids are then released with half-normal hydrochloric acid and extracted v\-ith ether. The acids are then freed of the ether and the rosin determined by Twitchel's method." Some results of tests with the method are included. Analyses of mixed paints, E. F. Ladd and W. P. Washbubn (North Dakota Sta. Paint Bui., 1 (1915), No. 6, pp. 85-108). — ^Analyses are reported and dis- cussed of about 70 paints, the results being interpreted in the light of the paint law of North Dakota. The curing of meat and meat products on the farm, K, J. Seulke (New York Cornell Sta. Circ. 27 (1915), pp. 13). — This circular gives practical direc- tions for keeping fresh meat, curing meat, and the preparation of meat prod- ucts (sausage, lard, head-cheese, blood pudding, etc.) on the farm. Preliminary notes on the curing of cucumber pickles, H. N. Riley (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 39 (1914), No. 1017, p. 954). — "The activities manifest in a curing tank of cucumber pickles seem all to depend upon the growth of certain bacteria, known as ' lactic-acid bacteria.' These seem to govern the rate of fermentation, or giving ofC of gas, and the production of acid. The rate of fermentation mechanically governs the rate of absorption of salt, which is also influenced, to some extent, by the size of the pickle. The growth of mold and yeast seems destructive, as they destroy the acid which is the principal keep- ing factor in the brine." 18 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Canning fruits and vegetables on the farm, C. C. Vincent (Idaho Sta. Bui. 82 (1915), pp. 24, figs. 6). — The purpose of this bulletin is to demonstrate to the farmers of Idaho how they can increase the earning capacity of their farms and orchards through the cannery. The subject is dealt with under the following headings: Plan of work, equipment, accessories, labels, labor, crops for canning, steps involved in handling products, directions for canning fruits and vegetables, quality of canned products, cost of canning, and profits. A practical treatise on the manufacture of vinegar, edited by W. T. Bbannt (Philadelphia: H. C. Baird & Co., 19U, 3. ed., rev., pp. XXIV +543, figs. 101). — ^This work has been largely rewritten. In addition to a detailed description of the manufacture of vinegar, special consideration is given to wood vinegar and other by-products obtained in the destructive distillation of wood ; the manufacture of cider and fruit wines ; the preservation of fruits and vegetables; and the preparation of fruit butters, jellies, marmalades, pickles, and mustards. The preservation of meat, fish, and eggs is also given considera- tion. Handbook for the chemical laboratories of tanneries, G. Grassee (Eandhuch fiir Gerherei-chemische Lal)oratorien. Leipsic: Schulze d Co., 1914, XIII-\-395, figs. 49). — This book, intended for tanning chemists and those concerned in the examination of tannery products, is divided into a general and special part. The general part has to do with the examination of acids and salts, dyes, organic preparations of formaldehyde, glycerin, blood albumin, mineral oil, oils, fats, and waxes, soaps, resins, coal-tar dyes, and natural-plant dyes. The special part has to do with the examination of water and sewage, chemistry of tanning materials and their examinations (including tanning materials), examination of leathers tanned by various methods, chemical control of the tannery, and the equipment of a chemical laboratory for the tannery. Oils of the Coniferae. — I, The leaf and twig oils of Cuban and long-leaf pines and the cone oil of long-leaf pine, A. W. Schorger (Jour. Indus, and Engirt Chem., 6 (1914), No. 9, pp. 723-727, figs. 5).— Data relative to the com- position of oils and their distillation are given at the beginning of the article. The several oils of the two species examined were practically identical in composition, as shown below. "The combined borneol in the leaf and twig oil of the Cuban pine probably occurs as the esters of caproic and caprylic acids ; that in the leaf oil of long-leaf pine as the esters of caprylic, heptoic, and ca- proic acids. " The rotation of the cadinene as given must be accepted with certain reser- vations. While the sesquiterpene fractions were tZ-rotatory, their dihydrochlo- rids were all 7-rotatory. The only oil containing (Z-rotatory cadinene whose di- hydrochlorid was likewise d-rotatory, as rec^orded in the literature, is that of Atlas cedar and possibly also West Indian sandalwood oil. " In Cuban pine the percentage composition of the leaf and twig oils is as follows: Furfurol trace; 7-cp-pinene 4 per cent; Z-camphene 10; Z-)3-pinene 35 to 36; dipentene 8; bornyl ester (as acetate) 3.5; free alcohol (as Z-borneol) 11.4; (Z-cadinene 18 to 19; and losses by polymerization, etc., 9 per cent. In long-leaf pine the leaf and twig, leaf, and cone oils contain, respectively, fur- furol trace; Z-campheue 13 to 14, 12 to 13 and 12 per cent; Z-|3-pinene 44, 50, and 25; dipentene 5, 5, and 6 to 7; bornyl ester (as acetate) 2.4, 2, and 1.4; free alcohol (as Z-borneol) 10, 9.8, and 7.6; d-cadinene 10 to 11, 11, and 1 to 2; and losses by polymerization, etc., 6, 7.5, and 0.5 per cent. The leaf and twig and leaf oil of long-leaf pine contain 8 to 9 and 2 per cent Z-a-pinene respectively, while cone oil contains 39 to 40 per cent d-a-pinene." METEOROLOGY. 19 Chemistiy of pine oil, M. Toch {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 9, pp. 720-723, fig. 1). — ^A discussion of the various uses to which pine oil can be put and its production and chemistry. Analyses are included. METEOROLOGY. Agricultural meteorology, F. E. de A. Figueiredo {Rev. Agron. [Portugal], 10 {191 ff). No. 5-8, pp. 24I-247, fig. 1). — The observations which are especially needed from the ayricnltural standpoint are indicated. Terrestrial temperature and solar changes, E. Huntington {Bui. Amer. Geogr. Soc, 47 {1915), No. 3, pp. 184-189, figs. 2).— This is a critical review of Koppen's views regarding the relation of temperature changes to the sun-spot cycle and Arctowski's pleion and antipleion theory of temperature variations (E. S. R., 31, p. 717). The formation of ozone in the upper atmosphere, and its influence on the optical properties of the sky, J. N. Pring {Sci. Prog. Twentieth Cent., 9 {1915), No. 35, pp. 448-470, figs. 2). — This article discusses some factors which deter- mine the optical properties of the atmosphere, chemical determination of con- stituents of the atmosphere, the action of ultraviolet light on air, the deter- mination of ozone in the atmosphere at high altitudes, and the influence of ozone on the nature of light from the sky. It is stated that " the optical properties of the atmosphere must lie in the precise determination of the presence of such bodies as ozone, hydrogen peroxid, and nitrogen peroxid," and methods for such determinations are described. Although the methods used were designed to detect very minute amounts of tlie substances named, they failed to show the presence of appreciable amounts of oxids of nitrogen or hydrogen peroxid resulting from the action of ultra- violet light on air, and they also failed to show the presence of detectable amounts of these substances in the air from high altitudes. While the tests do not preclude the possibility of the formation of these substances they show that the quantity formed is negligibly small when com- pared with ozone. Climatological data for the United States by sections {U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 2 {1915), Nos. 1, pp. 246, pU. 2, figs. 7; 2, pp. 234, pis. 2, figs. 7). — These volumes contain, respectively, brief summaries and de- tailed tabular stiitements of climatological data for each State for January and February, 1915. Meteorological observations, J. S. Stevens {Maine Sta. Bui. 234 {1914), pp. 295, 296). — A monthly and annual summary of observations at the University of Maine on temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind movement during 1914 is given. The mean temperature for the year was 43.35° F., as compared with an average of 42.66° for 40 years; the precipitation was 35.04 in., as compared with an average annual precipitation of 42.75 in. for 46 years; the snowfall was 66.5 in., as compared with 88.19 in. as the average of 46 years; the number of clear days was 2()4 ; the number of cloudy days 97 ; the niimber of rainy days was 78; and the total movement of wind was 48,809 miles. Salton Sea water, A. E. Vinson and C. N. Catlin {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 364-366). — This is the eighth annual report on the composition of Salton Sea water (E. S. II., 32, p. 511), comparing analyses of samples collected June 12, 1914, with previous analyses. During the 359 days from June 18, 1913, to June 12, 1914, the total solids increased from 1,002.56 to 1,179.6 parts per 100,000, an increase of 17.5 per cent. The construction of the total saline matter has been fairly regular during each 20 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. year of the period of observation. "The percentages of concentration for the separate constituents, however, show some variation from the general rate of concentration, due, undoubtedly, to the disturbing effects of drainage and seepage water received by the lalie. Three constituents — calcium, potassium, and carbonic acid — are showing variations clearly not due to these causes. Calcium and carbonates, as in previous years, have not concentrated as much as the other constituents, carbonates again showing an actual decrease. It is now well established that this loss of calcium carbonate is due to the formation of new travertines similar to those formed when the ancient Salton Sea dried up. Potassium, however, instead of decreasing, has concentrated this year in about the same ratio as the other constituents. This may be ac- counted for in part by the apparent decrease in animal and vegetable organisms in the v,'atei\" The rainfall of the cotton belt of the United States and its results, B. C Wallis {Scot. Geogr. Mag., 31 (1915), No. 2, pp. 11-19, figs. 5).— This is an account of a study similar to that of the rainfall conditions of the northeastern United States, which has already been noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 119). It Is shown that the rainfall of the cotton belt varies widely, the average annual rainfall being 31 in. in the west and 54 in. in the southeast. There is apparently a direct relation between rainfall and temperature, an average low-temperature meaning, as a rule, a small amount of precipitation. Correlat- ing rainfall with crop growth, the conclusion is reached " that the best condi- tions for growing cotton occur about latitude 32° N. in an area where the total annual rainfall is about 50 in. per annum, where the temperature is nor- mal and therefore almost entirely a function of the latitude, and where the crop rainfall depends upon the rising temperature and upon the slacking effect of oceanic influences, so that an average rainfall of 20 in. can readily be obtained during the five or six months required for the growth of the cotton plant." The relation of rainfall to other crops grown in the cotton belt is also briefly considered. Isomeric rainfall maps of the British. Isles, H. R. Mill and C. Salter (Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc. [London], J,l (1915), No. 173, pp. l-'i'f, figs. 19; ahs. in Geogr. Jour., 1^5 (1915), No. 6, pp. 520-522). — A series of isomeric maps based upon rainfall records at 283 places, in most cases covering 35 years (1875 to 1909) and in no case less than 30 years, is given and their significance ex- plained. Seasonal distribution of rainfall in the British Isles (Geogr. Jour., Jf5 (1915), No. 6,,i)p. 520-522). — The character of the seasonal variation of rainfall in the British Isles is described as bi-phase; "for whereas on the one hand there is a percentage excess in the wet, hilly, western parts of the country dur- ing the winter half of the year (October to March), with maximum in Decem- ber and January, and a percentage excess in the dry, flat, eastern parts during the summer half (April to September), with maximum in July, on the other hand, throughout the country the isomeric values are lower during the spring half-year (January to June), with minimum in April, than during the autumn half (July to December), with maximum in October." Atlas of agricultural meteorology. — I, Probability of droughts in Euro- pean Bussia, P. I. Bkounov (Atlasy po Selskokhoziaistvennol MeteorologU. Yypusk I. SkhematichesMia, Karty YQroiatnosti Nastuplen'iia ZasushlivyJch DeJcad V Evropelskol Ross'ii. St. Petershurg: Met. Bur., 1913, pp. 7, pis. 21; ais. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landnv.), 14 (1913), No. 6, pp. 663, 664). — The atlas consists of a brief explanatory text with 21 maps char- SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 21 acterizing Europeau Russia according to drought periods during tlie growing season, April to October, inclusive. A dry period is defined as one during which not more than 5 mm. of precipi- tation falls. The probability of such periods is computed in percentages denoting the ratio of the number of years with the given dry periods to the total number of years during which the obserA-ations were made, viz, sixteen, Data from 390 meteorological stations were utilized in the preparation of the maps. The maps show, in general, that the rainfall gradually increases from April to June then diminishes to the end of the growing period. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soils of the cut and burned over areas of north Idaho, J. S. Jones and C. W. CoLVEB {Idaho Sta. Bui. 81 {1915), pp. 20, figs. 5). — This survey deals with the general characteristics, physical and chemical properties, crop adaptations, and fertility requirements of the soils of the cut and burned over areas of the panhandle of Idaho, which are included mainly in Bonner, Kootenai, and Latah counties and to a less extent in Clearwater and Shoshone counties. The soils vary from river and lake bottoms to bench lands and level open prairies. The red sandy and silt loams are the predominating soil types. It is stated that the lowlands are rich in plant food, but that they need drainage. The bench and other highlands are rich in mineral plant food, but are usually acid in reaction and deficient in nitrogen and active organic matter. The open prairies, while not deficient in nitrogen, are usually acid and need treat- ment to make the native supply more readily available. " Unquestionably in the management of the cut and burned over lands the key to immediate and permanent success is a thorough understanding of practicable means of getting the element nitrogen into them and of making it available as plant food." Data showing the amount of the various soil constituents are appended. Bond County soils, C. G. Hopkins et al. {Illinois 8ta. Soil Rpt. 8 {1913), pp. 58, pi. 1, figs. 9). — This is the eighth of the series of the Illinois County soil reports and deals briefly with the physiography, topography, and formation of the soils and more fully with soil material and soil types, chemical composition of the soil, and field tests of the fertilizer requirements of some of the prevail- ing types. Bond County lies in the lower Illinois glaciatiou. The soils of the county are divided into four classes, as follows: (1) Upland prairie soils, (2) upland tim- ber soils, including those zones along stream courses over which forests once extended, (3) ridge soils, including those on moraiual ridges most of which have been forested, and (4) bottom-land soils, including the flood plains along streams. The timber lauds are divided into level, undulating, and hilly areas. The ridge soils are divided into pervious and almost impervious tyi^es. The gray silt loam on tight clay of the upland prairie soil occupies nearly 33 per cent of the area of the county, while the brown-gray silt loam on tight clay, the yellow silt loam, and the yellow-gray silt loam are in their order next in extent, covering about 16.5, 16, and 13 per cent of the area respectively. The total quantities of some of the necessary elements of fertility " are ex- tremely limited when measured by the needs of large crop yields. . . . The variation among the different types of soil in Bond County with respect to their content of important plant-food elements is also very marked. Thus the richest prairie land (black silt loam on clay) contains about twice as much phosphorus and nitrogen as the common upland timber soils, and the bottom lands are still 22 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. richer in ptiosphorus. Tlie most significant facts revealed . . . are the lack of limestone and the low phosphorus content of the common upland types, which cover nearly 90 per cent of the entire county." The reclamation of an unproductive soil of the Kankakee marsh region. Soil acidity, nitrification, and the toxicity of soluble salts of aluminum, J. B. Abbott, S. D. Conner, and H. R. Smalley (Indiana Sta. Bui. 170, popular ed., pp. 2-8, figs. 3).— This is a popular edition of Bulletin 170 (E. S. R., 30, p. 51S). Soils, J. C. Brunnich (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Stock [Queensland], 1913-U, pp. 63, 68-85). — Chemical and mechanical analyses of a large number of samples of soils from ten different districts of Queensland are reported. Many of the samples were tested for sulphur, and it was found " that the amount of total sulphur in a soil amounts on an average to about 0.08 per cent calculated as sulphur trioxid (SOs), that the majority of samples do not vary greatly from this average figure, and that there seems to be ample sulphur in most of [the] soils to supply the requirements of crops for many years." It is stated that the grass soils analyzed as a rule showed high fertility. Chemical studies of soils, S. Tijmstra {Meded. Deli Proefstat. Medan, 8 (1914), No. 8, pp. 2-'i'i-265). — Studies of the chemical composition and physical properties of the soils of eight plats lying adjacent in two rows but subjected to different cultural treatment showed that the plats varied decidedly in both physical and chemical properties in spite of their apparent uniformity. These variations are not attributed altogether to the differences in cultivation, but are thought to be due largely to previously existing conditions in the soil. The plowing under of the ashes of burnt weeds on two plats which, had not been previously cultivated was accompanied by a decrease in the content and solubil- ity of phosphoric acid, a decrease in magnesium and iron, and an apparent increase in potash and chlorin. It is thought that such variations should be given special consideration in judging the fertilizer and cultural requirements of a particular soil. The average of analyses of samples from different plats may not be a safe guide for such judgment. Further studies along this line are in progress. The sphere of adsorption phenomena in the soil, A. N. Sokolovskii (Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 {1914), No. 2, pp. 67-117, figs. 3; ais. in ZentU. Agr. Chem., 44 {1915), No. 1, pp. 10-13). — Studies of adsoi-ption phenomena in the different layers of chernozem and podzol soils, with partic- ular reference to their nature and the factors conditioning them, are reported. The adsorptive power for bases was found, with one or two exceptions, to bear a close relation to hygroscopicity, and the activity of both factors decreased at higher tempex-atures. With reference to hygroscopicity, it is pointed out that water content, excluding the influence of salts, is a function of the so-called specific surface of the soil and increases with it. Absorption appeared to bear no relation to the amount of zeolitic constituents or the amount of silt present. It was found that the amount of ammonia absorbed from ammonium chlorid varied with the soil layers according to the quantity of displaced bases. Ad- sorption with exchange of bases occurred to a rather low limit beyond which the exchange of bases ceased. The absorption of ammonia varied with the amount of dry residue obtained by displacing the soil solution with 96 per cent alcohol. It is pointed out that the soil components which determine absolution are characterized by a great specific surface and a susceptibility to thermal and chemical influences, and the absorption phenomena beyond a certain limit are SOILS FERTILIZERS. 23 not accompanied by exchange reactions. The maximum specific surface and the maximum susceptibility to thermal influences are found in the upper soil sec- tions in which the colloid formation processes are most intensive, thus showing a specific relation between absorption and the soil colloids. On the assumption that the thickness of the water film on the soil par- ticles remains constant, the following conclusions are drawn : The absorp- tive power of the absorbing medium decreases with a decrease in its effective surface. The absorption of calcium in the different layers of chernozem soil depends on the content of calcium which is already absorbed and is displaced by ammonium chlorid solution and not on its total calcium content. The podzol soil, on account of its extremely leached out condition and poverty in absorbed matter, shov.'s a series of concordant results for phosphoric acid as well as for bases. Chernozem, on the other hand, on account of its complex formation, produces a regular series of results only for ammonia. Removal of humus by oxidation with acid-free hydrogen peroxid showed that for chernozem, humus, even in the layers rich in it, did not appear to be an exclusive factor of absorption. In podzol soil the decrease in ammonia absorp- tion due to this treatment amounted to 65 per cent of the original amount. Influence of radio-activity of the air on exposed drop cultures of micro- organisms, A. Trillat and Fouassier {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 (1914), No. 2.'i, j)i). 817-819) .—It is shown that the growth of cultures of micro- organisms may be influenced to a marked extent by the radio-activity of the atmosphere, and that the latter may vary with the nature of the soil. Studies of the microfauna of soils from rice localities, A. Cauda and G. Sangiokgi (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., ^2 (1914), No. 15-16, pp. 393-398, figs. 6). — Studies of the microfauna of different soils and of the same soil under different cultural treatments are reported, and incidentally a comparison of cul- ture media is made. It was found that the composition of the culture medium exerted a definite influence on the development of protozoa. With the Omelianski and Giltay solu- tions the development was more marked than with the other solutions used. The development of protozoa began usually on the sixth or eighth day of incu- bation, proceeded until the fourteenth to eighteenth day, and then gradually subsided. The amcebye were the prevailing forms and were present in all cases. In only one case were the flagellates more numerous than the amoeba?, and the flagellates and ciliates were sometimes entirely absent. The different soils showed marked variations in number and kind of protozoa. Soils widely separated but subjected to the same cultural treatment showed the same indi- vidual protozoan development. It is thought that, aside from the physical, chemical, geological, and bio- logical factors, certain other factors related to the nature of the vegetation exist in the soil which have a special influence on the vitality of the small-animal life of the soil. Contribution to the knowledge of the physiology and distribution of de- nitrifying thiosulphate bacteria, A. Gehring {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 42 {1914), No. 15-16, i)p. 402-438) .—The author briefly reviews work of others bearing on the subject, and reports studies of the anaerobic denitrifying sulphur bacteria found by Lieske (E. S. R., 28, p. 35) with reference to their physiology and distribution in soils. These bacteria were found in different kinds of silt, in compost, cultivated soil, beech forest soil, and upland moor peat. The numbers were constant at different depths in peat and cultivated soil but varied greatly in the different soils examined, increasing with an increasing carbon content of the soil. Dif- 96619°— No. 1—15 3 24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ferent races of these organisms showing great variations in virulence were distinguished in the different soils. It is stated that the races found in com- post beech forest soil, and peat may be combined into one great group in con- trast to the race found in cultivated soil, and that the respective powers of transformation of these two groups stand in the ratio of 4 : 1. Nitrate destruction increased in both soil and nutritive solution with an increasing thiosulphate content or increasing nitrate content. Nitrate could not be replaced as a source of oxygen by other compounds containing oxygen. It was possible to replace thiosulphate as a source of energy for the bacteria in question by other sulphur compounds but not by compounds not containing sulphur Carbonate and bicarbonate were equally effective as sources of carbon. The addition of thiosulphate to soils caused a strong denitrification, which was not, however, as strong as that caused by the addition of organic matter. The thiosulphate bacteria, by nitrate destruction, showed the same effect upon the physical condition of the soil as is attributed to the heterotrophic denitri- fying bacteria by Koch and Pettit (E. S. R., 23, p. 123). It is thought that the results obtained in these studies will serve to explain the results of a previous work of Thalau on the effect of sulphur compounds on plant growth (E. S. R., 29, p. 521). The formation of leaf mold, F. V. Coville (Ann. Rpt. Smithsn. Inst, 1913, pp. 333-3Ji3).— This is a revisi(^ of an article which has already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 28, p. 814). Soil tank experiments, S. E. Collison (Florida Sta. Rpt. 19U, pp. LXXVII- LA'i'/X).— Experiments with fertilizers for citrus trees were continued as in previous years (E. S. R., 31, p. 723), the data for composition of the drainage water obtained being tabulated. It is stated that the losses of potash have continued to increase, being con- siderably larger than for the same period of the previous year. The opposite is noted with reference to nitrogen and the lime losses continue large. "The presence of comparatively large amounts of ammonia as such, in the water from tanks 1 and 2, indicates that a portion of the sulphate of ammonia applied loafhed through without being nitrified." The orig'in, composition, aud fertilizer value of the bat guanos of Cuba and the Isle of Pines, C. N. Ageton {Modern Cuba, 3 {1015), No. 2, pp. ^8- 59). — On the basis of analyses of samples from Cuba, Porto Rico, and Haiti it is stated that average bat guano contains from 3.5 to 7 per cent of phosphoric acid, 1.5 to 3 per cent of potash, and 8 to 11 per cent of nitrogen but varies widely in composition, depending upon the stage of decomposition, moisture content, leaching, admixture of foreign substances, and other conditions. " The fresh, friable bat excrement, which usually occurs as a thin covering over the floor of the cave, may easily be distinguished from the other classes of material. A light colored deposit may be expected to contain considerable quantities of ralcium carbonate or gypsum, or both, the phosphoric acid content being quite variable but usually higher than in the fresh guano. The reddish or chocolate colored deposits or parts of deposits which have much the same appearance as a red or ' mulatto ' soil, contain more phosphoric acid than the others, and usually they contain but very little, if any, nitrogen." The use of the guano as a fertilizer is discussed. The utilization of the nitrogen and organic matter in septic and ImhofE tank sludges, C. B. Lipman and P. S. Burgess {California Sta. Bui. 251 {1915), pp. 287-2.9.5).— ^Analyses of a number of samples of the sludges are reported Hhowing nitrogen varying from 1.23 to 2.66 per cent and phosphoric acid from 0.77 to 1.82 per cent. An attempt was made to judge of the availability of the nitrogen of the sludges by determining its rate of nitrification when mixed SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 25 with soils of different types. It was found tliat the different sludges behaved differently in any one soil, and that the different soils showed decidedly differ- ent capacities for rendering the nitrogen of the sludge available as measured by nitrates formed. The rate of nitrification, however, was generally higher than that of such high-grade materials as dried blood, tankage, fish guano, and cotton-seed meal. The economic importance of utilizing sludge is discussed and suggestions as to the best methods of using it alone and with other fertilizers are given. Peat, C. A. Davis (U. S. Oeol. Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States Calendar Year 19 IS, pt. 2, pp. 383-392).— This is a review for 1913 of data relating to the production and use of peat in the United States and abroad. [Utilization of prickly pear as a fertilizer], T. H. Johnston and H. Tryon (Rpt. Prickly-Pear Travel. Com., Qtieensland, 1912-1914, pp. 25, 26). — The use of prickly pear as a fertilizer as practiced in Madras, Mysore, and the Bom- bay Presidency, of India, is briefly described. The action of liquid manure as a nitrogenous fertilizer, B. Schulze {Ztschr. Landw. Kammer Schlesien, 18 {1914), No. 44, p. 1630). — Comparative tests on potatoes, beets, and oats of equal amounts of nitrogen in the form of nitrate and of liquid manure are briefly reported, indicating that the utilization of the nitrogen of the nitrate was about 60 per cent, while that of the liquid manure was about 41 per cent. The manufacture of nitrates from the atmosphere, E. K. Scott (Ann. Rpt. Smithsn. Inst., 1913, pp. 359-384, pis. 3, figs. 7). — This is a reprint of an aiticle which has already been noted from another source (E. S. R.. 27. p. 420). The action of certain new nitrogenous fertilizers on sandy and upland moor soils, B. Tacke (Mitt. Ver. Ford. Moorkultur Deut. Reiche, 32 (1914), No. 23, pp. 4^^-424)- — Comparative field tests on oats, rye, and potatoes grown on sandy and moor soils of diffei*ent kinds showed that ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, urea, and superphosphate prepared with synthetic nitric acid were, as a rule, as effective as sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate and may be substituted for them if the price permits this to be profitably done. The Schloesing nitrate was apparently less effective on the well-limed moor soils than the other fertilizing materials tested. [Some chemical and agricultural effects of fertilizer mixtures containing calcium cyanamid], C. J. King (Com. Pert., 10 (1915), No. 1, pp. 14-16).— Continuing previous work by Brackett (E. S. R., 30, p. 26), the author studied changes in the soluble phosphoric acid and nitrogen content in mixtures of acid phosphate, calcium cyanamid, and muriate of potash, and also the effect of such mixtures on the growth of cotton. The results confirm those of previous experiments in showing that there was a considerable reversion of phosphoric acid in the mixtures after standing a few months. After six months of storage the amount of insoluble phosphoric acid had increased from 0.4 to 2.01 per cent. There was no appreciable loss of nitrogen in that time. The field tests of the mixtures on cotton indicated a depreciation in their fertilizing effect within one month after the mixtures were made. The kelp industry {Rpt. Bd. Agr. Scot., Home Indus. Highlands and Islands, 1913, pp. 118-131; ahs. in Jour. Franklin Inst., 179 (1915), No. 2, p. 260).— Attention is called to the marked increase in the production of kelp in the British Isles since 1905 and a brief account is given of methods of utilization employed, especially in Scotland, and of the products which may be obtained. It is stated that Scotch seaweed is much richer in iodin than Pacific coast kelps or Japanese seaweeds and is, therefore, especially valuable as a source of supply of this substance, particularly in view of the present shortage of the 26 EXPEEIMEKT STATION EECOED. supply derived from Chilean nitrate. A brief account is also given of progress in the utilization of seaweed in the United States, particularly of the Pacific coast kelps. The new potash deposits in Spain (Als. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {19U), No. 11, pp. 1423, 1424; 6 (1915), No. 1, pp. 53-55). — Various reports and articles on this subject are reviewed showing (1) the Government's plan of regulating the exploitation of the de- posits, (2) the acquisition of a concession by an American company, (3) the views of Sehmidt and others of the German Geological Society on the nature and value of the Spanish deposits, and (4) the prospect of the Spanish potash salts appearing in commerce. It is stated that "the deposits of potash salts are found in the Tertiary strata of the Ebro basin, i. e., in the same region as the large mass of rock salt at Cardona, known since antiquity. The discovery was made by a small contractor who came across layers of carnallite and sylvin whilst boring in the neighborhood of Cardona. Prospecting made up to the present shows that there is a deposit 260 ft. in thickness, containing 70 ft. of beds of carnallite with 20 per cent potassium chlorid, and 33 ft. of sylvin with 95 per cent potas- sium chlorid. Later explorations will establish the extent of these deposits. In origin they are analogous to those of Alsace, i. e., they are not primary formations resulting from the evaporation of sea water but secondary forma- tions derived from more ancient saline deposits, probably from Triassic saline deposits of the Pyrenees and the coast ranges of Catalonia." The opinion of a French technical expert is cited to the effect that these deposits compare in richness and quality with the best German deposits and have the advantage of being more easily accessible. Potash deposits in Catalonia (Zentbl. Kunstdiinger Indus., 19 (1914), No. 16, pp. 338, 339; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 11, pp. 1423, 1424). — This Is a brief discussion, by K. Schmidt and others, of the German Geological Society, of these deposits as noted above. Lime in agriculture, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 80 (1914), PP. 16). — ^^This is a popular discussion of the nature of lime and limestone, agricul- tural functions of lime and its compounds, comparative values and methods of application of lime compounds, and the use and misuse of lime. Ground limestone for acid soils, J. F. Bakkeb and R. C. Collison (Neio York State Sta. Bui. 40O (1915), pp. 145-163, pi. 1).—The first section of this bulletin discusses briefly the chemical composition of limestones, with a table showing the carbonate content and calcium carbonate equivalent of the ground limestones produced in the various quarries of Kew York and of the principal ones brought in from outside. Following sections discuss the practical use of ground limestone on acid soils and give compiled data showing the returns from the use of limestone on various crops and soils. It is stated that three-fourths or more of the farm lands of New York would be greatly benefited by a liberal application of lime in some form. Limestone is considered likely to produce better results than burned lime and is safer and more convenient to apply. The relation of magnesium in limestone to its practical use is pointed out. Theoretical considerations and experiments in the use of ground limestone are reviewed to show that fineness greater than is necessary to allow all the niiitorial to pass through a 10-mesh sieve is not required for satisfactory use. Gypsum, R. W. Stone (U. 8. Oeol. Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States Calendar Year 1913, pt. 2, pp. 355-372) .—This is a review for 1913 of data relating to the sources, production, and use of gj-psum. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 27 Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers, C. S. Cathcart et al. (New Jersey Stas. Bui. 274- {1914), pp. 3-S3). — ^Analyses and valuations of 935 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale in New Jersey during 1914 are reported. The average composition, valuation, and selling price of the 60S mixed fertilizei's examined were as follows : Total nitrogen 2.G6 per cent, total phosphoric acid 9.24, available phosphoric acid 7.75, potash 6.91, station's valuation $22.40, and selling price $29.51. Of the 60S mixed fertilizers 420 were found to be as guarantied. The reported tonnage for the year ended October 31 was 155.414 tons. Fertilizer registrations, C. S. Cathcart {Ne-w Jersey Stas. Bui. 275 {1915), pp. 3-34). — ^ list of brands, with guarantied composition, of mixed fertilizers and fertilizer materials offered for sale in New Jersey during the fiscal year ended October 31, 1915, is given. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Applied and economic botany, 11. Kraemer {Philadelphia: Author, 1914, pp. VI-\-80G, pis. 2, figs. 420). — This book is designed to meet the needs of students in technical schools and in agricultural, pharmaceutical, and medical colleges, also to serve as a book of reference for chemists, food analysts, and students in the morphological and physiological study of plants. The facts and illustrations presented are intended to give the latest information regarding morphology, origin, and distribution, also chemical nature, of the plants studied. On account of the contamination of the materials on the market, especially with lower plant forms, a more or less succinct treatment of the principal groups of lower and higher forms is given. The several chapters deal with the principal groups of plants, cell contents and forms of cells, outer and inner morphology of the higher plants, botanical nomenclature, classification of angiosperms yield- ing economic products, cultivation of medicinal plants, and microscopic tech- nique and reagents. The vegetation of Nantucket, J. W. Haeshberger {Reprint from Bui. Oeogr. Soc. Philadelphia, 12 {1914), No. 2, pp. 70-19, pis. 5, fig. i).— Giving a brief description of the vegetation on the island of Nantucket, the author states that the two main factors in producing the present almost treeless condition of the island are the evaporating action of the wind and the nature of the soil. The character of the tubers of Batatas edulis, Z. Kamerling {Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 32 {1914), No. 5, pp. 352-360, figs. 8).— From work as carried out with B. edulis to determine whether its tubers are to be regarded as roots or stems, the author concludes that the significance of these bodies lies In their relation to the vegetative propagation of the plant. The structure of clover blooms, V. Fominykh {Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 {1914), No. 5, pp. 395-400, figs. 7/).— The author de- scribes the nectary of TnfoUuin pratense, which, it is claimed, has not been adequately done heretofore. Studies of Camptosorus rhizophyllus, F. L. Pickett {Proa. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1913, pp. 129, 130). — Studies on this plant show it to possess two important adaptive factors, namely, an unusual power of promiscuous growth in the pro- thallial cells and ability to resist extreme desiccation. The sexuality of rust fungi, F. Rawitscher {Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 32 {1914), No. 5, pp. 310-314, figs. 4)- — ^This is a brief report of some preliminary observations, noting more particularly the copulation of sporidia in Tilletia tritici and the subsequent behavior of the resulting binucleate hyphte. Recent aspects of mutation, R. R. Gates {Nature [London], 94 {1914), No. 2350, pp. 296-299). — This is mainly a review of recent publications regarding 28 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. cytologic:!] and morphological characters and inheritance, particularly as noted in species of CEnothera and their mutants. Growth and variation in maize, R. Peael and F. M. Surface (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1 {1915), No. 4, pp. 222-226, fig. 1; als. in Maine 8ta. Bui. 234 {1914), pp. 290, 291).— The investigation reported in this paper is an attempt to analyze the normal variation of maize from the standpoint of its develop- ment. The authors tried, by studying the growth of the individual, to analyze the adult variation curve into its component elements as a beginning at an understanding of the developmental physiology of the genes concerned in the production of the characters studied. Measurements were made twice a week of the height of each individual of three series of plants of a A-ariety of sweet corn. The evidence indicates that the observed differences in the manner of growth of individual plants and groups of plants can not be explained as the effect of external environmental factors, but are rather to be looked upon as the effect of internal factors. The distribution of the average relative size of individual plants is such as to suggest the random distribution of these factors among the plants. The simplest method of explaining these facts is believed to be to regard the differences in the manner of growth as due to independent Mendelian factors which are distributed at random in any population of open fertilized maize plants. By assuming the presence of two independent growth factors and weighing each with the proper value, the authors consider it possible to obtain a theoretical distribution which agrees very closely with the observed distribution. The interpretation of the growth of these plants by Mendelian factors is said to be strongly supported by the distribution of the standard deviation of the plants with different relative sizes. The causes of growth in plants, III, G. A. Borowikow {Eolloid ZtscJir., 15 (1914), No. 1, pp. 27-30).— Having noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 420) that the hydra- tion of plasma colloids appears to be one of the most important factors in plant growth, at least in case of Eelianthus annuus, and that an exception to this rule may be observed to result from the presence of the respiratory product carbon dioxid in the nutritive solution, the author has carried out further investigations which are here briefly discussed. It was found that concentration of the cell sap and rapidity of growth bear an inverse rather than a direct relation to each other, slight alterations in the one often corresponding to great changes in the other, the possible bearings of this fact being discussed. It is thought that the periods of growth through which each cell passes may be related to stages in the rapidity of hydration of the cell colloids. Purther studies on the colloidal and physical chemistry of the cell, W. RriiLAND {Jahrh. Wiss. Bot. [Pringsheim], 54 {1914), No. 3, pp. 391-447).— The author has continued work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 28), detailing results and inferences from a study of carbohydrates, alkaloids, glucosids, and acids, also those from a study of the physicochemical properties of the cell in general and of the cell as an ultra-filter in particular. It is stated that the function of an ultra-filter is exercised by the plasma membrane and not by the cell wall. The influence of ultraviolet rays on chlorophyll-containing cells, J. Stok- LASA {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 24 {1914), No. 4, pp. 193-204).— In the course of numerous experiments here reported, dealing with a number of plants, it ap- pears that the briefer exposures (two hours) to ultraviolet rays (of wave lengths 300 to 500mm) generally cause rapid development of chlorophyll in etiolated leaves, while longer exposures either produce results not much greater than AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 29 those from ordinary sunlight, or else tend toward destruction of the vitality of the superficial leaf cells, resulting in discoloration and death of the foliage without, however, injuring the rest of the plant or decreasing its power of foliage reproduction. These results largely confirm those reported by Maqueune and Demoussy (E. S. R., 22, p. 436). Plasmolytic tests show that in some cases at least the upper surface of the stomatal guard cells is most readily affected. The discoloration of the leaves is explained by the chemical changes in the dead protoplasm. Flower petals are more quickly altered than are leaves by the ultraviolet rays, both flowers and leaves of indoor plants being more readily affected than are those of outdoor plants, and the species being more significant in this connection than the flower color. It is regarded as established that ultraviolet rays exert a great influence on the development of chlorophyll-forming organs as well as upon the activity of these organs, but that prolonged action of such rays disturbs profoundly the life processes in the leaf cells. The relation of chlorophyll formation to light wave length, A. Schmidt (Beitr. Biol. Pflanz., 12 {191.',), .A'o. 2, pp. 269-29-',, pis. 2).— Noting briefly studies of other authors as cited on the relations of light, chlorophyll, and as- similation, the author gives an account of his own investigations, employing Zea mays, in regard to the influence of different wave lengths of light on the synthesis of chlorophyll. The results are said to present analogies to those noted by Kniep and Minder (B. S. R., 22, p. 229) and by Lubimenko (E. S. R., 25, p. 431) regarding the assimilation of carbon dioxid, inasmuch as for chlorophyll formation, as well as for assimilation, there are two maxima, the blue rays possessing a greater significance than was formerly ascribed to them in this regard. A bibliography is appended. A simple apparatus for the study of phototropic responses in seedlings, G. X. IIoFFEB {Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1913, pp. 93-96, figs. 4).— This apparatus, made up chiefiy of the microscope with a micrometer eyepiece attached to the side of its carrying case used as a dark chamber, is employed to observe minute responses of seedlings and fungi to filtered solar rays. Irritability as related to plasmatic conditions, A. Heilbeonn (Jaliri. Wiss. Bot. [Pringsheim], 54 {1914), No. 3, pp. 351-^90, fig. l).—ln a study of Vicia faia and Arena sativa the author found the viscosity of living substance to have a minimum of 9 times and an average of 24 times that of water. It is concluded also that cell plasma opposes not only chemical but physical proper- ties to influences tending to limit motion therein. A bibliography is given. Transpiration of Silphium laciniatum, L. A. Giddings (Plant World, It (1914), No. 11, pp. 309-328, figs. 10). — This is a detailed account of experiments already reported (E. S. R., 30, p. 726). The physiology of germination, G. Mijlleb {Jahrh. Wiss. Bot. [PringsTieim'i, 54 {1914), No. 4, pp. 529-644. figs. 35).— The author states, among other find- ings, that the causes of pressure noted as tending to burst the seed coats are imbibed water and growth of endosperm, cotyledons, or rootlets. The struc- tural arrangements favoring escape of the embryo are described as belonging to five different types. Pressures found to develop during changes in the cotyle- dons and endosperm are given. The resistance of dehiscence lines in seed coats is said to be lessened by the presence of water. A bibliography is appended. The germination of seeds of Arisaema, F. L. Pickett (Proc. Ind. Acad. Set., 1913, pp. 125-128, figs. 6). — Seeds of A. triphyllum gave a high jjercentage of germination, and it is noted that some germinate blindly, that is, the embryo 30 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. grows, a corrn and roots are produced, and food is transferred from seed to corm without the formation of leaves or other photosynthetic organ. At the end of the growing season the connection with the seed is broken off, leaving the new plant independent. Some corms are from three to six times as large as others under apparently the same conditions. A similar set of experiments with A. dracontium showed that in this species the formation of leaves is a somewhat rare exception. Other evidence of incom- plete response to seasonal changes was observed, and the suggestion is made of a definite periodicity requiring more than the usual rest season for this plant. The longevity of submerged seeds, G. H. Shull {Plant World, It (1914), No. 11, pp. 329-831, figs. 2). — The appearance of more than 140 species of plants on the dried bed of an old mill pond that had been drained suggested additional tests on the viability of seeds of some of these species. It was found that under laboratory conditions a number of seeds germinated after a submergence of more than four years, and some seeds are said to have been viable after seven years of continual submergence. The assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen, and the reaction of albuminoid material contained in specialized hairs of plants cultivated in oxygen with- out nitrogen, F. Kovkssi {Rev. G6n. Bot., 25 Us {191 Jf), pp. 405-415). — The author cites recent studies claimed to have been very carefully carried out and to confirm his conclusions previously announced (E. S. R., 32, p. 327). Biochemical influence of manganese, A. Pugliese {Atti R. 1st. Incoragg. Napoli, 6. ser., 65 {1913), pp. 289-315). — Detailing investigations regarding the antagonism between iron and manganese in nutritive solutions for wheat, etc., the author agrees with Masoni (E. S. R., 26, p. 226) in claiming that such antagonism exists, and he states that the optimum ratio for these two materials seems to be in the neighborhood of 1 : 2.5. The action of antimoniacal salts on the respiration of plants, W. Palladin and G. Cohnstamm {Rei\ Gen. Bot., 25 his {1914), pp. 539-555). — The authors found that the respiration of etiolated shoot tips of vetch is stimulated by 1 per cent of antimony tartrate, as by other poisons (E. S. R., 23, p. 629), presumably as a defensive reaction against the poison, while the respiration of germinating peas is decreased by that solution. The difference is ascribed to the deficiency of respiratory chromogens in peas, and the consequent lessened absorption of oxygen by them. The normal coefficient of respiration is but little affected in seeds of peas and shoots of vetch by this poison, but in young rootlets of sprout- ing peas, which normally show the coefficient CO- : 02=1 : 2, the coefficient be- comes CO2 : 02=1, corresponding to a decrease in growth rate. The action of this salt decreases the inspiration of dead cells. Seeds poisoned with antimony after freezing give off a decreased amount of carbon dioxid. Volatile acids in fermentation products of some anaerobic bacteria, G. Sfxiheb {Rev. Gen. Bot., 25 Us {1914), PP- 589-59S).— Giving details and results of work according to the method of Duclaux, as formerly noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 120), and using cultures of Bacillus Uityricus, B. perfringens, and B. pxitri- flcus, the author states that the first of these produces butyric and acetic acid and the second produces acetic and formic acid (propionic acid also being noted in some of the cultures). For B. putriflcus it is difficult to ascertain the exact nature of the volatile acids produced. It is said to have been shown that under constant conditions of culture the same acids are produced constantly by a given species of the orgiinism. Fatal temperatures for some diastases of animal or vegetable origin, E. C. T^ODORKSCO {Rev. G6n. Bot., 25 Us (1914), PP- 599-627).— Giving further details (E. S. II., 28, p. 803) of tests made with diastases heated to varying degrees, FIELD CROPS, 81 the author states that when dried these support for a short period (one-half hour) temperatures above 100° C, and in some cases much higher. Some suggestions as to the nature of these bodies are also offered. Excretion of toxic substances by roots, D. Prianichnikov {Rev. G6n. Bot., 25 his (1914), pp. 563-582, figs. 11). — ^Thls is mainly a discussion of the work done by Periturin (E. S. R., 30, p. 420), the results of which agree in part with those of American investigators named. Alterations in the forms of antagonism curves, W. J. V. Osterhout (Jahrh. Wiss. Bot. [Pringsheim}, 54 {1914), No. 4, pp. 645-650, fig. i).— The author, reporting an extension of work previouslj^ noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 823; 29, p. 027), shows by tables and curves how the antagonism between given percentages of sodium chlorid and calcium chlorid may vary from time to time in the course of a given experiment. This is held to be due to progressive alterations in the permeability toward each salt of the living material em- ployed, which in this case consisted of portions of Laminaria saccharina. It is thought that these two salts act in different ways to influence permeability. The influence of X-rays on vegetation, E. Mi£ge and H. Coupfi {Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 159 {1914), No. 4, pp. 338-340, pi. i).— Reporting ex- periments with seedlings of Raphanus sativus and Lepidium sativum subjected for about 38 days after planting to strong and frequent applications of X-rays, the author claims that this preliminary study shows that these rays exert a favorable influence upon the foliage, but more upon the underground portions of these plants. The effect increases with the frequency and strength of the application (even within limits dangerous to animal tissues), and the rays affect the morphology and structure of these plants when grown under their influence. FIELD CROPS. Plant breeding, G. F. Freeman and J. C. T. Uppiof {Arizona 8ta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 343-348). — In variety tests reported with alfalfa it is noted that Peruvian alfalfa has demonstrated its excellence for the region. In physiological studies as to the nature of drought resistance, the results suggest a distinct relation between the transpiration rate and the number of stomata on a given leaf surface. It is noted that the sweet corn breeding experiments have resulted in pro- ducing a variety that is hardy and drought and heat resistant from a few grains originally found among the native corn grown by the Papago Indians. Cultural work with tepary beans and variety tests with wheats are also reported. [Field experiments], A. M. McOmie (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 330-333, 334-337). — Cultural tests being carried on at Phoenix and at the dry farms at Sulphur Spring Valley, Prescott, and Snowflake with wheat, oats, rye, Indian beans, millet, Sudan grass, corn, sugar beets, sugar cane, sorghums, potatoes, legumes for cover and forage crops, millets, flax, and teosinte, and breeding work with alfalfa are briefly reported. [Field-crop trials], J. M. Scott (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. XXII-XXIX). — This gives results of cultural trials of Sudan grass, teff, Wakulla bean, Yoko- hama bean, Alachua bean, Florida velvet bean, soy beans, cowpeas, sweet pota- toes, Chinese velvet bean, and kudzu bean. Sudan grass yields ranged from 1,245 to 4,960 lbs. of cured hay per acre in 1913. " The sowings made in March produced only one cutting during the year, while the later [April and May] sowings gave two cuttings." 32 EXPERIMENT STATION" BECOED. In fertilizer trials with Japanese cane results showed that " potash gave a decided increase in yield; ammonia gave an increased yield; sulphate of amnionia produced a little better yield on the average than did dried blood; acid phosiihate apparently gave no increase in yield; sulphate of potash pro- dncod a little better yield than did muriate of potash." [Field-crops experiments], J. B. Gabeett and F, C. Qiteeeau {Louisiana Sias. Rpt. 1914, pp. 22-26, 2S-30). — ^At the North Louisiana Station it is noted that in rotation experiments little difference was produced by the use of raw rock phosphate at the rate of 2,700 lbs. per acre every third year and acid phosphate applied at the rate of 300 lbs. per acre. " On the raw rock phosphate plat 1,207 lbs. per acre of seed cotton were produced and 27.9 bu. of com, and on the acid phosphate plat 1,228 lbs. of seed cotton and 27.7 bu. of com." Sudan grass yielded 5.43 tons of hay per acre in two cuttings on the red type of soil. Of cowpeas, "the New Era, Groit, and Iron varieties produced 32.3, 26.35, and 20.96 bu. per acre, respectively. Two pickings were secured from each of these varieties. The Whippoorwill, which is the standard variety in this section, only produced 10.2 bu. per acre. Ordinarily, 10 or 12 bu. of peas per acre is a good crop here." Yields are also reported for sorghum, feterita, Kafir corn, milo maize, ribbon cane, and Japanese cane. In regard to fertilizer experiments with rice at Crowley, it is stated that " it is likely that 16 per cent acid phosphate is our best and cheapest source of phosphorus. The results of the past five years indicate that a 200-lb. per acre application will give the best and the cheapest returns. Kainit when applied to old rice land seems to make considerable increase in yield the first year, but in succeeding years the yield is but little better than the yield on the check i^lats, where no fertilizer has been used. Applications of phosphate and kainit in equal parts do not make increase in yield over the plats where phosphate is used alone. " It is indicated by these experiments that cotton-seed meal may profitably be applied to Honduras rice, but that the returns are not so great with Blue Rose or Shinriki, this especially marked in the case of the former. It is not believed that it is profitable to use cotton-seed meal or other nitrogenous fertilizer on Blue Rose rice. Water crab srass is observed to grow on all plats fertilized with acid phosphate. This was especially noticeable last year (1914). On plats fertilized with kainit and where there was no fertilizer there was little if any crab grass. On the phosphate plats there was a hea\'y stand of grass which could not be checked with water and which caused considerable decrease in the yields of rice in these plats. "As these results clearly indicate that phosphate promotes the growth of grass as well as the growth and yield of rice, it would seem that the fertilizer should be placed as close to the rice plant as possible. In other words, the fer- tilizer should be placed iu the row with the seetl, but not in contact with it. In this way the rice would get the benefit of the fertilizer first and would have a better chance to get away from the grass. It is good practice to drain the laud fifteen days from the time of the first flooding. This will check the activity of the • root maggot,' and it is believed that the drying out of the land at this time is a good thing for the rice. Where it is possible to do so, the land should be drained twice during the irrigating season." Rotation trials are also summarized, the results indicating that highland crops will, if continued long enough, eliminate red rice. It is believed that less than a six-year rotation will not be profitable. Field experiiiients, C. D. Woods {Maine Sta. Bui. 236 {1915), pp. 41-51, 63, 64). — Yields in 1914 of variety tests of commercial varieties of oats are given FIELD CROPS. 33 I'anging from 76 to 105 bu. per aero, and of new varieties originated at Iligli- moor Farm ranging from 81.5 to 120 bu. per acre. In testing rates of seeding for oats, 16 pk. per acre gave better yields than 8, 10, 12, 14, or 20 pk. per acre in 1914 in Aroostook County. An experiment com- paring sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda as sources of nitrogen for potato fertilizers is noted as in progress, the first year's trial being favorable to tbe latter. Experiments comparing different methods of applying fertilizers to potatoes are also noted as in progress, with no marked differences thus far. It is noted that spraying potato fields with Iron sulphate to kill wild mustard, in 1914, did not give as satisfactory results as previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 133). In a rotation experiment to test the effect of sweet corn on a succeeding grass crop no injurious effect has been shown thus far. Experiments with farm crops in southwest Missouri, C. B^ Hutchison and T. R. Douglass { Missouri 8ta. Bui. 123 {l'Ji5), pp. 163-185, figs. 3).— This bulletin gives results of several years' work with field crops on a red limestone soil classed as Crawford silt loam. Variety tests included corn, oats, barley, and wheat. A 4-year rotation experiment included corn, oats, wheat, and cow- peas and soy beans. In an average of three years, drilling oats gave an increase of 2.S bu. per acre over broadcasting. The greatest increase occurred in the most favorable oat season. Winter oats seemed to be an unreliable crop for this section. Drilling cowpeas at the rate of 4 pk. per acre gave 4,475 lbs. of cured hay, a larger amount than broadcasting or planting with a corn planter. In alfalfa experiments the use of lime 4,500 lbs., manure 27,000 lbs., and bone meal 300 lbs. per acre gave better yields than limestone alone or than lime- stone and manure. The yields of hay are given as 11,698, 4,085, and 7,455 lbs. respectively, with 778 lbs. per acre with no treatment. Under miscellaneous cultural experiments were included rape, crimson clover, and hairy vetch. Recommendations for the management of crops in this region and possible cropping systems are given. Soil fertility problems, E. B. Stookey {Washington 8ta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 2 (1914), No. 8, pp. 2-6, fig. 1). — This reports results of a one-year soil fertility test on " rather sandy muck soil." From the yields of mangels, corn, potatoes, and thousand-headed kale in field plats the following con- clusions have been drawn : " The yields of all four crops clearly show that potash is the limiting factor on this muck soil. Potash alone or in combination has produced about the same results. Lime has increased the yield of three of the four crops, probably because it helps to liberate potash. Nitrogen and phosphorus alone have not increased the yield. Finally, manure has increased the yield more than any other single fertilizer or combination of fertilizers used." Pot tests with oats on this soil, a new " shot clay," and fine sandy loam indicated the great value of manure. [Cultural and fertilizer experiments], E. B. Stookey (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bid., 2 {1915), No. 10, pp. 7'-i0).— This reports variety tests, for the seasons 1913-14, of oats, barley, wheat, peas, vetch, navy beans, soy beans, cowpeas, corn, kale, marrow cabbage, mangels, sugar beets, swedes, turnips, red clover, alfalfa, millet, and buckwheat; cultural tests with tangier pea, clovers, espersette, serradella, Italian rye grass, meadow fescue, orchard grass, Kentucky blue grass, and other grasses, rape, penicillaria, teosinte, and sorghums. Pot experiments in fertilizing upland " shot clay," valley " fine sandy loam," and muck soils are noted as in progress. 34 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The growing of succulent feeds for fall and winter use. — I, Boot crops, E. B. Stookey {Washington Sta., West. Wash. 8ta. Mo. Bui., 1 {1913), No. 4, pp. 9-13, figs. i2).— TMs reports yields in variety tests of mangels, carrots, ruta-bagLS, and turnips grown as stock feed, witli brief cultural notes. The growing of succulent feeds for fall and winter use. — II [Winter forage and miscellaneous crops], E. B. Stookey {Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 1 {1914), No. 5, pp. 8-10, figs. 2).— Cultural methods are given for kale, marrow cabbage, rape, cabbage, and potatoes as grown for suc- culent feed for stock, and yields are re'ported for the three first-named crops. Summary of results [with] cereals, 1914, C. E. Saunders et al. {Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 81 {1914), pp. 3i).— This gives results of variety tests and describes recommended varieties of wheat, oats, emmer, spelt, barley, rye, field peas, beans, flax, and buckwheat for the maritime Provinces, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Report of assistant botanist, J. Belling {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- LXXXI-CVI, figs. 5). — This reports a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 734) in regard to the inheritance of pubescence of pods and plants in crosses between the Florida velvet bean and the Lyon bean to the fifth generation, and between Florida and Yokohama, and Florida and China, to the third generation. The inheritance and segregation of characters, stinging, downy, velvet, and black are discussed and noted as following closely the Mendelian calculations. In a study of the inheritance of partial sterility in the first generation hybrids of these bean crosses, the author believes that the discovery of empty pollen grains and of aborted embryo sacs shows a segregation of genetic differences, for in the partially sterile progeny certain corresponding paternal and maternal chromosomes have apparently not been correspondingly paired. See also a previous note (E. S. K, 32, p. 725). Corn crosses are also briefly noted. Corn, J. R. Ricks and C. T. Ames {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 170 {1915), pp. 3-15). — This bulletin gives results of experiments with corn, consisting of variety tests, cost of growing, dates of planting, fertilizers, cultural methods, subsoiling, spacing, suckering, and the production of silage corn. In tests of 82 varieties from 1911 to 1914, inclusive, yields ranged from 21.9 to 59.4 bu. per acre at Agricultural College. The cost of production of corn per acre was $12.50 and per bushed 26.3 cts. Commercial fertilizers do not seem to have been successful. "A crop of cowpeas gives us better returns than com- mercial fertilizers." Subsoiling was deemed to be of no value in increasing the yield of corn. Early (March) planting showed better results than late (June) planting, and flat cultivation better yields than ridge cultivation. Cul- tivation continued until tasseling of the corn began showed better yields than early cultivation only. Corn spaced 1 ft. in the row gave better yields than when spaced 2, 3, or 4 ft. for early planting, but in late planting 2 and 3 ft. spacing gave the best results. Breaking the sucker when the corn was 4 or 6 ft. high was found to be injurious. Ten tons of barnyard manure per acre always gave an increase in the yield. Silage corn yielded from 6.3 to 10.9 tons per acre. " For 3 years the average cost per ton of silage at this station has been $1.92. This includes everything from the rent on the land up until the silage is in the silo." Tests of 19 varieties of corn at the Holly Springs substation show yields ranging from 30.5 to 92.2 bu. per acre in 1908, 1912, 1913, and 1914. Methods of treatment for weevils in stored grain by the use of carbon bisulphid, by R. W, Harned, are appended. FIELD CEOPS. 35 Coi'n experiments, C. G. Williams and F. A. Welton (Ohio Sta. Bui. 282 {1915), pp. 11-109, figs. 8). — This bulletin gives results of experiments with corn that have been running for various lengths of time, in some cases covering over 20 years. Data are presented in 36 tables. " Comparing a 5-year rotation system with the continuous growing of corn, the former has given an increase of 13 to 14.79 bu. per acre, in spite of the heavier use of manure and fertilizers under continuous culture. Comparing a 5-year with a 3-year rotation, the latter has given an increase of 6 to 8.39 bu. per acre. Comparing a 3-year rotation with continuous cropping, no fertilizers used in either case, the yield of corn from the former is 127 per cent greater than the latter. " The use of phosphorus, alone, in the form of acid phosphate, has increased the yield of corn 8.28 bu. i^er acre. The use of manure alone has increased the yield 31.27 bu. per acre as an 8-year average. The use of acid phosiihate and manure has increased the yield 40.58 bu., thus leaving 9.31 bu. to be credited to the acid phosphate. " On such acid soils as are found on the station farm at Wooster, 1 ton of burned lime or 2 tons of ground limestone, applied once in 5 years, has in- creased the yield of corn on an average 7.35 bu. per acre on the fertilized plats, and 8.25 bu. per acre on the unfertilized plats. Taking into consideration all the crops of the rotation the application of lime has been worth, on the average, $14.21 per acre per rotation. The cost of the lime has been $5. " Comparing very deep plowing with ordinary plowing and with subsoiling, the 5-year average gain for subsoiling has been 2.32 bu. i)er acre, and for the deep plowing 0.43 bu. jier acre. " Plantings of corn made at Wooster from May 4 to 10 have given larger yields of shelled corn per acre than the plantings of other dates, though the moisture content and the shrinkage have been lower from the plantings made from April 24 to 29. Of the plantings of the latter dates, 78.62 lbs. of ears as weighed in November have been required to equal a bushel of shelled corn in April, while of the plantings of June 2 to 6, 91.95 lbs. of ears have been re- quired. The variety of corn and all the conditions of growth except date of planting have been the same. " Where the distance between rows and the number of plants per acre have been the same, one plant every 12 in. has outyielded 3 plants every 36 in. by 4.55 bu. per acre. With hills 42 in. apart each way, the maximum yield of shelled com, as a 10-year average, has been secured from 4 plants per hill, or 14,220 plants per acre. "Nine years' tests of deep (4 in.) as compared with shallow cultivation (1^ in.) show an average gain of 4 bu. per acre in favor of shallow cultivation. Two years' tests of late cultivations of corn with a one-horse cultivator, after two-horse implements had to be discarded, show an average gain of 3.44 bu. per acre for late cultivation. "A 10-year average variation of 6.25 bu. per acre has been found in varieties of corn well acclimated to the locality where tested. A variation in yield of 84.29 bu. per acre has been found in varieties grown and sold for seed within the State. "A comparison of ears varying 2.44 in. in length, on the average, shows a difference in yield of only 1.39 bu. per acre, as a 10-year average — a difference no greater than might have been exi^ected had the seed used been identical. While there is a slight decrease in length of ear in the short-eared strain, it has not materially affected the yield. As a 9-year average, tapering ears have excelled cylindrical ears in yield by 1.65 bu, per acre. 36 EXPEEIMENT STATION" KECOED. "Eight years' continuous selection for bare, as compared with filled tips, shows an average difference of 0.34 bu. per acre in favor of filled tips. Com- paring rough with smooth dented ears, the 7-year average yield favors the smooth type by a gain of 1.76 bu. per acre. " Seed ears averaging 88.16 per cent grain have given a 6-year average yield of 64.64 bu. of shelled corn per acre, as compared with a yield of 65.06 bu. from ears averaging 76.38 per cent of grain. A comparison of kernels from the butt, middle, and tip portions of ears shows only 0.57 of a bushel difference in yield, as a 9-year average, and no difference In maturity or any important character. Seed ears having 14, 16, and 18 rows of kernels have been com- pared for 5 years. The 14-rowed ears have led slightly in yield at Wooster and Germautowu, the 16-rowed ears at Carpenter. " While the height of plant and ear varies with the season, selecting for high and low ears within a variety has resulted in changing very materially the relative height of ear and also the time of maturity. Low ears are associated with earliness. The comparative yield has not been reduced by selection for low ears. " Seed corn grown on rich, as compared with poor soil, and one plant per hill, as compared with five, though larger and apparently of better quality, has not given any larger yield, on the avex'age, than the smaller ears grown under the poorer conditions. The principal causes of barren plants are variations in season, in fertility, and iu time and rate of planting. Such variations in con- ditions of growth have increased the amount of barrenness 200 to 2,000 per cent. Ear-row tests and subsequent crossing of the best ears iu isolated breed- ing plats show possibilities of increasing the yield of corn 5 to 10 bu. per acre, but it seems difficult to go much beyond this amount. Of 13 first-generation crosses grown beside both parents, only two exceeded in yield the better parent variety by more than 2 bu. per acre. "A 4-year average gain of 3.9 bu. of shelled corn per acre has resulted from the use of the individual ear germination test. At 50 cts. per bushel for corn, this is a return of $6..50 per hour for testing. Experiments in thinning corn show a 4-year average gain of 8.47 bu. per acre in the case of untested seed and 6.31 bu. for tested seed. The average time required for thinning an acre of corn has been 5.7 hours. "As an average of 6 years' tests corn reached its maximum shrinkage August 1. Based on shrinkage alone, 62.47 cts, for 70 lbs. of ear corn August 1 is equivalent to 50 cts. November 1. While mid-season and late varieties had 24, 29, and 31.04 per cent of moisture, respectively, November 1, on August 1 they carried 10.08 and 10.69 per cent, respectively." Fertilizer experiments with corn on Piedmont Cecil sandy loam soil, and varieties, culture, and fertilization of corn on Piedmont Cecil sandy loam, red clay, and valley soils, C. B. Williams, B. W. Kilgore, and A. R. Russell North Carolina 8ta. Bui. 229 (1915), vp. 50).— In this bulletin experimental plats with their treatments are described and the weather conditions are also given for the years 1902 to 1900, inclusive. A general summary of the results of fertilizer experiments with corn on the Cecil sandy loam and clay loam for this period is given as follows: "The use of a mixture carrying normal amounts of phosphoric acid and nitrogen gave an average increased yield of shelled corn per acre of 69 per cent over the yield secured on the same character of land without fertilization. The net profit, over cost of fertilizer, of this combination was $6.60 per acre. " Where a normal amount of potash was used with phosphoric acid in place of the nitrogen there was an average decrease in yield of 8J per cent of shelled FIELD CEOPS. 37 corn. The average profit for the P K application over cost of fertilizer was $6.17 per acre. " On an average a fertilizing mixture carrying normal amounts of nitrogen and potash was used with only a very small gain in yield and at a loss of 86 cts. per acre. Nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash combined in a complete fertilizer yielded on an average slightly less than when the potash was left out of the mixture. The experiments, as a whole, show that phosphoric acid and nitrogen are the predominant or controlling plant food constituents for increas- ing yields and adding to profits iu growing com on this soil." Lime alone was used at a very small profit, while in a complete fertilizer the gain In yield was equal to a profit of 86 per cent. " Taking all the results as a whole, the indications are that in growing corn on this soil under similar con- ditions to those obtaining in these experiments, lime will generally be needed for the largest yields and greatest profit per acre." The amount of nitrogen in the normal fertilizer applied w\as 3 per cent or 9 lbs. to the acre. When this amount was varied so as to give 4i, 9, IS, and 27 lbs., the larger the amount of nitrogen the greater was the yield and profit per acre. The average yield of corn during eight years on the plats receiving three times the normal quantity of nitrogen with normal quantities of phosphoric acid and potash (NsP K) was 24.4 bu. per acre and the average increase over unfer- tilized plats 15.2 bu. This fertilizer application cost $7.35 per acre, making the cost of fertilizer per bushel of increase of corn 48 cts. The amount of potash in the normal fertilizer used was 1^ per cent or 4^ lbs. per acre. This amount was varied so as to apply 2i, 9, and 13i lbs., respec- tively. The results for the two fields were not in agreement, since in one the half-normal potash and in the other the twice-normal application of potash were indicated to be the most profitable amounts of this constituent to use. The amount of phosphoric acid in the normal fertilizer used was 7 per cent or 21 lbs. of phosphoric acid per acre. Tliis quantity was varied so as to apply lOi, 42, and 63 lbs., respectively. The results show the largest yields, increases, and profits per acre from the use of 42 and 63 lbs. Varying the amounts of the normal fertilizer application from 150 to 900 lbs. per acre gave increased yields and profits for all the applications, the most profitable returns on an a^■erage resulting from 150 lbs. of fertilizer per acre. After paying for the fertilizer itself the following respective profits were ob- tained: With 150 lbs., $7.88 for corn and stover; with 300 lbs., $5.21; with 450 lbs., $6.94 ; wath 600 lbs., $6.49 ; and with 900 lbs., $5.64. In comparisons of dried blood and iiitrate of soda as sources of nitrogen, the total yields and increased yields over unfertilized plats were quite uniform in showing a slight advantage in favor of the latter. Better profits were secured when the nitrate was divided, applying one half at planting with the acid phosphate and manure salt and reserving the other half and applying as a side dressing about July 1. Stable manure showed up particularly well on this soil as a source of nitrogen for corn. Wheu 300 lbs. of fertilizer Avas applied in the drill at the ordniary depth; in the drill about 4 or 5 in. below the seed; broadcast before planting; and, divided into two equal parts, one half being applied in the drill before planting and the other as a side dressing about July 1, the deep application and dividing the applications gave the largest yields and profits per acre. Our soil analyses of the various soils of the State indicate that these results will apply to the red (Cecil) clay loams, red (Cecil) clays, and valley soils of the Piedmont, and in like manner the soil analyses and experiments on the moun- tain soils indicate that the results will apply to this section of the State also. 38 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Saving hay crops, H. L. Blanchard {Washington 8ta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui, 2 {19 U), No. 3, pp. 6-8).— This gives directions for curing and liar- vesting a hay crop under western Wasliingtou conditions. The importance of thick seeding- in the production of milo in the San Antonio region, S. H. Hastings {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 188 {1915), pp. 21, figs. 9). — This bulletin reports and discusses experiments conducted to determine the effect of planting milo maize in rows at different distances apart and of thinning the plants to different distances within the rows on the tillering, branching, uniformity, date of ripening, and yield of grain. The results obtained in 1913 and 1914 show that " no marked differences re- BuUed in the number of tillers or the number of heads per plant from varying the distance between rows. In the plats where the rows were uniformly 4 ft. apart, but where the plants were thinned to different distances within the rows, the number of heads per plant decreased and the yield increased as the plants were crowded, the thiclier stands produ(;ing the higher yields. Counts made of the number of tillers per plant on May 15 and of the number of mature heads per plant at harvest shoT\^ed that a large number of tillers on the wide- spaced plants failed to produce heads. " The close-spaced plants ripened their grain in 1913 about one week earlier than the wide-spaced plants. This early maturity is particularly important in that it permits the crop to escape the sorghum midge. Increasing the number of plants per row does not necessarily mean a proportionate increase in the total number of heads or stalks per row. The weather conditions influence very markedly the number of tillers and branches produced, although the total num- ber of branches and tillers produced in 1914 about equaled the total number of tillers alone in 1913, when there were but few branches. ** In practice, the stand is controlled by varying the rate of seeding rather than by thinning the plants ; thick stands are secured by thick seeding. Thicker seeding than is ordinarily practiced appears to be desirable, in that it' results in smaller and more easily handled plant stumps, gives better stands, insures earlier and more uniform maturity, and produces better yields. A rate of 5 to 6 lbs. per acre, where the rows are 4 ft. apart, is recommended. It would appear that the close spacing of the plants can be practiced in sections of low rainfall. To offset this increase in the number of plants per row it is neces- sary only to increase the distance between the rows. The time the plants are thinned does not seem to be an important factor in suppressing tillers and branches. If the thinning is delayed sufficiently to reduce tillering, there seems to be a tendency for the plants to increase the number of branches." Studies on oat breeding. — II, Selection within pure lines, F. M. Sukface and R. Pearl {Maine Sta. Bui. 235 {1915), pp. J,0, figs. 2).— This gives results of work with oats, the varieties having been previously described (E. S. R., 31, p. 832). " The present study attempts to analyze the results of three successive years of selection within pure lines of oats. Twenty-eight pure lines representing 13 varieties have been used in this work. In the four years 621 garden rows have been grown, involving over 12,500 plants. The characters studied were weight of grain, weight of plant and of straw, height of plant, and the number of culms. Only two characters, yield of grain and height of plant, are analyzed in detail in this paper. The remaining characters show essentially the same things. " It is pointed out that the oat flower is practically always self-fertilized. It is shown that if this is true every oat plant must be regarded as homozygous for all of its characters. Consequently the oat plant fulfills all the requirements In the original definition of a pure line. FIELD CROPS, 39 "The characters studied are subject to rather wide fluctuations, due to en- vironment. For this reason it is not possible to compare the absolute values of these characters from year to year. Instead the deviations of the plants and rows from the mean of their pure line in the given year have been used. As a first approach to the problem in hand we have determined the number of rows, grown from plus selections, which deviated in the plus direction and like- wise the number deviating in the minus direction. The same thing has been done for rows grown from minus selected plants. Thus for each selection there are four classes of rows. Also the sum of the deviations of the rows in each class has been determined and likewise the average deviation in each class. " From these data for the yield of grain it is pointed out that usually in the next year following a given selection there is an excess deviation in the direc- tion of the selection. This apparent effect of a given selection is very much less noticeable or not at all in the later years. It is probable that the effect in the first year is due to physiological rather than genetic causes. Considering the effect of two and of three successive selections in the plus direction it is seen that there is an excess deviation in the direction opposite to the selection. However, with two and three selections in the minus direction there is an excess in the direction of the selection. These results balance each other so that it appears safe to conclude that neither were due to the effect of the selection, " The methods of analysis described above leave out of account two factors, viz, the difference in the variability of the different pure lines, and, second, the size of the deviation of the selected plant. The first of these factors can be partially taken into account by expressing each deviation as a percentage of its mean. *The second factor can be accounted for by expressing the deviation of each plant as an index : Dm—Dd ^~ Dm where Dm is the deviation of the mother plant from its meaji and Dd is the deviation of the daughter row from its mean. If there is no effect of the selec- tion, as Johannsen claims, then this index should on the average equal 1. If regression takes place within these pure lines, as claimed by the Galton- Pearson theory of ancestral heredity, the index would on the average approach 0.33. In general if the index is significantly less than 1 it indicates some effect of the selection. > " For the yield of grain, these indexes have been calculated for the effect of each selection upon the rows grown in each of the following years. The average index for each class of selection and for all the selections are given in [tabular form]. As shown in their probable errors these mean indexes are not significantly different from 1. This indicates that there is no effect of the selections within these pure lines. The mean indexes showing the effect of two or three succes- sive selections in the same or in different directions are shown in [tabular form]. These indexes are also significantly equal to 1, with the possible ex- ception of the successive minus selections. These latter indexes are con- sistently less than 1. Whether they really indicate an effect of the selections or not can not be determined from the present data. The values are not very far below 1, and in view of the other evidence we are inclined to regard them as random fluctuations. " It is pointed out that where selections are made which are only slightly above or below the mean of their pure line, spurious values of this index are sometimes obtained. This is especially true if a relatively small number of rows are grown from such a selection. The reason for this is that the means of 96619° 40 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. some rows may deviate much farther from the mean of the line than did the mother plant. This will produce indexes veiy large either positive or negative. A priori there is no reason for excluding such small selections. They ought, on the selection theory, to result in rows which would deviate less from the mean of the line than rows grown from large selections. Only one such ' small ' selection is included in the present data. The analysis of the selections for height of plant shows essentially the same results as found for yield of grain. Analysis by the method of deviations shows that in only one instance is the excess in the direction of the selection large enough to have any possible sig- nificance. For reasons discussed in the text it is probable that this one large deviation is not significant in connection with the selection. Indexes of selec- tion for height of plant have been calculated for several of the selections. Since they show nothing essentially different from those for yield they have not been included in the present paper. " On the whole the results obtained in this study give no evidence that selec- tion for three years has modified any of the characters studied. The one or two apparent exceptions discussed in the paper might very easily arise in chance distributions where so small a number of years are considered. The weight of the evidence against an effect of selection far outweighs the evidence for such an effect. It must be concluded that in the present material and for the characters studied, selection for three years has produced no effect which can be detected by the methods used. It is proposed to continue a por- tion of these selections and later to attempt an individual analysis rather than the statistical one presented in this paper." Peanut growing in the cotton belt, H. C. Thompson ( U. 8. Dept. Ag'r., Office Sec. Spec. [Circ], 1915, Apr. 12, pp. S).— 'Cultural methods and uses of the crop are described. Marketing Maine potatoes, C. T. More and G. Y. Branch ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Off- Sec. Circ. 48 {1915), pp. 7). — ^This reviews existing market conditions among the Maine potato producers. As factors in causing unsatisfactory prices, lack of comprehensive and efficient marketing systems and of established grades and brands as a basis for advertising are noted. As suggestions for improve- ment, the establishment of uniform grades and brands, the exercise of greater care in handling, thorough inspection, and the adoption of seed types, standards, and guaranties, are offered. Rules for grading are also suggested. Potato growing' in western "Washington, J. L. Stahl (Washingtoti Sta,, West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 1 (19U), No. 6, jW- 2-6, figs. 2).— This gives cul- tural directions and methods of storage and marketing, together with descrip- tions of seven varieties that have given the best results in western "Washington. Lime-sulphur v. Bordeaux mixture as a spray for potatoes, III, M. T. MuNN {Neio York State Sta. Bui. S97 (1915), pp. 95-105, pis. 2).— The experi- ments described in this bulletin are in the main repetitions of those previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 43.3). " The results agree essentially with those previously obtained. They show that lime-sulphur is harmful rather than beneficial to potatoes. Bordeaux mixture prevented tipburn to a considerable extent, made the foliage darker green, prolonged the period of growth, and increased the yield. Lime-sulphur, on the contrary, aggravated tipburn, dwarfed the plants, shortened the period of growth, and reduced the yield. As neither early blight nor late blight ap- peared in the experiment field during the season, nothing was learned concern- ing the comparative value of the different spray mixtures for the control of these diseases." FIELD CROPS. 41 Lime-sulphur injurious to potatoes, F. H. Hall (2Vcw York State Sta. Bui. 397, popular ed. {1915), pp. 2, fig. 1), — A popular edition of the above. Sudan grass, B. Youngblood and A. B. Conner {Texas Sta. Bui. 112 {1915), pp. 28, pi. 1, figs. 7). — This bulletin gives directions for the production of bay and seed from Sudan grass in Texas.- Experiments indicate that to obtain the best results in bay production seeding should be done from April 15 to May 1 in cultivated rows not more than IS in. apart and with not less than 7 lbs. of seed per acre, or in close drilled rows with from 15 to 40 lbs. per acre. The selection and breeding of the various types of Sudan grass are being carried out at the station. In experiments for methods to follow in seed production it is shown that Sudan grass should be planted in cultivated I'ows only far enough apart to allow easy cultivation, sowing from 14 to 22 lbs. per acre. Seed yields reported from the various substations range from 110 to 1,026 lbs. per acre. The percentage of seed to whole plant ranged from 10.4 to 23.7, with an average of 16.7 per cent in five tests. A map shows regions in Texas where dependable seed crops of Sudan grass can and can not be grown. Turnips as a stock food, C. D. Woods {Maine Sta. Bui. 236 {1915), pp. 54-57). — In a cooperative field trial the average yield was 782 bu. per acre and the estimated cost $59.05, or 7.6 cts. per bushel. It is concluded that rutabagas may be successfully grown to replace silage when it seems desirable to do so, although a ton of digestible dry matter can pi-obably be grown cheaper per ton as corn. The quality of home-grown versus imported wheat, R. Stewart and C. T. HiBST {Utah Sta. Bui. 137 {1915), pp. 63-76).— This bulletin gives results of tests with about twenty varieties of wheat. Analyses show the protein content of imported seed and home-grown grain, the yields and protein contents of flour, bran, and shorts, dry and moist gluten in the flour, expressed in per- centages; ratio of wet to dry gluten; and the relation between the protein content of the wheat and the rainfall during the growing season. The authors summarize the work, which covers a period from 1908 to 1912, inclusive, as follows: "As an average of five years' work it may be safely concluded that dry-farm wheat grown in Utah from imported seed does not decrease in quality. The five-year average protein content of the home-grown seed differs only by 0.1 per cent from that of the original seed, i. e., the pro- tein content of the home-grown seed has remained practically constant, being influenced only by the varying climatic conditions from year to year. The five- year average result for the protein content of the wheat grown from the im- ported seed is 2.23 per cent greater than that of the original imported seed. Every variety of imported seed produced wheat the first year it was grown in Utah having a higher protein content than the original seed. In no year during the five-year period has any variety produced seed having as low a protein con- tent as the original imported seed. . . . " The practice of shipping in seed wheat is entirely unnecessary and waste- ful. The quality of the home-grown hard wheats is really superior to the original seed. Good pure wheat seed should be selected of the kind the grower desires to raise. He should then continue to raise his own seed, and with proper selection he may rest assured that the quality of the seed will not become inferior, but he may have every confidence that his wheat is of superior quality." Yellow-berry in wheat, its cause and prevention, W. P. Headden {Colorado Sta. Bui. 205 {1915), pp. 3-38, pi. 1). — The author reviews in detail i)revious 42 EXPEKIMEISTT STATION EECOED. work by various investigators along tliis line and gives results of Ms own worlc to discover the cause of the yellow-berry. Fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in single applications in the production of three varieties of wheat during 1913 and 1914 forms the basis of the following conclusions : " The appearance of yellow or white, mealy or half -mealy, or spotted kernels in wheat, otherwise without apparent blemish and known as yellow-berry is not due to over-ripeness, nor to exposure after cut- ting, nor to the action of fungi, nor is it a ' tendency ' heritable in the wheat, as has been claimed by different authors. We have no substantiation of the claim sometimes made that climatic conditions favorably influence the development of or cause yellow-berry. Yellow-berry can be very much lessened or entirely prevented by the application of a sufficient quantity of available nitrogen. Yellow-berry can be greatly intensified or increased by the application of avail- able potassium. The application of available phosphorus has no appreciable effect upon its prevalance. Yellow-berry is not indicative of an exhausted soil, that is, one which will not produce abundant yields. Yellow-berry indicates that potassium is present in excess of what is necessary to form a ratio to the available nitrogen present, advantageous to the formation of a hard, flinty kernel. Yellow-berry should not be mistaken for or confused with black-ended berries or brown or other discolorations in the berries. These affections are not general affections as the yellow-berry is and are not produced by the same cause. "Yellow-berry is under the control of the grower. If there be suflacient difference in the price of grain produced he can control it with a margin of profit. The means at his disposal for its control are (1) the judicious use of sodic nitrate. (2) the thorough cultivation of his soil with the application of nitrogenous manures, (3) a rotation of crops in which a clover and possibly other legumes precede the wheat, (4) fallow cultivation. These observations apply to all of our western soils, rich in potassium and relatively, not abso- lutely, poor in available nitrogen." HORTICULTURE. Summer treatment of greenhouse soil, W. J. and S. N. Gbeen (OMo 8ta. Bui. 281 (1915), pp. 53-68, figs. 7).— This bulletin gives the results of experi- ments started at the station greenhouses in the fall of 1908 to determine the practical difference between various methods of treating the soil during the idle summer months. Suggestions are also given relative to sterilizing green- house soil, the preparation of sod compost and manure, the use of commercial fertilizers and lime, and the summer utilization of greenhouses. The test of various methods of summer treatment was continued through six seasons. In one plat the soil was renewed each year ; in another plat a manure mulch was applied after removing the spring crop ; a wheat straw mulch was used on a third plat, both of the mulch plats being kept well watered during the summer; and a fourth plat was allowed to dry out. The manure mulch was worked into the soil previous to planting the fall crop, but most of the straw had to be removed as it had decayed but little. A covering of fresh manure was spaded into the dry soil previous to planting in the fall. The new soil plat gave the best results with tomatoes followed by the manure mulch plat. The straw mulch plat showed a rapid decline in yields, and the dry plat not only gave the lowest yields but was the only one to show a seriously diseased condition of the plants. The test of lettuce crops, however, gave different results. The weight of lettuce from new soil iilats was less at any time than that grown on manure HORTICULTUEE. 43 mulch and dry plats. Hence it is assumed that lettuce can be grown continu- ouslj^ on well-manured old soil. The straw mulch plat showed a marked de- crease in yield, indicating the lack of fertility. No test was conducted with cucumbers but the authors cite some other ex- periments to show that the cucumber is as sensitive as the tomato, if no more so, to conditions prevailing in old well-manured soils in the greenhouse. The authors conclude that a summer manure mulch may not obviate the necessity of summer sterilization but, in part, it appears to answer that purpose. Onions, spinach, cauliflower, and casabas, F. Garcia and J. W. Rigney (Neio Mexico Sta. Bui. 92 {1915), pp. Jfl, figs. 9). — In continuation of previous cultural experiments with onions (E. S. R., 27, p. 438) the results are given of fertilizer tests conducted with Bermuda and Denia onions for three seasons. Concise directions are also given for growing onions by the transplanting method, which has been found to be the best and most economical. The results to date of cultural experiments with spinach, cauliflower, and casaba melons are also reported. The fertilizer tests with onions have shown in general the value of fertilizers, and especially of nitrate of soda, in increasing the yields. The work with spin- ach was conducted with a view to determining its hardiness during the winter and general adaptability for local culture, as well as to test the different varie- ties. Practically all the varieties were hardy except the New Zealand, which was entirely killed during the winter. A calculated yield of 2 tons per acre was secured, the crop being planted the latter part of September and harvested during the latter part of February. Notes are given on the dilfei"ent varieties included in the test, together with a letter by C. E. Locke relating his experi- ence in growing spinach. In the work with cauliflower a number of varieties were tested, with special reference to the production of a late or fall crop of cauliflower. Half of each plat of each variety was fertilized with nitrate of soda. The data secured for each variety are presented in tabular form. The Erfurt and Snowball varieties matured a heavier crop and a larger percentage of heads than any of the others. The fertilized plants developed larger and heavier heads, but they were slightly slower in maturing than the unfertilized plants. A letter by P. "W. Barker giv- ing ad\ice on growing and selling cauliflower is included. Tests of casaba melons which have been conducted at the station during the past three seasons indicate that they require a hot and dry condition to grow to the best advantage. Too much and continuous rainy weather, especially if accompanied by hot and sultry days, may encourage mildew on the vines. It has been found that the melons grow too large as a rule, and the future work at the station will include an attempt to produce smaller varieties of casabas. [Report of the] horticultural department, J. L. Stahl {Washington 8ta., West. WasJi. Sta., Mo. Bid., 2 {1915), No. 10, pp. iS-i9).— Notes are given on variety and demonstration tests of orchard and small fruits and vegetables which have been conducted at the station during the seasons of 1913 and 1914, including lists of varieties which have proved to be the most promising. A test of clean culture v. sod is being conducted in a young mixed orchard of pears, plums, and cherries by using alternate strips or plats of trees of the same variety in sod and cultivated soil. In the cultivated sections a soil mulch is kept during summer, A vetch cover crop is grown during winter and plowed under in the spring. The results thus far, as here briefly stated, show that the trees in the clean culture plats are larger and produce almost double the amount and size of fruit, although they were of the same size when the test was started. Cherries and plums color as well in the cultivated plats, but pears color better in the sod. 44 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. In connection witli the work with bush fruits a number of crosses were made of raspberry and blackberry plants in 1909 and 1910. Over 600 seedlings secured from these crosses began fruiting in 1912, and the more promising rasp- berry and blackberry crossbreds have been planted out for further trial. One of the original blackberry crosses is so promising with respect to earliness that it has been used as a parent in crosses made during the past two years. Bhubarb culture, J. L. Stahl (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 2 {1915), No. 12, p. 16).— Brief practical directions for growing rhubarb are given, consideration being given to the soil, propagation, and transplanting, tillage, forcing rhubarb, and varieties. Becommended varieties of fruit for Idaho, C. C. Vincent and G. J. Down- ing {Idaho Sta. Bui. 83 {1915), pp. 15, fig. i).— In this bulletin the authors divide the State into eight districts and give lists of varieties of orchard and small fruits recommended for culture in each district. The principal varieties of apples are also considered with reference to their strong and weak points. Standard varieties of tree fruits, J. L. Stahl {Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. AIo. Bui., 1 {1913), No. //, pp. 2-6, figs. S).— Horticultural descrip- tions are given of a number of varieties of apples, pears, plums, and cherries which are adapted for both the home and the commercial orchard in western Washington. Studies in fruit bud formation, J. H. Goueley {New Hampshire Sta. Tech. Bui. 9 {1915), pp. 80, pis. 9, figs. 13). — This paper comprises a progress report covering a period of seven years on studies of certain factors with reference to their influence on fruit bud formation. The work was started in 1908 in a Baldwin apple orchard which is receiving various cultui'al and fertilizer treat- ments. An outline of the orchard plats, together with the practical results of the various treatments for a 5-year period as measured by growth, yield, and size of fruit has been previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 141). In the present report data dealing with the following factors are given and discussed : Ni- trate formation, soil moisture, organic and inorganic matter content of the soil, the laying down of starch in the twigs, the relation of leaf area to buds formed, relation of rainfall to yield and growth, the influence of cultural treat- ments, and effect of commercial fertilizers. A resume and bibliography is given of literature bearing on the formation of fruit buds and on the reserve food in plants, mostly in fruit trees. Summarizing the results of soil studies which were conducted during the years 1913 and 1914, the author finds that apple trees carrying a heavy load of fruit will suffer materially when the moisture content of the soil drops to 6.5 or 7 per cent in sandy soil and 12 per cent in a loam soil. " The moisture under sod in this experiment has run a little higher than where clean culture is practiced. The moisture is higher where a green crop is plowed in annually than where clean culture is practiced. " The formation of nitrates is greatly reduced in a sod orchard. Nitrification takes place much more rapidly where a leguminous cover crop is plowed in than where clean culture is followed. Nitrates are found in great abundance throughout the season where nitrate of soda is applied as a fertilizer, but it is entirely washed out or decomposed over winter. Calcium carbonate applied to the soil in question has augmented the formation of nitrates. It appears in this soil that nitrate formation of from 20 to 40 parts per million as an aver- age for the growing season is essential for the maximum vigor of the trees and abundant fruit-bud formation, and that above this an excess will not of itself increase the growth of the trees or number of fruit buds formed." With reference to the laying down of starch in the twigs, a heavier deposi- tion of reserve food material in the storage tissues was found in the case of HORTICULTURE. 45 alternate year bearing trees when the trees had formed fruit buds. As starch, this reserve is mainly found in the medullary rays and pith. An average of about 4 per cent greater specific gravity of the twigs and branches in winter condition was found where fruit buds were formed. A much larger leaf area is produced in the " off " year than in the bearing year, amounting to 2.08 sq. in. more per leaf In the trees studied. Measurements taken of the total twig growth of trees in the various plats show a rate and amount of growth closely commensurate with the yielding power of the trees. The growth practically ceased by the first of July or earlier on most of the trees. A second growth the latter part of the summer is com- mon in this orchard. This is accompanied by a second period of fruit-bud formation as is evidenced by the fruit buds formed on the terminus of the second growth. No relationship could be traced between the rainfall of the growing season and the fruit-bud formation in this experiment through a period of several years. The plats where the moisture ran the lowest during the period of fruit-bud formation, coupled with good growing conditions earlier in the sea- son, have produced the largest number of fruit buds. The studies here reported indicate that the yield in the " off " year of the Baldwin trees can be materially improved by good cultural methods. Trees receiving cultivation and cultivation with cover crops have greatly increased their capacity for fruit-bud formation over trees standing in sod. The use of fertilizers in addition to cultivation and cover crops has not as yet increased the fruit-bud formation. A striking difference in the individuality of the trees as regards yield has been observed, but the percentage of healthy normal trees showing a con- sistently low yielding character is very low. Fertilizer experiments on apple trees at Highmoor Farm, C. D. Woods (Maine Sta. Bui. 236 {1915), pp. 52, 53).— A brief note is given on some fer- tilizer experiments being conducted at the Highmoor Farm in orchards that had been brought into good condition before the experiments started by cultivation and fertilization for a period of three years. In one experiment a number of Baldwin trees all received the same application of standard fertilizer and a portion of them received in addition nitrate of soda at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre. As far as has been observed the additional nitrate of soda has had no effect in forcing the trees into bearing. Another experiment was begun in 1912 in an orchard of Ben Davis trees in which one plat has received no fertilizer for a period of three years; another phit has received annually a fertilizer, at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre, carrying 4 per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent available phosphoric acid, and 7 per cent potash ; and a third plat has received 1,000 lbs. of the same fertilizer per acre. Thus far no results which could be attributed to the fertilizer have appeared. Profits from spraying twenty-five Missouri orchards in 1914, W. L. Howard (Missouri 8ta. Bui. 124 (1915), pp. 185-285, figs. 5).— In 1913 fire cooperative apple orchards were sprayed by the University of Missouri, and in 1914 25 orchards were sprayed or the spraying was supervised. Practically 100 demonstrations were held in connection with the spraying which was conducted in 14 counties in the State. The demonstration orchards were sprayed from two to four times, and with one exception both Bordeaux and lime-sulphur were used to control diseases with arsenate of lead added to poison insects. In one orchard a comparative test was made of lime-sulphur, Bordeaux, soluble sulphur, arsenate of lead paste, Bordeaux-arsenate paste, and Pyrox, both with reference to their fungicidal value and their tendency to cause spray injury. 46 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOED. The spraying records secured in all tlie orcliards are here presented in detail, special attention being given to the more extensive work of 1914. Summarizing the results of the work as a whole, lime-sulphur and Bordeaux seem to be equally efficient in controlling apple scab, blossom end rot, and cedar rust. Bordeaux appears to be a hazardous material to use for the calyx spray, esiiecially on varieties of the Ben Davis type and those having a light- colored skin, on account of the serious injury from spray burn which may occur. Soluble sulphur as at present found on the market is a dangerous material to use as a summer spray, since it is very apt to destroy the leaves and may kill the calyx of the apples, thus causing the fruit to decay. The injury was at- tributed to the setting free of a large amount of arsenic from the arsenate used in connection with the soluble sulphur for controlling insects. Two applica- tions of soluble sulphur during the season of 1914 on Gano apples produced fruit with a luster or finish superior to that produced by lime-sulphur. At the same time fully 75 per cent of the leaves were caused to drop off. Where three applications were given from 10 to 25 per cent of the fruit was destroyed. Bordeaux-arsenate paste and Pyrox both proved to be good fungicides and insecticides but are apt to burn the fruit, especially the Ben Davis and Gano varieties. These materials are considered to be of special value where only a few trees are to be sprayed, but on a commercial scale the homemade Bordeaux is more satisfactory and less exiDensive. The result from spraying an acre of Jonathan trees with arsenate of lead paste alone indicates that the arsenate of lead reduced the diseases (cedar rust and scab) by one-half. At the same time the spray injury from using this material amounted to 87.8 per cent at harvest time. In view of the serious amount of spray injury recorded the author is Inclined to believe that some accident, such as an admixture of Bordeaux, may have occurred when the mixture was made up. Hence the data are presented merely as a record. As an insecticide the dry or powder form of arsenate of lead appeared to give as good results as the paste when used in half the quantity of tbe latter by weight. The powder costs approximately twice as much per pound as the paste. The cost of spraying with lime-sulphur and lead arsenate was 9.29 cts. per tree for each application. The cost of Bordeaux and lead arsenate was 6.G7 cts. per tree per application. The total average cost of spraying with lime-sulphur and lead arsenate was $5.56 per acre of 60 trees, while Bordeaux-lead arsenate cost $4 per acre. Averaging all orchards and all materials used, the cost of spraying per tree for the season of 1914 was for the first application 6.6 cts., the second 13 cts., the third 9.5 cts., and the fourth 8 cts. " Missouri orchardists are advised to si)ray their apple trees at least three times — ^before blooming, immediately after blooming, and ten days to two weeks later. For the first spray use lime-sulphur 3 gal. to 100 gal. of water or Bordeaux 6:6: 100 ; second spray, lime-sulphur 3 : 100, plus 5 lbs. arsenate of lead paste; third, same as second, or Bordeaux 6:6: 100, plus 5 lbs. arsenate of lead paste. Where bitter rot is bad, one or two more applications may have to be made with either lime-sulphur or Bordeaux." Spraying and thinning notes, 1914, J. H, Goxjeley (Neto Hampshire 8ta. Circ. n {1915), pp. 4). — In connection with other orchard work during the seasons 1913 and 1914 com]jarative tests were made of several brands of spray materials to determine their effects as summer sprays, with special reference to foliage injury. The results as here summarized show the superiority of commercial Ihne-sulphur and arsenate of lead as a summer spray over any other materials used. The foUage was entirely unharmed and remained clean and vigorous throughout tbe season. The fruit showed no burning effect what- HORTICULTUEE. 47 ever and was free from insect or fungus injury. The dry forms of arsenate of lead proved to be as satisfactory as a paste of arsenate of lead when used in solution with lime-sulphur. Soluble sulphur preparations, in which there ap- pears to be no lime, caused the most injury to foliage and fruit. Some injury was also caused by Pyrox and Bordeaux, Taking the results of the two seasons as a whole, lime-sulphur and lead arsenate mixture was more successful in controlling fungus troubles and insects than either Bordeaux-lead arsenate mix- ture or Pyrox. Thinning experiments were conducted in two apple orchards, four trees being thinned and two trees left unthinned as checks in each orchard. No data are given relative to financial returns from the thinning, but the results show a marked increase in percentage of number one apples. The time required for thinning each tree is given. Spring- and summer spraying- for the orchard, H. L. Rees (Washington tiat., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui, 2 {1915), No. 12, pp. 10-16).— A concise dis- cussion of spraying methods, including spraying programs for spring, summer, and fall, for the control of orchard pests. Data are also given relative to the preparation of spray mixtures. Spraying- calendar, C. O. Vincent and W. C. Edmxjndson (Idaho Sta. Circ. 1 (1915), folio). — This calendar contains directions for the control of the more important insect pests and diseases of fruits and vegetables, including instruc- tions for the preparation of spray mixtures. Analyses of materials sold as insecticides and fungicides, C. S. Cathcaet and R. L. Willis (New Jersey Stas. Bui. 273 (1914), pp. 3-13).— This bulletin contains analytic data on materials sold in New Jersey as insecticides and fungicides during the 1914 season. The materials examined included Paris green, lead arsenate, lime-sulphur solution, Bordeaux mixture, and a number of miscellaneous brands. Systems of training berry canes, J. L. Stahl (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. BuL, 1 (191.',), No. 7, pp. 3-8, figs. 3).— This article describes various methods of training red raspberries, high-bush blackberries, trailer blackberries, and loganberries. Harvesting the berry crops, J. L. Stahl (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. BuL, 2 (19U), No. 3, pp. S-11).— This article contains practical sug- gestions relative to picking and packing raspberries, blackberries, loganberries, and strawberries. Varieties of strawberries and raspberries, J. L. Stahl (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui, 1 (191^), No. 5, pp. 2-6, figs. 2).— As a result of variety tests conducted at the Puyallup substation during the past three years horticultural descriptions are given of a number of strawberries and red rasp- berries adapted for culture in that region. Brief popular instructions are also given for planting strawberries and raspberries. Strawberry growing in the South, H. C. Thompson (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 664 (1915), pp. 20, figs. 11). — ^A practical treatise on strawberry culture with special reference to southern conditions. Consideration is given to choice of location, propagation, soils for .strawberries, fertilizers, systems of growing, planting operations, cultivation, mulching duration of plantation, renewing old beds, rotation, harvesting, packages, varieties of strawberries, cost of growing, and strawberry by-products. Strawberry culture in Wisconsin, J. G. Mooee (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 248 (1915), pp. 40, figs. 12). — ^A practical treatise on strawberry culture, discussing selection of site and soil, preparation of the soil, selection of plants, planting operations, and subsequent management of the plantation, including the renova- 48 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED. tion of beds after harvest and strawberry pests. Data based on tlie opinions of some twenty growers are given relative to fertilizers used and varieties adapted for different soil conditions and for early, late, and main crop plantings. Fertilizer tests with, red raspberries, J. H. Stahl (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 2 {19U), No. 7, pp. 6-S).— The results of fertilizer tests with red raspberries conducted under the direction of the Puyallup substation during the past three seasons indicate that farm manures are the best fertilizers for rasi^berries, and that manure applied in the fall gives quicker results than when it is applied during the spring. A complete commercial fertilizer appears to be more successful than an incomplete fertilizer. [Experiments with citrus seedlings in 1914], B. F. Floyd {Florida Sta. Rpt. 19 U, pp. XXXY-XLV, fig. i).— The author here presents the data for the first season of fertilizer experiments with potted grapefruit seedlings in which the soil used was a field soil with good humus content. The results are com- pared with those obtained in 1913 when the seedlings were grown in pure sand (E. S. R., 31, p. 742). The sand cultures were also repeated on the opposite side of the greenhouse from where the 1913 cultures were conducted. The results from the two seasons' work are compared. The experiment as a whole involves a determination of the effect of varying sources of nitrogen and phosphoric acid upon the growth of the seedlings. The results thus far secured are not considered as conclusive. A sui'vey of comparable data shows that in the soil experiments sulphate of ammonia gave the highest average growth among the nitrogenous materials, and that different sources of phosphoric acid showed few differences. In the 1913 sand cultures dried blood gave the highest average among the nitrogenous materials and basic slag the highest average among the sources of phosphoric acid. A curve representing the stem lengths of the plants grown in the field soil approaches much nearer a straight line than a curve representing the stem lengths of plants grown in pure sand, thus indicating much less variation from the use of the different fertilizers when used on a good soil than when used on a soil poor in humus and organic matter. A comparison of the sand-culture results secured in 1913 and in 1914 shows that, although the individual series are not entirely duplicated, the general averages of the groups containing a common source of nitrogen or phosphoric acid are practically the same, dried blood and basic slag giving the highest average growth. Sulphate of ammonia was lowest in one series and nitrate of soda in the other. Acid phosphate used alone gave the poorest growth, but when lime was used with acid phosphate fully as good gi'owth was obtained as from basic slag. Citrus experimental grove, S. E. Collison (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. LXXV-LXXVII). — In continuation of previous reports (E. S. R., 31, p. 742) measurements are given showing the average gain in diameter of trees from June, 1909, to June, 1914, growing on vai'ious fertilizer plats in the citrus experimental grove. No definite conclusions are drawn from the results thus far secured. [Report of the horticulturist], W. H. Laweence (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 19U, pp. 349-351). — ^A brief progress report on the work for the year, including data on a test of processed fabrics as containers of heat for protecting citrus trees from frost. In conducting the above test four trees were covered with tents of cotton fabric. The tents were constructed to inclose trees 10 ft. wide and 10 ft. high, exclusive of the trunk. Two of the tents were made of light and two of medium weight fabrics. One of the light weight and one of the medium FORESTRY. 49 weight tents was processed with a material claimed to make the fabric mildew- proof; gas, water, ami air tight; only slightly resistant to sunlight; and both heat absorbing and heat retaining. Lamps with tin chimneys were used at first, but proved unsatisfactory. No. 2 lanterns and lamps were then substituted. Briefly summarized, the work indicates in a general way that the heavier processed fabric employed retains heat to an extent practicable for the pro- tection of trees at a reasonable cost for fuel. The fabrics were not found mildew resistant or gas and water tight as claimed. [Walnut growing in Arizona], J. J. Thoekbee {Arizona 8ta. Bpt. 1914, PP- 839, SJfO). — The author announces that C. R. Biederman, of Garces, Ariz., has perfected a method of top-working Arizona walnut stocks which enables him to graft French and English walnuts on Arizona stocks at almost any season of the year. Several thousand native seedlings are to be grown in the plant introduction garden for testing this method, which is to be fully described in a publication soon to be issued by the station. Tree troubles at Douglas, Arizona, J. J. Thoenbee {Arizona 8ta. Rpt. 1914, p. 34I). — Preliminary results from an examination into the causes affecting the growth of ornamental trees and shrubs at Douglas, Ariz., indicate that some of the more common troubles are bad drainage and soil aeration, due to poor methods of planting, selection of varieties unsuited for local conditions, dam- age to foliage from smelter smoke and fumes, and also black alkali in the irrigation water. Lists are given of trees which do and do not grow well with reasonable care both at Douglas and generally throughout the State. FORESTUY. Annual report on the progress, literature, and important happenings in tlie realms of forestry, hunting, and fishing for the year 1913, H. Weber {Allg. Forst u. Jagd Ztg., 1914, Sup., pp. VIII +216). — In continuation of pre- vious reports (E. S. R., 30, p. 238), this supplement contains abstracts of the more important world literature dealing with various phases of forestry, together with notes on the principal occurrences relating to forestry, hunting, and fishing during 1913. Pennsylvania trees, J. S. Iixick {Harrishurg : Pa. Dept. Forestry, 1914, PP- 231, pis. 164). — Part 1 of this work is intended for the layman and beginner of forestry and comprises abstracts from the author's lectures on elementary forestry at the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy. Part 2 is essentially a manual of Pennsylvania trees. It comprises a discussion on the identification of trees and a description of families, genera, and si:)ecies with accompanying keys. The cypresses, A. Camus (Les Cypres. Paris: Paul Lechevalier, 1914, pp. 106, pis. 4, figs. 424)- — A monograph on the genus Cupressus. It comprises a general account of the external and internal morphology of the genus, a study of the stability of its characters, a classification of the genus, and descriptions of the various species and varieties with reference to their bibliography, synonymy, distinguishing characteristics, anatomy, habitat, geographical dis- tribution, culture, and uses. A bibliography of cited literature is appended. [Eucalypt yields], A. M. McOmie {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1914, p. 333). — ^A com- parison of clean-cutting yields from a 12-year-old and a 6-year-old grove of Eucalyptus rudis indicates that the increased number of ties, posts, and stove wood secured to the older grove was not sufficient to warrant the delay of six years in cutting. One hundred and thirteen 12-year-old trees yielded 10,175 50 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. lbs. of ties, 17,125 lbs. of posts, and 4,450 lbs. of stove wood, as compared with 10,145 lbs. of ties, 16,190 lbs. of posts, and 6,125 lbs. of stove wood from 91 6-yeai'-old trees. Some preliminaiy investigations with regard to the cultivation of the black locust in southeastern Indiana, G. Culbektson (Ann. Rpt. Ind. Bd. Forestry, 14 {1914), pp. 67-72, figs. 5). — Preliminary observations on several locust plantings in southeastern Indiana led the author to conclude that many thousand acres of hill lands rich in lime and subject to serious loss by erosion should be planted to locust trees, and that the profits from such plantings would prove highly satisfactory. Rubber in Brazil, O. Labeoy and V. Cayla (A Borracha no Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Min. Agr., Indus, e Com., 191S, pp. V+15S-\-XX, pis. 38, figs. 52).— A report on the exploration, preparation, marketing, and commerce of various forms of Brazilian wild rubber, together with an account of methods employed in the culture, tapping, and preparation of plantation rubbers in tropical Asia. The introductory part contains economic considerations on the world's pro- duction of rubber and summarizes the various sources of rubber. The suc- ceeding parts deal with Hevea, Manihot, Castilla, and Hancoruia rubbers. International Hubber Congress and Exhibition, Batavia, September, 1914. — Bubber Book, edited by C. J. J. van Hall {International Ruhher Con- gres met Tentoonstelling, Batavia, 191Jf. Rubber Recueil, Amsterdam: J. H. de Bussy [1915'\, pp. X-\-609, pis. 5, figs. 70). — This work, which was prepared on behalf of the congress committee, comprises a series of papers by various authorities on the rubber-producing plants, their culture, the preparation of raw rubber, and commerce. The various articles are grouped under the general headings of botany and phytopathology, climate and soil, cultivation and tapping, preparation and chemistry of rubber, economic questions, and commerce. Chinese forest trees and timber supply, N. Shaw {London: T. Fisher Vn- wvn, 191Jf, pp. 351, pis. 34)- — Part 1 of this work takes up the physical and climatic conditions in China, contains a general description of the forests, and discusses the forest problem of China. Part 2 contains notes on broad-leaved trees, conifers, bamboo, palms, and foreign trees with reference to their range, adaptation, and economic uses. Information relative to rafting operations and timber imports into China and notes on timber in use by Chinese railways are appended. Production and value of Irish timber, A. C. Forbes (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 15 {1915), No. 2, pp. 338-346);.— A statistical survey of Ireland's timber resources with special reference to the uses and markets for native timbers. Of the total area of the country only 297,809 acres, or 1.4 per cent, is under woods. The rates of cutting and of planting during the past 10 years show a deficiency of 4,341 acres in the planted area necessary to maintain a pei-manently stocked acreage of woodland. Manuring experiments on Castleton Estate, Telok Anson, M. Barrowcliff, B. Bunting, and F. G. Spring {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 3 {1914), No. 3, pp. 1 11-114). — In 1913 experiments were started with some 3,500 3-year-old rubber trees to determine the possible value of nitrogen, potash, and phos- phoric acid used alone and in various combinations in stimulating growth and yield. Growth measurements for the first season as here presented show no decided influence from the various treatments. The experiments are to be continued. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 51 Report of the director of forests, N, W. Jolly {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Pub. Lands Queensland, 1913, pp. }ft-ol, pis. 3). — ^A report on the administratiou, manage- meut, and exploitation of the state forests in Queenshmd during the calendar year 1913. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant diseases, E. Pbillieux (Min. Afft: [France], Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, 1 (1912), pp. 9-12). — This is a portion of the phytopathological report for 1912, and deals briefly witli some diseases of cereals, tubers, crucifers, legumes, vines, and orchard and forest trees, as noted in various parts of France. Plant pathology, H. Tbyon {Anri. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Stock [Queensland], 1913-1 'i, pp. 117-119). — Notes are given on a number of plant diseases of agri- cultural and horticultural crops, and a synopsis is pi'esented of the Diseases in Plants Act of 1S96 and the inspection carried on under this act. Studies on Orobanche, F. Gueguen (Blin. Agr. [France], Ann. Serv. Epi- •phyties, 1 (1912), pp. 433-436) .—This is a brief preliminary study of the effects due to O. minor, parasitic on clover and parsnip in parts of France. The tuber- ous modifications of the subterranean parts in the case of parsnip are compared with tbose noted in rootlets of grape stocks'attacked by phylloxera. Foot rot of cereals, A. Moreau (Min. Agr. [France], Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, 1 (1912), pp. 437-440)- — The results are briefly reported and discussed of an inquiry circulated among grain producers requesting information regarding foot rot or stalk disease of cereals in parts of France, particularly in the Paris Basin. Meteorological conditions seem to play an important part, particularly those permitting growth of the crop in winter or early spring. Excessive nitriflcation also apparently favors the activity of fungi. Early seeding (September and October) appeared more favorable to the development of the fungi than later (November to spring). Variety is significant in this connection, a degree of relationship existing among several of the varieties most susceptible to foot rot. The influence of previous croppings appears to be twofold, affecting the chem- ical composition of the soil and the biologcal conditions (as lateness of sea- son, etc.). Protective measures suggested include the choice of resistant varieties, late seeding, rotation with reference to period of the year occupied by the crops, de- struction of stubble, and use of fungicides. Smut disease in maize (Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 2 (1914), No. 6, pp. 400, 401)- — ^This is a brief account of the appearance of Ustilago maydis on Indian corn near Toowoomba in 1914, with a brief discussion of its dissemination and of its control by the removal of all affected stalks before the breaking of the smut tumors, the nouuse of such plants for feeding, and the nonuse of affected land and land over which prevailing winds or wash may carry the spores. Winterkilling of wheat, E. Schaffnit (Jahresder. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. Landw. Broviherg, 1913, pp. 21-23). — Studies with wheat varieties are said to have shown that the seed when subjected to different low temperatures for dif- ferent periods showed an increase of injury corresponding to the increased duration and loM^ering. Plantlets were ordinarily injured very little at from — 5 to — 10° C, but considerably at — 15 to — 20°. The young growing points showed considerable resistance, owing presumably to the iireseuce of bud scales and the colloidal condition of certain cell contents, this portion thus determinmg the fate of the plant. The fact that roots are less subject to temperature ex- tremes than are aerial portions insures supplies to the aerial parts as soon as the temperature permits utilization thereof. 52 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Frost is thouglit to influence tlie sprouting of the grain, but just how has not yet been determined, and this is true also of the chemical changes in chilled plants. Resistance to cold by some varieties seems to show a relation to the water content, and it also appears to be true that an increase of water content renders the plant more sensitive to outside influences. Nocturnal frosts seem to render the stems liable to breaking, and chilling affects the heads also in ways not fully understood. Studies of club root. — II, Disease resistance of crucifers; methods of com- bating club root, G. C. Cunningham {Vermont Sta. Bui. 185 {19U), pp. 67-96, pis, 8),— This bulletin is the second on club root studies (E. S. R., 31, p. 642); In the present publication the author gives the results of observations on the susceptibility of different cruciferous plants to club root, and it was found that the great majority, if not all crucifers, were more or less susceptible. Cabbages showed variety resistance, a number of varieties being somewhat less subject to attack than others Radishes showed a wide range of susceptibility, and in case of turnips and rutabagas the rate was even greater than in cabbages or radishes. In this wide range of susceptibility the author believes that satisfactory means of combating the disease may be found. An examination of many thousands of plants, including 28 genera and 104 species, led the author to describe 6 types of hypertrophy which are more or less characteristic of certain cracifers. For the control of the disease the application of lime, preferably air-slaked lime, at the rate of 150 bu. to the acre, greatly increased the production of marketable cabbage. The lime to be effective should be thoroughly worked into the soil to a depth from 6 to 9 in. In 1912 experiments showed that hilling up about cabbage stalks caused the formation of adventitious roots and ma- terially increased the crop, but in 1913 no beneficial results were obtained, possibly on account of the dry season. A bibliography is given. Studies on potato anatomy, von Tiesenhatjsen {Jahresher. Kaiser Wil- Jielms Inst. Landw. Brotnberg, 1913, pp. 23-25). — A brief discussion is given of studies in progress, the results of which thus far as related to phloem necrosis in the potato are said not to be in complete agreement with the conclusions announced by Quanjer (E. S. R., 29, p. 347). Diseases of potatoes, II, III, H. L. Rees {Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui, 1 {1014), Nos. 6, jvp. 9-16, figs. 1; 7, pp. U-1 6 ) .—F ovular descrip- tions are given of Rhizoctonia or little potato disease, potato wilt or dry rot, blackleg, silver scurf, scab, powdery scab, internal brown spot, and internal cracking of the potato, with suggestions for their control. The spindling-sprout disease of potatoes, F. C. Stewart and F. A. Sirrine {New Yorlc State Sta. Bui. 399 {1915), pp. 133-143, pis. 3; ahs. in Phytopathol- ogy, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 395). — ^Attention is called to the fact that Long Island potato growers in 1914 who planted their fields with home-grown seed secured a poor stand, many of the plants being small and weak. The seed pieces did not rot prematurely and there was no spotting, rolling, or curling of the leaves, or other pathological symptom. The tubers used for seed purposes were small, but otherwise normal in appearance. Examination of unsatisfactory stands showed that weak plants and missing hills were in most cases due to using, for seeds, tubers which produced slender thread-like sprouts. This trouble is considered due to a weakened or debili- tated condition of the seed tubers and is thought to be a result produced by the excessively hot weather in the summer of 1913. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 53 It is suggested that Long Island potato growers using liome-grown seed should make a sprouting test of their seed potatoes. Morphology and cytology of the sexual organs of Phytophthora erythro- septica, P. A. Muephy {Ann. Bot. [London], 28 (1014), No. 112, pp. 735, 736).-- A preliminaiy account is given of morphological and cytological studies on P. erytliroseptica, recently described as causing a disease of potatoes (E. S. R., 29, p. 550). The physiology of Phoma betae, W. Fischer (Jahresber. Kaiser Wilhclms Inst. Landw. Bromhcrg, 1913, p. 28). — Experimentation showed that P. betce can sustain a temperature of — 20° C. for 48 hours. Cultures subjected daily during two or four weeks to temperatures ranging from 0 to — 10° were not killed by the cold. Tests with preparations in use as sprays showed that while copper sulphate, formalin, and carbolic acid in the concentrations and durations usually employed are ineffective as against P. hctce, corrosive sub- limate and chiuosol quickly show strong fungicidal action against this fungus, checking growth in concentrations as low as 1 : 10,000, but having no injurious effects on the beet seed under treatment. Black spot of the tomato, G. P. Darnell-Smith {Agr. Oaz. N. 8. Wales, 25 (1914), No. 12, pp. 1069, 1070).— According to the author the black six)t of tomato is widely spread in New South Wales, probably causing more loss than any other tomato disease. A study of the trouble has led him to believe that both bacteria and fungi are concerned in the black spot. The sequence of events in the production of the spots would appear to be injury to the skin, entrance of bacteria, and in- fection by Macrosporium. There is believed to be evidence that the fungus alone is capable of producing tyiiical black spot. The disease is considered largely dependent upon drought conditions, and where tomato plants are ade- quately shaded and watered the trouble may be very much reduced. If it is considered desirable, in addition to providing an adequate water supply, the plants may be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur solution, the application of the fungicide assisting in checking the tomato leaf spot due to Septoria lycopersici. Black hearted turnips, C. D. Woods (Maine Sta. Bui. 236 (1915), pp. 57-59).— The attention of the station was called to a serious trouble of turnips, in which the roots were perfect on the outside, skins bright and smooth, but when cut the flesh had large patches of a dull-bix)wn color, the discoloration extending nearly to the skin. An examination of diseased material showed that the black heart was not produced by fungi or bacteria, but was apparently a condition arising from some factor or factors in the growth of the plant. A demonstration experiment was carried on to determine the relation of ferti- lizers and varieties to this disease. The results obtained are not considered definite, but they indicate that there Is a difference in varieties in regard to their susceptibility to the disease and that the plants to which stable manure was added had less of the trouble than the others. Fire blight of pear and apple, H." L. PtEES (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui, 1 (1913), No. 4, pp. 6-9, figs. 7).— A popular description is given of the bacterial blight of pears and apples, with suggestions for its control. Blight resistance in pears and pear stocks, F. C. Reimeb (Mo. Bill. Com. Eon. Cal., 4 (1915), No. 3, pp. I45-I49, fig. i ) .—Attention is caUed to the resistance of certain species and varieties of pear-tree stock to pear blight. Among the species reported upon it is said that Japanese pear stock (Pyrus sinensis) and stock of a species from China (P. betulwfolia) have been success- 54 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. fully grown and seem to be resistant to blight, and their use is recommended in combating this disease. In addition the author suggests the top-working of blight resistant trees on the stocks mentioned above, on Kieffer, or on some other varieties which are superior to Kieffer, as a means for combating this trouble, which is exceedingly destructive in the orchards of the Pacific coast. Plum diseases, E. Rabate (Min. Agr. [France], Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, 1 {1912), pp. 177-185, figs. 6). — This includes a discussion of some insect enemies found on plum trees, also of plum leaf rust {Puccinia pruni). plum rot (Monilia cinerea), and some degenerative changes in portions of the trees affected, with suggestions regarding possible control. A parasitic disease of quinces, H. Blin (Rev. Hort. IParis'], 86 (1914), No. 8, pp. 182, 183). — A description is given of a disease of quinces first observed in France in 1913, and which has since been found in a number of localities. The trouble is said to be due to Monilia fnictigena, which attacks the leaves and young fruits. The fruits are mummified, and it is suggested that for the control of the disease all fallen leaves and mummy fruits be collected and burned and the plants sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. Experimental spraying for blackberry anthracnose, H, L. Rees (Washing- ton Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 2 (WUf), No. 6, jyp. 2-12, figs. 5).— A pre- liminary report is given of spraying experiments in three fields for the control of the blackberry anthracnose. This disease is said to be supposedly troublesome in western Washington and it is considered that it is probably caused by the same fungus as that occurring on the blackberry in the East (Glccosporium venetum), although this has not been demonstrated. The disease differs in some respects in that the principal damage caused by the fungus in western Washington is on the berries. The girdling and killing of the canes, which is a prominent symptom of anthracnose in the East, is said not to occur in Washington, but the fruiting stems are girdled and killed, causing considerable loss. In 1913 experiments for the control of the disease were carried on in which it appeared that Bordeaux mixture, lime sulphur, and Burgundy mixture gave the best results. Cutting out canes as soon as the fruit is picked will also lessen the amount of disease. The author considers it doubtful whether fall spraying is advantageous. Spraying during the growing season will reduce the amount of loss, and it is considered that the most effective time for spray- ing is immediately after the petals have fallen. Mulberry diseases, G. Arnaxjd (Min. Agr. [France], Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, 1 (1912), pp. 220-227, figs. .3).— This contains a brief description of the stages of Nectria cinnaharina on mulberry, with recommendations regarding the con- trol of the fungus, including selection of stock, use of sprays in early spring, and removal of portions showing attack. A second disease is also described, due to a fungus, producing a discoloration in the spring wood which it invades. A study of chlorosis in grape stocks, P. Marsais (Min. Agr. [France], Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, 1 (1912), pp. 413-420). — ^This is an account of a series of experiments on the development by crossing of vines resistant to phylloxex'a and at the same time commercially successful in the calcareous soils, which in these districts tend to produce chloi'osis in stocks of foreign origin. The results obtained are thought to justify the hope that in spite of the climatic, soil, and biological obstacles existing in this region, particularly those pre- sented to foreign stock, the problem of continuing profitable grape culture in this region may be regarded as capable of solution by employment of hybrids named as having been found best adapted to the conditions there existing. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 55 Grape mildew, L. Ravaz (Min. Agr. [France], Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, 1 {1912), pp. 302-398, figs. 2). — This coutribution deals with, the relations between soil surface conditions and the development of Plasmopara viticola, reporting also some experiments with fungicides. Some experiments in treating- citrus trees for gummosis and heart rot, J. A. Pkizer {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cat., 4 {1915), No. 1, pp. 7-19, figs. 7).— A description is given of the brown rot gum disease of the lemon, due to Pythi- acystis citrophthora, and the gi'ay fungus gummosis, caused by Botrytis vul- garis. In addition an account is given of successful experiments for the control of these diseases, which consisted in cutting out the diseased bark and painting the area over with Bordeaux i>aste. This has been practiced for some time for the treatment of the brown rot at an annual cost of about 7 cts. per tree in a block of over 18,000 trees. Similar results have been obtained for the control of the Botrytis disease. Report of plant physiologist, B. F. Floyd {Florida St a. Rpt. 1914, pp. XXX-XXXV, fig. 1). — In a study of the relation of the water table to die-back of citrus trees, conditions were produced that were believed to be similar to those in groves lacking drainage. Tanks were arranged in series, in the first series of which the water table stood 7 in. from the soil surface, in the second 14 in., and in the third the soil was kept moist to the bottom of the tank without allowing saturation. Orange trees of uniform size, appearance, and thrift were planted in these tanks in 1912, and the resulting growth has been measured and analyzed. It was found that the types of growth produced were not at all the same that characterize trees which develop physiological disturbances known as die-back. It is concluded, therefore, that the experiment did not exactly reproduce the field conditions known as lack of drainage, which is held to cause this disease. Report of plant pathologist, H. E. Stevens {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. LVII-LXXIV). — Field studies, infection experiments, and experiments for the control of gummosis are reported upon, most attention being given to the form of gumming which is commonly known as gummosis, a brief description of which has been given (E. S. R., 19, p. 654). Two types of this disease are rec- ognized, one of which attacks the trunks, larger branches, and smaller tvngs, while the other occurs only on the trunks and larger branches. The cause of gummosis has not been definitely established, although several fungi are found associated with it. Observations have been made on the devel- opment of diseased areas, which indicate that the development of the disease is slow and that there are active and passive phases associated with this develop- ment. Inoculation experiments were made with diseased tissue inserted in healthy trees, but no definite conclusions are drawn from the results. It is thought that probably young trees are more resistant to the disease than older bearing ones. Some control experiments are briefly reported, in which the dis- eased portions of the tissues were cut out and treated with antiseptics. For this purpose Bordeaux paste was found fairly effective. The investigations with melanose were continued, and the inoculation experi- ments showed that Phomopsis citri is the cause of both the stem-end rot and melanose (E. S. R., 31, p. 750). It is stated that severe outbreaks of stem-end rot occurred in different localities during the season, and this is believed to be due to the unusual development of the fungus In dead citrus twigs. A brief report is given "on the citrus canker, a preliminary but more detailed account of which has been issued by the station (E. S. R., 31, p. 54). It is 96619°— Xo. 1—15 5 56 EXPEKIMENT STATIOiSr KECORD. Stated that a species of Phyllosticta has been is0lated from infections on grape- fruit leaves. Die-back of citrus trees in the northern districts, G. Williams {Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 3 {1915), Xo. 1, pp. 22, 2.3 ) .—Attention is called to the prevalence of die-back of citrus trees in the northern districts of Queensland and to the fact that spraying has failed to control the trouble. The author suggests that among the causes of the disease are unsuitable soil conditions and that trees may be kept in a healthy condition by sufficient depth and drainage of the soil, with an even supply of moisture, obtained principally by systematic cultivation. Diseases of the peony, H. H. Whetzel {Amer. Florist, Jf4 {1915), No. 14OI, pp. 609-612. figs. 7). — In this paper the author presents a summary account of diseases of the peony, describing their symptoms, causes, and methods of control. Although this plant is frequently reported as free from disease, the author describes root gall, due to Heterodera radicicola, and root rots, the cause of which is not known ; mosaic disease ; anthracuose, which is considered due to a fungus as yet unidentified; leaf blotch, caused by Cladosporlum pceoniw; Sclero- tinia stem rot, due to S. Uhertiana ; and Botrytis blight, which has been referred to a number of species, but which the author's studies indicate is due to at least two distinct species of Botrytis causing identical symptoms. Diseases of oak and chestnut in Brittany, V. Ducomet {Min. Agr. [Francel, Ann. Serv. Epiphytics, 1 {1912), pp. 87-105). — This is a somewhat detailed account of studies with Oidium and other fungi on oak, also of Mclanconis modonia and other fungi on chestnut. Chestnut disease in France, L. Mangin {Min. Agr. [France], Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, 1 {1912), pp. 80-86). — A recent increase of injury by Mclanconis modonia in parts of France is noted. Diaporthc parasitica, where it exists In Europe, is said to be neither so abundant nor so formidable as in America. Iron sulphate and copper sulphate have been proposed as means of protection against M. modonia. Air and wind dissemination of ascospores of the chestnut blight fungus, F. D. Heald, M. W. Gardner, and R. A. Studh.vlteb {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., .Jour. Agr. Research, 3 {1915), No. 6, pp. 493-526, pis. 3, figs. 3).— A detailed account is given of investigations on the dissemination of the ascospores of the chestnut blight fungus (Endothia parasitica) by air and wind. All the experiments car- ried out point to air and wind transportation of the ascospores of the chestnut blight fungus as one of the very important methods of dissemination. After every warm rain ascospores are scattered from diseased trees in large numbers, having been collected from 300 to 400 ft. from the source of supply. The authors believe that they have been carried much greater distances. During dry periods wind dissemination of ascospores does not occur at all, or only to a very slight extent. Witches' brooms on British willows, M. Christy (Jour. Bot. [London], 53 {1915), No. 62S, pp. 97-103, pi. i).— The author gives a description of witches' brooms on willow trees which have appeared within recent years. The trouble seems to be spreading, although confined to a rather limited area about London. The abnormal growth is attributed to the gall mite, Eriophyes triradiatus, and the witches' brooms seem to be produced originally from female flowers which have become excessively hypertrophied. Estimating nematodes, Baunacke {Jahrcsher. Kaiser Wilhehns Inst. Landio. Bromherg. 1913, pp. 28-30).— A modification is described of methods formerly employed, according to which these organisms are separated from soil taken at desired depths, stained, and fixed for counting at convenience. EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. 57 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Revision of the American marmots, A. H. Howell (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey, North American Fauna No. 37 (1915), pp. 80, pis. 15^ figs. 3). — The American marmots, more often called woodchucks or ground hogs, are naturally divided into three distinct groups: (1) The woodchucks {Marmota monax group) of eastern United States and Canada; (2) the yellow-footed mar- mots {M. flaviventris group) of western United States and southern British Columbia; and (3) the hoary marmots {21. caligata group), chiefly restricted to the higher mountains of western North America. Following the introduction the author discusses their history and nomen- clature, vex'nacular names, habits, economic status, external characters, mate- rial examined, the genus Marmota, etc. Descriptions are given of 26 forms, together with a series of maps which show their geographic distribution. In many localities they are a decided pest to agriculture, especially in the East, both because of their destruction of crops and because of their burrows which seriously interfere with farming operations. In addition, they are known to carry the germs of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other diseases. Bird migration, W. W. Cooke {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 185 {1915), pp. Ifl, pis. 4, figs. 20). — This is a discussion of the many phases of the subject, including causes of migration, relation of migration to weather, day and night migrants, distance of migration, migration routes (direct and circuitous, eccentric, wide and narrow), slow and rapid migration, casualties during migration, variations in speed of migi-ation, etc. A large number of maps are given which graphically Illustrate the data presented. Entomology, A. TV. Moreill {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 191.'f, pp. 359-362). — In con- tinuation of work against the harvester ant {Pogonomyrmex harbatns rugosus) previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 549) tests were made of a high pressure pump which volatilizes the carbon bisulphid in an attempt to force the fumes into the insects' underground tunnels, but thus far the results have been imsuccess- ful. The principal work of the season against this pest consisted in a large scale experiment with London purple, conducted with a view to determining the cost of material and labor and to perfect the methods of this treatment. In the vicinity of Phoenix a 10-acre field, containing IGS nests with bare areas estimated to average 330 sq. ft. each, or a total of approximately 1^ acres, was practically cleared of the ants by a series of five applications of this poison, at a total cost per acre of $1.17. A considerable quantity of Loudon purple sold by certain druggists in Salt River Valley during the summer of 1013 proved inefi'ective, and upon analysis by the station chemist was found to contain but 0.3o per cent arsenious oxid (AS2O3), whereas London purple that was effective contained 27.81 per cent. The western green June beetle {Allorhina mutahilis) is said to be a trouble- some pest of nearly all kinds of fruit at the lower elevations in Arizona, peaches, figs, and grapes being the principal crops that suffer. Bi-ief reference is made to investigations of insects that attack the Arizona wild cotton plant {Thurberia thespesioicles), an account of which by W. D. Pierce of this Depart- ment and the author has been previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 56). Fourteenth report of the state entomolog'ist of Connecticut for the year 1914, W. E. Britton {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1914, pt. 3, pp. VIII+113- 198, pis. 16, figs. 6). — The first part of this report consists of a statement of finances and organization ; reports of inspection of nurseries, nursery stock, and apiaries; and a discussion of gipsy moth control work and of suppression work with the brown-tail moth. 58 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. A summarized account of The Cabbage Root Maggot, by Q. S. Lowry (pp. 142-152), is followed by a report on Field Experiments in Controlling the Cab- bage Root Maggot in 1914, by W. E. Britton and Q. S. Lowry (pp. 152-157). The results indicate that tarred paper disks and carbolic acid emulsion are about equally effective in preventing damage from maggots and that sludge (residue from the manufacture of lime-sulphur mixture) is fairly satisfactory. In a discussion of the Outbreak of the Army Worm (pp. 157-173) the author presents a summarized account of the pest with a list of the more important literature relating to it. Experiments in Controlling the White Pine Weevil are described by B. H. Walden (pp. 173-176). The pest continues to do much damage to white pine plantations in the State. Experiments made in con- trolling the pest by collecting the weevils on pine leaders with a net indicate that at least six collections may be made at an expense not to exceed $1.50 to $2 per acre. In work at Portland and Rainbow in which four and five collections were made, respectively, the percentage of injured leaders where the net was used was less than half the percentage of those injured on the checks. Experi- ments in Controlling a Mite (Tarsonemus palUdus) Injuring Snapdragon Plants in the Greenhouse are reported by W. E. Britton, B. H. Walden, and Q. S. Lowry (pp. 176-179). In addition to snapdragon, the leaves of which were badly curled and the entire season's crop threatened as a result of attacks by this mite, chrysanthemum and cyclamen were also injured. The tests indicate that blackleaf 40, used at the rate of one teaspoouful to a gallon of water with the addition of soap and "Fir-tree Oil" (4 to 6 oz. in 2 gal. of water) will control this mite on snapdragon if four applications in the form of a spray are made at intervals of about a week. A Tent Caterpillar Egg Contest (pp. 179, 180), arranged for school children, is briefly described, as is Mosquito Work in Connecticut in 1914 (pp. 1S1-1S3). Caterpillars of a noctuid moth (Hadcna ttirhulenta) are reported to have attacked wild smilax or "green- briar" (Sniilax rotunclifolia) at Kidds Island, off Stony Creek, Branford. Tests made of a commercial preparation, known as " Corbin," to protect seed corn, show that it reduces the percentage of germination and retards develop- ment, where the vitality is not impaired, to such extent that its value is ques- tionable. The report concludes with a discussion of miscellaneous Insect pests, includ- ing pink grasshoppers (Scudderia fiircata), Polygonia interrogationis on elm. cherry or pear slug (Caliroa limacina), two rare lady beetles {Harmonia similis and Anisocalvia 12-maciiIaia), the tulip tree scale {TowncycUa Uviodendri) , the strawberry white fly (AsterocMton [Aleyrodes] packardi), the chinch bug, the saddle-back caterpillar, the hickory leaf stem gall louse (PhyUoxcra cary- cccauUs), injury by bill bugs {Sphenophorus sctilptilis), the four-lined leaf bug (Poecilocapsus Uneatus), the grape plume moth, the Colorado potato beetle and zinc arsenite, pupiG of Macrosargus cuprarhis, the walnut cateiiMllar (Datana integerrima) , leaf hopper (Oypona flavilineata) injuring Japanese barberry, controlling green apple aphis, mites on California privet, harlequin cabbage bug in Connecticut, European pine shoot moth {Evetria dnoliana), the oak pruner {EUipliidion villosum), pear psylla. the stalk borer, injury to geraniums by white ants (Termes flavipes), false apple red bug in Connecticut (Lygidea mcndax), and the hickory bark borer {Scolytus quadrispinosus) . Report of entomologist, J. R. Watson {Florida Sta. Rpt. 19U, pp. XLVI- LVI).—A brief account is given of entomogenous fungi, studies of which by Rolfs have been previously noted (E. S. R., .30, p. 55), and of the occurrence of white fly fungi in observation groves. Experiments with sprays in the con- trol of the Anticarsia caterpillar on velvet beans, commenced in 1912, were ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 59 continued during tlie summer of 1913, and it was found tbat a mixture of com- mercial lime-sulpliur 1 qt,. lead arsenate paste 8 oz., and water 50 gal., may be safely used to control this pest in August and Seiitember. Tbrougli the use of lime-sulphur in the solution it was possible to double the amount of arsenical previously used without burning the plants, and this mixture satisfactorily con- trolled the caterpillars. Observations showed that the severity of the damage by the caterjiillar was directly proportional to the lateness of the variety. It is stated that if Chinese or other earlier varieties are planted. near Florida velvet or other late varieties, the former will largely escape the ravages of Anticarsia. By planting Florida velvet beans about the edge of a field in which the main crop is China or other early beans, the caterpillars can be largely con- centrated and readily destroyed by spraying with the arsenical. A brief statement is given of control measures for the bollworm on tomatoes, a more detailed account of which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. G52). The cottony cushion scale continued to spread with increasing rapidity, the infestation at Key West being a severe one. Miscellaneous insects noted include the sweet potato root borer ; Ilemichionaspis minor, found at the station grounds infesting Asparagus phimosus; the chrysomelid beetle Trirhadda 'brevi- collis, which was found at Tallahassee damaging pecans ; and Aleyrodes mori found at Gainesville infesting Euonymus americnniis. Insects affecting' vegetable crops in Porto Rico, T. H. Jones {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 192 (1915), pp. 11, pis. 4)- — This article reviews the literature relating to the subject and rei)orts observations made by the author of the more im- portant insect enemies of vegetable crops in Porto Rico. The control of apple insects in Clinton County, C. R. Ckosey and A. J. Mix (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 35G (1915), pp. 115-130, figs. 2//).— This is a brief discussion of the more important insect pests of apples and means of control in Clinton County, including the codling moth, the apple maggot, green fruit worms, plum curculio, eye-spotted bud moth, apple-tree tent caterpillar, forest lent caterjtillar, oyster-shell scale, woolly apple aphis, etc. Insects destructive to grain and grain products stored in bins and gran- aries, G A. Dean (Kansas Sta. Circ. Ifl (1915), pp. Jf). — A popular account. House fumigation, C. W. Woodworth (California 8ta. Circ. 127 (1915), pp. Ji, figs. 2).^A popular account. How to control the grasshoppers, E. D. Ball (Utah 8ta. Bui. 138 (1915), pp. 79-116, figs. 15). — A detailed account, particularly as relates to Utah con- ditions. Cockroaches, C. L. Mablatt (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 658 (1915), pp. 15, figs. 5). — ^A revision of Circular 51 of the Bureau of Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 374). List of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine, H. M. Parshley (Psyche, 21 (19U), pp. 139-149; ahs. in Maine 8ta. Bui. 234 (1914), P- 2P-i ) .—Records of 175 species are included. The chinch bug, F. M. Webster (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 657 (1915), pp. 28, figs. 9). — A poi>ular account based upon investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 452; 26, pp. 847, 454). Spraying for the grape leaf -hopper, H. J. Quayle (California 8ta. Circ. 126 (1915), pp. 6, figs. 2). — This circular gives directions for spray work against the grape leaf hopper, a detailed account of which pest has been previously noted (E. S. R.. 20, p. 557). The woolly white fly (Aleurothrixus [Aleyrodes] howardi), J. R. Watson (Florida 8ta. Bui. 126 (1915), pp. 79-102, figs. 12).— A summarized account of the woolly white fly, studies of which by Back (E. S. R., 23, p. 257) and others have been previously noted. 60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The author states that the pest is rapidly spreading and will soon be found oyer all the citrus section of Florida. While it usually does little damage, it is capable of causing an almost total loss of the year's crop and is a severe check to growth. " Unless preventive measures are taken, a severe attack will be followed by a marked rise in the amount of purple scale, which will inflict equal or greater damage. The miscible oils are effective against the early stages of the larvae of the woolly white fly. Both the red and brown fungi have been found growing sparingly on the woolly white fly. A species of Cladosporium probably sometimes kills up to 80 per cent. The woolly white fly is heavily parasitized by a minute hymenopteron, which sooner or later controls an outbreak. Because of this it probably will never develop into as permanently serious a pest as is the common citrus white fly. The parasite apparently does not control the late winter brood." Recent Illinois work on the corn-root aphis and the control of its injuries, S. A. Forbes {IlUnois Sta. Bui. 178 {1915), pp. 405-466, figs. iS).— This bulletin reports the results of work with the corn-root aphis carried on from 1907 to 1910 in continuation of that of 190.5 and 1906 (E. S. R., 21, p. 57). A circular relating to this work has been noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 855). " The principal measures of protection against the corn-root aphis are rota- tion of crops; an early and deep plowing, followed by the repeated deep disking, of com ground heavily infested by ants or known to have borne a crop injured by the root aphis; and the use of repellent substances at planting time, not by direct application to the seed (which is dangerous to germination and early growth) but by previous mixture with chemical fertilizers or other powdered substances, to be dropped with the seed by means of a fertilizer dropper attached to the corn planter. . . . " Experiments of 1907 show that wet weather at planting time may either result in serious injury to the seed if repellents have been applied to it direct, or in such washing away of the repellent substances that they produce no effect, either on the seed or on the ants and aphids, the character of the effect apparently depending on the amount of rainfall and on its relation to the time of actual planting. Comparative experiments show that the injurious effects reported were not due, as at first surmised, to differences in the quality of the repellents used in different operations. Laboratory experiments with a considerable variety of repellents applied by uniform methods to colonies of the cornfleld ant in a special cage showed that oil of tansy, oil of lemon, anise oil, tincture of asafetida, apterite, and vermicide were very strongly repellent; that kerosene, camphor, and coal tar were less effective repellents; and that a considerable number of other substances tested were, if repellent at all, too slightly so to make them practically useful. " Additional field experiments made in 1908, in a spring season which proved to be very wet, resulted in no injui-y to the seed, and on the other hand in no benefit to the crop, flooding rains apparently washing away the repellents before they could take effect upon either the seed corn or the insects. " Experiments made in 1910 with tincture of asafetida and oil of lemon, ap- plied first to bone meal which was then dropped with the corn by means of a fer- tilizer dropper attachment to the planter and tested by the yield at corn husking, showed a gain of 5.G bu. per acre by the use of asafetida and 10.8 bu. per acre by the use of oil of tansy, the first gain being obtained at a cost for materials and additional labor of 34 cts. a bushel, and the second gain at 27 cts. a bushel. This result was the more encouraging since a very unfavorable spring caused an unusually poor stand and retluced greatly the general yield of com. In a good corn season the gain would have been greater for the same cost. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 61 " Additional experiments witli deep plowing and repeated disking made in 1909 sliowed in one case a decrease, due to the treatment, of 43 per cent in ttie number of hills infested by ants and 18 per .cent in the number of ants in the infested hills, and a decrease of 27 per cent in the number of hills infested by root lice and of 9 per cent in the number of the root lice themselves. In another case the number of hills infested by ants was reduced 71 per cent and the number of ants in the infested hills S3 per cent, the number of hills infested by root lice 8G per cent and the number of root lice in the infested hills Gl per cent. The same experiment showed that deep disking with a 20-in. disk was much more effective in diminishing the number of ants and root lice than was the comparatively shallow disking of a 16-in. disk, the difference between the two methods of treatment being 34 per cent and 48 per cent in the number of hills infested by ants and aphids, respectively, and 13 per cent and 35 per cent in the number of these insects themselves. It was incidentally shown by this experiment that plowing to a depth of 4 in. does not sufficiently break up the nests of the ants, but that about 85 per cent of them may be broken up by plowing 6 in. deep, the remainder being at least broken into. " Observations made at night upon the movements of colonies of ants out of plats treated as above, and across furrows surrounding them, showed nearly two and a half times as many migrations from the plats deeply stirred as from the check plat. Migration lines across furrows plowed through the center of each of the plats a week after planting showed the amount of normal underground movements of the ants at this time. Making due allowance for this, it appears that the migration movement caused by the disturbance of the ants in treated plats was more than, five times as great as is normal. " Plowing to a depth of 6 in. in a Galesburg field in 1910 dispersed 55 per cent of the ant colonies in this field, and one disking after plowing dispersed 15 per cent more. Plowing 0 in. deep, disking three times, and rolling once increased the yield of the plat nearly 25 per cent, at a cost of 22 cts. a bushel. One 20 in. disking followed by rolling gave all the advantages obtainable by additional diskings. Fall plowing and one spring disking are much more effec- tive than spring plowing with no disking, the latter containing about three times as many ants and four times as many aphids as the former. " Change of corn ground to oats for one year and fall plowing of the oats stubble gave a larger yield by 25 per cent than adjacent ground kept continu- ously in corn, this difference being accompanied by a root louse infestation of young corn on the oats stubble about one-tenth that found in com on old corn ground." The gipsy moth, W. E. Britton {ConnecUcut ^tate 8ta. Bui. 186 {1915}, pp. 2J^, figs. 16). — A summarized account of this pest, particularly as relates to Connecticut. Studies of the codling moth in the central Appalachian region, F. E. Brooks and E. B, Blakeslee (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 189 {1915), pp. 49, pi. 1, figs. 23). — This is a report of studies of the codling moth, commenced in the spring of 1911 and continued for three successive years, which form part of the investigations of this insect that have been carried on by the Bureau of Entomology throughout the United States, including Arkansas (E. S. R., 21, p. 455), Pennsylvania (24, p. 256), California (25, p. 154; 28, p. 558), Michigan (28, p. 60), and New Mexico (31, p. 252). The work was conducted at several points in Virginia, West Virginia, and Maryland, comprising a difference in latitude of 1° 40' and in altitude of about 3,100 ft., the most southerly and least elevated station being at Charlottesville, Va., the most northerly at Hagerstown, Md., and the most elevated at Pickens, West Va. 62 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. In this work particular atteiation was given to tlie time of appearance of the different broods at various altitudes and latitudes. The work was conducted by selecting for banding from 10 to 15 unsprayed bearing apple trees of the late-ripening varieties in each of the several localities in the States above mentioueeri- ment Station are reported. Judging by the results with different millings of the same grain, high acidity is apparently an unreliable test for unsoundness in flour. The acidity is in part at least attributed to phosphates and amino acids normally occurring in flour. Accidental poisoning due to flour containing barium carbonate, L. Hu- GOUNENQ (Ann. FalKif., 7 {191If), No. 63, pp. 5Jf-56). — Several cases of poisoning are reported in which the cause was stated to be flour which contained barium carbonate. Feterita, J. C. Summers (Oper. Miller, 20 (1915), No. 1, pp. Jt2-U, figs. 4).— Some baking tests are reported which were made upon doughs prepared with feterita flour alone ; a mixture of feterita flour and soft wheat flour 1:1; feterita flour and hard spring wheat flour 1:1; soft wheat flour alone ; and hard spring wheat flour alone. It is .stated that the feterita flour is soft and breaks up badly in scouring and milling. The flour is of a dark red color and contains no gluten, which accounts for the poor volume of the loaves made from it. The bread made from feterita flour alone was heavy and had a poor texture and color. The bread made from feterita and wheat was somewhat better in quality, but also somewhat heavy and poor in texture. Pancakes and gems made from feterita flour alone were heavy and had a flat taste, while those made from the feterita flour and wheat flour were of good quality and had only a slightly flat taste, which was easily overcome by the use of sirup and spices. Some data on peanut butter, C. A. A. Utt (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (191Jf). No. 9, pp. 7Jf6, 7.)7). — Chemical and microscopical examinations were made of a number of samples to determine whether oils other than peanut oil were incorporated in the product. In the samples examined no foreign starch or oil was detected. [The utilization of prickly pears as human food]. Report of the Prickly- pear Traveling Commission, 1st November, 1912-30th April, 1914, T. H. Johnston and II. Tryon (Brisbane: Govt., 1911, PP- XX+131, figs. 66).— In- formation is given regarding the use of the fresh ripe fruit of- the prickly pear as food in South Africa, the INIeditorranean regions, Central and South America, and Alexico. To a slight extent it is also used in the United States as food. In countries where this fruit forms an important part of the food FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION. 65 supply it is either dried, converted into preserves, or, as is sometimes tlie case, used in naalving jams, jellies, alcohol, vinegar, molasses, or sugar. Analyses of the dried leaves of different varieties indicate a fuel value of between 1,400 and 1.500 calories per pound. Data pertaining to its use in stock feeding are noted on page 70. Mushrooms and other common fung'i, Flora W. Patterson and Veha K. Charles {U. S. Dci>t. Afjr. Bui. llo (llil5), pp. 6-}, pis. 38, fifj. i).— This bulletin is intended to furnish the amateur with means for identifying some of the more common species of mushrooms and for distinguishing between poisonous and edible varieties. The general morphological structure of mushrooms and other fungi is discussed, and botanical descriptions are given of selected species from each of the most familiar genera, with special reference to the distinctive features. These are also illustrated by a number of photographic reproductions. The bulletin contains a few tested recipes for cooking mush- rooms and a list of reference l)ooks is appended. Analyses of human milk, O. Spindleb {Apoth. Ztg., 2D (1914), No. 16, pp. 235-2-'f0). — Results of analyses are given from which it is concluded that human milk, unlike normal cows' milk, contains a large amount of catalases and that no definite relation exists between the density of the serum, total solids, and fatty matter. The catalases are found partly dissolved in the serum and partly occluded in the fat globules, and are thought to play an important part in the nutrition of infants. Mother's milk of the first period of lactation and the influence of calcium and phosphorus additions on its composition, F. Zuckmayer (Pfliiger's Arch. Physiol., 158 (101/,), No. 3-5, pp. 209-218; uhs. in C'liem. Zcnthl., IDlIf, II, No. 5, p. Ifl5). — ^An examination of mothers' milk during the first 10 days of the lacta- tion period showed in 26 cases large variations in the calcium and phosphorus content, and these variations still existed after the addition of calcium and phos- phorus compounds to the diet of the mother. The use of these compounds during the advanced stages of pregnancy produced a normal milk, but the calcium con- tent increased from 10 to 72 per cent, and the values for phosphorus pentoxid, nitrogen, and ash were also greater. What every ice cream dealer should know {Schenectady, N. Y.: Daly Bros. Manufacturing Corporation, 1914, PP- 228, pis. 17, figs. 4). — ^This is a general treatise on ice cream manufacture, intended for the use of the ice cream trade. A number of suggestions are gi\'en, together with standard recipes, and con- siderable information regarding the sanitation of ice cream factories, the proper selection and storage of raw materials, and the handling of the finished product. A number of modern ice cream plants located in various parts of the country are described. One section of the book is devoted to soda fountain hints. This also contains a number of recipes and suggestions to proprietors of soda fountains. The preparation of pure sucrose and dextrose caramels, G. D. Beal and H. F. ZoLLEB (Jour. Amer. Pharm. Assoc, 3 (1914), No. 4, pp. 495-4911) .—From the results of these experiments the authors draw the following conclusions: " Caramel is best prepared by heating cane sugar or glucose at 210° for 30 minutes. A somewhat higher yield is obtained by longer heating, but some in- soluble matter is formed at the same time. The best method of purification is found to be dialysis in a collodion membrane." Harmful effect of certain sugar cane products, R. Blosser (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 (1914), No. 6, pp. 481, 482, fig. 1).—A preliminaiy report of experiments with laboratory animals (dogs) carrried out to determine whether or not tlie use of cane sugar is delieterious. The effect of ingestion of large 66 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. amounts of cane sugar was considered negative, but it is stated that general disturbances and abnormal development were produced by tbe continued con- sumption of a cheap grade of sirup. Lime juice, A. McGill (La6. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 295 {1914), pp. J7)._ln tlie examination of 30 samples of lime juice purchased throughout Canada only 5 were found to meet the requirements of the departmental standards. Leavening agents, R. N. Haet (Easton, Pa.: The Chemical Puhlishing Co., 19U, pp. OO+IS], figs, i.3).— This book is intended to give the baker a knowledge of the principles of fermentation as applied to baking, and deals with yeasts, leavening agents, salt-rising fermentation, baking powders, aerated bread, and milk powder. The nature and characteristics of yeasts, together with their selection, keeping, and tests, are considered somewhat at length. The manu- facture of compressed yeast is described and the chemistry of yeast fermenta- tion is discussed. The chemical properties and the use of baking powders are also considered, together with their manufacture. The blanching of canned goods, R. Beeg (Ztschr. Angew. Chcm., 27 {1914), No. 20, Aufsatztell, pp. J4S-i5;3).— The large amount of analytical data reported shows that a very considerable loss of organic matter and mineral constituents occurs when meat, fish, and especially vegetables, are boiled preliminary to canning, particularly if the blanching water is thrown away. The author con- cludes that a more nutritioa;^ and tasteful product can be obtained without the preliminary blanching. Packing tea in foil containing lead, Boedas {Ann. Falsif., 6 {1913), No. 60, pp. 566-569). — Although analyses of a number of samples of the foils used for this purpose showed them to consist of over 90 per cent of lead, the opinion is given that the tea is sufficiently dried in the curing process to preclude any danger of plumbic solvency. The toxicity of caffein, K. Brauee {Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 20 {1914), No. 14, pp. 270, 271; ahs. in Chem. ZentU., 1914, II, No. 12, pp. 797, 798).— The author is of the opinion that the toxicity of coffee is influenced both by the time of roasting and the chemical nature of the caffein comiwunds. Preservatives and other chemicals in foods: Their use and abuse, O. Folin {Cambridge [Mass.']: Harvard University Press, 1914, pp. 60). — A critical sum- maiy and digest of the general question of the use of preservatives in foods. A number of suggestions are made as to work which, in the opinion of the author, is needed to settle this important question. [Analyses of foods, drugs, and beverages], R. F. Kolb {Ala. Dept. Agr. Bui. 61 {1914), PP- 65-85). — Definitions and general and analytical data are given regarding a number of miscellaneous foods, drugs, and beverages. Special food and drug analyses, 1914, R. E. Rose and L. Heimbuegee {Ann. Rpt. Stale Chcm. Pla., 1914, pp. 138-167). — Tabulated data are presented regard- ing analyses of 146 samples of miscellaneous foods, beverages, and drugs. Thirteenth annual report of the state food commissioner of Illinois, A. F. Jones {Ann. Rpt. mate Food Comr. III., 13 {1912), pp. 454. figs. 12). — The work carried on under the state food law during the year 1912 is reviewed and in- formation given upon a number of pure food topics. In the report of T. J. Bryan, state analyst, the results are given of the examination of G,523 samples of various foods and food products of which 2.091 were found to be illegal. The reports of the state bacteriologist and of the district food and stock food inspectors are given, also records of prosecutions brought under the state food law, court decisions, the texts of 24 bulletins issued by the commission, tentative food standards adopted by the conuuissionen-, rules for labeling, and the texts of several food, stock feeding, and cold storage laws. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. . 67 Fourteenth annual report of the state food commissioner of Illinois, W. S. Matthews {Ann. Rpt. State Food Comr. III., 1//. (IDIS), pp. 135, figs. 2). — The work carried out by the comniissiouer under the state food laws duriug the year 1913 is briefly reviewed, and the report of J. C. Johnstone, stale analyst, gives the results of tbe examination of 6,038 Siimples of miscellaneous foods, of whicli 2,034 were found to be illegal, and extended tabulated data regarding these sam- ples. The text of standards adopted by the state food standard commission are given, the legal work of the commission is reviewed, and the text of three bulle- tins issued by the department is given. [Food and dinig" inspection and analysis], W. P. Cogswell et al. (Bien. Rpt. Bd. Health Mont., 7 iW13-l.'f), pp. 79-170).— The work of the department during the years 1913 and 1914 is reviewed. This Includes the inspection of dairies, hotels and restaurants, meat markets, slaughterhouses, bakeries, etc., as well as analyses of 433 samples of miscellaneous food products, and the reports of the inspectors. [Food analyses and pure food topics], J. Foust (Penn. Dept. Agr., Mo. Bui. Dairy and Food Div., 12 (1914), ^^o. 10-11, pp. 135). — Information upon a number of miscellaneous pure food topics and the I'esults of the examination of a large number of samples of dairy and food products are given. Sixth annual report of the food and drug commissioners, F, A. Jackson, F. W. Cook, and F. X. Strickland (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Food and Drug Comrs. R. I., 6 {1914), PP- 21). — ^A review and summary of the work carried out during the year ended December 31, 1914, is given, which includes general information regarding a number of pure food and drug topics. Fourteenth annual report of the food and drug commissioner of South Dakota, G. G. Fraky {Ann. Rpt. Food and Drug Comr. ,S'. Dak., 14 {1914), pp. 351). — The work of the department as carried out covers the inspection and analysis of foods, drugs, beverages, paints, and feeding stuffs, and the inspec- tion of hotels and public buildings. In addition to the linancial statements, extended data regarding the analyses and inspections made are reported. In part of the report are reproduced a number of the bimonthly bulletins of the department which contain information upon a number of miscellaneous food and drug topics. [Pure food topics and food and drug inspection], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson {Xorth Dakota Sta. Spec. Bid. 3 {1915), No. 16, pp. 265-288) .—Thin bulletin presents the results of the insiiection of 678 grocery stores, the score of each place inspected being given. A list of beverages registered for the year 1915 and information regarding several proprietary medicines examined con- clude the publication. Department rulings relative to food and dairy products and their labeling {[Colnmbus]: The F. J. Heer Printing Co., 1914, 1. ed., pp. 30).— The text is given of the rulings of the Ohio Agricultural Commission. The food inspector's handbook, F. Vacher {ISleiv York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1913, 6. ed., rev. and cnl., pp. 311, pis. 19, figs. 77). — This is the sixth edition of a publication previously reviewed (E. S. R., 17, p. 576). It is stated that the publication has been greatly revised and enlarged and the number of illustra- tions increased. The commercial aspect of electric cooking and heating, T. P. Wllmshukst {Jour. Inst. Elect. Engin. [London], 51 {1913), No. 220, pp. 180-201, pi. 1, figs. 6). — Electric cooking and heating are considered in detail and data are given to show the increased efficiency of electric over coal- or gas-fired ovens. The loss in weight of different kinds of meat was apparently less with electric cooking and the flavor of the product claimed to be vastly superior. 68 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. A specially sMaped kettle for heating water is described in wliich it is stated that 3 pt. of water can be boiled in six minutes with an efficiency of over 98 per cent. Other pieces of electrical apparatus are described which tend to show the economy of electric cooking. The questions of heating water and house heating are also taken up to some extent. The paper is followed by a discussion. Electric cooking on a large scale, W. Schulz (Elektrotech. Ztschr., 34 {1913), No. 29, PI). 821-825, figs. 13).— Two large electric kitchens, each capable of providing food for 200 to 300 people, are described in detail. Efficiency experiments were conducted in one of these from which it was determined that the energy consumption per meal (i pt. soup, 6 J oz. meat, 51 oz. potatoes, 21 oz. other vegetables, 0.075 pt. milk, and 0.42 pt. coffee) averaged 0.394 kilowatt hour. In addition to the large electrically heated ovens, it is a noticeable feature that the saucepans or boilers are one-piece nickel-plated utensils provided with bottom and also side heating elements. The heating elements are inclosed in an outer nickel-plated shell provided with an air valve to prevent excessive pressure. The usefulness of nickel cooking utensils, V. Gheoeghiu {Ber. Deut. Pharm. Gesell, 24 (19U), No. 6, pp. 303-308; abs. in Chem. ZentU., 1914, II, No. 15, p. 945). — Pickled cucumbers and beef, after boiling two hours in a nickel dish, gave on analysis the following amounts of nickel : Pickles, 107.4 mg. ; liquid from pickles, 135.6 mg. ; and cooked beef no nickel per package of the original weight of foods. Kitchen ventilation for a modern hotel (Heating and VentUating Mag., 12 {1915), No. 1, pp. 13-18, figs. 5). — ^A detailed description of the ventilating system of a modern hotel, with special reference to the kitchen, is given. Dollar luncheons to serve four people (Springfield, Mass.: The F. A. Bassette Co., 1914, PP' 34). — ^A menu appropriate to each month of the year, together with recipes and cost data, is given. It is stated that these luncheons can be served for 25 cts. per person or less, under some conditions. Feeding of Arab soldiers, J. Amar (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'], 159 (1914), No. 24, pp. 811-814). — Information is given regarding the rations of the soldiers. The relationship between food and muscular activity with refer- ence to troops is also discussed. Studies of the protein minimum, M. Hindhede (Skand. Arch. Physiol., 80 (1913), No. 1-3, pp. 97-182, figs. 4)- — In this paper a summary and digest of the literature regarding the protein requirement of the body is given and the author reports the results of a large number of metabolism experiments. From these results and those of observations made upon members of his own family who received a low protein diet for several years he concludes that the need of protein increases almost directly with the energy consumption. He recom- mends a low-protein diet. Studies of unbalanced diets, P. Tachau (Biochem. Ztschr., 65 (1914), No. 3-4, pp. 253-272, figs. 4; ahs. in ZentU. Biochem. u. Biophys., 17 (1914), No. 13, pp. 4'^9-480). — The results are reported of experiments in which laboratory animals (mice) were maintained for some time upon an exclusive diet of rye bread, during which period their weight curves showed only slight variations. The addition of fats and carbohydrates to the diet in such amounts as to give an unbalanced ration resulted in a decline in the weight and general nutritive condition of the animals. Similar results were obtained by feeding an exces- sive amount of inorganic salts. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 69 The influence of restricted rations on growth, E. B. Haet and E. V. McCol- LUM (Jour. Biol. Chem., 11 (WW, No. 2, Proc, pp. XLIV, XLy).— Feeding experiments with laboratory animals (nits and swine) have shown that a ration limited to the wheat kernel and distilled water is insufDcient to main- tain growth. Considerable growth was obtained when a salt mixture con- sisting of potassium phosphate, potassium citrate, and calcium lactate was added to the wheat ration, though after a time growth ceased and the animals began to lose weight. These results seem to harmonize with the theory that the wheat kernel contains a toxic substance the injurious character of which is greatly diminished during the germinating process, and that failure to grow is not due entirely to the incomplete nature of the wheat prolein. Constancy of the content of phosphorus lipoids in the total organism — lipoid content during growth, A. Mayer and G. Schaeffer (Coinpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 {1014), No. 1, pp. 102-105; ahs. in Chem. ZentU., 1914, II, No. 17, p. 105S). — Exijerimeuts with a large number of warm- and cold- blooded animals indicate that the lipoid phosphorus content for organism of the same species is very constant, and that both lipoid phosphorus and choles- terol vary but little during growth. Constancy of the content of fatty acids and cholesterol in the total or- ganism.— Estimation of fatty reserves, E. F. Tebroine {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'], 159 (1914), No. 1, pp. 105-108; aU. in Chem. ZentU., 1914, II, No. 17, p. 1058). — ^Analytical data show that the fatty acid content of normal ani- mals is variable while that of animals of the same species dead of starvation is very constant. The difference between these two values is the fatty acid reserve. The amount of cholesterol contained per kilogram of body weight of starving animals is also constant. Fat intoxication, O. Weltmann (Wiener Klin. Wchnschr., 27 (1914), No. 27, p. 971; ahs. in Zenthl. Physiol., 29 (1914), No. 1, p. 42). — Continued experi- mental feeding of fats produced hemolysis and the presence of a lipoidlike substance in the blood. As this did not occur with the incorporation of fatty acids, such as from 1 to 2 gm. of oleic acid, it is concluded that the mechanical digestion of fats in the intestinal tract produces hemolytically active end products which under certain conditions, such as injury to the intestinal mem- brane, may pass into the blood. Observations on creatin and creatinin, P. A. Shaffer (Jour. Biol. Chem., 18 (1914), No. 3, pp. 525-540). — From a large number of analyses of muscle, the results of which are here reported, the author draws the general conclu- sion that the creatinin of the urine is derived from the creatin of the muscles. The effect of salts and other ions upon oxidative processes in the body. — I, Introductory statements, N. Zuntz (Ztschr. BalneoL, Klimat. u. Kurort Hyg., 6 (1912), No. 12, pp. 333-336). — The work of other investigators having shown that the salt content of water very decidedly influences the oxidative processes in the embryo cell qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to the respira- tory quotient and the oxygen consumption, experiments were undertaken by the author and his associates to determine whether a similar influence on cell life of higher organisms could be brought about by concentration and mixing of ions in the cell contents. The experimental data accumulated made it clear, according to the author, that the Increased respiratory quotient observed is not due to the increased work of digestion but to the direct metabolic effect of the circulating salts. Experimental studies of the effect of salts upon respiratory metabolism, II, W. Mader (Ztschr. BalneoL, Klimat. u. Kurort Hyg., 6 (1913), No. 13, pp. S63-375), — The problem studied was to determine whether or not certain 70 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOED. changes in the mineral content of the body and the food would bring about changes in the noi-mal relation of the oxidative processes of carbohydrates and fat. Experiments which were made with a dog weighing 18 kg. and extending over 6 months showed that while there were variations in the different tests they were neither large nor uniform enough to predicate a specific effect on the combustion processes in the animal body and the extent of such processes ascribable to the specific action of one or the other of the metal ions under consideration. In the different periods, sodium chlorld, meat ash, potassium chlorid, calcium chlorld, and magnesium chlorid, were given and the respiratory quotient studied. The details are reported in full. On the averag'e composition of the alveolar air and its variations during the respiratory cycle, A. Kkogh and J. Lindhakd {Jour. Physiol., -J7 {191Jt), No. 6, pp. J^31-JiJf5, figs. 7). — ^A new method is described for determining the average composition and the variations in composition of alveolar air talking place during an expiration. A discussion of the accuracy of the method in its practical application is included. Respiratory exchange in dry and humid atmospheres with and without ventilation, E. Socok {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 {19U), No. 19, pp. 873-875; ahs. in ZeritU. Biochem. u. Biophys., 17. (1914). No. 11-12, p. 415). — Metabolism experiments with tubercular laboratory animals (guinea pigs) showed a decreased output of carbon dioxid when the animals were maintained in a warm, humid, imventilated atmosi^here. Ventilation increased the carbon dioxid production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Utilization [of prickly pear] as fodder for stock, T. H. Johnston and H. Tryon (Rpt. Prii-ldij Pear Travel. Com., Queensland, 1912-1914, pp. 35-37, 52, 53, 89, 113, pi. 1). — A review of the work of experiment stations in South Africa, southern Europe, Mexico, and Australia on the feeding value of prickly pear. It appears that cattle, horses, goats, hogs, and ostriches can be maintained on a ration of pear and can thrive on it if supplemented by grain or alfalfa. It is said that unless care be exercised, purging of animals frequently occurs. Also the small sioines from the fruit penetrate the tongue and jaws and give rise to inflammation, which may extend even to the stomach and cause death. It is stated that the attempt to ensile prickly pear has not been satisfactory, although it is thought better results could be obtained if the fruit was mixed with alfalfa, hay, or oat chaff. Analyses are given for both the fresh and the dried fruit of six different varieties of the pear. Chemical composition of weeds as feed and fertilizer material, M. Kling (Landw. Vers. Stat., 85 {1914), No. 6, pp. 433-470) .—Analyses are given of Convolvulus arvensis, Chenopoditini album, Stcllaria media, Cirsium arvense, Sonchus oleraceus, and Mercurialis annua, together with a brief discussion of their feeding value. Manufacture of fodder from waste sulphite-cellulose lyes, J. Konig {French Patent 469,768, March 19, 1914; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Cheni. Indus., 34 {1915), No. 1, p. .^7). — "Waste sulphite lye is mixed with the residual liquid obtained in the treatment of wood with dilute alkalis and acids, with the aid of heat and pressure, and the mixture is evaporated, neutralized, and freed from sulphurous acid; the product can be used as a cattle feed. The sulphite lyes may be submitted to a preliminaxy treatment with acid or alkali, which enables ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 71 them, after neutralization and separation of sulpliurous acid, to be evaporated separately; this product also can be used as a feed by itself. The residual liquid obtained from the acid and alkali treatment of cellulose may be treated for the extraction of resins, tannin, sugar, etc., before being mixed with the suljjhite liquor." Commercial feeding stuflEs, B. B. Ross (Ala. Dept. Agr. Bui. 61 (lOlJ^), pp. 5-61). — Analyses are reported of cotton-seed meal, shorts, bran, screenings, molasses feed, middlings, ship stuff, dried-beet pulp, alfalfa meal, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. There is included the text of the state feeding- stuffs law and definitions for the various feeding stuffs. Commercial feeding stuffs, J. P. Street et al. (Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1914, pt. 4> PP- 199-226). — Analyses are given of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, bi'an, middlings, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, hominy feed, corn, corn meal, buckwheat middlings, malt sprouts, dried brewers' and distillers' grains, dried-beet pulp, molasses feed, fish scrap, shredded alfalfa, cacao shells, soj' beans, soy-bean fodder, silage corn, and vari- ous mixed and proprietary feeds. The breeding and improvement of domestic animals, P. Diffloth (Zoo- tcchnie Sp^ciale. Elei'arjc et Exploitation dcs Animaux Dotnestiques. Paris: J. B. Baillicre d Sons, 191Jf, 3. ed., pp. 610, figs. 183). — This volume, which is one of the series entitled Encifclopedie Agricole, is a general treatise on the breed- ing, feeding, care, and management of cattle, sheep, goats, .swine, and horses. The Argentine live-stock industry in the principal production centers, Pfannenschmidt {Ber. Landw. Reiclisamte Imieni, No. 33 (1914), pp. 164). — A complete statistical review of the live-stock industry in Argentina. [Animal production], E. G. E. Sceiven and T. "Weedon {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Stock IQucensIand], 1918-14, pp. 36-39, 148-160, pis. S).— A statistical and general review of the live-stock situation in Queensland. Judging of live stock, J. Ginieis (ZootecJinie Sp^ciaJe. La Connaissance du Betail. Paris; Lihr. Sci. Agr., 1912, pp. XIX-\-332, figs. 36).— A general treatise on the desired points of conformation to be soug^it in judging horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, together with information on the characteristics of the den- tition of each and methods of determining age. The problem of early maturity in breeding from the biological standpoint, E. MiJLLER {Dent. Landw. TierzucM, 18 {1914), No. 1, pp. 2-5; abs. in Internaf. Inst. Agr. [Rome'], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Bineascs, 5 {1914), No. 5, pp. 654-656). — From the observations of the author and other investigators it appears that early maturity is not entirely dependent upon nutrition, which is its principal determining factor, but is also influenced to a great extent by the activity of the internal secretory glands. While there seems to be no relation between increase in weight or volume of the digestive organs and early maturing, there appears to be a connection between the physiological activity of the digestive organs and early maturity. It appears that the early maturity of the sexual organs and that of the body in general may be inde- pendent of each other, for example the combination of high milk yield and early maturity in the same animal seen in the Bates strain of Shorthorns. The effect of early maturity on the length of life of the animal and the period . of certain physiological functions has not been fully determined. Experimental studies in artificial fecundation, A. Pirocchi (Indus. Latt. e Zootec., 12 (1914), No. 20, pp. 507-36»»).— Successful experiments are reported in which cows were artificially impregnated with from 5 to 14 cc. of sperm from 15 minutes to SA hours old and at temperatures varying from 20 to 35° C. 96619°— Xo. 1—15 6 72 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. Net energy values of feeding stuffs for cattle, H, P. Armsby aud J. A. Feies iU. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 3 (1915), No. 6, pp. 435-491, figs. 2).— In this paper are reported tlie results of 76 experiments at the Pennsyl- vania Institute of Animal Nutrition in cooperation with this Department, using the respiration calorimeter and 9 steers in which the balance of matter and of energy was determined. These experiments were carried out during the years 1902-1912, inclusive, and those to the end of 1907 have been previously reported in full from other sources (E. S. R., 15, p. 799; 17, p. 579; 19, p. 866; 25, p. 872; 28, p. 68; 30, p. 268). It is said that the losses of feed energy from the animal are of two classes, (1) losses of unused chemical energy in the feces, urine, and methane; and (2) losses in the form of heat due to the increased metabolism consequent upon the ingestion of feed. As to the first class it was found that " the losses of energy in methane and urine were relatively greater on light than on moderately heavy rations. Neither the losses of energy in the feces nor the total losses showed a distinct relation to the amount of feed consumed. Individual differ- ences between animals had no very material influence on the losses of chemical energy. The losses of energy in methane may be computed approximately from the amount of total carbohydrates digested. The metabolizable energy per kilogram of digested organic matter showed but slight variations within the same class of feeding stuffs." As to the second class it was found that "the heat production is notably greater during standing than during lying, and the difference is greater on heavy than on light rations. The increment of heat production during standing is affected by the individuality of the animal and by the kind of feed con- sumed. An approximate partial analysis of the heat production of the animal into its principal factoi's is attempted. The average energy expenditure conse- quent upon the consumption of 1 kg. of dry matter is reported for 11 different feeding stuffs. The expenditure of energy arising from the consumption of the coarse feeds is not on the whole materially greater than in the case of the concentrates. The increased muscular work of the digestive organs ap- pears to be a relatively small factor of the increased heat production. A scrub steer showed a somewhat greater increment of metabolism consequent upon feed consumption than did a pure-bred beef animal." A summary of the average net energy values obtained in these experiments for the following feeding stuffs is given as timothy hay, 1,072 calories; red clover hay, 1,039 ; mixed ha5% 934 ; alfalfa hay, 752 ; maize stover, 887 ; maize meal, 1,803; wheat bran, 1,334; grain mixtures, 1,737 and 1,848; and hominy chop, 2,157 calories per kilogram of dry matter. A method is outlined for computing net energy values, in the absence of direct determinations, from metabolism experiments or from the data of ordi- nary feeding tables. Related experiments of others are reviewed, aud a bibliography of cited literature is appended. Feeding experimental animals on grass tree, C. J. Pound (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and, Stock [Queensland], 1913-14, p. 112). — Two 12-month-old calves were fed chopped grass tree varying in amounts from 3 to 6 lbs. per day, mixed with a small quantity of bran, without deleterious effects. The calves gained in weight. Origin of the Aberdeen-Angus and its development in Great Britain and America {Chicago: American Aberdeen-Angus Breeders' Assoc. 1914, PP- 36). — A history of this breed of cattle, together with notes on the principal families. A bibliography of literature on the breed is included. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 73 The story of the Herefords, A. H. Sandeiss {Chicago: The Breeder's Gazette, 1914, PP- 1087, pi. 1, figs. 278). — ^An account of the origin and development of tlie breed in Herefordsliire, and a sketch of its early introduction into thp United States and Canada and subsequent rise to popularity in the western cattle trade, \A'ith sundry notes on the niauagemeut of breeding herds. Sheep breeding, F. W. Wilson {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 19U, pp. 352-356, 358).— A brief report is given of the sheep breeding experiments wbich have been in progress since 1906. In these experiments the Tunis, Shropshire, Hampshire, Rambouillet, Oxford, Dorset, Navajo, and native breeds have been used in various combinations. It is said that the first generation of Tunis and native half-blood is the most promising cross to date. A table is given showing the average weights of the sheep at birth, six months, and one year, with the weight of the fleece for all crosses num- bering six or more individuals. A total of 448,223 lbs. of wool shipped in Feb- ruary and March weighed 452,852 lbs. when sold in the Boston market, due to the gain in moisture. Are sheep profitable in Maine? 0. D. Woods {Maine Sta. Bui. 236 {1915), pp. 59-61). — This is a preliminary report of an experiment undertaken at High- moor Farm for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not hay and pasturage can be profitably marketed through sheep under Maine conditions. Production and price of wool, E. Payen {Econ. Franc., 43 {1915), I, No. 3, pp. 70-72). — This is a statistical review of the wool production of the world. The value of distillers' dried grains in swine feeding operations, E. S. Good and W. V. Smith {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 190 {1915), pp. 5-18).— The object of this experiment was to determine the value of distillers' dried grains in swine-feeding operations as a supplement to pasture, to com meal and pasture, and to corn meal fed in the dry lot. Four lots of from 10 to 15 shoats, weighing approximately 68 lbs., were fed 73 days as follows: Lot 1, distillers' dried grains and pasture (oats, rape, and pigweed) ; lot 2, corn meal and pasture; lot 3, corn meal and distillers' dried grains 5 : 1, and pasture ; and lot 4, corn meal and distillers' dried grains 5 : 1 in dry lot. They made average daily gains of 0.456, 0.931, 1.027, and 0.SS3 lbs. per pig, consuming 3.68, 3.44, 3, and 4.44 lbs. grain per pound of gain, at a cost of 4.97, 4.95, 4.27, and 6.32 cts. per pound of gain (corn meal costing $28.78 per ton, distillers' dried grains $27 per ton) for the respective lots. Figuring that 85 per cent of the fertilizing constituents of the different feeds passed through the animals, it is estimated that the total value of the manure was $14.72, $8.99, $12.24, and $10.40 for the respective lots, or about 41 cts. for each 100 lbs. of grain fed. The pigs did not relish distillers' dried grains alone, as they ate on the aver- age only 1.68 lbs. daily, although given all they would eat. As a grain supple- ment to pasture, however, distillers' dried grains proved of value in this experi- ment as a gain of nearly 0.5 lb. per head per day was obtained on an other- wise unprofitable pasture. The value of wheat as a feed for swine, E. S. Good and W, V. Smith {Ken- tucky Sta. Bui. 190 {1915), pp. 19-27). — The object of this experiment was to determine the value of wheat alone and with a nitrogenous supplement as a feed for swine, and also to determine the form in which wheat can be fed to the best advantage. Four lots of about 10 shoats each, weighing approximately 105 lbs., were fed 62 days as follows: Lot 1, whole wheat soaked; lot 2, ground wheat dry; lot 3, ground wheat soaked; and lot 4, ground wheat and tankage 14: 1. They made 1.5, 1.72, 1.6S, and 1.78 lbs. average daily gain per pig, consuming 4.26, 3.74, 3.82, 74 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. and 3.59 lbs. of grain per pound of gain, costing 5.67, 5.36, 5.47, and 5.38 cts. per pound of gain, and giving a net profit per bushel of grain of 39.7, 50.1, 47, and 50.8 cts. for the respective lot.s. It is concluded that ground wheat fed dry gave slightly better results than ground wheat soaked ; that it pays to grind the wheat; and that little profit was realized in adding tankage to the ground wheat in the proportion of 1 : 14. It is believed that a proportion of 1 : 10 would have been more satisfactory. It is estimated that for each bushel of wheat fed 21.5 cts. worth of fertilizer was produced. It is said that more economical re- sults would have been obtained had these pigs had the run of a forage crop and the gi-ain limited to about 2.5 per cent of their weight for two or three weeks before going to the market. Pig- feeding experiments, J. M. Scott (Florida 8ta. Rpt. 19U, mi. XIX- XXII). — Three lots of five S7-lb! pigs each were fed 31 days as follows: Lot 1, shelled coru and Dwarf Essex rape; lot 2, shelled corn and ground velvet beans 3 : 1 and rape ; and lot 3, shelled corn and ground velvet beans 1 : 1 and rape. They made average daily gains of 0.31, 0.23, and 0.2 lb. per head, con- suming per pound of gain 18.35, 24.59, and 28 lbs. of feed, at a cost of 11.1, 13.4, and 12.6 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lots. Five lots of four 63-lb. pigs each were fed 30 days as follows: Lot 1, com alone ; lot 2, corn and cracked velvet beans 3:1; lot 3. corn and cracked velvet beans 1:1; lot 4, corn and cracked velvet beans 1 : 1 and iron sulphate ; and lot 5, corn and cracked velvet-bean meal 3 : 1 and iron sulphate. They made average daily gains of 0.46, 0.03, 0.56, 0.52, and 0.53 lb. per head, consuming per pound of gain 6.55, 4.8, 5.37, 5.74, and 5.63 lbs. of feed, at a cost of 11, 6.7, 5.7, 6.1, and 7.9 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lots. Care of brood sow, W. Hislop (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 84 (1915), pp. 4, fig. 1). — This gives general information on brood-sow management. Swine husbandry in Canada, J. B. Spencer (Canada Dept. Agr., Branch Live Stock Coinr. Bui. 17 (1914), pp. 12, figs. 35). — This is a general discussion of the methods of breeding, feeding, care, and management of hogs in vogue in Canada, with especial reference to bacon jiroduction. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — VII, Data regarding the brooding instinct in relation to egg production, R. Pearl (Jour. Anim. Behavior, 4 (1914), ^^o. 4, pp. 266-288; ahs. in Maine Sta. Bui. 234 (1914), pp. 284, 285). — This paper presents data regarding variations in the manifestations of the brooding instinct in fowls. It is shown that " broodiness normally constitutes one element in the cj^clical reproductive activities of the female. It recurs with greater or less regularity following periods of laying. The degree of intensity of the brood instinct, both in respect of its objective manifestations and in respect of its physiological basis, may vary considerably at different times in the life of the same individual. Broodiness in the domestic fowl is not necessarily connected with any particular season. It may occur entirely outside the regular breeding season. While ordinarily broodiness is preceded by the laying of a ' clutch' of eggs, this need not necessarily be so. Cases are cited in which well-marked broodiness occurs Avithout antecedent laying. Well-marked broodiness behavior may in certain cases disappear very quickly. The manifestations of the brooding instinct are apparently closely connected with the functional activity of the ovary, though the iirecise nature of the connection has not yet been analyzed." Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — X, Further data on somatic and genetic sterility, ISIaynie R. Curtis and II. Pearl (Ahs. in Maine Sta. Bui. 234 (1^14) > P- 287). — In a study to determine the ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 75 cause for partial or complete sterility in the fowl it was found tbat "birds whicli are hereditarily high layers may fail to make good performance records because for some anatomical reason it is impossible for yolks to enter the oviduct. Birds which ovulate, or return partly formed eggs, into the body cavity usually show the nesting instinct. The nesting records show a rhythm similar to egg records of normal birds and it seems probable that they are the normal resultant of the ovulation." It is stated that " in case of stoppage of the duct at any level the duct on both sides of the point of stoppage passes through the same cyclic changes co- ordinated with the cyclic changes in the ovary as a normal unobstructed duct. The duct functions only as far as it receives the stimulus of the advancing egg. Absence of iiressure from the funnel does not prevent or apparently greatly retard ovulation. Increased internal pressure may therefore be the most important factor in normal ovulation. Yolks of partly or fully formed eggs may be absorbed rapidly and in large numbers from the peritoneal surface without causing any serious derangement of normal metabolic processes." Some physiolog'ical observations regarding plumage patterns, R. Pearl and Alice M. Boring {Science, n. ser., 39 {191 Ji), No. 995, pp. l-'/.i, 1.^; al)s. in Maine 8ta. Bui. 234 {1914), pp. 2S1-2S3). — A study was made of the plumage pattern of Barred Plymouth Rock chickens to determine the manner in which the JMendelian factor, representing the barring pattern, operates physiologically. It was found that " all feather follicles are not capable of continually pro- ducing successive feathers for an indefinite time. In the case of the general body plumage a feather is usually not regenerated more than about three times. The precise number of successive regenerations varies with different birds and different feathers. Wing primaries seem to possess the maximum regenerative capacity. After about the third removal in the case of body feathers the follicle usually remains in a perfectly quiescent condition, taking no steps whatever toward the regeneration of a new feather. "This failure to regenerate is, however, very definitely related to the natural molt of the bird, and in the following way : A follicle which has been abso- lutely inactive for a long period of time (e. g., six months) preceding the natural autumn molt of the bird produces a new feather in connection with the molt, in the same manner as does any other follicle of the body. In other words, the process of natural molting reactivates the follicle which had been brought into a quiescent state by successive feather removal. " The precise pattern exhibited by a particular feather is, in the usual course of events, reproduced each time a feather is produced by that follicle with extreme fidelity of detail. If, however, the feather is removed from the follicle as soon as it is fullj;- grown, thus forcing continued regenerative activity of the follicle, the pattern tends progressively to be broken up, and iirobably will ultimately be entirely lost as a definite pattern. The experiments have not yet gone far enough to enable us to speak positively on this latter point. A progressive breaking up of an originally definite pattern is, however, very clearly shown in a number of cases. The behavior of the color pattern in suc- cessively regenerated feathers suggests, as a working hypothesis, that the pattern factor or gene is possibly represented in each follicle by a strictly limited amount of material, and that when this is used up the pattern is lost. " The secondary sexual feathers of the male, such as the saddle hangers, only appear as adult i)lumage. The same follicles which bear these feathers produce, as juvenile plumage, undifferentiated body feathers. The formation of these secondary sexual feathers is not necessarily dependent upon any normal 76 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. molt. If tlie juvenile feather Is removed from the follicle the next feather produced by that follicle will be the secondai-y sexual feather, and not a feather of the juvenile tyi^e. After that all further regenerations are of the sexually differentiated feather." The measurement of changes in the rate of fecundity of the individual fowl, R. Pearl (Science, n. ser., 40 (WW, No. 1028, pp. 383, 384; a&S- in Maine Sta. Bui. 234 (1914), pp. 283, 284).— This is a preliminary paper calling atten- tion to a method of measuring and representing graphically changes in the intensity of ovarian activity, as Indicated by rate of ovulation in the domestic fowl. It is said that " by a simple statistical expedient it is possible to represent the changes in rate of fecundity in an individual bird as a continuous curve, of which the ordinates represent the rates of egg production on a percentage scale (0 to 100) at the time intervals plotted as abscisste. This is done by taking, as the rate of fecundity for any given day Pn, the percentage which the actual number of eggs laid by the bird during the 21 days, of which Pn is the central day, is of 21. Put as a formula, if — RPn=rate of fecundity (or ovarian activity as indicated by ovulation) on the day Pn, l=i\n egg produced, and S denotes summation between the indicated limits, we have — " The rates so calculated for each successive day may be plotted as a curve. . . . "Applying this method to records of one, two, and three-year-old hens many interesting and novel points regarding ovarian activity, as expressed in ovula- tion, may be made out. The long-period secular cycles of production appear much more clearly and precisely than in flock mass statistics. The steady diminution in maximum rate of fecundity per unit of time after the first spring cycle in the bird's life is very strikingly shown in the great majority of cases. " This method of measuring fecundity opens the way to the attacking in the individual of a number of problems which hitherto have only been amenable to indirect, statistical treatment. Such, for example, are the questions of relation of size of egg to rate of fecundity, the realtiou between fertility (in the fowl readily measured by hatching quality of eggs) and fecundity.*' Poultry department, V. R. McBride (Washington Sta., West. Wash. 8ta. Mo. Bui, 2 (1915), No. 10, pp. 26-30, fig. i).— From records kept of the sub- station flock, it is estimated that the average cost of feed for a laying hen is $1.50 per hen per year, for the general-purpose breeds, such as Orpingtons, Plymouth Rocks, and Langshans. The cost for Leghorns and Anconas has been $1.35 each. The average cost of producing eggs has been IG cts. per dozen. In incubating and brooding trials, out of 3,000 eggs incubated 2,300 chicks were hatched. The loss of chicks during the brooding period was 8 per cent. It was found that chicks hatched from eggs weighing from 24 to 27 oz. per dozen were more vigorous and grew more rapidly than those hatched from abnormally large or very small eggs. The small eggs were about equal to the larger ones in fertility, but the chicks hatched from these were lacking in vitalitj'. The abnormally large eggs, weighing moi'b than 27 oz. per dozen, were low in fertility and did not hatch well. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 77 Three lots of 40 White Leghorn pullets each were fed during a six mouths' period similar rations, except that craclied corn, rolled barley, and whole oats were compared as supplements to whole wheat in the grain mixture. The amount of grain consumed by the respective lots was 1,040, LOGO, and 1,000 lbs. ; the amount of mash consumed 400, 300, and 430 ; the total cost of feed $26.40, $23, and $23.60; the number of eggs laid 2,975, 2,974, and 2.574; the gain in weight 27, 32, and 17 lbs., respectively. Out of 200 eggs incubated in lot 1, 185 were fertile, from which 153 chicks were raised; lot 2, 180 fertile and 150 chicks raised ; lot 3, 168 fertile and 133 chicks raised. Two lots of 50 White Leghorn and Ancona cockerels each were fed for 12 days a fattening ration as follows: Lot 1, com meal, wheat bran, meat meal, and skim milk, 3:1:1:12.5; lot 2 was given the same ration as lot 1 except that 1 lb. of bean meal was used instead of the meat meal. The net gains were 21 and 32 lbs. and the cost per pound gain 0.5 and 4.5 cts., respectively. Eight-weeks-old Barred Plymouth Rock, White Orpington, and Black Lang- shan cockerels were fed a fattening ration for two weeks. The average cost of producing 2 lb. -broilers in this was was 12 cts. per pound, Including labor. [Poultry], V. R. McBeide {Washington Sta., West Washington Sta. Mo. Bui, 1 {191Jt), No. 7, pp. 10-13, fig. 1).—K system of line breeding for poultry is described. Suggestions are given for the selection of eggs for incubation. A brief discussion of types of incubators and their handling is included. The truth about the poultry business, Conboie {San Francisco: Author, 1914, pp. 160, pis. 12). — This is a book of practical Information on the breeding, feeding, care, and management of poultry. Making' poultry pay, E. C. Powell {Neto York.- Orange Jndd Co., 1907, pp. XII +301, pi. 1, figs. iiS).— This booklet deals with the breeding, feeding, care, and management of poultry for commercial purposes. How I breed the 200-eg-g' hen, T. Bakron {Philadelphia: Tom Barron Pub- lishing Co., 1914, pp. 19, figs. 19). — This booklet contains practical information on the feeding and care of poultrj^ for profit. Building- up a trade in pure-bred poultry, R. Searle and T. E. Quisenberky {Mountain Grove, Mo.: American School Poultry/ Ilusbandri/, 1914, pp. 3S, figs. 5). — This booklet gives practical information on methods of marketing poultry- breeding stock, and poultry products. PoultiT keeping", Agnes Kinross {West of Scot. Agr. Col. Bui. 64 {1914), pp. 113-171, pis. IG). — This bulletin contains general information on the breed- ing, feeding, care, and management of poultry, including chickens, turkeys, and ducks, and suggests desirable rations for l)oth summer and winter. Methods of fattening and preparing for market are described. Turkeys, Helen D. Whitaker {Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 86 {1915), pp. S). — This treats of the breeding, feeding, care, and management of turkeys. The practical production of game animals, A. Blanciion {L'Elevage pra- tique du- Gihicr. Paris: Larousse, 1914, pp. 284, figs. i76).— This is a treatise on the breeding, care, and management of game animals, including birds, deer, fox, rabbits, and other animals. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. [Dairy feeding experiments], F. W. Wilson {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. S57, 35S).— Four cows on alfalfa pasture produced a total of 1,089.1 lbs. of milk during a 7-day period, while the same cows on dry feed (alfalfa hay at the rack, wheat bran 7 lbs. and rolled barley 1.5 lbs. daily) produced 1,097.6 lbs. Three of the cows gained in milk yield on dry feed and one lost. Two lc«;s 78 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. of 9 COWS each, were fed two weeks a ration of alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp, and wheat bran, lot 1 being then continued on the same feed for two weeks longer, while lot 2 was fed for two weeks on beet pulp and alfalfa hay. During these last two weeks lot 1 fell off 156 lbs. in milk yield, and lot 2 316 lbs. The loss of lot 1 is thought to be the normal loss due to advancement of the period of lactation and other natural causes. It is estimated that the actual saving by feeding beet pulp instead of beet pulp and bran was $3.72 in two weeks. Body form and milk yield, E. Augustin (Flugschr. Detit. Oesell. ZiicMungsk., No. S3 (1915), pp. 32). — ^A general treatise on the relation of body form to milk yield. Holstein-Friesian makes world's dairy record (Breeder's Oaz., 61 (1915), No. 13, p. 671). — It is announced that the Holstein-Friesian heifer Finderne Holingeu Fayne has broken all world records for fat production by producing in 365 consecutive days 24,612.8 lbs. of milk containing 1,116.05 lbs. of fat. She freshened at 3 years and 4 mouths and weighs 1,450 lbs., an increase of 250 lbs. during the period. Beport of four years' work of the North Dakota Holstein cattle breeding circuit, J. H. Shepperd and W. B. Richards (North Dakota 8ta. Bui. 109 (1914), pp. 93-158, figs. 16). — A general account of the organization, manage- ment, and progress of the North Dakota Holstein cattle breeding circuit, which is being conducted in cooperation with the station and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Detailed records are appended. The development of the dairy products industry in Minnesota, M. J. An- derson, edited by E. V. Robinson and J. G. Winkjer (Minn. Dairy and Food Dept. Bui. 52 (1914), pp. 61, figs. 8). — This reviews the development of the dairy industry in Minnesota and discusses its present status. Cost of milk, W. A. Linklater (Washington Sta., West. Wash. 8ta. Mo. Bui., 2 (1915), No. 10, p. 13). — From records kept during a 12-month period of a herd of from 12 to 10 head of cows, the computed cost of milk was $9.89 per month per cow, or 3.9 cts. per quart. The cost of feed and pasture for the entire herd for the year was estimated to be $720.16, and of labor $770. From experiments conducted in cooperation with a condensed milk concern, it was concluded that contamination of milk after it is drawn is the cause of inferior quality for condensing purposes rather than the feed eaten by the cow. The useful and harmful bacteria of milk, R. Pfister (Milchw. ZentM., 43 (1914), No. 18, pp. 4^^-469). — In this article the author discusses the value of kefir, kumiss, and various other sour milk drinks and differentiates between the beneficial bacteria contained in these milks and the harmful pathological bacteria often found in milk. The devitalization of tubercle bacilli in milk by means of electricity, F. C. Lewis (Tuberculosis Year Book, 1915; ahs. in Jour. Bd. Agr. [London]^ 21 (1914), No. 9, p. 844)- — Experiments conducted at the University of Liverpool demonstrate that electricity can be successfully applied as a sterilizing agent in milk. It is claimed that the total bacterial count is greatly reduced, all Bacil- lus coli and its allies are destroyed, tubercle bacilli are destroyed, no chemical changes in the milk can be detected, and the taste of the milk is unaltered. Regulations governing food establishments; rules on dairies and the score- card system of dairy inspection, with suggestions to dairymen (Agr. Com. Ohio, Bur. Dairy and Sanit. Insp. Bui. 1 (1913), pp. 13). — This bulletin gives the rules adopted by the State of Ohio relating to dairies and the score card system of dairy inspection, with suggestions to dairymen. Milk quality as determined by present dairy score cards, J. D. Brew (New York mate kita. Bui. 398 (1915), pp. 101-132, figs, g).— The results of a com- DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 79 parative study made of the bacterial coutent of tlie ruilk and tlie scores of 34 commercial dairies as determined by the Cornell card, the official card ap- proved by the Dairy Instructors' Association, and the New York City card, indicate that no correlation whatever exists between the quality of the milk so far as it could be determined by laboratory methods and the score as ex- pressed by any one of the three cards. The apparent reason for this lack of relationship is that a large number of the items included on the score card have little or no effect upon the number of bacteria present in the milk, there being too great emphasis placed upon unessential factors in the score cards, with a consequent lessened emphasis upon the factors which actually do afCect the milk. While not denying the value of dairy score cards, the author believes that the results of this investigation show that present score cards can not be satis- factorily used as a means of grading milk according to quality. Some variation was found in the relative position of the various dairies when scored simultaneously with all of the cards. In general, however, the scores secured by using the Cornell card were the most lenient, while those secured by using the New York City card were the most severe. What causes contribute to the loss of the cream line on pasteurized milk in bottles, C. H. Kilbourne (Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 3 (1915), No. 8, pp. 11-20). — Because of complaints that the volume of cream on bottled pasteurized milk was decreased and the distinctness of demarcation between the cream and the milk injuriously affected, tests were made by the Board of Health of New York City to determine the cause of these difficulties. The results indicate that when milk is cleaned by a centrifugal clarifier the volume of cream in the milk is reduced from 2 to 3 per cent. It was evident that the volume of cream in bottled milk is influenced by various factors, among which are included the temperature to which the milk is heated, the length of time for which milk is held at the high temperature, the temperature of the heating medium with which the milk comes in contact during the heating process, the clarification of the milk, the type of apparatus used in treating the milk and the amount of agitation to which the milk is subjected, esiiecially when hot. This last factor appears to be one of the most important. It is believed that under the most favorable circumstances heating to 145° F. and holding for 30 minutes may be done without any injurious effect upon the cream line, but it has been deemed best to reduce the required temperature to 142° in order to allow for uncontrollable factors which may tend to offset the volume of cream. -»«* Factors influencing the quality of milk for condensing purposes, W. A. LiNKLATEB (Wusihington Sta., We.^t. Wash. 8ta. Mo. Bui., 2 (191Jf), No. 9, pp. 2-5). — From studies made of the station dairy herd fed rations consisting of alfalfa hay and grain, supplemented by green oats and vetch, mangels, turnips, kale, and corn silage, it was concluded that variations in the quality of the milk were due to bacteria getting into the milk after it was drawn rather than to the kind of feed used, provided this was of good quality. It was found that following rain, when the yard 'became muddy, the bacterial count increased. The cows got their flanks and udders soiled with mud, and in spite of careful wiping the quality of the milk was lowei-ed. Poorly washed and unsterilized milk utensils were demonstrated to be a source of infection. The bacterial count increased from two to three times in the course of three or four hours even when the milk was aerated and cooled down to a temperature of about 60° F. A lowering of the quality of the milk followed exposure to dust, the drop in quality being especially marked on windy days, or when the feeding of silage, straw, or hay was done at the time of milking. 80 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Care of cream on the farm and ice house construction, C. W. Fryhofeb (Bui. Vt. Dept. Agr., No. 20 (1914), pp. 31, figs. 9).— The subjects discussed in this bulletin are the relation of the quality of butter to the quality of cream, the importance of cleanliness, temperature, thickness of cream, frequency of deliv- ery at the creamery, methods for cooling cream on the farm, specifications for making the cream-cooling box, ice storage, ice houses, variations in the patron's cream test, relations between the patron and creamery, and overrun. Two factors causing variation in the weig-ht of print butter, H. M. PiCK- EEiLL and E. S. Guthrie {New York Cornell 8ta. Bui. 355 {1915), pp. 99-111, figs. S). — ^As the result of their studies of the causes of variation in the weight of print butter the authors found that " the variation of pore space, which ranges from 0.5 to over 6 per cent in freshly m;ide butter, is important in the printing process. Print butter gradually loses weight in storage. The rate of loss depends principally on the temperature and humidity of the storage room. If the temperature is kept down to 50° F. and the humidity is kept above 90 per cent, at least a month, and perhaps much longer, will be required for the shrink- age to approximate the limit set by law, provided the prints are packed in boxes. If the temperature is 60° or above and the humidity is 85 per cent or below, the shrinkage will approximate the limit set by law in a space of 10 days to 2 weeks, even if the prints are packed in boxes. " The degree of shrinkage is not inversely proportional to the weight of the wrapper used, as is generally supposed. The degree of shrinkage decreases to a considerable extent when the prints are placed in cartons. The other two meth- ods of packing, however, leaving the prints dry after placing them in boxes or sprinkling them with water, produce about the same effect on the degree of shrinkage. In the average small-store refrigerator the loss will approximate the limit set by law in a space of 10 days when the prints are piled loosely on shelves." Mechanism of overrun in the manufacture of ice cream, M. Mortensen (Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 3 (1915), No. S, pp. 21, 22).— The author discusses the factors determining the amount of overrun in the manufacture of ice cream, among them the viscosity and temperature of the cream used, the temperature of the ice cream when drawn from freezer, the fillers used, and the temperature of the brine. It is stated that pasteurization reduces the viscosity of milk and cream, and pasteurized cream, if used soon after pasteurization, will not retain as much air and the yield is accordingly reduced. The body of the ice cream is also coarser. Pasteurized cream, due to its lower viscosity, affords less resistance to churning, and hence during the freezing process butter particles are formed, which, in turn, reduce the viscosity of the mix and the yield. By holding the cream at within a few degrees of freezing temperature for not less than 24 hours after pasteurizing, the viscosity is increased and the formation of butter particles is less prominent. A cream produced from milk containing small fat globules is deemed most satisfactory for ice-cream making, hence the value of stripi>ers' milk and of cream from milk produced by the Holstein breed. Homogenization increases viscosity, and such cream is frozen without the formation of butter granules and therefore a greater yield and a smoother ice cream is obtained. It is said that the principal advantages obtained from fillers are the increase In viscosity of the mix, the prevention of formation of butter particles during the freezing process, and the fact that they add strength to the cream films surrounding the moisture i)articlos, thus insuring a body possessing better keep- ing properties. It is thought that fillers do not increase the yield obtained, but VETERINABY MEDICINE. 81 it is believed possible to increase the yield by prolonging the freezing process, and thus incorporating the air into the cream to which the filler has been added. Sanitary code for ice cream manufactories ([Cohojihiis]. Ohio: A(/r. Com. Ohio, Bureau, of Dairies, 19U, lyp. 4).— This gives the sanitary code of Ohio for ice-cream manufactories. Method of making Swedish Emmental and large-celled Swedish Estate cheese, L. F. Rosengren {Ccniralanst. Jordhruksfijrsdk Flijohl., Jf7 (1914), pp. 7, fii/s. 6). — The author gives detailed directions for the making of these two varieties of cheese, and discusses various factors which influence the texture of the cheese, notably the feed and the quality of the milk. Fat content standards for Danish types of cheese, Orla- Jensen (Milchic. ZentbL, 43 {19 W, No. 22, pp. 540-5 Jf2) .—This article discusses the fat content of various types of Danish cheese. Fat content in the dry matter of various sorts of Italian cheese, G. Fascetti {Milcliw. ZentU., 43 {1914), No. 22, pp. 538-540) .—This article dis- cusses the fat content of Grana, Gorgonzola, and other types of Italian cheese. Fat content of Swiss Emmental cheese, R. Bubei {Milchw. ZentbL, 4^ {1914), No. 23. pp. 556-558). — Analyses taken of 641 samples of Swiss Em- mental cheese show that the average fat content in the dry matter ranges between 45 and 50 per cent, although some samples test as low as 40 per cent. VETEEINARY MEDICINE. An analysis of the problem of the rainimal lethal dose and its relation- ship to the time factor, G. Dreyer and E. W. A. Walker (Biochem. Ztschr., 60 {1914), No. 2-3, pp. 112-130; ahs. in Lancet [London], 1914, I, No. 15, pp. 1023-1027; Jour, Amer. Med. Assoc., 62 {1914), No. 19, p. 1509).— "In warm- blooded animals dosage {D) must be calculated in relation to the body surface according to the expression D— ^^^ -^ , where D is the 'surface dose' of the drug, toxin, or antitoxic substance used, d represents the actual quantity ad- ministered, and W is the weight of the animal in grams. No method, however, at present exists by which a true comparison of the relative toxicity of different substances (or of dilferent samples of the same substance) can be instituted. The methods hitherto employed depend on the selection of an arbitrarily fixed weight of animal and lethal time, and do not aft'ord a rational basis for the accurate measurement and standardization of drugs, toxins, and antitoxins. "The formula here proposed, viz, Yt ;;~"n — 7,=HTo—Ti), offers a simple x-'q — (I J-^/ — a means of making such measurements. In this formula Do and Di are the con- centrations of the drug or surface doses, corresponding to the times Tq and T i in which the death of the animal (or other desired effect) occurs; a is a figure representing the ' noneffective ' dose of the substance employed, and Ic is a constant to be determined for the particular substance and species of animal under investigation. The formula states that to every equal increment in time there corresponds a definite decrease in the ' active dose' {D — a). " This formula is here shown to afford a satisfactory expression for all the varied and diverse experimental data to which it has been applied. The use of the formula renders it possible not only to carry out the comparison desired, but also to make use of animals of every size over a wide range of weight within a species, and all observed death times, in the standardization of toxic sub- stances, antitoxins, and the like. By this means a great saving both of time 82 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. and animal material is introduced, since an equal value, independent of the actual lethal time and weight of individual animal, can now be attached to all the experimental data. " The results obtained will also possess a greater validity and a wider appli- cation than it has hitherto been possible to attain by the use of an arbitrary death time and a fixed standard weight of experimental animal." See also previous work (E. S. R., 31, p. 80). Studies in anaphylaxis, R. Weil {Jour. Med. Research, 30 {19U), No. 3, pp. 299-364, figs. 33). — This series of studies includes the relation between antibody content and lethal dose in anaphylaxis, the function of circulating antibody and the avidity of cellular antibody, the relation between partial desensitiza- tion and the minimal lethal dose in anaphylaxis, and the persistence of intra- cellular antigen as a factor in immunity. Each of the problems is said to have an important bearing on the understanding of certain aspects of immunity. A theoretical discussion of the share of intracellular antigen in immunity and in desensitization is appended. The relation of vaccine therapy to veterinary practice, R. E. Spline (Amer. Vet. Rev., J,5 {191-',}, Nos. 1, pp. 19-29; 2. pp. 161-177).— A detailed exposition. Observations upon the standardization of bacterial vaccines by the Wright, the liemocytometer, and the plate-culture methods, E. Glynn, Mil- dred Powell, A. A. Rees, and G. L. Cox {Jour. Path, and Bad., 18 {1914), ^o. 3, pp. 379-400, tils. 3; ahs. in Lancet [London], 1914, I, No. 15, pr>. 1028-1032, figs. 4; Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 62 {1914), No. 19, p. 1509). — "Four methods of standardizing vaccines have been compared — Wright's and Allen's modification of it, the hemocytometer, and the plate culture. The gravimetric will be con- sidered on a future occasion. " The most scientific method of enumerating the bacteria is in some form of hemocytometer chamber. An optically plane cover slip must be used with such apparatus, for it is recognized as essential when counting blood, and is still more essential when counting bacteria, where accuracy is of greater importance. Owing to the small free working distance of oil-immersion lenses, most optically plane cover slips are too thick. "Two types of hemocytometer chamber may be employed: (a) The ordinary chamber 0.1 mm. deep with an optically plane cover slip 0.13 mm. thick. This is suitable for all oil-immersion lenses with a free working distance of 0.17 and some of 0.15 mm.; (b) a chamber of 0.02 mm. deep with a special safety trench 2.5 mm. wide, and optically plane cover slip 0.18 mm. thick. This is suitable for all achromatic oil-immersion lenses, even if the free working dis- tance is as low as 0.09. The 0.02 mm. chamber is preferable, for the following reasons: (a) Almost all the bacteria settle at the bottom in 15 minutes, when :i ecu rate counts can be made, whereas in the 0.1 chamber a considerable num- l)er are still moving after half an hour; (b) bacteria adhering to the under surface of the cover slip or still floating in the chamber are much more easily enumerated; (c) the optical definition of the bacteria is better owing to the smaller quantity of fluid; (d) the free working distance is greater, the cover .slip more durable. A weak solution of carbol thionin is the best diluting and staining fluid; unlike Giemsa it is quite free from precipitate and stains more intensely. " In order to ascertain whether the Wright film or the 0.02 hemocytometer chamber was more accurate, two observers standardized the same emulsion by each method, and took as the practical test of accuracy the percentage devia- tion from the arithmetic mean of their two counts. The error for each method, as estimated iu a larger series of prepared emulsions of staphylococcus, strep- VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83 tococcus, and colon by three pairs of observers, is remarkably similar, being on the average less than 5 per cent with a minimum of 0.5 per cent, and a maximum of 21 per cent for the chamber method, and more than 15 per cent with a minimum of 1.1 per cent and a maximum of 54 per cent for Wright's. The fact that less time was spent on counting ()4 squares by the chamber method than 75 or 50 fields by Wright's still further demonstrates the superi- ority of the former. " The 0.1 mm. chamber is a little less accurate than 0.02, partly owing to the difficulty of correctly ascertaining to which squares the bacteria adhering to the under surface of the cover slip belong and partly owing to the greater amount of Browuian movement. Wright's method usually greatly underesti- mates the strength of the bacterial emulsion, sometimes by 100 or even 200 per cent. The main reasons are, first, because large numbers of bacteria are left behind at the beginning of the smear; and, second, because small groups of bacteria mix up with blood platelets and leucocytes and are drawn to the end of the smear, where they may be unnoticed unless specially looked for with a low power. Allen's modification of Wright's method has the same defects as the original ; it underestimates the emulsion to the same extent, and the error is, if anything, larger. The plate-culture method is cumbersome, and time is wasted in waiting for the colonies to develop. It also seriously under- estimates the strength of the bacterial vaccines, first, because of the impossi- bility of obtaining a homogeneous emulsion, especially in the case of the cocci ; second, because even in comparatively young cultures a large number of bacteria are moribund or dead and fail to develop into colonies. Working with most carefully prepared emulsions, we found that coli were underestimated about 5 per cent in cultures four hours old, and about 60 per cent in cultures 24 hours old, while the staphylococci were underestimated by 50 and 100 per cent, respectively, the discrepancy being greater owing to tJie large number of diplococci in the younger cultures. " This paper has been written because we believe it is the duty of the bacteriologist to standardize and dispense his vaccines with as much care as is exercised by the pharmacist in standardizing and dispensiiig his drugs. Scientific A^accine therapy will be advancetl by scientific exactness." Observations on hemolysin production by the streptococci, II. W. Lyall (Jour. Med. Research, 30 (19U), No. 3, pp. 515-532, fig. 1).—At the outset stress is laid upon the fact that in spite of extensive studies on this topic our understanding of the factors responsible for the grave toxic conditions arising from streptococcic infections is still far from satisfactory. This work was therefore conducted with a view of discovering any possible correlation be- tween hemolysin production and pathogenicity, and determinations were made of the hemolytic titer of several strains of streptococci. It was found that " the hemolytic titer does not afford any absolute criterion of virulence. The production of a potent hemolysin in broth cultures is de- pendent on the nature and proportions of enriching substances, the reaction of the medium, and the time of incubation. The hemolysin appears to be closely associated with the bacterial bodies and not to be in solution. The hemolysin does not appear to bo in the nature of an enzym. The hemolysin is destroyed by a temperature of 56° O. for 30 minutes. It disappears within 49 hours at incubator temperature. " Normal sera of sheep, guinea pig, rabbit, cow, and man contain appreciable amounts of antistreptolysin. Salvarsanized sera possess a markedly increased inhibitory jiower on the hemolytic action of streptococci. Hemolysin produc- tion is inhibited by the addition of sugar. This occurs most uniformly in the 84 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED, case of dextrose. It does uot appear to he deflnitely associated with the amount of acid produced." On the production of precipitins, L. Hektoen (Jotir. Infect. Diseases, U {WW, No. 3, pp. 403-410, fii/s. 5; ahs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 62 {1914), No. 25, p. 1991).— ''Bj giving rabbits intraperitoneal injections of increasing quantities of serum or blood on three successive days a serviceable precipitat- ing serum may be produced in about 15 days. The same quantity of antigen injected at one time also appears to give good results. The curve of the pre- cipitin in such cases is lilje the simple antibody curve following a single in- jection of other antigens. The injection of whole blood may be more advan- tageous in producing more precipitins for blood proteins in general than the injection of serum only. The injection of washed human corpuscles gives rise to precipitins for human serum." Further observations on the presence of antibodies for Micrococcus meli- tensis in the milk of English cows, S. L. Cummins, C. J. Coppingek, and A. L. Ukquhart {Jour. Boy. Army Med. Corps., 23 {1914), No. 1, pp. 36-41).— In a series of seven cows examined for agglutinations two gave positive results and one of these was found to agglutinate M. mcUtcnsis in dilutions varying from 1:250 and 1:1,000 at different times. The milk of this cow was also investi- gated for opsonins and deviating substances, and it was found that " the milk, whey, and blood serum of the cow behaved toward M. melitensis in a manner comparable to the body fluids of animals suffering from, or immunized against, this organism. Due allowances were made for differences in concentration of ' antisubstauces ' and degrees of immunity." Can bacteria circulating in the blood be eliminated through the wall of the intestine? H. Beitzke {Ztschr. Uyg. u. InfektionslcranJc, 78 {1914), No. 2, pp. 228-242). — ^The experiments were conducted with rabbits, each animal receiving in the ear vein six loopfuls of a 4- to 8-day-old Bacillus prodigiostis culture grown on potato. About one hour after the injection the micro-organ- isms were noted in the bile. At the same time and in some instances earlier B. prodigiosus was found in other parts of the intestine, but was never noted in the stomach. In most of the cases the organisms were found in the ileum and cecum. Sections of organs, but more especially parts of the alimentary tract, were examined microscopically and the bacilli were never noted alone but always inclosed in cells, mostly in leucocytes and in the liver in Kupffer cells. This supports the theory that leucocytes aid in the transportation of organisms into the intestines. Foot-and-mouth disease, J. II. Mohler {JJ. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bid. 666 {1915), pp. 16, figs. 7). — ^This is largely a revision of the Department's earlier publications on the subject. Vaccination with Loffler's serum against foot-and-mouth disease, J. Matsciike {Arch. Wiss. 11. Prakt. Tierlicilk., 40 {1914), No. 6, pp. 516-538; abs. in Berlin. Tieriirztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. 42, p. 707).— The results indicate that when the serum is used under the conditions specified, it will prevent an outbreak of the disease. The protection conferred, however, is not permanent. The protective value of the serum is not dependent upon the virulence of the infecting agents and 2 cc. and more of the serum when given subcutaneously will absolutely prevent the occurrence of the disease. Tetanus: Its prevention and treatment by means of antitetanic serum, A. MacConkey {Vet. Jour., 10 {1914), No. 413, pp. 555-576).— An account of tetanus jind its preventive and curative treatment by means of antiserum. Regarding tubercle bacilli in the circulating blood of bovines, especially after injecting tuberculin, L. Brante {Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Uyg. Haus- VETERINARY MEDICINE. 85 ticrc, 16 (Wl.'f), No. 3, pp. 187-194). — No tubercle bacilli could be noted in the blood of 50 tuberculous cows, 3 to 14 years old, under ordinary conditions, dur- ing the febrile stage, or after subcutaneous injections of tuberculin. Conse- qently, there seeras to be no reason to suspect that there is great danger of liberating tubercle bacilli as a result of injecting tuberculin and causing infec- tion of the blood. Tuberculosis, J. M'Fadyean {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 2t {19H), No. 3, pp. 218-234). — ^A discussion of the measures which ought to be put in force against tuberculosis, prefaced by a short examination of the evidence for and against the view that the disease is transmissible to man. The subject is dealt with under the headings of transmissibility of bovine tuberculosis to man ; types of tubercle bacilli ; the eradication of bovine tuberculosis ; measures necessary to safeguard human health ; and measures to be taken against breed- ing cattle which have reacted to tuberculin, from the point of view of interna- tional trade. " There is one, and only one, method by which tuberculosis can be eradicated from a herd, namely, that which relies upon the systematic use of tuberculin for diagnosis, and which requires the permanent separation of noureacting animals from those which have not been tested or which have reacted." Tuberculosis, O. Malm (Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 27 (191-'/), No. 3, pp. 234-237). — A reply to the above, and a discussion in regard to the effectiveness of the various systems for eradicating tuberculosis and the results of com- bating tuberculosis in Norway, where the system is said to be more rigorous than in any other country. " The herds in Norway number somewhere about 160.000, and the number of cattle about 1,000.000. The herds are thus small, many of but from one to four head, and most between 10 and 20 animals; only a few herds number up to 100 and more. It is clear that in herds that are small and which largely live on extensive mountain pastures tuberculosis must be comparatively rare, and that, therefore, the expenses for the owners in isolating, cleansing the buildings, and slaughtering tuberculous animals must be much smaller than they would be where herds are large and exclusively kept in the cattle houses. Still another peculiarity must be noted in the case of Norway. Norwegians are accustomed to drink raw milk, and in the towns milk guarantied free from tuberculosis would command the preference. . . . " Since 1S95 up to the end of 1913 there have been tested altogether in Nor- way 39,672 herds and 324,422 animals ; that is, from about 1,500 to 3,500 herds and from about 12,000 to about 27,000 animals each year. In 1897, of 2,136 herds, tuberculosis was found in 577, or about 27 per cent, and of 24,765 beasts 2,056 were tuberculous, or about 8.3 per cent. The number of infected herds and animals has subsequently decreased for each year in such wise that in 1912, of 3,463 herds tested, tuberculosis was found in only 288, equal to 8.3 per cent, and of 20,439 animals only 829 reacted, or about 4.8 per cent." Tuberculosis is decreasing amongst cattle in the districts where breeding is most advanced. The subcutaneous test is believed to be as good as infallible. Milk pasteurized at 85° C. is inferior from a nutritive point of view. It is not believed that under natural circumstances the types of tubercle bacilli are independently perpetuated. " Experience seems to show that the glandular form of children's tuberculosis, which also in a greater or smaller number of cases Is due to bovine infection, is most often of a benign character, and that it is only in few instances that it goes on to a malignant form or terminates as a chronic pulmonary consumption in the adult. As not all the tuberculous children die, but many live and retain their tuberculosis until 86 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED, they become adults, the fact that bovine types are found in the adults in so much smaller a number of cases than in children must undoubtedly be due to the types, during their presence in the organism from childhood and afterwards, having become transformed from bovine to human types." The frequency of pregnancy in slaughterhouse cattle in relation to the supply of corpus luteum, C. P. McCord (Jour. Anier. Med. Assoc, 62 (1914), Xo. 16, pp. 1250, 1251). — ^As a rule the corpus luteum of pregnancy attains a much larger size than the spurious type, but this does not seem to distinguish it, because the coitus luteum in the nonpregnant subject has frequently been found to occupy four-fifths of the entire ovary, and in pregnancy the corpus luteum is at times four times smaller than the average size for nonpregnancy. As regards variation in color as a distinguishing factor, it has been found that this is simply due to differences in the amount of blood and lutein cells. Variations in color usually stand in relation to the age of the corpus luteum. " The cattle slaughtered in the larger abattoirs are usually range cattle, the males and females being together at all times. The greater number of the cows of such herds are at some stage of pregnancy. An examination of the ovaries and uteri was made on 40 cows appearing consecutively on the killing floors, but of two lots from different parts of the country. The cows so examined were all within the calf-bearing period, but of various ages. Of the 40 cows, 35 yielded ovaries containing cori^ora lutea of such size as permitted dissecting out. Of these 35 29, or S3 per cent (72 per cent of the entire number), were pregnant. The corpora lutea from these pregnant cows were not uniformly large ; many were identical in size and general appearance with those from the nonpregnant animals. Others were so large as to occupy five- sixths of the entire ovary. " From this examination it may be inferred that numerically 83 per cent of corpus luteum is derived from pregnant cows. On account of the larger yield of coiims luteum from a pound unit of ovaries from pregnant animals than from the same unit of ovaries from nonpregnant animals, because of the larger average size of the former, the proportion by weight may run as high as 90 to 95 per cent of corpus luteum verum. " These figures may vary on an examination of a larger number of cattle, and furthermore, a seasonal variation may alter the percentage of pregnancy. If the foregoing figures at all approximate the general condition, all corpus luteum preparations are derived in a high percentage from pregnant cattle." Hog cholera, R. M. Gow (Ar-kansas iita. Circ. 25 {1015), pp. 8, figs. 8). — A popular description of the cause and nature of hog cholera and methods of vaccinating hogs against the disease. A method of loreventiug worms in hogs, and a recipe for a condition powder are also included. Notes on attenuation of virus in the blood of cholera hogs to prepare a vaccine, R. Graham and A. L. Brueckner {Jour. Med. Research, 31 {1915), No. 3, jyp. 557-568). — The inoculation of a hog-cholera virus attenuated at 60° C. for one hour may produce hog cholera, whereas one heated for one-half hour at GO* generally produces the disease. The virus heated at G0° for one hour does not produce an immunity sufficient to protect hogs against the disease. " The same dose of vaccine may kill, protect, or non-protect inoculated ani- mals of the same size under similar surroundings. Virus attenuated by heat and not carbolized may retain the disease-producing properties of the original vaccine for at least 24 days. Attenuated virus is worthless in rendering swine imninno to hog cholera." The treatment of hog cholera with methylene blue. Martens {Berlin. Ticriirzll. Wchnsuhr., 30 {lOUf), No. 28, p. .}97).— Four large hogs affected with acute hog cholera received 0.75 to 1 gm. of methylene blue dissolved in water RURAL ENGINEERING. 87 and mixed with milk, daily. On tbe fourth day of medication a distinct im- provement was noted, and after three weeks the animals had apparently recov- ered with the exceittion of a kind of weakness of the spine. Combating hog cholera in North America, K. Schern and C. Stance (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Ilaustiere, 16 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 27-55, figs. .}). — A concise statement regarding the methods in use for combating hog cholera in the United States, especially in tlie State of Iowa, including the use of serum and virus serum, and the cost of production. The results obtained in the United States by the use of the scrum both in healthy and diseased herds are discussed and analyzed with mucli detail. Combating hog cholera in Germany, K. Schern (Ztschr. InfekUonskrank. u. Hyg. Ilaustiere, 16 (1914), No. S, pp. 139-153). — ^The conditions in Germany and ihe United States iu regard to combating hog cholera are compared and reasons are given why the successes are not so great in Germany as anticipated. The measures in vogue in the State of Iowa, including extension work, are described, A guide to the dissection of the blood vessels and nerves of the pectoral and pelvic limbs of the horse, G. S. Hopkins (Ithaca, N. Y.: Author, 1914, PP- 54, pts. 7). — This guide was prepared with a view to assisting students in the dissection of the blood vessels and nerves of the pectoral and pelvic limbs. Results with the Schreiber protective and curative vaccination against strangles, Kubtzwig (Berlin. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 23, pp. 399, 400). — The action of the lymph was found to be variable, but this is accounted for by the fact that mixed infections occur which also produce a variable clinical picture. Subcutaneous injections of 10 cc. of lymph will protect horses exposed to the infection. It is necessary, however, that the animal vaccinated be in good health and that it be kept in the stall for one or two days post vaccination. As a curative vaccination a single injection of 20 cc. does not suffice. RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation investigations, G. E. P. Smith and A. L. Enger (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1914. pp. 367-S72).—In the Sulphur Spring Valley the flood discharges from Leslie Canyon were measured with the aid of a concrete submerged dam. The deductions from the results obtained are as follows: " Flood flows of great size originate occasionally from storms on the valley slopes; flows in the canyon begin suddenly and are of short duration; the rate of loss by seepage in a sandy stream bed is high; comparatively little water from the canyon reaches the river; most of the water spreads out over grass lands and .sinks into the heavy soil, a minor portion of the flow (difficult to estimate) sinks through the stream beds to the main body of ground water, and a small amount also reaches the ground water through gopher holes and joints in the soil. Most of the water flooded over the draws does not sink below the reach of the grass roots." The results of measurements of discharge of the Santa Cruz and Rillito rivers are given. The conclusions relative to cost of pumping for irrigation, drawn from the results of investigations on the use of oil engines for irrigation pumping are as follows: "(1) The use of Tops in place of engine distillate decreases the cost of pumping about 30 per cent. (2) The cost of pumping on a 40-ft. lift with 4 ft. depth of application varies from $8 to $20 per acre per year, according to whether the plant is used much or little. Under the most favorable conditions the cost of pumped water is no greater than the cost of river water. (3) The cost of pumping on a 100-ft. lift with 4-ft. depth of application varies from 96619°— Xo. 1—15 7 88 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. $20 to $40 per acre. (4) The largest item of cost is the fixed charges. In order to reduce these charges the plant should be used as much as possible. One pumping plant should, if possible, serve two or more ranches." Comparative tests of a new centrifugal pump and an old stock type showed the efficiency of the former to be one-third, higher than that of the latter. The new pump was a horizontal single stage pump having two outboard ring oiling bearings, water sealed gland, vacuum-proof grease cup, nonoverloading enclosed impellor, and automatic water balance. The drainage of irrigated land, R. A. Haet {TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 190 {1915), pp. 34, figs. 22). — It is the puriiose of this bulletin to present in concise form the fundamental principles upon which the reclamation of water-logged and alkali lands is based, to describe typical conditions and the best methods of treating them, and to give practical advice as to actual operations. " Drainage practice in the arid section differs greatly from that in the humid region. . . . Drainage experience in the humid section avails little in dealing with the problems of draining irrigated lands. For this reason literature on the general subject of drainage should be used with caution, as the difference in conditions between the arid and humid regions has been clearly recognized only within the Inst few years." The specific objects of draining water-logged and alkali lands are "(1) to lower the ground-water table to such a depth that the moisture and air condi- tions within the root zone are properly balanced, (2) to provide an outlet for percolating water, so that fluctuations of the ground-water table within the root zone will be prevented, (3) to effect rapid removal of the excess moisture resulting from spring thaws, and (4) to provide an outlet for the downward moving water used to dissolve out the injurious salts. . . . " The most important factors affecting the design of a system of drainage for irrigated land are the source and movement of the damaging water. , . . Per- colating irrigation water usually is the cause of the injury, and this may have its movement downward through the soil of the tract being irrigated, laterally through pervious strata extending back under higher lands, or upward from pervious strata having considerable depth and connecting with distant sources at a higher elevation." In determining the quantity of water that will be developed and for which it is necessary to provide an outlet, it is stated that " for tracts np to a few hundred acres in area and having average soil and subsoil, the simplest method, and one which has proved reliable, is to determine the irrigation supply and to provide a drainage capacity of one-third that amount of w\ater. As the size of the tract increases, however, this coefficient should be decreased. If the subsoil be clay, provision for one-fifth the irrigation supply will suffice for small tracts. In areas of a square mile or more, it is usually sufficient to provide for a run-oft" of from 1^ to 2i cu. ft. per second for each square mile, depending upon the porosity of the soil and the duty of the irrigation water. ... In lands [underlain by gravel] it is the area that is contributing the damaging water, not the area to be drained, that must be taken into consideration." It is stated that in determining the required capacity of a drainage system in addition to the surface survey subsurface examinations should be made to gain information as to the nature of the soil, its stratification, water-carrying capacity, and capillarity. "In the design of an open canal the important points to be considered are the effectiveness of the drain, its carrying capacity, its mechanical construction, and its maintenance in good condition. . . . [The depth 1 should never be less than G ft., presuming that the maximum depth of flow will be 1 ft., and 8 ft. would be a better minimum. ... A berm of not EUEAL ENGINEERING. 89 less than 6 ft. should be left on either side of the canal and the spoil should be banked up on one or both slides. ... It is considered good practice to give open ditches a minimum bottom width of 4 ft., except in very stiff, homogeneous clay, where it may be 3 ft." Lumber box and cement and clay tile drains are discussed under covered drains. "The smaller-sized tile should have a fall of at least 1 ft. per 1,000 ft. and the larger sizes at least ^ ft. Tile having an inside diameter of less than 4 In, should not be used, and even 4-in. tile should be used sparingly, usually at the extremities of .small branches. Experience has .shown that the use of tile less than 5 in. in diameter is not warranted by the comparative results and cost. ... In deciding whether a large covered drain or an open canal shall be employed It is necessary to calculate the original cost of each, taking account of all auxiliary and protective devices required, and then to add to each sum an amount large enough to give an annual return, at current rates, sufficient to cover the cost of maintenance." It is stated that covered drains should never be less than 5 ft. deep and that depths of from 6 to 8 ft. are much more efficient. " In general. It may be said that the proper location of a drain depends upon the surface and subsurface topography, the nature of the soil, and the source of the damaging water." Other sections describe protective devices for open canals and covered drains and typical problems encountered in the drainage of irrigated lands and their treatment. In discussing the construction of drains it is stated that the most satisfactory method of constructing open canals is by means of some efficient excavating machine. In installing covered drains either hand labor or trenching ma- chinery may be used. The final sections deal with maintenance, subsequent treatment of land, the results and cost of drainage, and cooperative drainage. " The cost of draining ordinary sized farms having an average soil that is neither so hard as to re- quire picking nor so soft that extreme trenching difficulties will be encountered will range from $10 per acre to $20 per acre, with the average between $14 and $15 per acre. If hardpan be present or if the soil is so finely divided and so wet as to be fluxible, the cost will run up to $50 per acre, and even more if much sheeting is required. In a few special cases drainage of small tracts in the midst of unreclaimed lands has cost between $75 and $100 per acre, but these costs represent situations that would not be encountered in regular operations." A land-drainage problem in Missouri, C. H. Milleb (Engin. Neics, 72 (1914), No. 12, pp. 579-582, figs. 2). — This article describes the solution of an extensive drainage problem, providing for the drainage of an area of 425,000 acres by means of levees, drainage ditches, and river by-passes. Stream-gaging- stations and publications relating to water resources, 1885— 1913, Parts VI-X, compiled by B. D. Wood ( U. S. Oeol. Siirveij, Water-Supply Paper SJ/O {1915), F, pp. XXin+63-82; O, pp. XXII+83-9f,; H, pp. XXI+95- 10); I, pp. XXIII+105-116; J, pp. XX 1+117-129). —Data similar to those re- ported in the first five parts (E. S. R., 32, p. 381) are given for other sections, as follows : Parts YI, Missouri River Basin ; VII, Lower Mississippi River Basin ; VIII, Western Gulf of Mexico Drainage Basins ; IX, Colorado River Basin ; and X, The Great Basin. Winter stream measurements in western Canada, P. M. Sauder (Engin. News, 72 (1914). No. 19, pp. 920-924, figs. 10). — ^A description is given of stream measurement work done by the irrigation branch of the Canadian Government under particularly disadvantageous conditions in winter. 90 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The gagings are made in the same manner as at open sections, except that the dep'th of the stream is taken as the distance from the bottom of the ice to the bed of the stream. The soundings, however, are always referred to the surface of the water in the holes. The vertical velocity curve method is usually used. The tjTical curve is said to differ from that obtained from an open-water observation in that it is drawn back more at the surface, whicli results in two points in the vertical near 0.2 and 0.8 of the total depth below the bottom of the ice at which the thread of mean velocity occurs under an ice cover. Both mean velocities at these two depths are said to give fairly accurate results. The importance of chlorin determination for the superintendence and judgment of drinking water, F. Malmejac {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 9, pp. 650-652; abs. in Chem. Zenthl, 1914, I, A"o. 15, p. 1458; Wasser u. Ahwasser, 8 (1914), No. S, p. 481).— It is shown that the variation in chlorin content of drinking water is accompanied by corresponding varia- tions of the organic content of animal origin and of the bacterial content. Fixed relations are, however, not established. Preparing land with dynamite, C. D. Woods (Maine Sta. Bui. 236 (1915), pp. 62, 63). — Experiments in progress since 1912 with a moderately heavy loam indicate that the use of dynamite for soil preparation, vertical drainage, and tree planting has not been in any way advantageous. Silos and Silage, H. L. Blanchard (Washington Sta., West. Wash. 8ta. 2Io. Bui., 2 (1914), No. 2, pp. 4-11, fig. i).— General information regarding the construction and filling of the common types of silo Is briefly given. A movable hog house, W. Hislop (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 85 (1915), pp, Jf. figs. 4). — This enumerates the essential features of an ideal hog house and illustrates and briefly describes the A-shaped house. A bill of material and estimate of cost of this house is given, the latter totaling $11.17 on the basis of local retail prices at Pullman. Wash. Homemade cow stall, H. L. Blanchard (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 1 (1913), No. 4, p. 16, figs. 2). — A homemade stall used by the author for about 20 years is briefly described. The distinctive features are a sliding feed box and a crosspiece which compels the cow to stand near the gutter, thus promoting cleanliness. Trap nests and ttieir use, V. R. ]McBride (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 2 (1914), No. 5, pp. 10-12, fig. 1). — The use of trap nests is briefly discussed and types installed at the station are illustrated and briefly described. Lessons from the 1906 test fence, E. F. Ladd and W. F. Washburn (North Dakota Sta. Paint BuL, 1 (1915), No. 6, pp. 73-79, figs. 14).— This paper presents the deductions from the experiments with the so-called 1906 test fence described in a previous report (E. S. R., 20, p. 1089). A progress report of these experi- ments has also been noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 691). Ochre was found to be unsatisfactory as a priming coat. The character of the lumber usetl influenced to a large extent the lasting quality of the paints, better results being obtained on soft pine than hard pine, western cedar, or fir. None of the mixed paints showed any superiority over the two single pigments used in the test. " The indications are that it is far safer to use as a priming coat the same paint as is to be applied in the finishing coat, properly thinned with oil and turpentine, rather than to use ochre; and white lead (basic or sublimed) well thinned with pure linseed oil and turpentine has shown good quality and is well adapted as a priming coat. . . . Test fences properly constructed and with paint applied in accordance with the usual methods of practice, con- EURAL ECONOMICS. 91 stitute the most practical and satisfactory method which we have been able to devise for studying and testing the wearing qualities of paints. . . . The substitution of benzin for turpentine does not ajipear to give the same result as where turpentine as the thinner is employed in moderate quantities." The experiments also indicate that repainting often brings out defects in the first painting not pi'eviously recognized. Sublimed lead was not found inferior in wearing quality to basic white lead. Further experiments along this line are in progress. North. Dakota paint law and its benefits, E. F. Ladd (North Dakota Sta. Paint. Bui., 1 {1915), No. 6, pp. SO-85).— The general effect of the North Da- kota paint law on the paint industry in the State is discussed. It is maintained that since its enactment there has been marked improvement in commercial paints, especially in the correct labeling of goods and the abolition of short- weight packages. RTIRAL ECONOMICS. The International Institute of Agriculture, its organization — its work — its results (Rome: Internat. Inst. Agr., 191 Jf, pp. 45, pis. 2, figs. 25). — This pamphlet gives the history and organization of the International Institute of Agriculture, the work it has undertaken to accomplish, and the results obtained. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 899). The lure of the land, H. W. Wiley (New York: The Century Co., 1915, pp. S68, pis. 31). — The author discusses some of the underlying motives affecting the movement of people from the rural districts to the city and the desire of city people to return to the country, and calls attention to the business side of farming as it is influenced by market conditions, the use of motive power, and the elimination of wastes. He briefly outlines the genesis of soils, theories re- garding the causes governing its fertility, and the function of water in crop production. He also discusses the decreasing meat supply and the efforts of the Federal Government to improve agricultural production. Wealth from, the soil, C. C. Bowsfield (Chicago: Forbes d Co., 1914, pp. 319). — This book is written as an aid to urban people who wish to become farmers or land owners. Handbook on diversified farming (Arkansas Sta. Circ. 26 (1915), pp. 24, figs. 8). — This circular contains brief statements regarding the methods of growing various farm crops, planning a home vegetable garden, preserving fruits and vegetables, and i*aisiug live stock. A method of analyzing the fann business, B. H. Thomson and H. M. Dixon (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bill. 661 (1915), pp. 26).— This publication furnishes an outline of a method and a blank form for analyzing the farm business to determine the investment, receipts, expenses, and labor income, and indicates how the form is to be used to determine the labor income, and how to measure the farm efficiency. The authors state that on a majority of farms, success is primarily dependent upon the size of the farm business, the yields of the crops, the returns per animal, and the diversity of the business. Those farms that are excellent in none of these respects almost universally fail. The business side of farming, T. J. Bbooks (Mississippi Agr. Col. Bui., 1914, June 20, pp. 48). — Suggested forms are given for organizing egg shipping associations, cooperative creameries, farmers' cooperative shipping associations, and cooperative marketmg associations. A brief bibliography is appended. Demurrage information for farmers, G. C White (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 191 (1915), pp. 21). — This bulletin outlines the provisions of the uniform demurrage 92 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. code, makes a general survej^ of the state codes, and calls attention to tlieir special features. The author considers that the greater part of the annual car shortage is due primarily to a lack of breadth of vision on the part of shippers, railroad officials, and legislators. Farm accounts, C. S. Okwin (Cambridge: University Press, 1914, pp. 209).— The author outlines the methods of making the farm valuations, types of rec- ords to be kept, forms to be used in the bookkeeping, and methods of closing the accounts and obtaining the profit and loss and the balance sheet. Farm credit in Kansas, G. E. Putnam {Amer. Econ. Rev., 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. 27-37). — In 1914 a schedule of questions relating to rural credit was sent to representative bankers, merchants, and farmers in each of the 105 counties in Kansas. Among the conclusions drawn from the replies were that the cost of borrowing was from 1 to 2i per cent higher than the rate recorded in the mortgage contract, and that practically all short-term loans were made on the fall settlement basis. If the farmer had no funds to make full payment his note was taken for the balance. There seems to be dissatisfaction with the interest rate in those counties where agricultural production is uncertain and land values speculative. The bankers indicated that the rate paid by farmers and merchants was practically the same, but that the rate was higher on city real estate than on farm mortgage loans. The author points out that several of the State laws have a tendency to make the lender's risk greater and thus force up the interest rate. The replies also indicated that farmers would not be willing to unite in a cooperative credit association. Beport of the Bureau of Marketing and Supplies of the Maine Department of Agriculture, C. E. Embree (Rpt. Bur. Marketing and Supplies, Maine Dept. Agr. 1913, pp. 17). — This rejwrt sets forth the work of the year. The bureau believes that the farmers, instead of shipping their produce through the farm- ers' union, should consign their products direct to their selling agents in the marketing centers, since this procedure places more responsibility upon the local organization and would more quickly bring about better business methods. [Agricultural associations in Italy] (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Rome}, 8er. B, 13 (1914), I, No. 5-6, pp. 175-222; II, No. 6, pp. 181-264).— There are listed the name, location, type, date of organization, membership, and other facts for practically all the agricultural organizations in Italy. The agricultural laborer in Belgium, B. Bouche (Les Ouvriers Agricoles en Bclgigae. Brussels: Misch d Thron, 1913, pp. YIII-\-265). — The author discusses the origin of paid agricultural workers, the types found, agencies for their dis- tribution, contracts and agreements, and wages received, and suggests that there be an organization for their proper distribution, and that the agricul- tural laborer be represented on committees dealing with agricultural subjects. The leasing of land in Belgium, E. van Dievoet (Le Bail a Ferme en Bel- giquc. Lourain: C. Peeters, 1913, pp. yiI-\-458, pis. 4). — This book points out the relationship between the landowner and tenant, the length and termination of leases, and methods of recompensing the tenant for an increase in the value of the property. Distribution of land according to crops and tenure (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Econ. and Soc. Intel., 6 (1915), No. 1, pp. 83-101, figs. 2).— This article ix)ints out that in 1910 the total population of Bulgaria was 4.235,575, of which 3,108,816 were engaged in and dependent upon agriculture and 1.739,181 actively engaged. The total land devoted to agricultural pur- poses in 1008 was 7,982,450 hectares, of which 3,028,016 hectares were in fields, 2,834,403 in forests, 913,081 in pasture land, and 399,412 in meadows. Of the total, 4,625,787 hectares belonged to private persons and the remainder to the EURAL ECONOMICS. 93 State and other organizations. The total number of holdings was 942.897, of which 933,3G7 belonged to private persons. Forty-five per cent of the hold- ings contained 2 hectares or less, but 45 per cent of farm land is in holdings of between 5 and 15 hectares. The agricultural outlook (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 665 {1915), pp. 28). — It Is estimated that on March 1 there was about 21,000.000 bu. less surplus of wheat than a year previous. It appears that during the eight months ended March 1 the exports of wheat, including flour, amounted to 245.433,099 bu. as against 109.435,386 for a similar period for the year previous. The returns indicate that of the wheat produced in Minnesota and the Dakotas 43 per cent was Blue Stem, 21 per cent Velvet Chaff, 15 per cent Fife, and 12 per cent Durum. The production of Hawaiian sugar is estimated at 612.000 short-tons for the 1914 campaign as against 546.524 for the 1913 campaign. The first inquiry made as to the stocks of wool held by manufacturers on January 1 resulted in replies from manufacturers whose total purchases In 1914 amounted to 158,169.000 lbs. of wool (raw equivalent). Their stocks on January 1, 1915, amounted to 39,995,000 lbs., as compared with 22,933,000 lbs. on January 1, 1914. It is stated that the average time of transit from the United States Pacific coast ports to England is about one-half what it was before the opening of the Panama Canal. Grain steamships previously averaged 94 days for this voyage while the average at present is 48. The money wages of farm labor averaged during the past year about 1.7 per cent lower than in the preceding year, but about 9 per cent higher than 5 years ago. Information is given concerning the farm labor employment service of the U. S. Department of Labor, the countries pi'ohibiting cereal exports, trend of prices of farm products, apples in cold storage March 1, etc. Statistical tables are given showing the stocks of cereals and aggregate value per acre of crop production for 1914-15 by States, the aggregate value per acre of crops by States for 1909-1914, and farm wages with and without board, by the month and by the day, and at harvest and other than harvest seasons. It also includes the usual data as to the prices of farm pi'oducts. Agricultural war-book (Ottaiva: Min. Agr., 1915, pp. 157, figs. 3). — This book contains a series of articles describing the population, transportation, occupation of the people, and the agriculture of various countries with reference to condi- tions brought about by the present war. [Agriculture in Canada], compiled by H. J. Boam (In Twentieth Century Impressions of Canaore characters in grass and sedge rusts, Arthur and Fromme. 130 The development of Armillaria rnellea, Atkinson 130 CONTENTS. in FIELD CROPS. Pago. Report on experimental work of the Palur station for 1913-14, Mehta 130 A handbook of Nebraska grasses, Wilcox, Link, and Pool 131 The Spanish grasses of northern Africa, Manetti 131 Agave. — Its culture and exploitation, Michotte 131 First series of researches vnth reference to red clover breeding, Gmelin 131 Genetic and cytological study of certain types of albinism in maize. Miles 131 Perjugate cotton hybrids, Marshall 132 Relation of density of stand and yield in cotton, Shreder 133 Close planting of cotton to avoid frost injuries, Shreder 133 Flax culture. Freeman 133 Germination of hemp seed, Consolani 133 Experiments on lime requirements of lupines, von Seelhorst et al 133 Yields of native prickly pear in southern Texas, Griffiths 134 Report of the prickly pear traveling commission, Johnston and Tryon 1.34 On the inbreeding of rye, von Riimker and Leidner 134 Physiological studies of Bacillus radicicola of soy bean, Wilson 134 Can sodium replace potash as a nutrient for sugar beets? Kriiger 135 Loss in tonnage of sugar beets by drying, Shaw 135 Variation in content of sugar in beets during second year, Munerati et al 135 Contribution on the biology and valuation of beet seeds. Plant 135' Results in breeding and selection of sugar cane at Sempalwadak, Java, Quintus. 136 The structure of the stomata of the sugar cane, Kuyper 136 Sugar cane, its cultivation and gul manufacture. Knight J 136 Conservation of soil moisture in the cane fields, Crawley and Cady 136 Stripping of cane, Crawley 136 Using cane tops for planting, Rosenfeld 136 Tobacco mutations, Hayes 137 Tobacco breeding in Dalmatia, Preissecker 137 Report of cultural and variety tests with wheat, Nelson and Osborn 137 Spring wheat in the Great Plains: Relation of cultural methods, Chilcott et al . . 137 Tillering of spring wheat, Vorobev 138 Pure seed law. Cooper 138 Pm'e seed law 138 Weed seeds in farm lands, Fryer 138 The destruction of weeds by the use of sulphuric acid, Rabate 139 Weeds: How to control them, Cox 139 HORTICULTURK. Experiments in growing greenhouse crops on muck or humus soils, Thompson. . 139 Grafting the eggplant on Solarium torbum, Van Hermann 139 Tomatoes for North Dakota, Werner 140 The pollination and fertilization of fruit trees, Pescott 140 Fruits for Minnesota planting 140 An orchard survey of Jefferson County, Jeffries 140 Fire pots as a protection against frost, Davis 141 Some common spray mixtures, Vv'atkins 141 Cost of distributing, Powell 141 [Papain extraction experiments], Watts 141 Strawberry growing in Arkansas, Wicks 142 Strawberry varieties, Taylor 142 Strawberry supply and distribution in 1914, Sherman, Walker, and Schleussner . 142 Grape culture, with special reference to eastern Oregon, Allen 142 Pruning and training young \T.nes, Ravaz 142 Preventable causes of grape loss, Bioletti 143 The partridge berry ( Vaccinium vitis-idxa), Torrey 143 Some recent literature on nuts and nut growing 143 Preliminary report on the Persian walnut, Deming 143 Conifers: Their usages, plantings, and enemies, Kelly 143 Tree planting in streets. Farmer 143 The amatem- garden. Cable 143 Orchid cultivation and its bearing upon evolutionary theories, Costantin 143 IV CONTENTS. FORESTRY. Page. The variation in length of coniferous fibers, Shepard and Bailey 143 Seed production of western white pine, Zon 144 Ash in North Carolina, Sterrett 144 The forests of Chile, Albert 144 Fifth biennial report of state forester of California, Homans 144 [Beport on Indiana Forest Reserve for 1914] 144 Eleventh annual report of the state forester of Massachusetts, Kane 144 Forest fires in North Carolina and prevention in United States, Holmes 144 Beport on forest administration in Bihar and Orissa, Carter 145 Forestry in the British Empire, Schlich 145 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Fungus diseases of plants and their treatment, Farquharson 145 Spore formation in rusts, particularly Puccinia malvacearum, Blaringhem 145 Some Scottish rust fungi, Wilson 145 XJstilago, Potebnia 145 On the propagation of rust in cereals in Sweden and France, Blaringhem 145 Report on barley diseases, 1913, Appl 146 Corn stalk and corn root diseases in Iowa, Pammel, King, and Seal 146 Downy mildew of the cucumber, Jehle 146 Bacterial ring rot of potato, Spieckermann and Kotthoff 146 Powdery scab of the potato. Sands 146 Field studies of the crown gall of sugar beets, Townsend 147 Potato and tomato diseases, Molinas 147 Wart disease of potatoes, Cuthbertson _. 147 Phovia destructiva, the cause of a fruit rot of the tomato, Jamieson 147 Blue mold in tobacco. Smith 147 A bacterial disease of fruit blossom, Barker and Grove 148 Infection and immunity studies on the apple and pear scab fungi, Wiltshire. .. 148 Wind scorch of apple foliage. Barker and Gimingham 148 Sources of the early infections of apple bitter rot, Roberts 148 The natural modes of distribution of pear blight in California, Jones 149 Black rot in Spain, Ravaz 149 Fungus and other diseases of citrus trees, Darnell-Smith and MacKinnon 149 Pseudomonas citri, the cause of citrus canker, Hasse 149 Citrus canker in Florida and the Gulf States, Fawcett 149 The citrus canker situation in Florida, Tenny 149 Fungus diseases of limes, Rorer 150 The cause of rotting of oranges from Brazil, Rushton 150 A remedy for the coconut bud rot, Johnson 150 Observations on Rhizina inflata, Weir 150 A new disease of plantation rubber in Malaya, Brooks 150 Pink disease. Brooks and Sharpies 151 A study on a ' 'mottled' ' disease of the black wattle, van der Byl 151 Control of dry rot, Moormann 151 The dry rot question, Falck 151 Internal therapy of plants. Dement 'ev 151 Investigations on Bordeaux mixtures, Barker and Gimingham 151 Burgundy mixture, Fonzes-Diacon 152 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Economic zoology report for the year 1913, Aders 152 A pocket list of the mammals of eastern Massachusetts, Brown 152 The pocket gopher of the boreal zone on San Jacinto Peak, Grinnell and Swarth . 152 Food habits of the skunk, Pellett 152 The value of birds to man, Buckland 152 Birds that destroy grapes, Butler 152 Species which have reared young and hybrids bred in capti\dty. Page 152 Insects: Their life histories and habits, Bastin 153 Injurious insects, Neal 153 Report of the Kansas State Entomological Commission for 1913 and 1914 153 Rei)ort of the entomological department of Rhode Island, 1913, Stene ct al 153 Report of the entomologist, Patterson 153 CONTENTS. V Page. Insect pests of Nigeria, Lamborn 153 The agricultural pests of the southern Provinces, Nigeria, Lamborn 153 Pests of cotton in Fergana, according to observations in 1913, Vassiliew 153 Report of the entomologist and vegetable pathologist, Tryon 153 Insect pests of coconuts 154 Insects affecting the lime, Urich 154 In regard to the poisoning of trees by potassic cyanid, Sanford 154 Homemade lime-sulphur concentrate, Scott 154 Concerning some medico-entomological problems. Martini 154 Effect of Coccobacillus acAdiorum on Pachytylus migratorius, Borodin 154 Nysius senecionis as an enemy of newly planted vines, Picard 154 The sugar cane scale {Chio7iaspis tegaknsis) and its control, Van der Goot 155 The gipsy moth in the Crimea, Shtchegolev 155 The apple-tree tent caterpillar, Quaintance 155 A new cotton-seed moth (Mometa zemiodes) from West Africa, Durrant 155 The fight against Cydia pomonella and C. funehrana, Kostarev 155 Cydiafunebrana, its bionomics and methods of fighting it, Kostrovsky 155 Artificial infestation of Agrotis segetum with Hymenoptera, Pospielow 155 The Hessian fly, Webster 155 The sorghum midge in Tucumdn, Rosenfeld and Barber 155 Prophylaxis of malaria with special reference to the military service, Craig 155 Mosquito-borne diseases 156 The lesions produced by the bite of the "black fly, " Stokes 156 Proposal of new muscoid genera for old species, Townsend 156 A maggot trap in practical use, Hutchison 156 Observations on blow flies. Whiting 157 A tachinid parasite with an intracuticular stage, Thompson 157 Sarcophagidse of New England: Males of Ravinia and Boettcheria, Parker. . . . 157 Appearance of the Colorado potato beetle in Germany 158 The rose beetle and the injury it causes in the Samoan Islands, Friederichs. . . 158 A trap for turnip fly, Lefroy 158 The cotton and corn wireworm {Horistonotus uhlerii), Conradi and Eagerton. . . 158 Life history notes on the plum curculio in Iowa, WelDster 159 Four new injurious weevils from Africa, Marshall 159 Results of cooperative experiments in apiculture, Pettit 159 Inheritance in the honeybee, Newell 159 A new species of Habrobracon sp., parasitizing Chloridea obsoleta, Bogoljubov. . 159 Acari found on rodents frequenting human habitations in Egypt, Hirst 159 The rat trypanosome in its relation to the rat flea, Minchin and Thomson 159 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Kansas flours — chemical, baking, and storage tests, Swanson et al 160 [Wheat and flour analysis] 161 Bleached flour, Haley 162 The alcohol-soluble proteins of wheat and rye, Groh and Friedl 162 The physical chemistry of bread, Lorenz 162 German agricultural breads, Parow 162 War bread, Strube 162 The use of potatoes in bread making, Neumann and Fornet 162 Composition of Euchlcena mexicana, Pieraerts 162 Nutritive value of frozen meat, Valenti 162 Utilization of pork in provisioning the army, Girard 163 The toxicity of some ducks' eggs, Carles 163 Influence of fat content of milk on rate of digestion, Kreidl and Lenk 163 The nutritive value of boiled skim milk, Klein 163 Cow's milk and vegetable milk; difference in gastric digestion, Fischer 163 The reaction of cow's milk modified for infant feeding, Clark 163 Comparative nutrient value of cod liver oil and cordials. Street 163 The mineral constituents of honey, Kapeller and Gottfried 164 Tomato conserves, Carles 164 Observations on mango rash, Concepcion 164 The organic flavoring compounds, Cohn 164 [Inspection and analyses of foods, drugs, and stock feeds], McRae et al 164 [Food inspection], Barney 164 Annual report of the food and drug commissioner [of Missouri], Fricke 164 VI CONTENTS. Page. [Food and drug inspection], Allen 164 Eleventh report of the food commissioner of North Dakota, Ladd et al 164 Twenty-eighth annual report of the dairy and food division. Strode 164 Ninth biennial report of the dairy and food commissioner of Utah, Hansen 165 Adulteration of food, McGill 165 Laws relating to hotels, restaurants, etc., and inspection thereof 165 [Inspection of canneries], Bingham ._ 165 Anglo-American cooking. Central-American cooking, Goy 165 California Mexican-Spanish cookbook, Haffner-Ginger 165 Army rations 165 Army ration during war time, Gautier 165 The "French Army ration in time of war, Gautier 165 Review of meat prices in Germany during the past 400 years, Badermann 165 [The cost of living in Australia], Knibbs 166 Cost of living in Australia, Knibbs 166 Feeding the masses, Kranold _. 166 Influence of protein consumption on muscular work, Testa and Sormani 166 Studies of the origin of cholesterin, Dezani and Cattoretti 166 Absorption of fat and lipoids, London and Wersilowa 166 Physiological properties of lipins of egg yolk, McCollum and Da\is 166 Lecithids contained in cod liver oil, Iscovesco 166 The phosphorus content of the animal organism, Heubner 167 The phosphotungstate precipitate from rice polisliings, Drummond and Funk. . 167 Experimental polyneuritis in birds as compared with human beri-beri, Tasawa. 167 Transactions of the National Association for the Study of Pellagra 167 The presence of toxic bodies in expired air, Farmacbidie 167 An automatic balance for use in metabolism experiments, Abderhalden 167 [Report of the] nutrition laboratory, Benedict 167 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Annual re\dew of investigations in general biology, compiled by Delage 167 Handbook of comparative physiology, edited by Vinterstein 168 Review of experimental breeding investigations in zoology since 1900, Lang. . . 168 German zootechny 168 Sex determination and sex control in guinea pigs, Papanicolaou 168 A new era in the science of nutrition, Kahn 169 A chemical study of two drought-resisting forage plants, Lomanitz 169 Feeding sugar beet tops, Redlich ' 169 Fish meal as a feedstuff 169 Feeding experiments with lupine and horse chestnut flakes, Reisch et al 170 Food for animals and process for the manufacture of the same 170 Feeding stuffs, Loges 170 [State feeding stuff laws], compiled by Brown 170 Feeding of cattle, Lima 170 Wintering store cattle 170 The weight of calves, Stewart 171 Rye and blue grass pastures for ewes suckling lambs, Hackedom 171 Studies on methods of wool sorting, Kereszturi 171 Goats and their ancestors, Boutan 171 Smne-f ceding experiments with cliick-peas, Schmidt 171 Influence of meat and bone meal feeding on the bony framework, Gjaldbeek. . . 171 The swine industry in New York State 172 Prairie farmer's hog book, Gregory 172 Horse breeding in relation to national requirements, Pease 172 Horses, Lima 172 Retention of amino acids in metaboUsm of the fowl, Szalagyi and Kriwuscha. . 172 Correlation betweeii egg-laying and yellow pigment, Blakeslee and Warner. . . . 172 Fancy points v. utility, Balkeslee 172 Methocf of selecting the high-producing hens, Kent 173 California poultry practice, Swaysgood 173 A poultry survey of Jackson County, Jacoby 173 Profitable squab breeding, Dare 173 Breeding for horns, Meyer 173 Rabbit culture and standard, Roth and Comman 174 CONTENTS, Vn DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Page. Cattle feeding experiments in Denmark, Annett 174 Feeding experiments in Denmark "with dairy cattle, Helms 174 Some results from the fattening of dairy cows, Hutchinson 175 The development of the dairy industry in Hungary, K«erfer 175 The hygienic importance of acid-rennet bacteria in the udder of cows, Gorini.. 175 The nature of the cellular elements present in milk, Hewlett and Revis 175 The yellow color in cream and butter, Palmer 175 Butter prices, from producer to consumer, Clark 175 Studies on the manufacture of cheese, 1913, 1914, Gorini 175 The manufacture of cheese from "heated " milk, II, Benson 175 The manufacture of condensed Hoilk, milk jjowders, casein, etc., Mohan 176 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Collected papers from the Research Laboratory, Detroit, Michigan 176 Castration of domesticated animals, Schoenleber and Dykstra 176 Chemical studies upon the genus Zygadenus, Alsberg 177 Zygadenus, or death camas. Marsh, Clawson, and Marsh 177 The examination of milk by the practicing veterinarian, Glage 177 Action of nucleinate of sodium on blood and milk, Doyon and Sarvonat 177 The nature of tlie opsonic substances of normal sera, Zinsser and Cary 178 The propagation of bacteria, spirilla, and spirochetes, ]\feirowsky et al 178 Methods for the disinfection of liides infected with anthrax spores, Tilley 178 The susceptibility of animals to infectious bulbar paralysis, von Ratz 179 Curative experiments with salvarsan in infectious bulbar paralysis, Hutyra. . . 179 Foot-and-mouth disease, Connaway and Luckey 179 Virus carriers as factors in foot-and-mouth disease, Mohler and EicKhom 179 Hay as a carrier of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease 179 Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease to a dog, Martin 180 Mastitis complicating foot-and-mouth disease, Ramella 180 Remarks on the serodiagnosis of glanders, Pfeiler, Weber, and Schommer 180 Utility of the conglutination method for serodiagnosis of glanders, Waldmann. . 180 Johne's disease, Sheather 180 The diagnosis of rabies, Michin 180 Experiments on the cultivation of rinderpest vims, Boynton 180 Abderhalden's dialysis method in pulmonary tuberculosis, Wolff and Frank. .. 181 Studies on blood serum of cows immunized against tuberculosis, Baldwin 181 Occurrence of nongas-producing bacilli in paracolon bacillosis, Christiansen . . . 182 What is hog cholera? Schern and Stange 182 The hog cholera problem, Schern and Stange 182 Hog cholera and its suppression in North America, Schern 182 Preventive measures other than vaccination in combating hog cholera. Mayo . . 182 Inoculation against swine fever, Hutyra 183 The paratyphoid bacilli of abortion in mares, Van Heelsberger 183 A reinvestigation of Konew's protective vaccination, Thienel and Jager 183 RURAL ENGINEERING. The flow of water in irrigation channels, Scobey 183 Ground water for irrigation in the Sacramento Valley, California, Bryan 186 Ground-water resources of Niles cone and adjacent areas, California, Clark. . . . 187 Gazetteer of surface waters of Iowa, Iloyt and Ryan 187 Surface water supply of Ohio River basin for 1913, Horton et al 187 Surface water supply of St. Lawrence River basin, 1913 187 The utilization of the subterranean reservoir of E^pt, Mosseri 188 The value of large zinc pipes for carrying water, Kinck 188 Note on the bacteriotoxic action of water, Greig-Smith 188 Watering devices for moorland pastures, von Schmeling 188 The drainage of Jefferson County, Texas, Kipp, Hall, and Frescoln 188 Road building in swamps, Kriiger 189 Machinery for construction and maintenance, Agg 189 Motor veliicle registrations and revenues, 1914 189 Trial of machine plowing in rice fields, Tarchetti 190 Manila rope fastenings 190 Vin CONTENTS. RURAL ECONOMICS. Page. Rural social problems, Galpin 190 Country life -week 190 The church at the center, Wilson 190 The making of a country; parish, Mills 190 Working and living conditions of women employed in agriculture, Seufert et al . . 190 Report on home industries in the highlands and islands 190 Abandoned farms for sale in Pennsylvania, Critchfield and Wible 191 International annual of agricultural legislation 191 Rural credits in Ireland, Frost 191 Long time farm loans. Hare 191 Cotton warehouses: Storage facilities now available in the South, Nixon 191 A system of accounting for cooperative fruit associations, Nahstoll and Kerr. . . 191 A system of accounts for farmers' cooperative elevators, Humphrey and Kerr. . 192 The agricultural outlook 192 Fifth census of Canada, 1911. — Agriculture 193 Report of the department of agriculture of Norway for 1914 193 [Statistics of agriculture in Switzerland] 193 [Agricultural statistics of Russia] 193 [Agriculture in the Commonwealth of Australia], Knibbs 193 Some impressions of agriculture in Australia, Hall 193 [Agriculture in New Zealand], Fraser 193 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. [Statistics of] agricultural and mechanical colleges 193 Duplication in separate agricultural colleges and state universities, MacBride. . 194 Rural education, Potts 194 Report of an agricultural tour in Europe, America, and Japan, Coleman 194 Department of rural and agricultural education 194 The use of land in teaching agriculture in secondary schools, Merritt 195 Suggestions and requirements for teacliing agriculture in graded schools, Cary . . 195 Agricultural course for rural high schools '. 195 Com and its uses 196 Agricultural competition for boys and girls in New York State, Tuttle 196 How to organize a club and keep up interest, Newbill 196 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Georgia Station, 1913 196 Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Georgia Station, 1914 196 Twenty-fifth Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1914 196 Java and the Philippines, Copeland 196 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Arkansas Station: Page. Bui. 121, Jan., 1915 137 Bui. 122, Feb., 1915 142 Georgia Station: Twenty -sixth An. Rpt., 1913. . 196 Twenty -seventh An. Rpt., 1914 196 Hawaii Station: Bui. 38, Apr. 24, 1915 122 Illinois Station: Circ. 160, 2. ed., rev., Apr., 1913; 3. ed., rev., Mar., 1915. 141 Iowa Station: Circ. 21, Mar., 1915 146 Circ. 22, Mar., 1915 155 Kansas Station: Bui. 202, Jan., 1915 160 Massachusetts Station : Met. Buls. 315-316, Max.- Apr., 1915 118 Missouri Station: Circ. 73, Mar., 1915 171 Circ. 74, Apr., 1915 175 Nebraska Station : Bui. 148, Apr. 1, 1916 131 New York State Station: Bui. 401, Mar., 1915 142 Bui. 401 (abridged). Mar., 1915 142 North Dakota Station: Bui. Ill, Mar., 1915 140 Twenty-fifth An. Rpt., 1914, pt. 1 138,196 Twenty-fifth An. Rpt., 1914, pt.2 164,196 Oregon Station: Bui. 126, Feb., 1915. 142 Porto Rico Board of Agriculture Station: Bui. 8, 1915 122, 136 Bui. 9, 1915 121 South Carolina Station : Bui. 180, Dec, 1914 158 West Virginia Station: Bui. 147, Nov., 1914 140 Bui. 148, Dec, 1914 173 Insp. Bui. 3, Feb., 1915 126 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 4, No. 1, Apr., 1915 107, 125, 147, 148, 149, 150, 178 Bui. 125, Zygadenus, or Death Camas, C. D. Marsh, A. B. Claw- eon, and H, Marsh 177 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Page. Bui. 193, The Drainage of Jefferson Countv, Tex., H. A. Kipp, A . G . Hall , and S . W . Frescoln . . 188 Bui. 194, The Flow of Water in Irrigation Channels, F.C. Scobey. 183 Bui. 197, Homemade Lime-sul- phur Concentrate, E. W. Scott. . 154 Bui. 199, Loss in Tonnage of Sugar Beets by Drying, H. B. Shaw. . . 135 Bui. 200, A Maggot Trap in Prac- tical Use; An Experiment in House-fly Control, R. H. Hutch- ison 156 Bui. 202, The Alcohol Test in Rela- tion to Milk, S. H. Ayers, and W. T. Johnson, jr 113 Bui. 203, Field Studies of the Crown Gall of Sugar Beets, CO. Townsend 147 Bui. 208, Yields of Native Prickly Pear in Southern Texas, D. Griffiths 134 Bui. 210, Seed Production of West- ern White Pine, R. Zon 144 Bui. 213, The Use of Land in Teaching Agriculture in Second- ary Schools, E. Merritt 195 Bui. 214, Spring Wheat in the Great Plains Area, E. C. Chil- cott, J. S. Cole, and W. W. Burr. 137 Bui. 216, Cotton Warehouses: Stor- age Facilities now Available in the South, R. L. Nixon 191 Bui. 225, A System of Accounting for Cooperative Fruit Associa- tions, G. A. Nahstoll and W. H. Kerr 191 Bui. 236, A System of Accounts for Farmers' Cooperative Elevators, J. R. Humphrey and W. H. Kerr 192 Bui. 237, Strawberry Supplv and Distribution in 1914, W. A. Sherman, H. F. Walker, and O. W. Schleussner 142 Farmers' Bui. 660, Weeds: How to Control Them, H. R. Cox 139 Farmers' Bui. 662, The Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar, A. L. Quaint- ance 155 Farmers' Bui. 672, The Agricul- tural Outlook 192 Office of the Secretary : Circ. 49, Motor Vehicle Regis- trations and Revenues, 1914. 189 IX LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. TJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Weafher Bureau: Page. Circs. B and C, Instrument Div., 5 ed., Instructions for Cooperative Observers 118 Mo. Weather Rev., voL 43, Nos. 1-2, Jan.-Feb., 1915. 116, 117 Scientific Contributions: «■ A Study in Drying Urine for Chemical Analysis, W. W. Braman & 116 Blood Charcoal as a. Purifying Agent for Arsenic Solutions Previous to Titration, R. M. Chapin 110 An Improved Method for the Estimation of Inorganic Phosphoric Acid in Certain Tissues and Food Products, R. M. Chapin and W. C. Powick Ill The Reaction of Cow's Milk Modified for Infant Feeding, W.M.Clark 163 Cleaning Soils for Microscopic Examination, W. H. Fry and J. A. Cullen 109 Long-time Farm Loans, B. B. Hare 191 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page. Methods Adapted for the De- termination of Decomposi- tion in Eggs and in Other Protein Food Products, H. W. Houghton and F. C. Weber 112 Perjugate Cotton Hybrids, C.G.Marshall 132 Breeding for Horns, F. N. Meyer 173 A Genetic and Cytological Study of Certain Types of Albinism in Maize, F. C. Miles 131 Virus Carriers as Factors in the Spread of Foot-and-mouth Disease, J. R. Mohler and A. Eichhorn 179 Experiments in Growing Greenhouse Crops on Muck or Humus Soils, H. C. Thompson _. 139 Proposal of New Muscoid Gen- era for Old Species, C. H. T.Townsend 156 o Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department. *> In cooperation with the Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXIII. August, 1915. No. 2. A year has passed since the cooperative agricultural extension act of May 8, 1914, commonly knoAvn as the Smith-Lever Extension Act, went into effect. In that period much has been accomplished in creating or j^erfecting the administrative machinery for carrying on the extension work in agriculture and home economics in the De- partment and the several States. The general lines along which these extensive enterprises will be conducted have also been quite well determined. All the States have assented to the provisions of the Act either through their governors or their legislatures and the action of the governors has been ratified by all the legislatures which have been in regular session during the year, A single agricultural college in each State has been designated as the beneficiary of this Act, thus providing for a unified administration of the Act within the State. In several States where the college designated is not coeducational, a cooperative arrangement for the work in home economics has been made with the State college for women, and similarly in a few States having separate land-grant colleges for negroes a cooperative ar- rangement has been made for extension work among people of that race. In all the States the colleges having charge of the work under the Smith-Lever Act have created extension divisions or services and have brought under these divisions all their extension work in agriculture and home economics whether carried on with Smith- Lever or other funds. In some States these divisions are not yet as clear-cut as is desirable, and in some cases old state laws or general administrative regulations of the institutions adopted years ago have thus far continued a confusing union of the extension organization with that of the experiment station. In thirty-two States a separate officer is in charge of the extension work usually under the title of director, in thirteen States the extension director is also director of the experiment station or dean of the college of agriculture, and in three States there is still an acting director. In almost every State the extension work has already become such a large and varied enterprise that a separate officer in active charge of its operations 101 102 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. and devoting his entire time to this work is essential to its highest efficiency. In twenty States the farmers' institutes are still carried on by the State Department of Agriculture, though in a number of States there is a movement for their transfer to the agricultural college and this has taken place in South Dakota. In practically all the States where the institutes have a separate organization there is some kind of a cooperation with the agricultural college in this work. AVliere the institutes are under the direction of the college they are undergoing more or less reorganization with a view to making them more definitely demonstrational and educational. The plans for the unifying of the management of the agricultural extension enterprises within the States were met by the Secretary of Agriculture, in the first place, by the creation of a States Relations Committee, for the general supervision of all the extension enter- prises of the department bureaus and of the cooperative arrange- ments with the State institutions involving the use of Smith-Lever or department funds for demonstrations or other forms of extension work. This committee has now been succeeded by a permanent States Relations Service, created by Congi-ess in accordance with the Secretary's recommendations, which, beginning with July 1, 1915, will have among its functions the duties previously performed by the States Relations Committee. All the State agricultural colleges receiving the benefits of the Smith-Lever Act have entered into cooperative relations with the Department, and in forty-six States these institutions and the Depart- ment are conducting all their extension work in agriculture and home economics under the terms of a general " Memorandum of Under- standing," which is used as the basis for a gi'eat variety of coopera- tive project agreements. There has been remarkable unanimity in the acceptance by the States of one of the fundamental features of the extension enterprises which was developed by the Department with funds wholly under its control prior to the passage of the Smith-Lever Act. The experience of the past 12 years has fully demonstrated the value of the county agricultural agent as a means of bringing to our agricultural people on their farms and in their homes the results of practical experience and scientific research in agriculture and home economics and secur- ing the practical application of these results through demonstrations and otherwise. There is therefore general agreement that nothing is more important in the development of extension features under the new conditions arising from the Smith-Lever Act than the estab- lishment in each county of permanent headquarters for extension EDITORIAL. 103 work, in charge of a competent county agent, who shall act as the joint representative of the local community, the State through its agiicultural college, and the Nation through its Department of Agriculture. It is believed that in this way the need of the agricul- tural people in their several communities can be best determined, and whatever help the State and the Nation can give them in their agri- cultural and home problems can be most speedily and effectively brought to them. A large share of the department extension funds, much money derived from State, county, and local sources, and a considerable portion of the Smith-Lever fund have therefore been devoted to the maintenance and extension of the county agent system. There are now over 1,000 counties in the forty-eight States which have county agents. On the whole these agents have been very successful in winning the support and confidence of the farming people and the tangible results of their work are very encouraging. The personality of the agent is, of course, a very large factor in determining the measure of his success. His understanding of the real problems of the region in which he is working, his sympathy with rural people, and his ability to meet them on their own ground and actually to convey to them im- portant practical instruction and information in a convincing wav are among the essentials. When to these qualifications are added studious inclinations and habits, the possession of accurate and up-to- date knowledge of the practice and science of agriculture and busi- ness ability of high order we have a very able and useful man whose services will mean much for the agricultural and social advancement of his county. Considering the limited number of agricultural college graduates and the numerous avenues for congenial work which are opening up to them it is not surprising that up to the present time it has not been practicable to obtain a sufficient number of such graduates with the practical experience and other qualifications required for the position of county agent. There will be a steady demand for men of thorough training, combined with satisfactory practical experi- ence, to fill these positions. The colleges have therefore a special duty to train the future extension workers and it is encouraging to notice that they are beginning to feel their responsibility in this direction. Inasmuch as it is impracticable for the county agent to deal altogether with individual farmers, the problem of the organization of groups of farm people through whom they may work is assum- ing great importance. Two general types of such organizations are now being utilized. County organizations, often called farm bureaus, are being formed which are expected to take the initiative in securing county or local financial support for the county agent. 104 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. take part in the selection and appointment of the agent, and stand behind him in his efforts to advance the agricultural interests of the county. Many of these organizations include business and pro- fessional men, as well as farmers, and their complex organization has given rise to special problems. It is, however, now very apparent that while the cordial sympathy and support of all classes of our people in the movement for the improvement of agricultural con- ditions is very much to be desired, the farming people themselves should control and in the end determine the character and work of the organizations on which the extension system must depend for its local support. Another t3^pe of local organization being tested in various places is the small community club. Where a considerable number of these clubs exist in a county they are often confederated to form some kind of a county organization. The exact relations of organizations of either type to the extension system, the breadth and variety of their functions relating to extension work or other enterprises, and the most effective forms for their organization are as yet largely undetermined and they must still be considered as in the experi- mental stage. Another important line of extension work which has been de- veloped in a large way by the Department and the agricultural col- leges prior to the passage of the Smith-Lever Act and which has been carried over into their new extension organizations is the boys' and girls' club work. In the Southern States this enterprise is organically associated with the county agent work, but in the other States has a more separate organization. Through the club work the extension agencies are brought into close touch with the State and local officers and teachers, who largely cooperate in the forma- tion and management of the clubs. This has raised many interesting questions regarding the relations which the club work might or should sustain with the regular school instruction in agriculture and home economics. For example, is it practicable and desirable to consider the club work as in the nature of a home project for the pupils and to give school credit for this work? Undoubtedly such questions w^ill require much consideration by the extension officers in the future. For many years the agricultural colleges have done a large amount of extension work through the members of their faculties and experi- ment station staffs. At first this was purely incidental to their regu- lar duties, but as the demand for extension Avork has grown a some- Avhat definite and, in many cases, a large share of the time of specialists in various branches of agriculture and home economics has been devoted to this work. More recentlv in some institutions EDITOEIAL. 105 certain officers have been set apart wholly for this service. With the coming of larger funds for extension Avork under the Smith- Lever Act, much attention is being given to the enlarging and strengthening of the force of extension specialists in practically all the States. These officers are expected to supplement the work of the county agents by giving them advice and assistance in connection with special problems which arise in the counties, to carry on short prac- tical courses of instruction, often called movable schools, in various parts of the State, to conduct demonstrations along special lines, to prepare extension publications, to address meetings of farmers, to answer the inquiries of county agents or farmers on a great variety of subjects, etc. In general, they are to gather up the available knowledge in their several specialties, and especially the knowledge obtained by the state experiment stations which bears directly on the farmers' problems within the State, to put this knowledge in effective form for delivery to the farming people, and to carry it to them directly or through the county agents by word of mouth, demonstrations, or publications. The organization of such a force on a large scale is giving the administrative officers of the colleges much trouble and perplexity. The determination of the status of the extension specialists as mem- bers of the college faculties and their relations to the teaching force and the station staffs is by no means an easy or simple matter. The question as to how far the extension specialists should devote all their time to extension work or should combine such work with teaching or research is a very complicated one. Obviously there is great danger that persons employed on the extension staff will waste much time and energ\^ in traveling about on indefinite errands, will do too much offhand talking or writing, will be content to be super- ficial students of their subjects, will not give sufficient attention to the planning and conducting of worth-while demonstrations, will make their teaching too theoretical or sensational, etc. The standardization of the work of extension specialists has hardly begun. The colleges are practically compelled to increase their numbers rapidly by the appointment of the best available per- sonnel. They must not, however, neglect to establish some reason- able system for scrutinizing the work of these officers with a view to determining its real value as measured by its practical results. It is believed that such specialists should be called upon from time to time to outline their work quite definitely in project statements to be re- . viewed and approved by the extension director. They should be encouraged to restrict their principal endeavors in any one year to a few well-chosen and strictly limited subjects and should be made to feel that their success will be measured largely by their ability to 106 EXPEKIMEN^T STATION KECORD. secure definite results along these lines. Many of the projects for specialists thus far submitted to the Department under the Smith- Lever Act are far too general and do not reveal any thorough study of what is actually needed or feasible. This is undoubtedly due in part to the rush of work imposed on tlie extension officers during the past year, and it will be expected that there will be definite improve- ment along this line in the near future. The difficulties of the colleges in the proper development of their extension staffs and enterprises are greatly enhanced by the extrava- gant expectations regarding the immediate effect of this work on our agricultural advancement entertained by the public, partly as a re- sult of enthusiastic propaganda conducted by various agencies. Agri- cultural advancement over large areas and among farming people of very diverse elements is necessarily a slow process. Superficial re- sults, often very beneficial as far as they go, can be obtained, it maybe, in a comparatively short time. Propagandas wisely planned may be useful but they will fail of permanent success unless they are fol- lowed up by patient and continuous education. The Smith-Lever xVct has provided the means for a permanent sys- tem of popular practical education in agriculture and home eco- nomics, so organized as to preserve the autonomy of our state agri- cultural institutions, to encourage and develop local initiative and self help, and at the same time to bring to the support of the state institutions and local organizations the National Department of Agriculture with its broad outlook on our agricultural problems and its force of scientists and experts who have specialized in various lines or have had wide opportunities for study and observation in certain directions. The most encouraging thing about the exten- sion development in the United States during the past year has been the formation on a grand scale of a cooperative system involving national, state, and local organizations and the general good will and cordiality which has marked the relations of these agencies in the inauguration of this system. A few of the major features of this vast enterprise and some of the outstanding administrative problems with which it will have to deal have been briefly touched upon in this article. It is obviously impracticable in so short a space to give an adequate idea of the immense range and great intricacy of a work which will ultimately touch every phase of the industrial, home, and community life of our agricultural people. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Organic constituents of Pacific coast kelps, D. R. Hoagland ( JJ. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1915), No. 1, pp. 39-58). — The object of this work was to study the organic constituents of California kelps. The following species were examined : Macrocyiitis pyrifera, Nereocystis liietkeana, Pelagophycus porra, Egregia lavigata, E. menziesii, Laminaria andersonU, and Iridcea sp. Qualitative examination showed the presence in the kelps of complex com- pounds in a highly colloidal state, but starch and reducing sugars were absent. In all cases a furfurol test was obtained and some samples gave the galactan test, i. e., for mucic acid, after oxidation v>'ith nitric acid. The average results of quantitative analyses of kelps are given in the fol- lowing table: Average composition of the organic matter of Pacific coast kelp, calculated on ■whole plant. a 03 ft i-g '3 Percentage composition calculated to a water-free basis. Kind of kelp used. "0 a 0 "a 0 Eh to a s 0 1 1 1 a Ph ■^2 "ft S 0 03 ja b- 0 © 1.? " a a. 2 •2 2 m Macrocystis pyrifera, harvestable 8 4 8 4 2 2 3 1 1 Per ct. 86.3 87.7 87.7 91.7 89.7 83.7 83.6 78. .5 80.1 Per ct. 38. 2 42.9 42.0 54.5 52.7 35.5 33.4 26.5 31.4 Per ct. 61.7 56.9 57.8 45.1 47.7 64.5 66.3 73.5 68.8 Per ct. 7.4 13.4 10.8 10.8 7.5 11.6 17.2 15.0 17.0 Per ct. 0.34 .40 .44 1.06 .27 .88 .67 .65 .44 Per ct. 7.2 7.6 7.2 5.1 6.2 9.0 8.7 10.4 10.5 Per ct. 7.7 6.3 8.0 6.4 8.4 9.8 9.0 10.0 .9 Per ct. 6.6 8.7 8.8 8.6 5.8 9.1 5.5 1.7 1.3 Per ct. 18.7 31. pyrifera, harvestable portion, Pacific Grove 14.4 M. pyrifera, nonharvestable por- tion, San Diego. . 17.5 Nereocystis luctkcana, entire plant, 14.1 Pelagophycus porra, entire plant, San Diego 16.1 Egregia Isevigata, entire plant, San Diego E. menziesii, entire plant. Pacific Grove 18.7 19.1 Laminaria andersonii, entire plant 22.8 1.0 Much of the nitrogen present in kelp is in the nonprotein state. Extractions indicated that one-fifth to one-third was soluble in cold water, which about corresponds to the figures obtained for nonprotein nitrogen. The water ex- tracts from a number of samples of ground kelp were analyzed for acid amid 98262°— No. 2—15 2 107 108 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. and ammonia nitrogen. " Protein nitrogen was precipitated by means of phos- photungstic acicl, the filtrate boiled in an 8 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid and distilled in the presence of an excess of magnesium oxid. In all cases the amount of nitrogen so estimated was insignificant." The most important carbohydrate constituent of kelp is algin, obtained by digesting cold for 24 hours with a 2 per cent sodium carbonate solution and precipitating from the filtered extract with dilute hydrochloric acid. The percentage of algin obtained varied from 13 to 24 per cent when calculated on a di-y basis. An exception was Iridcea spp., which only showed 1 per cent of the complex. The composition of a purified, bleached with sulphurous acid, and dried sample of algin was as follows: Nitrogen, 0.3 per cent; ash, 2.2 per cent ; furfurol calculated to pentosans, 38.6 per cent ; and material Insoluble after treatment with concentrated nitric acid (cellulose derivative) 24.5 per cent. Algin is regarded as a very complex resistant compound (or mixture of compounds) of the pentosan type, with cellulose possibly making up a part of the complex. It has weakly acid properties, forming soluble compounds with the alkali metals. The properties of soluble and insoluble alginates are described. The carbohydrates in kelp precipitable by alcohol were smaller in quantity than algin, and in M. pyrifcra the stems showed uniformly higher percentages than the leaves. The dried substance contained 1.2 per cent of niti'ogen and yielded furfurol, corresponding to 13.2 per cent of pentosan. No color test was given with iodin and no reduction with Fehling's solution. The moist precipitate when boiled several hours with a 2 per cent solution of sulphuric acid reduces alkaline copper solution considerably. Upon drying, the precipi- tate became very resistant to solution and to hydrolysis. A composite sample of fiber, obtained as in the crude fiber method, was treated by the chlorination method of Cross and Bevan (E. S. R., 28, p. 805) and showed that approxi- mately one-half of the crude fiber, or calculated on the whole dry plant, 3 to 4 per cent was composed of pure cellulose. Dried kelp when treated with 2 per cent sulphuric acid was very resistant to hydrolysis and yielded copper-reducing substances only with difficulty. Kelp was found to contain a considerable portion of water-insoluble sulphur, which is regarded as organic sulphur. The leaves contained uniformly more sulphur than the stems. Volatile sulphur compounds could not be noted. The iodin of dried kelp was found almost entirely soluble in cold water or in 90 per cent alcohol. Although Pacific coast kelps contain an appreciable amount of nitrogen, it is doubtful whether they can be considered an important feeding stuff. Al- though the percentage of acid amid nitrogen is apparently very small, it is necessary to prove that the remainder of the soluble nitrogen is present in the form of suitably proportioned amino acids before a high nutritive value can be assigned to the material. " Furthermore, the nitrogenous compounds would undoubtedly be rendered less available because of the admixture of large percentages of highly resistant polysaccharids." Another factor which must be taken into consideration is that cows will not eat the leached or unleached fresh kelp unless It is well mixed with other feed. " In order to ascertain whether kelp might be preserved in the fresh state as a sort of silage, a sample of 2V. luetkeana was packed in an air-tight container and stored for three months. At the end of this period there was no indication of putrefaction. The acidity had increased slightly, the final percentage being 0.18 as lactic acid. The sample had become .soft and ' crumbly,' but there was no formation of reducing substances or marked increase in soluble material." AGBICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNT. 109 The so-called algin might be employed as a size for paper and fabrics, but whether it is economically feasible is questionable. Its physical properties are not well adapted for clarifying wines. As leached kelp only has a small amount of cellulose its use for paper making is questionable, especially in view cf the fact that redwood wastes and other wastes of much greater possibilities are still to be utilized. Destructive distillation of kelp side by side with Douglas fir shavings and oak sawdust showed " that the distillates from the kelp, judged by their content of acetic acid and alcohol, had a value of only one-fifth to one-tenth that of the oak and fir distillates, a value so slight as to preclude any profitable re- covery of the products. The yields for oak and fir approximate those obtained in larger experiments on similar materials, and it is very probable, therefore, that the general comparisons with kelp would hold even in distillations on a commercial scale. The distillates obtained from the kelp were watery in appearance and had a very slightly acid reaction to litmus, although they contained considerable amounts of basic substances. By the Kjeldahl method 3.2 gm. of nitrogen was found in the total distillate from 1 kg. of dried kelp. The tar oils obtained with the distillate floated on the surface, having a specific gravity of 0.984. Their percentage varies from 4 to 7 on the basis of the dry kelp. The gases evolved from the kelp difi'er from those of the oak and fir in not being combustible during any of the earlier stages of distilla- tion. The charcoal residue in the retort was soft and of dull-gray color. Leaching experiments indicated that most of the potash may be recovered from the char as a high-grade product." A bibliography of cited literature is appended. The theory of alkalimetrlcal and acidimetrical titrations, N. Bjebbum {Samml. Chem. u. Chem. Tech. Vortrdge, 21 (1914), No. 1-3, pp. IV-j-128, figs. 11). — This book contains material given in a course of lectures at the Uni- versity of Copenhagen in the spring of 1913. The book is divided into three sections. The first part deals with the present views regarding acid and basic reaction, the strength of acids and bases, and the hydrolysis of salts. The second part considers the law of indicators with special regard to volumetric analysis. The third part deals with the principles of titration. A comparison of the Gunning-copper method with the Kjeldahl-Gunning- Arnold method for the determination of nitrogen, O. F. Jensen {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem.. 7 ( 1915). Xo. 1, pp. 38, 39). — A quantitative yield of ammonia was obtained more quickly in dried blood by the Kjeldahl-Gunning-Arnold method than with the Gunning-copper method. In the case of other substances studied, which included bone meal, casein, egg albumen (dried), fish scrap, animal tankage, beef scrap, castor-bean pomace, cotton-seed meal, etc., a diges- tion of one and a half hours was equally efficacious for either of the methods. " The Gunning-copper method possesses advantages in manipulation which makes it preferable to the Kjeldahl-Gunning-Arnold method, especially where a large number of determinations are to be made." Cleaning soils for microscopic examination, W. H. Fey and J. A. Cullen (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 40, 41). — For cleaning soils for microscopical mineral work a 10 per cent solution of oxalic acid is recommended. " In about 30 minutes it removes the iron stains satisfactorily. Tests upon various soil minerals showed that, with the exception of apatite, it did not affect them appreciably ; and in the case of apatite, although there is undoubtedly some effect, it leaves that mineral in a determinable state. Of 110 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. course, in any case calcite wonkl be removed — ii fact which renders very diffi- cult the determination of small quantities of this mineral in discolored soils." The strength of nitric acid, period of extraction, and ignition as affecting the gravimetric determination of phosphoric acid in soils, O. L. Braueb (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cliem., 6 U9Vf), No. 12, pp. 100.',, 1005).— "Acid weaker than 1 N to 2 N HNOs will not extract all the soluble phosphoric acid from a soil. It is needless to extract with the acid for a longer period than two hours on the steam bath. Ignition decreases the HNOs-soluble phosphoric acid in the soils." The estimation of citric acid-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag powder, Neubaueb {Landw. Yers. Stat., 85 {19U), No. 3-5, pp. 238-2J,7).—A report by the referee of cooperative work done with the methods for deter- mining citric acid-soluble phosphoric acid given to the Association of Agri- cultural Experiment Stations of Germany. The methods best suited for the purpose, according to the referee, are the iron citrate method (B. S. R., 29, pp. 409, 410) and the Lorenz method (E. S. R., 13, p. 14; 31, p. 112). Preference is given to the latter method. Discussions of the report by members of the Association are included. Estimation of water-soluble phosphoric acid in superphosphate mixtures, Netjbaueb (Landw. Vers. Stat., 85 (19U), No. S-5, pp. 2J,8, 2^9).— The author believes that better results are obtainable if the flask containing the sample is filled up to the mark before rotation. This confirms the opinion of Pilz (E. S. R., 30. p. 809). About the titrametric estimation of cyanamid, G. Grube and J. Krtjgeb (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 21 (191J,), No. 46, Aufsatzteil, pp. 326, 327; a6s. in Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 114-115, Repert., p. .^88).— The authors conclude that the Kappen method (E. S. R., 21, p. 419) and the Caro method (E. S. R., 25, p. 24) will yield identical results, provided the precipitation is done with silver nitrate in a slightly acid (acetic) solution of the cyanamid and the solution is subsequently made slightly alkaline with ammonia. A large excess of amnioniacal salt or free ammonia must not be present. Examination, sampling, and guaranty of fertilizing lime, Neubauer (Landw. Tcr>i. Stat., 85 (1914), No. 3-5, pp. 228-238). — In cooperative work imder the auspices of the German Association of Agricultural Experiment Sta- tions six limes were studied by the Tacke sulphuric acid titration (official) method, the Forster hydrochloric acid titration method, and the Fresenius method.'* The figures obtained by the Fresenius method were much more uniform than those given by the Tacke method and the operation is more simple than the latter method. Both methods, however, can be used only for comparatively pure limes. The method of sampling in use by the association is deemed inadequate. Blood charcoal as a purifying agent for arsenic solutions previous to titra- tion, R. M. Chapin (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 12, pp. 1002, 1003). — In assaying arsenical dipping fluids, of which an important ingredient is an alkaline arsenite, it often becomes necessary to remove organic material which interferes with the titration by iodiu. Organic matter, when present, may absorb iodin and thus render the end points inaccurate and fugitive, and it furthermore imparts color to the solution. Purified kaolin or infusorial earth only obviates the disturbing factor moderately, but in blood charcoal a » Quantitative Chemical Analysis, by K. R. Fresenius, trans, by A. I. Cohn, 1904, vol. 2, pp. 334, 335. AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGEOTECHNY. Ill substance was found which, when used in small amounts and with brief diges- tion produced filtrates wherein the end point came out sharply and perma- nently. Blood charcoal, thoiigh slightly absorbing arsenic acid from acid solution, will again release it quantitatively, but more or less oxidized to arsenic acid. When the charcoal is washed this finding may be of considerable A'alue in the determination of both arsenious and arsenic acid in a variety of substances. A test w.is made of its decolorizing power on a sample of London purple with good results. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 31, p. 11.'')). A substitute for potassium pennanganate to liberate foi-maldehyde gas from, a water solution, S. G. Dixon {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 64 {1915), No. 5, p. 4-'^9). — The formaldehyde solution shipped in combination with sulphuric acid when exiwsed to extremely low temperatures in winter was not found sufficiently stable for northern climates. By adding 1^ fluid oz. of glycerin to the formula a solution was obtained which is moderately stable at low temperature and will withstand polymerization. The following formula is now used: "Sodium dichromate, 10 oz. avoirdupois; saturated solution of formaldehyde gas, 1 pint; sulphuric acid, commercial, IJ fluid oz. ; glycerin, 14 fluid oz." It was also found that when the acidulated solution became cloudy on ac- count of low temperatures it could be made clear and potent by gently warm- ing it for a long period of time. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 3.3, p. 12). An improved method for the estimation of inorganic phosphoric acid in certain tissues and food products, R. M. Chapin and W. C. PowiCK (Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 {1915), No. 2, pp. 97-11-',).— The method, which was designed for and effectively used in the determination of inorganic phosphorus in eggs and in meats, is said to possess a sufficient number of advantages to make it superior to the methods of Emmett and Grindley (E. S. R., 17, p. 887), Sieg- fried and Singewald (E. S. R., 17, p. G35), and Forbes et al. (E. S. R., 23, p. 303). "The Emmett and Grindley method falls short by the use of a neutral solvent and of heat; the Siegfried and Singewald method, by failure to remove the protective colloids, by exposure of the organic phosphorus to th^-^ action of the phosphate precipitant, and by the long duration of the initial filtration ; and the Forbes method, by the use of heat and the necessity for a double filtration. Finally, Collison's modification of the Forbes method of extraction is open to the criticism that the proteid superficially coagulated by the strong alcohol interferes with the further penetration of the tissue by the solvent." In the method proposed picric acid solution containing a small amount of hydrochloric acid is used for extractijig the phosphorus. " The extraction Is complete ; bacterial action is prevented, and the proteids are effectually coagu- lated by the reagent, while the danger of chemical or enzymatic changes is minimized by the low temperature and the rapidity of the extraction. The extract is easily filtered and is practically free from organically combined phosphorus, while by the use of an aliquot of the filtrate for further work, a tedious washing of the precipitate is avoided." In the method an initial px-ecipitation is made with magnesia mixture and the final precipitation by means of an ammonium molybdate. The phosphoric acid is finally estimated gravimetrically by weighing the ammonium phospho- molybdate by the Lorenz method (E. S. R., 13, p. 14) as modified by jSTeubauer and Liicker (E. S. R., 27, p. 503). Several modifications of the method are also presented. 112 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. '• By means of this method a progressive increase in the ratio of the in- organic to the total phosphorus in eggs has been found, which increase corre- sponds to the increased deterioration of the eggs as judged by physical means." The data on eggs show the total and inorganic phosphorus content. Methods adapted for the determination of decomposition in eggs and in other protein food products, H. W. Houghton and F. C. Webee (Abs. in Biochem. Buh, 3 (1914), No. 11-12, p. ^47).— "The methods that are most applicable for the determination of decomposition are the Folin titration and Nesslerizatiou methods for free ammonia, Klein's modification of Van Slyke's method for amino nitrogen, and the Folin-Wentworth method for acidity of fat. " Calculating the results on liquid eggs to a moisture-fat free basis, the fol- lowing amounts of ammonia nitrogen in milligrams per 100 gm. of material were obtained : By the Folin titration method — seconds, 11.4 ; spots, 14.1 ; light rots, 17.3; rots, 26.2; black rots, 169.G. By the Folin Nesslerizatiou method — seconds, 12.4; spots, 20; light rots, 21.5; rots, 29.9; black rots, 148.6. The amino nitrogen determination is of service in detecting liquid and dry blood rings, spots, and light rots. Increase in the acidity of the fat indicates spots and worse grades of eggs. " The ammonia methods applied to herring give results indicating decomposi- tion of the fish after standing 24 hours at about 70° F. Applied to clams, an appreciable increase in the ammonia is shown after keeping two days at a temperature of 60 to 65°." The relation between the specifi^c gravity and the percentage of fat and total solids in cows' milk, W. Fleischmann {Jour. Landw., 62 (1914), No. 2, pp. 159-112). — A review and discussion of practically all of the more important methods for estimating the total solids of milk, etc. A formula is given which yields approximate results under practical conditions. Morres' alizarol test for testing the keeping quality of milk, A. Devaeda and A. Weigh {Arch. Chem. ti. Mikros., 6 {1913), No. 4, PP- 201-212; abs. in Cliem. Ztg., 37 {1913), No. 128, Bepert., p. 586).— The combined alizarol test (E. S. R., 22, p. 515) is a color test combined with the alcohol test which will empirically determine the degree of acidity of milk with an accuracy of 1 per cent. The chief advantage of this test lies in the fact that the alcohol and acidity test can be conducted at one time aad can be used by the milk inspec- tor with satisfactory results. Alkaline decomposition products when present vitiate the results. What value has the alizarol test for the examination of milk as a control of the milk supply? A. Devaeda {Osterr. Molk. Ztg., 21 {1914), No. 2, pp. 17-19). — A detailed criticism of the Morres alizarol test. With this test it is not possible to determine whether a pure culture has caused coagulation or whether it has been due to a number of organisms. The alcohol test is satisfactory for judging the quality of milk in market control. It is possible to determine approximately the degree of pure lactic acidity of the milk with the alizarol method, but the diagnostic value is thereby limited to the empirical testing of milk, especially as to its value for cheese making. This use was suggested by Fugling in 1882. The alcohol and alizarol tests, W. Mobees {Milchw. ZentU. 43 {1914), No. 8, pp. 208-211).— The alizarol test is said to be more valuable for testing milk than the alcohol test alone. Eugling's test with alizarin is only a qualitative procedure, while the alizarol test is qualitative and quantitative. It will indi- cate both the nature and the degree of decomposition, and in this it displaces titration of acidity with alkali as well as the alcohol test. Judging a milk on AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 113 the basis of the consistency of the coagulum obtained with the alcohol test alone Is deemed imcertain. A method foi* proving the value of the alizarol test is included in the article. Titration of milk with alcohol of various concentrations, F. Lohnis {Molk. Ztg. [Hildesheim], 28 (1914), No. 9, pp. 153-155).— The alcohol test has been modified as follows: Two cc. of the milk under examination is placed in a beaker and titrated with 80 per cent alcohol until the appearance of coagulation, the number of cubic centimeters of alcohol required indicating the alcohol number of the milk. The coagulating point of milks which require more than 6 cc. of alcohol is hard to determine. The test is said to be an index to the number of bacteria present in the milk, a milk with a low germ content requiring more than 4 cc. of alcohol, while that of a medium micro-organism content requires from 2 to 4 cc, and high germ contents less than 2 cc. The alcohol test in relation to milk, S. H, Ayeks and W. T. Johnson, Jk. (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 202 {1915), pp. S5, figs. 4).— The purpose of this work was to determine the practical value of the alcohol test for the quality of milk, and incidentally to determine some of the causes for the coagulation of milk by alcohol. Fresh milk from a single healthy cow in the middle of the period of lacta- tion was found to give occasionally a positive alcohol test with an equal volume of 68 or 70 per cent alcohol. Colostrum gives a positive reaction, and the same is true, usually, of "old" milk (milk from a cow in the last of its lactation period). Normal milk when mixed with colostrum milk did not show positive with the 68 per cent alcohol test until the amount of colostrum milk reached 80 to 90 per cent. " When 75 per cent alcohol was used the test was positive with as low as 25 per cent of colostrum milk, but when colostrum milk from another cow was used a mixture of 80 per cent was required to give a positive reaction Avitli 75 per cent alcohol. It seems evident from these results that the mixing of colostrum and normal milk would not cause a positive alcohol test unless a very large percentage of the milk were colostrum milk." As a result of reviewing the literature on the behavior of the alcohol test with market milk, it was evident that the acidity inlays a part in the alcohol test. In the present investigation it was found that if the acidity was raised by the addition of 1 cc. of deciuormal lactic-acid solution, a medium-sized flake coagulum with 75 and 68 per cent alcohol could be obtained. " Since an in- crease in acidity will cause a positive alcohol test, it is evident that the growth of acid-forming bacteria in milk will cause a positive test. "In order to determine the relation between the number of acid-forming bacteria, the acidity, and the alcohol test, two experiments were performed, using a pure culture of a lactic-acid-producing organism." In one of the sam- ples of milk the alcohol test was negative 7 hours after incubation, but in the second sample, where a larger portion of bacterial culture was used for the inoculation (at the beginning of the incubation 480,000 bacteria were present), the alcohol test with 75 per cent alcohol was positive on the fifth day, when the number of bacteria reached over 16,000,000. On the sixth day 68 per cent alcohol gave a positive test and the number of bacteria was 31,400,000. Since the acidity of milk is due partly to phosphates, the effect of sodium and potassium acid phosphates on the outcome of the alcohol test was studied. " The results show that it is possible by increasing the acidity of milk with acid phosphates to cause a coagulation with the alcohol test, but the acidity has to be increased to a high degree, and there would never be enough acid phosphate in a mixed market milk for it to be entirely responsible for a posi- tive alcohol test. . . . When from 7 to 8 cc. of decinormal lactic acid was 114 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. added to the milk with dibasic phosphate, the alcohol test became positive; that is, when the dibasic phosphate had been converted into monobasic phos- phate, then further increases in acidity caused a positive alcohol test. As a very general explanation of this result, it may be said that when acid is added to milk it converts the dibasic phosphate into the monobasic phosphate. It follows that the acid, and also the monobasic phosphate, probably affect the casein and thereby change it into a condition in which it Is possible to pre- cipitate the casein by alcohol and cause a positive test. This action on the dibasic phosphate probably explains in part the positive alcohol tests with different low acidities." The addition of 1 per cent of sour milk to fresh milk caused a positive alcohol test with 75 per cent alcohol and the addition of 2.5 per cent of sour milk caused a reaction with 68 per cent alcohol. As much as 10 per cent of sour milk was necessary to cause coagulation with 44 per cent alcohol. Milk in which the acidity was increased to 4.3 per cent by the addition of lactic acid and then reduced to 1.9 per cent by neutralization gave a positive alcohol test with 68 per cent alcohol. " The positive alcohol tests with 68 per cent alcohol could be made negative at acidities below 4..S by reducing to about the original acidity of the normal milk." Some milks when heated to 90° C. wiU not give the alcohol test with 75 or 08 per cent alcohol. To determine the effects of rennet on the outcome of the alcohol test (75, OS, and 44 per cent) rennet in percentages ranging from 0.00005 to 0.0015 was tried and the tests v/ith alcohol were made at intervals of one hour. " The results show that the action of rennet in milk may produce changes which cause a positiA'e alcohol test and that two main factors are of importance, viz, the amount of rennet and the length of time the rennet has to act. Undoubtedly a third factor must be taken into consideration ; that is, the temperature at which the milk is held. In the experiments the milk was held at room temperature." The activity of rennet-forming bacteria may cause a positive alcohol reaction but the number of bacteria propagated must be large. A test Indicated that it is also possible to differentiate between an acid and rennet fermentation in milk on the basis of the alcohol test. When sufficient rennet was added to milk to cause a positive alcohol reaction and then heated to 90° C. the milk no longer gave a positive alcohol test with 75 per cent alcohol, although rennet and acid probably play the principal role in obtaining a positive alcohol test. The presence of carbon dioxid may also be considered a factor. Carbon dioxid passed into milk will cause an alcohol test. Alkali-forming bacteria will not cause a positive alcohol test. With samples of market milk no rela- tion was found between the bacterial count and the alcohol test. In this work particular attention is drawn ''to the bacterial counts of 142 samples of raw milk which ranged from 2,000 to 19,600,000 bacteria x^er cubic centimeter. Of these 142 samples none gave a ix)sitive alcohol test, yet 86, or 60.6 per cent, contained less than and 39.4 per cent more than 500,000 bacteria per cubic centi- meter. The bacterial counts of samples of pasteurized milk which gave a nega- tive alcohol test ranged from 1,200 to 3,600,000 per cubic centimeter. . . . When the 08 per cent alcohol test is positive with a sample of market milk, it is evident that there is some change in the milk from normal. In some cases it may be due to an increased acidity and in consequence a change in the casein of the milk, due to bacterial action. In other cases it may be due to a pure rennet fermentation or there may be a combination of an acid-and-rennet fer- mentation. In such ca.ses the bacterial count would undoubtedly be high. How- ever, there still remains to be explained the reason for a positive alcohol test in samples of market milk with a low bacterial count and low acidity." AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGEOTECHNY. 115 The alcohol titration method of Luhuis (see p. 113) was tested on IIG samples of market milk. No definite relation between the bacterial count and the alcohol titration test was found. There was also no definite relation found between the alcohol test and the acidity, until the acidity was more than al)out 2.2 per cent. " If we were dealing with pure cultures of organisms which influence the alcohol test the titration with alcohol might be of value iu giving an idea of the bac- terial numbers from the results of experiments iu which we used pure cultures of lactic acid and rennet-forming bacteria. In milk, however, we have a varied bacterial flora to contend with and we can not see from our results that the alcohol titration method is of much greater value than the simple alcohol test." With the alizarol test of Morres (see p. 112) all of the color changes de- scribed by Morres could not be obtained. From the results obtained it is evi- dent that the alizarol test will show slight changes when the acidity is low, but that when the acidity is high it is not very sensitive. " In regard to the value of the alizarol test, it is believed that wherever the alcohol test can be considered of value, the addition of an indicator, such as alizarin, may increase the value of the alcohol test by possibly giving additional information as to acidit5% On account of the complexity of the bacterial fermentations in market milk we do not believe that the alizarol test gives any very valuable informa- tion as to the conditions existing in the milk." A bibliography of cited literature is appended. Some milk investigations with special reference to the value of the rosolic acid-alcohol test, L. Bahr (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Mihlihyg., 24 (1914), Nos. 10, pp. 228-233; 11, pp. 251-256; 16, pp. 370-376, figs. 4; 17, pp. 398-406; 20, pp. 472-477; ahs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. 44, p. 734).— In examining the milk from 105 cows located in five establishments with the losolic acid-alcohol test (E. S. E., 20, p. 87), about 1(5 per cent gave positive reactions. This was especially true in those cases where the titer against nor- mal alkali was somewhat below normal. The rosolic acid reaction probably depends upon the presence of secondary or tertiary phosphates. Generally speaking, the results with the test compared well with the leucocyte and catalase tests, which sometimes give a higher number of positive findings. In the majority of the milks in which the rosolic acid-alcohol test was positive the milk contained many bacteria, leucocytes, and fibrin. There were also reactions obtained with milk from a cow in an advanced stage of lactation, but this milk did not show a large amount of leucocytes or bacteria. A few tests made with methylene blue indicated that it had no relation to the number of bacteria present in the milk. The rosolic acid test may be employed for detecting cows affected with mastitis, especially those in which it is not clinically manifest, and is con- sidered a good barn test. The catalase test indicates a larger number of animals giving pathological milk, and it is believed that this also may be so arranged that it can be used as a practical test in the dairy barn. The bac- teriological examination of the milks revealed that some of them contained ordinary streptococci (mostly diplococci) .amongst which there was one type which resembled the one causing mastitis. In a few cases a previously un- described bacillus (Bacillus pseiidopyogenes laciis) was noted and in others staphylococci and small nonacid-fast bacilli were found. The use of Kellner's modification of Petermann's method for the estima- tion of citrate-soluble phosphoric acid in feed limes, Loges (Landiv. Vers. Stat., 85 (1914), ^0. 3-5, pp. 218-226) .—This is a report made to the German Association of Agricultural Experiment Stations. It is stated that duplicate results can only be obtained when the mixture is shaken the same length of time in each case. 116 EXPEBIMEKT STATION EECOED. A study in drying urine for chemical analysis, W. W. Beam an (Jour. Biol. Chem-., 19 {19U), No. 1, pp. 105-113).— In these investigations it was found that some urines from herbivora on drying lose nitrogen from ammonium compoimds and free ammonia, in some cases as much as 50 per cent of this nitrogen. Tlie main loss of nitrogen, however, comes from the decomposition of ammonium carbonate rather than from that of urea or hippuric acid. The carbon loss, vs^iiich consists of carbon dioxid, is in excess of what would be necessary to combine with the ammonia to form normal cai-bonates, and comes partly from the bicarbonates. The total carbon and total hydrogen can be determined directly by combustion in a quartz combustion tube using the ordi- nary combustion furnace. The quantitative estimation of urea, and indirectly of allantoin, in urine by means of urease, R. H. A. Plimmer and Ruth F. Skelton (Biochem. Jour., 8 (1914), No. 1, pp. 70-73). — "The estimation of urea in uriue is quiclvly and accurately made by decomposing it with urease (1 gm, powdered soy bean) at 35 to 40° C. for one hour. During this time the ammonia evolved is removed by an air current, as in Foiin's method for estimating ammonia. One gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate is then added and the air current is continued for another hour. Liquid paraffin is very convenient for lessening the frothing. Since urease does not decompose allantoin, and since both allantoin and urea are quantitatively decomposed by the magnesium chlorid method of Folin, the amount of allantoin in those urines which contain both compounds is readily estimated by difference." A permanent preparation of urease, and its use for rapid and accurate determination of urea, D. D. Van Slyke and G. E. Cullen (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 62 {1914), No. 20, pp. 1558, 1559, fig. 1; Jour. Biol. Chem., W (1914), No. 2, pp. 211-228, figs. 3). — Soy-bean meal is extracted with five parts of water and the extract is poured into ten volumes of acetone. The precipitate containing the enzym is dried and obtained as a powder, which is said to main- tain its action indefinitely. The ammonia evolved is collected in fiftieth-normal acid, which may be either hydrochloric or sulphuric. METEOROLOGY. Relation of climate to plant growth in Maryland, F. T. McLean (Mo. Weather Rev., 43 (1915), No. 2, pp. 65-72, figs. 5).— Selected strains of wheat, corn, soy beans, and Windsor beans were grown in nine different localities on the same type of soil in 6-in. pots sunk in the ground, and an attempt was made to correlate the growth of the plants with the meteorological environment, viz, rainfall, evaporation, temperature, and sunshine. To eliminate the disturbing influence of drought, the soil moisture in the pots was prevented from falling below the optimum by the use of an autoirrigator. Evaporation was measured by means of a Livingston atmometer. Only the results obtained with soy beans at Oakland and Easton are dis- cussed, in this article. These indicate that with a sufficient supply of moisture provided for, the soy bean " exhibited a pronounced and somewhat regular march of its growth rate (as measured in terms of the dry-weight material accumulated in leaves and stems during the first month of its growth from seed) throughout the growing season," the maximum rate of production of dry matter occurring in the warmest part of the season. " The growth rate tended to vary almost directly with the 'temperature index' [mean daily temperature above 40° F.] when the air temperatures were low. With high air temperatures the growth rate was relatively much greater than can be accounted for by the ' temperature indexes ' alone. The agreement in this regard between the data METEOROLOGY. 117 from the two very different stiitious iucluded iu these studies seems to suggest that this feature may be general for a considerable range of conditions, at least for the plant form here considered. With the given soil and soil moisture con- tent the intensities of evaporation experienced by these soy-bean plants were apparently not sufficiently high seriously to overtax the process of water ab- sorption or that of water conduction." It therefore appears that the seasonal changes iu temperature were '' much more important in the control of growth than were the changes in any other measured condition or conditional com- plex." Iu general the rates of growth at Oakland were found to he from about 10 to about 20 per cent or more lower than the corresponding rates at Easton. " The early occurrence of frost at Oakland brought the season to a close earlier than was the case at Easton, and the last growth rate for the latter station is shown as markedly lower than any encountered at Oakland. The principle here brought out is worthy of considerable emphasis. For a short frostless season, characterized by a great daily range of temperature, the lowest growth rate may be generally expected to be higher in value than the lowest rate for a longer frostless season, with more equable temperatures." A correlation of weather conditions and production of cotton in Texas, J. B. KiNCER (Jio. Weather Rev., 43 {1915), No. 2, pp. 61-65, figs. 9}.— In this article an attempt is made to correlate the actual departures from mean tem- perature and precipitation with the departures from the average yield of cotton during the i:)eriod from 1S94 to 1913, inclusive. The results show a correlation coefficient of +0.88 and a probable error of ±0.03. The method, however, was found to be inapplicable where the summer rainfall frequently occurs in excessive amounts. In such cases it is necessary to take account of the rainfall actually absorbed by the soil and that which is removed in the run-off. Temperature and spring wheat in the Dakotas, T. A. Blaie {Mo. Weather Rev., JfS {1915), No. 1, pp. 24-26, figs. 2). — Continuing studies reported in a previous article (E. S. It., 30, p. 418), the author is led to modify the conclu- sions from his earlier study to the extent of stating that the mean temperature of June is as important a factor as the total precipitation of May and June in determining the yield of v.heat in the Dakotas. The distribution of the rainfall in the eastern United States, B. C. Wallis {Mo. Weather Rev., 43 {1915), No. 1, pp. 14-24, figs. iS).— From studies similar to those already noted (E. S. E., 32, p. 119) the author draws the following general conclusions: "The rainfall intensity as well as the actual amount of precipitation of the eastern United States depends upon three sparate factors — (1) the ' swing of the sun,' which has its most marked effect at places farthest from the sea; (2) the local variations in temperature, which give rise to abnormal temperature conditions, which have their most marked effect in caus- ing variations in the mojiths of maximum and minimum intensity of rainfall; (3) the proximity of the ocean, which causes heavy total precipitation near the coast and masks to some degree the effect of insolation." The eastern United States is divided into three rainfall belts paralleling the Atlantic coast : (1) The interior or continental belt, characterized by summer rains and winter dryness; (2) a belt of rainfall at all seasons, due to the middle position of the area between the continental conditions of belt 1 and the oceanic conditions of belt 3; and (3) a belt of masked summer rains. Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., 43 {1915), Nos. 1, pp. 56, pis. 24, figs. 39; 2, pp. 57-59+X, pis. 8, figs. 12).— In addition to notes on weather forecasts for January and February, 1915, river and flood observations, lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers on 118 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED. meteorology and seismology, notes from the Weather Bureau library, the weather of these months, a condensed climatological summary, climatological tables and charts, and seismological reports, these numbers contain the following articles : No. i.— The Snowfall of the Eastern United States (illus.), by C. F. Brooks; The Rainfall of the Northeastern United States (illus.), by B. C. Wallis; The Distribution of the Rainfall in the Eastern United States (illus.). by B. C. Wallis (see p. 117); "Monsoon" Rainfall, by B. C. Wallis; On the Use of "Average," " Mean," " General," by H. R. Mill ; Temperatui-e and Spring Wheat in the Dakotas (illus.), by T. A. Blair (see p. 117) ; An Eight-Day Mechanically Recording Rain Gage (illus.), by C. F. Marvin; New Meteorological Stations in Korea, by R. S. Curtice ; Meteorological Radiotelegrams to Mariners from Scheveuingen ; and The Water Resources of Strawberry Creek, Berkeley, Cal. (illus.), by W. G. Reed and H. M. Loy. No. 2. — The Diurnal Period of the Wind Velocity ; The Ascent of Air above Active Volcanoes, by K. Wegener ; A Correlation of Weather Conditions and Production of Cotton in Texas (illus.), by J. B. Kincer (see p. 117) ; Relation of Climate to Plant Growth in Maryland (illus.), by F. T. McLean (see p. 116) ; New Zealand Raiuftill in 1914, 1)y D. C. Bates; and Gigantic Snowflakes. A subject and author index of the Monthly Weather Review, 1914, is also included in this number. Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostkander and R. E. McLain (Massachusetts Sta. Met. Buls. 315, 316 {1915), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mas.s., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during March and April, 1915, are presented. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Instructions for cooperative observers (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur., Instrument Div. Circs. B ami C, 5. ed. {1915), pp. 37, pi. 1, figs. 10). — ^This is a fifth revised edition of this pamphlet, which is designed " to furnish coop- erative observers with brief instructions for their guidance in taking and re- cording meteorological observations, more especially of temperature and rainfall, and for reporting earthquakes." The revision consists mainly in the addition of a section relating to earthquake observations and an index. It is stated that there are now about 4.500 cooperative observers in the United States, and that the records furnished by them "are of great value in affording informa- tion upon which many of the important publications of the Weather Bureau are based, and it is the policy of the Bureau to foster and encourage the keeping of such records." These observers receive no money compensation, but are loaned the necessary instruments and regularly receive such of the publications of the Weather Bureau as can be furnished free of cost. The conditions under which instru- ments may be secured are explained and instructions are given for the erection and care of instruments and for making and recording observations. SOILS— EERTILIZESS. Colloid chemistry in the study of soils, K. K. Gedkoits {Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 {191Jf), No. 3, pp. 181-216) .—This is the second communication on the subject (E. S. R., 28, p. 516), and deals with (1) the speed of the exchange reaction in the soil, and (2) the colloidality of soils saturated with different ba.ses and the color method for determining the quantity of colloids in the soil. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 119 Experiments were coudiicted to determiue the siieed of the exchanjre reaction between the calcium (CaO) of chernozem soil and normal solutions of sodium chlorid and ammonium chlorid, and parallel thereto the speed of the exchange reaction between acid sodium phosphate and calcium carbonate. It was found that the reaction between soil calcium and sodium chlorid was instantaneous, and that that between soil calcium and ammonium chlorid, while not instan- taneous, was extraordinarily quiclc. The speed of reaction between sodium phosphate raid calcium carbonate was much slower, and it is considered evident, therefore, that the soil calcium is not chemically combined. To determine the colloidal nature of soils saturated with different bases, 200 gm. portions of a loamy chernozem soil containing 1.395 per cent of calcium oxid were treated 20 successive times with 1 liter of solutions of variable con- centration of sodium, potassium, and ammonium chlorids. It was found that such treatment with normal and four times normal salt solutions almost en- tirely displaced the calcium oxid content soluble in 10 per cent hydrochloric acid. In a study of the so-called zeolitic compounds in soils samples of chernozem soils were washed repeatedly with water saturated with carbon dioxid until no acid was freed on contact with neutral solutions of sodium chlorid and the water extract was neutral. A comparison of soil so treated with the same soil repeatedly washed with water showed the former to have a much smaller base content but a correspondingly larger colloidality and saturation capacity. It is concluded, therefore, that the zeolitic and humus substances of the soil repre- sent gels of hydrophilous colloids. Treatment of the chernozem soil with tbe alkalis sodium, potassium, and ammonium caused the displacement not only of calcium but of iron, magnesia, and potassium, and the soils became saturated, not always exclusively but usually prevailing, with an alkali metal. The colloidality of the soil increased as the saturation with alkali metals increased. This was especially marked when the soil was saturated with sodium. The colloidality was increased less by saturation with ammonia and less still with potassium. It is concluded that when the zeolitic and humus substances are saturated with any of the three alkalis they assume the character of gels of hydrophilous colloids. Treatment of the original chernozem soil with solutions of iron and aluminum salts caused the displacement of bases, reduced the colloidality, and caused the zeolitic and humus sub.stances to assume the amorphous character of gels of colloids which do not readily take up water. With reference to the colorimetric method of determining the quantity of colloids in soil, studies were made of the absorption of methyl and crystal A'iolet by eight samples of chernozem soil consisting of the original soil, sam- ples repeatedly treated witb 0.2 normal solutions of the chlorids of sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, aluminum, and iron, and a sample repeatedly washed out with water saturated with carbon dioxid. A complete adsorption of the coloring matter v/as observed only by the soil saturated with iron. The adsoi-ption was weak by the soils saturated with aluminum and calcium and the soil washed out with carbon dioxid water. The coloring of the surface film of the samples saturated witb potassium, ammonium, and sodium was rather marked, and increased in the order named. A comparison of the quantities of color adsorbed by the eight soil samples witb their so-called colloidalities, that is, the amounts of swelling after satura- tion with water, showed the color adsorption to proceed not only not parallel with the colloidality but in an opposite direction. It is therefore concluded 120 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. that tlie colorimetric metbod gives a reverse indication of the amounts of colloids in soils and is an unsuitable method. The destructive distillation of soil, E. J. Holm yard (Proc. CJiem. Soc. London, 30 {WW, No. 42S, p. 109; abs. in Cliem. Abs., 9 {1915), No. 4, p. 498).— By the destructive distillation of soils, a distillate of two layers was obtained. The lower aqueous layer was strongly alkaline and smelled of ammonia, and the upper layer consisted of small quantities of a brown oil with an odor like pyridin. Qualitative tests on the lower layer showed the presence of phenol and ammonia. The oil, after the addition of alkali, was distilled in a current of steam, and the pale yellow distillate obtained gave qualitative tests for pyridin, quiuolin, pyrrol, thiophene, and possibly furfuraldehyde. Both field soils and garden soils gave similar results. More oil was obtained from garden soils than from field soils. The results are consistent with the view that the processes of decomposition occurring in the organic matter in soil are similar to those operative in the foi'mation of coal. Electrolytic determination of the biological solution of soil, E. Panta- NELLi (CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Ait., J,-2 {1914), No. 15-16, pp. 439-443.)— The author reports studies of the biological solution in 23 samples of desert soils of Tripoli of variable composition, in which he determined the bacterial con- tent of each soil and compared the results of measurements of the electrolytic conductivities of percolates through these soils of water, water and chloroform, 0.5 per cent glucose solution, and 0.5 per cent glucose and chloroform. By this means it was found that the soil salts were not readily washed out by water, but more so by chloroform and water in 36 cases and loss so in 7 cases. With water and chloroform, after seven days at most, considerably more salts were leached out than with pure water alone. Bacterial activity was only slightly stimulated by added moisture, and the chloroform completely inhibited the setting free of soil constituents. In 18 cases the use of the glucose solution was accompanied by an increased washing out of soil salts and a marked solu- tion of soil constituents, which is attributed to an increase in bacterial numbers. With glucose and chloroform more salts were leached out in 7 case.9 only than with glucose alone, and in 5 cases the chloroform retarded the leaching out. In 11 cases glucose and chloroform caused less leaching out of soil salts than chloroform alone, while in 9 cases the opix)site was observed. It is concluded that chloroform increases and glucose sometimes decreases the leaching out of soil salts. Chloroform in the presence of glucose completely inhibited the setting free of soil constituents. The setting free of soil constituents varied for the most part, but not always, with the bacterial content of the soil. It is thought that this power of biological solution depends less on the total bacterial numbers than on the numbers of individual acid and ammonia formers. It is concluded that the measuring of the electrolytic conductivity is a suit- able method for determining the microbiological solubility of soil constituents, especially when comparative experiments are conducted with and without the use of chloroform and glucose. Contribution to bacteriological studies of the soil, A. Wojtkiewicz {CentU. BaJct. letc], 2. Abt., 42 {1914). No. 10-14, PP- 254-261).— Studies to determine the nature and extent of the influence of methods of management and the differ- ent seasons on the microbiological processes in the soil are reported. The results indicate that the bacterial numbers in soils undergo no extreme variations during the year. The maximum numbers were observed in the spring and the minimum in the winter. The power of the soil to assimilate nitrogen varied greatly with the seasons, the minimum occurring In winter and the SOILS FERTILIZERS. 121 maximum in the fall. In general a certain parallelism appeared to exist be- tween bacterial numbers and the i^ower to assimilate nitrogen. The optimum temperature for nitrogen fixing bacteria varied with the sea- sons but somewhat slowly. Temperature variation during the day exerted no influence. Studies of other biological processes produced no conclusive results. Isolation of Bacillus radicicola from soil, C. B. Lipman and L. W. Fowler (Science, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. 1050, pp. 256-259) .—The methods used with success for the isolation of B. radicicola directly from the soil are described, and it is shown that the organism so obtained " at least in some forms and places can be readily made to grow on agar plates in large numbers," thus in- dicating the desirability of using soil extract-maltose agar for this purpose. The latter was prepared by dissolving 15 gm. of agar and 10 gm. of maltose in a soil extract, of the proper dilution, prepared by shaking 30 gm. of soil for 15 minutes in a sterile bottle with 150 cc of sterile water. The origin of the " niter spots " in certain western soils, R. Stewart and W. Peterson (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 6 (1914), No. 6, pp. 241-248). — Investi- gations reported more fully elsewhere (E. S. R., 32, p. 28) are cited to show " that (1) the nitrates of the ' niter spots ' are derived by concentration from the original rocks contributing to the soil formation, and that (2) the color of these spots is the direct result of the solvent and decomposing action of the sodium or potassium nitrate uixtn the organic matter of the soil." The soils of the western New York fruit and grain region, E. O. Fippin (Cornell Countryman, 12 (1915), No. 5, pp. 368-374, figs. 3).— This article deals with the characteristics, crop adaptabilities, and fertility requirements of the soils of an area in New York lying adjacent to Lakes Erie and Ontario on the south side. The natural drainage of the area is poorly developed and the topography is very diverse, varying from flat to undulating. The soils range from heavy stratified clay to loose sand and gravel and are divided into seven series, two of which are of glacial origin, four of lake and swamp derivation, and one of recent alluvial origin. The Ontario series is the most extensively developed in the region. The prevailing soil is a heavy loam to a clay loam. There are extensive areas of silt loam and several small areas of drifting sand, and gravel deposits are widely distributed. "A large part of the land is notably cal- careous, especially in the subsoil. ... In general the stock of organic matter is fairly good but requires attention." The sandy soil of Sylvan Beach, ITew York, N. Knight (Chem. News, 111 (1915), No. 2879, p. 49)- — Analyses of a sandy soil on the eastern shore of Oneida Lake which shows marked oxidizing powers disclosed the presence of much less iron than was expected. The free access of air is thought to be the main reason for the rapid oxidation of organic matter. It is also thought that by the free use of organic manures a fairly rich and productive soil may be formed. Salts in soils and waters of the south coast of Porto Rico, J. T. Ceawlet (Porto Ri^o Bd. Agr. Expt. 8ta. Bui. 9 (1915), pp. 25). — Continuing work by Zerban (E. S. R., 29, p. 513), this bulletin reports studies of the chemical composition of the soils and irrigation waters of the locality. One of the pur- poses of the investigation was to show a connection between the existence of so-called " salt spots " and the noticeable deterioration of cane. The results show that the salt spots and areas affected by salts are widely distributed and of considerable total extent. " In some cases the salt areas are increasing in size and encroaching on the cane areas, while in other cases they are diminishing, and the cane areas extending. The prevalent salts are the bicarbonates, chlorids, and sulphates, and of these the bicarbonates are 122 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. more widely distributed than tlie otliers. Sulpliates are generally found in large quantities in the areas tliat can not be cultivated, but are often absent, except in small amounts, iu tlie cane areas. Clilorids are found in all samples, but often iu sucli small quantities as to be negligible. . . . " Wlaere the soil contains from 0.1 per cent to 0.2 per cent of bicarbonic acid unaccompanied by any large quantity of other acids the cane is affected in its growth; beyond this point it rnrely thrives. ... In most cases 0.?> per cent of total acid radicles is veiy injurious or fatal to the cane, depending somewhat on the relative proportion of the various radicles and upon the frequency of irrigation." The analyses of irrigation waters show most of these to be excellent for irrigation purposes. The chlorin content is small. It is concluded that the three chief factors influencing the purity of cane juices from the south coast are root grubs, cane borers, and the salts of the soils. The application of fertilizers to the soil, and losses by leaching, J. T. Cbawley ;md W. B. Cady {Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 8 {1015), pp. 17-23). — Experiments with a lowland clay loam soil, a red clay hill soil, and a sandy clay soil with reference to their absorptive powers for fertilizers are reported. The results as a whole indicated that phosphoric acid is very quickly and firmly fixed by all the classes of soils, but that there is an appreciable loss from the light sandy soils when the fertilization is followed by repeated irrigations. The nitrogen losses, while the greatest, were of material consequence only in the sandy soils. The clay soils fixed the nitrogen quickly and held it firmly. Potash was lost from all the soils, but in small quantities except in the case of the sandy soils. It is stated that heavy rainfalls or irrigations may wash the potash out before it is fixed, especially frcm sandy soils, but after becoming fixed it is washed out only in small quantities. There was very little loss of fertilizers from clay soils even after very heavy rains or irrigations. It is thought that there is not the same reason for thoroughly mixing the fertilizers with sandy soils as with clay soils, owing to the tendency for moisture to diffuse the ingretlients. It is suggested also that fertilizers should be applied in small and frequent doses to sandy soil rather than iu large doses at long intervals. The effect of fertilizers on the physical properties of Hawaiian soils, W. McGeoege {Haioaii Sta. Bui. 38 {1015), pp. 31, figs. 3). — This bulletin reports data obtained from an extensive study of tho physical properties of Hawaiian soils and the effect of different fertilizers on these properties. Soils of widely differing chemical and physical characteristics and about 40 salts, fertilizer materials, aud mixtures were used in the experiments. It was found that withiu certain limits the effect of adding a larger applica- tion of a salt only magnifies that of a smaller application. Capillarity was diminished in clay soils by the addition of salts but increased in sandy soils. This property was more active in silts than in sandy or clay soils, being slowest in the latter. The percolation of water was most rapid in sandy soils and slow- est in types the particles of which are most likely to swell. Fertilizers consid- erably increased the resistance to percolation. It was found that the theory that soils of greater capilh-a-y activity offer the least resistance to percolation of water does not applj^ to Hawaiian soils. The results as regards flocculation indicated a relationship between the valency of the salt and its flocculating power. " The most active salt is alumi- num sulphate, a trivalent salt. . . . The divalent calcium and magnesium salts of nitric, hydrochloric, and sulphuric acids are next, while the monovalent salts SOILS FERTILIZEKS. 123 of sodium, potassium, and ammonium are lesst active. The acids are stronger tlian any of tlieir divalent salts but the trivalenr salt, aluminum sulphate, is stronger than any of the acids. Nitric acid is the strongest, hydrochloric second, and sulphuric third. Likewise the nitrates and chlorids are stronger than the sulphates." The cohesion of the soil particles, the apparent specific gravity of the soil in most cases, and the hygroscopicity with but very few exceptions were increased by the addition of salts. The vapor pressure was lowered in most instances but it is stated that this can not be explained from a consideration of the sur- face tension of the added salts. The influence of radio-active earth on plant growth and crop production, H. H. RusBY (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Qarcl., 16 {1915), No. 181, pp. 1-23, pis. 10, figs. 2, 8ci. Amcr. Sup., 79 {1915), Nos. 2048, pp. 216-218, figs. 9; 2049, pp. 228-230, figs. 12). — Finely powdered extracted radium ore containing from 2 to 3 mg. of radium per ton was used at rates of 25, 50, 100, and 200 lbs. per acre in mix- ture with 200 lbs. per acre of "ordinary fertilizer" on a variety of crops grown in window boxes, in a greenhouse, and in field plats at different places. The general conclusion is that "nearly all, if not all, field crops gave an increased yield under the influence of the proper amount of radio-active fer- tilizer," the largest increase observed being 335 per cent. Thje greatest gains reported were obtained with applications smaller than 200 lbs. per acre. Dif- ferent plants and families of plants showed varying susceptibility to the radio- active fertilizer. " Members of the Cruciferse or mustaxxl family, comprising mustard, rape, cabbage, cauliflower, sprouts, kale, kohl-rabi, turnips, and radishes were greatly benefited. So were the Cucurbitacere, comprising the pumpkin, cucumber, squash, and melons; in fact, more so than any others. The Graminefe, or grass family, comprising hay, corn, sugar cane, sorghum, and lawn grass, was enormously benefited. . . . The effect on a second Crop on the same ground was greater than on the first. . . . The effect upon germina- tion, when small amounts are used, was to increase the percentage of seeds germinated and to accelerate the process. The earliest effect of radium is to increase the root growth. Often the stem growth will be retarded for a time, but will later undergo a great acceleration. A given amount of sunlight has produced a greater amount of growth when radium was used, and the same amount of food production has resulted from a smaller amount of green tissue, or tops in case of the greenhouse radishes. An increased tendency to branch- ing has been observed when a large amount of radio-active fertilizer is applied to the soil. " Perhaps the most important effect of radium was that of impioving the edible properties of the product. Potatoes were more mealy. Root crops were remarkably tender, sweeter, and of finer flavor. Beets, carrots, onions, sweet corn, and similar vegetables were markedly sweeter. Tomatoes were also sweeter and chemical analysis showed them to contain less water and more sugar. Radium-grown string beans and peas were peculiarly sweet." Investigations by others in the same line are reviewed. Radio-active ores and plant life, H. Bastin {Sci. Anier., 112 {1915), No. 15, p. 335, fig. 1). — Brief reference is made to expeiiment-s with radio-active materials conducted by M. H, F. Sutton, the English seedsman. These experi- ments were made with ore containing radium as well as with residues from radium manufacture. The crops experimented with included peas, radishes, lettuce, tomatoes, nasturtiums, rape, clover, and various flowering annuals. The amount of radio-active materials used varied from 1 part in 12 to 1 part in 2,240 parts of soil. 98262°— No. 2—15 3 124 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. The results indicated tliat wliereas tlie radio-active materials benefited, more or less, rape, clover, radishes, and lettuce, they had little or no effect upon peas, tomatoes, nasturtiums, and other flowering annuals. Soils treated with black oxid of uranium in the proportion of 1 part in 2,240 of soil ap- peared, generally, to produce more sturdy plants, but in these cases it was noticeable that the inflorescence was retarded. The significance of certain food substances for plant growth, W. B. Bot- TOMLEY {Ann. Bot. [London], 28 (1914), ^^o. Ill, pp. 531-539, figs. 2; abs. in Jour. Cliem. Sac. [London], 106 (WW, No. 626, I, p. 1208).— X considerable fixation of nitrogen by bacterized peat (E. S. R., 31, p. S21) mixed with soil is reported. Experiments with various plants indicated that a water extract of the peat furnished all the plant food required. The residue from the alco- holic extract of the peat, the phosphotungstic precipitate from the aqueous extract, and the fraction (vitamin) obtained by treatment of the phospho- tungstic precipitate with baryta and silver nitrate with the subsequent re- moval of reagents, exerted a stimulating effec-t on plant growth. The effect was especially marked in the case of the vitamin. The author advances the theoiy " that the nutrition of a plant depends not only upon the supply of mineral food constituents but also upon a supply of certain accessory organic food substances, very small amounts of which are sufficient to supply the needs of the plant. During the early stages of growth of the embryo, these substances are supplied by the seed; later when the young plant is able to maintain itself, they are obtained from the humus of the soil." Further investigations as to the correctness of this theory are stated to be in progress. The question of fertilizers, L. Rebello da Silva (Bol. Dir. Geral Agr. [Portugal], 11 {1912), No. 11, pp. 6Jf). — The whole subject of sources, value, and use of fertilizers is discussed with particular reference to Portuguese con- ditions. The restricted use of fertilizers in Portugal as compared with other countries and the very great importance of extending their use in that country are very strongly emphasized. Utilization with special reference to deriving a financial return from the sewage of New York City, G. A. Sopee et al. {Rpt. Mctropol. Sewer. Com. N. T., Wl.'f, pp. 3-'tl-Jfl3). — The report deals especially with sewage farm- ing and with the utilization of sewage sludge. It reviews fully previous in- vestigation and experience and the opinions of authorities in this line through- out the world. The consensus of opinion and experience cited seems to be that the combination of conditions necessary to make sewage farming an effi- cient means of purification rarely occurs and that, as a rule, the interests of agriculture and of sanitation are opposed. As regards the utilization of sludge, however, it is concluded that " the revenue to be derived from the sale of dried sludge as fertilizer and from grease will, in many cases, more than offset the cost of production, in large towns, besides furnishing a sanitary and inoffensive method of disposing of sludge. The drying of sludge for fertilizer and the extraction of the contained grease offer a more promising outlook than others. In many works where it would not be worth while to undertake these somewhat elaborate processes, it will be found of advantage to dispose of the semidried, centrifuged, or pressed sludge to farmers for what it will bring or else burn it under the boilers of the plant." The mechanism of nitrification, E, M. Mumfoed {Proc. Chem. Soc. London, 30 {19U), No. 424, p. 36; ahs. in Chem. A6s., 9 {1915), No. 4, p. 499).— In a study of the bacterial oxidation of aqueous solutions of ammonium salts on experimental filters inoculated from actively nitrifying sewage filters, it was SOILS FEKTILIZEES. 125 found that the oxidation proceeds in a series of stages compatible with the hypothesis that the hydrogen atoms are successively hydroxylated with the subsequent elimination of water. Hydroxylamin salts and salts of hypouitrous and nitrous acids wore found as intermediate compounds. " The loss of nitrogen which invariably takes place to a certain extent on such filters is due, in part, to complex interactions between these various intermediate compounds, and as the relative concentration of these compounds is determined by the degree of aeration of the filter, this hypothesis is in correlation with the observed dif- ference in the loss of nitrogen between a percolating filter and a contact bed." Synthesis of the oxids of nitrogen by the electric arc, E. Roselieb {Bui. Assoc. Ingcn. Elect. Liege 13 {1013), pp. 566-646; Rev. Electrochim. et Electro- metal, 8 {lOl-'t), Nos. 2, pp. 33-50; //, pp. 91-111, figs. 11; ahs. in ScL .16s., Sect. B— Elect. Engln-., 17 {19U), No. 6. p. 305).— X rather full discussion of the theoi'y and processes of electrical fixation of the free nitrogen of the air, especially the oxidation of the nitrogen, is given. The appliances used and the works in operation are described and the future of the industry is discussed. When should lime nitrogen be applied to winter grains? P. Wagnes {Deiit. Landw. Presse, J{2 {1915), No. 6, pp. 39, JfO). — Experiments are reported which Indicate that the best results will be obtained on light well-drained soils by applying the lime nitrogen about the middle of February if the weather con- ditions are favorable. If the weather is very cold, vegetation backward, or the soil still covered with snow it may be advisable to delay the application from 8 to 14 days. Sodium nitrate apparently gives the best results when applied not earlier than the first of March. Nitrogenous fertilizers from refuse substances, C. Elschnee {Amer. Pert., 42 {1915), No. 5, pp. 21-23, fig. 1). — Methods of preparing available nitrogenous fertilizers from such substances as wool, hair, shoddy, rag, felt, and leather waste are briefly described. The methods are, as a rule, based upon treatment with sulphuric acid, sometimes with the addition of other substances, such as nitrate, to hasten the reduction. Availability of the nitrogen in Pacific coast kelps, G. R. Stewaet {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1915), No. 1, pp. 21-38).— The availability of the nitrogen of the kelps was measured by its rate of ammonification and nitrification as determined by the so-called beaker method of soil bacteriology. The tests were made with drietl and ground kelp. Ammonification and nitrification of this material in fresh field soil were found to vary with different species and with the manner of preparation. The nitrogen of Nereocystis luetlceana was found to be relatively very available, while that of PelagopJiycus porra ammonified and nitrified less readily. The nitrogen of Macrocystls pyrifera, which is the variety of greatest commercial importance, changed verj' slowly in the soil. It was most available when the kelp was added to the soil in a fresh or only partially dried condition and decreased materially when it was fully dried. Removing the salts by leaching did not increase the rate of decomposition. "The addition of moderate quantities of Nereocystis to a sample of fresh soil in the laboratory did not cause any great interference with either ammonifi- cation or nitrification of readily available organic matter, such as dried blood. Similar experiments with Macrocystis showed at first a decrease in the rate of transformation, especially in nitrification. ITiis decrease did not con- tinue and as time passed the ammonification and nitrification became prac- tically normal." A bibliography of twenty references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. 126 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. Tlie bone, animal waste, phosphate, and phosphorus industries, L. V^zien (IndusMes des Os, des Dockets Animaux, des Phosphates, et du Phosphore. Paris: Octave Doin <& Sons, 1914, pp. 423, figs. 50). — This is one of the vohimes of the Toulouse Encyclopedie Scientifique. It treats of (1) glue and gelatins, (2) phosphates, and (3) phosphorus. The second part, which is of special interest from the agricultural standpoint, deals with forms of i^hosphate and the occurrence and mining of phosphate deposits ; phosphates of animal origin and their methods of manufacture; and the manufacture of superphosphates. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, T. F. Peck, J. W. Sample, and A. L. Gabkison {Tenn. Agr., 4 (1915), No. 2, pp. 59-123, figs. 2.) — Analyses and valua- tions of 456 samples of commercial fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale in Tennessee during 1914 are reported, with some general notes on the use of fertilizers and the text of the state fertilizer law. It is stated that the consumi)tion of fertilizers in the State during 1914 was 100,000 tons. Of the total number of brands examined about 60 fell below the guaranty in composition. Commercial fertilizers, B. H. Hite and F. B. Kunst {West Virginia Sta. Insp. Bui. 3 {1915), pp. ^5). — This bulletin reports actual and guarantied analyses of samples of fertilizers offered for sale in West Virginia during 1914. " The inspection work for the past year discloses very few failures on the part of manufacturers to deliver everything that was guarantied." The economy of purchasing h5gh-grade fertilizers is urged. " Purchasers of fer- tilizers are advised not to invest in fertilizers in which the sum total of the available phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen is less than 14 per cent. In the case of ground bone, the nitrogen and phosphoric acid (together) should be at least 24 per cent." AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. On certain relations between the plant and its physical environment, J. B. Fakmeb {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc, 40 {1914), No. 2, pp. 197-207, pis. ^).— This article deals with the plant in its relation with its physical environment, con- sidering such factors as moisture, temperature, illumination, nutriment, and response, rather indicating the problems which are becoming evident than giving the results of investigations carried out. The general conclusion arrived at is that the more closely we are enabled to analyze the response of a plant to the demands of its physical environment, the more we find that such laws as are known of chemistry, molecular physics, surface tension, etc., hold good and serve as guides to investigation. Even autoregulation seems (at least in some critical instances) to be explicable as the result of limiting factors not essentially different in kind from those which control chemical actions in \atro. In these directions, it is thought, lies our hope of gaining control over vital processes. The plant in relation to its biological environment, J. B. Farmer {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc, 40 {1914), No. 2, pp. 208-214).— This deals with the influence of such biological factors as competition (in relation to chemical processes or properties), symbiosis, chemical products favorable to certain successions, parasitism and its modifying effect on hosts, submission or resistance to chemo- taxis, and the relation of form to composition. Town smoke and plant growth, C. Crowther and A. G. Ruston {Join: Agr. 8ci. [Englandl, 6 {1914), No. 4, pp. 387-394, figs. 3).— Having followed up previous investigations (E. S. R., 25, p. 434), with attempts to measure di- rectly the inhibiting effects of atmospheric pollution upon plant growth in the city of Leeds and vicinity, the authors state that while of the disturbing fac- \ AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 127 tors, soil differences, altitude, exposure, etc., tliey were able to eliminate only the first mentioned, still the differences in plant development ( corresix)nding to changes in atmospheric content) at the several stations in different direc- tions and at increasing distances from the main center of pollution are so defi- nite as to leave little doubt that the dominant factor therein is the varying quality of the atmosphere. On damage caused to vegetation by sulphurous and sulphuric acids in the atmosphere, R. R. Tatlock and R. T. Thomson (Analyst, 39 {1914), No. 458, pp. 203-210). — Giving the results of observations and analyses of different portions of several plants and of soils in different localities, the authors reach the conclusion that the atmosphere even of cities consuming large quantities of coal is acid only under very exceptional circumstances, and even then within narrow limits. Injurious effects, when present, are strictly local, neither acidity nor damage being perceptible in cases where the acid has been dis- persed through a large volume of surrounding air. Hail injury to cereals, R. Schander (Fuhling's Landw. Ztg., 63 {1914), No. 21-22, pp. 657-703, figs. 12). — Giving details and conclusions of a study of hail injury to rye, wheat, barley, and oats, as regards the different parts and stages, the author claims to have shown that certain forms of such injury may be both qualitatively and quantitatively estimated by methods here exempli- fied. Transpiration and the ascent of sap in plants, H. H. Dixon {London: MacmiUan d Co., 1914, pp. VIII +216, figs. 30).— The author offers an explana- tion of the ascent of sap in plants, based very largely on physical properties of liquids. The transpiration stream, it is claimed, is raised by secretory actions taking place in the leaf cells, or by evaporation and capillarity. The author main- tains that structural and physiological evidence prevents the acceptance of the physical or vital theories, as the same configuration, physical properties, and structure of the wood indicate that water in the conducting tracts not acted upon by force behind must pass into a state of tension. Therefore when root pressure is not acting and when the leaves of trees are transpiring, the cohesion of their sap explains fully the transmission of the tension downward, and consequently explains the rise of sap. In order to raise the transpiration stream 100 meters in height a tension of 20 atmospheres would be required. Studies of cohesion of sap indicate that It amounts to at least 200 atmospheres, and consequently would be in no way overtaxed by this tension. The determi- nation of the osmotic pressure of sap has been shown to be adequate to resist transpiration tension. Other factors, however, are said to enter in, and the pressures developed are much in excess of those demanded by trans- piration. It is claimed that the stored energy set free by transpiration in leaves is quite sufficient to do the work of secretion against the resistance of the transpiration stream. Extreme alterations of permeability without injury, W. J. V. Osteehout {Bot. Gaz., 59 {1915), No. 3, pp. 242-253, figs. 4). — ^As some investigators have claimed that permeability is a relatively fixed property of cells while others assume that there are reversible changes, the author has undertaken a series of experiments with living tissues of Laminaria saccharina, determining the permeability of the cells by their electrical resistance. The results obtained by the use of quantitative methods indicate that the permeability of protoplasm may be greatly increased or diminished without injury. A rapid alternation of increase and decrease did not produce injury. The problem of food movement in trees, S. B. Elliott {Forestry Quart., 12 {1914), ^0. 4, PP- 559-561, figs. 2). — ^An account is given of a young white 128 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD, pine which had been girdled at least five years previously by some rodent. It had continued to live, growing above (not below) the decorticated portion, but apparently only between the first and second whorl of branches, the first of which was just above the injured region which had been denuded of bark, cambium, and some of the outer sapwood. The circumstances are held to show that mineral food must have passed from the roots to the leaves and that material was practically prevented from passing down from the leaves to the roots, but no complete explanation is yet evident for the nonincrease in size of the portion between the second and the third whorl of branches. A second case is noted of a white pine, originally a forked tree, in which natural grafting between the two forks has taken place in three or four places. One stem has been separated below but continues to grow, the crown now being more vigorous and thrifty than that of the rooted member. The taper of the severed tree has been altered and is now considerably less than that of the other. An important feature is the continued healthy growth of the severed stem below the graft and the more rapid increase at the junction end of the trunk than at the severed end. The upper end apparently permits only such food as its needs do not require to pass downward to the lower portion of the severed trunk, which has no roots, live limbs, or leaves. The influence of chlorids and nitrates of potassium and sodium on ger- minating plants, H. MiciiEELS {Intermit. Ztschr. Phys. Chem. Biol., 1 {1914), No. 5-G, pp. 412-419). — Studies were carried out regarding the effects on per- centage of germination, length of first leaf, length of root, and weight of the plantlet in case of wheat grown in (solutions of potassium chlorid, potassium nitrate, sodium chlorid, and sodium nitrate, which show almost the same degree of dissociation at the two concentrations employed (t-ott find roW normal). In solutions uninfluenced by the presence of an electrical current the chlorin ion was more harnjful than the nitric acid ion and the sodium more so than the pota.ssium ion. The nitric acid ion acts favorably on leaf length, plant weight, and length of root hairs, but this is not true of the chlorin ion. While sodium is more harmful than potassium, it gives greater root length. The same general results were obtained during electrolysis of the solutions. The diiTerences observed are ascribed to physiological properties of the same ions and not to any chemical properties. A method of prophesying the life duration of seeds, W. Crocker and J. F. Groves {Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1 {1915), No. 3, pp. 152-155). — This article gives a detailed account of investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 221), in which the authors claim that gradual loss of viability in seeds during storage is due to a slow coagulation of the proteins in the plasma of the embryo. They have found in experiments a rather close agreement between calculated and found values, which indicate that a time-temperature formula for the coagula- tion of proteins can be applied as a temperature-life duration formula for seeds, at least under the conditions of these experiments. Light and the rate of growth in plants, D. T. MacDougal {Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 1056, pp. 467-469) .—Attention is called to a statement by the author (E. S. E., 15, p. 3.39) in which it was shown that light has no invariable or universal relation to growth in plants. In the present paper additional data are presented to substantiate this claim. The investigations of Richards and Spoehr on the growth, hydratation, and acidity in certain species of Opuntia (E. S. R., 30, pp. 429, 4.31) are said to have a bearing on this problem. The results of an extended series of observations on 0. dlakeana are given, which are said to show that the growth of the enlarging joints is at a mini- mum in the morning, with a rapid acceleration parallel with the rising tem- perature of the open, reaching a maximum about noon and then decreasing to a AGEICULTURAL BOTANY. 129 minimum before 3 o'clock. The growth of the opuutias takes place during a period of decreasing acidity, resulting from the disintegrating action of light and rising temperatures. This statement, it is believed, applies not only to the diurnal behavior of the plants during the grow^ing season, but to the grovr- ing season as a whole. In conclusion the author states that light and temperature in lesser degree are seen to exercise a totalized releasing effect on gi'owth coincident with reduced acidity and increased hydratation to a certain limit. Beyond this growth is checlced. The time and distance relation between brief illumination and reaction in sprouting vetches, G. Campanile (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. 6 Nat., 5. so:, 23 (lOU), I, No. 12, pp. 966-969).— This gives in tabular form the responses by sprouting vetches after an exposure of one second to a light of 50 candlepower at distances of 1 to 4 meters. Distance does not ap- pear to affect the degree of curvature, but the percentage of preceptible re- sponses increases with the time from zero at all distances employed for half an hour to 58, 25, 22, and 14 per cent at 1, 2, 3, and 4 meters, respectively, for 2i hours, and 100, 98, 82, and 70 at these distances for 10 hours. On the identity of heliotropism. in animals and plants, J. Loeb and H. Wasteneys (Proc. Nat. Acad.. Sci., 1 {1915), No. 1, pp. H-Ifl). — ^Attention is called to the fact that the investigations of Blaauw (E. S. R., 22, p. 329) showed that the time required to bring about the hellotropic curvature of plant changes inversely with the intensity of illumination, and that the same law holds for the lieiiotropic curvature of the polyps of Eudendrium. Some further investigations have been conducted to compare the relative eflBciency of the various parts of the spectrum upon the production of hello- tropic curvatures in Eudendrium with that found for the hellotropic curva- tures in plants. These showed that the relative efficiency of the different parts of the si>ectrum of a carbon arc light for the production of hellotropic curva- tures in Eudendrium and in seedlings of Avena is practically identical. The coefficient of mutation in CEnothera biennis, H. DeVries {Bat. Gaz., 59 {1915), No. 3, pp. 169-196).— The author gives the results of a study of about 8,500 individuals grown from seeds taken from pure line pedigreed plants of CE. hiennis. There were found among these specimens 8 nanella, 4 semigigas, and 27 sulfurea mutants, giving percentages of about 0.1, 0.05. and 0.3 per cent. The origin of mutants from other species, the question of partial sterility, and other mutation factors are discussed at some length. The author considers the phenomenon of mutability observed in CE. lamarckiana, CE. hiennis, and allied forms, as a simple continuance of the supposed mutability which presided at the origin of the wild species of the evening primroses. In connection with his investigations, it was found that the seeds of evening primroses were often very slow in germinating. This difficulty, it is said, can be overcome by pressing water into them, a pressure of 6 to 8 atmospheres for from 1 to 3 days being sufficient to stimulate all to a rapid germination. An interpretation of self-sterility, E. M. East {Proc. Nat. Acad. Set., 1 {1915), No. 2, pp. 95-100). — The author offers a suggestion as to the cause of sterility based upon a study of descendants of a cross between Nicotiana for- getiana and the large white-flowered variety commonly known as 2V. affinis. A large number of experiments in which plants were self-crossed and back- crossed through several generations were made and studies were conducted with pairs of plants which furnished series of selfed and crossed flowers. In these the pistils were examined at regular periods and the difference between the development of the pollen tubes in the selfed and crossed styles was found 130 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. to be wholly one of rate of growth. In the selfed pistils the pollen tubes devel- oped steadily at a rate of about 3 mm. in 24 hours. Since the maximum life of the flower was found to be about 11 days, the tubes were never able to traverse more than one-half the distance to the ovary. On the other hand, the tubes in the crossed pistils, though starting to grow at the same rate as the other, pass down the style and reach the ovary in 4 days or less. From these facts it is concluded that the secretions in the style stimulate the pollen tubes from other plants instead of inhibiting the tubes produced by pollen grains from the same plant. It is believed that there are present on the style stimulants, and experiments indicate that the principal one is a sugar, probably of the hexose group. In the pollen grains there is considered to be a specific material in the nature of an enzym which calls forth secretion of the sugar that gives the direct stimulus. Further observations on the relationship between the number of ovules formed and the number of seeds developing" in Cercis, J. A. Harris {Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 4I {191^), No. 11, pp. 533-5Jf9, figs. //).— In a previous paper (E. S. R., 31, p. 523), the author discussed the relationship between the number of seeds maturing and the number of ovules formed in the pods of a series of trees of C. canadensis from different habitats. In the present paper an account is given of collections made from individual trees, in which it apiiears that the physical constants, type, variability, and correlation of the number of ovules per pod and the number of seeds develop- ing per pod in C. canadensis differ sensibly from individual to individual and from habitat to habitat. The data do not, however, justify the conclusion that trees from different habitats may be distinguished taxonomically. The correla- tions for number of ovules formed and number of seeds developed per pod have always been found positive and of a moderate, considerable, or even high intensity. The correlation coefHcient is said to be slightly raised by the combi- nation of collections from different individuals. The taxonomic value of pore characters in the grass and sedge rusts, J. C. Arthur and F. D. Fromme {Mycologia, 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 28-33, fig. 1). — It is stated that there are at present known in North America 105 species of rusts on grasses and 40 on sedges having urediniospore-pore characters that are clearly distinguishable, and hence available for use in their possible application to taxonomic study. Three general types of distribution of the pores are recog- nized, namely, scattered, equatorial, and extraequatorial. It is thought that the practical importance of pore characters of the urediniospores of the grasses and sedge rusts lies in the application of this knowledge to the identification of the material that is incomplete. It has already been possible to make some progress in determining the species of rusts from urediniosporic material alone. The development of Armillaria mellea, G. F. Atkinson {My col. CentU., If {191-i), No. 3, pp. 113-121, pis. 2). — This is an account of the progress of differentiation in A. mellea. The view is expressed that the zone of radial hyphse, and a part at least of the cortical zone of the young carpophore of A. mellea, is homologous with the radial and cortical zone in Lepiota clypeo- laria. It is thus homologous with the universal veil in certain species of Ama- nita and Amanitopsis, but does not become differentiated from the pileus as it does in these two genera. FIELD CROPS. Eeport on the experimental work of the Palur agricultural station for 1913-14, G. D. Mehta {Dept. Agr. Madras Rpt. 1913-14, pp. 21).— The variety tests here reported include peanuts, sugar cane, and rice grown on irrigated FIELD CROPS. 131 land, dry land, and wet land. Rotation experiments on these lands include peanuts, cotton, " tenai " (Setaria italica), " cumbu " (Pennisetum typlioid- eum), and " ragi " {Eleusine coracana). Results covering a period of seven years show that growing a cereal with peanuts gave an increased net profit per acre, although the yield of peanuts was less than when that crop was grown alone. Manurial tests included bone meal, burnt shell lime, powdered shell, peanut stalks, shells, and cake, and pit manure. Using a green manure crop, " daincha " (ScsMnia aaileata), in the production of rice proved very beneficial. A handbook of Nebraska grasses, E. M. Wilcox, G. K. K. Link, and Venus W. Pool {Nebraska Sta. BuL US (1915), pp. 5-120, figs, ii^).— Nearly 150 species are identified, and a bibliogi-aphy of publications of the TJ. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture and the state experiment stations on agrostology is ap- pended. The Spanish grasses of northern Africa, C. Manetti (Agr. Colon. [Italy], 8 {19U), Nos. 9, pp. 553-57G, pis. 4, figs. 9; 10, pp. 641-663, pis. 4, figs. 5; 11, pp. 743-763, figs. 10; 12, pp. 815-830, fig. i).— This series of articles constitutes a very complete treatise on the Spanish grasses (Stipa tenacissima, Lygeum spartum, Ampeloclesma mauritanica, and AHstida pungens), covering their cul- tivation, improvement, uses, and enemies. Agave. — Its culture and exploitation, F. Michotte {U Agave. Culture et Exploitation. Paris: A. CJiallamcl, 1914, PP- S39, figs. 113). — A treatise con- taining a study of this plant, its exploitation and culture, the extraction of the fiber, and the utilization of the plant and its products. First series of researches with reference to red clover breeding, H. M. Gmelin (Meded. Rijks Hoogere Land., Tuin en Bosehhouwsch. [Wageningen], 7 {1914), No. 5, pp. 149-165). — This describes methods of employing the bumble- bee in the seed production of red colver, and gives results of observations upon several varieties of red clover and the effect of different insects upon the fertilization of the flowers. A genetic and cytological study of certain types of albinism in maize, F. 0. Miles {Jour. Genetics, 4 {1915), No. 3, pp. 193-214, pi. 1, figs. 9).— This article briefly reviews previous investigations along this line, gives results of work conducted at the Nebraska Experiment Station in the inheritance of albinism in maize, and includes an anatomical study of the leaves of certain types of maize. " From the studies of the various categories it appears that in all cases, with the possible exception of the striped leaves in Zea japonica, the several degrees of albinism in corn leaves behave as simple Mendelian recessives; the first generation of a cross with ordinary green races giving fully green plants and the second generation segregating in the ratio of three grecu plants to one plant of the particular type which was used in tlie cross. The study of the manner of inheritance of variegated leaves of Z. japonica in crosses where aleurone color is involved has not been completed. "A rather definite relation has been pointed out between a pure white type of maize plant and a yellowish-white type, the results indicating that the presence of at least two factors is necessary for the development of normal green in the leaves of maize. In the absence of one of these factors the plant is pure white and soon dies, while in the absence of the other factor the plant at first is yellowish white but is capable of developing into a greenish condi- tion and sometimes into a pure green plant. " Studies of the relation between the other categories have not been com- pleted. Crosses of striped plants of the japonica type with golden plants, and 132 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. those of the green striped plants with golden j)laiUs and also the crosses of green striped plants with yellowish-white individuals which turn green, have all re- snllod in first generation plants whicli wore of the normal green color. Although it was impossible to note the second generation plants, except during the first five weeks of their growth, it was possible at that time to identify segregates of the respective categories. The results secured in these crosses, however, add further evidence to the hypothesis that more than one factor is concerned in the production of normal green color in the leaves of maize. Apparently there is lacking in each parent some genetic factor (or factors perhaps) which is concerned in the development of chlorophyll, and, since the Fi plants are normal green, it appears as if that factor which is lacking in one parent may be present in the other. " In the pure white plants no plastids could be differentiated. In the yollowish-white ])lants which later may become green plastids apparently are present from the first, althougli they are few in number and are verj^ small, gradually increasing in number and size as the leaf turns green. " In 7j. japonica the manner of distribution of plastids may be compared with the condition which Trelease has described in certain variegated agaves. He found that the normal green condition was due to the presence of plastids in the subepidermal region of the leaf. In variegated loaves, if the sti'ipe was pale greenish, there was found to be a suppression of plastids through sev- eral of the subepidermal cells, while in a pure white stripe there was 'all but complete suppression of recognizable plastids.' " Perjugate cotton hybrids, C. G. Marshall (Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 2, pp. 57-6 Jf, figs. 5). — This article notes the great diversity of characters that appeared in the per.iugate, or second generation, while the Individuals of the conjugate, or first generation, resulting from a cross between Hindi and Egyptian cotton were very uniform and showed characters intermediate between the two parents. It is noted that " studies of the different parts of the several plants, such as the leaves, involucral bracts, bolls and seeds, revealed ns great diversity and range of differences among these more detailed characters as there was in the general appearance and habit of growth of the plants. . . , The leaves of the different plants varied in color from a light or yellowish green to a very dark green, some of the plants showing a bronze or reddish tinge. They also varied in shape from simple leaves to leaves with deeply cut lobes, with margins wavy or crenate in many dilTevcnt degrees. There was the same variation in the glossy or hairy surfaces, as well as in texture and veining; in fact, the leaves of sister plants were often so different that they might well have repre- sented as many distinct types of cotton. . . . "The extra floral nectaries, which are one of the specialized features of the cotton plant, also showed many aberrations and sometimes marked degenera- tion. The general tendency seemed to be toward a smaller development of nectaries than in the parent stocks. On the ma.iority of the plants the nectaries both of the leaves and involucres were very small and inactive or altogether absent. . . . " The bolls of these perjugate h.vbrids were perhaps more striking in their diversity and possession of strange characters tlian any other parts of the plant. There were many shapes, some very unusual and freakish. The bolls of one plant were very long and narrow, almost cigar-shaped. Another plant had bolls almost round but with a beak as long as, and in many cases longer than, the body of the boll. Still another ])lant had small bolls with blunt ends and a constriction at the middle which made them look like peanuts. Some plants had large bolls and some small, some had bolls dotted with numerous oil FIELD CEOPS. 133 glands aud some with few; some plants liad bolls deeply pitted and some had bolls with smooth surfaces, the oil glands being more deeply buried in the tissues of the wall. " The seed aud lint characters were as diverse as the boll characters. The seeds from the different plants were of many sizes and shapes and no two plants showed the same distribution of fuzz on the seed. The seed of one hybrid plant was entirely naked while usually there were tufts of fuzz at either the apex or base of tJie seed or at both ends, these tufts varying in size for the different plants. Several plants had the seeds completely covered with thick fuzz, but even these differed from each other in that some had green fuzz, some brown, and some pure w'hite. The lint also varied greatly In both quantity and quality and ranged in color from a pure white to a decided bufif. From a commercial standpoint the lint would have been' of little value because of the variation in length and quality of the lint from the different plants." Twelve individuals derived from self-fertilized seeds from the same conjugate Hindi X Egyptian plant are described in- detail and serve to show those features in which the plants differ most noticeably from each other and from the parental types. Relation of density of stand and yield in cotton, A. Sheedeb (Isv. Turkest. Selsk. Khoz. Opyin. StantsU, 4 {1913); ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), U, {1913), No. 5, pp. 522, 523).— Observations of the author indicate a ratio existing between the soil surface occupied by the cotton plant aud the leaf surface of that plant. This ratio is unaffected by the thick- ness of planting, aud the soil condition seems to be the chief factor in determin- ing it. The number of bolls on each plant was found to be approximately pro- portional to the distance between each plant, and it is noted that the number of maturing bolls was found to depend on the number of stems per unit area and not on the total number of ovaries. Close planting- of cotton to avoid frost injuries, R. Shredeb {Turkest. Sclsk. Khoz., No. 2 {1913); ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), IJf. {1913), No. 5, pp. 51S, 519). — This notes the success of close planting as a means of securing early maturity of the bolls to avoid injuries by early frosts. Flax culture, V. E. Freeman {New York: Author, 1915, pp. 19, figs. 9). — This book treats of the preparation and industrial use of the flax plant in its various phases. Germination of hemp seed, G. Consolani {Staz. Sper. Agr. ItaL, Jil {191 J/), No. 6, pp. Jf27-430, figs. 2). — This article gives results of germination tests in 1914 of hemp seeds grown in the years 1909-1913. The percentages of germina- tion were 60, 0, 71, 65, and 79, respectively. With the 1909 seeds the plumules did not appear until the ninth day and germination continued until tlie twenty- first day, while with the 1913 seeds the plumules appeared on the sixth day and germination was ended by the sixteenth day. Experiments on lime requirements of lupines, voN Seeliiorst, Geilmann, and R. Thiele {Deut. Landw. Presse, 42 {1915), No. 1, pp. 3, 4, figs. S).— This article reviews previous work of investigators, and gives results of pot experi- ments conducted at GiJttingen to determine the influence of applications of lime on the nodule development and consequent growth of the plants. Half of the pots were filled with sterilized soil, and these soils were then inoculated by means of soil known to contain the proper nodule-forming bacteria and that had been variously treated with lime, sodium nitrate, and ammonium sulphate. Tabulated data show that the maximum development of nodules was produced with the untreated inoculating soil or that containing small quantities of lime or nitrate of soda. The combined applications of small or large quantities of 134 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. lime, sodium nitrate, or ammonium sulpliate seemed to check their develop- ment The authors conclude, therefore, that the injurious effect of lime applied to lupines is due directly to the unfavorable soil conditions thus produced for the development of the nodule-forming bacteria. Yields of native prickly pear in southern Texas, D. Griffiths ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 208 (1915), pp. 11, pis. 2).— This bulletin reports work in continua- tion of that previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 34), but includes the additional species Opuntia gommei and 0. cyaneUa and some other less important species. Methods of cultivation employed at Brownsville and San Antonio, Tex., and at Chico, Cal., are described. The yields at Brownsville were at the rate of from 35.492 tons to 185.S37 tons per acre for 2- and 3-year-old plants, making an annual production of from 17.746 to 54.703 tons of succulent feed per acre. These yields were from newly planted cuttings. Yields of stumps from which a crop had been harvested often averaged over 100 tons per acre per year. The yields from cuttings at San Antonio ranged from 2.83 to 20.685 tons i^er acre, and from stumps from 9.8 to 28 tons per acre. It is noted that shallow cultivation to suppress weeds gave better results than deep cultivation or a dust mulch system. Thorough preparation of the soil before setting the cuttings seems essential for the best results. Report of the prickly pear traveling commission, November 1, 1912, to April 30, 1914, T. H. Johnston and H. Tbton {Rpt. Prickli/ Pear Travel. Com., Queensland, 1912-1914, pp. XX-{-131, pis. 28). — The report of a commis- sion of inquiry appointed by the Queensland Government to visit countries in which prickly pear plants are itidigenous or have become naturalized, for the purpose of ascertaining what diseases, parasitic plant organisms, and para- sitic or predatory insects are injurious to these plants, as a method of destroy- ing or controlling their growth, and also the possibility of utilizing prickly pears for commercial pui"ix»ses. The results of these studies of the activities of rodents, insects, and xliseases ; the utilization as food for man and for stock, as a fertilizer, and as a source of alcohol, fiber, and oxalic acid, and the utili- zation of the mucilage, and coloring matter in the fruit; and the destruction by overgrowth, by chemicals, and by mechanical means are summarized for each of the following countries : Java, Ceylon, India, South Africa, the Canary Islands, Europe, and the Mediterranean area, the United States, Mexico and Central America, the "West Indies, South America, the Hawaiian Islands, and the Australian States other than Queensland. A bibliography of over 400 titles is appended. On the inbreeding' of rye, K. von RiJMKER and R. Leidnek {Ztschr. Pflanzen- zilcht., 2 {1914), No. 4, PP- 429-444, figs. 4)- — This aitlclc discusses data ob- tained in experiments previously noted. (E. S. R., 21, p. 736; 30, p. 525), to study the kernel color of rye in pure lines, and also points out from the same data the increase in yields of progeny of crosses between pure lines of rye. Physiological studies of Bacillus radicicola of soy bean, J. K. Wilson {A'bs. in Seience, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. IO4S, p. 180). — This paper, presented at the ninth annual meeting of the Botanical Society of America, Philadelphia, in December, 1914, " confirms earlier work as regards the influence of nitrates on nodule production, and indicates in addition that sulphates in relatively weak concentration inhibit the process, Chlorids and phosphates stimulate nodule production, while ammonium salts are inhibitory. The significant fact was developed that while nodule development was prevented by the presence of nitrates, phosphates, and ammonium salts, yet the organism retained its vitality in the presence of these salts. Whether the effect of the salt is upon FIELD CROPS. 135 the root, such as to make it resistant, or upon the organism can not yet be stated." Can sodium replace potash as a nutrient for sugar beets? Krugee {Deut. Zucketindus., 39 (1914), ^o. Jf7, pp. 951-953). — This article describes an experi- ment in which sodium was applied as a fertilizer in place of potash. The results showed that the sugar and potash contents of the beets followed closely the quantities of potash applied with little reference to the quantities of sodium. The author believes, however, that the presence of the sodium increased the effectiveness of the potash. Loss in tonnage of sugar beets by drying, H. B. Shaw {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 199 {1915), pp. 12, figs. 5). — This bulletin gives results of experiments to determine the amount of loss of sugar beets by evaporation in the field. The weights of sugar beets pulled at Ogden, Utah, on October 17, 1912, and left spread out, not topped, for 24 hours showed a loss of 10.32 per cent in a mean temperature of 43.29° F. When pulled, topped, and left in rather small piles in a mean temperature of 50° for 3§ hours the roots lost 0.54 per cent in weight. In another similar test in a temperature of 62° for 6i hours the roots lost 2.42 per cent in weight. In a test at Garden City, Kans., in which the roots were placed in medium- sized piles and left exposed from November 10 to November 14, there was a mean daily loss of 6.48 per cent in weight. A similar experiment in which the roots were thrown into large piles (500 lbs.) showed a total loss when covered with the beet tops of 4.18 per cent in one series and 4.85 per cent in another. When left exposed the losses were 15.06 and 14.14 per cent, respectively. In testing the effect of drying upon the sugar content of beets laboratory results showed that the percentage of sucrose increases as the water is with- drawn by evaporation. It was also shown that some inversion and decomposi- tion take place even during so short a period as about 30 hours. Beets in large open piles containing 11 tons 900 lbs., 16 tons 1,700 lbs., and 28 tons 190 lbs., respectively, and left from November 3, 1912, to January 4, 1913, lost 4.1 per cent in weight during the two months. The mean tempera- ture was 36.72°. The relation of shrinkage to money loss is discussed. Variation in the content of sugar in beets during the second year, O. MuNERATi, G. Mezzadeoli, and T. V. Zappaboli (Stais. Sper. Agr. Ital., 47 {1914), No. 5, pp. 317-336, figs. 6).— This article gives results of a study to determine the variation of sugar in beets during their seed-producing period. Beets were analyzed in March, 1913, at the time of transplanting and again at different dates in September, October, and December, just before, during, and after the maturation of the seeds. The tabulated data show a wide variation in the content of individual beets and that many had a relatively high sugar content at the end of the season, even higher in some cases than before the growth of the seed stalk ; that there is a class of roots that nearly maintains its quality, form, and weight; that there is another class that substantially changes in quality and increases more or less in weight by new growth ; and that there is an intermediate class. Contribution on the biology and valuation of beet seeds, M. Plaut {Jahres- hcr. Ver. Angew. Bot., 11 {1913), No. 2, pp. 168-217).— This article reviews work of previous investigators, and gives results of work performed at the experiment station at Hohenheim, Germany, respecting methods of sampling, testing, and estimating the agricultural values of beet seeds. The method of sampling that proved to be the most exact is that termed the " count-percentage method" (Zahlprozentmethode), with modifications in averaging originally 136 . EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED. used by the author. The comparative exactness of the three methods, actual count, count-percentage method, and count-percentage method with averages are indicated as 58 : 37 : 25. As a measure of the agricultural value of beet seeds the author tried several methods of weighing 100 germinating seeds within definite periods. This proved satisfactory, as this weight bore a direct relation to the vigor of the germ. Besults of work in breeding and selection and of observations on vari- ability and the correlation of variability with sugar cane, carried on at the sugar factory at Sempalwadak, Java, R. A. Qxjintus (Arch. Suikerindiis. Nederland. Indie, 22 (1914), No. 39-40, pp. 1369-1495, pis. g2).— The work here reported was carried on in 1911, 1912, and 1913. The studies were made in regard to heredity as influenced by selection in both sexual and vegetative methods of propagation with pure lines and hybrids of sugar cane. Variability and the correlation of variability in regard to the production of the crops are discussed. The author concludes that with self-fertilized sugar cane the inheritance of characters follows closely Galton's law of regression. Deviations either within pure lines or in hybridization do not seem to be inherited. In hybridizing it appears that the individual parental characters follow Mendel's law in the second generation. Some characteristics such as thickness, tillering, and sugar content do not seem to be inherited. There is a negative correlation between cane weight and percentage of sugar in the juice, and a positive correlation be- tween the cane weight and sugar yield. The structure of the stomata of the sugar cane, J. Ktjypeb (Meded. Proef- stat. Java-SuiJcerindus., 5 {1914), No. 1, pp. 12, pis. 2, fig. 1; Arch. Suilcerindus. Nederland. Indie, 22 (.1914), No. 41, pp. 1679-1690, pis. 2, fig. i).— This article gives results of microscopical examinations of the parts of the stomata, in- cluding guard cells, accessory cells, and the movement mechanism of the stoma cells. Sugar cane, its cultivation and gul manufacture, J. B. Knight (Dept. Agr. Bombay Bui. 61 (1914), PP- 41) • — This bulletin discusses the methods of pro- ducing sugar cane, including the planting methods known as the Gujarat, Mauritius, Poona, row system, and Java system, and pests and diseases. Conservation of soil moisture in the cane fields, J. T. Crawley and W. B. Cady (Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bill. 8 (1915), pp. 7-5).— This gives the results of a field test in which the soil to the depth of 1 ft. under a 6-in. mulch of cane trash showed a weekly average from September S, 1913, to June 1, 1914, of 2.2 per cent more moisture than soil which had been cultivated, and 4.1 per cent more than soil that was left fallow, neither cultivated nor mulched. Stripping of cane, J. T. Crawley (Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Eoppt. Sta. Bui. 8 {1915), pp. 10-16). — ^This gives results of two seasons' work as to the advan- tages in stripping the dead leaves and suckers from the growing cane. The averages for the season 1912-13 for stripped and unstripped cane are given as 38.16 and 3S.04 tons of cane, 15.44 and 15.46 Brix, 13.23 and 13.19 per cent of sucrose, and 85.6 and 85.3 per cent of purity, respectively. For the .season 1913-14 the figures are 20.85 and 21.28, 17.01 and 17.04, 14.86 and 15.06, and 87.4 and 88.3, respectively. Using cane tops for planting, A. H. Rosenfei.d (Internat. Bugar' Jour., It {1915), No. 193, pp. 16-18). — This article gives results during the first and second years of using the upper third of the stalk for planting, this practice being based on its lesser value as a sugar-producing part. The data show a smaller yield from the cane tops the first year, but there was much less differ- ence the second year between the cane tops and ordinary cane in yield per acre. PIELD CROPS. 137 and the average weight per stalk was greater thau from the ordinary cane, being 1.74 and 1.60 lbs., respectively. Tobacco mutations, II. K. Hayes {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 2, pp. 73-78, figs. 2). — This article briefly reviews work with the mutation tobacco known as the Stewart Cuban, already noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 631). It is stated that on December 28, 1013, seed of this new tjije was planted in the greenhouse, and transplanted to the field in the spring, where in September the plants had attained a height of from 12 to 14 ft., had produced an average of SO leaves per plant, and showed no sign of a blossom. They blossomed in October in the greenhouse. The recurrence of other mutants of similar tyiies in several fields in Connecticut is noted and discussed. Tobacco breeding' in Dalmatia, K. Peeissecker (Fachl. Mitt. Osterr. Tahak- rcgie, 14 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. .^-^8, pis. 3, figs. 11).— This article gives results of hybridization and selection of Dalmatian varieties of tobacco in the experi- mental fields of Vrlika. Sinj, Imoski, Yinjane, Postranje, and Eunovitch, and continues work previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 238). Report of cultural and variety tests with wheat, M. Nelson and L. W. OsBOEN (Arkansas Sta. Bui. 121 {1915), pp. 3-31).— This bulletin briefly notes the importance and need of improvement of wheat in Arkansas and gives re- sults of cultural and variety tests that were begun in 1907 at the station. In weekly seedings from the fourth week of September to the first week of November the best average results at Fayetteville, Ark., were obtained from seeding the first part of October. An average difference in yield of 3.01 bu. per acre with three varieties is noted in favor of drilling over broadcasting wheat. The average of the different rates of seeding for the entire test indi- cates approximately equal yields from either the 4-, 6-, or 8-pk. seedings. Six pk. per acre is the quantity recommended for average conditions. Under the usual conditions shallow (1 in.) covering of the wheat seed was found to be more satisfactory than deep covering. The number of varieties tested during the several years ranged from 12 to 61 per year. The results indicate that " while the source of seed is not as important as is the tj'pe or variety to be chosen, it would seem that preference should be given to home-grown seed, providing a suitable variety can be se- cured. Varieties obtained from sources having a climate similar to that of Arkansas as a rule have given best satisfaction. " Results of variety tests indicate that early maturing soft winter varieties yield well and produce the best market quality of grain under Arkansas condi- tions. Red May and Alabama Bluestem are varieties of this type which have proved satisfactory. Fulcaster and FuUz, though somewhat later in time of maturity, have given good results. Other varieties of this same type which have given general satisfaction are Kentucky Bluestem (a white wheat) and Currell Prolific. " Varieties of hard winter wheat have not produced a uniform quality of marketable grain, although the yield is frequently high." A preliminary report of a fertilizer test is also given. Spring wheat in the Great Plains area: Relation of cultural methods to production, E. C. Chilcott, J. S. Cole, and W. W. Buke {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 214 {1915), pp. 43, fig. 1). — The study of the yields obtained under various methods of seed bed preparation in the Great Plains region as here presented deals only with spring wheat and is made in such a way as to show the effect ol cropping and cultivation in only the year preceding its growth. There is also given a study of the comparative cost of production of wheat under each of the methods studied and the resulting profit or loss. 138 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. The work here reported from 14 stations covers an aggregate of 73 station years, embodies the data from a total of 1,683 plat years, and includes parts of ten States. Data for each station regarding yield and cost of production cover the items of fallow, plowing, disking, listing, subsoiling, green manuring, summer tilling, and previous crop. It is shown that "some seasons are so unfavorable as to result in failure of the spring wheat crop without regard to the cultural methods under investi- gation. Extremely unfavorable climatic conditions can not be overcome by cultural methods. It is only in those seasons when the rainfall deficit is so small that it can be overcome by moisture stored in the soil that the cultural methods under investigation have shown important effects upon yields, . . . " Reducing the cost of production has in most cases in these investigations proved a more important factor in determining profits than increasing yields by cultural methods. "Northern Colorado and Kansas seem from these investigations to be the southern limit of profitable spring wheat production on the Great Plains. This limitation does not apply to winter wheat and other crops under investigation. " Disked corn ground has given consistently high yields. This, together with the low cost of preparation, has resulted in its showing the highest average profit or lowest average loss of any of the methods tried at all of the 14 sta- tions except one. These profits are based on the assumption that the corn crop was so utilized as to pay for the cost of its production. Furrowing with a lister and leaving the surface ridged through the winter has resulted in a small increase in yield over plowing at seven of the eight stations where it has been tried. As it is a somewhat cheaper method of preparation than plowing, it has consequently been more profitable. The average difference in the yields of spring wheat following fall plowing and spring plowing are very small. At most stations the advantage of one over the other depends upon the season. " Subsoiling has been of doubtful utility as a means of increasing yields. As a means of overcoming drought it is without value. Summer tillage without crop has given the highest average yields of any method under trial at 12 of the 14 stations. However, on account of its high cost, due to extra labor and alternate year cropping, it has not been the most profitable practice. The most expensive method under trial is green manuring. It has produced less profit or greater loss than any other method under investigation." Tillering of spring wheat, S. I. Vokobev (Bezenchulc. Selsk. Khoz. Opytn. Stants'im, No. 29 (1912), pp. 3; ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Buss. Jour. Expt. Lanchv.), 14 {1913), No. 4, pp. 405-^07). — This gives the results of experiments conducted in 1912 to study factors influencing the tillering of wheat. The author concludes that soil fertility, available light, and moisture, as in- fluenced by the spacing of the plants, are the chief determining factors of tiller- ing in the variety studied (Poltavka). In wide spacing the tillering period continued 13 days, while with close spacing no new shoots were sent up after S days. It was found that the grain produced on the early appearing tillers was superior to those produced on later tillers. The data are given in tabular form. Pure seed law, T. P. Cooper {North Dakota 8ta. Rpt. 1914, pt. 1, pp. 14-1-7).— This gives results of the examination of 5,577 samples of seeds for purity and germination. Tables show the approximate purity and the number of samples received of a given grade of germination and of hard seed, and the number which contained prohibited seeds. Pure seed law {Cheyenne, Wyo.: State Dairy, Food, and Oil Comr. [1913], pp. 11 ) . — The text of the Wyoming pure seed law is given. Weed seeds in farm lands, J. R. Fbyer {Agr. Gaz. Canada., 2 {1915), No. 1, pp. 21-23), — This article gives results of tests to determine the prevalence of HOETICULTUEE. 139 weed seeds in farm lands and to discover the relation of their prevalence to cultural conditions. Samples of soil were taken from fields in Ontario, Sas- katchewan, and Alberta. The average number of vital seeds per square yard 1 in. deep was found to be in the surface inch 1.107, in the second inch 457, and at from 5 to 7 in. l)elow the surface 331. The average number of vital seeds in 20-oz. samples of sod aged 5 to 10 years was in the first inch IS, in the second inch 14, and at a depth of from 5 to 7 in. 7*. In sod 10 to 15 years old the seeds at the respective depths were 15^, 0, and 3-J, and in sod 15 to 20 years old, 20, 24, and 2*, respectively. In a field which had grown barley and oats continuously from 1904 to 1912 20 oz. of soil in the surface inch showed 134 weed seeds, the second inch showed 1.33, and at from 5 to 7 in. 112 seeds were found. A field under a good cropping system since 1905 showed only about one-fourth as many weed seeds as one under continuous grain cropping. The destruction of weeds by the use of sulphuric acid, E. Eabate (Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 36 {1915), No. 3, pp. 59-67).— This article dis- cusses the work of several years (E. S. R., 30, p. 441) on weed destruction, and gives results of recent trials in which sulphuric acid was successfully used in the destruction of wild mustard, buttercups, shepherd's purse, whitlow grass, w.illfiower. feverfew, bindweed, knotgrass, trefoil, and ^ledicago apiculata in fiolds of cereals. Weeds: How to control them, H. R. Cos {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Fanners' Bui. 660 {1915), pp. 29, figs. 27). — This gives methods of control of weeds and a desc-riptive list of the 50 worst weeds of the United States. HORTICULTURE. Experiments in growing greenhouse croijs on muck or humus soils, 11. C. Thompson (Jour. Amer. Peat Soc, 7 {1914), No. 4, pp. 191-207. figs. 7).— The results are given of experiments conducted by the author during the seasons 1912-13 and 1913-14 to determine the value of muck or humus soils in growing greenhouse crops and the adaptation of different crops to these soils. The work the first season was confined to one representative tyiie of pure muck soil taken from a cultivated field in northern New Jersey and the growing of let- tuce, cauliflower, and tomatoes. An additional type of muck from a cultivated field near Kalamazoo, Mich., was used the second sea.son and roses and carna- tions were also grown on the New Jersey muck. Yields for the various plats are here presented in tabular form and discussed. No definite conclusions are drawn, but the results for two seasons indicate that a good type of cultivated muck soil is valuable for greenhouse crops. Raw muck soil gave much lower yields than the cultivated soil. The greatest value of muck is for crops grown for their foliage, such as lettuce, although cauli- flower and tomatoes produced large yields on pure muck and on mixtures con- taining from 25 to 75 per cent of muck. Pure muck should not be used with ro.s3s, as the foliage growth is too great and the flowers not satisfactory. A mixture of muck soil and clay produced large numbers of flowers of good color with long stems and excellent foliage. With carnations the muck soil did not give as good results as a clay-sand-manure mixture. The flower stems on plants in the plats containing 50 per cent or more of muck were longer and heavier than on the plants in the regular greenhouse soil, but the number of blossoms produced was not as large. Grafting the eggplant on Solanum torbum, H. A. van Hermann {Modern Cuba, 3 {1915), No. 3, pp. 54-57, fig. i).— The author calls attention to the 98262°— No. 2—15 1 140 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. practice employed at the Cuba Experiment Station of grafting eggplants on a Avild species of Solanom. This is said to be the only practical way in which eggplants may be grown during the rainy season in Cuba. Tomatoes for North Dakota, H. O. Wernee (North Dakota Sta. Bui. Ill (1915), pp. 209-232, figs. 3). — This bulletin reports the first season's results of a variety and strain test of tomatoes, in which 87 varieties, comprising 122 strains, were used. Certain cultural tests conducted in connection with the variety tests are also reported, and directions are given for growing and can- ning tomatoes. A comparison of the various strains tested showed as great a variation in earliness, total yields size of fruit, etc., within a variety as between varieties. The plants were grown from seed secured from a number of localities. The more northern grown seed generally gave the best results. It was noticed, however, that in many cases some of the more southern grown seed produced better results, indicating that a northern location can not be substituted for good breeding in tomatoes. The varieties best adapted to the section were the Earliana, Bonny Best, Chalk Jewel, June Pink, and a few other early varieties. A test of various planting times showed that to secure the maximum crop the seed must be sown late in March, either in the hotbed and then transplanted into pots or cans, or must be sown about the same time directly in the pots, in which the plants may be grown until set in the fields during the latter part of May. An experiment was conducted in root pruning tomatoes by pulling the plants so as to. loosen the main roots and disturb the root system to a considerable extent. This was done on July 23, August 17, and September 1. The results indicate that the roots should not be disturbed too early in the summer, but that when done toward the end of the season the total yield will be increased, as the root injury tends to check vegetative growth and cause the ripening of all fruit that has already been set. Pruning the top appears to stimulate the production of early and large fruit, although the total production may be somewhat decreased. The pollination and fertilization of fruit trees, E. E. Pescott (Fruit World Austral., 16 (1915), No. 2, pp. 33-35). — A brief review of the literature of the subject. Fruits for Minnesota planting (Minn. Hort., 43 (1915), No. Jf, p. 187). — A list is given of orchard and small fruits and nuts adopted by the Minnesota State Horticultural Society in 1914. An orchard survey of Jefferson County, R. R. Jeffries (West Yirginia Sta. Bui. 147 (1914), pp. 3-31, pi. 1, figs. 5). — Results are here given of an orchard survey of JefCerson County, W. Ya., conducted during the summer of 1913. The survey was limited to orchards over four or five acres in extent and reports were secured on 181 orchards. The county has approximately 195.524 apple trees, of which 52.3 per cent are of bearing age. The size of the orchards is as high at 320 acres, the typical size being 10 acres. The larger orchards as a rule show a greater yield and income per acre than the smaller orchards. The square system of planting is generally used, the typical distance being 30 by 30 ft. The chief commercial varieties are York Imperial, Ben Davis, Grimes, Arkansas, Stayman Wine- sap, and Winesap. Many of the recent plantings are of Jonathan, Winesap, Delicious, and Gano. Plantings of Ben Davis have decreased during the last few years. As to soil management the young orchards are generally planted to a hoed or cultivated crop in rotation with a grass or grain crop. Sod culture is gen- erally practiced in bearing orchai-ds, although cultivated orchards are more HORTICULTUKE. 141 profitable. About 30 per cent of the bearing orchards have been in sod for 5 years or more. Sod orchards are pastured chiefly by hogs. Sheep are used to a considerable extent. The data secured indicate that it pays to fertilize orchards and that a combination of manure and commercial fertilizer is the most profitable. Seventy-five per cent of the orchards are pruned in the spring and annual pruning is practiced in 62.5 per cent. The chief orchard insect pests are the codling moth and San Jose scale and the most prevalent diseases are cedar rust and bitter rot. Forty per cent of the orchards are sprayed three times and 10.4 per cent are never sprayed. Lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead is the mixture generally used. Spraying orchards three times produced an average income of $101.13 per acre. Orchards sprayed twice yielded an increase of $69.20 per acre, while orchards sprayed once gave practically the same results as unsprayed orchards, viz, $39.32 for the former and $39.38 in the latter instance. Fire pots as a protection against frost, M. B. Davis (Affr. Gaz. Canada, 2 (1915), No. 1, pp. 9-13. fig. 1). — ^As the result of a test of fire pots conducted at the Canadian Central Farm with special x-efereuce to the protection of vegetables from frost the author concludes that for ordinary purposes, such as a frost of 5 or 6°, 100 heaters per acre are ample to raise the temperature above the danger point. In the test the cost of the heaters and other equip- ment was $61 and the operating expenses per acre about $16. Some common spray mixtures, O. S. Watkins (IlUnois 8ta. Circ. 160 {1913), 2. ed., rev., pp. 10; (191.5). 3. ed., rev., pp. ID). — Itevised editions of this circular (E. S. R., 28, p. 48). To the third edition is added a spraying schedule for Illinois peach orchards, together with the results of some experiments in spraying apple orchards con- ducted during 1914. These experiments included a test of the efficiency of various bi'ands of arsenate of lead and a test of five and six sprayings of arsenate of lead during the season for the control of the codling moth as com- pared with the usual four sprayings. The results of the latter test show the beneficial infiuence of additional spraying in a season when the codling moth is unusually bad. The fruit which received only four sprayings was over 50 per cent wormy, whereas the fruit which received the six sprayings was less than 5 per cent wormy. Cost of distributing-, G. H. Powell (Cal. Cult., U (1915), No. 11, pp. 326- 331). — This address, which was delivered before a convention of the Western Fruit Jobbers, comprises a concise survey of the various factors entering into the cost of distributing citrus fruits. The cost data given are based uix)n in- vestigations conducted under the direction of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange. The results of this investigation, combining 30 representative markets and including 5,485 reports extending over the year 1914, show that of each dollar paid for oranges and lemons the grower receives 26.7 • cts. for the fruit on the tree. The remainder of the dollar is divided as follows: Picking, hauling, and packing, 9.8 cts. ; freight and refrigeration 20.5 ; grower's selling cost 1.5 ; jobber's distributing cost 8.2 ; and retail distributing cost 33.3 cts. [Papain extraction experiments], F. Watts (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt. Bat. 8ta. [etc.] Antigua, 1913-14, PP- 18-20). — An experiment was con- ducted with papaya trees at the Antigua station to secure reliable information relative to the yield of papain per tree and the best method to adopt of drying the product. Data are given showing amount of juice obtained from three trees at various tappings, It was demonstrated early in the experiment that 142 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. but little papain can be obtained by bleeding tlie stems and leaf stalks of papayas. The data secured deal entirely with the papain obtained from the fruit. Twenty bearing trees yielded 180 oz. of juice from which was obtained ap- proximately 35 oz. of dried papain. It is concluded that under normal cir- cumstances the growing of papayas for the production of papain would be lucrative. Strawberry growing in Arkansas, W. H. Wicks (A7'kansas 8ta. Bui. 122 (1915), pp. 5-48, figs. 22). — A practical treatise on strawberry culture with special reference to Arkansas conditions, the subject matter being based upon a survey of cultural methods in various districts of the State in 1914. The phases discussed include soils; location; preparation of soil; varieties; fertilizers; the sex of the strawberry; propagation; setting time and care of plants; system of planting and setting the plants; cultivation, mulching, and picking; practical carriers; packing; marketing; renewing the plants; cost of production; yields; and returns. Information is also given relative to a straw- berry grading plan, loading a refrigerator car, by-laws of a fruit growers' asso- ciation, and instructions to shippers. Strawberry varieties, O. M. Taylor (New York State Sta. Bui. ^01 (1915), pp. 165-192; abridged ed., pp. 8). — This bulletin comprises a report of varieties of strawberries tested at the station during the past few years. The kinds grown include newer varieties, with standard commercial kinds for purposes of comparison. In addition to a general descriptive list of all varieties show- ing essentially distinguishing characters, the varieties are listed with reference to blooming season, season of ripening, sex of flowers, plant makers, productive- ness, vigor of the plant, resistance to disease, size of the fruit, cjunlity, and desirable kinds. Strawberry supply and distribution in 1914, W. A. Sherman, H. F. Walker, and O. W. Schleussner (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 237 (1915), pp. 10, pi. 1, fig. 1). — A statistical review of the strawberry supply and distribution in the United States in 1014, based upon data secured from 466 shipping stations. The information, which is presented in the form of a table, a map, and a chart, shows the number of carloads shipi>ed by States and by shipping districts, and also shows the districts which have overlapping shipping seasons. The data are presented with a view to criticism for the purpose of perfecting methods of securing information of this nature. Grape culture, with, special reference to commercial production under irrigation in eastern Oregon, R. W. Allen (Oregon Sta. Bui. 126 (1915), pp. S-31, figs. 12). — This comprises a practical treatise on commercial grape grow- ing, the subject matter being based upon an investigation and study of the grape industry in the Columbia River basin, and of various factors bearing upon the successful development of a commercial industry. Introductory considerations doal with the present status of the grape industry in eastern Oregon and possibilities of commercial production. Consideration is then given to methods of establishing the vineyard, including descriptions of the more desirable varieties: planting operations; training and pruning; tillage and care of the vines; and harvesting and marketing. A short bibliography of literature dealing with grapes and grape culture is apiiended. Pruning and training young vines, L. Ravaz (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst- Centre), 36 (1915), No. 7, pp. l->i5-154, figs. 8). — A popular discussion of meth- ods of pruning and training young vines of Vitis vinifera. rORESTEY. 143 Preventable causes of grape loss, F. T. Bioletti (Pacific Rural Press, 89 {1915), No. 14, P- 4^1)- — A concise summary of causes leading to unsuccessful grape growing with suggestions for their prevention. The partridg'e berry (Vaccinium^ vitis-idaea), G. S. Torret (St. John's, Neivfoundland: Dept. Agr. and Mines, 1914, pp- 12). — ^An account of the moun- tain cranberry with reference to its range, relationship, synonyms, habit of growth, method of fruiti)ig, environment of the plant, soil requirements, insect and fungus enemies, picking and packing, cultivation, and methods of starting a plantation. Som.e recent literature on nuts and nut growing' (yorth. Nut Growers Assoc. Proc, 5 {1914), PP- 124, 125). — This comprises a short bibliography of literature dealing with dliiereut phases of nut culture. Preliminary report on the Persian walnut, W. C. Deming (North. Nut Growers Assoc. Proc, 5 (1914), PP- 114-11'?) ■ — This comprises a preliminary catalogue of bearing Persian walnut trees observed in different sections of the United States and Canada east of the Pacific coast region. Conifers: Their usages, plantings, and enemies, H. Kexly (Gard. Chron. of America, 19 (1915), No. 3, pp. 120-123, figs. 4)- — This comprises suggestions relative to the use and care of ornamental conifers, together with a descriptive list of varieties hardy in northern United States. Tree planting in streets, J. B. Farmer (Purveyor, ^7 (1915), No. 1208, pp. 380-382). — This comprises suggestions on methods of planting street trees, the subject matter being based primarily on a study of the problem for London streets. The amateur garden, G. W. Cable (Neic York: Charles Scrihuer's Sons. 1914, pp. IX-^199, pis. 32). — A popular work on ornamental gardening, the successive chapters of which discuss My Own Acre, The American Garden, Whei'e to Plan What, The Cottage Gardens of Northampton, Tlie Private Garden's Public Value, and The Midwinter Gardens of New Orleans. The development of orchid cultivation and its bearing upon evolutionary theories, J. Constantin (Scientia, 10 (1911), No. XIX+3, pp. 84-100; Ann. Rpt. Smithsn. Inst., 1913, pp. 345-358). — ^^The author gives a resume of the cultural technique which has been evolved in growing and breeding orchids of various species, and advances the opinion that Mendelian laws do not seem applicable to cases of two parent species of an offspring differing from each other by numerous characters. The evidence deduced from the development of orchid culture indi- cates that new characters may be brought about through exterior influences. FORESTRY. Some observations on the variation in length of coniferous fibers, H. B. Shepard and I. W. Bailet (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 9 (1914), No. 4, PP' 522-527, fig. 1). — The authors have studied the stems of Pinus strobns, P. palustris, Picea rubens, Tsiiga canadensis, and Abies concolor with reference to the variation in length of tracheids in succeeding rings of the cross sections of stems; the variation in length of the tracheids of an annual ring at various heights in the stem ; and the influence of the width of annual rings and " roth- holz " or compression wood upon the length of tracheids. The results are here presented in tabular form and summarized. Attention is called to the fact that fiber length varies to a marked degree in different parts of the plant, hence the average fiber length for a given region of the tree is not representative of a species. Since the fiber length in young 144 EXPEBIMEXT STATION RECORD. and old wood may also vary considerably, it is concluded that average fiber lengths are of relative value, and often of doubtful significance for the purpose of identifying vroods of economic importance. Seed production of western white pine, R. Zon (f7. 8. Dept. Agr. Bill. 219 {1915), pp. 15). — In this paper the author points out different problems involved in determining forest seed production, describes a method of measuring the seed crop as applied in 1911 to the study of seed-bearing characteristics of the western white pine in Idaho on the Kaniksu and Cceur d'Alene National Forests, and presents the results of this study in tabular form. Although no final conclusions are drawn from the data secured, some deduc- tions have been made chiefly to point out the still unknown factors involved in the problem of seed production and to demonstrate the suitability of the de- scribed method for solving them. Ash in North Carolina, W. D. Stekrett (ZV. C. Geol. and Econ. Survey, Bien. Rpt. State Geol., 1913-lJf, pp. 77-83). — This comprises a short report on a study of the distribution and cut of ash in North Carolina. The six different species of ash occurring in the State are discussed with reference to their silvi- cultural possibilities and data are given showing the cut of ash by I'egions, species, and counties in 1910, together with data showing the rate of growth of green ash on typical green ash sites in North Carolina and South Carolina, and of white ash growing under favorable conditions in New York. A table is also given showing the yield possibilities of pure, even-aged, well-stocked stands of ash such as could be grown under management on different qualities of locality. The forests of Chile, F. Albert (Inteniat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 12, pp. 1535-1541). — ^A short descrip- tive account of the forest regions and trees of Chile. Fifth biennial report of the state forester of the State of California, G. M. HoMANs (Bien. Rpt. State Forester Cal., 5 (1913-14), pp. 202, pis. 2, figs. 32).— In addition to a review of forest activities in the State during the biennial period 1913-14, this report is chiefly directed toward the support of the principle of initiating a state forest protective system. It presents arguments, endorse- ments, and data as to legislative measures operative in other States having .special bearing on forest protection. [Report on Indiana Forest Reserve for 1914] (Ann. Rpt. Ind. Bd. Forestry, llf. (1914), pp. 17-34, figs. 4)- — This I'eport comprises a brief description of the reserve ; a record of several newly planted tracts, including cost data ; brief notes on forest cleaning, insect damage, and forest fires ; rainfall data ; and a progress report on previously planted forest tracts. Eleventh annual report of the state forester of Massachusetts, F. W. Rane (Ann. Rpt. State Forester Mass., 11 (1914), pp. Ill, pis. S). — ^A review of forest activities in Massachusetts during 1914, including the work at the state nurseries and plantations, assistance rendered to woodland owners with special reference to cutting and marketing species subject to moth infestation and refoi'estation with species immune from moths, forest mapping, fire protection v.-ork, suppression of the gispy and brown-tail moths, parasite work in con- nection with the control of these moths, assistance in controlling the army worm outbreak, new legislation, and financial statements for the year. A paper on The Massachusetts State Forest Policy read before the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science (E. S. R., 32, p. 95) is included. Forest fires in North Carolina, during 1913 and state forest fire prevention in the United States, J. S. Holmes (-V. C. Geol. and Econ, Surveij, Econ. Paper 37 (1914), PP- 75). — This paper gives a statistical account of forest fires occuring in North Carolina during 1913, shows the inadequacy of the present DISEASES OF PLANTS. 145 forest fire laws of the State, and gives a resume of state fire rrotective legis- lation and activities in Ibe United States. Annual progress report on forest administration in the Province of Bihar and Orissa for the year 1913-14, with a summary of progress during the five years, 1909-10 to 1913-14, H. Carter (Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin. Bihar and Orissa, 1913-1',, pp. VI^-GO-3, pi. 1).—A report on the administra- tion and management of tlie state forests in the Province of Bihar and Orissa for the year 1913-14, including a financial statement for the year. All im- portant data relative to alterations in forest areas, forest survej-s, working plans, protection, and miscellaneous work, yields in major and minor forest products, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. A brief summary is also given of progress made during the 5-year period. Forestry in the British Empire, W. Schlich (Quart. Jour. Forestry, 9 (1915), Xo. 2. pp. 95-112). — A paper read at the Forestry Conference of the Anglo-American Exposition, London. July IG, 1914, in which the author sketches the progress of forestry in the United Kingdom and in the various British colonies. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Fungus diseases of plants and their treatment, C. O. Farquhaesox (Bui. Agr. Dept. South. Prov. Nigeria, No. 2 (191^), pt. 1, pp. S). — This, the first of a series, is a very brief and general discussion of fungus diseases and means of protection therefrom in this region. On the cause of spore formation in rusts, particularly in Puccinia mal- vacearum, L. Blaringhem (Bui. Sac. Bot. France, 61 (1914), No. 1-3, pp. 1^9- 157). — In continuation of a study on the relation between P. mulvacearum and its host, Althwa rosea (E. S. R., 30, p. 453), the author gives an account of experiments to force the production of spores by the fungus, and the results obtained are believed to have a bearing on spore formation of rusts in general. The conditions for spore formation are said to be external and result from changed osmotic tension of the tissues. By means of cultures of Althaea plants in sugar and salt solutions, dehydra- tion through injury to roots, freezing, etc., it was found possible to break down the symbiosis held to exist between the host and its parasite and to compel the production of spores by the fungus. Some Scottish rust fungi, M. Wilson (Jour. Bot. [London], 53 (1915), No. 626, pp. 4.3-Jf9). — Notes are given on the occurrence of Puccinia prostii on cultivated tulips, P. horealis and P. septentrionalis on Thalictrum alpinum, P. anthoxantJti on Anthoxanthum odoratum, and Melanipsora alpina on Salix herbacca. Ustilago, A. PoTEBNiA (luzh. Russ. Sclsk. Khoz. Gaz., No. 45 (1911); abs. ?n Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landio.), 14 (1913), No. 3, p. 305). — The author emphasizes the fact that in combating Ustilago treatment of the seeds with copper sulphate or formalin is ineffective. U. tritici and U. nuda are best combated by treatment with hot water. On the propagation of rust in cereals in Sweden and France, L. Blaring- hem (Bui. Soc. Bot. France, 61 (1914), No. 1-3, pp. 86-94).— The author dis- cusses the mycoplasma theory of Eriksson (E. S. R., 14, p. 770) and the more recent publications by Beauverie (E. S. R., 30, p. 241) and others, and gives an account of his investigations since 1912, the previous experiments having been already reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 841). He agrees with Beauverie that the rust pustules on the seed grain have a very important bearing on the dis- tribution of disease in France. Autumnal and early spring infections of Puc- 146 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. cinia glumarum do not seriously reduce the yield of grain, but where the pus- tules appear on the stalks and glumes between the period of flowering and maturity there is considerable injury done to the plants. Beport on barley diseases, 1913, J. Appl (In BericJit iiher die in den Jahren 1911-1913 durchgcfuhrten Sorten-Anhauversuche mit Gersten [etc.]. Briinn: Mahr. Landw. Landesversuchsanst., 1913, pp. 39-U, pis. S).— The year 1913 was particularly favorable to the development and spread of fungus diseases, barley suffering severely in this region, especially from loose smut {Ustilago hordei nuda) and stinking smut (U. hordei tecta), although the varieties bred by this station were almost entirely free from these diseases. The report also deals briefly with Pwccinia gramims, P. ruUgo vera, Erysiplie graminis, Cladosporium herMrum, Hclminthosporium gramineum, Claviceps purpurea, and the several fungi noted in connection with foot or stalk disease (;Ophiobolus, Leptosphseria, etc.), besides some diseases due to animal pests. Corn stalk and corn root diseases in Iowa, L. H. Pammel, Charlotte M. King, and J. L. Seal {Iowa Sta. Circ. 21 (1915), pp. 8, figs. 2).— A brief account is given of a new disease of corn found early in the fall of 1914 on an experi- mental plat. A field study showed it to be present in about 30 localities dis- tributed in 15 counties of the State, reducing the yield in infected fields from 25 to 30 per cent. The disease attacks roots, stalks, and ears, behig easily discoverable by the falling of the corn. This often, however, is attributed to other causes. The stalks usually break near the joints. The diseased stalks have small ears, if any. The pith is frequently destroyed more or less completely, the small axillary shoots are often found to be rotten, and the roots are destroyed so that the stalk pulls up easily. It has not been determined whether the same organism attacks all parts of the plant. The disease appears to be spread by the mold on the seed corn or on diseased stalks left in the field, and may have existed for some time in the State. A disease oi cattle is ascribed to a fungus found on the stalks. This also is under investigation. The only preventive or remedial measures suggested are rotation of crops and soaking the seed corn in formalin, 1 pint to 45 gal. of water for l.j minutes. Downy mildew of tlie cucumber, R. A. Jepile {Modern Cuba, 3 {1915), No. 2, pp. 33-38, figs. 5). — This is a description, with discussion, of downy mildew {Flasmopara cubensis) of cucumbers, which is said to be perennial in Cuba and Florida, and very destructive to melons, cucumbers, and squash, especially during periods of wet weather or heavy dews. Experiments are referred to which tend to show that Bordeaux mixture sprayed on at intervals during the growing season, preferably just before rains, offers a fair degree of protection. JBacterial ring- rot of potato, A. Spieckekmann and P. Kotthoff {Landic. JahrJj., JfG {1914), No. 5, pp. 659-732, pis. 7).— The cause of bacterial ring rot of potato plants and tubers is claimed to.be Bacterium sepedonicum, a biologi- cal and agricultural study of which is reported in some detail. The organism is known to attack, under natural conditions, only Solanum tuberosum, though a few inoculations succeeded with four other species of Solanum. All other Solanacei3e, as well as all other plants, gave negative results. Destruction of all affected plants is advised. Powdery scab of the potato, H. C. Sands (2V. Y. Deiit. Agr. Circ. Ill (1914), pp. 10, pis. 5). — This is mainly a compilation of information obtained from practical growers regarding the distribution, diagnosis, and treatment of DISEASES OF PLANTS. 147 powdery scab of potatoes, discovered in New York State in June, 1914. and at present thought to be confined to the counties of Franklin and Clinton. The disease is contrasted with common scab. It seems to be favored by low, wet. alkaline soils and to be made worse by the use of lime. Field studies of the crown gall of sugar beets, C. O. Townsend {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 203 {1915), pp. 8, pis. 2, fig. i).— The results are given of a study of galls produced on sugar beets, two distinct types being recognized which are caused by bacteria. One of these forms is said "to be due to Bac- ierivm tumefaciens, while the other is produced by B. heticolum. The effect of galls on the sugar content of beets was studied, and it was found that the gall tissue was very low in sugar content and in purity and that therefore their presence is detrimental. Sugar beet galls are said to sometimes cause the beet roots to decay, but so far as general field observations can de- lerniire, they do not appear to otherwise affect the tonnage. The author states that the disease may be held in check by a proper system of rotation with grain crops. Potato and tomato diseases, E. Molinas {Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst- Centre), 35 (WU), No. 26, pp. 813-818, figs. 3).— This is a brief discussion of several potato and tomato diseases of bacterial or fungus causation, and of sonje preventive or remedial measures recommended. Wart disease of potatoes, W. Cuthbkrtson (Gard. Chron., S. sei'., 51 {1915), No. 1469, pp. 97, 98, fig. 1). — ^This is a brief historical sketch of potato canker, noting some cases of infection showing the dangerous character of the disease, also some cases of apparent breakdown of resistance, with a list of known re- sistant varieties recommended for planting on suspected soil. Nearly all of such varieties are white flowered. Phoma destriictiva, the cause of a fruit rot of the tomato, Claka. O. Jamie- sox iV. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, Jf {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-20, pis. 8). — The author reports receipt of specimens of tomatoes affected with fruit rot from Florida in March, 1912, which led to an investigation of the cause of the trouble. When received, some of the fruit was green, some ripe, and some just begin- ning to color, but most of the tomatoes had conspicuous dark spots on the side and stem end. A microscopic examination of the tissues showed the presence of a fungus, which has been isolated, and by means of infection experiments the disease has been produced on green and ripe fruit and foliage in the greenhouse and upon tomato plants in the field. Cross inoculations between the tomato fruit and leaf have shown that the trouble was caused in both organs by the same fungus. Inoculation experiments with the organisms were made on eggplant, potato, sugar beet, Jimson weed, garden pea, bean, and pepper plants, but only on the eggplant and potato were any infections obtained. A technical description of the fungus causing the disease is given. The fungus has been proved to be an active wound jiarasite of green and ripe to- mato fruit and also capable of causing leaf spotting of tomato and potato plants. Blue mold in tobacco, T. A. J. Smith {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 12 (1914), No. 11, pp. 641-643). — The author states that considerable loss is sustained in Victoria by the attacks of the blue mold {Peronospora liyocyami) in seed beds. Accounts of some investigations for the control of this trouble are given, in which formalin, toluol, boiling water, and lime were applied to plats with satisfactory results. All of the seed beds in the experiments were covered 148 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. with a coarse bagging, wuich is considered to be au important factor in con- trolling temperature nnrt reducing the amount of loss. A bacterial disease of fruit blossom, B. T. P. Barker and O. Grove (Univ. Bristol, Ann. Ri)t. A(i>: and Hart. Research Sta., 1913, pp. '76-79).— This is a detailed account of investigations, a preliminary account of which has been noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 32, p. 148). For several seasons, according to the authors, pear trees have been subject to a disease which 'is first characterized either by the tips of the sepals turning gray and later blackening, or by the appearance of small black dots on the rec-eptncle of the flower. Occasionally the stigma and style of the pistil of the flower are first attacked, and sometimes the attack occurs on the petals. Occasionally the leaves are attacked, the disea.se appearing on them in the form of small blackened areas which eventually dry up and fall away. The organism which is believed to be the cause of this trouble has been isolated and appears to be a species of Pseudomonas which has not been identi- fied with any other form previously described. In addition to occurring in pear flowers, it has been isolated from apple, plum, and cherry flowers. In- oculations have been made on young shoots of apples, pears, plums, and goose- berries by means of needle punctures, but without causing any serious injury to the surrounding tissues. Infection and immunity studies on the apple and pear scab fungi, S. P. Wiltshire {Ann. AppJ. Biol., 1 (1915), Xo. 3--}, pp. 3S5-350, pis. ^). — This is a study of the method by which Yenturia incequalis and Y. pirina attack their hosts, and the history of the parasite after penetration, in order to investigate eventually the question of relative immunity. The facts as noted seem to show that the appressorium penetrates the cuticle, upon which it feeds, and reaches its normal habitat between the cuticle and epidermis, where it flourishes if the attacked variety is susceptible. Immunity apparently does not depend upon any protection afforded by the cuticle, and indications are noted which suggest a general antagonism of the cell sap for the fungus. Wind scorch, of apple foliage, B. T. P. Barker and C. T. Gimingham (Univ. Bristol, A7in. Rpt. Agr. and Uort. Research Sta., 1913, pp. 67, 68). — For several seasons attention has been paid to a severe scorching of the foliage of apple trees, and the possibility of the trouble's being due to a fungus or to spray injury was considered. It was also suggested that wind might be resi^onsible for the trouble by causing a constant rubbing of adjacent leaves on each other, and a careful exainination has shown that this is the cause of the injury, the rough edge of one leaf irritating the cells of another at points of contact, finally resulting in the development of a slightly purplish coloration suggesting a slight bruise. Later these discolored patches begin to turn brown, dry up, and present the typical scorched character. It is thought probable that much of the injury that has been attributed to sj-iray mixtures may really be due to the action of wind. Sources of the early infections of apple bitter rot, J. W. Roberts (17. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, Jf (1915), No. 1, pp. 59-6.',, pi. 1).—As a result of studies made in the Ozark region of Arkansas, the author has shown that in apple orchards where infections had been severe the fungus Glomerella cingulata may winter over on almost any cankered or dead parts of the tree, including the canker due to X ton miliaria disereta, dead tips of fruit spurs, dead parts of limbs due to injury by freezing or to death of roots, branches injured by mechanical means, cankers caused by the pear blight organism, and twig cankers due to PhyUosticta solitaria. DISEASES OF PLAXTS, 149 The eradication of cankers greatly reduced the number of early infections of the disease, although the removal of all small dead parts, such as the tips of fruit spurs and small mechanically injured places, is not considered prac- ticable. The natural modes of distribution of pear blight in California, B. J. Jones (Mo. Bui. Com. Uort. Cal., 3 (1014), ^'o. 12, pp. 505-511, figs. 2).— The principal carriers of i)ear blight discussed are honej-bees. flies, auts, pear thrips, apple aphids, some insects living in the soil, of which several are named, and the drip during rains. Black rot in Spain, L. Ravaz (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-C'entre), 35 (1914), No. 30, pp. 114, 115). — The author reports having found the characters distinctive of black rot on both grapes and leaves of specimens sent for ex- amination from the Province of Valencia, Spain, showing that this region has now been invaded by this disease. Fung'us and other diseases of citrus trees, G. P. Darnell-Smith and E. MACKINNON (Agr. Gaz. y. S. Wales, 25 (1914), No. 11, pp. 945-954, pls. 4)-— In connection with appropriate fungicides and other remedial measures the authors discuss briefly blue mold (Penicillium and Aspergillus), sooty mold (C'apnodiuin citricoliim), melanose (Phmnopsis citri and Chidosporium iriinneo- atrum), russetihg (Colletotrichum glaosporioidcs), Maori (supposedly physi- ological), black spot (Phoma citricarpa), brown six)t (C. glososporiokles). honey fungus (Armillaria utellea), collar rot (Fusarium limonis), scabbing (Cladosporium), withertip and dieback (Phoma and Colletotrichum), and exanthema and chlorosis (both physiological). Pseudomonas citri, the cause of citrus canker, Clara H. Hasse (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 (1915), No. 1, pp. 97-100, pis. 2). — During the summer of 1914 diseased material of grapefruit showing the canker was received, and the author presents a preliminary report on the cause of the canker. A microscopic study of the material showed the presence of bacteria and these were isolated and proved pathogenic to grapefruit seedlings. A study of the organism indicates that it is apparently a new species, and a technical de- scription is given of it under the name P. citri n. sp. A number of investigators have reported the disease due to fungi, and the author states that the open surface of the canker and the spongy character of its structure afford an excellent lodging place for spores of all sorts and that possibly fuagi may play a minor part in the later stages of the disease. Citrus canker in Florida and the Gulf States, H. S. Fawcett (Mo. Bui. Com. Hart. Cal., 3 (1914), No. 12, pp. 512, 513). — This is mainly a summation of information contained in several communications appearing in 1914 regarding the appearance and progress of citrus canker. This has not yet reached Cali- fornia, and it is thought that the drier climate would probably prove unfavor- able to its power of destructiveness as shown in the eastern citrus-growing region. The citrus canker situation in Florida, L. S. Tenny (Fla. Groivers and fihippers League Bui. 1 (1914), pp. 16). — This is a summary of the papers and discussions presented at the citrus seminar held at Gainesville, Fla., September 22-24, 1914. The speakers discussed the history of citrus canker in Japan and in the United States, the favoring conditions, its appearances, spread, effects, and dangers. The disease infects and matures quickly in warm, wet periods. After infection nothing is known that will prevent the development of the disease, though Bordeaux mixture and corrosive sublimate have been found to prevent infection. 150 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Fungus diseases of limes, J. B. Roreb (Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago, 15 {1915), No. 1, pp. IJf, 15). — This gives a brief discussion of damping-off in lime seedlings, as preventable by the employment on the seed bed of heat (212° F.) for 20 minutes, or of formaldehyde (4 per cent under confinement for 24 hours), or utilization of subsoil which is sterile, thoroughly disinfected tools, etc. Collar rot and root rot of full-grown lime trees are not very common, but where these diseases appear they are controlled by cutting out the affected tissue. A preliminary investigation as to the cause of rotting of oranges from Brazil, W. Rushton {Ann. Appl. BioL, 1 (1915), No. S-Jf. pp. 3G5-369, fig. 1).— Tests with oranges variously treated before shipment from Brazil to England seemed to show that the best protection is given by wrapping the fruit in thin paper and packing in dry sawdust, also that the worst results follow exposure to moisture and heat. The oranges were attacked by PenicUJium italiciim antl some member of the Mucorinese. The changes occurring are described. Discoloration of tissue precedes the advance of the Penicillium in the orange and in orange gelatin cultures. The fungus was not observed to pierce the cuticle, but moisture on the surface probably nuiltii)lied the chances of attack through injured cuticle. Growth of the fungus on cut surfaces was checked by the use of 2 per cent copper sulphate or 5 per cent formalin, but another form of rot appeared after the formalin treatment. A remedy for the coconut bud rot, J. R. Johnson (Modern Cuba, 3 (1915), No. 3, pp. 76-80). — The author calls attention ti) the measures that have been taken in Jamaica and Trinidad for the control of the coconut bud rot, and urges that similar methods be adopted in Cuba to prevent the destruction of coconuts in that island. Observations on Rhizina inflata, J. R. Weie (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 (1915), No. 1, pp. 93-96, pi. J).— The author states that this fungus is usually found as a saprophyte on burned forest soil, but an attempt has been made to demonstrate its parasitism on certain seedlings. In 1912 a number of seedlings of pine, hemlock, and larch were observed to be dying, and upon being pulled up the roots were found closely matted to- gether by a white mycelium. Later, near the border of the infected areas and at the base of the stems of the dead seedlings, fruiting bodies of R. inflata were observed. An attempt was made to produce the disease by inoculating pine seedlings with spores of the fungus, and, while the experiments were not r)erformed under controlled conditions, the results indicate that R. inflata occurs as a parasite in the Northwest. A new disease of plantation rubber in Malaya, F. T. Beooks (Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 3 (1914), No. 3, pp. 105-107).— The author reports having had under observation for several mouths a hitherto unrecorded rubber disease in Malaya. The part of the tree principally affected is the collar, and in this region the bark on one side of the tree dies and the wood beneath it becomes brown. Examination showed the presence of mycelium, and investigations indicated that the fungus is different from the fungi usually reported on rubber trees. As a result of study the author has come to the conclusion that it is similar to, if not identical with, V.stulina zonata. Pure cultures of the fungus have been made and successfully used in inoculating rubber trees, apparently dem- onstrating that it is the cause of the trouble in question. It is recommended that all diseased trees be isolated by trenches and cut down and destroyed as soon as they cease to yield latex in paying quantities. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 151 Pink disease, F. T. Brooks and A. Sharples (Dept. Agr. Fed. Malay States Bui. 21 {1914), PP- 27, pis. 13). — The present paper embodies tlie results of an investigation begun early in 1914 regarding the pink disease of rubber trees on Malayan rubber estates, where it has developed considerably since 1912. some estates showing attack in from 10 to 25 per cent of the trees. A preliminary account of this work has already been noted (E. S. R. 32, p. 54). The causal fungus, Corticium sahnonicolor, has been known by various names since 1S97 and is said to have been found on as many as 141 si>ecies of plants distributed among 104 genera and many families. It is supposedly native in most countries where it is found. Hevea brasiliensis appears to be the most often attacked of its hosts in Malaya, the chief centers named being at present in the district of heaviest rainfall, where large areas of jungle are still found. Trees over two years of age are the ones most attacked. Favorite points are the forks, the shady portions of the trunk, and, in general, healthy bark wherever moisture lingers, the attack decreasing in dry weather, with partial or total recovery of the trees. The external manifestations, which may vary considerably, are described, also the effects on the deeper tissues. The spread of the fungus into the trunk affects the water supply, browning and killing the foliage and in the end sometimes the tree. The fungus readily passes from one host to another under favorable conditions in wet weather. Spraying is impracticable in most cases, owing to the size of the trees affected, the heavy rainfall, and the burrowing habits of the fungus. Precau- tionary painting of young trees with Bordeaux mixture has been found to reduce the percentage of attack. Estates infected to the extent of 1 per cent would, it is thought, better be dealt with by cutting out or by tarring as directed. When burning is impracticable, infected branches cut away should be disin- fected with 10 per cent copper sulphate, then removed and buried. The utmost vigilance is necessary in regions affected. A study on a " mottled " disease of the black wattle, P. A. van der Btl (Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Sci. Bui. 4 (1914), PP- 20, figs. 9).— Mottling in Acacia mollissima, decreasing its tannin content and economic value, is described and discussed in its several aspects and bearings. It is said to be due to physiological derangements caused by unfavorable conditions of growth. Control of dry rot, Moormann (Osndhts. Ingen., 37 (1914), No. 28, pp. 533- 536, figs. 9). — Some observations are described to show that MeruUus lacry- mans may be dried out and its activity arrested completely by providing free circulation of air through the .spaces beneath floors, etc., within which the fungus otherwise flourishes. The dry-rot question, R. Falck (Gsndhts. Ingen., 37 (1914), No. 51, pp. 846- 8)9, fig- 1). — This is a discussion, partly critical, supplementing the above report. Internal therapy of plants, A. Dement'ev (Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 (1914), No. 4, pp. 282-293). — In experiments with plants taking up through cut surfaces salts from solutions under pressures of one to eight atmospheres, and under other conditions, the author found that these substances are taken up at different rates and concentrations, both by the same and different plants, and often in other concentrations than those existing in the solutions offered. He is convinced that these facts may be utilized in combating parasites by a system of internal therapy. Investigations on Bordeaux mixtures, B. T. P, Barker and C. T, Giming- ham (Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Ilort. Research Sta., 1913, pp. 56-66). — This is a sinnmary of a number of papers by the same authors, which have been previously noted (E, S. R., 25, p. 45S; 31, p. 541; 32, p. 243). 152 EXPEKIMEiSTT STATION RECORD. As a result of their observations the authors find that cells with readily permeable walls, such as the germ tubes of fungus spores, root hairs, the in- terior tissues of leaves, etc., exert a considerable solvent action on the particles of copper compounds with which they may come into contact. There is a rapid absorption of such dissolved copper followed by the death of the cells. The amount of interaction, if any, between other t5i)es of cells and the copper com- pounds is determined by the nature of the cell wall. Direct absorption of copper by leaves of certain types can take place with or without injui-y, depending on the nature of the leaf surface. Translocation of the absorbed copper to other parts of the plant may follow. Copper may be absorbed through the roots of certain plants, such as potatoes and beans, with local injury to the root. The absorbed copi^er Ciiu be translocated to the aeiial parts of the plant without injui-y to the cells through which it passes. Burgundy mixture, Fonzes-Diacon (Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 {1914), No. 29, pp. 70-SO). — This is a discussion of the composition, applica- tion, and action in acid, alkaline, or neutral form of Burgundy mixture de- signed for use as a fungicide. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Economic zoolog'y report for the year 1913, W. M. Aders {Repnnt from Zanzibar Protect. Med. and Sanit. Rpt., 191S, pp. 75-102). — This report deals with entomology in relation to public health and medicine, to veterinary medi- cine, and to agriculture ; birds, beneficial and otherwise ; helminthology ; blood parasites of mammals, birds, reptiles, and other animals of economic im- portance; etc. A pocket list of the mammals of eastern Massachusetts with, especial ref- erence to Essex County, C. E. Brown (Salem, Mass.: Peabody Academy of Science, 1913, pp. 53, pis. 5). — This handbook gives brief descriptions of the mammals of eastern Massachusetts, together with notes on their occurrence, habits, etc. The pocket gopher of the boreal zone on San Jacinto Peak, J. Grinnell, and H. S. Swarth {Proc. Cal. Acad. ScL, Jf. ser., Zool., .', {Wl.'f), No. 6, pp. 153- 159). — The pocket gopher here dealt with is described as Tliomomys jacin- teus n. sp. Food habits of the skunk, F. C. Pellett {Proc. loiva Acad. ScL, 20 {1913), pp. 301-309, pi. 1). — Investigations conducted during a period of five years during which skunks were reared and kept under close observation, lead the author to conclude that the skunk is of considerable value in reducing rodent pests and destroying insects, especially grasshoppers, crickets, and June beetles. Its habit of killing poultry is considered accidental and unusual, and to be con- fined to a small percentage of the individuals of either the northern plains skuuk (MepMiis hiidsonlca) or the little spotted skunk {Spilogale inter- rupia). The value of birds to man, J. Buckland {Ann. Rpt. Smithsn. Inst., 1913, pp. 439-458). — This is a discussion of the subject in its many phases. Birds that destroy grapes, A. W. Butleb {Proc. Ind. Acad. ScL, 1912, pp. 53-55). — This brief report of observations of the birds that attack grapes supplements the information presented in the author's work on the Birds of Indiana.^ Species which have reared young and hybrids which have been bred in captivity in Great Britain, W. T. Page {Ashbourne, England: The "Avian » Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources Ann. Rpt, 22 (1897), pp. 515-1187. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 153 Press," 1914, PP- VII +55, pis. 5, figs. 7). — The introductory chapters of this work discuss breeding hints and observations. Lists of the species of birds which have reared young in captivity in Great Britain (pp. 10-28) and the hybrids which have been bred in captivity in Great Britain (pp. 30-39) follow. The appendixes include lists of species and hybrids which have been bred on the Continent but not in Great Britain, and a list of the species which have been crossed successfully with the domestic canary. An index is included. Insects: Their life histories and habits, H. Bastin (New Yoik: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1913, pp. XII-\-3.'t9, pis. -'/6).— This is a popular work dealing with the subject under the following chapter headings : The dominant insect ; the young insect; the origin of insects; mouth parts, wings, and legs; the classi- fication of insects; the senses of insects; the behavior of insects; protective resemblance; warning colors and mimicry; the loroblem of defence; carnivo- rous insects ; plant-eating insects ; insects and flowers ; the enemies of insects ; the courtship of insects; the insect as a parent; insect communities; insects in the water; and mankind and the insect. Injurious insects, R. T. Neal iHampton Leaflets, 7 (1915), No. 3, pp. 53, figs. 49) ■ — A brief popular account of insects, particularly those injurious to fruits, shade trees, vegetables, field crops, stored grains, and to health. Report of the Kansas State Entom.olog'ical Commission for 1913 and 1914 (Rpt. Kans. State Ent. Com., 1913-1 'i. pp. 16). — Brief reports are presented by G. A. Dean and S. J. Hunter on nursery, orchard, and apiary inspection work. Report of the entomological department of the Rhode Island State Board of Agriculture, 1913, A. E. Steke, C. W. Loveland, and A. C. Miller (Ann. Rpt. Del. Agr. R. /., 29 {1913), pp. 23-54). — This report includes notes on some of the important insect pests of the year, work with the elm leaf beetle and San Jos6 scale, and nursery and orchard inspection. A report on apiary inspec- tion, by A. C. Miller (p. 43). and a report on the gipsy and brown-tail moth work are appended. Report of the entomologist, W. H. Patterson (Govt. Gold Coast, Rpt. Agr. Dept., 1913, pp. lS-27). — This is a report of the work of the year, particularly as relates to the two major pests of cacao, namely, "Sankonuabe" (Sahlbej-- gella singularis and S. theobroma) and "cocoa mosquito" (Helopeltis sp.), the damage caused by vv^hich is said to be enormous. Insect pests of Nigeria, W. A. Lamborn (Bui. Agr. Dept. South. Prov. Nigeria, No. 1 (1914), PP- 8). — This is the first of a series of leaflets dealing with the insect pests of Nigeria and measures for their control. The agricultural pests of the southern Provinces, Nigeria, TV. A. Lamborn (Bui. Ent. Research, 5 (1914), No. 3, pp. 197-214. pis. 9, figs. 4).— This paper, based upon observations made during the year 1913-14, lists the insect pests under the various crops attacked, namely, cotton, cacao, kola, coffee, maize, rubber, peanuts, beans, pigeon pea, oil palms, and sweet potatoes. Pests of cotton in Eergana, according to observations made in 1913, I. V. Vassiliew (Trudy Biuro Ent. [St. Petersb.], 10 (1914), No. 10, pp. 23, figs. 13; al)s. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 5. pp. 311-314).— A report of observations of insect pests made by the author in 1013 in Fergana, the prin- cipal cotton-growing district of Russian Turkestan. Report of the entomologist and vegetable pathologist, H. Teyon (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Stock [Queensland'\, 1913-14. pp. 114-120). — Work with insects for the year ended June 30. 1914, is briefly reported upon. Among the pests discussed is a fly, Musca oetustissima, which has been given the name "eye fly." It has been found to harbor a larval parasite, apparently a species of Ilabronema, the adult form as well as the final host of 154 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. which remains to be discoA^ered. It is thought that this may represent Oncho- cerca gibsoni, the cause of the verminous nodules in cattle, accounts of which by others have been previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 182; 32, p. 376). Insect pests of coconuts (Agr. News [Barlados], 14 {1915), No. 333, pp. 42„ ^3). — A summarized account of coconut insect pests, particularly the black or rhinoceros beetle {Oryctes rhinoceros), and the red beetle or Asiatic palm weevil (Rhynchuphorus ferrngineus). Insects affecting the lime, F. W. Urich {Proc. Agr. 80c. Trinidad and To- hago, 15 {1915), No. 1, pp. 16-18).— Brief notes on the more important enemies of the lime in Trinidad. In regard to the poisoning of trees by potassic cyanid, F. Sanfokd {Sci- ence, n. ser., 4I {1915), No. 10^9, pp. 213, 21Jf).—A supplement to the article previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 152). Homemade lime-sulphur concentrate, E. W. Scott {U. S. Dept. Agr. BuL 197 {1915), pp. 6). — This is a report of work conducted at Beri-yville, Win- chester, and Vienna, Va., Hagerstown, Md., and Benton Harbor, Mich., for the purpose of encouraging orchardists in the preparation of concentrates for their own use, or for the use of the neighborhood. The results of cooking different lots of lime and sulphur in the different localities are reported in tabular form. The best methods of preparing the lime-sulphur concentrate and the relative cost are described. Concerning some medico-entomological problems, E. Martini {Arch. Schiffs u. Tropen Hyg., 18 {1914), Beihefie 7, i)p. 67-76, fig. i).— This article deals esiiecially with the habits of mosquitoes. The effect of Coccobacillus acridiorum on Pachytylus migratorius, D. BoEODiN {Ent. Viestnik [Kief], 2 {WW, No. 1, pp. 5^-86, fig. i).— During the summer of 1913 the author conducted exi>eriments in the Government of Stavropol in North Caucasus, during the course of which C. acridiorum was injected into the abdominal cavity of several Orthoptera, namely, P. migra- torius, Oidaleus nigrofasciatus, Stauronotus maroccanus, Arcyptera flavicosta, and Tmeiis viuricatus. The results are summarized as follows: These injections were pathogenic for all these insects and brought about death in 83 hours. The virulence had been increased by passing the infection through many series of P. migratorius. The increase of the pathogenic strength of the culture was ascertained, and in the first two series death resulted in 83 hours, while in the following series (up to the fourteenth) the time de- creased to six hours. All the insects do not die in the earlier series; some continue to live and mnj possibly acquire immunity. Death results more or less quickly, depending upon the conditions of the experiment (tempera- ture and amount of culture injected). If the infection is introduced by the mouth, death results very slowly and all the insects do not die. These results show that the bacteriological method of locust destruction should be avoided until the question has been more thoroughly studied. So far the method of destruction by poisoned baits has given by far the best results. Nysius senecionis as an enemy of newly planted vines, F. Picard (Fie Agr. ct Rurale, 3 {1914), A"o. 22, pp. 610, 611; aJ)s. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 9, pp. 556, 557). — This lygeid, previously nearly unknown, is reported to have injured newly planted vines in Aude, Herault, and Gard in 1912 and 1913. In one locality some 12 acres of newly planted vines were so thickly infested by this bug that in places the plants and ground appeared black. One-third of the vines are said to have withered and to have been apparently destroyed. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 155 The sugar cane scale (Chionaspis tegalensis) and its control, P. van deb GooT (Arch. Suikerindus. Nederland. Indie, 22 (1914), No. 43, pp. 1545-1578, pi. 1; Meded. Proefstat. Java-Suikerindus., 4 {1914), No. 30, pp. 655-688, pi. 1). — An account of tlie biology, natural enemies, and control measures for this pest in Java. The gipsy moth in the Crimea, I. Shtchegolev (Sadovod, 1914, Jan., pp. 18-30; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Set: A, No. 5, pp. 274, 275).— A short report of an outbreak of Lymantria dispar which took place in the Crimea in 1913. The apple-tree tent caterpillar, A. L. Quaintance ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 662 (1915), pp. 10, figs. 7). — A popular account of this important pest including methods of control. A new cotton-seed moth (Mometa zemiodes) from West Africa, J. H. DtJRKANT (Bui. Ent. Research, 5 (1914), No. 3, p. 243). — M. zemiodes belonging to the family Gelechiidfe, which attacks cotton seeds in Southern Nigeria, is described as representing a new genus and species. The fight against Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella and C. (Grapholita) funebrana, N. Kostakev (Plodovodstvo, No. 1 (1914), PP- 32-38; a&s. in Rev. Appl. Ent, 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 5, pp. 291, 292).— The author reports that the codling moth causes an enormous amount of damage to apples, as high as 60 per cent occurring in the Crimea, while in the Governments of Astrakhan and Ekaterinoslaf and elsewhere it is as high as 90 per cent. The injury by C. funcljrana is more indirect than direct, since its attack induces the development of rot fungi (Monilia fructigcns and M. cinerea). Cydia (Grapholita) funebrana, its bionomics and methods of fighting it, K. KosTRovsKY (Turhest. Selsk. Ehoz., 1914, PP- 133-138; aM. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 5, p. 318).— The author states that C. funebrana is as serious an enemy of plums in Turkestan as is the codling moth of apple trees. Experiments on the artificial infestation of Agrotis segetum with para- sitic Hymenoptera, W. Pospielow (Ztschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol., 10 (1914), No. 2, pp. 52-58). — This is a report of experiments with the Wintersaateule (A. segetum), conducted by the author in Voronezh. The parasites employed in- cluded an ichneumonid (AmUyteles vadatorins), a braconid (Macrocentrus collaris), and a chalcidid (Pentarthron semUidis). Particular success was met with in the parasitism of the eggs by P. semhlidis. The Hessian fly, R. L. Webster (Iowa 8ta. Circ. 22 (1915), pp. 4, figs. 6).— A popular account of this pest with control measures. The most severe out- break ever experienced in Iowa is said to have occurred in 1914 over a large part of the southern half of the State, particularly the southwestern portion. The sorghum midge in Tucuman, A. H. Rosenfeld and T. C. Baiiber (Rev. Indus, y Agr. Tucmndn, 5 (1914), No. 2, pp. 85-87). — The cecidomyiid Con- tarinia (Diplosis) sorghicola, an account of which by W. H. Dean, of this De- partment, has been previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 364), is reported as the source of considerable injury in Argentina. The prophylaxis of malaria with special reference to the military service, C. F. Craig (War Dept. [U. S.], Off. Surg. Gen. Bui. 6 (1914), pp. 115, pis. 13, figs. 7). — Chapter 2 of this work deals with the malaria mosquitoes (pp. 41-57), chapter 3 with prophylactic measures based upon the destruction of malaria mosquitoes (pp. 58-71), and chapter 4 with prophylactic methods based upon the protection of man from the bites of mosquitoes (pp. 72-79). 98262°— No. 2—15 5 156 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Mosquito-borne diseases (Washington: Health Dept. Canal Zone, 1914, pp. ig), — ^ popular account issued by the Health Department for use in the public schools of the Canal Zone. A clinical, pathological, and experimental study of the lesions produced by the bite of the "black fly" (Simulium venustum), J. H. Stokes {Jour. Cutaneous Diseases, S2 {1914), Nos. 11, pp. 751-769, figs. 5; 12, pp. 830-856, pis. 3; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 63 {19U), No. 22, p. 1981; 64 {1915), No. 8, p. 274). — The first part of this paper consists of a brief account of simulids, a review of the literature, and a description of the lesions with their associated manifestations. The second part comprises studies of the pathology of the lesions in man and experimental studies in the reproduction of the lesions from preserved material, together with observations on the behavior of the toxic agent. The temperature in a small child which was bitten by S. venustum 25 or more times in one afternoon never went above normal, although the lymphadenitis was marked and the child fretful and restless. It is stated that several persons tinder the author's observation reported having felt "tired and stiff all over " after being severely bitten by the flies early in the season. Nothing comparable to the severe reactions described in the literature has come under the author's observation. "A distinctive satellite adenopathy of the cervical glands develops In the majority of susceptible persons within 48 hours after being bitten in the typical sites. This adenopathy is marked, discrete, and painful, the glands often ex- quisitely tender on pressure. It subsides without suppuration. Immunity may be developed to all except the earliest manifestations by repeated exposures. Such an immunity in natives of an infested locality is usually highly developed. There are also apparently seasonal variations in the virulence of the fly and variations in the reaction of the same individual to different bites." The experiments performed do not identify the nature of the toxic agent. The theories suggested as to its nature are : (1) The toxin may be an alkaloidal base, toxic as such, and neutralized after injection by antibodies produced for the occasion by the body; (2) the injected saliva of the fly may not contain an agent toxic as such, but, like many foreign proteins, becomes toxic only when broken down; (3) lytic agents in the blood serum may play the chief role in the liberation of the toxic agent from its nontoxic combination (to this view the author is inclined) ; or (4) the initial injection of a foreign protein by the fly at the first bite may sensitize the body to that protein. A list of references to the literature accompanies both parts. Proposal of new muscoid genera for old species, C. H. T. Townsend {Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28 {1915), pp. 19-23).— This paper relates to species of eco- nomic importance. A maggot trap in practical use; an experiment in house-fly control, R. H. Hutchison {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 200 {1915), pp. 15, pis. 3, figs. 4).— The demonstration during the season of 1913 of a most pronounced migratory habit of house-fly larvae just before pupation led to experiments with maggot traps, which have shown that as high as 98 or 99 per cent of the larvre can be cap- tured. The results of an attempt during the season of 1914 to apply the prin- ciples of the maggot trap to practical use and to test its efficiency when used to destroy maggots in large masses of manure are here reported. The maggot trap designed and constructed consisted of a concrete floor with a concrete rim and a pipe in one corner through which water could be drained. A wooden platform supported by legs was constructed over the floor, upon which the stable litter could be thrown. Each day, after the addition of manure ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 157 and litter from the stable, the manure on the platform was sprinkled with enough water to moisten it thoroughly without causing any leaching. The re- sults obtained during August and September seemed to show that at least 98 per cent of the larvae breeding in this manure were destroyed by migrating from the manure and dropping into the water below. Fly counts made before and after the trap was installed indicated an average reduction of from 67 to 76 per cent. That the reduction of flies did not correspond to the percentage of larvae destroyed is thought to have been due to the presence of several other breeding places well within the range of flight. " Two difliculties were experienced in the practical working of the trap, viz, the accumulation of a certain amount of straw and debris on the floor under the platform and the breeding of mosquitoes in the water used to drown the fly larvse. It was also found that low air temperatures hinder migration, and con- sequently decrease the efficiency of the trap." Among the merits of the maggot trap mentioned are (1) the comparatively small initial cost and absence of money outlay necessary for its maintenance ; (2) the very small amount of additional time or labor required in its operation; (3) the ease with which wagons or manure spreaders can be loaded from the platform; and (4) its adaptability for use at stables where the daily produc- tion of manure is large. The conditions which render the trap most effective are the ones which tend to preserve the value of the manure. A list of nine references to the subject is included. Observations on blow flies; duration of the prepupal stage and color de- termination, P. W. Whiting (Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lah. Woods Hole, 26 (1914), No. 3, pp. 184-194)- — ^The studies here reported upon relate to experiments with the various si^ecies of blow flies common in New England, especial atten- tion being given to the common green bottle fly (Lucilia sericata). The author finds that the length of the prepupal period of blow flies Is determined by environmental rather than hereditary factors. In general, dryness, cold, or agitation due to crowding tend to prevent pupation, while change from dryness to dampness or the reverse induces it. "The prepupal stage may be extended for a long period, four months in one experiment, in warm temperature without injury to the development of adult flies, which emerge from the pupae in normal condition. Lack of opportunity for the l«rvae to bury themselves does not inhibit pupation. Exhaustion of the food supply before the larvae have attained full size has a tendency to produce undersized but normally formed flies. The causes producing misshapen and imperfectly expanded flies are more obscure, but may be in part due to drying of the pupae. Delayed pupation in Lucilia larvae is evidenced by a change from white to pink in the fat bodies, but in two genera of larger flies, Cynomyia and Calliphora, the white color is maintained although considerable shrinkage of the whole body occurs. There is no evidence that overfeeding delays pupation, but much evidence that larvae will pupate immediately despite the fact that they have had abundant opportunity to overeat." A tachinid parasite with an intracuticular stage, W. R. Thompson (Compt. Bend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 2, pp. 83-86, figs. 2).— This article relates to an undetermined tachinid parasite, probably belonging to the genus Epalpus, the first larval stage of which is parasitic on noctuid cater- pillars taken by the author on witch-hazel {HamemaUs virginiana) brush at Ithaca, N. Y. Sarcophagldae of New England: Males of the g'enera Ravinia and Boettcheria, R. R. Parker {Proc. Boston Soc. Nat: Hist., 35 (1914), No. 1, pp. 77, pis, 8), — This first paper deals with seven species belonging to three genera, 158 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. of which the genus Boettcheria and three species belonging to it and three species of Ravinia are described as new. The paper is devoted in large part to the external anatomy of the family. The observations of Kelly (E. S. R., 32, p. 60) and others have shown members of this family to be of considerable eco- nomic importance as parasites, particularly of grasshoppers. Appearance of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) in Germany (Illus. Landiv. Ztg., SJf {Wilt), No. 57, pp. 538, 539, fig. 1; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome^, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 9, p. 1248; Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 3 (1914), No. 12, p. 53//).— The presence of the Colorado potato beetle, which has not been observed to occur in Germany since 1887, has been reported from Hohenwedel, near Stade (Hanover), and its eradication is being undertaken by the Government. The rose beetle (Adoretus vestitus) and the injury it causes in the Samoan Islands, E. Friederichs {Ztschr. Wiss. InsektenUol., 10 {1914), No. 2, pp. 41-41, figs. 6; alts, in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 9, pp. 1252, 1253). — A descriptive account of this pest which is very abundant in the island of Upolu. In addition to roses it feeds on leaves of the cacao in a characteristic manner, leaving only the outer edges and the ribs untouched. The author recently observed many young cacao plants in a cacao plantation that had been destroyed by this pest. " Even large trees were seriously injured by these insects. Other frequent host plants are Cojfea liberica. Hibiscus tiliaceus (' fau ' of the Samoans; almost every plant had its leaves completely devoured), Terminalia litoralis ('talie' of the natives), and others. The injury caused by these beetles, with the exception of that to roses (which have no economic importance in Samoa), has not hitherto been very severe; the insect and the injury that it does are, however, on the increase and perhaps before long it may become dangerous." A trap for turnip fly, H. M. Lefroy {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc., 40 {1914), No. 2, pp. 269-211, pi. 1). — ^The author describes the structure of a trap devised for use in combating the blue flea-beetle {Phyllotreta consobrina) and the yellow striped flea-beetle (P. tindulata), important enemies of turnips, swedes, cabbages, and allied cruciferous plants in the seedling stage in Great Britain. The trap consists of two boards (coated with Morlar Hop Wash) set at a slop^ on a pair of runners, like those of a sledge or toboggan, with a space between. The trap is drawn along the drill so that the plants pass down the space in the middle. In order to disturb the beetles a loop of string hangs from a crowbar and brushes the plants. Thus disturbed the flea-beetles always leap sideways, alight on the sticky boards, and perish. The cotton and corn wireworm (Horistonotus uhlerii), A. F. Coneadi and H. C. Eagerton {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 180 {1914), PP- 16, pis. 4). — ^A de- tailed report of studies of H. uhlerii conducted largely at Ruffin, Colleton County, S. C, in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Preliminary accounts of investigations of this pest by Thomas (E. S. R., 25, p. 560) and by Conradi (E. S. R., 30, p. 545) have been previously noted, as have studies of Monoerepidius vespertinus by Eager- ton (E. S. R., 33, p. 63), which is associated with and often mistaken for this species. This species is always found on upland sandy soil and apparently can not live in soil through which the water does not percolate rapidly. Its injury is occasioned through cutting off the feeding roots of plants. Practically all farm crops are attacked, including corn, cotton, cowpeas, oats, rye, peanuts, tobacco, watermelons, etc. The pest has spread from near Snider's Cross Roads, where it was first noticed, until an area of 200 square miles in that vicinity is more or less severely infested. The greatest loss occasioned has been near Snider's ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 159 Cross Roads, where the area of heavy infestation covers about 16 square miles. It is thought, however, that when the distribution records are completed the infested territory will be found to include the sandy uplands of the lower and upi^er pine belts, together with the coastal lands. Oviposition is thought to continue from June 1 to September 15, the main period being from June 15 to August 10. From 11 to 15 days are required for the incubation of the egg. In a seasonal life history chart the authors indicate that the larvje may continue feeding up to July of the following year. While the exact number of larval instars has not been determined, it is suggested that there may be 8 or 9. They live almost exclusively within 4 in. of the surface, except when driven to lower depths by either high or low tempera- tures or lack of moisture in the upper soil and do not appear to I'unge over a very large area, 20 to 30 sq. ft. apparently being the limit. In the laboratory the pupal stage lasted from 9 to 15 days, apparently varying very little with the time of the year. The numbers of the larvae appear to be lessened more by cannibalism while in the deep soil than by any other cause. The natural enemies do not appear to be sufficiently numerous to affect their numbers materially. Artificial con- trol measures which include fallowing, crop rotation, etc., have been dealt with more at length by Thomas (E. S. R., 25, p. 560). Life history notes on the plum curculio in Iowa (Conotrachelus nenuphar), R. L. Webster {Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., 20 {1913), pp. 313-315).— A. record of observations made in Iowa in 1889 (by C. P. Gillette) and in 1910 which relate especially to the dates of appearance of the adults in the spring, emergence of larvte from apples, and emergence of adults from July 26 on. Four new injurious weevils from Africa, G. A. K. Marshall (Bui. Ent. Research, 5 (1914), No. 3, pp. 235-239, figs. 3). — Ereinnus fulleri n. sp., found attacking the leaves of maize at Pretoria ; Hyperoides fragariae n. g. and n. sp., which injures strawberries in Cape Province; Tychiiis gossypU n. sp., found on cotton at Cairo, Egypt; and Cyllopliorus ruhrosignatus n. sp., injurious to cultivated figs in Natal, are described. Besults of cooperative experiments in apiculture, M. Pettit {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union, 35 {1913), pp. 39-51). — This article reports the results of cooperative experiments in 1912 and 1913 relative to the prevention of natural swarming. Inheritance in the honeybee, W. Newell {Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 1049, pp. 218, 219). — A brief discussion based upon the author's investigations at the Texas Experiment Station of crosses between the Italian and Carniolan races. A new species of Habrobracon sp., parasitizing caterpillars of Chloridea obsoleta. Its biology and agricultural importance, S. Bogoljubov {TurTcest. Selsk. Klwz., No. 3 {1914), pp. 281-291, figs. 5; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A, No. 7, pp. 4^3, 4^4)- — Biological notes are presented by the author on a new species shortly to be described by Kokujev that has been found by the author to parasitize C. ohsolela. On the parasitic acari found on the species of rodents frequenting human habitations in Egypt, S. Hirst {Bui. Ent. Research, 5 {1914), No. 3, pp. 215- 229, figs. 14). — Eight acarids are here dealt with, of which three are species of Dermanyssus. The rat trypanosome, Trypanosoma lewisi, in its relation to the rat flea, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, E. A. Minchin and J. D. Thomson {Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. [London}, n. ser., 60 {1915), No. 24O, pp. 463-692, pis. 10, figs. 24)-— In the introduction to this paper the authors present notes on C. fasciatus, its anatomy (including methods of dissection), parasites, histological structure 160 EXPEEIMEKT STATION EECORD. of its stomacli, and technique, Tlie development of T. lewisi in the flea is considered at length and an experimental study of the problems of transmis- sion and development is reported upon. A list of bibliographical references is appended. FOODS— HUMAN" NUTRITION. Kansas flours — chemical, baking, and storage tests, C. O. Swanson, J. T. WiLLAKD, and L. A. Fitz {Kansas Sta. Bui. 202 {1915), pp. 135, figs. 21).— In the first part of this bulletin the equipment used and methods followed in baking tests are described in detail. The second part of the publication gives the results of baking tests and chemical analyses made of 35 samples of commercial flour collected from Kansas mills, together with the results of chemical analyses of 21 wheats rep- resenting those from which the flours were made. The flours examined were divided into three grades designated as short patent, long patent, and straight. In the baking tests, which showed all these flours to be of good quality and strength, a comparative study was made of the following factors : Loss in mixing and rising, time for proving, expansion of the dough, rising in the oven, loss in baking and cooling, weight of the loaf, pounds of bread per barrel of flour, volume of the loaf, texture of the crumb, and color of the loaf. The following quotations from the discussion of the results of the baking tests of commercial flours are of interest: " The dough from the short patent ripens sooner. This is one of the quali- ties in the short patents which make these flours more valuable for family baking where the same flour is used for various purposes, such as cakes and pastries aside from bread making. The gluten is of a softer, more pliable nature and lends itself more readily to different conditions. The dough from a short patent is always softer, and has a smoother, more even feel than the dough from a straight flour. Hence it is easier to work and is much preferred by the housewife. . . . " The final weight of the loaf, and consequently the amount of bread per barrel of flour, is influenced more by the losses in making than by the varia- tion in materials used. . , . " Large loaf volume is not of itself an indication of a particularly desirable flour. Sometimes ... a weak flour may produce a larger loaf than a strong flour. The loaf volume must be judged together with absorption, maximum volume of dough, rise in the oven, and texture. If two loaves are equal in these other factors, then the one with a larger loaf volume is the more de- sirable. . . . " That the average loaf volume is greater for the long patent flours than for the other two brings out the fact that loaf volume alone does not necessarily indicate a flour of the highest commercial grade. . . . " If two loaves have the same volume but one has a larger oven spring, the latter indicates a stronger, stiffer gluten, while the gluten of the former would be weaker or more ' runny.' " In judging texture of the crumb, " large holes and uneven distribution indi- cate a weak gluten. Thickness of cell wall or an appearance of coarseness in- dicates a stiff and inelastic gluten. Such a flour would be good for blending with a weaker flour, but would not be a desirable flour to be used along for household purposes. Weakness of gluten shown by large and uneven dis- tribution of holes is one of the worst faults in a flour. As a rule, the bread from short patent flours differs from the longer patents and straights by the finer cell walls and more delicate structure. . . . FOODS^ — HUMAN KUTElWON. 161 "One difficulty in judging color is to distinguish true color from the color appearance as influenced by texture. The desired color is white with a deli- cate creamy tint. ... A yellow tint is much less objectionable than a grayish tint or a chalky white. The yellow is due to the color inherent in the wheat kernel, while a grayish tint shows faulty cleaning of the wheat or imperfect dressing of the flour." The third part of the bulletin presents the results of a study of the chemical composition and baking qualities of 19 flours from a four-break mill, and 26 samples from a five-break mill. In the chemical analyses of the commercial flours and of the samples from the two mill streams, determinations were made of ash, protein, gliadin, gluten, acidity, total and water-soluble phosphorus, and of hygroscopic moisture. It was found that a definite relationship existed between the acidity and phos- phorus content, that the variation in the moisture content of the flour was more affected by the water used in tempering than by a variation of the moisture originallj' present in the wheat, and that the protein content of the flour de- pended upon that originally present in the grain and on the method of milling. " That the proteins of a wheat flour strongly influence the baking qualities of the same is undoubtedly true, but the question is more complex than merely ascertaining the ratio between gliadin and the rest of the proteins. . . . The other proteins may have as much to do with the baking qualities as gliadin, and it is not only the proteins present in the sound wheat kernel which deter- mine the baking qualities, but also the protein decomposition products. . . . " The short patent has the lowest per cent of ash, while the low grade has the highest. The ash content is lowest in those streams which come from the interior of the kernel, while it is highest in those streams which are taken from that portion next the brsn. . . . " The protein content follows almost the same law of variation as the ash. . . . " There is a gradual increase in acidity in the flour streams in proportion as they contain material next to the bran. . . . " The percentage of ash furnishes a very good indication in regard to the quality of a flour as far as that is related to the method of milling . . . the feed contains ten times as high percentage of ash as the flour. Consequently, the presence of fibrous materials in the lower mill streams influences the ash content more than any other factor. The composition of the ash is also im- portant in judging the baking qualities of a flour. . . . " The patent has a lower percentage of protein than the wheat, while both the clear flours and the low-grade flours have a higher percentage. The break flours have a regular increase in protein percentage corresponding to the break number, the fifth break being the highest in percentage of protein in all these flours, while the bran-duster flour and the fourth break have the next highest percentages. In the middlings there is almost the same regular in- crease in protein content corresponding with the number of reductions." In the fourth part of the publication is considered the effect of storage upon flour as determined by chemical analyses and baking tests. The work, which extended over two seasons with bleached and unbleached flours stored in a steam-heated room, a nonheated room, and in sealed cans, showed that on storage flours may lose 2 per cent of their original weight, the loss being mostly one of hygroscopic water. The chemical composition and baking quality are otherwise very little affected by storage. [Wheat and flour analysis] (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Stock {Queensland'], 1913-14, pp. 100-107, pis. 2). — The results are given of chemical analyses and the grading of a number of samples of wheat and wheat flour. The samples 162 EXPEEIMEiSTT STATION EECOED. were graded according to a point system based upon ttie appearance of the grain, its yield in busliels per acre, its weight in pounds per bushel, the ap- pearance and composition of the gluten, and the color, chemical composition, and baking quality of the flour Bleached flour, F. L. Haley (Biochem. Bui., 3 (1914), No. 11-12, pp. UO- jfjfS). — Analyses showed the presence of nitrites in bleached flour. From the results of experiments with laboratory animals (guinea pigs), to which were administered doses of potassium nitrite, the author concludes that bleached flour is not detrimental to health. The physico-chem,ical properties of the alcohol-soluble proteins of wheat and rye, J. Groh and G. Friedl {Biochem. Ztschr., 66 {19H), No. 1-3, pp. 154- 164, fig- 1; afis. in ZentU. Physiol., 29 {1914), No. 5, p. 22.5") .—Wheat gluten contains only one protein which is soluble in alcohol, namely, gliadin. Rye flour contains a mixture of several proteins, but apparently not any gliadin. The physical chemistry of bread, Lorenz {Chcm. Ztg., 37 {1913), No. 78, p. 783). — From studies of the structure of both fresh and stale bread the author concludes that as the loaf ages the structure of the starch granules is modified and the starch gives up its water content to the protein part of the loaf. He regards the fresh loaf as an unstable form and the modified starch grains as a permanent characteristic of stale bread. German agricultural breads, E. Paeow {Ztschr. Spiritusindiis., 37 {1914), No. 53, pp. 593, 594). — Surveying the German food supply, the author recom- mends an increase in the amount of sugar in bread making as a means of in- creasing its nutritive value and at the same time saving the grain supply. War bread, H. Stbube {Deut. Landw. Presse, 42 {1915), No. 12, pp. 87, 88).— The author discusses the production and use of this product, which is defined as rye bread containing more than 20 per cent of potato flour. The use of potatoes in bread making-, M. P. Neumann and A. Fornet {Ztschr. Gesani. Qetreidew., 6 {1914), No. 10-11, pp. i 93-205). —Commercial methods are described for the preparation of potato flakes, potato flour, and potato starch. From analyses of bread prepared with the addition in varying proportions of potato flour and starch to rye and wheat flour the author con- cludes that the best bread is prepared by the addition of 5 per cent of potato flour to the rye or wheat flour, though 10 per cent is often used and even 20 per cent may yield a satisfactory product. When more than 10 per cent of the potato flour is used it is difiicult to obtain a good bread, as considerable water is absorbed by the starch in making the dough and the resulting loaf is too soggy. Composition of Euchloena mexicana, J. Pieraerts {Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill., 31 {1914), No. 9, pp. 655-660). — ^A description is given of a grain commonly occurring in Mexico and other tropical countries which is said to have considerable food value. Its approximate chemical composition is given as follows: Protein 24.57 per cent, fat 4.80 per cent, and carbohydrate, 61.38 per cent. Nutritive value of frozen meat, E. Valenti {Oior. R. Soc. Ital. Ig., 35 {1913), No. 4, pp. 148-153; ahs. in ZentU. Biochem. u. Biophys., 16 {1914), No. 17-18, p. 656). — Comparative analyses are reported of American and Italian frozen meats. In the case of meat which had remained at a temperature of — 10° C. for 40 days, an increase was noted in the percentage of dried residue and nitrogenous substance, while a decrease was noticed in the water content. It is suggested that the results may vary if a gradual thawing of the meat is brought about. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 163 Utilization of pork in provisioning the army, A. C. Gibard (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 75 (1915), No. 1, pp. 44-51)- — An Increase In the use of pork as a substitute for beef is urged, chiefly from the standpoint of economy. The toxicity of some ducks' eggs, P. Carles (Ann. Falsif., 7 {1914), ^o. 70-74, PP- 443, 444)- — Three cases of food poisoning were attributed to the presence of bacteria in duclis' eggs. Sterilization by long-continued boiling be- fore eating is urged as a necessary precaution. The influence of the fat content of milk on the rate of digestion, A. Kbeidl and E. Lenk (Biochem. Ztschr., 63 (1914), No. 2-3, pp. 151-155, figs. 3; ahs. in ZentU. Physiol., 29 (1914), No. 5, p. 223). — Experimental data are recorded which tend to show that the rate of digestion of milk decreases with the in- crease of fat content. The nutritive value of boiled skim milk, Klein (Milchw. Zenthl., 43 (1914), No. 14, pp. 381-384; «&«• ^'^ ZentU. Biochem. u. Biophys., 17 (1915), No. 16, p. 632). — Animal-feeding experiments, here reported, would indicate that there is no difference between the nutritive values of boiled and unboiled skim milk. Cow's milk and vegetable milk; difference in gastric digestion with special reference to the problem of cow's milk intolerance, A. Fischer (Arch. Ver- datiungskrank., 20 (1914), No. 1, pp. 13-48; ads. in Ztschr. Kinderheilk., Ref., 8 (1914), No. 3, p. 114). — Comparative experiments with laboratory animals (dogs) are reported in which was studied the digestibility of a vegetable milk prepared from almonds and Brazil nuts as compared with that of cow's milk. The vegetable milk caused a smaller and less prolonged secretion of gastric juices than did cow's milk, but was more readily digested owing to its finely divided condition. The following conclusions are drawn : Vegetable milk is an emulsion similar to cow's milk and contains carbo- hydrates, protein, and mineral matter in solution or suspension. The particular vegetable milk studied was characterized by a small content of carbohydrate and salts, especially sodium salts, and when coagulated with acid or rennet the vegetable milk protein formed a more finely divided curd than that formed when cow's milk was treated in the same way. The food value of the vegetable milk depends upon its method of preparation, the one studied having an energy value of 90 to 115 calories per 100 cc. The reaction of cow's milk modified for infant feeding, W. M. Clark (Jour. Med. Research, 31 (1915), No. 3, pp. 431-453, figs. 2). — The results are reported of a study of the hydrogen ion concentration of both human and cows' milk as compared with the hydrogen ion concentration of modified cow's milk made up in accordance with A'arious formulas. In the opinion of the author, the practice sometimes followed in modifying milk of adding alkalis to neutralize the acid of cow's milk is based upon wrong principles. This is regarded not only as an unnecessary procedure but one involving possible inhibition of gastric pro- teolysis and lipolysis. It is further stated that the addition of alkalis tends to replace the normal bacteriological fermentation of the intestine with a putre- factive process which may cause digestive disturbance. The comparative nutrient value of cod liver oil and cod liver oil cordials, J. P. Street (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 64 (1915), No. 8, pp. 638-643) .—The author reports results of a series of feeding experiments undertaken to com- pare the nutritive values of cod liver oil preparations, some of which were the so-called " oilless " extracts of cod livers. In conclusion he states that cod liver oil exhibited marked superiority as a food over the commercial extracts studied, and also had the power of restoring growth to laboratory animals (rats) which had suffered from nutritive deficiency when fed upon the com- mercial preparations. 164 EXPEEIMENT STATiOlST KECORD. The mineral constituents of honey, Kapelleb and A. Gottfbied {Ber. Nahrmtl. TJntersuch. Amt. Magdeburg, 1913, pp. 15, 16; abs. in Ztschr. Unter- such. Nahr. u. Gennssmtl., 29 {1915), No, 2, p. 98). — The analytical data pre- sented show that the ash of honey contains from 10 to 58 per cent of phos- phoric acid. Tomato conserves, P. Carles (Les Conserves de Tomates. Bordeaux: Feret d Sons, 1914, pp. 22). — A discussion supported by analytical data on the com- position of normal tomato conserves, their common adulterations, and the hygienic facts pertaining to their use as food. Observations on mango rash, Isabelo Concepci6n (Philippine Jour. ScL, Sect. B, 9 (1914), No. 6, pp. 509-513). — The author reports some clinical ob- servations which apparently confirm the belief that the so-called mango rash is produced by eating the mango fruit. The organic flavoring compounds, G. Cohn {Die Organischen Geschmacks- stoffe. Berlin: Franz Siemenroth, 1914, pp. XI-h936) . — This book is an extended treatise on the organic chemistry of the flavoring compounds. The first part of the volume is composed largely of a general classification. A discussion is given of the influence of chemical composition and constitution upon the degree and kind of taste, and the physiology of taste is also considered somewhat at length. Detailed information is given regarding the more important synthetic sweet flavors, such as saccharin, dulcin, and glucin. [Inspection and analyses of foods, drugs, and stock feeds], W. A. McRae ET AL. (Bien. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Fla., 13 {1913-14), pp. 190, pi. 1).—A report of the work carried on under the state food laws during the years 1913-14. Various regulations adopted by the board are reprinted, and general analytical data regarding the samples inspected and the text of the pure food and feed laws are given. [Food inspection], W. B. Barney (Iowa Dairy and Food Com. Bui. 10 (1915), pp. 2'1-\-l, figs. 3). — General information upon this topic is given and the results shown of prosecutions brought under the state pure food law. Annual report of the food and drug commissioner [of Missouri], F. H. Feicke (Ann. Rpt. Food and Drug Comr. Missouri, 1914, PP. 86). — The work carried on under the state food and drug laws during the year ended Decem- ber 31, 1914, is reviewed. This included the analysis of 820 samples of miscel- laneous food products, of which 299 did not meet the requirements of the exist- ing standards, and the inspection of establishments where food was prepared and sold — restaurants, hotels, dairies, etc. [Food and drug inspection], W. M. Allen (Bul.N. C. Dept. Agr., 35 (1914), No. 12, pp. 120). — This report covers work carried on under the state food laws during the year 1914. Data are given regarding 1,323 samples of miscellaneous foods and food products which were examined. Eleventh annual report of the food commissioner of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station: Food, Drugs, and Sanitation, E. F. Ladd ET AL. (North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1914, pt. 2, pp. 41). — The work of the food commissioner and state chemist during a period of approximately IS months, ended July 1, 1914, is reviewed, including brief discussions of different phases of the work, reprints of notices and warnings, reports from various members of the staff, etc. Twenty-eighth annual report of the dairy and food division, S. E. Strode {Ann. Rpt. Dairy and Food Div. Ohio, 28 (1913), pp. 128, figs. 6). — The work carried on during the year 1913 is reviewed, general information being given regarding the inspection of dairies and canning factories, the inspection of drugs, and the examination of eggs. Tabulated data are given regarding the FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 165 samples inspected, and a summary of the prosecutions brought by the board completes the report. Ninth, biennial report of the state dairy and food commissioner of the State of Utah, W. Hansen (Bien. Rpt. Dairy a/nd Food Comr. Utah, 9 {1918- 14), pp. 227). — General information regarding the work carried on under the state food and drug laws during the years 1913 and 1914 is given. The publica- tion also contains the reports of the sealer of weights and measures, the hotel Inspector, and the state dairy and food bureau, the last-named containing gen- eral data regarding the inspection and sanitation of slaughterhouses and other places where food is prepared and sold. The report of the state chemist presents analyses of 1,539 samples of miscellaneous food products, of which 1,122 met the requirements of existing standards, and 132 samples of water and ice. Adulteration of food, A. McGill (Rpts. [etc.] Inland Rev. Canada, 1913-14, pt. 3, pp. 519). — During the year ended March 31, 1914, 3,825 samples of mis- cellaneous foods and food products were analyzed, most of the results of which have been reported in bulletins issued by the department. In the appendix to the report 27 of these bulletins are reprinted. Laws relating to hotels, restaurants, etc., and inspection thereof ( ITalla- hassee, Fla.'\, 1913, pp. 8). — The text is given of a statute enacted by the State of Florida providing for the licensing and Insi^ection of hotels and restaurants, the requirements which such places must meet being sijecified. [Inspection of canneries], L. G. Bingham {Apr. Com. Ohio, Food Bur. Bui. 2 {1914), pp. 16). — ^A list is given of the canneries inspected, together with their rating. The sanitary code adopted by the state agricultural commission for the regulation of canning and packing factories is given. Anglo-American cooking. Central- American cooking, S. C. Got {La Cuisine Anglo- Am6ricaine. La Cuisine de rAmeriqwe Centrale. {[Neio York: L. Weiss <& Co.]), 1915, pp. 489). — This book contains a large number of recipes for the preparation of dishes common to the United States and Central America. California Mexican-Spanish cookbook. Bertha Haffner-Gingeb {[Los An- geles, Cal.: Citizen Print Shop], 1914, pp. 111+12, pis. 20). — ^A book of recipes for the preparation of numerous Spanish dishes, which also contains illustrations of native processes of cooking, ovens, kitchens, etc. Army rations {Rev. Sci. [Paris], 53 {1915), I, No. 3, p. 43). — ^A note upon the composition of the rations furnished the French and British armies. Army ration during war time, A. Gautier {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 5, pp. 159-167). — Considerable data are presented regarding the present ration supplied to the French Army. This is stated to consist of the following foods : Bread, 750 gm. ; fresh meat, 500 gm. ; condensed soup, 50 gm. ; dried vegetables, 100 gm. ; sugar, 31 gm. ; lard, 30 gm. ; coffee, 24 gm. ; and wine, 250 cc. From the results of several typical dietary studies made with peasant laborers in France the author concludes that this ration, supplying 3,190 calories of energy, is insufficient to meet the body requirements during an active cam- paign. The recommendation is made that the energy value of this ration be increased to 4,077 calories, by the addition of the following food materials: Bread, 150 gm. ; potatoes, 350 gm. ; sugar, 32 gm. ; fat, 30 gm. ; and wine, 500 cc. The French Army ration in time of war, A. Gautier {Rev. Sci. [Paris], 53 {1915), I, No. 5, pp. 65-70). — This article contains essentially the same material as the above article except that the results of final dietary studies are cited in support of the author's contention. Historical review of meat prices in Germany during the past 400 years, G. Badermann {Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 25 {1914), No. 6, pp. 84-87).-^ A summary and digest of data. 166 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. [The cost of living in Australia], G. H. Knibbs {Commonwealth Bur. Cen- sus and Statis, Aust., Labor and Indus. Branch Rpt. 5 {1914), PP- 16-67, 100^ 131). — ^A summary and digest of data regarding income and cost of living during the years 1913 and 1914. Information is given regarding the wholesale and retail prices of food and clothing and the cost of rent as compared with other years and other countries. Cost of living in Australia, G. H. Knibbs {Commonwealth Bur. Census and Statis. Aust., Labor and Indus. Branch Rpt. 4 {1914) > PP- 36). — ^A study of the budgets of 392 different families, which includes information regarding family conditions, the relation of income to expenditure, and the distribution of the expenditure. Feeding the masses, H. Keanold {Massenerndhrung Agrarpolitih Kolonisa- tion. Munich: Oeorge C. Steinicke, 1914, pp. '95). — A treatise upon some of the economic problems involved in feeding the iX)orer classes. Statistical data ai'e also included. Influence of protein consumption on muscular work, G. C. Testa and G. SoRMANi {Atti. Soc. Lombarda Sci. Med. e Biol., 1 {1912), No. 3, pp. 363-380, figs. 5; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 16 {1914), No. 7-8, p. 253). — Ex- perimental study, bj^ means of an ergograph, of the work performed by the gastrocnemius muscle of frogs indicated that the work varied within narrow limits but was considerably increased by the consumption of nucleoproteins. Studies of the origin of cholesterin, S. Dezani and F. Cattoretti {Arch. Farmacol. 8per. e Sci. Aff., 19 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-9). — Experiments carried out with laboratory animals (rats) indicate that the animal organism possesses the ability to synthetize cholesterin when this substance is excluded from the diet. Absorption of fat and lipoids, E. S. London and M. A. Wersilowa {St. Pctersb. Med. Wchnschr., 37 {1912), No. 22, pp. 325-327; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. ti. Biophys., 14 {1913), No. 15-16, p. 561). — In experiments performed on dogs with bilocular fistula below the pancreatic duct or with unilocular fistula in the middle of the small intestine, palmitic acid was 22 per cent absorbed before reaching the distal fistula, though only 7 per cent was absorbed when intro- duced directly into the intestine instead of per os. Stearic acid was more com- pletely absorbed; in the upper half of the intestine stearin soap was more readily absorbed than fatty acid. The feeding of neutral fat or free fatty acid produced no appreciable change in the fatty acid content of the intestinal mucosa. Neither cleavage nor absorption of cholesterol occurred up to the end of the small intestine. Further observations on the physiological properties of the lipins of the egg yolk, E. V. McCollum and Marguerite Davis {Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 11 {1914), No. 3, pp. 101, 102).— The addition of small amounts of the ether or petroleum ether extract of cooked egg yolk to a diet of casein, dextrin, and inorganic salts brought about a resumption of growth in the case of labora- tory animals (rats) which had ceased to grow on the diet of casein, dextrin, and inorganic salts. Lecithids contained in cod liver oil, H. Iscovesco {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 {1914), No. 1, pp. 34, 35).— Experiments with laboratory animals indicated that repeated doses of olive oil and cod liver oil administered hypo- dermically in the neck muscles were utilized and caused an increase in weight. Cod liver oil seemed to be better tolerated than olive oil. The author attributes the peculiar properties of cod liver oil to the lecithids it contains. All of the phosphorus, as well as most of the nitrogen compounds in the oil, are said to belong to the group of lecithids and lecithalbumins. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 167 The phosphorus content of the animal organism, W. Heubnee (Arch. Expt. Path. PharmaJcoL, 78 [1914), No. 1-2, pp. 24-82). — ^Analytical and feeding ex- periments are reported in wbich was studied the phosphorus content of the bodies of laboratory animals (dogs). In young animals of from 2 to 7 lbs. weight the total phosphorus content of the organism showed very little varia- tion and averaged 0.6 per cent of the total body weight; Of the total phos- phorus content 0.15 per cent was found in the muscle, 0.2 per cent in the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys, and most of the remainder in the bones. Lack of phosphorus in the diet decreased the percentage of phosphorus in the body only when growth was indifferent. Under this condition the greatest loss occurred in the bones. The chemical investigation of the phosphotungstate precipitate from rice polishings, J. C. Drummond and C. Funk {Biochem. Jour., 8 {1914), No. 6, pp. 598-615). — The authors have failed to isolate the curative substance which occurs in rice polishings, but have confirmed the presence of considerable amounts of cholin and nicotinic acid and have detected betain, adenin, guanin, and possibly guanidin. Experimental polyneuritis in birds as compared with human beri-beri, E. Tasawa (Ztschr. Expt. Path. u. Ther., 17 {1915), No. 1, pp. 27-^6).— From this summary and digest of experimental data the author concludes that the etiology and effects of experimental polyneuritis are not identical with those of beri-beri. Transactions of the National Association for the Study of Pellagra {Trans. Nat. Assoc. Study Pellagra, 2 {1912), pp. XXVIII -[■409, pis. 7).— Among the papers included may be mentioned : The Problem of Pellagra in the United States, by R. Blue ; The Prevalence and Geographic Distribution of Pellagra in the United States, by C. H. Lavinder; Pellagra — Some Facts in its Epidemiology, by R. M. Grimm ; Can Pellagra Be a Disease Due to Deficiency in Nutrition, by F. M. Sandwith; Contribution to the Alimentary Balance in Pellagra, by J. Nicolaidi and U. Grille; and Metabolism in Pellagra, by V. C. Myers and M. S. Fine. The presence of toxic bodies in expired air, G. Faemacbidis {PoUclin., Ses;. Med,., 20 {1913), No. S, pp. 116-138, pi. 1, fig. 1; ahs. Hm ZentU. Biochem. u. Biophys., 16 {1914), No. 11-12, p. 4^7). — The injection of the condensation liquid of expired air into laboratory animals gave no toxicity with guinea pigs, but with mice a tendency toward toxicity was apparent when compared with the negative results obtained by injections of distilled water or physiological salt solution. An automatic balance for use in metabolism experiments, E. Abdeehalden {Skand. Arch. Physiol., 29 {1913), pp. 15-82, figs. 2).— An illustrated descrip- tion is given of a balance which records ard registers photographically the weight of small laboratory animals. [Report of the] nutrition laboratory, F, G. Benedict {Carnegie Inst. Wash- ington Year Book, 13 {1914), pp. 285-297). — ^A brief summaiy and review of the investigations being carried on. Notes regarding changes and improvement in equipment, together with a brief review of the publications issued during the year 1914, complete the report. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Annual review of investigations in general biology, compiled by Y. Delage {Ann. Biol. [Paris], 14 {1909), pp. XXXIV-[-545; 15 {1910), pp. XIX+578; 18 (1913), pp. ZZ 4-603). —A bibliography of literature published in 1909, 1910, 168 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and 1913 on the cell, reproduction, heredity, variation, the origin of species, and related topics, with abstracts of the more important publications, and con- tinuing similar work (E. S. R., 26, p. 470). Handbook of comparative physiology, edited by H. Wintebstein {Hand- huch der Verglcichcndcn Physiologie. Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1911-1914, vol. 3, 1. half, pp. 2041+XIII, pis. 2, figs. 567; 1910, 1912-1914, vol. 3, 2. 'half, pp. 1060+XII, pi. 1, figs. 456). — The first half of this very extensive and complete review of work on comparative physiology includes chapters on Physiology of Motion, by R. du Bois-Reymond (pp. 1-248) ; The Production of Sound and Noise, by O. Weiss (pp. 24&-318) ; Physiology of Supportive and Skeletal Sub- stances, by W. Biedermann (pp. 319-1188) ; The Color Variation and Chromatic Skin Function of Animals, by R. F. Fuchs (pp. 1189-1656) ; and Color and De- sign of Insects, by W. Biedermann (pp. 1657-1994). The second half contains chapters on The Production of Heat, by R. Tigerstedt (pp. 1-104) ; The Produc- tion of Electricity, by S. Garten (pp. 105-224) ; The Production of Light, by E. Mangold (pp. 225-392) ; Physiology of Formation, by H. Przibram (pp. 393- 456) ; and Physiology of Reproduction, by E. Godlewski (pp. 457-1022). Review of experimental breeding investigations in zoology since 1900, A. Lang {Die experimentelle V ererhungslchre in der Zoologie seit 1900. Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1914, pp. VII-\-892, pis. 4, figs. 244). — This comprises a large number of papers reviewing investigations on the theory of inheritance and dis- cussing the biometrical phas3s of variation and correlation. The latter portion of the volume reviews crossbreeding experiments with animals of the rodentia, carnivora, and ungulata families. Under the latter heading are included the equidse, ruminants, and swine. The topics treated include the inheritance of coat coloring, points of conformation, horns, breed characteristics, milking capacity, and similar items. The papers have been previously reported from other sources. German zootechny (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 3, pp. 109-116).— This article is a review of a book by G. Wilsdorf on animal breeding (E. S. R., 27, p. 469), in which he shows the important part the science of genetics has played in the development of the live stock industry of Germany. Sex determination and sex control in guinea pigs, G. Papanicolaou (Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 1054, PP- 401-404)- — The author concludes from his observations that " the sex of a guinea pig is determined sometimes by two and sometimes by three factors, depending upon whether the mother has pre- viously borne young. The first factor is the sex tendency of the father. If the father has a male sex tendency, his sons will have a female tendency and his daughters a male tendency. If, on the contrary, the father possesses a female tendency, his sons will have male tendencies and his daughters female tendencies. " The second factor is the sex tendency of the mother. A mother with a male tendency gives her daughters a female and her sons a male tendency. The mother with a female tendency gives her daughters a male and her sons a female tendency. The third factor is confined to the female and is a change of sex tendency from litter to litter. This change in tendency manifests itself in the following way : If the first litter contains only males, the mother acquires a female tendency for the next litter and vice versa. This new tendency varies in strength, depending upon the number of young of one sex contained in a litter. The greater the number of males in a litter, the stronger the female tendency will be for the next litter. This tendency is still more emphasized if the mother is successively mated with males of a definite tendency, and there- fore forced to produce more and more young of one sex. AlHMAL PRODUCTION. 169 " In tlie sons the tendency received from the father is stronger than that coming from the mother, while in the daughters the opposite is true. When one examines the descendants of animals whose fathers had a male tendency and mothers a female tendency, a higher difference in the relative number of males and females is found than from those cases in which the fathers alone had a male tendency. . . . " Should one select males whose fathers had a female tendency and whose mothers had a male tendency and mate these with females whose fathers had a male tendency and whose mothers had a female tendency, a higher difference in the relative number of males and females will be found in their descendants than in any other possible case." This regulation in the inheritance of the sex tendency affords an explanation of the manner in which the equilibrium is maintained between the number of male and female offspring of a given species. A new era in the science of nutrition, R. L. Kahn (Sci. Amer. Sup., 79 {1915), No. 2046, pp. 182, 183).— A review of the work of Osborne and Mendel on problems of animal nutrition. A chemical study of two drought-resisting forage plants, S. Lomanitz (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 3, p. 220). — Analyses of the two drought-resisting plants CJiloris virgata and Phalaris nodosa, which have re- cently been introduced into Mexico, are given as follows : Moisture 8.3 and 9.15, protein 6.87 and 10.54, fat 1.64 and 2.66, nitrogen-free extract 43.-38 and 39.06, fiber 28.42 and 25.82, and ash 11.39 and 12.77 per cent, respectively. It is said that both plants are readily eaten by cattle without harmful effect upon the milk. Feeding sugar-beet tops, F, Redlich (Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerindus. u. Landw., J,3 (1914), No. 3, pp. 37.5-404, figs. 6; alts, in Chem. ZentU., 1914, II, No. 5, pp. 4-^0, 431)- — The average analysis of fresh sugar-beet tops (from September to November) is given as water 85.47. protein 1.69, fat 0.28, nitrogen- free extract 7.81, fiber 1.53, ash 1.65, and sand 1.57 per cent. It is deemed a desirable feed for ruminants, more especially milch cows. The beet tops were found to contain from 0.11 to 0.42 per cent of oxalic acid, which is said to have the effect of increasing the milk-fat yield without any unfavorable influence on the milk yield. There was a decline in the lime content of the milk, necessitating the feeding of phosphoric lime in quantities of from 40 to 60 gm. per day. A number of cows fed 43 days on the fresh material made an average daily gain per head of 0.4 kg. in weight. A drying apparatus is described. Fish meal as a feedstuff (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'\, 21 (1914), No. 8, pp. 689-692). — English experiments carried out with pigs at the Seale Hayne College with fish meal are reported and seem to show that the addition of from 14 to 29 per cent of the meal to other feeds will lead to a marked increase in the weight of the pigs so fed, as compared with those fed on a diet containing no fish meal. It is sugge.sted that the following quantities might be given daily to the different kinds of stock: Cattle, 2 lbs. per 1,000 lbs. live weight; pigs, i to i lb., according to weight; sheep, A to i lb. per 100 lbs. live weight; poultry, adult fowls should receive not more than 10 per cent and chickens not more than 5 per cent of their whole diet in this form. Fish meal with low percentages of oil and salt should be selected and the birds should be gradually accus- tomed to the feed. The above quantities should in no case be given at once but the fish meal should be introduced into the ration gradually. It Is im- portant that decomposition should not have set in. 170 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. Feedings experiments with lupine and horse chestnut flakes, E. Reisch, F. EWALD, F. LiLiENTHAL, and Hansen (IUus. Landw. Ztg., 34 (1914), ^os. 42, pp. S91, 392; 43, pp. 399, 400; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 8, pp. 1047-1049). — The composi- tion of lupine flakes and horse chestnut flakes is given as dry matter 82 and 85, protein 25.7 and 6.7, fat 4 and 3.9, nitrogen-free extract 3G.3 and 67.8, fiber 0.1 and 3.5, and ash 7.2 and 3.2 per cent, respectively. Two lots of 12 yearling lambs each were fed a basal ration of meadow hay, mangels, and barley meal, lot 1 receiving in addition 0.4 lb. of bean meal and peanut meal, and lot 2 1.1 lbs. lupine flakes per 100 lbs. live weight. Lot 1 made an average total gain in 73 days of 28.82 lbs. per head and lot 2 of 28.38 lbs., both dressing 47.9 per cent. Two lots of 12 lambs were fed a basal ration of meadow hay, dried-beet slices, and soy-bean meal, lot 1 receiving in addition 1.1 lbs. wheat bran and 0.66 lb. of corn, and lot 2 2.64 lbs. chestnut flakes per 100 lbs. live weight. Lot 1 made an average total gain during the 73 days of 24.42 lbs. per head and lot 2 of 15.84 lbs., the one dressing 48.8 per cent and the other 45.6. On the whole the chestnut flakes proved unsatisfactory. Four cows were fed a basal ration of hay, dried-beet slices, and soy-bean meal, and during three periods from 0.8 to 3 lbs. of corn meal and 2 lbs. wheat bran per 1,000 lbs. live weight, in comparison with 2 lbs. chestnut flakes fed during one period and 4 lbs during another. The chestnut flakes appeared to have no influence on the milk yield. When more than 2 lbs. of the flakes were fed per cow per day the cows suffered from scours. The cows refused lupine flakes because of their bitter taste. Food for animals and process for the m^anufacture of the same (English Patent 24,912, Nov. 1, 1913; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indm., 33 (1914), No. 23, p. 1168). — "Amylaceous material, such as middlings or maize residue, is treated with 2 per cent of its weight of sulphur dioxid in the form of an aqueous solution, and heated for 15 minutes under a pressure of four atmospheres. The steam and acid are then blown off, any remaining acid is neutralized by the addition of calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate, and the product is dried end ground." Feeding stuffs, Loges (Jahresber. Landw. Konigr. Sachs., 1913, pp. 114-124). — Protein and fat analyses are given of the following feeding stuffs : Rice meal, millet bran, brewers' grains, linseed meal, rape-seed meal, peanut meal, palm- kernel cake, sunflower-seed cake, sesame cake, hemp-seed meal, and fish meal. [State feeding-stuff laws of the] American Feed Manufacturers' Associa- tion, compiled by L. F. Brown {Milwaukee : Author, 1914, pp. 86). — This is a brief of the state laws relating to the sale of feeding stuffs. Feeding of cattle, S. B, Lima (Bol. Dir. Geral Agr. [Portugal], 11 (1913), No. 4^ PP- ^44)- — This is a compilation of reprints of articles on methods of feeding cattle, the nutritive value of various feeds, and methods of calculating rations. Wintering store cattle (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 15 (1914), No. 1, pp. 28-33). — Four seasons' experiments are reported in which 3 lots of from 8 to 10 each of 21-month-old crossbred bullocks and heifers were fed five months, beginning December 1, as follows: Lot 1, housed all winter and fed roots, cake, and straw ; lot 2, outwintered in the pasture and fed hay and cake ; lot 3, outwintered in the pasture and fed hay only. The cake consisted of soy bean and cotton cake. The average gains per head made for the period were 134, 72, and 43 lbs., respectively; the cost per head $21.22, $14.96, and $10.07, respectively. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 171 At the close of tlie winter feeding the cattle were grazed during the summer for three months under similar conditions, with a resulting average gain per head of 84, 1G3, and 177 lbs., respectively. The weight of calves, C. D. Stewart (Ann. Sci. Bui. Roy. Agr. Col. Ciren- cester, No. 4-5 (1912-13), pp. 12, 73).— From careful records taken of 19 Shorthorn cows it was found that the average gestation period of cows bearing bull calves was 288.91 days; of cows bearing heifer calves, 283.75 days. The longest period in the former was 297 days and the shortest period 280 days; in the latter 293 and 274. The average weight of the bull calves was 89.45 lbs. : that of the heifer calves, 82.5 lbs. It was found that the longer the period the heavier the calf in each case. It was noted that the heavier calves are pro- duced from cows in their prime ; that is, ranging from 5 to 7 years of age ; after this age the calves appeared to become smaller at birth. It is thought safe to take an average of 285 days as the period of gestation and 84 lbs. as the average weight of a Shorthorn calf at birth. Rye and blue grass pastures, with, and without grain, for ewes suckling lambs, H. Hackedorn (Missouri 8ta. Circ. 73 (1915), pp. 33-40, figs. 2). — This circular supplements material previously reported (E. S. R., 32, p. 669). Four lots of 8 mature western ewes, each with their 7 to 10, 20 to 22-day-old suckling lambs, were fed 56 days as follows: Lot 1, rye pasture and grain; lot 2, rye pasture; lot 3, blue-grass pasture and grain; and lot 4, blue-grass pasture, the grain mixture consisting of equal parts of cracked corn, oats, and bran. The ewes lost 1.96, 10.19, 2.26, and 11.64 lbs. per head, respectively. Al- though the ewes in lots 2 and 4 lost heavily, they were thrifty and in healthy condition. The average daily gains of the lambs were 0.468, 0.449, 0.597, and 0.45 lb. per head. The grain consumed by the lambs per 100 lbs. gain was 42.55, 39.33, 41.57, and 49.33 lbs. for the respective lots. The average total grain con- sumed per ewe in lots 2 and 4 was 99.78 and 110.93 lbs., respectively. Studies on the variations in the results of factory, microscopic, and breeders' methods of wool sorting, P. Kereszturi (Eiserlet. Kozlem., 17 (1914), No. 5, pp. 835-866). — This is a discussion of the advantages of the microscopic method of wool grading, suggesting that it be adopted by manufac- turers and breeders, thus obviating the variations in the results obtained by their methods. Goats and their ancestors, L. Boutan (Bui. Soc, Etude et Vulg. Zool. Agr., 13 (1914), Nos. 10, pp. 168-171; 11, pp. 173-177; 12, pp. 196-201).— A general discussion of the origin and development of the various breeds of goats in Europe, Asia, and Africa, more especially the Angora, and the importation of this breed to America. Swine-feeding experiments with chick-peas, O. Schmidt (FuJiUng^s Landxo. Ztg., 63 (1914), No. 23, pp. 7J-'/-72.5).— Chick-peas (Cicer arietinmn) were fed to pigs and found to compare favorably with barley meal as a feed, the pigs making somewhat greater gains at a slightly lower cost. Influence of meat and bone meal feeding on the chemical composition of the bony framework, J. K. Gjaldb^k (Ber. K. Vet. og Landbohojslcoles Lai. Landokonom. Forsog [Copenhagen'], S3 (1913), pp. 26; ads. in ZentM. Agr. Chem., 43 (1914), ^o. 10-11, pp. 630-632) .—Three 2-month-old pigs were fed three months, No. 1 receiving an ordinary feed of corn, barley, and skim milk, No. 2 receiving in addition 100 gm. per day of bone meal, and No. 3 from 100 to 400 gm. of bone meal. The control pig increased in weight from S.l kg. to 80.9 kg.. No. 2 from 9 kg. to 28.3 kg., and No. 3 from 10.3 kg. to 20.5 kg. The head of the femur bone was analyzed and the ash, CaO, and P2O5 content found to be greatest in pigs 2 and 3, from which it is concluded that the feeding of 98262°— No. 2—15 6 172 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECORD. bone meal has a material influence on the development of the bony framework of pigs. The swine industry in New York State (N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 64 {1914), pp. 200, figs. 56). — This includes a number of general articles by various authors on the feeding, care, and management of swine. Prairie ■ farmer's h.og book, C. V. Gregory (Chicago: Prairie Farmer, 1914, pp. 126, figs. 65). — ^This booklet gives complete and practical information on the breeding, feeding, care, and management of hogs for profit. Horse breeding in relation to national requirements, A. Pease (Jour. Farmers' CliiJ) [London], 1915, Fed., pp. 21-42). — This is a discussion of the requirements of horses for the English army service and of methods of increas- ing the supply of available horses. Horses, S. B. Lima (Bol. Dir. Geral Agr. [Portugal], 11 (1913), No. 10, pp. 468, fig. 1). — This is a collection of reprints of articles treating of the various breeds of horses in Portugal, their development and improvement, and methods of breeding in vogue, more especially with regard to racing and remount stock. The retention of the amino acids in the metabolism of the fowl, K. gzALAGYi and A. Kriwuscha (Biochem. Ztschr., 66 (1914), No. IS, pp. 139- 148). — ^The feeding to ducks of 2 gm. per day of asparagin in addition to corn (amino acid nitrogen \ tot-oi nitro"-en / unne ns compared Avith the amino acid quotient of the urine of ducks fed corn alone. On feeding 2 gm. of glycocoll the quotient was somewhat increased, while on feeding molasses high in amino acid content to a hen the quotient was slightly decreased. On the asparagin feed no amino acid nitrogen was found unresorbed in the feces of the two ducks, while on the glycocoll feed 4.84 and 3.76 per cent remained unresorbed. On the molasses feed 9.03 per cent remained unresorbed in the feces of the hen. The amino acid nitrogen found in the urine of the ducks fed asparagin was 3.77 and 2.83 per cent, respectively; 6.5 and 4.75 per cent, respectively, in the urine of the ducks on glycocoll ; and 6.9 per cent in the urine of the hen on molasses feed. The fact that the values calculated from the relation of the amino acid nitrogen to the nonprotein nitrogen agree gives additional proof that the amino acid resorbed by the organism is not retained, since the oxidation products are found again in. the urine quantitatively. Correlation between egg'-laying activity and yellow pigment in the do- mestic fowl, A. F. Blakeslee and D. E. Warner (Science, n. ser., 4I (1915), No. 1055, pp. 432-434). — The results tabulated in this paper indicate that a close coi relation exists between the yellow pigmentation in a hen and her previous egg-laying activity, and that in Leghorns the color of the ear lobes is perhaps a better criterion of laying activity than either legs or beak and is more readily recorded. It is believed that laying removes yellow pigment with the yokes more rapidly than it can be replaced by the normal metabolism, and in consequence the ear lobes, the beak, and the legs become pale by this subtraction of pigment. Fancy points vs. utility, A. F. Biakeslee (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 4, pp. 175-181, figs. 2).— The author points out the necessity for a revision of standards for judging poultry, showing that very little attempt is made to use characters in the score card indicative of yield, and that in some cases stand- ards are used that are directly opposed to the natural development of the bird. As an example, barring in Plymouth Rocks is cited. It is shown that whereas the males are naturally lighter than the females, poultrymen, in order to win ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 173 prizes for exhibition pens, have resorted to so-called double mating, breeding males from dark strains and females from light strains, since judges give preference to jjeus in which the males and females are matched in shading. It is further shown that whereas yellow pigment in the beak and the legs of Leghorn and Wyandotte pullets disappears when they begin to lay and i-eturns again when they cease laying (see abstract above), the Standard of Perfection demands yellow in the beak and legs, thus penalizing production. It is sug- gested that the show-room standards be changed and greater account taken of yield; that judges disqualify for characters indicating low yield; that efforts be made to discover to what extent visible characters are correlated with high production ; and that points be allowed commensurate with the degree of this correlation. Method of selecting the high-producing hens, O. B. Kent {Cornell Coun- tryman, 12 {1915), No. 6, pp. 481-484, fig. i).— The author states that the characters to be used in a study of egg production are time of molting, color of shank, texture of comb, and color of ear lobes. Late molting is the accom- paniment of late laying, but late molting does not appear to affect the earliness of spring laying; those hens that molted late molted much more rapidly than those that molted early and hence lost less time. It has been found at the New York Cornell Experiment Station that all of the high producers and some of the low vitality low producers have pale shanks, but that any bird with yellow shanks after a year of laying, whether it be the first, second, or third year of egg production, has been a poor producer for that year. If a bird starts with pale shanks, the shanks will not grow darker, and nothing can be told of the egg production from the shanks alone. It was further found that those birds which had soft pliable combs in the fall were in general better producers than those with hard or dried-up combs. It was found that there was a very close correlation between a combination of the three factors (time of molting, color of shank, and texture of comb) and egg production. Studies at the Connecticut Storrs Station (see above) tend to show that those birds that normally have a considerable amount of yellow pigment in their ear lobes before they begin to lay will lay this yellow color out. By means of the ear lobes it is a comparatively easy matter to go through a flock of utility White Leghorn pullets eight months after they are hatched and pick out those that have not laid. The ear-lobe test simply indicates whether the bird is laying or not and does not necessarily indicate that a bird will or will not lay heavily throughout the year. California poultry practice, Susan Swaysgood {San Francisco: Pacific Rural Press, 1915, pp. 157, pis. 8, figs. 5). — A general treatise on poultry management. A poultry survey of Jackson County, F. S. Jacoby ( West Virginia Sta. Bui. 148 {1914), PP- S-38, pi. 1, figs. 13). — This is a general r§sum6 of the poultry industry in Jackson County, W. Va., said to be the greatest poultry-producing county in that State. Methods of breeding, feeding, marketing, and general management are described. Profitable squab breeding, O. Dare {Des Moines: Author, 1914, PP- 70, pis. 4, figs. 18). — This booklet contains general information on squab breeding and management. Breeding for horns, F. N. Meyes {Jour. HereMty, 6 {1915), No. 2, p. 96). — This is an account of an industry in Siberia in which stags are bred for their antlers. The antlers are sawed off, boiled in salt water several times, and allowed to diy, in which state they are sold. The average price paid for the antlers is between ?4 and $6 ner pound. 174 EXPERIMENT STATIOIiT EECOED. Rabbit culture and standard, W. F. Roth and C. T. Cobnman {Seller sville. Pa.: Poultry Item Press, 19U, pp. 95, pis. 12, figs. 6).— This booklet deals with the various breeds of rabbits and their feed, care, and management. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Cattle-feeding experiments in Denmark, H. E. Annett {Agr. Jour. India, 10 (.1915), No. 1, pp. 63-75). — This reviews the general plan of conducting cattle-feeding experiments in Denmark. The experiments are largely co- operative and carried on with considerable care. Feeding trials were begun in 1887 and have been continued to the present time, more than 4,000 cows having been utilized. The general results of the trials have shown that wheat, com, and bran give much the same results in milk production, while oil meal is slightly better. One lb. of wheat, corn, or bran has been found to be equivalent to 0.75 lb. sunflower cake, 0.07 lb. cottonseed cake, 1.2 lbs. molasses, 2.5 lbs. hay, 5 lbs. straw, or 10 lbs. mangel wurzels. The experiments have indicated that changes of feed have practically no effect on the chemical composition of either the fat or the milk. Variations in the composition of the milk are caused, to a much gi-eater extent, by the individuality of the animal. Experiments have also been conducted to determine to what extent mangel wurzels can take the place of concentrated feed in the ration. The results indicate that the protein requirements, as determined by the Wolfl:-Lehmann, Kellner, and other tables, are too high, and that it is possible to substitute during the winter less expensive feeds, such as mangels, for expensive feeds such as cottonseed cake, without decreasing the milk yield or endangering the health of the cattle. Feeding experiments in Denmark with dairy cattle, W. Helms {Agr. Oaz. N. S. Wales, 26 {191S), No. 1, pp. ^1-47, fig. i).— The author gives data col- lected by him during a visit to Denmark. Two lots of six cows each were put out on grass and tethered within large measured circles, and at the end of the day the grass left within the circle was cut and weighed. This method of investi- gation occupied 14 days. It was found that the quantity of grass consumed by cows was about 155 lbs. per head per day. It varied somewhat, not only as between cows but also in the individual cow from day to day. This variation was not entirely de- pendent on weather conditions, such as wet, cold, or very warm weather, when the consumption was smaller, but also independently of such conditions. The cows consumed about the same quantity whether they were dry or in milk or whether giving a smaller or greater milk yield. A reduction in the milk yield took place in time, even when the grass was young and fresh. From these and later trials it is concluded that " feeding with, and on, grass alone, quite apart from the loss sustained by letting the cows themselves decide how much grass to consume, can not give us the most profitable results with dairy cattle, and even if other fodder be added to the grass feed a loss of nourishing organic matter can hardly be avoided. " On account of the varying quality of the grass, especially as it gets older and its digestibility alters, it is difficult to recommend any certain fodder com- position when grass also is given. The feeding in summer time must be even and based on similar systematic principles to the winter feeding, viz, in pro- portion to the condition and milk production of the various cows in the various periods between 'in calf and 'calving.' On no account must the change from paddock feed to stable feed, or vice versa, be too sudden." DAIRY FARMINC DAIRYING. 175 Some results from the fattening of dairy cows, 0. Hutchinson {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, No. 22 (1913), pp. 161-169).— In disposing of cowa to tlae butcher it is said that the millc yield of a barren cow should not be allowed to reach an unprofitable level before a fattening ration is allowed. The introduction of such a ration will arrest the normal decline in milk yield. However, it is not thought advisable to allow the cow to dry off completely be- fore sale as beef, but to sell the fat cows direct from the milking herd. The development of the dairy industry in Hungary, I. Koerfee {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 12, pp. 1542-1546). — A statistical review of the development of the dairy industry in Hungary. The hygienic importance of acid-rennet bacteria in the udder of cows, C. GoBiNi (Clin. Vet. [Milan], Rass. Pol. Sanit. e Ig., 37 (1914), ^o. 17, pp. 707- 711). — This is an account of acid-rennet-producing bacteria, called Bacillus minimus mamma;, found in the lactiferous ducts of the udder, and causing the premature coagulation of milk even, before it is drawn from the udder and before external contamination. A zymoscopic or fermentation test appears to be the most practicable method of detecting the presence of the organism. It is said that to prevent the ab- normal development of the acid-rennet microflora in the udder it is advisable to milk the cow dry so as to empty completely the lactiferous ducts. In zymo- scopic testing of milk the type of coagulum produced by the bacteria may be used as a guide by both cheese maker and veterinarian for indicating faulty milking and abnormal conditions of the udder. A reinvestigation on the nature of the cellular elements present in milk, R. T. Hewlett and C. Reavis (Lancet {London], 1915, I, No. 11, pp. 855-857).— This paper deals with methods of preparing, fixing, and staining films prepara- tory to determining the nature of the cellular elements in milk. The yellow color in cream and butter, L. S. Palmer (Missouri Sta. Circ. 7^ (1915), pp. ^i-46). — ^A popular discussion, based on the material previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 273). Butter prices, from producer to consumer, N. H. Clark (U. S. Dept. Labor, Bur. Lahor Statis. Bui. 164 (1914), PP- 59). — A compilation of statistical data showing the prices paid to the farmer for milk fat as contained in milk and cream, and the prices received for butter by the creameries, wholesale dealers, and retail dealers in the years 1904, 1910, and 1911, for the months of June and December, these being selected as representing the season of high produc- tion and low prices and the season of low production and high prices, re- spectively. Among the topics discussed are seasonal variation in production and the effect of cold storage, movement of wholesale prices in different mar- kets, and butter prices and margins. Studies on the manufacture of cheese, 1913, 1914, C. Goeini (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Rome], Ser. C, 12 (1913), No. 8-12, pp. 80-86; ditto, 8er. B, 13 (1914), II, No. 3, pp. SMS).— This treats of the methods of manufactur- ing the various types of Italian and Swiss cheese, and on the bacteriological phases of cheese making. The manufacture of cheese from "heated" milk, IP, M. Benson (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1915), No. 10, pp. S78-889).— This is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 674). It was found that to obtain a tjiiical Cheddar cheese from pasteurized milk the pasteurizing temperature should not be higher than 190° F. when the milk is heated very rapidly, or 170° when thi* period of heating is from 15 to 30 minutes. A blue-veined cheese of good quality was obtained when the milk was heated for about 15 minutes to 190 to 200°. This is thought to be due either to 176 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. the fact that the loss of elasticity of the curd at the higher temperatures pro- duced a less dense cheese with more widely distributed air spaces, and conse- quently greater growth of blue mold, or that inhibitory organisms were de- stroyed in the milk, thus permitting the freer growth of the mold. Cheeses pre- pared from heated milli contained water 33.61 to 36.22 per cent, fat 32.36 to 34.53, insoluble nitrogen (probably unaltered casein) 2.49 to 2.91; and deter- minations of acidity, expressed as normal sodium hydroxid per 100 gm. of cheese, 13.2 to 20 cc. The heating resulted in a higher percentage of water in the ripened product. The fat is consequently a slightly lower percentage, and the higher acidity in the heated cheese may be due to the fact that more starter was added in making the cheese. In the case of very rapid heating, the number of organisms in the milk was not effectively reduced below 170°, but at this point the number was reduced to one-fiftieth of the total, at 1S0° to one eighty-fifth, and at 200° practically all the organisms were destroyed. There was a much greater reduction when the milk was maintained at 150° for 15 minutes than when it was heated very rapidly to 170°. Complete sterility was not obtained at any temperature. It was found that there was a definite increase In the number of organisms in the milk from the vat before any starter had been added and the number in the milk as it came from the cooler, indicating that milk once pasteurized should be handled as little as possible before it is put to the use for which it is intended. The manufacture of condensed milk, milk powders, casein, etc. — Discus- sion of methods of analysis, R. T. Mohan {Jour. Soc, Chem. Indus., 34 {1915), No. 3, pp. 109-113). — This is a discussion of the analysis of these various products and the factors influencing their composition and quality. It is said that milk of different seasons will stand different temperatures, for- tunately the highest in the summer. The fresh milk varies in composition with the seasons, and hence the concentration also has to be varied to bring the product up to standard. In June the solids in the fresh milk average 12.68 per cent, in the condensed milk 25.81 ; in August 11.75 and 26.01 ; in November 13.40 and 26.62. It is said that swells, flat sours, and sweet curdling in evaporated milk are due to understerilizition. Curdiness (other than sour curd) is due to precipitation of the curd as a hard mass under the action of heat on a product of high solids and acidity. The hard grains sometimes found in the bottom of the cans consist of mineral matter, mostly calcium phosphate, precipitated owing to overconcentration. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Collected papers from the Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis, and Com- pany, Detroit, Michigan {Collected Papers Research Lai). Parke, Davis & Co., Reprints, 2 {19U), pp. IV+289-590, pi. 1, figs. 100).— These papers, which have been previou.sly published in various scientific journals, include articles on hog cholera by W. E. King, R. H. Wilson, G. L. Hoffmann, and F. W. Baeslack (E. S. R., 28, pp. 381, 482, 587; 29. p. 681; 30, p. 383) ; on canine distemper and equine influenza by N. g. Ferry (E. S. R., 29, p. 682) ; and on tetanus by C. T. McClintock and W. H. Hutchings (E. S. R., 29, p. 679). Other papers of interest are : The Employment of Protective Enzyms of the Blood as a Means of Extra- corporeal Diagnosis.— I, Serodiagnosis of Pregnancy, by C. P. McCord; Stand- ardization of Disinfectants.— Some Suggested Modifications, by H. C. Hamilton and T. Ohno ; and Correcting Water, by H. C. Hamilton. Castration of domesticated animals, F. S. Schoenleber and R. R. Dykstra {New York: Orange Judd Company, 1915, pp. X+154, figs. 53). — A small hand- book intended for the use of stock owners, students of agriculture, and veter- VETEEIJSTARY MEDICINE. 177 inariaus. The work is presented in sucli a manner as to be of interest to those not leaving a Ivuowleclge of anatomy or surgical technique. Chemical studies upon the genus Zygadenus, C. L. Alsberg (Ahs. in Science, n. set:, 39 (1914), No. 1017, p. 958). — Alkaloids similar to those occurring in the " veratrin " group were obtained in crj'stalline form from Zygadenus venenosus, Z. elegmis, and Z. coloradensis. All were very toxic and had similar pharmacodynamical properties. From a member of a closely related genus, Amianthium muscwtoxicum, a similar active principle was obtained in the pure state. Apparently many of the species of Liliacete contain veratrin. Zygadenus, or death, camas, C. D. Marsh, A. B. Clawson, and H. Marsh (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 125 {1915), pp. 46, pis. 6, figs. 4).— This monograph includes a detailed report of feeding experiments with sheep, horses, and cattle carried on in 1909 and 1910 at Mount Carbon, Colo., and in 1912, 1913, and 1911 at GreyclifC, Mont. This plant grows abundantly on many of the stock ranges of the West and is one of the most important sources of loss to sheepmen. Apparently all species of the genus Zygadenus are looisonous throughout the whole season of their growth, although^he tops are somewhat more poisonous at the time of flowering. The toxicity of the bulbs and tops is about the same, but the seeds are much more toxic than other parts of the j)lant. Cases of poisoning are more likely to occur before the maturity of the plant for at that time other forage is scanty. Investigations have shown that tlie toxic dose varies according to conditions of feeding. In drenched animals it is put at about 0.5 lb. for an animal weighing 100 lbs. In fed animals it varied from 1.6 to 5.6 lbs. The poisonous principle is an alkaloid or alkaloids allied to veratrin and cevadin. Sheep, cattle, and horses are poisoned by the plant but the fatalities are almost entirely confined to sheep. The principal symptoms are salivation, nausea, muscular weakness, coma, and sometimes attacks of dyspnoea. No satisfactory medical remedy has been discovered, notwithstanding the fact tliat'the authors did considerable experimental work with different drugs. As a preventive it is important that the plant be recognized and grazing upon it avoided. When animals become sick they should be kept quiet and under such treatment many will recover. A list of tlie literature cited, consisting of 30 titles, is included. The examination of milk by the practicing veterinarian. Testing the protein and sugar content for the purpose of noting single abnormal milks, Glage {Berlin. Tienlrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), Nos. 12, pp. 204-206; 14, pp. 234-236). — After pointing out the various methods whereby the practical veterinarian may detect abnormal milks, especially those of pathological origin, the author shows that sugar and the amorphous protein constituents have not been considered (or only rarely so). When examining milk in these respects a normal amount of protein and sugar point to the healthfulness of the cow from which the sample under consideration was obtained. The protein test recommended consists of making a mixture of 3 cc. of milk and 3 cc. of a 10 per cent ammonia solution, adding an excess of water, and shaking. A healthy milk will show no coagulation, not even on boiling the mixture. The sugar test is as follows : Boil a mixture made of three parts of milk and three partsi of a 15 per cent potassium hydroxid solution, shake, and allow to stand for 10 minutes, A healthy milk gives a brown coloration while pathological milk will show a yellowish or orange color or at the most a yellow- ish brown. The test is best conducted on skim milk. See also a note by Fetzer (E. S. R., 27, p. 878). The comparative action of nucleinate of sodium upon the coagulation of blood and milk, M. Doyon tind F. Sarvonat {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 178 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. IJf (1913), No. 13, pp. 765, 766; ahs. in ZentU. Expt. Med., 4 (1913), No. 10, p. ^5^)_ — Sodium nncleinate hinders ttie coagulation of the blood, but has no effect upon the coagulation of milk. On the nature of the opsonic substances of normal sera, H. Zinsser and E. G. Gary (Jour. Expt. Med., 19 (1914), No. 4, lip. 3^5-361, pi. i).— There is still much difference of opinion regarding the nature of antibodies by which phagocy- tosis is increased in normal and immune sera. Lack of agreement has centered chiefly upon the question of whether the opsonins are separate antibodies, in- dependent of those previously known, or whether opsonic effects can be at- tributed to the activities of the alexin and tensitizer, acting individually or in cooperation. In the experiments 24-hour cultures of the Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus were used in salt solution emulsions. The experiments do not point to a differ- entiation of normal opsonin from alexin, but the authors believe that they indi- cate that the so-called end piece can enter to a slight extent into nonspecific re- lationship with unsensitized bacteria, " and it is therefore active, whereas it can not enter into a similai' relation to unsensitized cells. This conception, however, is tentatively made, since we are studying further the nonspecific absoi^ption of alexin or complement by unsensitized bacteria." Studies on the propagation of bacteria, spirilla, and spiroclietes, E. Meirowsky et al. (Studien uber die Fortpflanzung von Bakterien, Spirillcn und Spirochdten. Berlin: Julius Springer, 1914, pp. VII+95, pis. 19, fig. 1). — This is a biological and morphological study of the tubercle bacillus (obtained, from the sputum), leprosy bacillus, and Bacillus enteritidis (Gartner), B. poratyphosus B.; Spirillum ruhrutn and S. tyrogenum; and spirochetes (fowl spirillosis, balanitis, stomatitis, lues). Spirochetes are deemed members of the plant kingdom. A bacteriological study of methods for the disinfection of hides infected with anthrax spores, F. W. Tilley (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1915), No. 1, pp. 65-92). — This is a report of experimental work that was undertaken primarily to determine the value of the Seymour-Jones method of disinfecting hides as compared with other m.ethods, especially the Schattenfroh method. The Avork includes a review of the literature relating to the subject, a list of 16 references being appended. The Seymour- Jones method, which consists in the use of mercuric chlorid 1: 5,000, plus 1 per cent of formic acid, was not found to be efficient, even with- out neutralization of the disinfectant. A dilution of 1 : 2,500, plus 1 per cent of formic acid, was found to be efficient where no neutralization was attempted, but the latter strength was not sufficient to prevent fatal infection of guinea pigs by disinfected material when the disinfectant was neutralized by a 1 per cent sodium-sulphid solution three or four days after the completion of the process of disinfection. No infection was caused by the inoculation of material which had been kept for a week or more after disinfection. It appears that this method might be employed when hides are disinfected at foreign ports before shipment to this country. The Schattenfroh method, which consists in the use of hydrochloric acid and sodium chlorid in the proportions of 2 per cent of the acid and 10 per cent of the salt and with 48 hours' exposure, proved efficient in every instance. While this method can not be regarded as perfect it seems to be far superior to other methods and well worth a trial as a standard method for the disinfection of hides. From information furnished by F. P. Veitch of the Bureau of Chemistry in regard to the tanning of small pieces of normal hide treated by the Seymour- VETERIITARY MEDICINE. 179 Jones and Schattenfrob processes of disinfection it appears that neittier exerts any injurious effect upon hides or leather. Bacteriological tests were also made with formalin and phenol and the pieces of hide treated by these disinfectants examined and tanned in the Leather and Paper Laboratory of the Bureau of Chemistry. So far as could be deter- mined by a limited number of tests 2^ per cent of formalin is efHcient bac- teriologicaliy, both against anthrax spores and against other organisms, while 5 per cent of phenol is fairly efficient against nonspore-bearing organisms but is practically useless against anthrax spores. Pieces of hide disinfected by formalin in 2^ per cent solution were so seriously affected by the disinfectant that it was almost impossible to tan them, while pieces treated with carbolic acid were uninjured. During the course of the investigation the author noted considerable varia- tion in the vitality and virulence of anthrax spores from different sources. The susceptibility of animals to infectious bulbar paralysis, S. von Ratz (ZtscJir. Infcktionskrank. u. Ihjg. Jlaustiere, 15 {1914), No. 2, pp. 99-106; abs. in Anier. Vet. Rev., 46 {1915), No. 6, pp. 587-589).— The author finds that wild boars and carnivora (foxes) are susceptible to Aujeszky's disease. Curative experiments with, salvarsan in infectious bulbar paralysis, F. HuTYEA {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. 82, pp. 578, 579).— In the first series of experiments conducted use was made of a virus obtained from artificially infected rabbits, pieces of brain the size of a pea being emulsified in 8 cc. of bouillon. Each of four rabbits was subcutaneously injected with 1 cc. of the emulsion, followed at dilferent intervals by the intravenous injec- tion of 0.01 gm. of salvarsan per kilogram of body weight. In a second series of seven rabbits use was made of a virus obtained through emulsifying 0.5 gm. of brain substance in 100 cc. of physiological salt solution. Ten cc. of this emulsion was injected, and the dosage of salvarsan was increased to from 0.04 or 0.08 gm. per kilogram of body weight. All four of the animals in the first series succumbed to the disease but three of the seven in the second series, two in which the salvarsan was administered at once after the infection and one in which it was adminis- tered 24 hours after the infection, recovered. It is suggested that the cure of the last-mentioned rabbit may have been due to a particularly high natural resistance. Foot-and-mouth disease, J. W. Connaway and D. F. Luckey {Handy and Pract. Farm Lihr. [J/issowri], Mo. Bui., 12 {1914), No. 11, pp. 5S6, figs. 5).— A description of the disease, its ravages in the United States and abroad, with special reference to the most recent epizootic. Diseases which may be mis- taken for foot-and-mouth disease are also discussed. Virus carriers as factors in the spread of foot-and-mouth disease, J. R. MoHLER and A. Eichhoen {Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 10 {1915), No. 5, pp. 310- 315, 34O). — The authors here review the literature relating to virus carriers of foot-and-mouth disease, the number of which appears to be relatively small. It appears that animals which have apparently recovered from the disease must be kept separated from healthy cattle for at least seven months until all danger of their being virus carriers has passed. It still remains to be deter- mined what part of the body harbors the virus. Hay as a carrier of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease {Landiv. Vmschau, No. 9 {1914); ahs. in Munchen. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 65 {1914), No. 12, p. 279; Vet. Rec, 27 {1915), No. 1385, p. 390).— An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease on a farm in the district of Aurich is thought to have originated in hay that had been cut and kept in a stack for nearly 2.5 years. 180 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease to a dog, Martin (Munchen. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 57 {1913), No. 38, p. 708; abs. in Vet. Rec, 27 (1915), No. 1385, p. 390). — The author records a case of foot-and-mouth disease in a St. Bernard dog that ate pieces of horn from tlie claws of animals affected with the disease. Mastitis complicating foot-and-mouth disease as a secondary infection of the udder, Ramella {Clin. Vet. lAlilan], Rass. Pol. Sanit. e Ig., 37 (1914), No. 3, pp. 121-123; abs. in Vet. Rec., 27 {1915), No. 1385, pp. 389, 390).— An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the autumn, winter, and spring of 1913-14, although benign in form, is said to have presented the predominant feature of predisposing the patients to secondary infection, particularly mastitis, with which from 10 to 20 per cent, or even more, of the cows became affected. Through the systematic disinfection of the udder of cows affected with foot-and-mouth disease for a period of about 20 days with a tepid 5 per cent solution of lysoform the cases of mastitis became fewer in number and milder. Since the losses from mastitis are sometimes greater than those caused by foot-and-mouth disease itself, the author considers the disinfection of the udder necessary whenever foot-and-mouth disease appears and the sole means of averting this complication. Bemarks on the serodiagnosis of glanders, W. Pfeilee, G. Weber, and F. SCHOMMER {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), ^o. 19, pp. 320-322).— One horse out of seven tested by the conglutination (E. S. R., 28, p. 478), ag- glutination, and complement-fixation methods failed to react by both the con- glutination and complement fixation methods. This animal when tested by the ophthalmic mallein test gave a positive reaction and on slaughter was found to be glandered. This and other reasons led the authors to modify some of the features of the conglutination test with a view to obtaining greater accuracy. Investigations on the utility of the conglutination method for the sero- diagnosis of glanders in horses, O. Waldmann {Aj-ch. Wiss. u. PraJct. Tier- heilJc, 40 {1914), No. 4-5, pp. 382-^9^).— The method was studied on three horses artificially infected with the glanders bacillus. The agglutination and complement fixation tests were carried out at the same time, the procedure prescribed by Pfeiler and Weber for conducting the conglutination tests (E. S. R., 28, p. 478) being adhered to closely. The conglutination and complement fixation tests showed inhibition on the same day and it reached its maximum on about the eleventh day in each case. As a rule inhibition was more distinct in the conglutination test. The optimum amount of serum required for the conglutination test was 0.05 cc. The mechanism of the conglutination reaction is discussed. Johne's disease, A. L. Sheathee {Vet. Rec., 27 {1914), No. 1375, pp. 276- 281). — This paper was presented at the Tenth International Veterinary Con- gress, held at London in 1914. The diagnosis of rabies by the detection of sugar in the urine and hemor- rhages in the gastric mucous membrane, N. Michin {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), ^o. 35, pp. 622-624) .—The tests were made with the urine of rabbits infected with passage or street virus. Sugar was not noted in all of the cases, but the findings of sugar in the urine might, under certain conditions, be used in diagnosing rabies. Hemorrhages in the mucous membrane of the stomach were also noted, but not in all cases. Experiments on the cultivation of rinderpest virus as described by Bal- drey, W. H. Boynton {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. B, 9 {1914), No. 3, pp. 259-268). — In the case of two animals that died in less time than the incuba- tion period of rinderpest after injection of Martin's broth culture, the autopsy VETERINAEY MEDICINE. 181 findings of the tissues indicated death from a bacterial infection and not from rinderpest. "All evidence points to the conclusion that the Martin's broth em- ployed in these two cases was contaminated by bacteria prior to injection in the animals. The results are atti-ibuted to poor aseptic technique, and greater care in the subsequent inoculations, where no such toxemias were induced in the injected animals, suppoi't the conclusion. " The symptoms, lesions, and other circumstances stated by Baldrey (E. S. R., 27, p. 380) resemble the results obtained in the two animals in question, and there is justification for belief that his results were due to the same cause. In all the other animals injected with mixtures of blood and culture medium after incubation, no immediate ill effect followed, in either susceptible or immune animals. " With the exception of the animals noted . . . all those injected with the so-called 24 and 48 hour cultures of rinderpest in neutral or allvaline ^Martin's broth contracted rinderpest after the usual incubation period and died. These observations do not support Baldrey's belief that there occurs a rapid forma- tion of rinderpest toxin in the broth during the 24 hours with resulting death of the virus. The experiments have included tests of Martin's broth after incubation as long as 72 hours. Rinderpest virus does die in Martin's broth culture after incubation for 72 hours, but there is no evidence that rinderpest toxin was formed, much less that rinderpest toxin caused the death of the virus. " The experiments reveal the fact that rinderpest virus will survive in neutral or alkaline Martin's broth at 37° O. for at least 48 hours, but not for 72 hours. Two cases were tested at 24 hours, two at 48 hours, and three at 72 hours. Rinderpest virus kept in acid Martin's broth or in 5 per cent potassium citrate solution did not survive after 48 hours at 37°." Abderhalden's dialysis method in pulmonary tuberculosis, M. Wolff and K, Fkank {Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., 51 (1914), No. 19, pp. 875-877).— The tests were conducted with the sera of man and the substratum employed was prepared from tuberculous lung, tubercle bacilli, normal lung, dog's lung, or human muscle. It is concluded that the test in its present form can not be considered of value for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. Experimental studies on blood serum of cows immunized ag'ainst tuber- culosis, E. R. Baldwin (Arch. Int. Med., 13 (1914), No. 5, pp. 682-700; abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 62 (1914), No. 23, p. 1842). — These experiments relate to the properties of the serum of a cow repeatedly immunized against tuber- culosis over a period of ten years. The cow was given six intravenous injec- tions of living human tubercle bacilli, both virulent and slightly virulent, be- sides numerous injections of various forms of tuberculin. Specific agglutinins, opsonins, and complement-fixing antibodies were developed in the serum, but never to a very great degree. Bacteriolysin was never noted nor was a bacil- licidal effect recognized in either the serum or leucocytes. " Living human tubercle bacilli ' sensitized ' with the immune serum showed increased infective power in guinea pigs and rabbits as compared with normal cow serum. The increased infective power was manifested by earlier and more marked reactions or infiammation following inoculation, and a wider spread of the disease than in controls. This acceleration of infection was not manifest unless the cow had recently received injections of pulverized bacillus residue, but the immune serum agglutinin titer was not always greater than the normal cow serum. To explain the apparent paradoxical action of the immune serum, it is suggested that the strongly agglutinated bacilli were protected from injury by the leucocytes of the inoculated animal by reason of the clumping. The bacilli were presumably phagocyted in large masses, but more difficult of diges- 182 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. tion for that reason. It may also be suggested that the bacilli laden with antibody (opsonin) were more rapidly phagocyted and scattered, but owing to the resistant wax were not digested in sufficient numbers. "A sensitized living tubercle bacillus vaccine is not safe or practicable when prepared from immune bovine serums, considering the above-mentioned results," Concerning the occurrence of nongas-producing- paracolon bacilli in cases cf paracolon bacillosis of calves, M. Christiansen (CentU. Bakt. [etcl, 1. Aht., Orig., 74 (1914), No. 5-6, pp. 474-4S1). — A nongas-producing bacillus of the enteritidis subgroup closely related to the paracolon bacillus was found by the author to be the cause of bacillosis in 19 calves from 10 different herds. What is hog cholera? K. Schern and C. Stance {Ztschr. InfelctionskranJc. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 15 (1914), No. 2, pp. 101-116). — At the present time much confusion prevails as to what constitutes hog cholera. In this article an en- deavor is made to analyze the subject from various view points. Generally speaking, it is the disease caused by a mixed infection, namely, filterable xivn^ and BaciUus suipestifer. The virus is in most cases the primary cause of the disease, and from a practical standpoint we could almost say "no filterable virus, no hog cholera." The following classification is suggested: (a) Pest, the disease caused by virus and B. suipestifer and other bacteria; (b) para pest, caused by B. sui- pestifer and other bacteria; and (c) virus pest, the disease caused by the filterable virus. The hog-cholera problem, K. Schern and C. H. Stance (Ztschr. InfeJc- tionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 15 {1914), No. 5, pp. 341-^49). — At the outset objections are raised against the use of the term shoat typhoid (Ferkel typhus), in this respect the authors agreeing with Miessner. The Glasser bacillus and Bacillus voldagsen belong to the pestifer group, and at the present time they are of no more significance than B. suipestifer. In Iowa there are many cases which at first sight might be considered cases of so-called shoat typhoid (E. S. R., 32, p. 378), but on closer study one finds that the filterable virus also has a hand in the infection. A clinical and pathological distinction between shoat typhoid and hog cholera is difficult to make. Shoat typhoid is not a new disease in pigs and belongs to the form described as parapest. See above. Hog cholera and its suppression in North America, K. Schern (Berlin. Tierarztl. WchnscJir., 30 (1914), No. 46, pp. 756-759, figs. 2).— An abstract of the article noted above. Preventive measures other than vaccination in combating hog cholera, K. S. Mayo (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 9 (1914), No. 7, pp. 481-483) .—The author maintains that in spite of the general and extensive use of antihog-cholera serum, the animal losses from hog cholera are greater than before the intro- duction of the serum treatment. He suggests that sick hogs be given a good purge of salts, followed with intestinal antiseptics freely, such as sulpho- carbolates, salicylic acid, naphthalin, turpentine, and carbolic acid. " The hygiene and diet should be carefully regulated, as provided for the isolated hogs showing no symptoms of disease. This treatment should always be given, even if serum is administered. The quarters must be cleaned and disinfected and all dead animals burned or buried deeply. It is not claimed that this treat- ment is a siKK-ific for true hog cholera, but it is a valuable adjuvant to the serum treatment for the filterable virus disease, and it is u practical, eco- nomical, and successful treatment for some swine diseases that closely resemble true cholera in both symptoms and post-mortem lesions. "A large percentage of loses from hog cholera can be prevented. A strict quarantine against all transmissible swine diseases should be maintained ana the general health of swiue should be preserved by clean, comfortable quarters. EURAL ENGINEERING. 183 Avoid bedding hogs with old straw that is easily broken up into a fine dust that causes much irritation of the respiratory passages when inhaled. If there are hog wallows, keep them as clean as possible and disinfected. A better way is to have a cement wallow that can be cleaned and supplied with fresh water, to which a nonpoisonous disinfectant can be added. Swine should have a variety of good food, with good pasture when possible, and plenty of mineral elements supplied. Above all, keep the quarters clean. . . . " The past three years of disaster should convince the skeptical that some- thing beside antihog-cholera serum, as it has been used, is needed to control swine diseases." Inoculation against swine fever, F. Hutyra {Dent. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 22 (lOl'f), ^^o. 31, pp. 4S9-Jf93; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. J,2, p. 708; Amer. Vet. Rev., Jt6 (19U), No. 2, p. i96).— The author believes that hog cholera may be successfully combated by injecting serum and by simultaneous inoculations. "A potent serum confers immunity against both experimental and natural infection with the filterable swine fever virus, and indirectly against secondary bacterial infections (mixed infections). Animals that are injected with serum and simultaneously or shortly afterwards exposed to natural infection acquire a permanent active immunity. Serum injection is therefore indicated in the case of recently infected premises, and if the injections are made as soon as the presence of the disease is recognized they have the effect of rapidly cuttiug short the outbreak. By the simultaneous methods pigs immediately acquire an active immunity which is lifelong. On previously healthy premises the simul- taneous method, as a rule, causes little or no loss, but excessively severe inocu- lation reactions can not be avoided. Until the inoculation reactions are passed great care must be exercised to prevent the spread of the disease." The paratyphoid bacilli of abortion in mares, T. tan Heelsbergen (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 16 (1914), No. 3, pp. 195-201). — A discus- sion of the probable relation of the paratyphoid bacilli described by various workers as the cause of abortion in mares. A reinvestigation of Konew's protective vaccination against the pectoral form of influenza in horses, Thienel and Jager (Ztschr. Veterindrk., 26 (1914), No. 3, pp. 125-131; abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 33, pp. 001, 602). — Konew's vaccine is directed against the disease caused by the Bacillus pleuro-pneumoniw contagiosa: equorum. The horses treated by the vaccine did not react except in a few instances where there were tempera- ture rises of from 0.3 to 0.5 cc. The micro-organisms isolated by Konew could not be found in the blood stream of animals affected with the typical form of the disease. An immunity was not produced in the animals and from 45 to 66 per cent died from typical influenza. Horses reinfected with the disease showed no improvement after being given the vaccine. It is believed that good results can be obtained with Konew's vaccine only in those establish- ments where the disease has been prevalent for a long time and where the larger number of the horses have gone through the cycle of the infection. RURAL ENGINEERING. The flow of water in irrigation channels, F. C. Scobet (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bill. 194 (1915), pp. 68, pis. 20, figs. 5).— This bulletin, treating the subject of the flow of water in irrigation channels, is based on extensive field tests made for the purpose of determining the proper values of the retardation factor in Kutter's formula under various conditions found in practice. 184 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Tests were conducted in 10 States on channels ranging in size from small ' ditches carrying less than 1 second-foot up to canals carrying over 2,600 second-feet. The materials of these channels comprise wood, concrete, earth, rubble masonry, cobblestones, and a few special combinations. Test data were also obtained from other sources in cases where in the author's opinion there was not sufficient evidence obtained from his own experiments to war- rant the drawing of conclusions. The following conclusions are drawn from a study of the experiments and the data as assembled: " Kutter's formula is applicable to the design of any open channel. The recommendations of the earlier writers concerning the values of n to be chosen were in the main correct. Any weakness was due to the fact that there was not sufficient distinction made between the various categories and that materials of construction are now used which were not covered by the tests from which early deductions were made. The influence of curves was not as a rule included. Concrete lining covered but one value of n, whereas in practice there are many shades of roughness, all applicable under the general head of concrete. The factor n must include all the influences which tend to retard velocity. The principal of these influences are undoubt- edly (a) rubbing friction between the water and the containing channels, and (6) vegetable growth extending into the main body of the water. ... Of secondary importance but nevertheless deserving of careful consideration in about the order named are the following: (c) Angles and shari? curves in the alignment, {(l) influences which tend to disturb parallel filaments of current, . . . (e) sand and gravel, . . . [and] (/) the prevailing wind direction. . . . There is a tendency toward a lower value of n as the velocity and hydraulic radius increase. ... A value of n must be chosen that will apply to the canal in question at the critical period of the season. ... In the design of earth channels having a trapezoidal form when constructed, the value of [the hydraulic radius] should be computed on the basis that the canal takes an elliptical form within a short time and thereafter maintains this shape unless altered artificially." The values recommended for n in Kutter's formula, which are applicable for velocities up to about 5 ft. per second and with hydraulic radii to about 2 ft. are as follows: For concrete lining "(1) n=0.012 for the highest grade of material and workmanship and exceptionally good conditions. The surface of the lining to be as smooth to the hand as a troweled sidewalk. The expansion joints to be so well covered that they practically fulfill the same condition. The climate and water to be such that moss does not accumulate to any great extent. The water to be practically free from shifting material. The alignment to be com- posed of long tangents, joined by spiraled curves, while the interior of the channel must be of uniform dimensions, true to grade throughout the cross section. (2) 7i=0.013 for construction as in type (1), but with curves as in the usual mountain canyon. Same construction and alignment as in type (1), but with small amount of sand or debris in water. Construction as in type (3), but in very favorable alignment or for water that carries a small amount of fine silt that will eventually form a slick coat. (3) ?t=0.014 for linings made by good construction under favorable conditions. The surface to be as left by smooth-jointed forms or to be roughly troweled. Joints to be good, but causing some retardation. Alignment about equal in curves and tangents, M'ith no spirals between. The bed to be clean and sides free from rough deposits, . . . (4) «=0.015 for construction as in type (3), but with sharp curves and clean bottom or moderate curves and much debris on the bottom but clean-cut sides. (5) n=0.01Q for concrete as constructed by the average RURAL ENGINEERING. 185 gang of laborers, using forms that leave prominent lines at the cracks, no finish coat being applied. Bed to have the usual small amount of rock frag- ments and patches of sand and gravel. Average amount of curvature. . . . (6) n=O.On for roughly coated linings with uneven joints. This value also is applicable where rough deposits accumulate on the sides and conditions of alignment are poor. (7) «=0.018 for very rough concrete with sharp curves and deposits of gravel and moss. A broken gradient, irregular cross section, and the like, contribute to such a high value of «." For wooden flumes "(1) ii.=0.012 for well-constructed, clean flumes with surfaced lumber for both siding and battens. All lumber to run longitudinally. Alignment to consist of long tangents, with gentle curves between. Construc- tion to be such that the grade line will remain uniform, preventing sags and wavy alignment. ... (2) n=0.013 for well-constructed, clean flumes of sur- faced lumber and battens, following mountain contours, where the alignment will consist of about equal gentle curves and tangents. ... (3) »=0.014 for flumes of very smooth interior, but with many bends or sharp curves. ... (4) n=0.015 for flumes of unplaned lumber, but otherwise as of type (2), . . . (5) n=0.01Q for flumes of type (4) where sharp bends rather than curves are installed. For flumes lined with rough roofing material and for the ordinary grade of construction on a flume that is built and generally left to care for itself." With reference to masonry lined channels, it is stated that " if [the bottom] be of smooth concrete and the sides are reasonably smooth,, then the value of n approximating that in average concrete may be used." For earth channels "(1) w=0.016 for excellent conditions of earth channels. The velocity to be so low that a slick deposit of silt may accumulate or the natural material be such as to become smooth when wet. The influence of vegetation at the edges to be a minimum. The water to be free from moss and other aquatic growth. The alignment to be free from bends and sharp curves. (2) n=0.02 for well-constructed canals in firm earth or fine, packed gravel where velocities are such that silt may fill the interstices in the gravel. The banks to be clean-cut and free from disturbing vegetation. The align- ment to be reasonably straight. (3) w=0.0225 . . . for the average well-con- structed canal in material which will eventually have a medium smooth bot- tom, with graded gravel, grass on the edges, and average alignment or silt at both sides of the bed and scattered stones in the middle, or a smooth bottom with an average amount of grass and roots forming the sides. Hardpan In good condition, clay, and lava-ash soil take about this value. (4) w=0.025 for canals where the retarding influence of moss, growths of dense grass near the edges, or scattered, cobbles begins to show. ... (5) n—O.OS for canals subject to heavy growths of moss or other aquatic plants. Banks irregular or over- hanging with dense rootlets. Bottom covered with large fragments of rock or bed badly pitted by erosion. Values of n between 0.025 and 0.03 also cover the condition where the velocity is so high that cobbles are kept clean and unpacked in the center of the cftnal, but silt deposits near the sides." For cobble bottom canals it is stated that " where the cobbles are graded in size and well packed the value of n is about 0.027, but the value rapidly in- creases as the larger rocks predominate and the lack of graded sizes prevents packing," The values of n for metal flumes are given in a previous report by Cone, Trimble, and Jones (E. S. R., 30, p. 885). Two sets of curve charts to aid in the design of irrigation channels are also included. An appendix contains abstracts of descriptions of canals on which similar tests have been made in recent years by other agencies than this oflSce. 186 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Ground water for irrigation in the Sacramento Valley, California, K. Bbyan {U. 8. Geol. Surrey, Water-8ui)ply Paper S75-A (1915), pp. IV +49, pis. 2, figs. 6). — This report, prepared in cooperatiou with the department of engineering of the State of California, describes the geography and geology and deals with the ground water resources of an area in California containing 15 per cent of the agricultural land of the State, with reference to their develop- ment and use for irrigation. "The valley includes (1) sloping plains, (2) shallow basins of heavy soils, (3) low ridges of loam and silt soils along the rivers, and (4) higher plains of older alluvium laid down during a previous cycle of deposition and now raised above the valley floor in low hills and rolling plains, . . . Throughout the val- ley the alluvium at a depth of a few feet is saturated with water. . . . The water table slopes from the sides of the valley toward the center and from the north to the south. The grade is slightly less than that of the land surface, so that water is shallower in the basin area than toward the hills. . . . "Although there are large areas in the valley with a shallow water table, favorable to evaporation and the accumulation of alkali, only comparatively small areas are unfitted for agriculture from this cause." This is explained as follows: (1) The ground waters are of good quality. ... (2) The water table is very flat over the basins, and movements of the ground water are slug- gish. Water is supplied more freely at the bases of the slopes, and for this reason the principal concentration of alkali occurs at the edges of the basins. This is particularly, the case on the west side, where alkaline patches and areas of salt grass border the basin along its western edge. ... (3) The heavy win- ter rains leach out much of the salts concentrated at the surface. Similarly flood waters wash out the salts in overflowed lands, and on the edges of the plains the same waters deposit mud or sediment, which often covers up the alkali." The fluctuations of the water table are said to be large. " The total quantity of ground water in the valley is very great. The sands and gravels contain from 20 to 40 per cent of water, the clays perhaps more. Because the pore spaces of the sand and gravel are much larger than those of the clay the rate of flow through these materials is much greater and they become for practical purposes the water bearers. The sand and gravels are distributed through the alluvium, which thickens from less than 50 ft. at the edge of the valley to 500 ft. or more in the center. . . . " Observations show that pumping produces only a local depression of the water table, and that the winter rise in normal years is rapid and effective. General lowering of the ground water may be expected in the summer, and it will be large during periods of deflcient rainfall. Heavy pumping may be ex- pected to create still further depression, which, if the whole valley were irri- gated by pumping, would increase the general lowering. ... In view of the high lifts common in southern California, where water is being pumped for irrigating alfalfa with a lift of 100 ft. and for irrigating citrus fruits with a lift of 200 to 400 ft., it would seem that a Very considerable increase in the Dumber of plants can be made in the present pumping districts of the Sacra- mento Valley. . . . Although it is possible from geologic evidence to determine for any part of the valley the general distribution and character of the water- bearing beds, the precise location of these beds and their value as sources of water can be determined only by sinking wells." Considerable general information is given relating to well sinking and the pumping and distribution of irrigation water. Statistics of ground water irrigation in the valley gathered by the author indicate that there are 1,6G4 pumping plants irrigating a total area of 40,859 EUKAL ENGINEERING. 187 acres. The total power is 15,142 horsepower, of which 10,685 horsepower is electrical and 4,457 horsepower is internal combustion or steam power. The average power per plant is 9.1 horsepower, and the average area Irrigated for each plant is 24.5 acres. Ground- water resources of the Niles cone and adjacent areas, California, W. O. Clakk {U. 8. Oeol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 345-H {1915), pp. IV -\- 127-168, pis. 9, figs. 16). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the de- partment of engineering of the State of California, deals with the physiography, geology, and ground-water resources of an intensively cultivated area of 20,800 acres in the Santa Clara Valley, Cal. " The ground water in the vicinity originates in the rain that falls upon the drainage basins tributary to this part of the Santa Clara Valley and to a small extent in the rain that falls upon the valley itself. The Niles-Irvington fault, which cuts off the reentrant of the valley between Niles and Irvington, has a profound effect on the surface drainage and on the circulation of the ground water. ... It has also produced an underground dam which prevents the pas- sage of ground water from the east to the west side of the fault except in small amounts. . . . " The annual contribution of ground water to the Niles cone and the adja- 'cent area imder consideration west of the fault is believed to range between 2,600 and 59,000 acre-feet, or between somewhat wider limits, exclusive of the withdrawals during the replenishing period. . . . The estimated annual require- ment of ground water for irrigation of all crops now grown on the Niles cone and on the adjacent area supplied by Alameda Creek west of the fault is between 16,000 and 24,000 acre-feet, the smaller quantity being approximately that now used for irrigation and the larger quantity that which will be required in the future. . . . " The ground-water supply of the Niles cone and the adjacent area west of the fault is little, if any, greater than the amount required by present develop- ments and is hardly adequate for the full irrigation of the area and the present- scale diversions by the Spring Valley and People's water companies. If further diversions are necessary for public sui>plies of San Francisco or the transbay cities, irrigation developments will probably have to be arrested imless provi- sion can be made for conserving and utilizing tlie flood water which now runs to waste. "The north end of the valley area east of the fault has a larger ground- water supply in proportion to its extent than the area west of the fault. Its supply is believed to be at least adequate for the irrigation of the arable land that it contains, but the portion of this area from the vicinity of The Lagoon southward is underlain by material that in general yields water too slowly for irrigation. There is little danger, even with heavy pumping, that the area under consideration will be seriously damaged by the encroachment of sea water." Gazetteer of surface waters of Iowa, W. G. Hoyt and H. J. Ryan (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 345~I (1915), pp. 169-221) .—This gazetteer embraces descriptions of all the streams named on the best available maps of Iowa. Surface water supply of Ohio River basin for the year ended September 30, 1913, A. H. HoRTON, W. E. Hall, and H. J. Jackson (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 353 {1915), pp. 26^, pis. 5). — This report, prepared in coop- eration with the State of West Virginia, presents the results of measurements of flow made on streams in the Ohio Elver basin during 1913. Surface water supply of St. Lawrence River basin, 1913 {U. S. Oeol. Sur- vey, Water-Supply Paper 354 {1915), pp. 136, pis. 2). — This report, prepared in 98262°— No. 2—15 7 188 EXPEEIMENT STATION. EECOED. cooperation with tlie States of Minnesota, Isew York, and Vermont, presents tlie results of measurements of flow made on the streams in the St. Lawrence River basin in 1913. The utilization of the subterranean reservoir of Egypt, V. M. Mosseei (Bui. Union Agr. Egypte, 12 {1914), No. 104, PP- 61-97, pis. 3). — The author reports an investigation of the underground waters of Egypt, and concludes that the quantities of subterranean water potable and suitable for irrigation that are lost annually to the sea during low water are immense. It is pointed out that Egypt could profitably use a part of this water either for extending summer cultivation or to obtain in certain years a quantity of water sufficient to provide the complement of water which the Nile has been unable to bring down at the time. The author proposes that the Egj'ptian Government develop the subterranean water supply and suggests to this end that a subterranean barrier, consisting of a networli of deep wells, be constructed to parallel the Mediterranean coast at a distance of 80 km. (50 miles) from it. He estimates that such a barrier will prevent the loss of the underground water to the sea and will conserve for use 1,500,000,000 cubic meters of water in the period extending from March to August. A quantity of water also will be placed at the disposal of a part of Egypt sufiicieut to provide the amount needed during the time of the winter cleaning of the canals. It is believed that the deduction of 1,500,000,000 cubic meters of water will hardly affect the subterranean flow of water toward the Nile during low water nor the amount needed by plants. It is further shown that the natural subterranean water added to the water of the Nile is suitable for irrigation purposes, and that the cost of its elevation with proper and satisfactory apparatus is not excessive. The value of large zinc pipes for carrying water, A. Rinck (Ztschr. TJnter- such. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 28 {1914), No. 2, pp. 99-103; ahs. in Chem. Zenthl., 1914, II, No. 13, p. 844)- — Experiments showed that with long-continued ex- posure to water the zinc acquired a coating of basic carbonate, which rendered it considerably less soluble. After such pipes had been used a year, the solu- bility of the zinc varied from 2 to 3 mg. per liter of water remaining in contact with the zinc for several months. Note on the bacteriotoxic action of water, R. Greig-Smith {Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 39 {1914), i)t. 3, pp. 533-537).— Experiments in which suspen- sions of Bacillus prodigiosus and B. typhi were added to tap water, boiled and unboiled, and filtered through a Chamberland filter, showed that, as a rule, the growth of the organisms was retarded, especially in the case of the boiled water. The conclusion is reached that " ordinary tap water contains sub- stances of the nature of bacteriotoxins, the toxicity of which is increased by boiling." Watering devices for moorland pastures, voN Schmeling {Mitt. Ver. Ford. Moorkultur Deut. Reichc, 32 {1914), No. 21, pp. 390-393. figs. 2).— Arrangements for obtaining clean water for stock are described. The drainage of Jefferson County, Texas, H. A. Kipp, A. G. Hall, and S. W. Fbescoln (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 193 {1915), pp. 40, pis. 2, fig. J).— This bulletin reports the survey and plans for the drainage of an area of about 612,000 acres in southeast Texas, the survey being completed December 1, 1912. The topography of the area is generally flat and level, with few unusual i^hysi- cal features. Q^he predominating surface soils are fine sandy loams, loams, clay loams, silt deposits, and muck, and all are underlain by a deep stratum of clay. Limited areas of flne sand also occur in certain parts of the county. From observations of run-off and a consideration of factors affecting the same in the area it is thought advisable to design the drainage improvements KUEAL ENGINEERING. 189 to care for the run-off from a rainfall of 4 in. in 24 hours, A formula suggested by one of the authors for computing the run-off depth to be ex- pected from any simple drainage area is as follows : in which D= maximum rate of run-off, in inches per 24 hours, to be ex- pected from the rainfall P; C = a coefficient depending solely upon the physi- cal character of the soil, and determined by experiment ; M= the ratio of total run-off to total rainfall for the precipitation P, varying with evaporation, deep percolation, lateral seepage from the drainage channels," and duration of flood ; P=the depth of rainfall in inches in 24 hours (4 in. for Jefferson County) ; F= the average slope of the ground surface of the drainage area, in feet per mile; L= the mean length of the drainage area in miles; and B= one-half the mean width of the drainage area in miles. For drainage areas that contain storage reservoirs, a special calculation must be made to eliminate the effect of the reservoirs. Where the main watercourse is formed by the junction of two or more large tributaries, the foruiula is to be applied to each tributary separately, and the proper value of the run-off depth for the entire area will be the weighted mean of the values for the parts. . . . " The general plan proposed for the drainage of that part of Jefferson County which can be wholly or partially drained by gravity consists in (1) dividing that part into its natural drainage units, (2) straightening and enlarging all the present water courses that will become the main outlets or arteries for a complete drainage system, and (3) constructing systems of parallel ditches, spaced one-half mile apart and running generally with the greatest slope of the land, reaching to the boundaries of each district. The plan proposed for the remainder of the county consists in (1) dividing it into convenient pump- ing districts, (2) straightening and deepening certain water courses and con- structing the proposed Intercoastal Canal, all of which will serve as outlets for the pump discharges, (.3) building levees to prevent the overflow of those districts by tides, backwater from the river, or run-off from higher lauds, (4) constructing systems of parallel ditches spaced 1 mile apart and reaching to all parts of each district, and (5) erecting pumping plants to lift the water from such inclosures over the protection levees." The proposed plan of drainage includes thirty-two drainage districts and water areas and areas outside of the districts covering 17,590 acres, all areas totaling 611,900 acres of w^hich 530.670 acres will be benefited. The plan makes necessary 1.630.3 miles of ditches and the total cost is estimated at $5,598,249 or $10.55 per acre. Bead building in swamps, E. IvRiJGER {Mitt. Vet: Ford. Moorkultur Deut. Reiche, 32 (1914), No. 18, pp. 353-557).— Problems involved in the construction of roads in swamp land under different conditions of drainage are discussed. Machinery for construction and maintenance: State, municipal, contrac- tors, traction haulag'e of stone, care of machinery; instructions to engineer and operator, T. R. Agg {Oood Roads, n. ser., 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 21-24, figs. 2). — Principles applicable to the selection, operation, and maintenance of road- building machinery are discussed. Motor-vehicle registrations and revenues, 1914 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 49 {1915), p. i).— This report, prepared by the Division of Road Economics of the Office of Public Roads of this Department, gives data for each State with reference to the 1,666,984 automobiles, 44.355 motor trucks, 152,945 motor cycles, and 1,812 cars for hire, licensed in 1914, the number of operators' 190 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. licenses, and the revenues. The total fines amounted to $101,364, and the gross registration revenues to $12,270,035.78. Trial of machine plowing- in rice fields, A, Tarchetti {Gior. Bisicult., 4 (1914), Nos. 5, pp. 65-80; 7, pp. 103-107; 8, pp. 122-128; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. \Rome\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 9, pp. 1207-1209). — Trials of mechanical cultivation in rice fields in which eight ma- chines competed are reported. The machines included motor-hauled plows, self-contained motor plows, cable-hauled plows, and rotary diggers. The aver- age length of furrow was about 1,000 ft. and a plat of about 7^ acres was assigned to each machine. Of the cable-drawn outfits, one with a 13-horsepower oil motor and a two-wheeled windlass truck was given first place. Of the direct traction outfits, one with a 24-horsepower motor was given first place. Manila-rope fastenings {Engin. Rec, 70 (1914), No. 26, p. 706, figs. 7).— Tests to destruction of nine ordinary methods of fastening manila rope with reference to tensile strength indicated that eye-splices are the most satis- factory, considering the high strength they develop and their relative cost. RURAL ECONOMICS. Rural social problems, C. J. Galpin (Bui. TJniv. Wis. No. 711 (1914), pp. 51, figs. 23). — ^This is the report of the fourth annual country-life conference of Wisconsin and presents a digest of significant facts, methods, and enterprises discussed. Country-life week (Ohio State Univ. Bui., 19 (1914), No. 3, pp. 5/).— The addresses at this conference related to the shifting of the rural population, relationship between the church and rural problems, and recreational and social needs of rural communities. The church at the center, W. H. Wilson (New York: Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada, 1914, PP- 98, pis. 4, figs- 2). — This book outlines the function of the country church and indicates, by citing typical instances, how the church has been used as a means of improving rural con- ditions. The making of a country parish, H. S. Mills (New York: Missionary Edu- cation Movement of the United States and Canada, 1914, PP- XVIII-\-126, pis. 4, fig. 1). — There is given in this book the history of the development of a countiT parish at Benzonia, Mich. The organization as finally developed con- sisted of a large, central congregation with a number of branches conveniently located to the farm homes in other parts of the parish, but closely related to the central congregation in all of their activities. Working and living conditions of women employed in agriculture, H. Seitfeet, Elly zu Putlitz, and Priesteb (Schr. Ausseh. Ford. Arbeiterinnen- Interessen, 1914, Nos. 4, pp. XII+355; 5, pp. 169; 6, pp. 2/5).— These reports describe the conditions existing in Wurttemberg, Baden, Alsace-Lorraine, Rhine " Pfalz," Mecklenburg, and Brandenburg among the native and foreign hired women agricultural workers, and of the wives and daughters of the small farmers. They note the influences of trade conditions and of the factory and household industries, and the possibilities of bettering the condition of these classes. Report on home industries in the highlands and islands (Rpt. Bd. Agr. Scot., Home Indus. Highlands and Islands, 1914, pp. IX+207, pi. 1, figs. 12). — This report shows the development of home industries beginning with the fif- teenth and sixteenth centuries, describes the function of home work in connec- tion with tweed manufacture, Shetland hosiery, lace making, wickerwork, basket making, and kelj) gathering, and points out the function of the board of RURAL ECONOMICS. 191 agriculture in improving these industries and tlie effects of the truck system. The report, in commenting on the effect of rural home industries upon the economic life of the people, says: "Where the crofts are small or poor, and where there is a large cottar population, home industries are necessary for the support of the people, while any considerable extension of such occupations will have a material effect in raising the standard of comfort. The nature of the work in the vicinity of the home constitutes adaptation of the people to a refinement which, from the point of view of agricultural production, is an unkindly one." Abandoned and unoccupied farms for sale in Pennsylvania, N. B. Critch- riELD and L. H. Wible (Perm. Dept. Agr. Bui. 252 (1914), pp. 48, pis. 3). — This bulletin contains a list of farms for sale, together with a description showing the location in regard to schools and markets and the character of the land and buildings. International annual of agricultural legislation (Inst. Internat. Agr. [Rome], Ann. Internat. Leg. Agr., 3 {1913}, pp. VI -\- 11 13). —This report con- tains abstracts and quotations of laws with references, concerning methods of gathering agricultural and commercial statistics; the regulation of commerce in agricultural produce, fertilizers, and live stock; appropriations for agricul- tural purposes; taxation and exemption of agricultural property; regulations concerning the production of plants and animals and industries connected there- with ; control of plant and animal diseases ; cooperative organization, insurance, and agricultural credit; relationships of the agricultural landowner, tenant, and laborers; rural sanitation; and police duties in rural districts. Bural credits in Ireland, W. Fhost (U. 8. Senate, 63. Cong., 2. Sess., Doc. 607 (1914), pp. 12). — This contains a review of the report already noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 2S6). Long-time farm loans, B. B. Hake {U. S. Senate, 63. Gong., 2. Sess., Doc. 421 {1914), pp. 12). — The author has outlined the system of extending credit to farmers as found in New Zealand. This country issues and sells bonds, the proceeds from which are loaned to settlers for periods varying according to the character of the security offered. He points out how the system might be adopted in South Carolina, and that it is in effective operation in eight American States. Cotton warehouses: Storage facilities now available in the South, R. L. Nixon {TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 216 {1915), pp. 26). — The author concludes that in storage capacity the present warehouses are ample, but that these ware- houses are poorly distributed. The best warehouses are not available to farm- ers. The dealers or middlemen not only control the best storage houses but have better financial connection. He calls attention to the fact that a large standard storage house pays ample dividends while many of the owners of small warehouses actually lose money on their investment. He considers it desirable that the farmers cooperate in building their own warehouses, and advises that all warehouses should conform fully to the standards recognized by the underwriters' associations, as this will save cost in construction, in handling, and in insurance. A proper system of warehouses would simplify the financial system and eventually free the southern cotton farmer from the present disastrous credit system. He also believes that cotton mills should encourage storing by paying a premium for cotton in good condition. The estimated number of warehouses in the cotton belt at the beginning of the 1913-14 season was 3,145, with a storage capacity of 9,344,520 bales, flat; 12,486,920 bales as offered, or 15.738.825 bales compressed. A system of accounting for cooperative fruit associations, G. A. Nahstoll and W. H. Kebe (17. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 225 {1915i), pp. 25).— There is outlined 192 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. in this bulletin a system of accounting devised to meet tlie requirements of tlie smaller organizations handling deciduous fruits and produce on a commission basis. Inasmuch as the organization acts in the capacity of an agent for the growers, the author claims the accounting system should be so arranged that the history of each lot of fruit or produce delivered can be easily and quickly traced from the time it is turned over to the organization for shipment until the returns are paid to the producer. The system provides for the filing together of all papers pertaining to the same shipment in a separate folder or envelope where they will be readily accessible for reference. They are kept in this folder or envelope until the receipt of the remittance from the sales is received. The accounting system calls for nine forms, as follows : The receipt, the manifest, the bulletin, the invoice, the car envelope, the journal, the record of cash, the account sales, and the ledger. The bulletin indicates how the books are to be set up and closed and the function of each form in the accounting system. A system of accounts for farmers' cooperative elevators, J. R. Huiipheey and W. H. Keek {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 236 {1915), pp. 30). — This bulletin out- lines a system of accounting for cooperative elevators in which the complete system will require fifteen forms, as follows: (1) Cash, journal, purchase and sales record; (2) record of grain receipts; (3) record of grain purchases; (4) record of grain shipments and sales; (5) record of hedges; (6) record of sales to arrive; (7) patronage ledger; (8) grain and merchandise report; (9) manager's report; (10) grain check; (11) scale ticket; (12) storage ticket; (13) sales ticket; (14) cash receipt; and (15) cost analysis. The author gives the forms, together with a brief statement of the function of each form and how it is to be used. The agricultural outlook {U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 672 (1915), pp. 28). — This number shows the estimated condition of winter wheat and rye on April 1, 1915, the approximate commercial apple crop of 1914, condition of apples in cold storage April 1, 1915, and progress of the apple movement, con- dition of Florida and California crops, trend of prices of fann products, and losses and condition of live stock. The 1914-15 beet-sugar crop in the United States amounted to 722,054 short tons, and was produced from 483,400 acres, yielding 5. 288.500 tons of beets. The Louisiana cane-sugar production amounted to 242,700 short tons. According to C. M. Daugherty. the available information indicates that the United States, British India, and Canada have increased their winter wheat acreage about 8,500,000 acres. How much of this increase is offset by a decrease in acreage of the contending countries of Europe is not known, but it is con- cluded that these various influences are likely to leave the world's wheat acreage little, if any, larger than that of last year. His article concludes with a statement showing the average quantity of wheat, rye, barley, and oats sown per acre in the principal grain-producing countries. F. Andrews states that a recent inquiry of the Bureau of Crop Estimates shows that the average distance from market is 6.5 miles for farms of the United States. The number of possible round trips per day averages for all farms 2.1, and for the more remote farms l.G trips. The average size of a wagon- load of cotton in the United States is 3 bales, or 1,500 lbs., while the average wagonload of wheat is 53.5 bu., or 3.200 lbs. He estimates that it would require about 6,358,000 days for one wagon to haul from the farms the marketed portion of an average corn crop, 6,857,000 for wheat, and 2,532,000 for cotton. T. F. Powell believes that the lack of proper assembling methods is one of the chief difliculties encountered in the successful solution of the marketing problem. In localities where suitable common or cold-storage facilities are AGEICULTTJRAL EDUCATION. 193 available, the growers of farm products would find tlie concentration and storage-in-transit privileges two of the most desirable means for bringing about the' widest distribution. Fifth census of Canada, 1911. — Agriculture (5. Census of Canada, 4 {1911), pp. CII+-i28). — This volume of the census contains statistical data showing by- districts the number of farm holdings, the land classified by tenure and purpose to which devoted, area" in crops, number of fruit trees, live stock on farms, and value of land, buildings, implements, crops, and live stock. Comparative data is shown for the larger geographic divisions. A copy of the census schedule is also included. Report of the department of agriculture of Norway for 1914 (Aarsber. Offentl. Foranst. Landhr. Fremme, 1914, I, pp. 81). — This repoit gives statistical data showing the area and production of crops by minor geographic divisions for 1914, with comparative data for earlier years. [Statistics of agriculture in Switzerland] (Statis. Jahrh. Schweis, 22 {1913), pp. 72-91). — These pages contain statistical data showing by cantons the area, production, and value of the principal agricultural products, the production of butter and cheese, and the number of live stock. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 31, p. 895). [Agricultural statistics of Russia] {Rec. Donndes Statis. et Econ. Indus. Agr. RufE. H. JenMns.o Storrs Station: Starrs; > Delawabe— iVettarfc.' H. Hayward.a YvonxDA—OalncavilU: P. H. Rolfs.o (j-EO^GiA— Experiment: R. J. H. De Loaoh-o QUAJI— /stor«f of Guam: A. C. Hartenbower.h Hawaii— Federal Station: flbnoZtrfu; J. M. Westgate.ft Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee.o Idaho— Jlfoacow; J, S. Jones.* Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport.o INDLLNA— La FayttU: A. Goss.o lO'VA—Ames: C. F. Curtlss.a Kansas— Jl/anftoiton; W, M. Jardlne.o KzintvCKr— Lexington: J. H. Eastle.o Louisiana— State Station:. Baton Rouge; ] Sugar Station: Audubon Park. New Orleans; North La. Station: Calhoun; J Maine— Orotto.- C. D. Woods.o Maetland— College Park: H. J. Patterson.o lixsaACRVBEna— Amherst: W. P. Brooks.a MiCHiQAN— JE'ost Laming: R. S. Shaw.a Minnesota- University Farm, St. Paul: A. F. Woods.a liissjsami—Affricultural Collede; E. R. Lloyd .a Missotrai— College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.a Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Evans." Uv. R.Dodson.a Montana— Boaewian.- F. B. Linfleld.o Nebraska— i/ncoZn.- E. A. Bumett.o . Nevada— Brno.- S. B. Doten.o New Uahpsutrb— Durham: J. C. Kendall.o New Jersey— -Wpm) Brunswick: J. G. LIpman.» iiv.-w TAzxico— State College: Fabian Garcla.o New York— State Station: Geneva; \V. H. Jordan." Cornell Station: Ithaca; B. T. Galloway .<» North Carolina— College Station: West Raleigh;\ ^ ^„ State Station: RaUigh; r' ■^"S°"'<' North Dakota— Agricultural College: T. P. Cooper.a Ohio— Waoster: C. E. Thorne.a Oklahoma— SffKwoter.- W. L. Carlyle." OZB,QON—Corvalli3: A. B. Cordley.o Pennstlvanu— State College: R. L. Watts.o Stale College: Institute of Animal Nutrition, H. P. Annsby.a Porto Rico- Federal Station: Mayaguet; D. W. May.* Insular Station: Rio Pi^dras; W. V. Tower." Rhode lsuJXi>—Kingstxm: B; L. Hartwell.a South Carolina— C7e?7Mon-'CoZZe^e.- J. N. Har- per." South Dakota— £roofcfn^«.* J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— J?7M)iPtn«.' H. A. Morgan." 1-EXAS— College Stati(m: B. Youngblood." \]t AS.— Logan: E. D. Ball." Vermont— £«rHnf7ton.' J. L. Hills." ViROINU— Blacksburg: W. J. Sclioene.<: Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson." Washington- PuZZroon; I. D. Cardiff." West Yirqinia— il/br^onZoi«n.- E. D. Sander- son." Wisconsin— Jfod i^rod-QCts. .Selected aiLal:.-tical inethcKis which h^ve been einjOJored bv the authors in their labora- torr are Cere*L and iLfonn^&tion is given ret'ar'iirj^ the iiataral projierties of food-s. the dete'-tion of jx/i.^jnouH metals, and preser-.fetive-; in foods. Qxapters are also devotM to gas and urine aaaljHS. The determination of carbon by the wet method, F. BL Thies (Ch*yn.. Ztg^ ZH (IfjiJi), Xo. 11, pp. Ho, 116, fy9. 2). — An un^orement of Ihe antiior's metbod which allows the eRtiniatioa of halogen and nitrogen at the flame time with tte carV^n. The products of oxidation obtained with potaaiimn diehromate sol- phuric acid mixture are paaeeft orer heated lime to absotb the halogai and pait of the carbcm dioxid and thrai through a wi^^bed soda lime tube to absorb the remaining carbon dioxid. If lodln is presmt sOrer nitxate Is added to the oxidation flask to retain the lodin as lalTa- iodid. In this ease hroain aad clilorin are not retained. Triketohydrindene hydrate: A msthod tor the quantitative estsmaHon of the IfH^COOH gTOop, E, Heszfeu) (Biochem. ZUchr^ 53 (19H). So. S-i, pp. 2^t-2//j). — The method eonsists of evaporating the sabstance under examina- tion with tril&etofaydrindene iQ-drate or mnhjdrin (EL S. B., 26, p. 8(H| and taking up the readne with akxibtA. The extinction ooeffidoit of the sc^ntion is measored by the ^tectroiAotomf^er. The metboA has beoi app^ed to the dlalyzate obtained in the Abderiialden method for diagjiosfns pregnancy (E. 8. R., SU pp. 278, 279). The determination of invert sugar in the ijresence of saccharose, E. Sail- LABD (Jour. Fafjric. Hucr., oo {l'^H>, Ho. •?, p. 1; a?»^. «n CAem, Ztg^ -58 (1514). JTo. 4-7, Repert., p. 195). — ^In the presence of socroee, as Posbok has long ainee shown, only solntions oontaining a small amoont of free alkali or none at all flhonld be nsed in making the detmnination. It is daimed that Bertrand's method does not jie!d reliable results in the presence of socrose. Modification of ClergeVs method for the e^lmation of sogar in molasses, V. STAJfEK (ZUchr. Zuckerinduj-. Bohmen. .?8 (1-914), ^o. 9, pp. 429-WJ^ fi^- 1/ abs. in .Jour. Cliem. Hoc. [London'^, 106 {19Hu 3"o. 621, II. pp. -585, -5*7 t. — In the process described the molasses is deeoiorized. clarified with bromiiL and polarized in the presoice of definite quantities of citric acid and potassium chlorid. The bromin has no ^ect upon socrose and inrert sugar. Two citrate solutiwiB are employed and are prepared by mixing 380 gm. of potassium hydroxid with 250 cc. of water. " When about three^oortfas of the hydroxid has dissolred, the solution is decanted and 400 gm. of citric acid mixed with 200 oc. of wato* added to it. The remaining hydroxid is then dissolved in water and added to the citrate ttsAatiaa ontil the latter is feebly alkaline to phenolphthal^n ; the solution is now oomm. tube. .A. second qnantity of 50 oc of the molasHeis solation is now treated with 10 cc of hydrochlone acid (1 : 1). inverted, cooled to 20°, 10 cc of neutral citrate soltition is added, and the solution, is diluted to 100 cc with bromin water. The reading is taken after the lapse of 20 minutes. An inversifHMsmstant of 132.6 is employed in calculating the quantities of soerose and invert sugar from the readings obtained at 20° ." 5451'— Xo. 3—1" 2 208 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Maple sap products and the Canadian standards, J. F. Snell (Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 {WUf), No. 10, pp. 501-515, figs. 2).— This discusses tlie history of the maple sugar industry (briefly), methods of manufacture, adulteration of maple sirup, composition of maple sugar sand, history of standards of maple products and the standards at present adhered to, methods of analysis, existing standards, value of the conductivity test for examining maple products (E. S. R., 31, p. 610), a scheme of rapid analysis (E. S. R., 31 p. 611), maple sugar mak- ing as an agricultural industry, analytical values of pure maple sirup, Canadian census returns on maple sap products in 1910, and a comparison of maple with other farm products in the Province of Quebec for 1911. Detection of added water in milk by a simplified ntolecular concentration constant, L. Mathieu and L. Ferr6 {Ann. Falsif., 7 (1014), No. 63, pp. 12-21; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 38 {1914), -ZV'o. 4, P- 214)- — "The simplified molecular concentration constant denotes the sum of the weight of crystallized lactose and of the sodium chlorid expressed as the isotonic equivalent of lactose. For instance, a milk containing 54.5 gm. of lactose and 1.4 gm. of sodium chlorid per liter would give a constant of 54.5+ (1.4X11.9) =71.2, since 1 gm. of sodium chlorid is the isotonic equivalent of 11.9 gm. of lactose. The constant must be corrected for the volume of the fat and casein ; the volume of the calcium phos- phate may be neglected. This correction, taking extreme cases, varies from 1.03 to 1.1 and in the majority of milks it is 1.07 ; that is to say, the constant found as ,'ibove must be multiplied by 1.07 to give the true value. With mo.st milks the value of 4he constant lies between 74 and 79 and will fall below 73 when the milk contains from 5 to 8 per cent of added water." Uniform acidity degree for the testing of milk, W. Morres {2Iilchtc. Zentbl., 43 (1914), No. 9, pp. 229-233). — A criticism of existing standards and methods for the acidity of milk. The A. Marshall modification of the Dornic method which consists of using 9 cc. of milk and titrating with 1 decinormal sodium hydroxid solution is recommended. By this procedure a direct result is given. Estimation of the fat content according to Kooper and total solids deter- mination according' to Mai and Rheinberg'er in cheese, Ivlose {Milclnv. Zentbl., 43 {1914), ^o- 9, pp. 225-229). — In a comparative study of the Kooper (E. S. R., 30, p. 207), the Wendler neu-sal (E. S. R., 30, p. 208), and the Bondzynski and Ratzlaff (E. S. R., 16, p. 440) procedures for determining fat in cheese of various kinds, the highest results were obtained by the last-named method, followed by the Kooper method. The results by the Wendler neu-sal were most unfavorable. A study of methods for total solids included those of Mai and Rheinberger and the sea-sand method (drying the cheese in sea sand to constant weight without preliminary drying). In the Mai and Rheinberger method three- quarters of an hour of distillation did not always give the correct result. The temperature at which distillation is done is of great moment and should not exceed 200° C, as otherwise it yields low results. It is further necessary, in order to get results comparable with those given by the sea-sand method, to allow the petroleum layers to become thoroughly clear. A new method for thetdetermination of zinc in treated wood, M. H. Bed- ford and R. Pfanstiel {Jour. Indus, and Engln. Chem., 6 {1914), No. 10, p. 811, figs. 2). — The various methods proposed for determining zinc in wood treated with zinc chlorid are based upon the manner in which the organic matter is destroyed. In the case of hardwoods, particularly red oak. it was found that certain organic compounds were not destroyed by some of the ordinary pro- cesses. A modification of the methods in use was therefore attempted, the present investigation being caiTied out entirely with red oak. AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTEY AGKOTECHNY. 209 "The details of tlie pi'ocedure adopted are as follows: Three gm. of red oak SMwdust, previously dried at 110° C, is treated with 1 cc. of zinc chlorid solution equivalent to 0.035 gm. of metallic zinc and dried at 110°. The saw- dust is then mixed with 35 gm. of sodium peroxid and fired in the bomb. After the explosion the bomb is cooled in water, and distilled water added through the plug. The contents are dissolved by heating on a water bath. The solution is then transferred to a beaker, acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and boiled for a few minutes. Two gm. of citric acid, 10 cc. concentrated nitric acid, and 5 cc. of 8 per cent ferric chlorid solution are added. The solution is then made alkaline and 2 cc. excess of concentrated ammonium hydroxid is added. After dilution to 400 cc, the solution is titrated at 80° with potassium ferrocyanid. An outside indicator of equal parts of glacial acetic acid and glycerin is used. " The potassium ferrocyanid solution is made by dissolving 5 gm. of the salt in 1 liter of water and is standardized against the zinc chlorid solution under the same conditions as exist in the charge. A blank is also run on 3 gm. of the untreated wood and subtracted from each determination. It is necessary to keep the conditions the same throughout the titration. An excess of ammonia is necessary to keep the solution from turning blue, but a large excess prolongs the end point. The time required for a determination is about 25 minutes. The accuracy of this method is shown by a set of six consecutive determinations." Apple sirup and concentrated cider: New products for utilizing' surplus and cull apples, H. C. Coke (C7. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook J9U, pp. 227-2U, figs. 2). — The first part of this paper gives directions for preparing apple sirup, from cull and other apples too small for retail sale, for home use on the farm and on a commercial scale. Essentially the process consists in treating the expressed apple juice with milk or carbonate of lime (the latter is preferred for sirup making in the home) for the purpose of removing malic acid, and after clarification condensing to the proper concentration. In the commercial manu- facture of sirup, especially as a by-product of a steam cider mill, the juice after neutralizing is treated with finely bolted infusorial earth (17.5 lbs. to 100 gals, of neutralized juice) and filtered through a filter press. The filtered juice is then evajiorated to the proper consistency. The cost of making sirup on a commercial scale as nearly as can be deter- mined is probably slightly greater than making sirup from cane or sorghum. The cost of sirup exclusive of investment and depreciation charges, and of fuel and labor, which vary in different localities, is about 45 cts. per gallon. The malate of lime may eventually be sold to chemical firms preparing malic acid. Some recipes for cooking and candy making developed in the Office of Nutri- tion Investigations are included. The second part of the paper deals with the concentration of sweet cider by freezing as a fall activity for ice and cold-storage plants in apple sections. In experiments on a commercial scale in concentrating apple juice by artificial freezing during the apple-bearing seasons of 1913 and 1914, in connection with a cider mill located near a commercial ice-making plant in the apple-growing regions of Oregon, it was found that 5 gal. of apple juice could be reduced to 1 gal. of sirupy cider concentrate. " It was found that while the concentrated cider would not keep indefinitely under household conditions, its larger per- centage of sugars and acids kept it from fermenting as quickly as ordinary cider. When kept cool, as in a household refrigerator, concentrated cider, it was found, would not six)il for manj' weeks. When kept at or below 32°' F. in cold storage it was found that concentrated cider could be kei^t from one season 210 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. to the next aud thus make fresh cider available [by simply diluting the sirup with water] as a beverasre during the summer months." The method calls for but slight additions to the ordinary equipment of an ice-making or cold-storage plant. A brief description of the manufacture of this concentrated cider on a commercial scale aud the machinery necessary is given. The estimate of the cost per gallon for the preparation of cider con- centrated by freezing— that is, for raw material, freezing, labor, filtering, power, interest, depreciation, superintendence, and other charges — is about 50 cts. per gallon. Methods followed in the ccmnierclal canning- of foods, A. W. Bitting ( U. S. Dept. Af/r. Bui. 196 {1915), pp. 19, pis. 3).— A revision of the Bureau of Chem- istry Bulletin 151 noted previously (E. S. R., 27, p. 313). incorporating a sum- mary of results of experiments carried out, especially in the experimental laboratory established at San Francisco in 1912, during the seasons of 1912 and 1913. " The general plan of the expei-imental work in canning involved the use of underripe, prime ripe, overripe, and spoiled fruits of all the varieties canned, to determine the appearance and effect upon the finished product. . . . The object throughout all the experiments has been to duplicate factory operations and not to attempt to make mathematical standards." Certain phases of the manufacturing processes have been enlarged upon. Microscopical studies on cotton, A. Herzog {Cheni. Ztg., 38 (1914), Nos. 114-^ 115, pp. 1089-1091, figs. 3; 116-117, pp. 1097-1100, figs. 6).— The first portion of this work deals exclusively with the dead or unripe cotton fiber. This type of fiber is thin-walled and when woven into cloth has a tendency to show up as knots. Part 2 of the work considers the beard fiber of cotton, and part 3 dis- cusses the determination of the mercerizing capacity of cotton fibers with the microscope. METEOROLOGY. Popular misconceptions concerning the weather, A. H. Palmes (Pop. Sci. Mo., 86 {1915), No. 2, pp. 12S-141). — ^The author points out, among other things, that, contrary to popular belief, the weather is not Influenced by phases of the moon or the position of the planets ; there is no connection between weather and earthquakes or magnetic disturbances ; forests have much less influence on weather than has been supposed; the climate is not changing; there is no known relation between the weather of one day, season, or year and that of the following day, season, or year; while storms follow pretty well-defined tracks, they have no one starting point ; there is no such thing as Indian summer as popularly understood; animals have no previous knowledge of weather changes; concussions do not cause precipitation; cold waves are not generally produced from the descent of cold air from above, but are "caused primarily by the horizontal transportation of huge masses of cold air from the cold con- tinental interior, and are heightened by the increased radiation from the ground through clear, dry air thus brought in ; " night air is not essentially different from day air; the importance of ozone in the air is popularly overestimated; the so-called equinoctial storm is a fiction ; thunderstorms do not follow valleys ; and lightning may strike many times in the same place. Emphasis is laid upon the fact that too much importance is generally at- tached to mean and not enough to extreme con'ditions of the weather. Atten- tion is called to the fact that there is rather widespread misconception as to the sources of rainfall and hail. Story of the thermometer and its uses in agriculture, A. H. Thiessen ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearhook 1914, pp- 157-166, figs. 4). — This article discusses the his- METEOROLOGY. 211 tory and construction of the thermometer and explains its use in candy making and cooliiug, in the dairy, in the incubator, and in orchards, as well as occa- sional uses, such as in the detection of fever in farm animals. The variation with meteorolog'ical conditions of the amount of radium emanation in the atmosphere, in the soil g'as, and in the air exhaled from the surface of the ground at Manila, J. R. Weight and O. F. Smith {Phys. Rev., 2. ser., 5 {1915), No. 6, pp. 459-482, fig. 1). — In continuation of observa- tions previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 511), an attempt was made to deter- mine definitely to what extent the amount of radium emanation in the air is dependent on weather conditions. The methods used were substantially the same as those employed in the previous observations. As a result of observations extending over about 13 months, the variation of the radium-emanation content of the atmosphere was found to follow quite closely the variations in rainfall and wind movement. " The ratio of the maxi- mum to the minimum for the year was found to be appproximately as 10:1. The mean of the monthly means gives for the radium equivalent of the emana- tion per cubic meter of air a value of 71X10'" gm. The month of January shows the highest monthly mean for the radium-emanation content, the mini- mum value for the rainfall, and a low value for the total wind movement. The month of July gives the lowest monthly mean for the emanation content, the maximum value for the rainfall, and the highest total wind movement. Every other month of the year shows a very similar relation. No direct connection has been discovered between the emanation content and atmospheric pressure or humidity. The effect of the direction of the wind seems at best very indefinite." The emanation content was considerably greater during the night than during the day. " Observations for the interval from 11 p. m. to 5 a. m. gave a inean value 3.31 times greater than the mean value for the interval from 11 a. m. to 5 p. m. This variation has been found to be closely related to the variation in the total wind movement during the period, a high value of the wind move- ment corresponding to a low value of the emanation content. " The rate at which radium emanation is exhaled from the surface of the ground shows a decided decrease after periods of heavy rain. This decrease has been found in some cases to be almost 60 per cent of the rate of exhalation for fair weather." The radium-emanation content of soil gas was determined at depths of 30, 70, and 120 cm., respectively. The variation in the radioactivity of the gas collected at a depth of 30 cm. was found to follow closely the variation in the emanation exlialed from the surface of the soil, a decrease in the exhalation resulting in a corresponding increase in the emanation content of the soil gas. Soil gas collected at depths of 70 and 120 cm. showed only slight variations with the weather conditions. " The average value of the emanation content for the gas collected from the 120-cm. pipe was found to be a 304.5X10"" gm. per' liter, or over 4,000 times the mean value for atmospheric air. The mean value for the 30-cm. pipe was only about one-seventh that for the 120-cm. pipe." [Meteorological observations], R. O'Connor et al. {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, 1913-14, pp. 34, 61-61). — ^Tables show the rainfall during the year ended March 31, 1914, at River Estate, from 1S62 to 1913, inclusive, at the Royal Botanic Gardens, and for the calendar year 1913 at other places in Trinidad and Tobago, as well as various meteorological observations during 1913 and preceding years at the St. Clair Experiment Station, Trinidad. Weather conditions (Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Bpt. 1913-14, PP- 287- 291).— The general weather conditions in the Union of South Africa during the 212 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. year ended March 31, 1914, are described and tables showing rainfall at various places in the country are given. It is stated that during the period named " the weather over the Union as a whole was characterized by practically the same features as during the preceding twelve months, viz, a shortage of rainfall, unusual warmth, hot, drying winds during spring, with unseasonable late frosts in the east and center of the Cape Province." Relative reliability of long-time rainfall observations, F. H. Millaed (Engiii. News, 73 {1915), No. 25, p. 1212, figs. 2).— Studies of a 63-year rainfall record at Milwaukee, Wis., and of a lOO-j-ear record at New Bedford, Mass., to observe the maximum and minimum average rainfall per year obtained by combining consecutive years into groups of varying lengths, brought out the fact that "the variations above the average are considerably larger than the variations below the average, and that if one is to observe for a short period only, the variation above the average is likely to be appreciably larger than the variation below the average. ... In one case the maximum single year exceeded the average by over 60 per cent, while the minimum year was less than the average by 40 per cent. In the other case the figures show a variation of 40 per cent above the average for the maximum and 26 per cent below the average for the minimum. Taking 10-year periods, the maximum isi only 16 per cent greater than the average, while the minimum is 13 per cent less in one case, the maximum being 17 per cent greater and the minimum 7 per cent less in the other case." Average rainfall in the light of the New Bedford record, N. M. Stineman (Engin. News, 73 (1915), No. 25, p. 1213, fig. i).— Studies of a 100-year rainfall record at New Bedford, Mass., to determine the value of records of much shorter duration are reported. It was found that a 5-year record based on the New Bedford record is too short to give dependable results. The 10-year curve is more regular than the 5-year curve, but the 20-year averages vary from 4.2 per cent below the 100- year average to 6 per cent above. " Hence, during the entire century it would not have been possible to select any 20 successive years in which the average rainfall would have deviated by more than 6 per cent from the 100-year average." Rainfall and production, L. McCooK {Agr. Qaz. N. S. Wales, 26 (1915), No. 5, pp. 3S9, 390, j)ls. 2). — Two charts, showing graphically the variations In annual rainfall and yields of wheat and number of sheep in Queensland from 1873 to 1914, are given and briefly discussed. The charts show the depressing effect on wheat yield of the droughts of 1888 and 1902, especially the latter, which followed six years of low average rain- fall. The drought of ISSS had little effect on sheep production, but that of 1902 was disastrous. There was slow but steady expansion of wheat production and a more rapid increase in sheep production up to 1891. Thereafter wheat pro- duction rapidly increased while sheep production declined. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soil experiments on the level prairies of northeast Missouri, M. F. Millee, C. B. Hutchison, and R. R. Hudelson (Missouri Sta. Bui. 126 (1915), pp. 317-354, fiffs. 6). — These experiments were begun in one case in 1905 and in two cases in 1907. The soil on which the experiments were made is known as the Putnam silt loam, which includes practically all of the level prairie lands of northeast Missouri. " The surface soil consists of a gray to dark gray silt loam, from 8 to 10 in. deep, underlain by an ashy gray silt faintly mottled with yellow. . . . Beneath this is a clay subsoil, beginning abruptly at an average depth of about 18 in., which is made up of two layers. The upper layer is a SOILS FEKTILIZEES. 213 stiflf, almost impervious, chocolate brown to grayish browu clay faintly mottled with red and from 6 to 10 in. in thickness. The lower layer is a silty clay, gray in color, mottled with yellow and brown. . . . " The chemical analyses of the soil from this area show it to have a compara- tively large supply of potassium and a fair supply of phosphorus. It is some- what low in nitrogen and in vegetable or organic material. . . . These analyses also show that the soil is acid. . . . Another characteristic of the soil in ques- tion is the presence of a heavy clay layer in the subsoil which . . . interferes with drainage and air supply." The experiments were made ou three fields in four series of five, nine, and eight s-acre p!ats. The fertilizer treatments included the use of green manures, bone meal, rock phosphate, muriate of potash, ground limestone, and barnyard manure. The experiments indicate that when quick profits are necessary readily available forms of phosphorus would best be added to the soil. " The important considerations in handling soils of this type are the adoption of a good crop rotation; the application of 2 or 3 tons of ground limestone, thoroughly worked into the soil, and followed by additional applications of 1 ton evei"y six years ; the use of all the manure possible to secure at a cost not exceeding $1.50 per ton, including hauling and spreading it on the field — this to be applied chiefly before the corn crop ; and, finally, the application of 150 to 200 lbs. of steamed bone meal or acid phosphate to be drilled in with the wheat where this crop is used in the rotation." Soil experiments on the dark prairies of central and northeast Missouri, M. F. Miller, C. B. Hutchison, and R. R. Hudelson iilissoiiri Sta. Bnl. 127 (1915), pp. 355-384, fiffS- 7). — The soil on which these experiments were con- ducted is the Grundy silt loam, which occupies the undulating to gently roll- ing prairie of northeast and north-central Missouri. It " consists of a very dark brown to nearly black silt loam, 9 to 12 in. deep, gradually becoming lighter in color with increasing depth. The subsoil consists of a dark drab, plastic clay loam changing at 30 in. to a yellow gray silty clay mottled with brown." The experiments were conducted on three fields, in three, four, and one series of five, eight, and five plats, respectively. The fertilizer treatment on the first field included the use of green manures, ground limestone, bone meal, and muriate of potash, and on the second field rock phosphate and barnyard manure were used in addition. The rotation on the second field was one of corn, oats, wheat, and clover, substituting cowpeas for the clover in case of clover failure. The experiments on the third field were planned chiefiy as a test of the effect of catch and cover crops on soil fertility, and included also a test of bone meal and rock phosphate in combination with pasturing. The results of the experiments indicate that this soil is deficient in both nitrogen and organic matter and that the supplies of phosphorus and potassium, while considerably above those of an average soil, are largely in unavailable forms. The soil is also acid. Some profit was derived from all the treatments except cowpeas drilled in the corn at the last cultivation for a green-manure -crop. " The use of manure and lime have both brought consistent and valuable net returns, while good average net returns have also been secured from the use of phosphorus, and fair returns from the use of potassium." Specific recommendations for the management of this soil to increase its productiveness are given. Soil experiments on the rolling' glacial land of north Missouri, M. F. Miller, C. B. Hutchison, and R. R. Hudelson {Missouri Sta. Bui. 128 {1915), pp. 385-401, figs, 4)' — The soil on which these experiments, begun in 1907, were con- 214 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. ducted consists of weathered glacial till and is classified as typical Shelby loam. "The surface soil is a very dark brown loam to fine sandy loam, changing at about 10 in. to a light brown or grayish brown heavy loam faintly mottled with reddish brown. The subsoil below 18 in. is a light brown or yel- lowish brown stiff sandy clay, usually mottled brown and gray in the lower portion. The surface soil and the lower subsoil contain more sand than the middle portion of the soil section." The experiments were made on four series of seven plats. The fertilizer treatment included the use of green manures, barnyard manure, bone meal or rock phosphate, potassium chlorid, and ground limestone. The rotation prac- ticed consisted of corn, oats, wheat, and clover, with cowpeas substituted when clover failed. The results of the experiments and of chemical analysis indicate that this soil is somewhat acid, is low in its supply of nitrogen, organic matter, and phosphorus, and is apparently well supplied with potassium. Additions of bone meal and potash brought good returns and lime brought fair returns, while the use of complete fertilizers and lime nearly doubled the cost of treatment. Specific recommendations for the management of this soil to increase its productiveness are given. Soil experiments on the l-ed lim.estone upland of southwest Missouri, M. F. Miller, C. B. Hutchison, and R. R. Hudelson (ilissoim Sta. Bill. 129 {1915), pp. 403-421, figs. 5). — This is the second report on soil experiments which have been previously described (E. S. R., 23, p. 21). It is stated that the most marked I'eturn secured from the soil treatments given in these experiments has been with phosphates, the second with potash, and the third with lime. A careful system of rotation including an abundance of legumes with free use of phosphates and some potash is suggested as the best treatment for this type of soil. " Rock phosphate may be used as a part of the phosphate ap- plication where much organic matter is added to the soil. From 800 to 1,000 lbs. per acre may be used once in 6 to 8 years. This should be supplemented with readily available phosphates and some potash, applied before wheat." Soil experiments on the gray prairie of southwest Missouri, M. F. Miller, C. B. Hutchison, and R. R. Hudelson (Missouri Sta. Bui. 130 {1915), pp. 423-442, figs. 4)- — This is a second report on experiments begun in 1906 (E. S. R., 23, p. 20). The soil on which the experiments were conducted is the Cherokee silt loam, which is said to be derived chiefly from a fine argillaceous shale. " It is from 8 to 10 in. in depth, of a gray color, and somewhat ashy in appearance. From 10 to IS in. in depth it is a lighter gray in color with a yellowish tinge. At about 20 in. it abruptly becomes heavy and sticky and is somewhat mottled with reddish brown. From 20 to 30 in. in depth this mottled plastic layer is very heavy. Below 40 in. the texture is somewhat coarser. . . . The chemical analysis of this soil shows it to be deficient in all the main elements of fertility, particularly in nitrogen. The shortage of phosphorus and potassium is distinct but not quite so marked." The soil in general is acid. The subsoil contains less nitrogen and potassium and more phosphorus than the surface soil and is only slightly more acid. The experiments were made on three series of seven i-acre plats. The ferti- lizer treatment included the use of green manures, bone meal, muriate of potash, and ground limstone. The rotation consisted of com, cowpeas, wheat, and clover, with oats substituted for wheat and cowpeas for clover in several cases. SOILS FEETILIZERS. 215 The eight years' experiments show that " the most profitable system of soil management tried is one using green manure catch crops to supply organic matter and nitrogen, hone meal to supply phosphorus, and chlorid (muriate) of potash to supply available potassium. Lime has not proved profitable as an average of the entire period, though it was profitable during the first two or three years." The results of seven years' tile draining experiments show that " the increased yields, . . . with tile laid at intervals of 6 rods, have paid the cost and a fair rate of interest on the investment." The results of blasting experiments on this soil showed that an average annual increase in crops valued at $1.60 per acre was obtained, while the cost of the blasting was $12 to $15 per acre. Specific recommendations for the management of this soil to increase its productiveness are given. [Soil experiment fields] (Missouri Sta. Bui. 131 (1915), pp. 492, 493, fig. 1).— For several years the station has maintained experimental fields in different parts of the State. Twelve of these are knawn as soil fields, being devoted primarily to the study of soil problems. The results obtained on these fields have been reported in detail from time to time in bulletins of the station (see above). The more important of these results are briefly summarized as follows : "(1) Phosphorus is the element which can be applied with the largest net return on Missouri soils. (2) The best form of phosphate to apply under aver- age conditions is one of the available phosphates, such as bone meal or acid phosphate. Rock phosphate brings slower returns and is adapted largely to the man who has time to wait for results and capital to invest. (3) Lime bi-ings a small but rather consistent return on practically all the fields under experiment. These fields, however, are those more likely to need lime than a great many soils in Missouri. (4) Barnyard manure is worth about $1.65 per ton as measured by crop increase and as an average of all experiments conducted." Sketch of the geology and soils of the Cahuilla Basin, E. E. Free ( Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 193 (1914), pp. 21-33, pis. S).— The author deals with the descriptive and historical geology of the basin and discusses the origin and character of the soils. The two soil types represented in the basin are the desert soils of the slopes and the river alluvium soils of the Colorado Delta. The former are mainly sandy and gravelly, are mineralogically very heterogenous, and are amply sup- plied with useful soil-forming minerals. The alluvial soils are similarly diverse and fertile, but differ in that their mineral particles are somewhat weathered and are more uniform in size. Practically all of them are silts or very fine sands, their chief fault, aside from the frequent presence of alkali in the silts, being too great heaviness and diSiculty of working. The sandy soils are seldom alkaline. It is stated that the submergence of the soils by the waters of the Salton Sea seems to have had little effect upon their alkali content. It is also stated that no direct infiuenee of the soils upon the local distribution of vegetation was discernible. The colloidal properties of the acid soils of Japan, T. Tadokoro (Jour. Col. Agr. Toholcu Imp. Univ., 6 (1914), No. 5, pp. 111-129, figs. 2).— In continuation of previous work along the same line (E. S. R., 32, p. 318), the author reports experiments in which he compared the colloidal properties of neutral sand, clay, and humus soils with those of acid soils as determined in the previous experiments. In the experiments with the neutral soils it was found that the increase of the volume by swelling on treatment with reagents, the adsorptive power for coloring matter, and the absorption coeflScient for ammounia were greatest 216 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. in the humus soil and least in the sandy soil. The differences between sandy and clay soils as regards adsorption of coloring matter were A'ery great. The increase in adsorption of coloring matter with variations in its concentration were least in the sandy soil. The hygroscopiclty was greatest in clay and least in the sandy soil. The degree of swelling of mineral acid soils was generally greater than that of neutral soil rich in humus. This difference was greatest on treatment with sodium carbonate and caustic soda solutions. On the other hand, the volume of swelling of some of the acid soils was less than that of neutral soils poor in humus. The variations in the volume of swelling on treatment with reagents, ac- cording to the type of reagent, were much greater with mineral acid soils than with neutral soils. This is taken to indicate that the mineral acid soils contain considerable quantities of colloidal substances showing movable, un- stable forms. The hygroscopicities of the different mineral acid soils were not markedly different from those of neutral soils, but the relation of the volume of swelling to hygroscopiclty for mineral acid soils was generally greater than for neutral soils, excepting in the case of acid soil rich in humus. The adsorptive power of mineral acid soil for coloring matter was generally greater than that of neutral soil. The relations of adsorptive power to hygro- scopicity for mineral acid soils were generally greater than for neutral soils excepting in the case of acid soil rich in humus. The ammonia absorbing power of acid soil was generally greater than that of neutral soil, but there was little difference between the smallest values of the former and the greatest values of the latter. The increase of the coefficient of ammonia absorption was not greater for acid soil rich in humus and for neutral soil than for mineral acid soil. How great is the surface of a gram of surface soil? P. Ehrenberg {Fiihling's Landiv. Ztg., 63 (191J,), No. 23, pp. 725-735) .—The author briefly reviews the work of others on the subject, and points out that while the i*esults obtained by most investigators as to the surface of a gram of soil correspond closely those obtained by Mitscherlich on the basis of hygroscopiclty are quite different. From computations based on the assumption that the thickness of the surface film of hygroscopic water in soils is equal to the diameter of a molecule of water, it is concluded that the results obtained by Mitscherlich are, on this basis, double what they should be. Other data are reviewed which would indicate that the thickness of the .surface film of hygroscopic water more neai'ly ap- proaches the sum of the diameters of ten molecules, and it is stated that if computed on this basis the results obtained by Mitscherlich would correspond approximately to those obtained by other investigators. It is further stated that according to his studies there are always many un- known factors present affecting the determination of the absolute surface of a soil, and that the results obtained can, therefore, give only an approximate in- dication of the actual facts. Investigations on the influence of plant roots on the structure of the soil, M. Berkmann (Untersuchungen Wber den Einfliiss der Pflanzenicurzeln auf die Struktur des Bodens. Diss. E. Tech. Hochsch. Miinchen, 1913, pp. 55, figs. 6) . — This article has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 80, p. 120). The gases of swamp rice soils. — II, Their utilization for the aeration of the roots of the crop, W. H. Harrison and P. A. Subeamania Aiyeb (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Chem. Ser., Jf (1914), No. 1, pp. 17, pi. 1, figs. 2). — In continua- tion of previous work (E. S. R., 30, p. 515) a series of experiments made to de- SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 217 termine the action of the soil surface film on the soil gases and the nature of the agents to which the changes produced could be ascribed are reported. It was shown in the previous report that the gases formed in swamp rice soil apparently have an important connection with the aeration of the roots of the crop. It was found in the later experiments that " the organized film in contact with the surface of swamp rice soils utilizes the soil gases in such a manner as to bring about an increased oxygen output from the film leading to a correspondingly increased root aeration. The film contains bacteria which possess (1) the power to oxidize methane and hydrogen, and (2) to assimilate directly methane and carbon dioxid. These changes either directly or indii-ectly result in the production of CO2 which is in turn assimilated by the green algse with the evolution of oxygen. ... " The practice of green manuring, by increasing the output of the soil gases, brings about an increased activity on the part of the film resulting in an in- creased oxygen production and root aeration. An important indirect function, then, of green manuring is to bring about a greater root aeration and so induce greater root development and cropping power. " The oxygen concentration of the water entering the soil appears to be one of the main factors which regulates the growth of the crop." Effect on soil moisture of chang'ss in the surface tension of the soil solu- tion brought about by the addition of soluble salts, P. E. Karraker {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1915)^ No. 2, pp. 187-192, figs. 2). — Experiments are described in this paper, the results of which indicate that changes in the surface tension of the soil solution arising from the application of fertilizer salts are of no importance in affecting the moisture condition of the soil. The effect of different methods of preparing a seed bed for winter wheat upon jrield, soil moisture, and nitrates, L. E. Call (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 6 (1914), No. 6, pp. 2^^9-259, figs. 2). — Investigations, extending over five seasons, on the influence of different methods of preparing the seed bed for winter wheat upon conservation of moisture, liberation of plant food as Indicated by avail- able nitrogen, and the growth of the crop as determined by the production of grain and straw are reported. The soil used is a dark brown silt loam about 10 in. deep, the subsoil to a depth of at least 6 ft. being a i*eddish -brown silty clay loam. The results obtained demonstrate the value of working ground plowed early, and also show the importance of early plowing even though it is impossible to work the ground as quickly as it should be worked after the plowing is done. " Ground worked early, regardless of the method of working, has usually pro- duced a comparatively high yield, while ground worked late, regardless of the method, has usually resulted in a low yield. . . . " There is very little, if any, correlation between the amount of moisture in the soil at seeding and the yield of wheat secured. . . . Tho>;e plats which produced high yields used nearly if not quite aU of the available moisture in the soil, while the low-yielding plats left in the soil from 1.5 to 5 per cent of available moisture. Apparently, the low yield was not the result of a deficient supply of moisture." The yield of wheat bore a close relation to the nitrates in the soil at seeding. Fertilization with sodium nitrate did not increase the yield of wheat on the field plowed in July, but on corn ground, where a seed bed was prepared for wheat by double disking the ground after the corn crop was harvested, fertili- zation with the same quantity of sodium nitrate increased the yield nearly 100 per cent. " It appears, therefore, that on late-plowed ground or on ground 218 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED. otherwise worked late, nitrogen was not liberated in sufficient quantities to supply the crop with the amount necessary for the maximum growth, and under such conditions a lack of nitrogen has been responsible for the low yields of wheat secured. On the other hand, where the ground was prepared early in the season, sufficient nitx'ogen was liberated to supply the needs of the plant and additional nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda did not increase the yield." The action of liquid manure as a nitrogenous fertilizer, A. Stutzee (Mitt. Deut. Landw. GeselL, 30 {1915), No. 6, pp. 6S-1/0). — Briefly summarizing the results of expeilments by various investigators, the author reaches the con- clusion that liquid manure is a satisfactory nitrogenous fertilizer on heavy and medium soils which have the necessary absorptive capacity for ammonia and potassium carbonate. It, however, is not well suited to light uonacid sandy soils which have little absorbent power for ammonia. In such soils the liquid manure produces a persistent alkaline reaction, which is likely to cause burning of the plants. The best results with liquid manure are obtained on mildly acid humus soils. Poultry manures, their treatmjent and use, W. P. Brooks {ilassachusetts ma. arc. 5Jt {1915), pp. J^).—K revision of Circular 36 '(E. S. R., 32, p. 322). Imports and exports of fertilizer materials ( U. 8. Dept. Com., Bur. Forei0i and Dom. Com., Ser. 1914-15, No. 6, pp. 455, 456, 458, 47S; Com. Rpts., No. 42 {1915), p. 694). — The following table gives a summary for the calendar years 1913 and 1914 of imports and exports by the United States of the principal fer- tilizing materials, as reported by the U. S. Department of Commerce : Imports and exports {in long tons), of fertilising materials by the United States, 1913 and 1914. Materials. 1913 Amount. Value. 1914 Amount. Value. Bone dust and bono ash. Guano Kainit Manure salts Muriate of potash Sulphate of potash Nitrate of soda Sulphate of ammonia. . . All other substances Total imports. Phosphate rock, luitreated: High-grade hard rock . . , Land pebble , All other phosphates Total phosphates All other fertilizers Total exports . Tons. 34,619 19, 105 465,850 223,292 213,762 39,538 625, 862 58, 281 S836, 682 538,183 2, 207, 018 2,150,190 7,120,055 1,633,114 21,630,811 3,957,307 4,995,690 Tons. 36,022 25,562 329, 611 168, 426 168,509 36, 264 543,715 74, 121 1,680,309 45,069,050 1,382,230 473,533 891,263 1,712 4,735,330 5,255,416 5,834 281,806 681,241 1,067 1,366,508 72, 747 9, 996, 580 1,666,755 964,114 63,554 1, 439, 255 11,663,335 S890, 672 762,688 1,550,879 1,842,649 5,740,893 1,568,704 15, 228, 671 4, 475, 603 5,055,355 37,116,114 2,818,060 3,948,079 5,513 6, 771, 652 1,311,227 8,082,879 During the fiscal year ended June 30, the imports of calcium cyanamid were approximately 15,000 tons in 1913 and 30,000 in 1914 ; of basic slag 15,000 tons in 1913 and 10,000 in 1914 ; of crude phosphates 24,000 tons in each year ; and of apatite 3,000 and 100 tons, respectively. The potash salts imported contained 228,757 tons of actual potash (K2O) in 1913 and 176,354 in 1914. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 219 " The decrease in imports of potash salts extends to other groups used in the chemical and other manufacturing industries. Carbonate of potash fell from 21,500,000 lbs. in 1913 to 16,000,000 lbs. last year [1914] ; nitrate of potash, from 10,000,000 to 2,250,000 lbs.; caustic potash, from 8,500.000 to 7,250,000 lbs. ; and other salts, except the cyanid, from 6,000,000 to 5.000,000 lbs. Cyanid of potash slightly increased, from 1,000,000 to about 1,250.000 lbs." Fertilizer markets {Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, 87 (1915), No. 11, pt. 2, pp. JfS, Jfl). — This is a concise review of the fertilizer trade of the United States during 1914, giving data for production, consumption, and prices for nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, fish scrap, phosphate rock, and potash salts. The chemistry of base goods fertilizer, E. C. Lathkop {Jour. Indus, and Engin. CJicm., 7 {1915), No. 3, pp. 228-233). — This article is based upon investi- gations which have already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 217). The preparation of fertilizer from municipal waste, J. W. Tukrentine (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1911f, pp. 295-310, i>l. i).— This article discusses the composition and availability of sewage, street sweepings, dead animals, and garbage, as well as the processes and possibilities of converting these waste products into useful fertilizers. It is estimated that the 199 cities of the United States having a population of more than 30.000 each, produce 3,600,000 tons of wet sewage sludge, or 720,000 tons of dry sludge, yearly, capable of producing 7.200 tons of ammonium sulphate worth $4.80.000. The same cities produce over 5,000,000 tons of street sweepings, containing 0.44 per cent of nitrogen, 0.1 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 0.21 per cent of ix>tash. The dead animals from these cities are capable of producing 25,000 tons of tankage worth $.500,000 and containing about 8 per cent of nitrogen and 10 per cent of bone phosphate. The present annual pro- duction of garbage tankage is roughly estimated at 150,000 tons, valued at $975,000. This is obtained from 1,200,000 tons of raw garbage rendered in about 25 plants. The garbage collected in 1909 in the cities having a popula- tion of 30,000 or over amounted to 2,700,000 tons, capable of yielding 400,000 tons of dry tankage worth $2,500,000. Electro-manufacture of nitrates, M. Adams {Jour. Electricity, 34 {1915), No. 10, pp. 190-192, fig. 1). — Some of the leading processes usetl for this purpose are briefly described, and the possibilty of their profitable utilization in Nevada for the production of nitric acid to be combined with the abundant natural supplies of sodium carbonate for the manufacture of sodium nitrate is discussed. Ammonification of cyanamid, F. Lohnis {Ztschr. GdrungsphysioL, 5 {1914), No. 1, pp. 16-25; ahs. in Chem. Abs., 9 {1915), No. 8, p. ii985).— Investigations are briefly reported which show that there are at least 14 fungi capable of transforming cyanamid nitrogen into ammonia. About one-half of these appear to be species of Penicillium and about one-half of the nitrogen present is transformed in cultures. In soils the cyanamid nitrogen is almost completely transformed, first into ammonia and later into nitrate, and this change is more rapid in sterilized than in unsterilized soil. It is suggested that the first step in this change, viz, the formation of urea, is due to the action of the colloid constituents of the soil, and that the further steps, ammonification and nitrifi- cation, are due to the action of difi'erent kinds of organisms. Field experiments on the action of different nitrogenous fertilizers, Ger- LACH ET AL. {Bcr. Laudw. Rcichsamte Innern, No. 34 {1914), pp. 229). — The re- sults of comparative tests of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, lime nitrogen, calcium nitrate, calcium nitrite, and liquid manure on rye, oats, barley, wheat, potatoes, and beets by the experiment stations of Bernburg, Bremen, Breslau, Bromberg, Halle, and Jena are reported in detail. 220 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. Sodium nitrate produced about the same result whether applied in one dose or in two. Tailing the average action of the sodium nitrate on rye, barley, oats, potatoes, sugar beets, and fodder beets as 100, the average of the action of ammonium sulphate on these crops and on wheat in addition was 84, of lime nitrogen on the same crops as in the case of ammonium sulphate 76, of calcium nitrate on the same crops 99, of calcium nitrite on oats, potatoes, and sugar beets 90, and of liquid manure on barley, oats, potatoes, and fodder beets 64. As the average of all of the results, it was found that 61 per cent of the nitrogen applied in the form of sodium nitrate was recovered in the crop. Taking the recovery of nitrogen from sodium nitrate as 100, the recovery in the case of ammonium sulphate was 78, of lime nitrogen 65, of calcium nitrate 91, of calcium nitrite 54,- and of liquid manure 57. The percentage of nitrogen in the crop was very slightly influenced by nitrogenous fertilizers. This was especially true in the case of the roots and tubers, but also true of leaves and vines. The influence of the nitrogenous fertilizers on the quality of the product was scarcely noticeable. The action of different nitrogenous fertilizers, Gerlach {FiihUng's Landw. Ztg., 64 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-7). — The results here reported are noted for the most part in the above. The action of common salt in combination with ammonium sulphate, ScHNEmEWiND {Landw. Wchnschr. Sachsen, 11 {1915), No. 1, pp. 3, 4)- — Field experiments with beets and wheat in which ammonium sulphate was used in combination with kainit and with 40 per cent potash salt mixed with twice Its weight of common salt are briefly reported. The results indicated that the com- bination of ammonium sulphate with kainit is fully as effective and more economical. The Perils phosphate mines (Indische Merciiur, 3S {1915), No. 8, pp. 133- i35). ^This article discusses the origin, extent, composition, and fertilizing value of the phosphates occurring in Perils, the northernmost State of Siam. Analyses reported show that the phosphate contains about 21 per cent of phosphoric acid, about 10 per cent of which is soluble in 2 per cent citric acid, 2.7 of ferric oxid, 4.7 of alumina, 27 of lime, 0.43 of potash, and 0.32 of nitrogen, largely nitrates. Double superphosphate, E. Bernabd {KisMet. Kozlem., 11 {1914), No. 5, pp. 709-724). — This article discusses briefly double superphosphates in general, but deals especially with the properties of a double superphosphate prepared by the author's method. This superiihosphate is moderately hygroscopic, due to the presence of free phosphoric acid (about 11 per cent). The water-soluble phosphoric acid amounts to from 40 to 43 per cent, and the sum of the water- soluble and citric acid soluble phosphoric acid to from 44 to 46 per cent. Ground limestone for sour soils, F. H. Hall {New York State 8ta. Bui. 400, popular ed. {1915), pp. 8, fig. 1). — This is a popular edition of Bulletin 400, previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 26). The fertilizer law and rules and regulations for its enforcement, B. H. HiTE {West Virginia Sta. Circ. 16 {1915), pp. 11, fig. i).— The text of the West Virginia fertilizer law enacted in 1901 and the rules and regulations pro- mulgated under its provisions are given. AGRICULTTrRAL BOTANY. Department of botanical research, D. T. MacDougal {Carnegie Inst. Wash- ington Year Book, 13 {1914), pp. 63-104, figs. 5). — This is a progress report of the investigations carried on by members of the staff, collaborators, and re- AGRICULTUEAL BOTANY. 221 search associates, the greater part of the work being conducted at the desert laboratory near Tucson, Ariz. The investigations include further studies of physical, chemical, and biological phenomena in connection with the Salton Sea ; an analysis of the effect of climatic complexes and various external factors upon plants; studies on photolysis, respiration, hydratation, and growth; and various special investigations of Cactacese and other desert plants. Notes on the production of tropical plants, E. de Wildeman {Notes sicr des Productions V^g^tales Tropicales. Antwerp: E. Stockmans <& Co., 1914, pp. 175). — Compiled and original notes are given on a number of economic tropical plants, agricultural practices, plant diseases, etc., the substance of the several articles having already been presented in various publications. Oblig'ate symbiosis in Calluna vulg'aris, M. C. Rayner (Ami. Bot. [London], 29 {1015), No. 113, pp. 97-133, pi. 1, figs. //).— This investigation was conducted to determine the precise ecological conditions associated with small, well defined communities of C. vulgaris in a restricted area of England. In common with other members of the family Encacete, C. vulgaris was found to possess a characteristic root mycorrhiza. The infection by the mycorrhizal fungus, it is said, takes place shortly after germination, the source of infection being the testa of the seed. The infection does not cease with the formation of the mycorrhiza associated with the roots, but affects all parts of the young seedling and most of the mature plant as well. The embryo and endosiDerm of the resting seed seem to be free from infection. It was found possible to sterilize the seed and germinate seedlings free from fungal and bacterial infection, but where the appropriate fungus was not present, seedlings did not develop roots and their growth was checked, although they remained alive for several mouths. The mycorrhizal fungus has been isolated and grown in pure cultures, and sterile seedlings inoculated, thus completing the synthesis of the fungus and the plant. It has not been found possible to replace the stimulus to development which follows seedling infection by supplying various organic nitrogenous substances to the plant. A bibliography is given. Andropog'on halepensis and A. sorghum, C. V. Piper {Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 2S {1915), pp. 25-'i3). — The results are given of a study of many forms of these grasses under cultivation, besides herbarium material in this country, at Kew, and Berlin. These two species of grass are generally treated as dis- tinct species, although there have been published statements indicating that the latter species is derived from the former under cultivation. xis a result of his investigations the author considers a more satisfactory treatment of the plants to be to recognize them as two distinct species, A. hale- pensis, perennial plants possessing rootstocks, 5 subspecies or varieties of which are recognized, and A. sorghum, annual plants which become perennial in frostless regions and are without rootstocks. Of the latter species the author enumerates 11 varieties. Additional evidence of mutation in CEnothera, II. II. Baktlett {Bot. Gas., 59 {1915), No. 2, pp. 81-123, figs. 17). — Studies are reported on mutants of CE. pratincola, a small, recently described self-pollinating species from Ken- tucky, which were brought to maturity and have yielded a second generation. The author states that this form is in a condition comparable with that of CE. lamarckiana, the most striking of the mutations (called CE. pratincola num- mularia) occurring in strains from 7 wild mother plants out of 8 selected at random. Two of these strains give mutations in both the Fi and F2 generations from the parent plant and a third strain showed mutations only in the F2 gen- eration. The mutant appears with a fairly uniform frequency of 1 to every 300 222 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to 400 cf tbe seeds planteer cent in excess of spring-planted trees. Fall-planted trees producetl a thicker trunk and the growth of the lateral buds was more vigorous. Observation of the self-fertility and self-sterility of fruits by C. C. Wiggans during the last year indicates that all the varieties of peaches commercially grown in Missouri are self-fertile, and that mixed plantings for the sake of cross pollination are unnecessary. Only a few of the commercial apples gave indications of being able to fertilize themselves. In the orchard nutrition studies by J. C. Whitten and C. C. Wiggans the peach is the only fruit which has so far shown any advantage from the appli- cation of fertilizers (E. S. R., 31, p. 335). On all plats fertilized with nitrogen, whether alone or in combination, the number of peaches set was larger than on the other fertilized plats or on the check plats, and the average increase in the number of peaches produced was 50 per cent. The average weight of the peaches fertilized with nitrogen, however, was only 60 per cent of the average weight of the peaches grown on plats receiving fertilizer other than nitrogen. The nitrogen-fertilized trees carried a very heavy foilage, and it is believed that extreme drought conditions caused an excessive evaporation from these trees. Observations thus far made by C. C. Wiggans relative to the possibility of forecasting bloom by examination of fruit buds during the winter indicate that a fairly accurate prediction can be drawn from a count of the winter buds. This work is to be continued. Division of horticulture. — Summary of results, 1914, W. T. Macoun et al. (Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 82 (1915), pp. 88). — This comprises a summary of results secured in 1914 in the breeding and cultural experiments with fruits, vegetables, forest and ornamental trees, and herbaceous plants conducted at the HOETICULTUEE. 237 Central Farm, Ottawa, and at the various branch experimental farms and sta- tions in Canada. The details of the work are to appear as usual in the annual report at a later date. Among the commercial varieties of apples tested at the Central Farm Red ^June, Stayman Winesap, and Rome Beauty give considerable promise, both "with reference to hardiness and quality, although it is believed that Rome Beauty should be tested further before recommending it for commercial plant- ing in a climate as cold as that at Ottawa. The Delicious kills back and is not considered hardy enough for commercial purposes in that region. Additional data are given on the closely planted Wealthy apple orchard (E. S. R., 32, p. 437). The estimated net profit per acre in 1914 was $115.40, the average net profit per acre from date of planting, 1896, being $90.49. Of the original 144 trees there are now S8 left. In previous observations made for a number of years relative to the yields of individual trees of the same varieties of apples there was found to be a great difference in the yields from different trees (E. S. R., 27, p. 343). An experiment in scion selection was started in 1905 in which scions taken from the least productive tree, the most productive tree, and the tree which bore a good crop every year in a row of 18 Wealthy apple trees were root grafted and planted out in 1909 on a uniform piece of soil. The yields for the three bearing years 1912 to 1914 indicate that the bearing habit of the parent tree has been perpetuated in each case, although observations are to be made for several years before definite conclusions are drawn. Of the autumn bearing strawberries being tested, the Progressive has thus far given the best results. In 1914 this variety yielded a fair crop of fruit in the regular season and also in the autumn, the fruit continuing to ripen until injured by frost. The results for the first season of a test of European grapes grown under glass are given. Data are also given on a series of experiments with orchard heaters conducted at the farm in the fall. The data secured indicate that these heaters may prove very useful in strawberry and truck crop plantations, where the value of the crop is relatively high. The usual notes are given on the more promising varieties of vegetables and ornamentals tested both at the Central Farm and at the branch stations. Fertilizer tests with potatoes are reported from the Fredericton, New Brunswick, substation, and cultural tests from the Rosthern, Saskatchewan, substation. A series of tests was started in 1913 at the Kentville station, W. S. Blair in charge, to determine the advisability of fertilizing fruit trees when they are planted. The results to date indicate that there is little advantage in using fertilizers at planting time and that good cultivation is of greater importance. From two years' work carried on by this station in a number of cooperative orchards, it appears that four thorough applications of lime-sulphur arsenate of 1.008 sp. gr. will control scab as effectively as Bordeaux mixtui-e without danger of russeting the fruit, which is usually more or less serious when Bordeaux is applied after the blossoms fall. The application of a dormant spray in addition to the regular sprays appears to be of little value in control- ling scab. A test was made of the claim that sugar added to Bordeaux will pre- vent russeting. The addition of 2, 4, and 6 lbs. of sugar, respectively, to 4 : 4 : 40 Bordeaux arsenate mixture proved to be of no value as a preventive of russet- ing. A series of tests undertaken to determine the actual gain from arsenate of lead in lime-sulphur for the control of scab indicated that the arsenate of lead had very little fungicidal value. Commercial concentrate lime-sulphur appeared as effective in controlling scab as the home-boiled concentrate. The university farm garden, A. L. Dacy (West Virginia Sta. Circ. 11 (1915), pp. 16, figs, 4). — The author here presents detailed records of demonstration 238 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. experiments in vegetable gardening conducted in tlie university farm garden during 1913 and 1914. Tlie data given for eacli vegetable show the dates of planting, area planted, date of first sale, approximate yield, approximate aver- age price, total sales, and estimated gross returns per acre. The results are further discussed from the standpoints of yields, distribution of income, rela- tive values of the different crops, and the relative values of the different sys- tems of cropping. This circular also contains a planting table for vegetables, together vi^ith a table showing the details of succession and companion crop- ping i)lans as used in 1914. Cabbag'e, cauliflower, turnip, rape, and other crucifers. Wo P. Beooks {Massachusetts Sta. Circ. ^9 (1915), pp. Jf). — This is a revision of Circular 38 of the same series (E. S. R., 32, p. 337). How to grow muskmelons, J. W. Lloyd {Illinois Sta. Circ. 139, 2. ed., rev. (1915), pp. 18, figs. S).— The present edition of this circular (E. S. R, 23, p. 42) has been somewhat revised to conform to more recent information on the subject. Arboriculture in Spain, J. M. Priego (Bol. Agr. T6c. y Econ., 6 (1914), ISlos. 66, pp. 530-533; 61, pp. 626-633; 68, pp. 712-723; 69, pp. 827-833; 70, pp. 927- 933; 71, pp. 1011-1017 ; 72, pp. 1115-1120).— An analysis of fruit growing in Spain by groups and regions, with a discussion of the part to be played by the producer, the merchant, and the State with reference to the best future devel- opment of the industry. Annual report on the Fruit Experiment Station, Shillong, for the year ending- June 30, 1914, C. H. Holder (Ann. Rpt. Agr. Expts. Assam, 1914, PP- 55-73, pi. 1). — This comprises a brief descriptive account of the fruit station, which was started in 1912, together with a statement of the number and vari- eties of trees, bushes, and plants in the fruit plantations. [Final reports of the Royal Commission on the Fruit Industry] (Mel- bourne, Australia: Govt., 1914, PP- 23-\-19). — This embraces the salient features of the majority and minority reports of a parliamentary investigation relative to the production, distribution, marketing, and exportation of Australian fruit, including the operations of producers, shippers, carriers, dealers, and others connected with the fruit industry. Recommendations looking to the betterment of the industry are also included. New or noteworthy fruits, III, IT. P. Hedrick (New York State Sta. Bui. 403 (1915), pp. 211-220, pis. 7/).— In continuation of a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 31, p. 337) the author describes the best recent fruit introductions as tested on the station grounds. Attention is called to the fact that these varieties are still on probation at the station and growers are advised to go slow in making commercial plantings of such fruits. The varieties here described include the Niagara peach, Muscat Hamburg grape, Lambert cherry. Late Muscatelle plum. Industry gooseberry, Black Pearl black raspberi-y, Marldon red raspberry, and Amanda strawberry. Experimental results in young orchards in Pennsylvania, J. P. Stewart (Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 134 (1915), pp. 20, figs. 4)- — The station started an extensive series of orchard experiments in various parts of Pennsylvania in 1907-8. The results of some of these experiments, especially those on the fertilization of mature orchards, have been reported on from time to time (E. S. R., 29, p. 437). This bulletin gives the results of various experiments which have been conducted in young orchards during the first seven years. A comparative test was made of apple trees propagated on whole roots, on top pieces, and on bottom piece roots. As measured by the average size and height of trees after a period of 11 years in the orchard, it is concluded that there is practically no difference in eflSciency between the various methods of HORTICULTUEE. 239 propagation now generally used in nurseries. The author calls attention, however, to the desirability of eliminating the seedling root entirely with the view of doing away with the numerous ill effects of poor unions and the develop- ment of definite and standard root systems, with which the injuries from root aphis and kindred difficulties might be reduced or entirely eliminated. Further work is planned along this line. A test was made relative to the influence of scion selection in improving yields. The scions from supposedly superior individual trees were top grafted chiefly on Northern Spy stock and ordinary nursery trees of the same varieties were planted alongside for comparison. The relative yields from the two classes of trees as shown for eight varieties for the seventh year of growth are not sufficiently decisive, either to approve or condemn the practice of scion selection. The results as a whole thus far do not warrant anyone in paying materially higher prices for so-called pedigreed trees. Another experiment is being conducted to determine the best stocks for use in top grafting. The Jonathan, Tompkins King, and Grimes apples were all top grafted on Northern Spy, Tolman, Wolf River, Paragon, and Champion stocks and compared with nursery-grown trees of these three varieties grafted on seed- ling roots. In all cases, except one, those of varieties top grafted on Wolf River, the top-grafted trees on known stocks have made a better average growth during the period, 190S to 3914, than those grafted on seedling roots in the nursery. Among the various stocks the trees developed on the Paragon are now distinctly in the lead, with those on Tolman coming second. The superiority of these two stocks for Grimes and Tompkins King is very marked so far as growth is concerned. In smoothness of unions the Tolman and Champion are probably best, with Paragon next, except with grafts of the Jonathan, Avith which variety the Paragon stock has tended to outgrow the scions. Northern Spy stock has averaged third in growth and is about equal to Paragon in unions. Although making an excellent trunk and root system, it is considered less desirable than either Tolman or Paragon for stock purposes owing to its unusual tardiness in starting growth in the spring. Attention is called to some interesting relations between certain stocks and scions observed by S. Fraser, of Geneseo, N. Y. This nurseryman finds that the Twenty-Ounce top grafted on Baldwin makes from ,50 to KH) per cent better trees in five to eight years than when worked on Northern Spy. The Wealthy does very poorly on Rhode Island Greening, whereas Rhode Island Greening does very well on Wealthy. Hubbardston scions top grafted on Ben Davis, Northern Spy, and Tolman resulted in such peculiar changes in twig color that they could not be used with safety for further scion wood until they had proved their identity by coming into bearing. Four experiments in dynamiting orchard soils were started in 1912. Two of these were on orchards just being planted and two on 25-year-old Baldwin trees which had become more or less sod bound. Briefly stated the results for a period of three years have failed to show any appreciable benefits, either in the young or the old orchards. In one experiment started in 1908 the orchard was divided into 45-tree plats, each involving three varieties of trees. The following treatments have been followed annually : Tillage, tillage and intercrop, tillage and cover crop, cover crop and manure, cover crop and fertilizer, mulch, mulch and manure, and mulch and fertilizer. Data secured on moisture, growth, and yield at the close of a 7-year period show practically no difference between the clean tillage plat and the plat tilled early in the season and sown to an annual cover crop of a mixture of red and crimson clover. The use of a tilled annual intercrop early 3451°— No. 3—15 4 240 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. in the season followed by a late cover crop of rye resulted in nearly 12.5 per cent more tree growth than for trees under either tillage or tillage with a cover crop. In general all of the mulching methods gave better results than the tillage methods. The author concludes relative to this test that the best soil management in a young orchard is the one which conserves the moisture best. This gives the largest growth and earliest fruiting under most conditions. The moisture is conserved most efficiently by a good mulch of strawy manure or other plant materials, which should be accompanied by proper protection against mice. Where sufficient mulching materials are not available proper tillage and cover crops should give satisfactory results. On good tillable soil and with the trees well mulched the use of tilled intercrops is the most prac- tical method of orchard development. The financial returns from intercrops of potatoes in these experiments have usually run from $40 to $50 an acre even on the very poor soil involved. Among the annual cover crops buckwheat, hairy vetch, and millet rank high. It is suggested that the buckwheat may be harvested by high cutting or heading probably without materially reducing its favorable influences on the adjacent trees. The use of alfalfa in the orchard not only furnished an abundant supply of mulching material around the young trees, but under favorable conditions it may also afford a considerable surplus for hay. The mulch should be heavy enough to prevent the alfalfa from growing in competition with the principal tree roots. This system of management gave better results than any kind of annual tillage during the first seven years. In the older bearing orchards, where the mulch-producing area is small, three courses are suggested — mulching materials may be brought in, a tillage system, preferably by disking, may be adopted, or it may be possible to replace both by a proper system of fertilization. The fertilizer experiments as a whole have shown that the fertility needs are often most important in the older orchards (E. S. R., 29, p. 437). In lieu of specific information relative to the needs of such orchards annual applica- tions of either stable manure at the rate of 6 or 8 tons per acre or a commercial fertilizer carrying about 6 iDer cent nitrogen, 8 per cent phosphoric acid, and 4 per cent potash at the rate of about 500 lbs. per acre ai*e recommended. On young trees applications of plant food alone have given as a rule but little benefit except in the presence of an abundance of moisture. In a few cases some actual injury has apparently resulted to young trees from rather heavy applications of commercial materials especially rich in the more soluble forms of potash. Hence a good mulch of manure is believed the best general application for young trees. Where this is not available moderate surface applications of the above noted general fertilizer are recommended. Making old orchards profitable, L. Greene {Iowa Sta. Circ. 20 (1915), pp. 3-32, figs. IJf). — This circular summai'izes the principal results secured in an apple orchard survey of Mills County, Iowa (E. S. R., 32, p. 540). Stock influence upon the vintage quality and other characters of apples, B. T. P. Barker ( Vniv. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Eort. Research Sta., 1913, pp. 97-102). — The results of analyses made under the direction of the National Fruit and Cider Institute for a number of years lead to the conclusion that the influence of the intermediate stock on the vintage quality is very slight, if it exists at all. Analytic data on fruit juice from various trees in 1913 with average data for the period 1908-1913 are given. The cacao tree in the State of Bahia, L. Zehntner (Le Cacaoyer dans VEtat (le Bahia. Berlin: R. Friedlander d 8ohn, 1914, PP- XII-\-156, pU. 49). — An account of cacao culture in Bahia, based upon travel studies made by the author HORTICULTUBE. 241 during 1909 and 1911. Tlie region of cacao culture is briefly described and con- sideration is given to tlie establishment of plantations, management, production, financial returns, varieties, harvesting and preparation, statistics, diseases and insect pests, transportation, and the relation of the State to the cacao industry. . Citrus fertilization experiments in Porto Rico, C. F. Kin man {Porto Rico Sta. Bui. 18 {1915), pp. 33, pis. 2, figs. 2). — ^This bulletin reports cooperative fer- tilizer experiments in citrus groves which were started in 1905 by H. C. Hen- ricksen, continued by M. J. lorus, and completed by the author. In order to determine the comparative effects of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, both comiDlete and incomplete mixtures of these elements secured from various sources were applied. The results secured in three different groves are here presented in tabular form and discussed. The results of the work as a whole show a pronounced effect on both trees and quantity of fruit due to fertilization. This effect was greatest as to trunk, top, and leaf growth, and as to leaf color where a complete fertilizer was given. The difference in leaf color appeared to be most pronounced during periods of drought. In one grove the color was poorest in the plat given no phosphoric acid and in another grove the color was poorest where no nitrogen was given. The growth in the check plats was so slow and unsatisfactory that all except one were discontinued before the conclusion of the experiments. The appear- ance and growth of the trees in plats given a complete fertilizer were practi- cally the same, except that in a plat given nitrogen in the form of dried blood they were not so thrifty. The weight of fruit harvested from check plats was only 27 per cent of that harvested from complete fertilizer plats. In one grove the gain in yield by plats given three elements over those given two was 80 per cent and in the other 44 per cent. Of the trees receiving only two elements those given no potash bore more than those given no phosphoric acid. The trees receiving no nitrogen gave the poorest yields. The average weight of the fruit per hundred was heavier in the plats given no nitrogen than in those where phosphoric acid or potash was omitted. The differences in yield between plats receiving muriate of potash and sulphate of potash were too slight to indicate the superiority of one form over the other. No differences were noted between these plats in respect to quality, flavor, or color of the fruit. In one grove where nitrogen was applied in the form of nitrate of soda the yield was but 83.7 per cent of that where an equal amount of nitrogen was given in the form of sulphate of ammonia. In another grove, however, there was practically no difference resulting from the two treatments. On the basis of the results of these experiments dried blood appears to be a somewhat less favorable source of nitrogen for citrus fruits than either sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda. No marked difference in flavor of fruit was observed result- ing from the application of different fertilizers. There was also no apparent difference in time of ripening of the fruit between the various fertilized plats. The fruit ripened earlier in the check plat than in the fertilized plats. Drug plants under cultivation, W. W. Stockbergeb {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 663 {1915), pp. 39, figs. S).— The author calls attention to a number of drug plants suitable for cultivation in the United States and gives general suggestions relative to the culture, harvesting, distillation, yielding, marketing, and commercial prospects for drug plants. Specific information secured from various sources in this department is then given relative to the cultivation, handling, and yield of individual species, including also available data relative to the demand and prices paid. 242 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. A bibliography of department publications dealing with drug plants is appended. Experiments in hybridizing Japanese flowers which appear to show a variation in Mendel's law, W. P. Jenny (Set. Amer. Sup., 79 (1915), No. 2036, pp. 18, 19; ahs. in Sci. Amer., 112 (1915), No. 8, p. 182).— The author found that the dry pollen of the white moonflower applied to the stigma is inert, and will not fertilize the ovary unless the pollen be wet with the fluid excreted upon the surface of the stigma of the moonflower. This discovery led to the series of experiments here described, in which the Japanese morning-glory was crossed with the white moonflovs^er. As a result of these experiments, extending over several years, it is concluded that hybrids of Japanese morning-glory with the white moonflower are subject to Mendel's law in only a limited way, if at all. This is believed to be due to the influence of the fluid excreted by the stigma of the moonflower. Crosses between the Japanese and American morning- glories arising from pollination by insects follow Mendel's law. Dwarf evergreens, G. V. Nash (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Oard., 16 (1915), No. 183, pp. 47-61, pis. 2). — The author briefly discusses the selection and care of ever- greens, and gives short descriptions of a number of dwarf evergreens, both coniferous and broad-leaved, which may be readily procured. Lists of evergreens for special purposes or conditions are also given. Lime and sulphur solutions, G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 53 (1915), pp. 2). — This is a revision of Circular 39 of the same series (E. S. R., 32, p. 338). FORESTEY. The National Forests and the farmer, H. S. Graves ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Year- hook 1914, PP- 65-88, pis. 6). — In this paper the author calls attention to many ways in which the National Forests influence the welfare and development of agricultural communities. Among the special benefits to the farmer here dis- cussed are the benefits through protection of water resources, through sup- plies of forest products, from grazing privileges, direct and indirect benefits from the establishment and maintenance of various industries utilizing the resources of the forests, and the benefits from public improvements built by the Government. The farm woodlot problem, H. A. Smith (U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1914, pp. 430-456, pis. 8). — An economic discussion of the farm woodlot problem in which consideration is given to the question of taxes, woocllots as sources of wealth, marketing difficulties, how the farmer may protect himself in marketing timber, and woodlot values, present and future. The new Massachusetts forest taxation law, F. W. Rane (Boston: State [1915], pp. 35, pis. 8). — This pamphlet contains the full text, with explanation, of the Massachusetts forest taxation law passed in the spring of 1914. Natural reforestation in the mountains of northern Idaho, H. B. Humphbey and J. E. Weaver (Plant World, 18 (1915), No. 2, pp. 31-41, figs. 9).— The authors here present the results of a study of various types of natural reforesta- tion as observed in the mountains of northern Idaho. [Report of progress on] forestry (Missouri Sta. Bui. 131 (1915), pp. ^78, 419). — A concise statement of progress made in forest investigations, carried on by E. C. Pegg during the year ended June 30, 1914. With the view of studying the methods of prolonging the service of wood fence posts about 550 posts, representing 25 species, were set in 1913. Exami- nation at the end of the first year showed no evidence of decay or fungus growth. Persimmon, honey locust, and a few cofCee-beau posts showed damage FORESTED 243 by borers. The creosote had leached out and discolored the soil to certain extent around some of the cottonwood, willow, and sycamore iwsts. A test of the effect of storage conditions on the \itality of forest tree seeds indicates that the vitality is low after they have been stored for two years, and that the proper methotl of storing forest tree seeds will depend upon the species to which any particular seed may belong. The preservation of structural timber, H. F. Weiss (Neio York and London: McGraic-Hill Book Compamj, Inc., 1915, pp. XVIII-{-312, pis. 47, figs. 32).— A text-book and manual of information dealing with the wood preserving Industry, the subject matter being based largely on lecture notes prepared by the author for civil engineering students at the University of Wisconsin. The introductory chapter deals with the importance and history of wood preservation. The succeeding chapters discuss the factors which cause the deterioration of structural timber, the effect of the structure of wood upon its injection with preservatives, the preparation of timber for its preservative treatment, processes and preservatives used in protecting wood from decay, the construction and operation of wood preserving plants, prolonging the life of cross-ties from decay and abrasion, prolonging the life of poles and cross- arms from decay and insects, prolonging the life of fence posts from decay, prolonging the life of piling and boats from decay and marine borers, prolong- ing the life of mine timbers, paving blocks, shingles, lumber, and logs, the protection of timber from fire and minor destructive agents, the strength and electrolysis of treated timber, and the use of substitutes for treated timber. Considerable information dealing with wood preservation, wood preserving processes, and data on the wood preserving industry of the United States, etc., is appended. The deterioration of lumber. — A preliminary study, M. B. Pratt (Cali- fornia >Sta. Bill. 252 {1915), pp. 301-320, figs. S).— In the study here reported lumber from three important timber species, viz, sugar pine (Piniis lam- hertiana), western yellow pine (P. ponderosa), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga iaxifolia), was under observation in the yards of a representative lumber com- pany in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California from the time it left the sawmill until it was shipped. Data were secured relative to the loss in grade due to air seasoning, kiln drying, and finishing, and the cau.ses leading to the loss. « The limited amount of data secured in this work show that the upper grades of sugar pine deteriorate much more in seasoning than either western yellow pine or Douglas fir. The average loss for all lumber tallied in unfinished upper grades of sugar pine through fall seasoning was approximately $12 per thou- sand board feet as compared with an average loss of $2..5S per thousand board feet through summer seasoning. One test in kiln drying sugar pine at the same temperature as western yellow pine and Douglas fir indicated that the deteriora- tion in the upper grades of sugar pine lumber would be much less if kiln dried than when air dried in the spring or fall. Until tlie matter of kiln drj-ing of sugar pine has been worked out more satisfactorily, however, it seems preferable to air dry the summer-cut stock. Blue stain and brown stain, the greatest sources of depreciation in sugar pine lumber, are largely the result of i)oor drying conditions due to imperfect circulation of air, poorly drained soil, failure of a pile to shed rain water, or damp, rainy weather. The author concludes that since a large loss is liable to occur in air-.seasoned sugar pine owing to the sensitiveness of the wood to blue stain and brown stain the value should be fixed in accordance with the ultimate grade and value of the species rather than its grade and value at the saw. 244 EXPEElMENff STATION EECOED. Since air-dried western yellow pine lumber checks so badly, it pays to kiln dry all of the upper grades. Approximately 80 per cent of western yellow pine tallied in this study retained the original grade as made at tbe mill after tbe lumber had been kiln dried and surfaced. The average loss through deteriora- tion during kiln drying of the upper grades was approximately $1.55 per thou- sand board feet. With lumber surfaced on two sides there was a further loss ranging from 51 cts. per thousand board feet in lumber taken directly from the kiln to $2.27 per thousand board feet in that stored in the sheds. Experience has shown that kiln drying is the only practical method of keeping up the grades of Douglas fir. Approximately 91 per cent of the upper grades of Douglas fir 1 in. in thickness retained, the original grade when shipi>ed after being kiln dried. The average loss through detei'ioration due to kiln drying was 53 cts. per thousand board feet for 1 in. lumber and $2.90 per thousand board feet for 2 in. lumber, which checks very badly. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Physiolog'ical relations of powdery mildews to their hosts, G. M. Reed (Missouri Sta. Bui. 131 {1015), pp. JfGfl, 1,70).— It is stated that absence of light during the growth of barley and wheat results in a marked decrease of infection by powdery mildew ; also a retardation in the development and a lengthening of the incubation period of the fungus. A marked correlation is noted between the violence of infection and the development of chlorophyll in etiolated plants. A connection between mildew attack and photosynthesis is indicated by the fact that wheat and barley grown in the presence of light, but in* the absence of carbon dioxid, remain free from mildew. Minei'al starvation of the plant confers upon it partial immunity as regards the fungus, but it does so indirectly by lessening the vigor of the host and so depriving the parasite of its proper nutriment. Such substances as manganese sulphate, potassium sulphate, and lithium bromid added to the soil may slightly decrease susceptibility in the host. Dwarfing host plants by a high content of mineral in the soil water has no effect as regards susceptibility to mildew. There seems to be a positive correlation between normal development on the part of the host and successful attack on the part of the fungus. Studies in the genus Phytophthora, J. Rosenbaum (Ahs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 6, pp. 394, 895). — A study is reported of a number of species of Phytophthora, 10 of which have been collected and grown in cultures. The results indicate that the kind of spores produced and the time of their appearance on a given medium is in some cases characteristic of the different species. Morphological studies also reveal characters of taxonomic importance. A great variation was found to exist in spoi-e forms. From inoculation experi- ments the author concludes that the parasitism of species of Phytophthora is of a rather low order. The Verticillium wilt problem, C. W. Caepenter (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 6, p. 393). — Verticillium wilts are said to have been reported on potato, okra, eggplant, snapdragon, and dahlia. Of the first three plants the parasite is said to be V. albo-atrum, while for dahlia wilt the cause is given as V. dahliw. In addition to attacking the hosts mentioned above, V. albo-atrum is believed to be the cause of a spontaneous wilt- ing of two cotton plants at Arlington, Va. It likewise occurs in the vascular system of the weeds Abutilon and Xanthium, and is also the cause of the wilt of snapdragon. Attention is called to some views regarding the classification of the genus and its species, and the desirability of a monographic study is pointed out. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 245 Classification of local rusts, J. P. Bennett (Missouri Sta. Bui. 131 (1915), p. Ii69). — It is statetl that there have now been collected and Identified G7 species of rust occurring on 127 hosts obtained from 443 collections. It is thought probable that there are still at least as many more species occurring in Boone County that have not yet been collected. The relation between Puccinia graminis and host plants immune to its attack, E. C. Stakman ( Ahs. in Pliytopathologij, Jf (1914), ^^o. 6, p. 400). — In continuation of previous studies (E. S. E., 31. p. 146), the author states that in many cases, both with cereals resistant to a biologic form of P. graminis and wheats resistant in varying degrees to attacks of P. graminis tritici, varying degrees of infection occurred. In some cases fairly large areas of the host tissue were killed outright, in others the discolored portions indicating the death of the host tissue were extremely small. In extreme cases no spots whatever are visible to the naked eye. A histological study of the infection in such cases indicates that small areas of the leaf, comprising sometimes only four or five cells are killed and the fungus is then unable to develop further. In the case of normal infection the killing of the cells by the hyphse does not seem to occur. Whether or not hypersensitiveness of the host plant toward P. graminis, which is unable to infect it. is a universal phenomenon is not yet determined. Grain smut infections and control, G. M. Reed (Missouri Sta. Bui. 131 (1915), p. 469). — In testing pure strains of wheat a wide range as regards sus- ceptibilit5' to bunt. (Tiiletia foetcns) was observed. A high degree of efliciency was indicated as regards the method of inoculation employed, which consisted simply in dusting the seed with the dry spores of the fungus. Treadwell proved to be less susceptible than Red Cross or Early Ripe. It has not yet been con- clusively shown that late planting results in a high pQreentage of smut, but it has been proved that a high degree of soil contamination with smut siiores causes smut in the subsequent crop. The necessity for aimual seed treatment of seed oats for loose smut (Ustilago Icevis) is indicated. A wide variation in susceptibility was noted, .some sup- posedly resistant varieties proving to be otherwise. The common method of treating seed oats with formalin (1 lb. to 40 gal. water) is said to be abso- lutely effective in preventing the smut. A bacterial leaf-spot disease of celery, I. C. Jaggeb (A'bs. in Phytopathology . 4 (1914), ^0. 6, p. 395). — The author reports having had under observation in central and western New York for the past five years an apparently undescribed leaf spot of celery. It is said to occur very commonly in that region, but so far only a few cases of noticeable injury to the crop have been observed. Spots of a rusty brown color, irregular in outline, are formed on the leaves, from which bacteria have been repeatedly isolated and characteristic spots reproduced by inoculation. The bacterial siiots closely resemble those due to Septoria, being distinguished by means of the pycnidia in the spots formed by the fungus. Downy mildew of cucumbers, G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 51 (1915). pp. 2, fig. i).— This is a revision of Circular 40 (E. S. R., 32, p. 342). The control of onion smut, G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 52 (1915), pp. 4, figs. 4).— This is a revision of Circular 41 (E. S. R., 32, p. 342). Leaf spot and some fruit rots of peanut, F. A. Wolf (Afts. in Phytopathology, "4 (1914), A'o. 6, p. 397). — The substance of this note has been previously given (E. S. R., 32, p. 546). Effect of temperature on germination and growth of the common potato scab organism, M. Shapovalov (U. S. Dept. Agr., .Jour. Agr. Research, 4 (1915), No. 2, pp. 129-134, pl- 1, fig- !)■ — This is a brief account of studies on the potato scab organism formerly known as Oospora scaMes, but recently claimed by Lutman and Cunningham (E. S. R., 32, p. 546) to be identical with Actino- 246 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. myces chromogenus. Several strongly pathogenic strains were studied at tlie Maine Experiment Station after being isolated from diseased specimens from Maine, Vermont, and Wisconsin. It is stated that while temperatures of 35 to 40° C. are most favorable for germination of the gonidia, they are unfavorable for long continued growth, although at 35° a stimulating effect was produced at first. The maximum temperature for growth is about 40.5°, the optimum 25 to 30°, and the minimum about 5°. Involution forms appeared abundantly when 0.25 per cent of potassium mono- phosphate was included in a synthetic culture medium, but none resulted from temperature conditions. The use of sulphur for the control of potato scab, H. C. Lint (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 6, pp. S96, 397). — Investigations have been car- ried on to obtain data regarding the effectiveness of sulphur for the control of potato scab, and also to determine the influence of the various factors involved. The results thus far obtained indicate that spring applications are more satis- factory than fall applications. The benefits derived from the use of sulphur were greater when applied to land on which no cover crop had been grown the preceding season than on land where such a crop had been used. Seed treat- ment with formaldehyde and the application of sulphur to the soil gave better results than the sum of these two treatments used separately. Broadcasting of the sulphur on the soil after planting is considered the best method of appli- cation. When used in connection with fertilizers, sulphur was found more effective with ammonium sulphate than with sodium nitrate, with acid phos- phate than with steamed bone, and with muriate than with sulphate of potash. Seedling diseases of sugar beets and their relation to root rot and crown rot, H. A. Edson {U. 8.*Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 (1915), No. 2, pp. 135-16S, pis. 11). — ^A study is reported of damping off in beets, also of another seedling trouble designated as root sickness, together with associated rots of the growing or of the mature root. Some factors influencing the health of the plants, as alkali injury, are also discussed. Four fungi casually related to damping off are Phoma hetw, Rhizoctonia sp., thought to be identical with Corticium vagum solani, Pythiiim deharyanum, and an undescribed member of the Saprolegneacese. While plants attacked by the first two may recover temporarily or permanently, those suffering from the other two usually succumb. Phoma and Rhizoctonia produce a characteristic decay in mature beets, the former infecting primarily the seedling and remaining after recovery in a dormant condition on the host, developing occasionally a charac- teristic black rot on growing beets in the field, and being noted frequently on beets in storage. It may destroy the root or appear on the seed stalk and the mature seed. Control measures are to be sought in proper cultural methods and seed treat- ment looking to the production of uninfected seed. P. deharyanum is capable of attacking the feeding roots of the beet throughout its vegetative period, and may attack the mature beets. Rhizopus'iiigricans is found to attack the tissue of dead or dormant sugar beets, producing a characteristic decay. A bibliography of cited literature is appended. Phoma betas on the leaves of the sugar beet, Venus W. Pool and M. B. McKay (J7. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1915), No. 2, pp. 169-178, pi. 1). — ^The authors found that P. hetw produces a characteristic infection on leaves that have a stomatal count of CO to 100 per square millimeter on the upper leaf surface, a low physiological condition permitting infection of all except the DISEASES OF PLANTS. 247 heart leaves. The spots bearing pycnidia usually appear during July and August on old or yellowing leaves near the ground, the pycnospores being dis- seminated by such agencies as beet balls, wind, irrigation water, insects, and manure. P. hetcc in leaf tissue is killed in * hour by dry heat of 80 to 90° C, in 3 months by storage in boxes of soil exposed to outdoor conditions, in 5 to 8 months by burial in the ground, but apparently in 2 mouths by ensiling. A period of one year seems sufficient to eliminate P. hctm from an infected field, with the possible exception of the mycelium in a sugar beet root or mother beet stalk. No evidence of a perfect stage of the organism was found. Blossom-end rot of tomatoes, C. Brooks {ISIew Hampshire Sta. Sci. Contrib. 8 {I91.'t). pp. 345-374, i)ls. 3, figs. 5). — A reprint of an article previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 343). Resistance to Cladosporium fulvum in tomato varieties, J. B. S. Norton {Ahs. in Phi/topathologn, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 39S). — The author reports a study of 25G plants of 14 varieties of tomato grown in the greenhouse in the early spring of 1914, nearly all of which were badly affected with Cladosporium, except Stone and Sterling Castle, which were practically immune. Loss from mosaic disease of tomato, J. B. S. Norton (Abs. in Phytopathol- (^9V, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 398). — The author reports the extensive occurrence of a mosaic disease of tomato in Maryland. Greenhouse experiments showed that the plants first attacked by the disease bore scarcely less weight of friiit than those which remained healthj^ longest, but healthy plants set 33 per cent more fruit than infected ones. Orchard experiments in 1914, M. T. Cook and G. W. Martin {Ahs. in Phyto- pathology, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 394)- — A brief account is given of experiments carried on by the New Jersey Experiment Stations, in which finely divided sul- phur was applied to peach orchards. The results indicate that scab was successfully controlled, although some of the trees were partly defoliated. On apple trees finely divided sulphur did not give as good results as lime sul])hur. Hosts of brown rot Sclerotinia, J. S. Norton {Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 398). — Inoculation experiments with conidia of the common brown rot fungus of orchard fruits have shown that conidia developed on the cherry, wild-goose plum, blackberry, Japanese plum. Damson plum, green corn, pear, peach, apple, wild black cherry, strawberry, crab ai)i)le, Crataegus, Pyrus bctulifolia, dried prune, peach, apricot, and raisin. About 50 species of plants, including Rosa, Amelanchier, Rubiis occidcntalis, P. a rb lit i folia, and Cydonia japonica, showe-as the one pest of most vital importance to horticul- ture in the State steps were at once taken to assist in its eradication. Spray experiments are said to show that two applications, one in late fall and one in the spring before the buds open, are required in the case of badly infested orchards. Where but one application is made equal results are obtained from a late fall or early spring application. It is stated that so far as the control of the San Jose scale alone is concerned, lime-sulphur and commercial miscible oils gave practically the same results. 254 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Notes on Coccidae found in Peru, E. W. Rust {Jour. Econ. EnL, 7 {19U), No. 6, pp. 467-473).— A discussion of the occurrence of some twenty species of CoccidsB in Peru. Report on the gipsy moth work in New England, A. F. Burgess ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 204 {1915), pp. 32, pis. 11, figs. 3).— This Is a report of progress in the work against the gipsy moth now under way by the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, especially that with parasites. The importance of bring- ing forest lands into a growth which is unfavorable to the development of the gipsy moth is emphasized. Maps which show the dispersion of natural enemies in New England, includ- ing Apantelcs lacteicolor, Compsihira concimmta, and Calosoma sycophanta; the towns in New England in which silvicultural experiments are being con- ducted; the areas in New England infested with the gipsy and brown-tail moths in 1014 ; and the gipsy moth quarantine districts are attached. Wilt of gipsy moth caterpillars, R. W. Glaser ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1915), No. 2, pp. 101-128, pis. 4, figs, i?).— This is a summarized account of the present status of our linowledge of the wilt disease of gipsy moth caterpillars, based upon a review of the literature and investigations carried out by the author, an employee of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department. The data presented have been summarized as follows: " The wilt of gipsy moth caterpillars is a true infectious disease that is dis- tributed over the entire territory infested by the gipsy moth. Epidemics of the disease occur only in localities heavily infested by the gipsy moth. Climatic conditions appear to bear an important relation to wilt in the field. The disease is more prevalent among older than among younger caterpillars, but small caterpillars also die of it in the field. No diagnosis of wilt is valid unless polyhedra are demonstrated microscopically. There is no account of the occurrence of wilt in America prior to 1900. Minute dancing granules may be observed in wet smears. Polyhedra are probably reaction bodies belonging to the highly differentiated albumins, the nucleoproteids. The pathology of wilt does not vary with the age of the caterpillars. The polyhedra originate in the nuclei of the tracheal matrix, hyiwdermal, fat, and blood cells. The nuclei of the tracheal matrix and blood cells seem to be the first tissue nuclei affected. Many minute violently dancing granules are found in the pathological nuclei of fresh tissue. Giemsa's stain demonstrates many little granules in the nuclei of diseased tissue sections. The alimentary canal seems to be the last organ in the body to disintegrate. " Two types of blood corpuscles exist in normal hemolymph. Two types of pathological blood corpuscles exist in diseased caterpillars. The blood is a fairly reliable index of a caterpillar's condition. The blood test is impracticable for large experimental series. Bacteria are not etiologically related to wilt. The virus of wilt is filterable with difficulty. Such a filtrate is free from bac- teria and polyhedral bodies. Caterpillars that have died from infection with filtered virus are flaccid, completely disintegrated, and full of polyhedra. Minute dancing granules were observed in the Berkefeld filtrate. These may be identical with certain granules observed in smears and tissue nuclei and may be etiologically significant. The incubation period of wilt varies, and tem- perature at times seems to bear an imiiortant relation to this variation. A large number of caterpillars used in the experiments died of disturbances In their normal physiological activities. The success of wilt infection experiments is absolutely dependent upon attention to seemingly insignificant details. Ge- netic immunity of certain individuals is probable. Active immunization with sublethal doses is possible. The polyhedral bodies may be stages of the fil- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 255 terable virus, but as yet no evidence to substantiate this view has been pro- duced. Infection naturally takes place through the mouth by means of the food. Some of the imported parasites may be imjjortant factors in aiding the dispersion of the vpilt disease. Although probable, there is no definite evidence as yet that wilt is transmitted from one generation to another." A list of IS titles relating to the subject is included. The squash- vine borer, F. H. Chittenden {U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 668 (1915), pp. 6, figs. 2).— A revision of Circular 38 of the Division of Ento- mology, in which a popular account is given of the distribution, food habits, natural history, and preventive and remedial measures for this pest. The verbena hud moth, D. E. Fink (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 226 (1915), pp. 7, pis. 3. fig. 1).—A summarized account of the life history and habits of, and of control measures for, the verbena bud moth (Olcthreutes hchesana). This moth appears to confine its injury solely to flowering plants, having been reared from tiger flower (Tigridia pavonia), snapdragon (AntirrJiinum spp.), flag (Iris spp.), hedge nettle (Stachys palustris), mullein (VerMscum thapsus), verbena (Verbena spp.), closed gentian (Oentiana andrewsii), and false fox- glove (Dasystoma flava). Injury is caused through its attacking the stems, feeding upon flower heads, webbing seed capsules together to feed upon the young and undeveloped seeds, and feeding upon dry seed pods. The eggs are deposited singly or in groups of from three to five on sepals of flower buds or along the upi)er part of the flower stalk and hatch in from seven to ten days. Under laboratory conditions the life cycle occupied 43 days as follows: Eggs deposited March 2 hatched March 10, the larvae pupated March 31, and the adults appeared April 14. During July and August in 1913 the life cycle was passed in 34 days. In the vicinity of Norfolk, Ya., where the observa- tions were made in cooperation with the A^irginia Truck Station, at least five or six generations are produced each year. The methods of control found effective against the larvae include the applica- tion of arsenicals and the cutting back and destroying of infested flower stalks. A bibliography of ten titles relating to the subject is included. The serpentine leaf -miner on cotton, E. A. McGregor (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 6. pp. U7-45If, figs. S).— A report of studies at Batesburg, S. C, of the dipterous leaf miner Agromy::a scV'tellafa on cotton. The paper supple- ments a general account of the pest by Webster and Parks, previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 857) in which they refer to it as A. pusilla. List of zoophagous Itonididae, E. P. Felt (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 6, pp. 458, 459). — A list is given of 29 reared species. Arthrocnodax constricta n. sp., E. P. Felt (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 6, p. 4S1)- — The itonidid here described was reared at Rio Piedras, P. R., from garden beans infested with the common red spider, upon which it is thought to be predaceous. The losses to rural industries through mosquitoes that convey malaria, D. L. Van Dine (Reprint from South. Med. Jour., 8 (1915). No. 3, pp. 184-194, figs. 2). — A discussion of the mosquito-malaria problem in the South and of investigations being carried on by the Bureau of Entomology of this Depart- ment. The investigations under way consist of survey work, climatological observations, biological and pathological work, and experimental control work. The details of an intensive study which is being made of malarial conditions on a plantation of 3,500 acres located at Mound, La., in a region on the Mis- sissippi where malaria is prevalent, are presented. It is shown that 48 out of 74 tenant families on the plantation were treated by the physician for malaria during the crop season of 1914, and that a total loss of 1,842 days, representing 3451°— No. S— 15 5 256 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 1,066 clays of adult time, resulted. Details relating to the occurrence of and loss of time from malaria are presented in tabular form. While three species of Anopheles, namely. Anopheles quadrimaculatus, A. pumttDennis, and A. crucians, occur in the vicinity of Mound, La., the first mentioned is by far the most abundant and is apparently the species concerned as the conveyor of malaria in that region. Observations on breeding places show that A. quadrimaculatus is partially domestic in its breeding habits. The introduction of a tachinid parasite of the sugar cane weevil borer in Hawaii, O. H. Swezey (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (WW, No. 6, pp. 455-451).— A de- scription of the manner in which Ceromasia sphenophori was introduced into Hawaii from British New Guinea. A reference to its introduction into Fiji by lUiug^-orth has previously been noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 350). This tachinid was first discovered at Amboina, in the East Indies in 1908, by Muir, where it parasitizes a weevil infesting sago palm. An attempt to in- troduce it into Hawaii from that locality failed on account of the relay stages of the journey having been too long. It was later discovered in British New Guinea destroying a high percentage of the borers in sugar cane. The first attempt to introduce the pest from New Guinea into Hawaii failed on account of the illness of Mr. Muir but a second attempt later was successful, living parasites having reached Honolulu in August, 1910. The author states that at the time of writing after a period of three years the parasites are established almost entirely throughout the sugar cane districts of the Hawaiian Islands, In plantations where the borers previously caused the greatest damage to cane, little damage is now occasioned. On the original habitat of Stomoxys calcitrans, F. Muir (Jour. Econ, Ent., 7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 459, 460).— The author believes that the stable fly originated in Africa. Susceptibility of Pollenia rudis to nicotin, P. J. Paerott {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 6, p. 487). — A nicotin preparation con.sisting of 90 per cent nicotin and 10 per cent water applied by means of a small wad of cotton to the sills at the base of window panes in laboratories at the New York State Station, where the " cluster fly " had been numerous and annoying, caused the death of a large percentage of the insects within a short period of time. The probable best method of rearing certain scarabaeid larvae, A. A. GiRAULT {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 4-'i5-447)- — A description of the author's method, developed at the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations in Queensland. Agrilus politus infesting roses, H. B. Weiss {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 438-440)- — During the course of nursery-inspection work in northern New Jersey attention was called to the death of standard roses, the stems of which were swollen somewhat at difl:erent points. The buprestid beetles which emerged apparently represent the species A. politus, previously recorded as reared only from willow. A new pest of cane in Fiji (Sphenophorus nebulosus), J. F. Illingwobth (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 4.}-J, ^//5).— This article deals with a small beetle borer resembling the ordinary cane borer {RhaMocnemis obscurus). It is apparently S. nebulosus, which, though exceedingly prolific, has as yet done little damage to sound cane in Fiji. Some ccccinellid statistics, H. E. Ewing {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 440-443, fi(f- !)■ — This article includes a table which shows the relative abundance of difi'erent species of coccinellids in five different situations, namely, on hops, thistles, lamb's quarters, kale, and vetch, and a diagram showing the relative numbers, expressed in percentage terms, of the total population of different species found in each patch. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 257 Notes on the rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus simplex), J. L. Webb (Jour. Econ. Ent.,7 (Wl/f), No. 6, pp. /f32-Jf3S, pi. 1, figs. 2).— These notes are supple- mentary to the accounts by Tucker (E. S. R., 27, p. 562) and Newell (E. S. R., 29, p. 259). Careful experiments are said to have determined that drainage is still the safest remedy for the rice water weevil. Effect of temperature upon the oviposition of the alfalfa weevil (Phy- tonomus posticus),^. II. Parks {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (lOUf), No. 6, pp. 417-421, pi. 1, fig. 1). — The author reports upon a series of oviposition experiments with P. posticus conducted at Salt Lake City in 1911 and 1912 in which the variation in mean daily temperature throughout the oviposition period of the weevils was compared with the rate of oviposition of the beetles kept in confinement. The relation between the curves representing temperature variation and ovi- position record was vei-y noticeable, and the mean daily temperature seemingly affects the progress of oviposition until well into the summer. The oviposition record of 16 beetles in 1912 shows 1,184 to have been the largest number of eggs deposited and 726 eggs per female the average for the series. In a series of experiments with 11 females collected from hibernation on December 20, 1911, and allowed to deposit eggs in the warm laboratory room during the winter and spring as high as 1,918 eggs were deposited by one female, the average number of eggs deposited being 913. Relation of the Arizona wild cotton weevil to cotton planting in the arid West, B. R. CoAD (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 233 (1915). pp. 12, pis. 4).— This bulle- tin deals with cotton growing in Arizona in its relation to the boll weevil, a variety of which (Anthonomus grandis thurberice) has been found developing on a wild cotton plant {Thurhcria thespesioides). Accounts relating to this pest by Cook (E. S. R., 29, p. 458), Pierce (E. S. R., 30, p. 56), Pierce and Morrill (E. S. R., 31, p. 350), and Coad (E. S. R., 31, p. 458) have been pre- viously noted The author discusses the distribution of this weevil and Thurberia, the life history of the weevil on cotton in the South and on Thurberia, nature of damage to cotton, food preferences, the transfer to cotton, etc., and give de- scriptions of the weevil stages. While existing on the wild cotton plant in some of the mountains of southeastern Arizona, the weevil seems to be particularly concentrated in the ranges surrounding Tucson. The author points out that while its attack may be transferred from the wild cotton plant to cultivated cotton in the Santa Cruz and Rillito Valleys, its present habits are such that it would not injure cotton greatly, although its habits may be changed to a cer- tain extent and more injurious ones acquired. " The present habits render it quite probable that the control of the Arizona form will be a very different problem from that of the cotton weevil and more easily solved. A careful watch should be maintained for the first appearance of the weevil on culti- vated cotton in order that it may be combated successfully." Notes on the life history of Prospaltella perniciosi, D. G. Toweb (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), No. 6, pp. 422-432 ) .—The author calls attention to the fact that P. perniciosi, which he previously described as new (E. S. R., 29, p. 459), is a true internal parasite, the larval forms living within the body tissues of the female San Jose scale except during the last part of the second larval stage, when the entire contents of the host are consumed by the larva, which then pupates in the empty skin of the scale. While the number of eggs deposited by an individual has not been determined, the author reports having obtained 1,364 developed eggs from 20 females selected as they emerged, giving an average of 68 developed eggs apiece. By rearing parasitized scales of the first stage in the laboratory at temperatures varying 258 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. from 68 to 72° F., it was found that tlie parasites reached maturity in from 36 to 39 days, while the parasites in the second stage scales matured in from 19 to 23 days. The winter is passed as undeveloped and partially developed eggs in the bodies of the first and second stage scales, and the first larval stage also winters over in the second stage scales and also in the bodies of second stage larval parasites. It is stated that these second-stage larvae are not ar- rested in their development by the second parasite witl^n them until after they have completed their growth and passed their waste. Since older forms of the parasite, such as the second stage larva, pupa, and adults, have not been observed to winter over, it appears that dormant or winter spraying will kill the parasite as well as the scale. The pi-edaceous enemies of the scale, such as Microweisia {Pentilki) mtsella, are destructive to the parasite in all its stages of development except the adult stage. On the capture of living insects by the cornfield ant (Lasius niger ameri- canus), W. P. Flint {Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {19U), No. 6, pp. //76-478).— The author records observations made every uight for nearly two months of the movements of the cornfield ant at Bloomington, 111. It was frequently noticed that on warm nights when the ants were very active they would attack and kill many small insects that came near their nests. Description of a new sawfly injurious to strawberries, S. A. Kohweb (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 (1914), ^^o. 6, pp. Jf79-481). — ^A new species which is the source of injury to strawberries in Iowa is described as Empria fragarice. The economic status of the fungus diseases of insects, R. W. Glasee (Jour. Econ. Ent., 7 {1914), No. 6, pp. 473-476).— A brief review. Harvest mites, or " chiggers," F. H. Chittenden (U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 671 {1915), pp. 7, figs. 3). — This is a revision of Circular 77 of the Division of Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 559). FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Air, water, and food from a sanitary standpoint, A. G. Woodman and J. F. Norton (New York, John Wiley er cent of protein from the entire kernel. " This plan of exi>erimentation [is believed to offer] a valuable method of comparison of the proteins from various sources, provided all deficiencies are made up by suitable additions." The comparative nutritive value of certain proteins in growth, and the problem of the protein minimum, T. B. Osborne, L. B. Mendel, et al. (Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 {1915), No. 3, pp. 351-378, figs. 10).— In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 31, p. 558), relative to the importance of amino acids in mainte- nance and growth, the authors report further feeding experiments with labora- tory animals (rats). The diet used contained protein-free milk and milk fat with varying amounts of casein, edestin, lactalbumin, and several other proteins. It was found that growth could be facilitated or repressed at will by the addition or withdrawal of cystin from a diet containing 9 i>er cent of casein. With only 9 per cent of lactalbumin in the food, growth was about normal. This protein contains both lysin and tryptophan in relative abundance, which it is thought make up a more perfect balance in the proportion of the amino acid groups essential to nutritive efficiency. It would seem from these and similar observations that the- amino acid content of proteins is an index of the comparative values of these proteins as nutrients in gi'owth. The required minimum of the protein lowest in its yield of any one amino acid essential to maintenance or growth may be expected to exceed greatly that of some other protein containing an abundance of the neces- sary amino acid. Further observations of the influence of natural fats upon growth, T. B. Osborne, L. B. Mendel, et al. {Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 {1915), No.. 3, pp. 379-389, figs. 6). — In previous experiments (E. S. R., 31, p. 560) the authors have ob- served that if rats are given a ration consisting of isolated and purified pro- FOODS — HUMAN NUTEITION. 263 tein, a carbohydrate like starch, protein-free milk, and commercial lard, they usually grow normally for about three months, but never attain their full size. A partial or complete cessation of growth which results in a decline of body weight occurs sooner or later, and ultimately ends in death if the diet is not changed. The authors found that if part of the lard were replaced by other natural fats recovery resulted. The results obtained in the present series of experiments are summarized as follows : "The failure of lard to promote growth in the same manner as do other natural fats (i. e., butter fat, egg yolk fat, cod liver oil) is not attributable to deteriorating changes arising from heat or chemical agents in the commercial manufacture of the jiroduct. Heating butter fat with steam does not destroy its growth-promoting efficiency. " Beef fat also renders the inefficient diets used by us more suitable for pro- ducing growth in rats than does lard. " When butter fat and beef fat are subjected to fractional crystallization from alcohol, the growth-promoting factor remains in the mother liquid or ' oil ' fractions. The fractions containing the fats with high melting points are ineffective." Purin metabolism of man. — III, The decomposition of purin compounds in the digestive canal, Y. O. Siven {Pfliiger's Arch. Physiol., 151 {1914), -A'o. 11-12, pp. 582-586). — It was found by artificial digestion experiments that the purin compounds contained in bouillon were easily decomposed by cultures of Bacillus coli. It is concluded that the loss (about 50 per cent) which the exog- enous purins undergo during their passage through the human organism occurs in the digestive canal, principally due to the action of the intestinal bacteria. See also former work (E. S. R., 29, p. 63). The metabolism of vegetarians as compared with the metabolism of non- vegetarians of like weight and height, F. G. Benedict and P. Roth (Jour. Biol. Chein., 20 (1915), No. 3, pp. 231-241)- — Employing a unit respiration appa- ratus, investigations were carried out to study the metabolism of vegetarians and nonvegetarians, both male and female. In a discussion of the experi- mental data the authors conclude " that living upon a vegetarian diet for a longer or shorter period does not fundamentally alter the basic gaseous metabolism. . . . "The average respiratory quotient found with the 22 vegetarians (i. e., 11 men and 11 women) was 0.S3, while the average quotient found with 132 indi- viduals subsisting on a mixed diet (77 men and 55 women) was O.Sl. This difference is slight and is wholly incompatible with the belief that vegetarians, when in the post-absorxitive condition, have available any considerably larger proportion of easily combustible carbohydrate material than have nonvege- tarians." The metabolism of athletes as compared with normal individuals of similar height and weight, F. G. Benedict and H. M. Smith (Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 (1915), No. 3, pp. 243-252). — In these experiments the authors studied the effect upon basal metabolism of abnormal amounts of protoplasm such as are present in the body of the trained athlete. The subjects of the experiments were divided into groups of approximately equal weight and height, each group including athletes and nonathletes. The average heat production per kilogram of body weight was for the athletes 26 calories and for the nonathletes 24.4 calories. The heat production per square meter of body surface was for the athlete 863 calories and for the nonathlete 807 calories. 264 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. From these experiments the authors conclude as follows: "Athletes have a somewhat higher metabolism, both per kilogram of body weight and per square meter of body surface, than do the nonathletes with whom we have compared them. . . . " The greatly increased proportion of active protoplasmic tissue present in the trained, hardened athlete is alone sufficient to account for the increase in the metabolism, and . . . this is not only an absolute increase, but from the nature of the comparison the metabolism is likewise increased per kilogram of body weight and per square meter of body surface. It would thus apiiear that the increase in the metabolism noted with athletes points strongly toward the earlier conception that the catabolism of the body is proportional not to the sur- face of the body, but to the active mass of protoplasmic tissue." A comparison of the basal metabolism of normal men and womien, F. G. Benedict and L. E. Emmes {Jour. Biol. C'hon., 20 {1915), No. 3, pp. 253-262).-^ In this investigation the metabolism of SO normal men and G8 normal women was studied. The computed heat production for 24 hours per kilogram of body weight averaged 25.5 calories for men and 24.9 calories for women. From these observations the general deduction is drawn that the metabolism of men is from 5 to 6 per cent gi'enter than that of women of like weight and height. Factors affecting' basal metabolism, F. G. Benedict {Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 {1915), No. 3, pp. 263-299, figs. 6). — In this paper the author draws general deductions from a large number of metabolism experiments, which have been made for various purposes, with a view to determining the most important factors affecting basal metabolism. These deductions may be summarized in part as follows: " Unquestionably body weight plays an important part. In general, large bodies give off larger amounts of heat than smaller ones, but there is no direct relationship between the total body weight and the total heat production. , . . " Careful analysis of metabolism measurements obtained on athletes, normal men and women, and normal and atrophic infants, leads to the conclusion that the metabolism or heat output of the human body, even at rest, does not depend upon Newton's law of cooling, and is, therefore, not proportional to the body sur- face. While certain disturbances in this supposed relationship between the heat production and the body surface may correctly be ascribed to errors in the formulas used for computing body surface, nevertheless the vast bulk of the evidence shows that the variations between metabolism and body surface are far outside of any possible errors in formulas." The proportion of inert I)ody fat and active tissue greatly affects basal metabolism, and on this basis is explained the greater metabolism of athletes as conipnred with non;\thletes. " The apparent influence of sex, as brought out in the comparison of the metabolism of men and women, may also be attributed to the greater proportion of inert body fat in the latter, with a consequent smalleK amount of active protoplasmic tissue." The effect of height upon basal metabolism is "due without doubt to the fact that the taller individual has the larger amount of active protoplasmic tissue. All these variables deal directly with the mass of the heat producing organism ; i. e., the amount of active protoplasmic tissue." •> Another very important factor is the stimulus to cellular activity which is influenced by several factors. " One of these factors is age, and it has been noted that with the growing organism of youth there is a much greater cellular activity than with the adult, and a consequent higher metabolism. It has been brought out, however, that in old age there may be actual atrophy of protoplas- mic material. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 265 " Sleep lias also been shown to have an influence upon the basal metabolism, the stimulus to the cellular activity being greater with an individual when he is lying awake than when he is asleep. " Considerable fluctuations in the basal metabolism have been found from day to day not only with a fasting man, but with normal individuals studied over considerable periods of time. These variations could not logically be attributed to changes in body weight or body surface, and obviously there was no change in height. Even in the course of 24 hours the fasting subject was found to have three distinct metabolic planes, showing clearly a diurnal varia- tion in the stimulus to the cellular activity. " Still other factors considered as influencing the stimulus to cellular ac- tivity are prolonged fasting, the character of the preceding diet, and the after effects of severe muscular work. " Fi'om the evidence gathered with the various subjects studied it is clear that the basal metabolism of an individual is a function, first, of the total mass of active protoplasmic tissue, and second, of the stimulus to cellular activity existing at the time the measurement of the metabolism is made. Apparently at pi'esent no law can be laid down that will cover both of these important variables in the basal metabolism of an individual." A respiration apparatus for small animals, F. G. Benedict (Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 (1915), No. 3, pp. 301-81.1, figs. 3).— A description is given of a modi- fied universal respiration apparatus of the closed-circuit type, which was de- signed for the measurement of the carbon dioxid production and oxygen con- sumption of small laboratory animala It is also provided with a device for graphically recording the muscular activity of the animal. The results are reported of test experiments with the rabbit and the guinea pig. Corrections in bomb calorimetry, G. N. Huntly {.Analyst, 40 (1915), No. 467, pp. 4^-48)- — ^This article, which is supplemental to an earlier one,*' gives nu- merous other corrections which are to be applied in bomb calorimetry. ANIMAL PRODUCTION". Animal husbandry {Missouri 8ta. Bui. 131 {1915), pp. .f,66-.',G9, figs. 2).— Notes on the following investigations are presented: Age as a factor in animal hreeding, by F. B. Mumford and L. A. Weaver. — The results seem to indicate that early pregnancy and lactation causes arrested development in the mother. Pregnancy itself did not cause retarded growth. The growth curves of young pregnant sows followed the same general direction as the growth curves of young nonpregnant sows when each was subjected to the same conditions of food, shelter, and exercise. The growth curves of young sows with suckling pigs, compared with the growth curves of nonsuckling sows of similar age and breeding, give evidence of the retarding effect of lactation on the growth. Use of feed experiment, by H. O. Allison. — In this experiment comparing the influence of various planes of nutrition upon breeding cattle, no definite con- clusions have been reached, but indications are that the higher the plane of nutrition the more food there is required for beef production. Preparation of corn for fattening steers, by H. O. Allison. — Five lots of six choice 2-year-old steers each were fed a ration composed of corn silage, hay, cotton-seed meal, and corn prepared in various ways. The steers receiving finely ground corn chop made the highest average daily gain and the greatest "Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 29 (1910), No. 15, pp. 919-921. 266 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD; profit per steer. More beef and pork were produced from a bushel of corn by the lot which received broken ear corn. This lot produced the second highest profit per steer. Forage crop rotations for porlc production, by L. A. Weaver. — It was found that after deducting the gain put on by com fed to hogs grazing on different forage crop plats, the returns per acre with pork at 7 cts. per pound were as follows : With rape, oats, and clover, $47.04 ; rape and oats, $44.10 ; rape in rows (cultivated), $44.95; rape broadcasted, $34.09. Relative efficiency of pregnant mares for farm ivorlc, by E. A. Trowbridge, E. H. Hnghes, and S. T. Simpson. — The results indicate that draft mares can produce healthy and normal foals and still do their share of ordinary farm labor. Mares with suckling foals show a greater loss in weight in the spring and summer seasons than do mares not suckling. Mares nursing foals make very rapid gains in weight after weaning. Feeding wheat to fattening swine, by L. A. Weaver. — A ration composed of corn, wheat, and tankage 5:5:1, or of wheat and tankage 10 : 1, made very economical gains on swine. When wheat was fed in one of the above combina- tions more gain was produced than when it was fed alone or with corn only, and more gain was produced by com alone or com and tankage 10 : 1. A study of the residual effects of forage crops for swine, by L. A. Weaver. — The first year's work indicates that there is but slight advantage in feeding hogs that have been previously on pasture, as compared to hogs that have been previously kept in a dry lot. Self-feeders for fattening swine, by L. A. Weaver. — A slight advantage has been observed in feeding pigs by a self-feeder over the ordinary method of feeding. Some factors affecting fetal development, J. M. Ewaed (Proc. Iowa Acad. 8ci., 20 {1913), pp. 325-330). — This is a jirogress report of work being carried on at the Iowa Experiment Station to determine the effect of the nutrition of the dam during the pregnancy period upon the developing fetus. Studies with five lots of 5 gilts each have been previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 574). Three lots of 10 yearling sows each and four lots of 12 ewes each were also fed upon different feed stuffs with the following results : Effect on offspring of feed fed pregnant swine and ewes. Daily pregnancy ration. Offspring record. Kind of dam. Com. Meat moal. Clover hay. Al- falfa. on meal. Si- lage. Average number of off- spring born. Average weight of off- spring born. Vigor. Strong. Me- dium. Weak. Dead. Sow.. Lhs. 4.97 4.U 4.06 .802 .799 .587 1.021 Lhs. Us. Lhs. Lhs. Lhs. 9.2 10.1 8.8 1.67 1.75 1.67 1.33 Lhs. 1.85 2.42 2.22 6.58 7.91 7.44 8.36 Per ct. 41 85 76 60 85 80 81 Per ct. 35 5 15 30 5 20 19 Per ct. 20 5 5 5 5 0 0 Per ct. 4 Do. .500 5 Do. 1.129 4 Ewe. 2.91 5 Do. 2.71 5 Do. i.74 2.88 4.72 Q Do. 0 From this it is seen that the supplemented rations not only produced larger but stronger pigs at birth. Even though the carbohydrates were limited as in the meat-meal lots, the increase in protein and ash was such as to influence ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 267 markedly the size aud strength of the newborn pigs. The meat-meal ration gave somewhat better results than where a vegetable protein supplement such as lin- seed-oil meal was allowed. It was noted that both meat meal and oil meal in- creased the coat as well as the color of the skin. The meat meal produced a larger bone than oil meal, and both of these surpassed corn alone. Attention is called to the small number of offspring per ewe in the corn silage lot, which contributes largely to the increased size of the young. Where silage was fed in addition to clover the vigor and size of the offspring was in- creased, whereas alfalfa as compared with clover, being richer in protein and ash than clover, produced the strongest and largest lambs, even though there were more of them. It is stated that more recent experiments have shown quite clearly that cotton-seed meal added to corn and corn silage increases the strength as well as the size of the offspring. On the variation in the growth of mammalian tissue in vitro according to the age of the animal, A. J. Walton (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 88 {1915), No. B 606, pp. 476-482, pi. i).— The author concludes from his investi- gations that "growth of tissues in vitro affords a valuable means of investiga- tion as to the effects of age upon growth. The tissues of young animals grow more rapidly and vigorously than those of adult animals. The plasma of young animals is a much less suitable medium for the growth of tissue in vitro than the plasma of old animals. The uusuitability of the plasma of young animals as a medium is probably due to the presence of an increased amount of some inhibiting substance." The English rabbit and the question of Mendelian unit-character con- stancy, W. E. Castle and P. B. Hadley (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1 {1915), No. 1, pp. 39-42, figs. 6). — In breeding experiments with rabbits the authors disprove the idea of unit-character constancy, or " gametic purity." It is said that " if crossing is likely to produce considerable changes in the characters which it is desired to combine in a new race, it is evident that Mendelian crosses must be used judiciously and with caution by the practical breeder," and that " if unit characters are not constant, selection reacquires much of the importance which it was regarded as possessing in Darwin's scheme of evolution, an importance which many have recently denied to it. Breeding of farm animals, M. W. Haepee (New York: Orange Judd Co., 1914, PP- XyiI+335, figs. 104). — This is a general treatise on animal breeding designed for the farmer, breeder, and student. It discusses the fundamental principles underlying animal breeding such as development, selection, variation, and heredity, together with the more practical phases of the work. An appen- dix contains tables giving data as to breeds and breeders' associations. The jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), F. Baenstein {Landio. Vers. Stat., 85 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 113-122). — The composition of the jack bean (C. ensiformis) is reported as water 13.26 per cent, protein 31.51, fat 2.18, nitrogen-free extract 41.99, fiber 8.59. and ash 2.47. The coefficients of digestibility as determined in a 4-week test with sheep are given as dry matter 87.5 per cent, organic mat- ter 88.6, protein 80.5, fat 72.1, nitrogen-free extract 99.1, and fiber 72.9. The starch value is estimated to be 63.7, with 18.69 per cent of digestible protein, making it somewhat lower in nutritive value than the common field bean. The sheep were fed 0.44 lb. of crushed beans per day without apparent injurious effects. Beet residues for farm stock, J. B. Lindsey (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 48 {1914), pp. 7). — ^A general discussion of the feeding value of dried beet pulp, 268 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. molasses beet pulp, and beet leaves, based In part on work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 176). Ensiling potatoes with a lactic acid culture, Aiir and C. Mate (Illus. Lamlw. Ztg., 34 {19H), No. 86, pp. 737, 738).— Successful experiments are reported in ensiling steamed and raw potatoes when the material was inoculated with a lactic acid culture. The silage was fed to cattle, sheep, and swine with favorable i-esults. Factors affecting' range management in New Mexico, E. O. Wooton ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 211 (1915), pp. 39, ?j?«. 9, figs. .:?).— This is a general resume of range conditions in New Mexico. It is said that the present status of the stock raising industry in New Mexico is but one phase of the adjustment of the vari- ous industries of the State among themselves and to the physical environment. The topographic, climatic, and soil characters of the State restrict by far the greater part of its total area to the business of stock raising so long as the present agricultural methods continue. It is recommended that some form of range control be instituted which will prevent the present system of over- stocking. Meat production in the Argentine and its effect upon the industry in the United States, A. D. Melvin and G. M. Rommel (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1914. pp. 381-390). — A paper presented before the section on experiment-station work of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Exi>eriment Stations and previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 12). Meat production in Australia- and New Zealand, E. C. Joss {TJ. B- Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1914, pp. 421-438, pis. 4). — A report of a study of the conditions under which the meat and meat food products of Australia aTid New Zealand intended for entry into the United States are produced, slaughtered, treated, and shipped. It is stated that stock raising comprises the leading industry in both Aus- tralia and New Zealand, the former exceeding all other countries in the number of sheep and the amount of wool exported. In Australia, where the production of wool rather than mutton has been in the past the chief aim of sheepmen, the Merino or fine-wool tyiie of sheep predominates. In New Zealand considerable attention has been given to the breeding of sheep for meat production, with the result that trade reports show the Downs, Romuey, Leicester, and Lincoln lamb carcasses of New Zealand are highly regarded in the European market. In New Zealand the government has lent considerable encouragement and aid in developing the live stock industry by fostering the raising of sheep and dairy cattle, searching out and opening up new markets, granting subsidies to steam- ship companies, etc. The meat-inspection laws and regulations of Australia and New Zealand are briefly described. It is said that Australia's beef exports have increased rapidly in recent years, there being at present a prosiiect of large dealings with the Pacific ports of the United States. Australian mutton is quite widely distributed also, although to a less extent than the beef. The beef trade of New Zealand is small compared with that of Australia, but the exports of mutton and lamb are in most years more than twice as large as those of Australia. In addition, these countries export large numbers of frozen rabbits and hares. Baising the dairy calf, E. G. Woodward (Nebraska 8ta. Bui. 149 (1915), pp. 3-16, figs. 8). — This bulletin gives information on the raising of a calf on skim milk, and other items of general management. ANIMAL PEODUCTIOlSr. 269 Three dairy steers were fed from birth up to about one year of age. Whole milli was fed for about 3 weelis. The gi'ain consisted of a mixture of corn chop and ground oats 2 : 1. The results were as follows : Results of feeding three dairy steer enlres on sJcitn milk. Period fed. Feed consumed. Weight of calf. Average Kind of calf. Whole milk. Skim milk. Alfalfa hay. Grain. Birth weight. Final weight. daily gain. Jersey Days. ^ 360 381 344 Lbs. 258 251 245 Lbs. 5,958 6, 366 5,620 Lbs. 1,609 1,696 1,584 Lbs. 1,178 1,652 1,238 Lbs. 60 48 74 Lbs. 580 750 700 Lbs. 1.44 Hoist pin- Jersey Grade Holstein 1.83 1.82 It is estimated that it requires 175 lbs. of whole milk, 2,700 lbs. of skim milk, 125 lbs. of grain, and 450 lbs. of hay, costing a total of $12.88, to raise a calf to the age of six months when skim milk is used. Such a calf will weigh from 250 to 400 lbs., depending upon the size of the breed and the thrift of the calf. Whether or not it will pay to raise ste^* calves of the dairy breeds or the in- ferior dairy heifers for meat will depend entirely upon conditions. It is esti- mated that if the calf is raised on whole milk, shortening the milk feeding period to about three months, about 9U0 lbs. of whole milk, 250 lbs. oi grain, and 600 lbs. of hay, costing a total of $19, will be required to raise the calf to six months of age. Feeding' sour milk to young calves, T. E. Woodward (Hoard's Dairyman, 49 (1915). No. 7. 1)1), 24s. 256). — As a result of experiments conducted by the Daily Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in which skim milk allowed to sour naturally was fed to 22 young calves of different breeds and at different seasons of the year, and sour whole milk fed to two calves, it was found that " in no case did the sour milk cause digestive disturbances, even when the change from the sweet to sour was made abruptly and with calves only a few days old. " The sour milk is not so palatable as the sweet milk; some very young calves refuse to drink the sour milk, especially if the temperature of the milk is low. The calves made as rapid gains on sour skim milk as upon sweet skim milk, .and seemed to do as well on a diet alternating between sweet and sour skim milk as upon either alone. " Sour milk is not as satisfactory as sweet milk for winter feeding ; it chills the calA'es, and some drink it reluctantly when the weather is cold. It seems, however, that any calf which drinks the sour milk readily will do well upon it even in cold weather. In warm weather sour skim milk gives as good results as sweet skim milk. These experiments indicate that the dairyman might just as well let the milk for calf feeding become sour during the summer months instead of going to trouble and expense to keep it sweet." It is suggested that the milk for feeding calves should be allowed to sour quickly and be fed as soon as possible ; otherwise there is danger of contamina- tion with harmful bacteria. Calf -rearing experiments in Hungary, G. Kerekes (EozteleJc [Budapest], 2fi. (1914), No. 61, pp. 2112, 2173; ads. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome}, Mo. BuL Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 11, pp. 1473-1475).— Cabief^ were fed separated milk, the cream being replaced by rye flour at the rate of 4 to 5 oz, per gallon of separated milk. The mixture was thoroughly churned and 270 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. warmed to the temperature of fresh milk. The calves were fed whole milk until four weeks old, when a gradual substitution was made of the emulsion until eight weeks old. They were then fed entirely on the milk emulsion, with a gradual substitution of separated milk at three months of age, when the calves were receiving approximately 2^ gal. per head daily. The average weight at three mouths of calves fed in this manner was 297.5 lbs. per head, while calves fed whole milk weighed 248.2 lbs. ; at four months the weights were 380 and 305 lbs., respectively. Notes on deg-eneration in the teeth of oxen and sheep, J. W. Jackson (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8. ser., 15 (1915), No. 87, pp. 291-295).— The author com- ments on the absence of the first lower premolar tooth in the jaws of oxen often found among animal remains. This feature is thought to be due to disuse, probably through change of food or habit under domestication. The woolgrower and the wool trade, F. R. Marshall and L. L. Heller (U. iS'. Dept. Agr. Bui. 206 {1915), pp. 32, pis. 11, fig. i).— The items discussed in this bulletin are present methods of disiiosing of wool by the growers, factors that determine the value of wool, wool grading, market grades, sorting wool, pounds of wool per pound of cloth, the need of improvement in handling American wools, how American methods of handling wool may be improved, and funda- mental rules for the wool trade. A g^pssary of terms used in the wool trade is appended. Suggestions from Australasia to American sheep raisers, F. R. Marshall (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook IDl-'f. pp. 3 J 9-338, ?>?.s\ 2, fig. 1). — The American and Australasian attitudes toward sheep raising are compared, on the basis of a visit in 1914 to Australia and New Zealand, and suggestions given for the improve- ment of the manner of disposing of the wool clip and the breeding of sheep in this country. It is said that the Australian's idea of what constitutes an economical wool- producing animal is governed not by the price per pound received for the greasy wool, nor by the weight of the fleece, but by the total value of wool produced per acre of land. The type of wool is closely associated with the type of sheep, and the type of sheep must be varied to withstand regional variations in altitude, temperature, rainfall, and vegetation. The general effort in Australia to-day is to produce a wool which, compared with what is aimed at by American woolgrowers, is decidedly longer and coarser. It is argued that the larger framed and stronger constituted sheep that produce this robust wool suffer less from heat, drought, and scant feed than do the. smaller and less vigorous producers of ultrafine wool. The newer type also has fewer skin folds on the body and is easier to shear. This robust wool is lighter in oil than are the finer wools and possesses a whiteness and an attractive character not easy to secure when fineness is paramount. The gain in the amount of wool produced per acre by the robust-wooled sheep more than offsets the extra price that has commonly been paid in the markets for the very fine wools. Other claims for the robust wool are that it retains its character in bad seasons or in a hard country, that it is not so easily pulled off on bushes, and that it is less likely to shed from sheep in low condition or poor health. Methods of preparing wool for market in Australia are deemed far in advance of those used in the United States. It is said that because of their pdor preparation American wools bring less per pound than imported wools of similar character. This is substantiated by showing the results of sorting and scouring two lots of wool — one grown in Idaho, the other imported. What remained of the Idaho wool after sorting and scouring was considered ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 271 fully equal to the clean imported wool and was mixed with the imported lot for manufacturing, but had received 3.3 cts. per clean pound less than its actual value. The adoption of the Australian system in preparing American clips for market is recommended. It would be necessary to allow selling agents to group together lots of similar wools from various clips to make up sufficiently large offerings to interest the buyers in the trade who prefer to buy in lots of 50,000 lbs. and upward. In time it is thought that buying agents would be more willing to buy in smaller lots in order to Insure the continuation of the improvement. Breaking and training colts, V. G. Stambaugh (f7. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 667 {1915), pp. 16, figs. 11). — ^A general discussion. Average and frequency curves, C. Potts {Dcpt. Agr. N^ S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 93 (1914), pp. 12, IS). — The author demonstrated, by the use of average and frequency curves, that in the pens supplied for the egg-laying competitions for the past ten years " there appear to be two distinct families in each breed throwing true as regards egg-laying capacity, one of these families, aptly called the ' low-bred,' having a lower average egg-laying capacity than the other. While each family has a definite average egg-laying capacity, individual pullets will lay above or below that average. " Examining the curves for three breeds it was shown that the high and low bred families are about equally balanced in the case of the White Leg- horn ; hence there should be scope for considerable improvement by careful selection. Further, the Leghorns exhibit indications of having a higher egg- laying capacity than any other breed. The low-bred family predominates in the case of the Black Orpingtons; hence improvement by selection has a great deal of bad material to dispose of. The possibilities of the high-bred family, however, show that they are worthy of more attention than they have so far received. In the case of the Silver Wyandottes the high-bred family predomi- nates. The curve indicates that they could not attain the egg-laying capacity of either of the breeds mentioned above; still with the high-bred family pre- dominating, it should be a matter of ease to establish a flock having a good average capacity for egg laying." It was further demonstrated that " if a pullet of exceptionally high egg- laying capacity is chosen, it is more than probable that she belongs to the high-bred family, while it is doubtful whether a pullet of average capacity belongs to the low or to the high bred family ; and, in all probability, she is a cross between the two. To establish the high-bred family it is essential to choose the breeders from the family of higher egg-laying capacity. It has been seen that the exceptionally good layer probably belongs to this family. However, it would appear to be unwise to breed from her ; she is an exception, and her progeny, in order to maintain the average of the family, would be low layers by way of compensation. The best birds to breed from would be the true sisters and brothers of the exceptional pullet, and the hens should not be much above the average of the family." Sex-linked inheritance in poultry, G. Lefevre {Missouri Sta. Bui. 131 {1915), pp. 488, 489). — In continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 368) a Silver Spangled Hamburg male was crossed on an Fi hybrid female (from Leghorn male X Hamburg female), the resulting F2 generation being spangled in both sexes. In mating an Fi hybrid male and Fi hybrid female (both from Hamburg male X Leghorn female) the resulting F2 generation gave spangled and nonspangled females, the males showing all degrees of spangling. In mating an Fi hybrid male and Fi hybrid female (both from Leghorn 3451°— No. 3—15 6 272 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. maleX Hamburg female) the resulting F2 generatiou sbowed spangling and nonspangling in both sexes. It is concluded that " a spangle factor is present in the Hamburg which is transmitted in a sex-linked fashion, but evidently the pattern is affected by other factors, as the spangling varies from a condition which is practically identical with that of the pure Hamburg to one in which the pattern is dis- turbed to a considerable degree, both in its purity and its distribution over the body." In crossing a Black Bantam male anjl Fi hybrid female (from Black maleXSeabright Bantam female) the resulting F2 generation showed a full cock-feathered condition, a hen-feathered condition, and an intermediate con- dition in the males. In crossing an Fi hybrid maleXFi hybrid female (both from Seabright male X Black female) the resulting F2 generation showed a full cock-feathered condition in all the males. In crossing an 'Fi hybrid maleXFi hybrid female (both from Black maleXSeabright female) the re- sulting F: generation showed the full cock-feathered, hen-feathered, and inter- mediate conditions in the males. No conclusions are drawn, and it is proposed to continue these experiments. Changes in the secondary sexual characters of Gallinse, A. Pi:zARD ( Compf. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 7, pp. 260-263, fig. i».— The results of experiments in ovariotomy with poultry indicate that spurs and the male plumage may be developed in the female, but that the turgid comb and the crow of the cock are characters peculiarly belonging to the male bird and do not accompany ovariotomy as do the other secondary sexual characters. Sexual differentiation of pigeons' eggs {Carnegie Inst. Washington Year Book, 13 {1914), PP- 117-119).— A brief account of the work of O. Riddle, who has shown that " in pigeons, which usually lay two eggs at a time, commonly one male and one female, eggs destined to produce males are smaller, and have higher water content and smaller energy content, than those that produce females." By the use of the bomb calorimeter it has been demonstrated " that eggs destined to become males contain less stored energy than eggs destined to develop into females. Whether the difference in energy content (however it may have arisen) is the cause of the difference in the eventual sex or whether it is induced by a certain difference in the unfertilized egg which deter- mines the difference in storage metabolism is uncertain. There is reason for thinking that the ova of birds are of two kinds, those destined to produce males and those destined to produce females, and. there is also evidence that the former contain a sex chromosome which the latter lacks. This difference in the chromosomal content of the eggs destined to be males and females, respectively, may therefore be the cause of the difference of energy content of the two kinds of eggs." A study is being made to determine " whether a modification of the amount of yolk stored in the egg can control the sex of the resultant chick. One result secured is that when the female pigeon is subjected to alcohol vapor it lays smaller eggs than normal. Other substances used (phloridziu and urotropin) have caused a reduction in the fertility of the egg, but have not markedly altered its size." It has further been found that " when two full sisters from such series are hatched from the two eggs of a single clutch the first hatched behaves in copu- lation as though it were a male. Also females hatched early in the season (the period when most males are pi'oduced) are more masculine in behavior than are their own sisters hatched late in the season. ... If extracts from the ovary of a pigeon be injected into those females that are behaving like males, they ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 273 come to behave like females. Contrariwise, if testicular extract be injected into those females that are acting like females they come to act like males. . . . The sex behavior of a bird is probably determined by internal secretions from its sex glands carried to its central nervous system. On this hyiwthesis the quality of the internal secretions of the ovaries of birds that act like males must be different from those of birds that act like females. The effect of the injected extract may perhaps be regarded as superior to that induced by the natural secretion of the ovaries." The Campines, edited by F. L. Tlatt {Quincy, III: Rcl. Poultry Jour. Pub. Co., 19U, pp. S7, pi. J, figs. SO).— This .treats of the history, care, and manage- ment of this breed of poultry. The White Leg'hom, P. B. IIadley (Jour. Ilercdily, 6 (1915), No. J,, pp. 1^7- 151. fig. 1). — This material has been previously reported from other sources (B. S. K., 30. p. 71; 32, p. 671). Chickens: Milk feeding and its influence on growth and mortality. — Com- parative study of the value of sweet and sour milk, L. F. Reitger, W. F. KiRKPATRiCK, and L. E. Card {Connecticut Storrs Hta. Bui. 80 (1915), pp. 28, figs. _?7).— This is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 484). The former experiments demonstrated that the feeding of milk to young chicks has a most favorable influence on the growth and on the lessening of mortality of the chicks. It tends to prevent mortality from all causes, and if fed soon enough and for a sufficiently long period, greatly reduces the death rate caused by bacillary white diarrhea. The later experiments demonstrated that sweet and sour milk are ap- parently of equal value in their relation to growth and mortality, and that the different degrees of souring do not alter the results of milk feeding. The com- bined results on the 2,250 chicks fed show that those which received the sour milk gained 0.26 lb. per ten chicks for each pound of total solids consumed ; the chicks that were fed sweet milk made a corresponding gain of 0.25 lb., and those which were not given any milk, 0.2 lb. In the lots of chicks which had been infected with Bacterium pullorum the mortality percentage was in the case of the sour-milk-fed chicks 40, sweet milk 39, no milk 54. and with uninfected lots 17, 16, and 30, respectively. It is concluded that the value of milk as a food for chicks does not depend upon any acids that may be present, nor upon any particular types of mici'o- organisms, but upon the natural constituents of the milk. It is said that when milk is supplied freely to chicks it is important that they have abundant exer- cise, otherwise they are subject to leg weakness. This applies more particularly to early hatched chicks that are brooded wholly or for the most part indoors. The feeding of sweet or sour milk to young chicks has not been found in any way injurious to the chicks. If the milk is clean and not too old, none but the most favorable results should accompany its use as a food for chicks. There is no preference in the choice of sweet or of sour milk, but it seems very desirable that the same kind of milk be supplied throughout the milk feeding period. The poultry industry in New York State (xV. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 65 (191^), pp. 202-445, figs. 109). — This bulletin includes articles on the various breeds of poultiy, the breeding of poultry for egg production, incubation, brooders and brooding, rearing chickens, feeding for egg production, poultry house construc- tion, poulti-y diseases, market egg problems, and other related topics. The egg and poultry demonstration car work in reducing our $50,000,000 waste in eggs, Maky E. Pennington, H. C. Pierce, and H. L. Sheadek (U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1914, pp. 363-380, pis. 4, fig. 1). — This is a popular review of work previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 570), describing the various grades of 274 EXPEEIMENT STATION" EECOED. eggs, their defects, aucl methods of remedying these defects. The work of demonstrating these facts to farmers and egg dealers in Kansas, Olilahoma, Texas, Arliansas, and Missouri is described. Edible snails, E. W. Rust (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook 191 Jf, pp. .',91-503).— This article gives a description of the principal edible species of snails and treats of their commercial production and the possibilities of the industry in the United States. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Dairy husbandry (Missouri Sta. Bui? 131 (,1915), pp. ^7i-^73).— The follow- ing investigations are in continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 31, p. 370) : Silage investigation, by 0. H. Eckles. — Little difference was found in the tem- perature of silage preserved in silos built of concrete, wood, or tile. The tem- perature of the silage rarely exceeds 100° F. unless the silage is deficient in moisture or air is present. There was found to be a wide variation in weight per cubic foot, depending upon the amount of moisture and probably upon the amount of grain in proportion to stalk. It was found that shock corn may be ensiled with good results if there is added an amount of water approximate to the amount of dry fodder used. Factors influencing the normal composition of milk. The effect of cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hy-products, by C. H. Eckles and L. S. Palmer. — A marked superiority in the keeping quality of butter made from a ration containing cotton-seed meal was noted. The butter is firmer when cotton-seed meal is added. The character of the roughage fed, however, detei'mines the effect of the cotton-seed meal in the ration to a considerable extent. Factors influencing the development of dairy heifers, by C. H. Eckles, T. C Reed, and W. M. Regan. — ^Two 6-months-old dairy heifers were started on a ration much below the normal in content of mineral matter; one received bone meal and chalk in addition. After a year's feeding on this ration typical symp- toms of calcium shortage were observed. It was found possible to restore the animals to normal condition by increasing the calcium in the ration. From the data at hand it appears that an animal receiving approximately one-half of the protein called for by the feeding standard is able to make a growth that is almost normal. This indicates that the protein required is con- siderably less than that generally recommended. From measurements taken of calves and other growing animals in the station herd it appears from the data so far obtained that the different breeds follow the same curve with the exception that certain ones reach maturity quicker than others. It has also been found that the animal reaches maturity in skeletal growth vei-y much quicker than it reaches maturity in weight. Holstein cattle reach their mature development of skeleton at the age of between four and five years, while they continue to increase in weight normally for at least two years longei'. A height measurement taken from the top of the shoulder blade has been found to be more accurate than one taken at the withers. This is due to the fact that certain fluctuations occur in the latter owing to the relaxation of cer- tain muscles which attach on the che.st and shoulder blades and serve to hold the body up. During periods of rest these muscles relax with a consequent decrease in height. Development and present state of dairying' in Sweden, E. Haglund (Inter- nal. Inst. Agr. [Romel, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 2, pp. 179-185). — ^A general resume of the dairying Industry in Sweden. DAIRY FAEMING DAIRYING. 275 It is said that the best known varieties of Swedish cheese are Swedish large- eyed cheese, which iu type and appearance resembles the Swiss Emmental cheese, about 14 in. in diameter and 4| in. high; and Norrland whole-milk cheese with small eyes, very soft, with a slightly pungent taste, about 16 in. in diameter and 6 in. in height, and made both with and without spices (caraway and cloves). Smfiland shepherds' cheese resembles the preceding cheese, but is more pungent and compact and is never spiced. Besides these cheeses, imitations of most of the well-known Dutch and English cheeses are made. A study of three thousand advanced register records (Guernsey Breeders' Jour., n. ser., 7 {1915), No. 5, jjp. 25-28, figs. 9).— In a comparison of 1,500 rec- ords taken of Guernsey cattle between 1901 and 1911, and a like number taken between 1911 and 1914, it was found that the records showing less than 6,000 lbs. of milk per annum have decreased 49.6 per cent, and those from 6,000 to 8.000 lbs. 32.2 per cent. In the 8,000 to 10.000 lbs. division there has been a 9.1 per cent increase, in the 10,000 to 12,000 lbs. division 96.5, in the 12,000 to 14,000 lbs. division 181.9, and in the over 14,000 lbs. division 228.5 per cent. There has been a decrease in the number of records falling in the division of under 400 lbs. of milk fat, and increases in all the other divisions. In a comparison as regards the percentage of milk fat in the milk it was found that very few records show less than 4 per cent. There has been a large increase in the 4 to 4.5 per cent division. This condition prevails to a lesser degree in the 4.5 to 5 per cent division, while in the divisions above this there is a decrease in the proportion of records in the second lot. However, a greater number of records fall iu the 5 to 5.5 per cent division than fall in any other division. The average percentage of milk fat for the breed at the time these figures were compiled was 5.002. Nearly as large a proportion of records is made by the 2-year-old heifers with first calf as by the older cows, and while the proportion of aged cows has slightly decreased in the second lot of records, that of the 2-year-olds has slightly increased. Champion cows of each breed (Hoard's Dairyman, Jf9 (1915), No. 19, p. 700).— The names are given of the cows of each breed holding the highest semi- official yearly records in their several classes, corrected to May 1, 1915. Rations for dairy stock, J. B. Lindse^' (Massachusetts Sta. Circ. 50 (1915), pp. 8). — Some principles of feeding dairy cattle are discussed, and suggestive rations are given. Feeding- dairy cows cassava meal, J. E. Lucas (Ann. Sci. Agron., 4- ser., 3 (191Jf), No. 7-12, pp. 3S7-3Jf2). — It is concluded that cassava meal when used as supplementary feed with a basal ration of sugar beets, chopi^ed straw, alfalfa hay, and wheat bran exerted a favorable influence on both the milk yield and the fat content, being more desirable in this respect than gluten meal. Influence of grazing and of dry-stall feeding on milk, K. Brunovsky (Moloch. Khoz. i Bkotov., 13 (1914), No. 38, pp. 791-794; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 2, pp. 277, 278). — ^A cow was fed for 20 days as follows: The first four days the whole time in a meadow; the next four days half the day in the stable where she was fed 11 lbs. of meadow hay; the third four days in the stable, 22 lbs. of hay being fed ; the fourth four days like the second ; and the fifth like the first. It was found that while grazing the cow yielded 20.3 lbs. of milk per day and when stall fed only 16.3 lbs. The fat percentage increased when the cow was transferred from the meadow to the stall from 3.7 to 4.05. The relation of the quality of proteins to milk production, E. B. Haet, G. C. Humphrey, et al. (Jour. Biol. Cliem., 21 (1915), No. 2, pp. 239-253, figs. 4).— 276 EXPEEIMENT STATIOISr EECORD. The authors present 'data on the comparative efficiency for milk production of the proteins of mllli, corn, and the wheat grain. It was found that " on a nutritive ratio of 1:8, equivalent to about 7 per cent of digestible protein and 9 to 10 per cent of total protein, positive nitrogen balances were maintained with milk proteins for the production of as high as 35 lbs. of milk per day, but negative balances resulted when the proteins were derived from the corn or wheat grain. During the negative nitrogen balances increased tissue autolysis resulted, and for a brief time at least there was no decrease in the milk protein or milk solids elaborated. "The results indicate clearly that the quality of the proteins is an im- portant factor in maintenance and production, and that the synthetic powers of the mammary gland will not compensate for deficiencies in protein struc- ture. The fact that negative balances were observed on the 1 : 8 nutritive ratio of corn or wheat proteins explains the results of experience which has wisely dictated a narrow nutritive ratio for milk production. The narrow ratio, of course, may not be so necessary when we learn with what efficiency the commer- cial protein concentrates may supplement a basal group of proteins like those of corn, oats, wheat, alfalfa, etc. . . . " Milk proteins had an efficiency for milk production and tissue restoration of about 60 per cent, while the corn and wheat grain proteins showed an effi- ciency of 40 and 36 per cent, resi>eetively. The.se results were obtained under experimental conditions requiring a roughage of low nitrogen content." The cost of milk production, H. A. Hopper and F. E. Robertson [Neiv York Cornell ^ta. Bui. 357 {1915), pp. 135-162, figs. 6).— From a study made of the costs incident to milk production for 834 dairy cows with full year's records in 53 dairy herds in Jefferson County, N. Y., it was found that 7 of the 53 herds, comprising 97 cows, were kept at a loss of $1,335.71. On the basis of net cost and actual receipts, 161 cows, or 19 per cent of the total number, caused a loss to their owners of $1,799.87, or $11.18 per cow. The average production was 6,621 lbs. of milk and 241 lbs. of milk fat. The milk was produced at a net cost of 1.21 cts., and the milk fat at 33.3 cts. per pound. The average selling price of the milk was 1.52 cts. per pound, and the net profit per cow was $20.39. The net cost per cow was $80.24 and the receipts were $100.63. The average cost of feed per cow was $51.57, and the labor cost $23.12. The average cost of delivering 100 lbs. of milk 2.14 miles was 11.7 cts. The profit from cows yielding 10,000 lbs. of milk a year was 51 per cent greater than from those yielding 6,000 lbs. [Second and third reports] on the cost of food in the production of milk in the counties of Kent and Surrey (Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, No. 22 {.1913), pp. 19-160). — The work noted in the second report, by G. H. Garrad and J. Mackintosh, is similar to that previously reported (E. S. R., 25, p. 679). In the third report, by G. H. Garrad, extensive data are given on the cost of feed in the production of milk in England — about 6^d. (15.8 cts.) i>er gallon, exclusive of labor and other charges. It is suggested that cows should be fed according to the yield of milk they give. If they are already getting a liberal feed, it is not possible to increase materially the yield of milk by extra feeding, at least not sufficiently to pay for the increased cost of feed. The records show that the cost of feed per gallon of milk is much lower for a 4 or 5 gal. cow than it is for a 2 or 3 gal. cow, the reason assigned being that the maintenance ration required for either cow is practically the same, while the feed required for the higher-producing cow is not proportionately higher in cost. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 277 Milk and cream (Maine Sta. Off. 7ns;;. 67 (1915), pp. 9-28). — Analyses are given of samples of milk collected during the mouths of October, November, and December, 1914. A discussion of the results by A. M. G. Soule is appended. Condensed milk, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bid. 304 (1915), pp. 27). — Analyses are given of condensed milk. Evaporated milk, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 305 (1915), pp. 19). — Analyses are given of evaporated milk. Devonshire "clotted" cream, W. Sadler (Rev. G4n. Lait, 9 (1914), Nos. 20, pp. 457-/(66, pi. 1; 21, pp. 481-489).— This article describes the method of mak- ing clotted cream, a dairy product of Devonshire and Cornwall, England. It is said that in the production of clotted cream, milk is placed in shallow- pans and allowed to remain in a cool room for the cream to rise. The pans are then heated over a hot water stove, and after the heating is completed, are placed in a cool room until the contents of the pans are sufficiently cooled, after which the cream is skimmed off and is ready for sale. The practice has been to add a small quantity of water to the milk before setting the pans for the cream to rise. The author finds, however, from his experiments that this is not desirable, since it does not add to the actual weight or the percentage of fat in the cream, and the cream so produced does not possess the keeping qualities of similar cream raised from normal milk. The principal and most recent applications of bacteriology to the dairy in- dustry, G. Fascetti (Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 2, pp. 168-179, pi. i).— This is a resume of the results of experiments in the use of selected ferments in the cheese-making industry. It is said that the pure cultures of lactic ferments, cocci, or bacilli, according to the type of cheese, when added to raw milk have given results which have led to their adoption in practical cheese factories, especially for the elimination of the principal and most frequent defects in the products. The problem now confronting the bacteriologist is to determine which of the typical forms of lactic ferments at present known are to be used and with what precautions. Such information is necessary in developing the process of manu- facturing cheese from pasteurized milk, which is said to be still enveloped in uncertainty. A bibliography of 29 references is included. The part played by micro-organisms in the ripening and in the produc- tion of the pungent flavor of Brindza, the ewes' milk cheese made in Hun- gary, O. Gratz and K. Vas (Kis^rlet. Eozlem., 17 (1914), Nos. 3, pp. 347-394; 4, pp. 635-644; abs. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. IRome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 12, pp. 1674, 7675).— Bacteriological tests were made, at intervals of from four to six weeks for six mouths, of five samples of fresh Brindza cheese. It was found that the microflora varied, probably due to the want of clean- liness in handling ewes' milk, the use of bad rennet, and contamination. It is said that there is no cheese with so high a germ content as Brindza even though after it is made and during storage the multiplication of micro-organisms ceases. Most of these are lactic bacteria, although not so large a percentage as in other cheeses. The large majority of accidental micro-organisms are probably introduced during the process of manipulation. These soon disappear, the streptococci and cocci dying much sooner than the lactic bacilli. The ac- cidental micro-organisms do not take part in the ripening of the cheese, because the conditions do not favor either their development or the activity of their enzyms. The lactic enzyms cause the ripening, although the enzyms of the rind of the curd ball also play an important part in the ripening process. 278 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. It is said that the origin of the piquant flavor of some ewes' milk cheeses is usually in a decomposition of the fatty matter, and in exceptional cases butyric fermentation. This decomposition is not caused by the bacteria attacli- ing fatty matter, but to enzyms, the most important being the lipase of Oidium lactis. If the outside of the curd balls ( rich in butyric ferments and on which O. lactis is always present) and the fat layer under this outside (in which the enzyms are found) are not carefully removed when the cheese is worked up again, these come in contact with the whole of the kneaded paste and com- municate a pungent flavor to the cheese. Strongly flavored Brindza has a pale orange color, is dry, subject to crumbling, strong smelling, and never turns moldy. Sweet Brindza is of normal consist- ency, but becomes sticky and moldy if it is not kept hermetically closed. Part 2 of the paper describes " some new species of micro-organisms found during the research on the flora of Biindza and the pail they play in the ripen- ing and production of the special flavor of this cheese. Considering the various properties of these bacteria observed during their culture and their biochemical action, they do not resemble any of the micro-organisms known so far to the literature of bacteriology. These new species are Bacterium saponificans, B. adipis, B. rufum, Bacillus gravidus, B. submergens, B. exilis, B. cerasinus, B. parahutyricus, and B. indoliciis." Production of a nutritive beverag'e from skim milk, R. Eichloff (Oerman Patent 280,U6, June li, 1913; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Cliem. Indus., 3J^ {1915), No. 9, p. 507). — "The milk is heated with an acid, e. g., hydrochloric acid, to sterilize it and invert the lactose, and is then submitted to the simultaneous action of peptonizing enzyms and fermentation organisms; for example, trypsin and yeast. The fermented liquid is sterilized by heat, filtered, and evaporated to the desired consistence." VETERINARY MEDICINE. [Eeport of the veterinary department], J. W. Connaway et al. (Missouri 8ta. Bui. 131 {191Jf), pp. Jf86-Ji88). — Study of contagious altortion. — The comple- ment fixation test was found to be a very reliable method for detecting animals infected with the Bacillus abortus, confirming results obtained at other experi- ment stations. In old infected herds the percentage of reactors varied from 60 to 90 per cent. With the methylene blue treatment, judging from the reports sent in by owners of herds under experiment, good results are being obtained. " In one herd where the loss from abortion in heifers carrying first calf aver- aged 58 per cent during the preceding two years the loss was reduced to 28 per cent — apparently from the methylene blue treatment." Tuberculosis of cattle and sicine — transmission of same. — Post-mortem exami- nations made during the past year indicated that tuberculosis is not so easily transmitted from sows to their offspring as from cows to calves and cows to pigs. This is probably due to the destruction or mitigation of the virulence of the tubercle bacilli in infected swine by the prolific fat production of that animal. This may throw some light on the question of the value of fat-produc- ing foods in treating tuberculosis in man. A study of internal parasites of swine and the efficiency of various rermi- fuges. — The condition of the infested animal is not deemed a reliable guide to the extent of parasitic infestation. " The diagnosis in some animals is readily made by noting the passage of worms. In others the presence of worms was detected only by finding ova in the feces by microscopic examination; and in other hogs, but slightly infested, the presence of worms was detected only by post-mortem examinations. When worms were present iu large numbers, all VETEEINAEY MEDICINE. 279 the recognized vermifuges were effective in expelling the greater number of the parasites, but nearly all the ' remedies' failed to expel all the worms. The most effective vermifuges tried in the experiments were turpentine, iron sul- phate, copper sulphate, santonin, tobacco, and areca nut. Copper sulphate was found to be the most efficient in expelling the thorn-headed worm. Each exiieri- mental animal was kept in a separate pen during the experiment and was slaughtered to determine the efficiency of the vermifuge administered." Experiments on complement flxation — hog cholera. — The blood sera of swine were found hemolytic for the red blood cells of one experimental horse, one goat, and two cows, but not for a third cow (No. 3) which was a reactor to tuberculin. " Hemolysis occurred whether the blood serum used was from nor- mal hogs susceptible to cholera, hogs affected with acute cholera, or from hogs hyperimmunized to cholera. "In the attempts to prepare an 'antigen,' extracts were made from the blood of six pigs suffering from the acute hemorrhagic tyjie of cholera; six alcoholic extracts and six extracts with normal saline solution were used. The alco- holic extracts prevented hemolysis, but check experiments showed this to be due to the alcohol and not to an ' antigenic content ' of the blood. The normal saline extracts, from blood, also failed to show the presence of a deviating an- tigen." Separate saline extracts made from the spleen of six virus pigs failed to pre- vent hemolysis. Saline extract prepared from the spleen of virus pigs gave a distinct deviation with the erythrocytes of cow No. 3 and with the blood serum of a hog hyi:>erimmunized to both the filterable virus and B, suipcstifer. In quantities of 0.01 to 0.02 cc. of the spleen extract negative results were obtained from the sera from other immune hogs and from hogs suffering with acute cholera. The positive deviation obtained with the serum of the hyperim- munized hog might have been caused by the B. suipestifer antigen and not by the filterable virus antigen. " Some further te.sts are to be made with the serum from this hog and cultures of B. suipestifer. Extracts from kidneys of ' virus pigs ' failed to show any ' deviating content.' " Studies from the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (Studies Rockefeller Inst. Med. Research, 20 {1915), pp. 591, pis. 32, figs. 25).— Reprints of papers on work done at the Rockefeller Institute or under grants therefrom. The topics dealt with are pathology and bacteriology, physiology and pharma- cology, chemistry, experimental biology, and contributions from the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute. Some diseases, whose etiolog'y is unknown, discussed in the light of the vitamin theory, R. Reinhardt {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {191Jf), Nos. 31, pp. 645SJf7; 38, pp. 6.57-66i).— Amongst the diseases discussed are poly- neuritis gallinarum, trembles in sheep, and paralysis of the vestibular nerve in pigeons. See also a previous note by Funk (E. S. R., 32. p. 57S). Some important animal parasites affecting Ohio live stock, D. C. Mote (Ohio Sta. Bui. 280 {191',), pp. 23-52, figs. 2/).— This introduction to the sub- ject calls attention to some of the animal parasites prevalent in Ohio and con- trol measures therefor. A bibliography of 17 titles relating to the subject is included. A revised check list of the animal parasites of domesticated animals in India, S. H. Gaiger (Jour. Compar. Path, and Then, 28 {1915), No. 1, pp. 67- 76). — ^A revision of a check list previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 791). Abderhalden's protective ferments, C. Bbahm {Ztschr. Angeic. Cliem., 27 (191i), No. 60, Aufsatzteil, pp. Jf64-Jf66) .—A discussion of the different protective ferments and their value for diagnosing disease. 280 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. About the nature of the meiostagmin reaction with malignant tumors, G. IzAB (Ztschr. Immrnvitatsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 21 (1914), No. 1-5, pp. 301-S08). — The author concludes that the sera from subjects affected with malignant growths have a lesser surface tension reducing power in enveloping certain fatty acids than the sera from normal subjects. A number of facts elicited seem to point to the belief that this is dependent upon the increased content in the tumor sera of lipoids or lipoid-fixing substances. Abderhalden's reaction and its relation to the presence of antithrombin in the blood, H. De Waele (Ztschr. Immunitatsf. u. Expt. Ther.. I. Orig., 21 {191 Jt), No. 1-5, pp. 83-90). — The injection of a hydrolyzate consisting chiefly of peptones and amino acids yielded defensive ferments for the proteins from which the peptones and amino acids were obtained. Pi-oteins administered per OS also stimulated the development of protective ferments. Abderhalden's reaction apparently stands in exact relationship to the antithrombin phase. The nature of the relationship will be considered in a future communication. Preparation and standardization of vaccines, antitoxins, and serum, C. P. Fitch (Cornell Vet., Jf {1915), No. Ji, pp. 171-1S3). — A general discussion of the topic. The pharmacological action of some serum preservatives, C. Yoegtlin (Pub. Health Serv. U. S., Hyg. Lah. Bui. 96 {WIJ,), pp. 81-119, pis. 2, figs. 13).— The effect on animals of normal serum free of preservative and containing trikresol (0.1, 0.25, 0.3, and 0.5 per cent) phenol serum (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 per cent), formaldehyde serum (1:1,000) and chloroform serum (saturated) was studied. " From the experiments described it would seem that chloroform when added to serum, even to the point of saturation, is not capable of imparting to the serum a degree of toxicity which could be compared with that obtained on mixing serum with phenol and trikresol (0.25 and 0.5 per cent). Practically the only elfect which could be produced by the subdural injection of chloroform serum is the result of an increase in intracranial tension. With the use of the gravity method such results are not very apt to follow and it seems very doubt- ful that they occur at all. We, therefore, strongly suggest that chloroform be used as a preservative for antimeningitis serum. It is well recognized that serum preserved with chloroform after long standing will show a cloudiness which is probably due to the partial precipitation of the serum proteins. This fact, however, does not alter the efficiency of such a serum in the treatment of the disease." The gravity method is given preference over the syringe method. Studies on complement action; with special reference to the fractioning of complement by means of ammonium sulphate, C. H. Browning and T. J. Mackie {Ztsehr. Immunitatsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 21 {1911/), No. 1-5, pp. 1/22-44^)- — lu these experiments the hemolytic complement of guinea pigs was fractionated with ammonium sulphate. In the fractionation of complete serum the psendoglobulin fraction was found in some cases to contain the entire complement, whereas in others it was neces- sary to add albumin to develop the complement action of the native serum. Albumin and euglobulin when used together added some complement action, but when used separately no action whatever. In the fractionation of the mid- dle and end portion by ammonium sulphate the entire euglobulin and a little psendoglobulin were found in the middle portion. The end portion contained the entire albumin and the greater amount of psendoglobulin. The pseudo- globulin was divided into two fractions, one of which was inactive but when mixed with its other component exerted a stronger complement action. The VETERINARY MEDICINE. 281 various globulin fractions possessed in varying amounts the activity of tlie third component (Ritz's). The albumin of guinea-pig serum was inert. In the article the various theories on the constitution of the complement are discussed, and the earlier view of the authors in this connection, viz, that complement action is a complicated process, is considered correct. Serum- silicic acid hemolysis is deemed dependent upon the hemolytic complement of the serum. Definite parallelism exists between the toxic action of various sera and blood corpuscles sensitized with immune bodies, or silicated. Treat- ment of a mixture of serum and silicic acid with carbon dioxid yields a pre- cipitate which contains the entire cobra venom inactivating powers possessed by the serum. The fraction (precipitate) when tested against blood loaded with immune bodies indicates the presence of only the middle portion. The hemolysis stimulating action of serum on mixtures of various di- and tri-phenylmethane coloring matters, brilliant green, etc., is not dependent upon complement. Dialysis of native sera against hydrant water and dialysis of the serum remaining after precipitation with ammonium sulphate results in a decrease in deviability of complement without affecting the hemolytic powers of the serum. This is said to indicate that hemolytic power and deviability are two different functions of complement-holding serum. Frozen complement retains its hemo- lytic titer and deviability for many weeks. The method is effective for obtaining standard complement. Investigations of the nature of anaplasms, E. C. Dias and H. de B. Aragao (Mem. Inst. Oswahlo Cruz, 6 {IBIJ,). No. 3, pp. 231-249, jjIs. g).— The authors' investigations led them to conclude that the Anaplasma are not protozoans, but products of degeneration of erythrocytes. What has been described by Theiler as anaplasmosis is considered by the authors a clinical form of piroplasmosis. The anaplasmosis of mammals is ascribed to different causes. A bibliography of 37 titles is included. The status of bacilli from fish meal which give a positive Ascoli reaction, M. ZiNGLE (Ztschr. Infektiouskrank. u. Hyg. Hausticre, 15 {1914), No. 2, pp. 131-134, fiff- 1)- — The growth in bouillon and negative results with experimental animals led the author to conclude that the organism in the fish meal examined was the pseudoanthrax bacillus, notwithstanding its close relation to the anthrax bacillus as indicated serologically. The conclusions agree with those of Pfeiler and Drescher (E. S. R., 30, p. 682). Investigations of foot-and-mouth disease, Loefflee (Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 10 (1915), No. 6, pp. 381-388, 41O, 428, 429, figs. 2).— This is a general discussion with a review of recent work. Foot-and-mouth disease, its nature, cause, and treatment, compiled by J. C. Smith (Saskatcheican Dcpt. Agr., Live Stock Brandt [Pamphlet], 1915, Apr., pp. 7, figs. 2). — ^A popular account. An improved method for the detection of mange acari, A. L. Sheather (Jour. Compar. PatJi. ami Ther., 28 (1915), No. 1, pp. 64-66).— The method here described is based upon the maceration of acari through boiling in a 10 per cent solution of caustic potash for a period not longer than 10 minutes. The material is then centrifuged, water added, and the sediment examined. It is stated that the method is not destructive to the eggs of mange parasites and that on more than one occasion when acari were not discoverable it has been found possible to arrive at a diagnosis by the detection of eggs. The relapse in piroplasmosis, M. Cakpano (CentU. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., 14 (1914), No. 5-6, pp. 482-487, figs. 2).— The author describes a typical case of relaiJse in the donkey brought about by a decreased resistance. 282 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Piroplasmosis of Rhodesian sheep, as observed by Bevan, C. M. Wenyon {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 28 (1915), No. 1, pp. 60, 61).— This article relates to a sheep which suffered from a double infection of auaplasmosis and piroplasmosis. Reports by Bevan of the occurrence of piroplasmosis in sheep have been previoiisly noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 482). Laboratory studies on tetanus, E. Francis (Pub. Health Serv. U. 8., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 95 (191^), pp. 73, figs. 2). — Studies reported herein were on the condi- tions surrounding tetanus spores artificially implanted into vaccine virus, the behavior of tetanus spores injected subcutaneously into guinea pigs and white mice, and miscellaneous observations upon tetanus. Antigenic properties of various strains of East African trypanosomes, C. Schilling (Ztschr. Immunitatsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 21 (1914), No. 1-5, j>p. 358-365). — Old laboratory strains of nagana trypanosomes are, generally speaking, deemed of little value for j^reparing immune antigen outside of the animal body. Strains obtained in East Africa were found to be inferior antigen stimulators. The effect of daylight and drying on the human and bovine types of tubercle bacilli, L. Findlay and W. B. M, Martin (Brit. Med. Jour., No. 2820 (1915), pp. 110, 111). — To account for the absence of aerial infection of man by the bovine type of bacillus, the authors sought .to determine whether atmos- pheric influences, especially desiccation and daylight, are more deleterious to the bovine than to the human type. Three different kinds of experiments were made, as follows: "(1) Effect of desiccation alone. — Weighed amounts of cultures, four weeks' growth, were placed in small sterile test tubes, loosely plugged with cotton wool, and kept in a dark, well-ventilated cupboard. Under these circumstances definite desiccation occurred. Emulsions were finally made in salt solution and amounts equivalent to 0.01 mg. of moist culture were injected intravenously into rabbits. "(2) Effect of diffuse daylight alone. — For this purpose cultures, five weeks' growth, sealed with paraffin to conserve water of condensation, were exposed at the window. After desired intervals weighed quantities of growth were re- moved, emulsified, and injected as before. "(3) Effect of diffuse daylight with simultaneous desiccation. — Weighed quantities of cultures, four weeks' growth, were exposed at the window in small sterile test tubes loosely plugged with cotton wool. Desiccation rapidly oc- curred. At intervals emulsions were made and Injected as before." The bovine type of bacillus was found to be distinctly more susceptible to the effects of daylight and drying than the human type. This difference between the types may in part explain why aerial infection with the human type is the more frequent. Histological studies on serous tuberculosis of bovines, E. Joest and V. Marjanen (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 15 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-38, pis. 4, figs. 11; abs. in Berlin. Tieriirztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 33, p. 602). — The authors find that in every case of serous tuberculosis in bovines there are produced nonspecific inflammatory new formations. These later be- come infected with tubercle bacilli and result in the formation of pearl nodules. The significance of fowl tuberculosis for the pig, M. Christiansen (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 14 (1913), No. 6, pp. 323-340). — The investi- gation involved the examination of 118 pigs. The pig is considered highly re- ceptive to avain tubercle bacilli, and an infection from this source is noted fre- quently. Views relative to the determination of avian tuberculosis to swine must accordingly be changed. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 283 Organ tuberculosis in pigs caused by the avian type of tubercle bacillus, M. Christiansen (Ztschr. InfcJctionslcrank. u. Hyg. Ilaustierc, 16 {1915), No. 4, pp. 26-'f-274, figs. 2).— The new investigations have confirmed those reported above, inasmuch as avian types of tubercle bacilli were noted in the organs liaving a typical appearance. Giant cells were noted in the tuberculous proc- esses. According to this, the finding of giant cells does not indicate that the tuberculosis is not caused by the avian type of bacillus. They were found in all mesenteric tuberculous processes, and in every case they were of the avian type. The iodin content of tuberculous tissues, P. A. Lewis and R. B. Kbauss (Jour. Biol Chein., 18 {1914), ^'O. 2. pp. 313-317).—'' Tuberculous tissue derived from animals to which no iodin preparation has been knowingly administered may contain amounts of iodin very appreciably higher than normal control tissue of the same animal. ,While it is quite probable that tubei'culous tissue in animals treated with iodin products may store up iodin, this has been by no means clearly shown in any experiments so far reported. The highest figures for the tuberculous tissue of untreated animals in our experience may equal the highest figures of those reported by others as evidence for the localization in the tissue of iodin intentionally administered." A note on the use of purified antigen of Besredka in the serum diagnosis of tuberculosis, J. Bronfenbrenneb and J. Rockman {Biochem. Bui., 2 {1914), No. 11-12, pp. 375, 376). — In some previous work it was found that when Besredka tuberculin was used as antigen seemingly specific results were obtained with the sera of tuberculous subjects by the complement fixation test. The fact that the antigen contains lipins (derived from the culture medium) allowed the possibility, however, that certain nontuberculous sera having lipotropic proper- ties might fix complement with this antigen. In a large series of experiments in which the Besredka tuberculin was deprived of its lipins by means of ex- traction with ether in a separately funnel it was proved that the lipins have no antigenic value in the comi)lement fixation test. The relations of the constitu- ents, such as proteins, etc., of the tuberculin to the antigenic properties are being studied in this connection. On the value of a new skin test for diagnosis of tuberculosis, J. Bkonfen- BRENNER {AI)s. in ScicHce, n. ser., 39 {1914), No. 1013, pp. 803, 80^).— "Sub- cutaneous injection of 0.55 cc. of a mixture of fresh blood of patients suffering from tuberculosis (1 cc.) with tuberculin (crude diluted 1:10, 0.1 cc.) into a normal guinea pig causes a local reaction, similar in its aspect to a tuber- culin reaction, which is of good prognostic value in diagnosis of tuberculosis." The behavior of tuberculin in the tuberculous and nontuberculous organ- isms, W. G. RUPPEL and K. Joseph {Ztschr. Immunitalsf. u. Expt. Tlier., I, Orig., 21 {1914), No. 1-5, pp. 277-295).— It was found that dead, intact, or rubbed up tubercle bacilli when given intravenously to guinea pigs and to rab- bits do not excite the symptoms of an acute intoxication. The chronic symptoms which result after giving normal guinea pigs killed tubercle bacilli may simply be caused by introducing foreign bodies and bringing about anatomical changes. Aqueous extracts made from disintegrated tubercle bacilli when given sub- cutaneously to tuberculous guinea pigs produce a fall of temperature and are lethal in amounts of 0.0005 gm. Smaller doses of the soluble poison produce first a rise and then a fall in temperature. In healthy animals the poison ex- tracted by water from tubercle bacilli produces a rise in temperature, and only with large amounts (0.025 gm. of soluble dry substance) is a fall of temperature with subsequent death observed. The lethal dose for healthy animals is 500 times greater than that for tuberculous animals. 284 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. The germ-free filtrates from tubercle bacilli bouillon cultures do not contain substances toxic for normal guinea pigs, these originating from the metabolic processes of the bacillus. Pure glycerol was found to kill normal guinea pigs in doses of 4 cc, but its toxicity can be markedly increased by an addition of nontoxic amounts of soluble tubercle bacillary substances. One gm. nucleic acid from tubercle bacilli (tuberculinic acid) contains 400 normal doses for tuberculous guinea pigs, but only 4 lethal doses for healthy guinea pigs, and 0.025 gm. of thymus nucleic acid is lethal for a healthy or tuberculous guinea pig. The specific breadth, that is, the relation of the lethal amounts of poison in 1 gm. of substance for 1 gm. of live weight of a tuberculous .subject to the amount of poison necessary to kill 1 gm. of a healthy guinea pig, is for tuber- culinic acid 100, whereas for thymus nucleic acid it is —1. It is believed that the method for testing tuberculin on guinea pigs in use at the present time should be retained. The tubercle bacilli poison can not be regarded as a true bacterial toxin because it does not yield antitoxin nor specific amboceptor in normal animals. In tuberculous animals, however, it produces normal precipitins and specific amboceptors. It seems, therefore, that in the tubercle bacilli there are present two different antigens, one which induces the formation of precipitins and the other specific amboceptors. By treating tubercle bacilli with silicic acid it is possible to separate the precipitino- gen from the specific toxin. Tuberculosis protective vaccination with antiphymatol, T. Krautsteunk (Ztschr. Infektioiisknuik. u. Hug. Ilaustiere, 14 {1913), No. 6, pp. 366-^82).— The Klimmer method was tested in three establishments. Autopsies were made on 55 animals, 21 of which were protectively vaccinated, 10 curatively treated, and 24 served as controls. Nine of the protectively vaccinated animals were found tuberculous, 2 animals receiving curative treatment after Si years had open tuberculosis, and 1 animal receiving a second injection of antiphymatol had udder tuberculosis. The sub- stance is considered of no value as a protective or curative agent. The tviberculosis problem in rural communities, S. A. Knopf (Pul). Health Rpts. [U. S.], Reprint 243 (1914), pp. 11). — The author believes that because of lack of knowledge and of the enforcement of well-known methods of pre- vention it is difiicult to control the spread of tuberculosis among persons in rural communities. He suggests that there is need of a campaign of education to be followed by a more vigorous control of those afilicted with the disease. Contribution to the serodiagnosis of infectious abortion in bovines, A. Kloubok (Osterr. Wchnschr. Tierheilk., 1914, PP- 133, 139; a&s. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. 43, P- 721).— This is a study of the agglu- tination and complement fixation tests as regards their value for diagnosing infectious abortion in bovines, 8 animals from a healthy establishment and 145 animals located in 8 infected barns being used. Both tests were found valuable for this kind of work, but on account of its simplicity the agglutination test is preferred. A positive test indicates that the animal is infected with Bacillus adortus, but not as to whether a specific in- fection of the uterus has taken place. It also will not determine whether abortion will take place, as pregnant, positive-reacting animals have gone on to full term. A note on Syngamus laryngeus from cattle in the Philippine Islands, M. C. Hall {Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 10 {1915), No. 6, pp. 395, 396, figs. 3).— This nematode, previously known from Annam only, is here recorded from the cow and the carabao in the vicinity of Manila. Aside from the irx'itation at the point of attachment, no pathological condition results from its presence. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 285 Hog cholera and paratyphoid of pigs, H. Miessner (Deut. Tierdrzll. Wchnschr., 22 (1914), No. 5, pp. 70^3).— A criticism of a circular sent out hy a commercial concern to the veterinary profession in regard to vaccination against shoat typhoid. Shoat typhoid is not considered a sej)arate entity, but must be regarded as paratyphoid of pigs caused by the paratyphoid B bacillus. The name shoat typhoid is not deemed well chosen. A chart issued by the con- cern gives a differential diagnosis between shoat typhoid and hog cholera. What is hog cholera? F. Hutyra {Ztschr. Infektionskranlc. u. Hyg. Hans- tiere, 15 (1914), No. 5, pp. 3.3S-3/,0).—A criticism of the nomenclature suggested for hog cholera, etc., by Schern and Stange (E. S. R., 33, p. 182). Bemarks on the hog cholera question, E. Jokst {Ztschr. InfeJdionskrank. u. Hijg. JIaiislicrr, 15 (191J,), No. 6, pp. //..'T-.'/.'/i ) .— The present conception of hog cholera is said to conijirise two etiologically different diseases, viz, one caused by the filterable virus and the other by bacteria of the typhoid coli group {Ba- cillus suipestifer, B. voldagsen, B. typhi suis, etc.). To this can also be added a third condition caused by the filterable virus and bacteria, viz, mixed infection. The names shoat typhoid and paratyphoid are not thought to be well chosen, a more appropriate term seeming to be bacillary hog cholera. The name para- pest, suggested by Schern and Stange (E. S. R., 33, p. 182), should also receive due consideration. Hog cholera in the unrestricted sense may be classified into two groups: (1) Virus pest and pest (mixed infection), and (2) bacillary hog cholera (parapest). Group 1 comprises hog cholera in the restricted sense. The hog cholera usually met with in Germany is probably a mixed infection. Much difficulty is experienced when attempting to classify hog cholera on the basis of the patho-anatomical findings. Hog cholera appears clinically and pathologically as a hemorrhagic septicemia, especially when the filterable virus is virulent and has the ui^per hand. In Germany hog cholera patho-anatomi- cally considered is vei-y severe in nature, and is characterized by inflammation and necrotic changes in the intestinal canal, especially in the large intestine. Septicemic-hemorrhagic manifestations are often absent, especially when the disease is chronic in course, or they are in a minority when compared with the other intestinal changes. Doubt is exiiressed as to whether hog cholera, considered in the restricted sense, and parapest (shoat typhoid) can be differentiated on the basis of the patho-anatomical "findings. Shoat typhoid usually runs a chronic course, while hog cholera is chiefly an acute condition. Accoi'ding to the author's experience the necrotic processes in chronic hog cholera (restricted sense) seems to lie in the solitai-y lymph glands of the intestinal mucosa, whereas in the bacillary disease (shoat typhoid) the changes are often diffuse. Button formation is by no means a regular thing in hog cholera. In chronic hog cholera the- necrosis plays a part. The wall surrounding the intestinal lesions, said to be character- istic of shoat typhoid, is also found around the typical necrosed areas under- going a process of healing in hog cholera. Immunization against erysipelas in hogs especially with killed cu.ltures and bacterial extracts, K. Burgkart {Abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 31 {1915), No. Ji, pp. lil, Jf2). — The purpose of this work was to determine whether immunization could be made with either killed bacteria or bacterial extract. The tests were carried out with gray mice, rabbits, horses, bovines, and a sheep, pig, and goat. Although agglutinin production was noted no satisfactory protective serum could be elaborated. Filariasis in native horses, D. Wirth {Ztschr. Infektionskranlc. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 10 {1911), No. 2-3, pp. 161-174, pi. 1; 12 {1912), No. 3, pp. 295-298; 15 {1914), No. 2, pp. 135-138). — The iir.st two papers report upon four cases under observation and a like number are dealt with in the third. 286 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOED. The use of neosalvarsan, J. Fuei {Allatorvosi Lapok, 37 {1914), No. 27, pp. 321-323; o6s. in Berlin. TierdrztJ. Wchnschr., 30 (191^), No. 47, p. 769).— Neosalvarsan was employed for influenza in horses with good results. The sub- stance can be suspended in glycerin, or, in what is still better, from 10 to 20 cc. of physiological salt solution for injections. This chemotherapeutic agent is also recommended for treating emaciated horses or those affected with acne. RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation and soil conditions in the Sierra Nevada foothills, California, R. D. Robertson and J. W. Nelson (Califoniia Sta. Bui. 253 (1915), pp. 325- 378, pi. 1, figs. 26). — This report is based on work done under cooperative agree- ments between the Office of Experiment Stations, the state department of engineering, and the station. Its purpose " is to show the present status and the possibilities of irrigation in the foothills along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, to describe in general the soils of this region, and to discuss the adaptation of these soils to various crops." The area dealt with is about 5,000,000 acres, the topography consisting of deeply dissected canyons, rugged, rocky ridges, slopes, rounded hills of gentle to moderate contour, and small, narrow, winding valleys. The soils of the region are chiefly of granitic and metamorphic origin. They are relatively high in iron and are prevailingly red in color, although areas of gray, brown, and black occur. The prevailing textures are those of loams and clay loams. The soils generally have a friable, mealy texture when damp, are tilled without difficulty, and are said to be particularly adapted to the growing of fruit. Their humus content is relatively low, but usually increases with the elevation. " The topography and drainage of the foothills are not favorable in most places for the development of a high-water table or for the accumulation of alkali. . . . The abundance and thrift of native vegetation over the entire belt is a fair indication of the depth, fertility, and moisture- retaining properties of the soil." Water for irrigation is said to be available for much of the land from numerous streams and reservoirs. The principal rivers furnishing water for irrigation from south to north are as follows: "Above San Joaquin Valley — Kern, Tule, Kaweah, Kings, San Joaquin, Merced, Tuolumne, Stanislaus, Calaveras, Mokelumne, and Cosumnes rivers; above Sacramento Valley — ^Amer- ican, Bear, Yuba, Feather, and Sacramento rivers. Throughout the Sierra foothills there are numerous springs which may be made to yield a large revenue if the flow from them is stored in small reservoirs. . . . Only storage works are needed to conserve large volumes now running to waste to make this belt of elevated land one of the most important agricultural districts in Californfa." It is stated that the principal irrigation developments of the foothill region are found in the Tulare and Fresno counties citrus belt, in the Placer County deciduous fruit belt, and in the vicinity of Oroville in Butte County. Irriga- tion conditions in these localities are described more or less in detail. [Irrig'ation experiments on the Koppenhof experimental fl.eld], G. Riciiter (Jahresber. Kaiser Wilhehns Inst. Landiv. Brombcrg, 1913, pp. 46, 47). — Irriga- tion on a light sandy soil was accompanied by profitable increases in the yield of potatoes, winter rye, and oats with reference to the cost of irriga- tion. Complete fertilization of the iwtatoes without irrigation was accom- panied by the same increase in yield as irrigation without complete fertilization. The increase in winter rye was profitable only with heavy irrigations of 240 mm. (9.5 in.). Frequent harrowing of the rye was found a decided advantage, advantage. [Irrigation experiments on the Bromberg experimental fi^eld], G. Richteb (Jahresl)er. Kaiser Wilhehns Inst. Landiv. Bromberg, 1913, pp. 39-43). — Irriga- RUEAL ENGINEERING. 287 tion by spraying amounting to 130 mm. (5.1 in.), extending from April 1 to June 30, plus 120 mm. of rain was accompanied by a decided increase in the crop of winter rye. An irrigation of 180 mm. only slightly increased the yield further. One hundred and ten mm. and 290 mm. of spray irrigation plus 403 mm. of rain water were accompanied by a decided but unprofitable increase in the yield of hay on sandy soil. The root development was also decidedly in- creased. The results with beans on a sandy soil using 12.5 mm. of irrigation were not ■profitable, but the increase accompanying an irrigation of 165 mm. was quite profitable. Negative results accompanied the irrigation of white and retl cab- bage on sandy soil and of red beets on heavy soil. Tomatoes on sandy soil burst and rotted badly on account of an abnormal rainy period, especially on the irrigated plats. In spite of this the profit due to increase of crop accom- panying Irrigation was marked. An excellent profit was obtained by the irriga- tion of fi-uit bushes and trees on sandy soil using 70 mm. and 150 mm. of irriga- tion plus 120 mm. of rain. Profitable results accomjJanying irrigation were ob- tained with sugar beets on a heavy soil in only two out of four cases, but irri- gation w&s quite profitable with carrots on this soil with 40 mm. and 50 mm. of irrigation plus 400 mm. of rainfall from May 1 to September 30. An irriga- tion of 110 mm. slightly increased this profit. The water economy of the soil, G. Richter (Jahresber. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. Landiv. Bronihcrg, WIS, pp. 43--'f5). — In studies of the influence of culti- vation on the water economy of light sandy soil it was found that harrowing five times immediately after rains was accompanied by a marl^ed increase in the yield of corn. Irrigation increased the water content of both the surface soil and subsoil of grass land, but the water content of the subsoil decreased with the depth and with the amount of living and dead root matter. The water con- tent of meadow and barley soils even when unirrigated was greater than that of grass and rye land, indicating, it is thought, that rye and grass possess a greater ability to utilize the water. Plowing and harrowing of the rye soil after harvesting followed by fallowing increased the water content of the sur- face soil about 2.1 i>er cent bj^ weight, but did not atfect that of the subsoil. Studies in water supply, A. C. Houston (London: Macumllan & Co., Ltd., 1913, pp. XII-\-203, pi. 1, flgs. 42).— The contents of this monograph have been previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 416). River discharge, J. €. Hoyt and N. C. Grover {^ew York: John Wiley <& Sons, 1914, 3. ed. rev. and enl., pp. XII +182, pis. 10, figs. 3S).— This is the third edition of this book (E. S. R., 29, p. 487), and has been further expanded to pre- sent the latest information on the subject. Surface water supply of the Yukon-Tanana region, Alaska, 1907 to 1912, O. E. Ellsworth and R. AV. Davenport (V. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Sup ply Paper 3^2 (1915), pp. 343, pis. 13, flgs. 5). — This report gives a detailed summary of the water-supply studies in the Yukon-Tanana region since 1907, these having been discontinued indefinitely. The work of 1907 and 1908 has been previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 309). The physical and climatic features of the region are first described, followed by descriptions of stream basins and the results of measurements of flow therein. It is stated, among other things, in conclusion that the stream flow in the region is generally unfavorable foi" hydraulic development. " The condi- tions of the Yukon-Tanana region are particularly unfavoraljle for the develop- ment of water power. The combinations of low minimum run-off without nat- ural storage or favorable means of developing artificial storage, of low and uniform sti'eam grades, of short seasons, and of variable market make the use of water power a last resort." 3451°— No. 3—15 7 288 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Report on the surface water supply of New Mexico, 1913, J. A. French (Santa Fe, N. Mex.: State Engin. DeiJt., 1913, pp. 216, pis. 5).— This report covers floods in the Chico Rico Creek basin in June, 1913; Cimarron River basin in June, 1913; Mora River and Sapello Creeli drainage basins in 1913; and Rio de Arena and Cameron Creek drainage basins in August. 1913. It also gives miscellaneous measurements in the Canadian and Gila River basins, seep- age investigations of the Rio Grande, and evaporation data. The inverted weir, E. W. Rettger (Engin. News, 73 (1915), No. 2, pp. 72, 73, figs. 4)- — The author in dealing with special properties of certain weir forms when used inverted calls attention especially to the proportional-flow inverted weir. See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 31, p. 784). Report upon the Cypress Creek drainage district, Desha and Chicot coun- ties, Arkansas, S. H. McCkory, O. G. Baxter, D. L. Yarnell, L. A. Jones, and W. J. ScHLicK (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 198 (1915), pp. 20, pis. 4, figs. 2).— This drainage project, the survey for which was completed in March, 1912, embraces a district in southeastern Arkansas having an area of 466 square miles and classed, as Mississippi bottom land. The topsoil generally is the ordinary Mississippi alluvium, more or less modified by decayed vegetation. " The water from which the district must be protected comes from two sources — first, direct precipitation upon the watershed in which the district lies, and, second, overflow from the Mississippi River, whose backwater enters the district through the gap in the levees at the mouth of Cypress Creek, damaging not only the district itself but a large area in Chicot County. Ark., and northei*n Louisiana, since such water, once behind the Mississippi River levee, must flow south to the Red River. The drainage problem, then, is not only to provide the necessary outlets and laterals to care for the run-ofif from the 658 square miles tributary to that district but so to design and locate these outlets that the drainage water now entering the Mississippi River through the levee gap will be diverted, thus making it possible to close this gap." From run-oft observations made in this and similar districts, the following formula of the Fanning type was deduced for use in calculating run-off in this project : R~j=. R=th.e run-off in second-feet per square mile and iJ/=the area of watershed in square miles. The proposed improvement includes 421.72 miles of ditches, the total cost of construction of which is estimated at $2,207,493, or $7.49 per benefited acre. Excavating' plant for heavy drainage work in Arkansas (Engin. Rec, 71 (1915), No. 2, p. J}1, fig. 1). — This article deals with the tyi^e and dimensions of machinery adapted to channel and levee construction in timbered alluvium. The floating dipper dredge is preferred for this work. The economy of farm drainage, R. D. Marsuen (TJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1914, PP- 245-256, pis. 4)- — 111 this article a brief discussion of the beneficial effects of land drainage and of surface and subsurface drains and their adapta- tions is followed by a more detailed discussion of the economic phases of the subject. The cost of drainage is shown to be a factor varying not only with location, owing to differences in the cost of tile and labor, but with the nature of the soil and with the consequent depth and spacing of drains. It is stated that in con- sidering the economy of fann drainage it is proper first to compare the antici- pated results with the probable returns from otherwise investing the money that the drainage work will cost. Proper planning of drainage projects is considered essential. " To determine the most economical plan of drainage usually requires engineei'ing judgment of no mean order and a thorough knowledge of the drainage properties of soils. RURAL ENGINEERING. 289 One not experienced in tlais liind of worli should not take the responsibility of planning any considerable expenditure for drainage. . , . Construction work should be carefully done, under the supervision of some one at least qualified to see that the tile are laid according to the grades established by the engineer who planned the work. . . . The fertility of the soil should be assured before drainage is planned and if any elenaent of i)lant food is lacking the cost of supplying it must be reckoned." Clean water and how to get it on the farm, R. W. Tkullingek ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1914, pp. 139-156, pis. 3, figs. 4).— This article discusses the sanitary aspects of farm water supplies, illustrates good and bad well and spring surroundings, gives information regarding the protection of farm water supplies from contamination, and describes convenient methods for obtaining running water in the house. A report by the author dealing in part with the same subject has been previously noted (E. S. It., 30, p. 090). Annual report on highway improvement, Ontario, 1913, W. A. :McLean (Ann. Rpi. Highway Imp. Out., 1913, pp. 62, figs. ;^//).— This report deals with model and experimental roads, road models, road machinery, specifications for road machinery, concrete roads, and pavements in Ontario, and township road administration. As regards grading machines, it is stated that they are of greatest value in purely agricultural districts, working constantly in uniform clay, loam, and sandy soils. Steam rollers are considered a necessity wherever broken-stone roads are being built, 10-ton rollers being the best for ordinary country use. It is stated that traction haulage, displacing horses, for hauls of 2 miles or over shows distinct economy, in some cases reducing by one-half the cost of hauling gravel and stone. The objections presented to concrete as a material for roads are that the surface is too hard to give a proper foothold for horses, it is rigid and hard on their feet, it reflects heat, it has an unpleasant glare, it is brittle, expansion joints chip at the angles and under constant traffic deepen to holes, and cracks are unavoidable and difficult to repair. On the other hand, concrete for pavements is said to be low in first cost as compared with other high-class pavements, and is one of the cheapest materials yet available for a permanent pavement or roadway. The present concrete road practice in Ontario is said to favor one-course construction, rich in cement, coupled with careful drainage of the subsoil. Traflac factors, J. Eastwood (Surveyor. ^6 (1914), No. 1185, pp. 408-412).— The author deals with the conditions influencing the value of coefficients of I)otential damaging eftect under English conditions and reports a traffic census on two roads, from the results of which he proposes factors for certain classes of traffic for both macadam and paved roads as shown in the following table: Proposed traffic factors. Kind of traffic. Macadamized roads. Level. Steep York stone paving. Level. Steep Granite. Level. Steep, Led or ridden horses Single-horse vehicles (lit'ht) . Single-horse vehicles (heavy) Two-horsfc vehicles (light). . . Two-horse vehicles (heavy). . Three-horse vehicles Four-or-more-horse vehicles. Motorcycles Motor cars Motor wagons (rubber tires). Motor wagons (steel tires) h 1 2 2 3 3* 4 X li 2* 20 1 I' 0 i 1' 20 0 20 290 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Relation of road maintenance to traffic, W. D. Sohiee (EngHn. Rec, 10 {191 Jt), No. 22, pp. 582-584). — Studies of traffic and repair on Massachusetts highways with reference to the Influence of volume, weight of units, relative number of rubber and steel tired vehicles, and cost of maintenance are re- ported. The largest cost of upkeep on macadam roads in Massachusetts is said to be due to heavy automobile travel and heavy hauling on narrow tires. Traffic values of gravel and water-bound macadam roads are given in the following table : Traffic values of gravel and water-'boimd macadam roads. Average daily traffic. Conditions of traffic. Light teams, carriages, wagons. Heavy teams, one-horse. Heavy teams, two or more horses. Automobiles. A good gravel road will wear reasonably well and be economical with. It needs to be oiled with 50-75 50-75 75-100 175-200 175-200 175-200 100-150 25-30 25-30 30-50 175-200 175-200 175-200 50-75 10-15 10-15 20 60-80 60-80 60-80 25-30 50-75. Over 75. 500-700 or more. Not over 50 at speed. 50-500. 500 or more. 1,500 and more fewer teams. 50 trucks. 1,500 or more. Oiled gravel, fairly good heavy cold oil J gal. per square yard, applied aimuallv, satisfactory with. Water-bound macadam will stand with high with Cold oil or tar will prove serviceable on such macadam with. Macadam will then stand, but the stone wears, of course, with. Water-bound macadam with hot asphaltic oil blanket will be economical with. Do., will stand at least Do., will crumble and perhaps fail with more than (on narrow tires, ice, farm, and wood teams, etc.). Water-bound macadam with a good surface coat- ing of tar (J gal. per square yard recoated an- nually with' i gal. of tar per square yard) will stand' with. 150 100-150 75 50-75 30 25-30 Notes on the selection of pavements for heavy-traffic roads, H. G. Shirley {Engin. and Contract., Jt2 (1914), No. 2Jf, pp. 531, 538). — An outline of the fac- tors involved in the selection of i)avements for use on country roads subjected to heavy traffic, including excessive loads hauled by tractors, is given. It is stated that before selecting the type of pavement to be used a more or less accurate census of the different kinds of traffic should be taken and an estimate made as to the possible increase or decrease of the different kinds.* The following criterion for the selection of the type of pavement is suggested: " Where the annual cost of maintenance of a less durable type of road sur- facing vv'ill exceed the annual cost of maintenance of a more durable type of surfacing, plus 4 per cent on the excess cost of the more durable type over the less durable type, the more durable type should be used, and vice versa." State management of public roads, its development and trend, J. E. Penny- backer (U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearhook 1914, pp. 211-226, pis. 2, figs. 3).— In this article, dealing mainly with economic phases of the subject, it is stated, with reference to the progress of state road management, that forty-two States have thus far established highway departments for educational or administrative work, and of these thirty have made actual appropriations in aid of road con- struction or maintenance. " In all, $208,000,000 had been appropriated from state funds between 1891 and January 1, 1915, for construction, maintenance, administration, and educational road work, and a total of about 31,000 miles of improved roads is the evidence to show that this expenditure was not in RURAL ENGINEERING. 291 vain. Tliese roads were built for tlie most part as a joint state and local undertaking, so that a large local outlay not included in tlie state total was involved. . . . " The systems of road management now prevailing iu the various States may be grouped in six general classes. The first class cou)priS(^s those States in which the construction of all ro;ids is more or less under state control. In the second class are comprised those States in which state control of road con- struction is limited to those roads on which state funds are expended. In the third class are included the States which grant aid in the form of state funds, but allow the expenditure to be made under local control. In the fourth class are those States which have established highway departments for educational and advisory work. The fifth class is composed of the States which devote the labor of state convicts to road improvement, and the sixth class comprises those States in which the control of all road construction is entirely local. . . . " Summarized briefly, the essentials to successful state highway administra- tion, as demonstrated by the experience of the various state highway depart- ments, are as follows: (1) The elimination of politics as a factor in state highway work, (2) the control by the state highway department of all work on which state funds are exi>ended, (3) adequate appropriations for continuous maintenance of highways under efficient supervision from the day the high- ways are completed, and (4) state supervision as to surveys, plans and specifi- cations of roads and bridges constructed under bond issue, and supervision of such other road and bridge work as requires considerable cash outlay and the exercise of engineering skill and knowledge." Standard concrete culverts recommended by the Michigan Highway De- partment {Engin. and Contract., 43 {1915), No. 2, p. ////, fJo'- 1). — Tables and diagrams showing the standard type of concrete culvert for spans varying from 6 ft. to IS ft., as recommended by the Michigan State Highway Department, are given. Making- fences, walls, and hedges, W. H. Butterfield {New York: McBride, Nast, d Co., 1914, PP- 66, 2>ls. 8, figs. 11). — This book deals with the construction of fences, gates, and walls. The text is divided into sections dealing with fences and their construction, walls (stone), and hedges. Mechanical cultivation in Belgium, P. Diffloth {Vie Agr. et Rurale, 3 {1914), No. 26, pp. 716-721. figs. 5). — The actual exijerimental data of motor- plow tests previously noted by De Chassart et al. (E. S. R., 31, p. 487) are re- ported in complete form. The more important results are given in the following table : Results of mechanical plowing tests. Kind of machine. Rated horse- power. Num- ber of plows. Average plowing width. Plow- ing depth. Total surface plowed in test. Volume soil turned per hour. Fuel consump- tion in test. Lubricat- ing oil consumed in test. Essence. Coal. Steam: Tractor 40 55 30-35 55-60 40 60 15 30 85-105 42-50 30 8 12 3 8 6 10 2 7-8 6 6 Meters. 2.80 4.25 .90 2.85 2.20 3.55 .55 Cm. 17.0 15.5 20.0 15.5 16.5 19.0 16.0 15.0 17.0 18.0 15.5 Hectares. 11.3479 13. 1195 4.0255 15.6014 9.4113 10.3491 2. 8036 3.2907 13.9167 12. 4346 3.4116 Cu. met. 1,292.0 1,557.0 648.0 1,566.0 967.0 1,224.0 281.0 543.0 1,483.0 1,526.0 345.5 Liters. Kg. 1,325 893 Liters. 6.17 Do 10.75 Internal combus- tion: Cable and trac- tor 198.50 341.00 191.00 219. 99 87.30 80.00 261.07 272. 00 132. 00 10.20 Tractor Do Do Do Auto plow Do 34.00 15.67 14.16 10.00 2.40 13.70 Do 19.44 Scarifier 2.00 4.18 292 EXPERIMEXT STATION EECOED, Results of some experiments made to determine the effect of varying' the percentage of water in concrete (Engin. and Contract., .'{2 (1914), A'o. 11, pp. 2Jf-'f-2'i6, figs. Jf). — The results of a series of experiments, using 6-iu. cubes and reinforced beams 2 in. by 2 in. by 3 ft. of a 1: 2: 4 mixture and a water content varying from 20 to 42.5 per cent of the weight of the cement, are reported. The cubes were broken at the end of 7. 30, and GO days and the beams at the end of 30 and 60 days. The beams were reinforced with two J-in. round rods and designe " North Dakota — ilcriciiKural CoUege: T. P. Cooper." Ohio — Wooster: C. E. Thome." OKLKUOUA—StiUwater: W. L. Carlyle." Oregon— CorfoZHs.* A. B. Cordley." Pennsylvania— State College: R. L. Wattg." State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition H. P. Armsby.a Porto Rico- Federal Station: Mayaguez: D. V/, May.s Insular Station: .Bio Piedras: W. V. Tower." Rhode IstAi^ny^ Kingston: B. L. Hartwell." South Carouna— CZemson College: J. N. Har- per." South H.KXof a.— Brookings: 1. W. Wilson." Tennessee— ;K^«oi!)iZZ«.' H. A. Morgan." TEX.K3— College Station: B. Youngblood." \JtkB— Logan: E. D. Ball." Vermont— BMrZinfftoJi.- J. L. Hills." ViRGINU— Blacksburg: W.J. Schoene.c Norfclk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson." Washington— Pjt?/ma7t.- I. D. Cardlfl." West Vtr.GTmA—Morgantown: J. L. Coulter. o Wisconsin— J/odison.- n. L. Russell." Wyoming — Laramie: C. A. Duniway.c I Director. * Agronomist in charge. c Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations. Assistant Editor: 11. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny— L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers/S'' w" m^^^' IR. W. Trullinger. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant PathologAr/J^- J- Evans, Ph. D. ^. , , ^ ^^ I W. E. Boyd. Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. rC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. LIBI^ART Foods and Human Nutritions. in Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. IO4S, pp. 175, 17G). — " Several methods have been proposed for the measurement of the velocity of diastase activity in plant extracts. The procedure adopted by several investigators is based ui>on the determination of the amount of reducing sugar, usually calcu- lated as maltose, produced by the action of a ^lefinite amount of extract upon an excess of soluble starch for a definite length of time at constant tempera- ture. The Kjeldahl 'law of proportionality' is sometimes observed and some- times ignored." The general inapplicability of the method for plant extracts is very strik- ingly shown in the following, which refers to the diastase activity in glycerin extracts from cold-storage potatoes: The number of milligrams of sugar at 40° C. per hour per 100 gm. of potato pulp, calculated as maltose, was 17 mg. of total reducing sugar on March 28, and the total sugar was 3.6. On December 20 the former was 24.6 and the latter 3.7. On January 13 the amounts were 81.9 and 3.7, respectively. " Calculated on the basis of increase in total reducing sugars or maltose in the extract after incubation with soluble starch, the tubers would show a very marked increase in diastase with storage, but when calculated on basis of in- crease in total sugar, the diastase activity remains practically constant. The amount of sucrose in the tubers" increases with cold storage. It is extracted with the diastase and is inverted at the incubation temperature, according to the law of the mass action. Since nonreducing, hydrolyzable sugars are present in many plant tissues and are subject to wide variation in the same tissue, the above-described method in unmodified form is not reliable." See also a previous note (E. S. K., 32, p. 129). Estimates of cholesterol in serum by gravimetric and colorimetric meth- ods, P. G. Weston {Jour. Med. Research, 29 {1914), No. 3, pp. 457-464) .—This is a continuation of work previously published <* and consists of a comparative study of the gravimetric digitonin method with the author's colorimetric method. For the experiments pure cholesterol prepared from gall stones, human brains, and blood serum was used. Determinations were made of (1) pure cholesterol, (2) impure cholesterol extracted from serum, and (3) impure cholesterol extracted from serum plus a known quantity of pure cholesterol. " Known quantities of pure cholesterol subjected to the same process as that employed in the extraction of cholesterol from serum yielded 99.44 per cent according to the colorimetric estimates and 108.56 per cent by weight. Serum to which 1 mg. of pure cholesterol had been added to each cubic centimeter yielded an excess of 1 mg. per cubic centimeter according to the colorimetric method and an excess of 1.3835 mg. by weight. In the 17 experiments in which a known quantity of cholesterol was estimated by both methods the results obtained by colorimetric estimation were uniformly more accurate than the results obtained by weight." The use of the interferometer in agricultural investigations, H. Kappejt (LandiD. Vei's. Stat., 83 {1914), No. 5-6, pp. 385-396; abs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 {1914), No. 37, Referatenteil, p. 298).— This apparatus is employed for determining the refraction of fluids. It is said to be a decided improve- "Jour. Med. Research, 26 (1912), No. 3, pp. 531-546. 316 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. ment over the immersion refractometer, inasmuch as it will give more depend- able results for very dilute solutions. From some of the results obtained with the apparatus it seems clear that it can be employed for the examination of milk, water-soluble constituents of soils, dissolved substances in river water, etc. The burning quality of cigar wrapper, III, S. Tijmstra (Bui. Deli. Proef- stat. Aledan, No. 3 (1914), pp. 30, figs. 2). — The burning quality of the wrapper is defined as the ease with which the burning of the wrapper keeps pace with the burning of the filler without lagging behind the latter. The glowing test is not believed to be a theoretical or practical test for determining the burning quality of a tobacco. Burning quality and glowing quality are to a certain extent opposing properties. Thg extinction capacity of the tobacco leaf could be determined or in its stead the thickness of the leaf. The denser the leaf the greater will be its glowing property and the less its burning power. In determining the burning power of the tobacco, 4 trapezium-shaped pieces cut out of the tobacco leaf are rolled loosely on bamboo twigs, with the upper side of the leaf facing outwards. The small " cigars " thus prepared, contain- ing the bamboo, are placed 1 cm. deep into small glass tubes 14 cm. high and 4 mm. wide. The surface of the " cigar " protruding from the glass tube should be just 12 sq. cm. The bamboo twig is then carefully removed from the tobacco, and the latter is dried over sulphuric acid (specific gx-avity 1.3) until a constant moisture content is obtained. The glass tube holding the " cigar " is inserted into the hole of a small rubber stopper, which is then put into a glass tube, bent four times vertically, and connecting with a 5-liter aspirating bottle pro- vided with a 1-meter siphon tube. The cigar is lighted and the water is allowed to run from the aspirator flask at the rate of 500 cc. per minute. The number of seconds required to burn a cigar represents the burning quality of the to- bacco, the less time required for burning the tobacco the better being the quality of the tobacco. The methods for estimating burning quality of tobacco previously proposed by the author,*^ by Garner (E. S. R., 18, p. 35), and by other workers are dis- cussed at length. Studies on fruit juices, H. C. Gore (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 241 (1915), pp. 19). — " The studies described in this bulletin were made with a view of finding methods for the preparation of juices from such fruits as the strawberry, black- berry, pineapple, orange, and lemon. . . . The actual fruit used wherever prac- ticable was that produced under typical conditions in localities where it is grown extensively." It was found that ordinary methods of sterilizing fruit juices by heat could be applied successfully to only a limited number of the special fruits as black raspberry, blackberi*y, black currant, sour cherry, and peach. The strawberry, red raspberry, red currant, pineapple, and citrus fruit juices, and apple cider were found to lose in flavor when sterilized by heat. Si>ecial tests were made with the latter named fruits for the purpose of devising methods of storing by refrigeration or sterilization with carbon dioxid. The general methods of preparing fruit juices are discussed as a preliminary to the discussion of the special methods. " Satisfactory yields of juice were easily obtained from all of the fruits Studied. Lemon and orange juices were best expressed by cutting each fruit into several pieces and then pressing, a method which could be successfully used "Meded. Deli-Proefstat. Medan, 5 (1910), No. 2, pp. 25-45, figs. 3; 6 (1911), No. 8, pp. 257-288, flgs. 3. AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGEOTECHNY. 317 in pressing pineapples, although the method of pressing the fruit without previ- ous cutting is probably superior. It was found advisable to pass all of the other kinds of fruit pressed without heating through an apple grater to facilitate the outflow of the juice. "Heating before pressing in the case of black raspberi-y, blackberry, red cur- rant, black currant, and huckleberry juices resulted in larger yields of juice and the development of more color and a more distinctive flavor than were ob- tained from cold pressing. Strawberries, red raspberries, cherries, peaches, pineapples, lemons, and oranges were cold pressed. " Heating the juices sufficiently to sterilize them did not affect injuriously the color of any of the fruit juices, though pineapple, lemon, and orange juices usually darkened somewhat if heated in the presence of dissolved oxygen or if exposed to atmospheric oxygen during the heat treatment. " The distinctive flavor of the fresh fruit was greatly injured and the familiar cooked-strawberry taste appeared when strawberry juice was sterilized by heat. The fresh fruit flavor of orange juice was also distinctly injured when the juice was heated. Although all lost in the quality of freshness, heating did not seriously affect the flavor of other fruit juices, except in cases where the heat employed was excessive. " The extent to which color and flavor were retained on keeping the juice after sterilization varied greatly in the juices from the various fruits. In strawberry juice the brilliant red color of the freshly sterilized juices in all cases faded greatly and further flavor losses occurred. Sterilization and subse- quent keeping in carbon dioxid were not effective in securing color retention. " Red currant juice very gradually lost in distinctive color and flavor on being kept at room temperature after sterilization, and keeping in carbon dioxid was not effective in securing either color or flavor retention. Cold storage at from 32 to 35° F. was found to be a very satisfactory means of con- trolling color and flavor changes. " The distinctive colors and flavors of black currant, blackberry, and black raspberry juices were satisfactorily retained during prolonged periods at com- mon storage. The flavor of blackberries was, however, distinctly less well retained than that of black currants or black raspberries, though it did not undergo a perceptible change during a storage period of six months. " In the case of red raspberries the distinctive color and flavor were poorly retainetl, even on keeping the juice in carbon dioxid in cold storage at from 32 to 35°. " When sterilized and subsequently kept in carbon dioxid the distinctive color of pineapple juice remained pi'actically unchanged. When exposed to atmos- pheric oxygen at juice surfaces during and after sterilization marked darken- ing occurred. Change in color was also found to be greatly, though not wholly, retarded. by keeping the juice in cold storage at from 32 to 35°. On keeping the juice at ordinary temperatures the distinctive pineapple flavor gradually lessened, though the juices remained recognizable as pineapple. By keeping in cold storage at from 32 to 35° F. flavor change was almost wholly prevented, " The distinctive colors and flavors of peach and cherry juices were quite well retained while kept at room temperatures. Huckleberry juice, hot pressed, lost in flavor on keeping. " Lemon juice darkened in color if sterilized and kept in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, though the color was satisfactorily retained when the juice was sterilized and kept in carbon dioxid or in vacuum. In all cases an off-flavor, designated as a ' bottled lime-juice ' flavor, appeared in the lemon 318 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. juice after it had been kept for a time after sterilization, even ttiough in cold storage at from 32 to 35°. " Orange juice also underwent a marked darkening in color when kept at room temperatures after being sterilized. The color was fairly well retained when atmospheric oxygen was excluded by sterilizing the juice and subse- quently keeping it in vacuum or in carbon dioxid, and the change in color was well controlled by keeping the juice at low temperatures. The flavor of sterilized orange juice, already slightly injured by the heating necessary for sterilization, underwent further changes when kept at room temperatures. It was found that by keeping the juice in cold storage at from 32 to 35° the flavor was well retained for long periods. " The distinctive colors and flavors of all fruit juices kept in freezing storage at about — 10° C. (14° F.) were found to remain practically unchanged during many months, except that a peculiar coagulation of much of the coloring matter appeared in the juice of the black raspberry. It was possible to con- centrate fruit juices to sirups by freezing out the water as ice and centrifu- galizing. Characteristic colors and flavors were well retained on concentrating. " Infusorial earth greatly promotes the filtering of fruit juices, as it retards greatly the clogging of the filter." When, what, and how to can and preserve fruits and vegetables in the home, G. W. Caevee {Alabama Tuskcgee Sta. Bui. 27 {1915), pp. 3-8).— A description of home canning methods. The material is arranged in seasonal form. A section on drying fruits and vegetables is included. METEOROLOGY. The rainfall regime of the several States, B. C. Waxlis (Mo. Weather Rev., 43 (1915), No. Jf, pp. 176-178, fig. i).— In this article an attempt is made to groui) the States which have similar rainfall conditions on the basis of rainfall data used in the construction of equipluves presented in previous articles (E. S. R., 32, p. 119) . The results are shown in the following map : j^J -/ \ ''°''^- I N DAK. /---/ O) '"^HO^ ■f'^S.DAK. r c 7 """'"-/--Ja '''°- f ^^ MINN I ) WIS. ^ A o / IG\ OHIO. , V^.---„-?ay (^ IOWA. \ 1 N X / ^r^^ 1 \ I n_w. MoV^'-v ARK. i N /IJTlf [ 'ir^j W-^-xl43 Kmss i'^^ fla\ m\ ^ Fig. 3. — Approximate grouping of States as rainfall sections. METEOROLOGY. The rainfall regions shown on this map are as follows: Summary of the rainfall regimes of the several States. 319 Months bringing — Average pre- cipitation. Sections (fig. 1). Principal maximum intensity. Principal minimum intensity. Range of intensity. A January January July iTichcs. 23 33 31 13 14 38 42 50 44 48 25 55 Pluviometric coefficient. 161 96 194 117 112 B C January January February Julv D ,.... July E F January October October November November. . .. January October 34 57 65 39 G May H March July. . K L Au.^ust September 75 M 142 N 85 The distribution of the rainfall in the western United States, B. C. Waixis {Mo. Weather Rev., 43 (1915), No. 4, pp. 170-175, figs. i9).— This is a discussion similar to that of rainfall intensity of the eastern United States already noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 117). It contains twelve monthly maps of equipluves besides charts of rainfall intensity, for the region west of the 103d meridian. These show " a notable regularity almost throughout the year, a very wet area gradu- ally fades off into a very dry district. The exceptional month is October, when the raininess is uniformly below the average, and the elevated lands are wetter than the lowlands. The second general feature is the absence of very marked raininess or dryness on the mountains at any time of the year. This fact is well shown by the graphs for the mountain divisions. Consequently, in a broad way, the West contains three regions with three types of rainfall : (1) The far west, including the coast lands, with great rainfall intensity throughout the period November to March — i. e., winter rains; (2) the moun- tains, never very wet, never very dry; (3) the eastern slopes, with great rain- fall intensity in the north from April to June, and in the south from July to September— i. e., summer rains." A study of the rainfall charts for the western United States in conjunction with those of the eastern United States " indicates that the rainfall of the United States as a whole is determined by (1) continental influences which are exerted over a broad triangle of country, with the vertex to the south and with the edge of the Rocky Mountains as the eastern limb of the triangle; (2) oceanic influences exerted upon the coastal lowlands, (a) on the west from the Pacific and (b) on the east from the Atlantic; (3) intermediate regions (a) the Rockies in the west and (b) the western Appalachians on the east; and (4) direct solar influences which are manifest with some ele- ments of variety along the southern boundary as far west as Yuma, Ariz." The infl^uence of a western yellow pine forest on the accumulation and melting of snow, A. J. Jaenicke and M. H. Foerstee (Mo. Weather Rev., 43 {1915), No. S, pp. 115-126, pis. .?).— This article reports a study of the influence of a virgin western yellow-pine forest on the accumulation and melting of snow. This study was made at the Fort Valley (Forest) Experiment Station, 320 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Ariz,, during the winters of 1910-11 and 1912-13 " upon two areas, alike in all respects, except that one was forested and the other naturally treeless." The results, reported in detail, indicate that there was no apprecaible differ- ence in the total amount or density but great difference in distribution on the ground of snow in the forested and nonforested areas. The rate of melting in winter was greater in the forest than in the open. Melting in spring was most rapid and the run-off greatest in the open. The snow disappeared more gradually and the absorption and retention of water by the soil was greater in the forest than in the open. The authors conclude in general " that the value of forest cover in the con- servation of snow waters is great, even when that forest cover is of such an open and broken character as the typical western yellow-pine forest on which observations were made in this study." Commenting upon this study and the deductions drawn from it, officials of the Weather Bureau question whether certain of the conclusions drawn, especially those relating to the causes of difference in conservation of snow in the forested and open areas, are suf- ficiently supported by the data presented. Atmospheric influence on evaporation and its direct measurement, B. E. Livingston (Mo. Weather Rev., 7/3 {1915). No. 3, pp. 126-131, figs. 2).— This article deals briefly with some general principles of atmometry and discusses the relative merits of different types of atmometers, especially the porous clay- cup atmometer. It is stated that the latter " possesses all the advantages over the free water surface that are possessed by the Piche, Piche-Cantoni, and Bellani instruments. Its main advantage over these instruments lies in this, that its surface projects up into the air and is exposed equally to wind action in all directions. Its surface is somewhat similar to that of plants, which is also the surface of a water-imbibed solid, and its exposure to the surrounding aerial conditions is similar to the mean exposure of the surfaces of the foliage of an entire plant. For this reason it has proved especially valuable in studies bearing upon water loss from i>lants. The rigidity of the cups also makes them more satisfactory than the somewhat flexible paper disks." A bibliography of literature relating to the subject is appended. Monthly weather periodicity, Y. Koppen (Mo. Weather Rev., JfS (1915), No.Ji, pp. 179-lSl). — ^^This article adduces evidence to show that there is no weather periodicity due to the influence of the moon. Influence of the moon on weather (Mo. Weather Rev., J/S (1915), No. If, p. 182). — ^A brief reference is here made to a memoir by G. Wagner which con- tains a critical summary of modern scientific investigations on the possible lunar influences on terrestrial weather. This refutes the popular belief that this influ- ence is sufficiently sti'ong to permit of its direct unaided observation, and that one can even deduce weather forecasts from it. Monthly Weather Heview (Mo. Weather Rev., 43 (1915), Nos. 3, pp. 99-157, pis. 11, figs. 6; 4, pp. 159-209, pis. 8, figs. 27).— In addition to weather fore- casts, river and flood observations, and seismological reports for March and April, 1915; lists of additions to the Weather Bureau Library and of recent papers on meteorology and seismology; notes on the weather of the months; a condensed climatological summary ; and the usual climatological tables and charts, these numbers contain the following articles : No. 3. — The Total Iladiation Pteceived on a Horizontal Surface from the Sun and Sky at Washington, D. C. (illus.), by PL IL Kimball; Solar Radiation In- tensities during January, February, and March, 1915, and the Total Solar and Sky Iladiation during March at Washington, D. C, by PI. PI. Kimball; Thermo- isopleths for Washington, D. C. (illus.), by 0. Abbe, Jr.; The Influence of a Western Yellow Pine Forest on the Accumulation and Melting of Snow (illus.), SOILS FERTILIZEBS. 321 by A. J. Jaenicke and M. H. Foerster (see p. 319) ; Atmospheric Influence on Evaix)ration and Its Direct Measurement (illus.), by B. E. Livingston (see p. 320) ; The Introduction of Meteorology into the Courses of Instruction in Mathematics and Physics, by C. Abbe ; Lightning and Protection from It, by J. Larmor ; Lightning Injury to Cotton and Potato Phints, by L. R. Jones and W. W. Gilbert; Weather and Health; and Huntington on the Climatic Factor, by W. J. Humphreys. No. 4. — Solar and Sky Kadiation Measured at Washington, D. C, during April, 1915, by H. H. Kimball; The Origin of the Wind (illus.), by J. W. Sand- strom; Some Recent Researches on the Motion of Fluids (illus.), by H. Bate- man ;« The Distribution of the Rainfall in the Western United States (illus.), by B. C. Wallis (see p. 319) ; The Rainfall Regime of the Several States (illus.), by B. C. Wallis (see p. 318) ; Meteorological Observations Near Schiefflin, Liberia, 1913-1914, by P. C. Day ; Monthly Weather Periodicity, by V. Koppen ; Influence of the Moon on Weather; and Beaufort Wind Scale and New Rus- sian Equivalents, by B. Galitzin. Climatological data for the United States by sections {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 1 (1914), No. 13, pp. 386, pis. 2, figs. 4//).— This number contains brief summaries and detailed tabular statements of climato- logical data for each State for the year 1914. Climatological data for the United States by sections ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 2 {1915), Nos. 3, pp. 234, pis. 2, figs. 7; 4, pp. 226, pis. 2, figs. 12). — These numbers contain brief summaries and detailed tabular statements of climatological data for each State for March and April, 1915, respectively. Meteorological observat'ons at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostrander, R. E. McLain, and D. Potter {Massaehnsctts Sta, Met. Buls. 317, 318 {1915), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sun- shine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during May and June, 1915, are pre- sented. The data are briefly discussed in general notes o '. the weather of each month. SOILS— FERTILIZEES. [Soil analyses], A. N. Hume {South Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 19-24).— Incomplete chemical analyses of the brown sandy loam soil used in fertility experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 728) indicate that the average nitrogen content of the surface soil to a depth of 6§ in. over an acre weighing about 2,000,000 lbs. is 6,325 lbs. The acid-soluble phosphorus in the same amount of soil avei'ages 1,151 lbs., and the incomplete analyses for potassium indicate a content of 23.720 lbs. The results as a whole are taken to indicate that phosphorus is the limiting element in this soil. Gola's osmotic theory of edaphism, F. Cavers {Jour. Ecology, 2 {1914), No. 4, pp. 209-231). — It is the object of this article to summarize a series of con- tributions to edaphology by G. Gola. Colloidal phenomena, with special reference to soil colloids, are first briefly considered as forming an essential part of the basis of Gola's theory. Gola's main thesis is " that the relations between plants and the soil are chiefly determined by the concentration of the soil solution and the limits between which this may vary, and he lays special stress upon the contrasting characters of the colloidal and crystalloidal constituents of the soil. , . . " Soils may be divided into two main groups — (1) soils in which the soil solution is rich in mineral substances and its concentration is relatively high, though 322 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. liable to vary within somewhat wide limits, and (2) soils in which the soil solution is poor in mineral substances and shows a relatively low and usually also a relatively constant concentration. The roots or other absorbing organs in contact with a soil solution of the first type are subject to high osmotic pressure, which is moreover very variable, so that the plant must use such means of regulation as it possesses in order to guard against the differences in tonicity of the solution around its absorbing surface. In plants growing in a soil solution of the second type the osmotic pressure around the absorbing surface is very low, and its relative constancy enables the plant to dispense with the regulatory mechanisms necessary for those growing in a more concentrated solution." • A list of Gola's papers bearing on the subject is appended. The nature and methods of extraction of the soil solution, W. Stiles and I. J0BGENSEN {Jour. Ecologi), 2 (19 lit). No. J^, pp. 245-250). — Results obtained by different experimenters using different methods in investigating the actual nutrient medium of plants by isolating and analyzing the soil solution are briefly reviewed. It is thought that the investigation of the composition of soil water marks a great advance in soil investigations. " However, the complex character of the soil must not be forgotten, and it is especially necessary to remember that the presence of colloidal substances (hydrosols and hydrogels) will naturally alter the conditions of things." It is also thought that in extracting the soil solution the relations between the crystalloids and colloids of the soil will suffer disturbance which will result in a corresponding difference betw^eeu the actual soil solution and that obtained by extraction. It is concluded, therefore, that the advance along such lines " must depend veiy largely on further investigations into soil physics." A list of references to related literature is appended. The difficulty with which soils and finely pulverized substances generally are moistened, P. Ehrenberg and K. Schtjltze (Kolloi-d Ztschr., 15 (1914), No. 5, pp. 183-192, fig. 1). — The authors briefly review the work of others bear- ing on the subject, and report experiments with pulverized peat and lampblack, from the results of which they conclude that the difiiculty of moistening lamp- black, peat, and soil in the pulverized condition is due to the adsorption of air and not to waiy or resinous coverings on the particles. The ground water, E. Grohmann {Jour. Landw., 62 {1914), No. 2, pp. 121- 123, figs. 2). — This article deals with the relations between precipitation, water level in rivers, and ground-water level, with particular reference to the Elbe River district in the neighborhood of Dresden. The results of several years' observations in this district show a marked in- fluence of the precipitation on the ground-water level, which is, however, less marked with the heaviest and the lightest rainfall in a given time than with the rainfall of medium intensity, and less the lower the atmospheric humidity. The low ground-water level and Elbe River level in the district during the past ten years, in spite of the heavy precipitations, is attributed to smaller water absorbing and retaining powers of the soil caused by the kind of cultiva- tion practiced. "Water movement in peat, H. J. Franklin {Massachusetts 8ta. Bui. 160 {1915), pp. 113-115). — Observations made, by means of test holes, on the move- ment of water in the peat soil of the cranberry bog at the substation at Ware- ham, Mass., indicated that if conditions in this bog are representative, the horizontal movement of water through the peat of cranberry bogs is very rapid. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 323 Antagonism between anions as affecting barley yields on a clay adobe soil, C. B. LiPMAN and W. F. Gericke {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, Jf {1915), No. 3, pp. 201-21S, pi. l).—Pot culture experiments with barley ou a clay adobe soil mixed with sodium chlorid, sodium sulphate, and sodium car- bonate, singly and in different combinations, are reported, the results of which establish for the first time, in the author's opinion, the existence of antagonism between anions for barley in a clay adobe soil. Two crops wore grown in suc- cession in the same pots, allowing the soil a rest period of three months. Antagonism was shown between sodium chlorid and sodium sulphate and be- tween sodium chlorid and sodium carbonate in the second crop. None was shown in the first crop. There was slight antagonism between sodium carbonate and , sodium sulphate in the first crop but it is considered questionable whether any existed at all in the second crop. In testing the toxicity of single salts, it was found that 0.1 per cent each of sodium chlorid and sodium sulphate stimulated barley in the first crop and was toxic in the second crop. Sodium carbonate did not manifest toxicity, but on the contrary showed stimulation even up to concentrations equal to 0.3 per cent of the dry weight of the soil. la an experiment similar to these, in which sodium sulphate was used in con- stant toxic quantities of 0.4 per cent and calcium sulphate in A^arying quantities, it was found that the calcium sulphate strongly antagonized the sodium sulphate in both the first and second crops. "At least so far as some seasons are con- cerned, small quantities of gypsum are as eflicient for the pui-pose as larger quantities, if not more so. . . . " It would appear from the above results that it would not be a difiicult mat- ter to establish a mode of treatment which would involve the neutralization of the toxic effects of any one or even two of the alkali salts by another alkali salt. ... It is clear that in a heavy soil, at least by additions of gypsum at the rate of about 2 tons to the acre or common salt in smaller quantity, we cou'.d change the soil from a very poor into a normally producing one, despite the fact that we have veiy considerably increased the total salt content thereof." A list of refei'ences to literature bearing on the subject is appended. Antagonism, between anions as affecting soil bacteria. — III, Nitrogen fix- ation, C. B. LiPMAN and P. S. BtjtvGess (Centbl. BaJct. [eic], 2. Al)t., 42 (1914), No. 17-18, pp. 502-509). — In further studies of the effects of alkali salts on bacteria in soils (E. S. E., 32, p. 320), nitrogen fixation investigations were conducted from which the following conclusions are drawn : " Very slight, perhaps questionable antagonism between anions occurs for the nitrogen fixing flora of . . . sandy soil when Na2C03 and NaCl are mixed, whether one or the other is used as a constant toxic factor. The same is true when NaCl and Na^SOi are combined, provided the first-named salt is the con- stant toxic factor. It is not true when Na2S04 is used as the constant toxic factor. No antagonism obtains between Na2C03 and Na2S04 no matter how the salts are combined and no matter which of them is used as the constant toxic factor. The concentrations at which nitrogen fixation ceases are lower when the salts are mixed than when they are used singly. "The nitrogen fixing flora differ totally in respect to antagonism between anions from the ammonifying and the nitrifying flora of the same soil. The resistance of these nitrogen-fixing flora, however, to salt effects is far greater than that of the other flora named." Eelation of carbon bisulphid to soil organisms and plant growth ( Wiscon^ sin Sta. Bui. 250 {1915), pp. 18, 19).— It was found in experiments by E. B. Fred that the effect of carbon bisulphid«on plant growth is not a constant factor, 516G°— No. 4—15 3 324 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. but varies with the type of soil employed, a marked harmful effect being pro- duced with acid soils. The most consistent beneficial results were obtained with plants demanding a large amount of sulphur. New experiments on alkali soil treatment, C. B. Lipman and L. T. Shaep (Univ. Cal. Pubs. Agr. 8ci., 1 {1915), No. 9, pp. 275-290, pis. 4).— Experiments on the treatment of alkali soils ai'e reported which were based on the principle of antagonism between ions and between anions discussed in the two reports noted above, and on the behavior of soil colloids and chemical soil constituents In the presence of soluble salts. The soil used contained 0.64 per cent of water-soluble salts, 0.459 per cent being sodium chlorid, 0.098 per cent sodium sulphate, and 0.083 per cent sodium carbonate. It had never been croppetl and had borne only a sparse vegetation of plants resistant to alkali and drought. The different pots containing 6 kg. of the soil received the following treatments: 30.42, 41.76, and 11.02 grains of sulphuric acid, 62.08 grains of calcium sulphate, 6 grains of copper sulphate, 30 grains of ferrous sulphate, 12 grains of sodium sulphate, and 300 grains of air- dry barnyard manure. Three days after treatment the pots were planted to barley. It was found that the sulphuric acid treatments were especially beneficial, particularly at the smallest application, to the growth of barley. The treat- ments with calcium and ferrous sulphates and barnyard manure were also instrumental in improving very materially the producing power of the soil for barley. Copper and sodium sulphates had no favorable effect on the yield of barley and appeared to render the soil a poorer medium for its growth. With reference to the total yields of grain produced, the smallest of the three sul- phuric acid applications gave by far the best results of all the treatments. Gyp- sum stood second in this respect, while the intermediate sulphuric acid treatment and the manure treatment gave about the same results. The root development was most constant and regular in the sulphuric acid pots. In explanation of the causes underlying these results "it may be said . . . that the H2SO4 exerted its influence both in the direction of neutralizing the NaaCOa and that of improving the soil's physical condition through its shrink- age of colloids. In smaller measure gypsum exerted similar effects and in addi- tion thereto exerted the characteristically strong antagonistic effect to the sodium and acid ions which calcium is known to exert in the i^lant world. The effects of FeS04 are to be explained in general as are those of CaS04. The effect of the barnyard manure is probably exerted through the organic colloids pro- duced in its decomposition, which through the enormous surface they possess hold much of the salts or components of the latter in a condition which prevents their ready solution in the soil water." A brief outline of further studies along this line, which are to be reported later, is given. The dead moor on Steinhude Lake, C. Birk {Arb. Lab. Tech. Moorverivert., 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-102, pis. 12, figs. 5). — This paper describes the geography, geology, and climate of the district in Schaumberg-Lippe in which the dead moor occurs, and reports studies of the origin and development of the moor and of the chemical and physical properties of the different kinds of peat, with par- ticular reference to their industrial uses. The new sphagnum peat is the predominating type. It is stated that the industrial utilization of the peat must precede the suc- cessful agricultural development of this moor. Analyses of samples of the moor soil taken at two depths (the layer to a depth of about 8 in. and the layer from 8 in. to about 40 in.) indicate that the upper layer contains about 0.7 per SOILS FERTILIZERS. 325 cent nitrogen, 2.4 per cent mineral matter, 0.19 per cent lime, and 0.04 per cent phosphoric acid, while the lower layer contains about 0.9 per cent nitro- gen, 1.97 per cent mineral matter, 0.29 per cent lime, and 0.05 per cent phosphoric acid. The surface soil is somewhat lower in plant food content than the average northwest German high moor soil, but it is thought that with proper cultural treatment it is fit for farming purposes. Management of marsh soils (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 {1915), pp. 12-H). — Cooperative tests reported by H. Ullsperger demonstrate the importance of the use of commercial fertilizers containing potassium and phosphorus on marsh soils. The results of technical moor utilization, G. Keppeler {Arh. Lab. Tech. Moorvericcrt., 1 (191^), No. 1, pp. III-XIII). — ^The author briefly discusses the agricultural development of peat moors and the use of peat for fuel and for the manufacture of illuminating gas and ammonia. Changes in a sterile sand by cropping, E. Blanck {Jour. Landw., 62 (1914), No. 2, pp. 12D-lJiO). — In continuation of work along the same general lines (E. S. R., 31, p. 621), three years' pot experiments were conducted with oats and peas, using a sterile quartz sand from the Oder River to determine the extent to which the plant food in the sand is set free by the roots of the plants. It was found that the small stock of plant food in the sand was readily yielded to plants and the sand rapidly impoverished in plant food, being by the fourth year without fertilization completely unfit for plant growth. The im- poverishment in plant food, especially lime and magnesia, due to culture of peas was much more marked than that due to culture of oats, thus verifying the theory that leguminous plants possess greater i^ower for setting free plant food than gramineous plants. The peas as a -first crop favorably influenced the oats as a second crop, due to the great power of the former for setting free plant food. The reverse was not true. It was also found that in cases of potash deficiency sodium was effective as a substitute. Management of sandy soils {Wisconsin ^ta. Bui. 250 {1915), pp. 8-11, figs. 3). — In a description of experiments by H. Ullsperger on the management of sandy soils it is stated that the incorporation of humus in the soil by a system of plowing under the second crop of clover has for two years greatly increased the water-holding capacity of the soil. It is believed that the use of commer- cial fertilizers in combination with green manuring crops will permit the profit- able working of sandy soils when crops adapted to such soils are grown. Farm manures, J. O. Beavers {Indiana Sta. Circ. 49 {1915). jyp. 20, figs. 3). — ■ " This publication is prepared for the puipose of acquainting farmers with the value and the best methods of conserving and using farm manures." Farm manure, G. A. Olson {Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 90 {1915), pp. 8). — This gives a popular discussion of the value of farm manure, methods of pre- serving it, and its proper application, with particular reference to farming conditions in the State of Washington. Data from various sources are reviewed to show the favo/able effects of using manure in the State, particularly when consisting of a mixture of solid and liquid manure. Chemical preservation of manure, P. A. Maignen {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 1054, P- 405). — This is a brief note on a paper presented at the recent Philadelphia meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in which a plea was made for the better conservation of the valu- able fertilizing matter which is now largely going to waste as sewage. 326 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Manuring of farm crops (Armstrong Col., Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Agr. Dept. Bui. 11, pp. S). — Directions based upon field experiments at Cockle Park and elsewhere in the northern counties of England for the use of manures and commercial fertilizers on various crops, including rutabagas (swedes), turnips, potatoes, mangels, cabbages, barley, oats, wheat, beans, and grass and clover mixtures, are given. The directions take account of the shortage in supply of potash salts and restrict, or entirely eliminate, the use of potash. Influence of org-anic substances on the decomposition and action of ni- trogenous compounds in the soil, Geelach {Mitt. Kaiser Wil helms Inst. Landw. Brovihcrg, 6 {1915), No. 5, pp. 309-327). — Pot experiments on this subject have already been noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 626). The experiments here reported were made with pits each containing 1 cubic meter of soil. Otherwise the method of investigation was substantially the same as in the pot experiments, and the results were in the main the same. The organic matter was applied in the form of ground straw used in varying amounts alone and in combination with sodium nitrate. The results were inconclusive as to the value of the straw alone for increas- ing the productiveness of the soil. They were, however, conclusive as regards the effect of such substances in reducing the assimilation of nitrate nitrogen. When the nitrate nitrogen was used alone 60 per cent of the amount applied was recovered in the crop. When it was applied in combination with straw only 20 per cent was recovered in the crop. Conditions of Chilean nitrate industry, V. L. Havens (17. S. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No. 13 {1915), p. 1249). — The conditions as regards production, plants in operation, wages, freight rates, and prices up to and including Jan- uary, 1915, are briefly summarized. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, W. S. Landis {Metallurg. and Cheni. Engln., 13 {1915), No. 4, pp. 213-220, figs. 17; Jour. Indus, and Engvn. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 5, pp. 433-438, figs. 3; ais. in Amer. Jour. Sci., 4. ser., 39 {1915), No. 234, pp. 676, 677). — This article deals particularly with the cyanamid process and the factory established at Niagara Falls to manufacture nitrogen compounds by this process. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, L. L. Summers {Ainer. Fert., 42 {1915), No. 6, pp. ^i-53). — ^The various processes of fixation of atmospheric nitrogen which have shown promise of practical success are described and their com- mercial possibilities are discussed. Is the loss of lime from the soil increased by kainit fertilizing? Geblach and Veckenstedt {Mitt. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. Landw. Bromberg, 6 {1915), No. 5, pp. 382-388). — The results of pot experiments here reiwrted show that fertilizing with kainit caused a marked increase in the loss of lime in the drainage water. This loss was greater with kainit than with other fertilizing materials. There was, however, a considerable loss of nitrogen from unfer- tilized soils. It was also observed that the loss was much greater in very loose soil than in soil in natural condition. An examination of 120 different soils showed that the lime content of the subsoil was uniformly greater than that of the surface soil. Manuring experiments with manganese carbonate in Italy, G. D'Ippolito {Agr. Mod. [Milan], 20 {1914), ^o. 17, pp. 259, 260; ais. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 11, pp. 1424, 1425). — A marked increase in yield of wheat and alfalfa from applications of ISO lbs. per acre of a natural manganese carbonate (35 per cent carbonate) and of a natural phosphocarbonate (containing 35 per cent carbonate and 11 per cent phosphoric acid) is reported. AGEICULTtJRAL BOTANY. 327 Wool and leather wastes, E. J. Russell {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1915), No. 12, pp. 1087-1092).— The fertilizing value of shoddy as indicated by analysis and by the results of field ex])erinients is briefly discussed. A note is also given on the fertilizing value of leather waste, emphasizing particu- larly the necessity of treating the leather with sulphuric acid to make it more available as a fertilizer. A note on the export of manures from India (India Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 2 (19U), pp. 49-51).— Data for the years 1910-11, 1911-12, and 1912-13 for exports of bones, fish manure and guano, oil cake, and other fertilizing materials are tabulated. A pronounced increase in exports of all kinds of fertilizing materials occurred during the period named. The increase was especially markqd in the case of oil cake. The figures for 1912-13 are as follows : Bones, 110,221 long tons, valued at $2,558,245.97; fish manure and guano, 21,408 tons, valued at $337,- 768.52; oil cake, 3,235,703 tons, valued at $3,996,869.14; and other fertilizing materials, 8,338 tons, valued at $247,630.74. The largest importers of bones were, in the order named, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, and Ceylon ; the United States imported 7,761 tons. Tbe larger propor- tion (17,885 tons) of the fish manure went to Ceylon. Of the oil cake the largest importers were, in the order named, Ceylon, United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany. The use of fertilizers in Ceylon, esi)ecially in tea culture, is comparatively large and steadily increasing. AGRICTJLTTJIIAL BOTANY. Inorganic plant poisons and stimulants, Winifred E. Brenchley (Cam- bridge: University Press, 1914, PP- X+110, pis. 7, figs. 12). — The author gives an account of investigations on the toxic effect of compounds of copper, zinc, arsenic, boron, and manganese on different species of plants. Summarizing the results obtained, she states that copper compounds act as poisons to higher plants, and that only under particular and peculiar conditions and in very great dilutions is any stimulative action clearly demonstrated. Zinc compounds are somewhat less toxic to higher plants, and their stimu- lating influence is still considered uncertain except in very great dilutions. In soil cultures increased growth seems to have been established, as certain species of plants respond to zinc salts, though no increase is obtained with other species. Among the fungi, particularly with Aspergillus niger, the stimu- lating effect is recognized. The toxic effect of arsenic upon higher plants was found much more marked with arsenious acid and its compounds than with arsenic acid and its deriva- tives. With certain alga? stimulation may follow the presence of arsenic com- pounds under certain conditions, while with fungi it appears that some species are able to live in the presence of arsenical compounds. Among the boron compounds boric acid is said to be less harmful than are the compounds of copper, zinc, and arsenic. There seems to be evidence that below a certain limit of concentration boron exercises a favorable influence upon plant growth, encouraging the formation of stronger roots and shoots. Fungi appear to be very indifferent to boron, and there is said to be evidence to show that certain green algae can Mnthstand large quantities of it. Manganese exerts a toxic influence on the higher plants if present in high concentration, but in the absence of an excess of manganese compounds the poisoning effect is overshadowed by a definite stimulation. It is considered probable that manganese may prove to be an element essential to the economy of plant life, even though the quantity usually found in plants is very small. 328 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. In conclusion the author takes exception to the hypothesis that all inorganic plant poisons act as stimulants when they are present in very small quantities. She thinks a more accurate statement would be that some inorganic poisons act as stimulants when in small amounts, the stimulating concentrations varying with the poisons used and the plants on which they act. A bibliography is appended. Toxic effect of iron and aluminum salts on clover seedling-s, R. W. RuPEECHT (Massachusetts Sta. Bill. 161 {1915), pp. 125-129, pi. i).— The author claims that either iron or aluminum sulphate is harmful to the roots of clover plants, even in dilute solutions. This toxicity is overcome in large measure by the use of calcium carbonate up to a certain point, beyond which it is ineffective. Calcium sulphate does not have this beneficial effect, which would seem to indicate that it is the combination involved, and not the mere presence of the calcium, which is here effective. Calcium carbonate counteracts iron and aluminum by precipitating them as hydroxids. The toxic action of the hit:Cher concentrations of iron and alumi- num, despite the excess of calcium carbonate present, is thought to be due to the solubility of the iron hydroxid. The idea that the toxicity of iron and aluminum salts is due to the penetra- tion of the salts into the seedlings does not seem to be borne out. Evidence is offered in favor of the view that the toxic action is limited to the first layer or two of the cells in the growing portion of the root. The final death of the seedlings is due to a lack of nourishment rather than to a poisoning of the seedling itself. No appreciable increase in iron content is found in roots or tops of clover plants showing poor growth attributed to the influence of iron. Effect of salicylic aldehyde on plants in soil and solution cultures, J. J. Skinner {Biochem. Bui., 3 (1914), No. 11-12, pp. 390-402, pis. 2).— On account of the reporte8 per acre by fall jjjowing after small grains to $14.21 by sununer-tilUMl land. At Amarillo, on a heavy silty clay loam, it gave profits ranging from $1.40 per acre on sunnner-tilletl land to $8.41 by fall plowing after small grains. At Garden City Kafir com after Kafir corn on spring-plowed land showed the lowest margin of profit, viz, 04 cts. per acre. The greatest net profit per acre, $.3.78, was secured by growing Kafir corn after small grains on fall-plowed land. At Dalhart Kafir corn produced the largest net i)rofit. $20.11, on land sununer- tilled the i)receding year. The profit of $2.90 by the method of fall plowing following small grains was the lowest. Kafir corn was produced at Amarillo at a loss of $2.,54 jier acre by the summer tillage method. The largest profit, $8.21, was by fall plowing after small grains. The cost per acre of the different methods of soil preparation for niilo maize and Kafir corn at all stations is estimated as fall plowing after continuous cropping $7.44, fall plowing after small grains $7.44, spring plowing after continuous cropping $7.00, listing after continuous cropping $,").!)3, and summer tillage $12.31. Data on the cost of protlucing corn have been jireviously reported (E. S. R., 33, p. 231). It is noteeriments cotton-seod meal was more effective than an equal weight of kainit, and In only one was kainit notably more effective than meal. "Taken as a whole these experiments seem to indicate tliat the popular idea that i)otash is the most important constituent in a fertilizer for sweet potatoes is incorrect, at least as to ])ractically all of the soils here represented. On the other hand, these tests show that phosphate and nitrogen were much more important than potash. These experiments also seem to discredit the notion that the use of a fertilizer containing nitrogen causes the sweet-potato plant to run to vines to an injurious extent. In our experience this danger does not occur where reasonable amounts of nitrogen are used in combination with acid phosphate. "The following general fertilizer formulas are suggested where the condi- tions justify rather high fertilization: For sweet potatoes growing on fresh land, or on sandy land in x-ather high state of fertility, a fertilizer consisting of 200 lbs. cotton-seed meal per acre, 400 lbs. acid phosphate, and 200 lbs. of kainit. . . . For sandy land long in cultivation and not in a high state of fertility it would seem advisable to increase the proportion of nitrogen, using, for example, a formula somewhat like the following: Three hundred lbs. cotton-seed meal per acre, 400 lbs. acid phosphate, and 2W) lbs. kainit." Irrigation practice in rice growing, C. G. Haskell (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 673 {1915), pp. 12, fig. 1). — This discusses methods and means of irrigation as developed in the rice fields of the United States, under the topics of making a water supply available, preparing for irrigation, and applying the water. Growing hard spring wheat, C. R. Ball and J. A. Clark ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 678 (1915), pp. 16, figs. ^). — This discusses the size, surface, soil, and climate of the Great Plains area, describes rotations for spring wheat, and gives directions for preparing the seed bed, sowing the seed, and cultivating and harvesting the crop. Wheat silage, J. R. Shinn {Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 88 {1915), pp. 4, fig. 1). — This gives results of harvesting wheat or wheat and vetch as a silage crop for dairy purposes, obtained in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. The yields of silage material ranged from 6,316 to 42,688 lbs. per acre. Better milk yields are claimed by its use than by the use of corn silage. Control of tumbling mustard, R. G. Adams and B. Hunter {Washington Hta. Popular Bui. 89 {1915), pp. 7, figs. 3). — As methods of control of this weed, disking stubble in early fall, seeding winter wheat after and before rains, harrowing winter wheat in spring, growing spring wheat, pulling scattering mustard plants, and clipping the mustard plants are discussed, the work being in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Attach- ments which may be put on the header of a combined harvester to enable the machine to cut badly infested grain are described. HORTICULTURE. Progress in plant breeding, N. E. Hansen {South Dakota Sta. Bui. 159 {1915), pp. 179-192, figs. 7). — Descriptive notes are given on a number of varieties of fruit and on a new rose, all of which were introduced in 1912 and have been noted (E, S. R., 30, p. 640). 338 EXPEEIMENT STATION" EECORD. Several varieties of pears claimed to be bligbt-proof have been tested at tbe station but eitber the winter or blight quickly killed them. In view of these results work has been conducted to determine whether immunity to blight existed in other members of the pear family and, if so, whether it could be imparted to cultivated pears. Of the various kinds under trial are a form of the Chinese sand pear {Pynis sinensis), grown from seed collected by the author in Siberia, and the birch-leaved pear (P. dctulifolia), a native of north- ern China. These two pears have proved perfectly hardy and quite resistant to blight. They have been used freely in crossing with many of the best cul- tivated pears. A list is given of the resulting varieties which have been sent to several States for testing puriwses with reference to blight resistance and general value. The author also briefly describes a field method of hybridizing alfalfa. Mushrooms, edible and poisonous. — Publications on culture of mushrooms, D. C. Babcock {Ohio Sta. Circ. 153 {1915), pp. 89-92, figs. 3).— In this circular the author gives a number of rules which should be adhered to in avoiding poisonous mushrooms, calls attention to a few of the more common edible fungi, and gives a list of publications on mushroom identification and culture. [Horticultural investigations at the Umatilla experiment farm, Oregon, in 1914], R. W. Allen {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Worlc UmatiUa Expt. Farm, WlJf, pp. 12-18). — Directions are given for the management of hairy vetch as an orchard green manure crop. It has been demonstrated both at the experiment farm and by a number of orchardists that the reseeding method is thoroughly practicable and much cheaper than the annual pui'chase of expensive seed. For the purpose of determining the best size of trees to purchase and the height at which they should be cut to give the best results, a number of 1-year- old cherry and pear trees of three sizes were planted in 1912. The large trees were oversize, being 1 in. in diameter and G to 8 ft. tall. The medium-sized lot were 3.5 to 4.5 ft. tall, and the small ones 2 to 3 ft. tall. The large, small, and part of the medium-sized trees were cut off at the usual height of 18 in. when planted. One lot of medium-sized trees was cut at 6 in. above the union and another lot left unpruned. Growth data secured from this experiment during three subsequent seasons and also from general field planting show that as far as the stone fruits are concerned large trees are undesirable for planting on account of the heavy losses that result. It has also been definitely shown that for trees planted on coarse soils better results will be obtained by cutting the trees off close to the union in order to force the first year's growth into a small number of vigorous branches. Trees left standing at full height after planting I'arely survive. The trees topped at 18 in. from the ground quickly put out a large number of small branches, advance slowly, and are difiicult to train. Experiments were conducted during the past three years to determine the effect of summer pruning upon the growth and training of fruit trees. The re- sults of this work indicate in general that removing about half the branches from bushy, slow-growing trees and removing the terminal bud of all but 6 or 8 of the remaining branches has a tendency to increase the size of weak-growing and bushy trees much faster than by winter pruning alone. This practice is be- lieved to be important for trees on coarse soils whei'e slow growth and early fruiting frequently occur. Heading back rapidly growing trees in summer fol- lowed by a light winter pruning tends to develop the trees more rapidly than the usual method of pruning heavily in winter at the expense of large quantities of wood growth. A brief statement of progress is given on cultural and variety tests of fruits and vegetables. The work of testing fruit varieties has been seriously handi- HORTICULTURE. 339 capped by poor soil condition j and spring frosts. Two poplars (Popiilus alba and P. halsaiiiifera suaieolens), as well as two elms (Ulmus pumila and Ulmus sp.), and an upright willow (Salix sp.), all introductions by the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture from Asia, have given considerable promise as trees for windbreaks. They all come into leaf very early in the spring and appear to be vigorous. The influence of grass upon the growth of orchard trees, B. T. P. Babkeb (Univ. Bristol Aim. Rpt. Agr. and Hort. Research Sta., 1913, pp. 94-96, pis. S; Jour. Bath and West and South. Counties Soc., 5. ser., 8 (1913-14), pp. 139-141, pis. 3). — In view of the results secured in the earlier experiments at Wobum (E. S. R., 15, p. 474) and elsewhere, showing the detrimental effect of grass on fruit trees, experiments were started in 1906 under the direction of the National Fruit and Cider Institute to determine whether clean cultivation for a few feet around each apple tree would suiEce to lessen or prevent the injurious grass effect. In some cases the cultivated area extended for a radius of 3 ft., in others 4i ft., and in others 6 ft. Some of the trees were grown in grass. The results of these tests up to 1910, six years after planting the trees, show that the growth improved with the size of the cultivated area. From 1910 to 1911 there was practically no gain from cultivation. The trees were then given no further cultivation. Measurements made in 1913 showed a tendency in many cases for trees grassed over from the start of the experiment to gain slightly on those originally cultivated. The inference based on the behavior of six varieties is that trees do benefit from cultivation and begin to show the detrimental effect of grass as soon as the roots extend out into grassed areas. Trees that have been cultivated early in life may suffer more seriously from grass later on than trees grown in grass from the start. Similar experiments conducted in various orchards in the west of England have shown the beneficial effects of cultivation. The differences between grassed and nongrassed trees in the present experiments were not so marked as those noted in the work at Woburn (E. S. R., 26, p. 639). Pruning-, F. S. Merrill (Kansas Sta. Circ. 49 (1915), pp. 14, fiffs. 9). — ^This circular contains practical suggestions for pruning orchard fruits, grapes, and bush fruits. New developments in spray materials, W. M. Scott (Amer. Agr., 95 (1915), No. 11, p. 5; Neiv England Homestead, 70 (1915), No. 11, p. 3). — In order to obtain a fair comparison between arsenate of lime and arsenate of lead several experiments were conducted for two years in which the former was diluted to contain the same amount of arsenic as the diluted arsenate of lead. No differences could be observed during the summer between the two insecticides, either in their effect upon the fruit and foliage or in the control of the codling moth and other insects, no injury being produced and the codling moth being controlled equally well in both cases. It is stated that in a test by F. Johnson, formerly of the Bureau of Ento- mology of this Department, upon Baldwin apple trees at Westfield, N. Y., a barium-sulphur preparation, to which arsenate of lime was added, gave as satis- factory results as did the homemade lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead applied to adjacent trees, the orchard being entirely free from scab and codling moth. It is pointed out that calcium arsenate is considerably cheaper than lead ai'senate and that it mixes with lime-sulphur without causing any chemical reaction. By the substitution of barium for lime as a carrier for sulphur the decomposition which takes place upon drying can be eliminated. Thus barium- sulphur furnishes a dry material which can be redissolved for spraying purposes without losing its original composition. Experiments conducted during the 5166°— No. 4—15 4 340 EXPEEIMEISTT STATION EECOED. past year have shown it to possess insecticidal aucl fungicidal properties equai to lime-sulphur. New developments in spraying materials, W. M. Scott (Rpt. Aid. State Hort. Soc, 17 (1914), pp. 06-104). — In this paper the author reviews recent progress in the perfection of insecticides and fungicides, and gives an account of some demonstration experiments conducted to determine the value of barium-sulphur and arsenate of lime as substitutes for lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. The author concludes that the efficiency of these new spray materials has been sufficiently demonstrated to commend them to fruit growers for trial. The principal advantage of barium-sulphur over lime-sulphur is that the poly- sulphids of barium can be produced in the form of soluble crystals while those of calcium can not. The chief advantage of arsenate of lime over arsenate of lead is the cheaper cost of the former material. Farm apple storage, M. B. Cummings and P. M. Lombakd {Vermont 8ta. Bui. 186 {1015), pp. 00-136, 2)ls. 4, figs. 6). — In this bulletin the authors give a short account of apple storage practice in Vermont and briefly review previous in- vestigations dealing with the cold storage of apples. A detailed account is then given of apple storage experiments conducted during four storage seasons in a basement room resembling in many respects a farmhouse cellar. The bulletin concludes with a study of structural characters of the apple in relation to storage. The storage experiments included several commercial varieties of apples and two distinct lines of treatment were followed. In one case the apples were dipped in Bordeaux, copper sulphate solution, lime water, or paraffin; in the other case the apples were packed in dry cork dust, dry and damp coniferous and hardwood sawdust, dry and damp leaves, dry and damp sand, chopped hay, paper wrappers, or in sawdust after being dipped in Bordeaux. The experiments were controlled with reference to ventilation and temperature and in all cases untreated parallel check lots were stored. The data secured each season are presented in tabular form and discussed. Of the protective dips used Bordeaux was most effective in retarding decay and also in preserving the flavor. Copper sulphate gave good results in preserv- ing flavor, but was of no value as protection against shrinkage and decay in storage. Lime water, which was used only with respect to flavor, was prac- tically of no value. Paraffin was effective in retaining flavor and crispness, but at the same time it induced early internal decay. All of the mechanical media usei is the usual report on the administration, management, silvicultural operations, and exploitation of the state forests in the Western, Eastern, and Kumaun Circles of the United Provinces, including a financial statement for the forest year 1913-14. All imporant data relative to the forest areas, forest surveys, working plans, forest protection, and miscellaneous work, yields in major and minor forest products, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. Progress report of forest administration in the Punjab for the year 1913-14, R. MclNTOSH (Rpt. Forest Admin. Punjah, 1913-14, pp. 7+II+20+ CIX). — A report similar to the above on the administration of the state forests in the Punjab, including also a quinquennial review. The production of lumber in 1913 (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 232 {1915). pp. 82, flys. 2). — A statistical report on the production of lumber in the United States in 1913, prepared by the Forest Service in cooperation with the Bureau of Crop Estimates. Detailed data are given showing the production of the important kinds of lumber by States and the number of active mills in each State, together with data showing the total production of minor species of lumber and the principal Sates reporting same. Comparative summaries of production by States and species are given for 1913, 1912, and 1911. In 1913 a total production of 38,387.009,000 ft. b.m. was reported, as com- pared with 39.158,414,000 ft. in 1912. Soft woods contributed 30,302,549,000 ft. b.m. in 1913, as compared with 30,52G,41G,000 ft. in 1912. DISEASES OF PLANTS. [Investigations in plant diseases] {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 {1915), pp. 33-39, fi(js. 4). — A summary report is given of work carried on by the depart- ment of plant pathology during the year, the investigations consisting of a plant disease survey, and experiments with rot-proof cabbage, onion smut, and pea blight. In connection with the plant disease survey a new disease of cucumber, known as " white pickle," has been discovered. It affects both vine and friiit, causing serious losses. The cause is as yet undetermined. In continuation of the experiments in the production of cabbage immune to the disease known as yellows, one strain has been developed and seed placed in the hands of selected growers. A stand of from 95 to 99 per cent of the rot- proof type was obtained, as compared to 15 to 20 per cent of a crop where Imported Danish and Puget Sound seed was used. Efforts are being made to produce a seed of this resistant strain on a commercial scale in the Puget Sound region. A continued investigation on the prevention of onion smut by the use of form- aldehyde solution has shown that the treatment greatly reduces the amount of disease at a cost of about $4 per acre for the fungicide and its application. The pea-blight investigation during the year has been extended to study the influence of drainage. Where land that had been previously cropped with peas was thoroughly drained but little blight was observed, while on the DISEASES OF PLANTS. 345 undraiued portions of the same plat a total loss was experienced. Preliminary- investigations have been begun on the development of a resistant strain of plants. A survey made of the pea industry indicates that a lack of rotation is one of the chief contrihiitory factors in the i)roduction of j)ea blight. Lightning injury to potato and cotton plants, Ij. K. Jones and W. W. Gil- liERT {Plnjtopathology, 5 {1915), Xo. 2, pp. D4-102, pis. 2 ; ahn. in Phijtopathology, // (liH.'i), 'So. C), p. J/OG). — The results of an inquiry into the iujury caused by lightning are given, the authors stating that such injury is not uncommon to certain crops, particularly cotton, potatoes, Ijeets, tobacco, and ginseng. Belation between Puccinia graminis and plants highly resistant to its attack, E. C. Stakman (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Re.search, Jf (1915), No. 3, pp. 193-200, pi. 1). — In amplification of an account previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 245), the author gives some results of histological studies of the hyphal invasion of several ])lants by P. graminis. It is stated that when plants practically immune to P. graminis are inoculated the fungus gain.s entrance in a jierfectly normal manner. After entrance it rapidly kills a limited number of the plant cells in its immediate vicinity and seems then unable to develop further. The relations between plant and parasite in partially resistant and in almost totally immune plants are different in degree only, hypersensitiveuess appearing to be a phenomenon fairly common among both somewhat resistant and almost totally resistJint itlauts. A bibliography is given. A preliminary report on the relation of grass rusts to the cereal rust problem, E. C. Stakman (Ahs. in Plujtopathology, Jf (1914), No. 6, p. Jtll). — In continuation of previous studies on rust specialization (E. S. R., 31, p. 146) the author reports experiments in which uredospores developed on grasses in the field were used to inoculate wheat, oats, barley, and rye. It Wiis found that Puccinia graminis from Agropyron repens, A. tencrum, A. caniniim, A. smithii, and Ilordeum jubatum transferred quite readily to barley and rye, only occasionally to wheat, and practically not at all to oats. The rust transfers readily from Dactylis ylomerata and Poa ncmoralis to oats, but not to other cereals. Attempts were made to transfer rusts occurring on Agrostis alha, A. stolonifer, Antho.vanthum odorutum, Calamagrostis canadensis, Poa pratensis, and P. com- pressa to wheat, oats, barley, and rye, but, with the exception of a few small spores and a very few pustules, the results were entirely negative. The ascigerous stage of Helminthosporium teres, A. G. Johnson (Ais. in Phytopathology, Jf {191 Jf), No. 6, p. JfOS). — In the course of studies on the Helminthosporium diseases of barley the author found an ascigerous stage which is considered to be a species of Pleospora. Some facts of the life history of ITstilago zeae, F. J. Piemeisel (Abs. in Phytopathology, Jf {191 Jf), No. 6, pp. Jfll, Jfl2). — The author reports inoculation work with sporidia of V. zew which indicates that infection may take place readily without any injury of the tissues, and that the infection is purely local. On very young corn plants successful infection often takes place, but not much of the host tissue is involved. No effect of freezing temperature on the vitality of spores was observed. Spores placed in a silo in the fall failed to germinate within two months from the time they were placed in the silage, but whether they germinated in the silo or whether the various organic acids which are developed during fermentation of the silage destroyed their powers of ger- mination has not been definitely determined. It is considered, however, that the acids probably are the chief agency iu destroying the powers of germination. 346 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Third progress report on Fusarium-resistant cabbage, L. R. Jones (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 6, p. 404). — The author reports trials conducted in experimental fields as well as in cooperative tests with farmers of strains of cabbage which were previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 446) as resistant to the cabbage yellows fungus. Compared with the commercial strains, practically all plants lived and headed, giving a very large increase in production. It is considered justifiable to conclude that the disease-resisting quality which has shown itself in three successive generations is a fixed transmissible character. The relation of temperature to the infection of cabbage by Fusarium con- glutinans, J. C. Oilman (Ahs. in. Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 404)- — In connection with investigations on Fusarium disease of cabbage by Jones (E. S. R., 31, p. 446), the author found that the disease was induced by a soil temperature of from 17 to 22° C. or above, while no disease was found in flats and pots with soil from the same field but kept at 14 to 17°. These experi- ments indicate that the organism is dependent on a rather high soil temperature to produce infection. Cotyledon infection of cabbage seedlings by the bacterial black rot, C. Dbechsler (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 401). — The author reiJorts that cabbage seedlings grown in soil that had been previously inoculated with Pseudomonas campestris were frequently found attacked by black rot. Specialized water pores are not found on cabbage seedlings, and until they are developed on the secondary leaves the cotyledons may function in guttation and bacteria enter through the stomata. The points of original infection are lim- ited to the area active in guttation. The disease was also induced by inoculat- ing droplets extruded by the cotyledons. A disease of red clover and alsike clover caused by a new species of Col- letotrichum, P. J. O'Gaea {Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 410). — The author describes a widely sijread disease in the State of Utah on i-ed and alsike clovers. The plants are attacked most frequently at or near the crown, but the fungus may also attack the stems just beneath a cluster of blossoms, as well as the petioles and stipules. A technical description of the fungus, which is a species of Colletotriehum, has been noted (E. S. R., 32, p. S42). A disease of the underground steins of Irish potato caused by a new species of Colletotriehum, P. J. O'Gara {Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. G, pp. 410, 411)- — ^According to the author, a disease of potatoes which may become of economic importance was observed in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah. While examining some badly diseased fields many plants were found to have dark brown or black cankers or lesions on the underground stems, the stems often being completely girdled. The organism causing the trouble has been isolated and a technical description of it is given elsewhere (E. S. R., 32, p. 842). "Spindling sprout" of potatoes, F. H. Hall {New York State Sta. Bui. 399, popular ed. {1915), pp. 4, fiS- 1)- — ^This is a popular edition of Bulletin 399 previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 52). A contribution to the life history of Spongospora subterranea, L. O. Ktjnkel {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1915), No. S, pp. 265-218, pis. 5). — In a preliminary report the author describes a type of infection sup- posed not to have been noted heretofore. Infection of growing potatoes by S. subterranea is accomplished not by sepa- rate amoebre, as previously supposed, but through the action of an invading Plasmodium infecting a large number of cells at each point of entrance. This raises numerous questions regarding various related organisms. It is noted that the cells in each little area of infected tissue are stimulated to abnormal growth and division. In stored tubers siiores germinate in the base DISEASES OP PLANTS. 347 of the old sori and produce auicebfe, which come together to form Plasmodia that cause secondary infections. These Plasmodia feed on surrounding tissue, causing a dry rot, which is probably a mild form of the canker stage. The spores germinate in culture media, each producing a single uninucleate amo?ba, and this body encysts, entering a resting stage, when conditions become unfavorable. Apparently saprophytic Plasmodia are produced on culture media. A bibliography is given. Soil stain and pox, two little known diseases of the sweet potato, J. J. Taubenhaus {Abs. in Phytopathology, Jf (IQIJ/), No. 6, p. Jf05). — Soil stain or scurf, which was first described by Halsted (E. S. R., 2, p. 416), was attributed to Monilochcetes infuscans, but the author has carried on some investigations which indicate that the genus Monilochsetes is probably not well founded. Affected potatoes are considerably reduced in value, the disease being confined to the underground parts and carried with the seed. It is said that it may be easily controlled by soaking the seed (roots) for 10 minutes in a solution of corrosive sublimate. It may also be eliminated by growing plants from vine cuttings. The second disease reported upon was also described by Halsted (E. S. R., 2, J). 416) and attributed by him to Acrocystis batatw. During two years' work of the author's on this disease this fungus has not been found associated with it. A Fusarium, an Actinomyces, and a Rhizoctonia were isolated, and it was found that an excess of lime favored the disease, while an acid fertilizer such as acid phosphate retluced it. Some important leaf diseases of nursery stock, V. B. Stewart {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 358 {1915), pp. 167-226, figs. 2.9).— This is a condensed report of investigations since 1909 on nursery leaf diseases and means of protection therefrom. These include apple scab {Venturia incequalis), pear scab (F. pyrina), apple powdery mildew {Podosphwra oxyacanthw or P. leucotricha) , yellow leaf disease of cherry and plum, ascribed by Higgins (E. S. R.. 29, p. 349; 30, p. 750) to Coccomyces spp. (polymorphic forms of Cylindrosporium), powdery mildew of cherry (/'. oryacuntlue), anthracnose of currants and goose- berries {Pseudopeziza ribis, parasitic stage Glososporium ribis), Septoria leaf spot of the same plants {8. ribis), gooseberry mildew {^phcerotheca mors-uvce) , leaf blotch of horse chestnut {Lwstadia oesculi, conidial and parasitic form Phyllosticta pavice), peach leaf curl {Exoascus deformans), leaf blight of pear and quince {Fabrcea maculata [Stigmatca mespili], parasitic stage Entomo- sporium maculatum), Septoria leaf spot of pear {Mycosph(erella sentina, conidial stage S*. piricola), black spot of roses {Diplocarpon rosw, conidial stage Actinonema rosw) , and mildew of rose and peach {Sphccrotheca pannosa, conidial form Oidiuni leucoconium) . A promising- new fung-icide, W. M. Scott {Abs. in Phytopathology, ^ {1914), No. 6, p. 412). — The author briefly reports upon some expeinments on the use of barium polysulphid in crystal form for the control of apple scab. Spray- ing experiments were conducted, the fungicide being used at the rate of from 3 to 6 lbs. to each 50 gal. of water in comparison with lime-sulphur solution. No outbreak of apple scab occurred on any of the checks, so that the value of the fungicide could not be determined for the control of the disease. In peach-spraying expeiiments the barium sulphur used at the rate of 3 lbs. to 50 gal. of water controlled peach scab almost completely. The author concludes that this material has decided fungicidal properties and is worthy of further investigation. Apple cankers and their control, L. R. Hesler {New York Cornell Sta. Circ. 28 {1915), pp. 17-28, figs. 16).—Bviet popular descriptions are given of the various forms of canker of apple trees found in New York State with sugges- 348 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. tions for their control as far as definite means are liuown. In addition to frost cankers and sunscald, the forms of canlier and their causal agents talien up are apple tree canker (Physalospora cydoniw), fire blight canker {Bacillus amy- lovorus), European apple tree canker (Nectria ditissima), Illinois blister canker {Niimnmlaria discreta), bitter rot canker (GlomcreUa cingulata), and a superficial bark canker caused by Myxosporium corticolum. Field studies of apple rust, N. J. Giddings and A. Berg (A6s. in Phyto- pathology, 4 {1914), ^0. 6, p. 401). — In continuation of previous studies (E. S. R., 28, p. 748), the authors give the results of experiments undertaken for the control of the apple rust. The results indicate that it is impracticable to control this disease in com- mercial orchards by use of liquid sprays, as spray material applied a week previous to infection did not appreciably reduce the amount of disease. Of the fungicides tested, commercial lime sulphur gave the best results, with Bordeaux mixture second and atomic sulphur third. Orchards were found infected to a considerable extent three-fourths of a mile from any cedar trees, and the effects of a severe rust infection, it is claimed, may be noted on trees for at least two years following it. There is believed to be some evidence that heavy infection of a cedar tree is followed either the first or second season afterwards by a loss of vitality and inhibition of growth, which renders that tree practically immune for one or two seasons. Apple rots, C Brooks, D. F. Fisiiek, and J. S. Cooley {Ahs. in Phytopathol- ogy, 4 {1914), ^0. 6, p. 403). — The authors report having isolated from market and storage apples the following fungi which are capable of producing a rot of the same: Sphceropsis malorum, Glomerella cingulata, Monilia sp., Botrytis cinerea, Phomopsis mail, PenicilUum expansuM, P. commune, P. pinophilum, Mucor stolonifer, Cephalotheciiim roseum-, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma sp., Pestalozsia guepini, P. hrevipes, Verticillium' sp., Ramularia macrospora, Fu- sarium radicieola, F. putrefaciens, and several species or sti*ains of Alternaria. Of the above species, P. expansum is the most common on the storage fruit. Sphseropsis and the Alternarias cause most of the blossom rot in eastern States, and the Alternarias and the Fusariums the core rots in the Northwest. The Alternarias are also of common occurrence following Jonathan spot and scald. York spot and York skin-crack, H. S. Reed {Ahs. in Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 405). — The author reports some new, or at least undescribed, troubles observed in Virginia in 1914 on the York Imperial apple. The spot appears somewhat different from the Jonathan spot and is charac- terized by much larger sunken areas on the fruit, which bear some resemblance to moderate hail injury. The tissue beneath the spots is dry and corky. Where the trouble is severe the supei*ficial tissues are water-soaked. York skin-crack was first noticed by the author in 1911, but did not become serious until 1914. The skin of the fruit is at first pitted and then cracks open, giving entrance to various decay fungi. There is a rather constant association of a species of Alternaria with this trouble, and this fungus has been isdlated and is now under further study. Orchard experiment with Jonathan spot rot in 1914; G. W. Martin {Al)s. in Phytopathology, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 4O6).— In continuation of a previous report (E. S. R., 29, p. 847) the author bagged apples, as in the previous investigation, and compared the protected with the unbagged apples. The results obtained are in harmony with those of 1913, which indicate that Jonathan spot rot is caused by a species of Alternaria and that infection occurred later than June 9. Jonathan spot, bitter pit, and stigmonose, C. Brooks and D. F. Fisher {At)S. in Phytopathology, 4 {191Jf), No. 6, pp. 402, 403). — Experiments of the authors have shown that both Jonathan spot and bitter pit are usually worse DISEASES OP PLANTS. 340 on large apples than on small ones, and that bitter pit is increased by con- tinued heavy irrigation, by continued light irrigation, or by sudden checks in the water supply to heavily watered trees. If a sudden drought comes at mid- season the effects may become more extreme than in typical bitter pit, the fruit developing large dead areas beneath the skin, with a very high coloration on the surface, while the fruit is still green. In such cases drops of sticky exudation often appear on the affected areas and the fruit ripens prematurely. Stigmouose is a term used to refer to the response to insect attack, and in the apple one form seems to be closely associated with the occurrence of the rosy aphis. It differs from bitter pit in that it develops earlier in the season, occurs on the fruit in the middle of the tree rather than on the exposed limbs, is often followed by cracking of the fruit and premature ripening, is often accompanied by a gnarled appearance of the apple, the spots are not typically at the end of vasculars, and the brown tissue beneath has more definite margins and is firm rather than spongy. Stigmonose: A disease of fruits, M. B. Waite (Ahs. in Phytopatliology, 4 {lOlJf), No. 6, p. 402). — The author reports having observed in and under the skin of Japanese plums, pears, and apples a disease which he designates as stigmonose. On pears stigmonose forms a hard, sunken, slightly atrophied, greenish spot, and in late pears it may become brownish. In apples a similar sunken, greenish spot is produced, the spot later becoming corky and dry, resembling bitter pit. In plums the spots remain firm and hard, although possibly streaked with brown after the fruit ripens. Plant bugs and aphids are considered as having an important part iu the formation of these injuries, and the stigmonose effect has been observed on the apple around curculio feeding punctures and scars made by the ovipositor. Common diseases of apples, pears, and quinces, M. T. Cook (Neiv Jersey f>tas. Circ. JfJt, pp. 20, figs. 18). — This is a descriptive list of common diseases of pomaceous fruits, with treatments. A discussion is also given of water core, winter injury, and spray injury, also of spraying, with reference to the organism to be controlled, the material to be used, and tne time of application. A spray calendar is appended. Common diseases of the peach, plum, and cherry, M. T. Cook {New Jersey Htas. Circ. 4-5, pp. 16, figs. 10). — Besides a discussion 0^' the most common dis- eases of drupaceous fruits in this State, and treatments so far as known, a de- scription is given of injuries due to cold, sprays, and constriction by label wires, said to cause symptoms like those of yellows. Spray calendars adapted to the ppach, plum, and cherry are also given. A preliminary report on twig and leaf infection of the peach by means of inoculations with Cladosporium carpophilum, G. W. Keitt {Ahs. in Phyto- pathology, 4 {1914), No. 6, pp. 4O8, 409).— The author reports successful infec- tion experiments with C. carpophilum taken from leaves and twigs, more than 50 lesions being counted on twigs and more than 100 on leaves. On the control plants only one primaiy twig infection developed and no primary leaf infection was found. Fungus-host relationship in black knot, E, M. Gilbert {Ahs. in Phyto- pathology, 4 {1914), No. 6, p. 402).— A microscopical study of the formation of black knot gall shows that a considerable portion of the hypertrophy is in regions not directly in contact with the fungus. The continued invasions of • the fungus hyphfe cause a separation of cells into larger and small masses, and during this process some of the cells gradually fill with a granular substance which becomes resinous in nature and is exuded from the mature knot. Other cells disintegrate, the cell walls break down, cytoplasm disappears, and at this 350 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. time it is not uncommon to find the liost nuclei lying free between tlie hyphae of the fungus. The perfect stage of the fungus of raspberry anthracnose, W. H. Buek- HOLDEB {AJ}S. in Phytopathology, Jf (1914), No. 6, p. 401). — During 1914 the author made an examination of the affected stems which showed minute pustules on the diseased area. From these were developed cultures the same as those from conidia of the anthracnose fungus {Glceosporiiun venctam). The mor- phology of the fungus on raspberries seems to be identical with that found by Woronichin upon Pyrus, which is attributed to Plectodiscella piri. [Fungus diseases of cranberries], H. J. Feanklin (Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 160 {1915), pp. 94-100). — ^A report is given of Investigations carried on in cooperation with C. L. Shear, of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Depart- ment, the general plan being the same as that previously desci'ibed (E. S. R., 31, p. 740). Experiments for the control of diseases by spraying with Bordeaux mixture have been continued, but no evidence was obtained to indicate that spraying is beneficial, and under some conditions it was apparently injurious to the crop. Indifferent results were obtained in an attempt to determine whether the keep- ing qualities of the fruit in a sprayed plat were better than those where the plants were not sprayed. The use of copi:)er sulphate placed in flowage water was again tested without definite results. The berries from the treated sections, however, showed a' smaller perceuti\ge of loss in storage than the untreated ones. The effect of spraying on root development of cranberry plants was studied, and the results obtained seemed to suggest that the plants are injured by retard- ing the development of new rootlets. In order to determine definitely the effect of Bordeaux mixture a series of plats were sprayed in various ways, excessive quantities of the fungicide being employed. It seems that spraying for the control of fungus diseases in the Cape Cod bogs is impracticable unless some noninjuridus substitute for Bordeaux mixture can be found. Notes are given on the disease commonly called ringworm, which, instead of being the result of insect work, seems to be due to the attack of fungi. The author also reports the occurrence of the Wisconsin false blossom disease (E. S. R., 31, p. 841) in bogs in Massachusetts. In every instance the presence of the disease was traced to vines that had come from Wisconsin. Rhizoctonia in America, G. L. Peltier (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 6, p. 406). — While making a study of the stem rot of carnation, due to Rhizoctonia, the author collected about 50 forms of the fungus. After three seasons' work with these cultures he finds that while some exhibit slight morphological differences, in cross-inoculation experiments they all behave alike. All but two of the forms, he claims, can be included under R. solani. The author states that true R. violacea of Europe has not been reported in this country. There seems to be no question that Hypochmis solani of Europe is the same as Corticium vagum solani. An anthracnose of Asclepias speciosa caused by a new species of Colleto- trichum, P. J. O'Gara (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 6, p. 410) —A brief account is given of a disease of stems and foliage of the common milk- weed in the Salt Lake Valley. A technical description of the fungus has been given elsewhere (E. S. R., .32, ]). S42). Some effects on chestnut trees of the injection of chemicals, Caroline RuMBOLD (Abs. in Phytopathology, 4 (1914), No. 6, p. 412). — The author injected a number of stains into living chestnut trees to determine their diffusion throughout the tree. When injected into the trunks the solutions were found to have passed up and down iu restricted areas. Branches and roots on the ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 351 injected side would be stained, wliile the uuinjected side was not. The stains were also found to dilTor in their method of jKissaije through the tissue. Methyl gi'een passed through the trachae in the last year's ring of wood. Congo red and trypan blue si»read over larger areas. Colloidal stains spread further through the trees than crystalloidal ones. The chemicals, whether metals, acids, alkalis, or benzenes, appear to have profoundly affected cells lying beyond the paths of the injected solutions, causing pathological growth. Leaves on the injected tree showed blotches which were found to be char- acteristic of the chemical used. In the case of lithium-injected trees, the presence of the metal was found in bark, leaves, and fruit. Notes on Cronartium comptoniae and C. ribicola, P. Spaulding (Abs. in rhyioiHithology, Jf (191.'/), No. 6, p. -'lO'J). — In continuation of a previous account of observations on one of these fungi (E. S. R., 30, p. 653), the author reports that Pinus rigida is very susceptible to attacks of C. coniptoniw, and that both P. ponderosa and P. contorta were so badly affected that the entire stock of both sijecies in a nursery was destroyed. The fungus has been successfully transferred from P. contorta to Comptonia asplenifoUa, but not from P. laricio, another new host. In addition the author reports C. ribivola on the American variety Downing of cultivated gooseberries. Observations on the pathology of the jack pine, J. R. Weir (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 212 (WIS), pp. 10, pi. 1, figs. 7,).— This is a study of fungi affecting Pinus divaricata, chiefly in Michigan, Minnesota, and adjacent Canada. Peridermium cerehruiiv {Cronartium quercus) causes the most important in- jury to jack pine of all ages, attacking almost all portions of the trunk and usually either killing or dwarfing the plant attacked. Wood-destroying fungi of the living tree are not regarded as very important, though a few are mentioned, as Trametes pini and Polyporus schweinitzii, which attack weakened trees. A number of saprophytic fungi mentioned attack dead wood of this species, which rapidly deteriorates in consequence. A new leaf and twig disease of Picea engelmanni, J. R. Weir ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1015), No. 3, pp. 251-25 Ji, pi. 1). — In a preliminary statement the author reports having examined what was thought from the gross appearance of the mycelial mat to be Herpotrichia nigra, a fungus com- mon on P. engelmanni on Marble Mountain, Idaho. It proved, however, to be a new species which is described as U. quinqueseptata n. sp. These two species of Herpotrichia, with NeopccJcia coxiltcri, cause considerable damage to forests at altitudes of not less than 5,000 ft. The dense mat of mycelium has been found to influence the temperature of the enveloped leaves in the same manner as when any dark covering is placed on an air thermometer bulb. The fungus acting as a pronounced epiphyte may thus be enabled to incubate its own mycelia within the tissues of the host, thus hastening its parasitic activities, and these may be further hastened by accompanying injurious physiological changes. The spread of the mycelium over young growth, from spring to early fall, is fairly rapid. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. [Report on insect pests] {Wisconsin 8ta. Bid. 250 {1915), pp. 29-33, fig. 1).— Brief notes are presented on cranberry insect work by O. G. Malde, and on studies by J. G. Sanders on the control of the onion maggot (see p. 357) ; the tobacco split worm, better known as the potato tuber worm, which was found during the year to occur iu the State; May beetles {Lachnosterna spp.) ; 352 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. the cottony maple scale, which became so numerous as to be destructive to many soft maple shade trees in a number of cities and farming communities; etc. It is stated that upon a farm where the i)oisoned bait spray for the onion maggot was tested, a perfect stand of onions was secured, while an untreated checlc plat 40 ft. distant and separated by two rows of trees and cur- rant bushes was destroyed by the onion maggot to the extent of 75 per cent. A chart illustrating the development and vulnerable points of attacli of the May beetle is included. Potato insects, II. L. Websteh (Iowa Sta. Bui. 155 {1915), pp. 359-Jf20, figs. 43). — Brief accounts with records of observations are given of the important insect enemies of potatoes in Iowa. The pests considered are the Colorado potato beetle, the potato flea-beetle {Epitrix cucumcri.^), the striped blister beetle, the gray blister beetle, the black blister beetle, the tobacco worm, the tomato worm, the cabbage looper, the variegated cutworm, the cotton cutworm (Prodcnia ornithogaJli), the apple leafhopper, the potato aphid {Macrosiphum solanifolii) , the du.slened appears to have reduced the injury caused. The spanworm (Epelis truncataria faxonii), which seriously damaged a bog at Wareham, was found to be parasitized by an ichneumonid. to be de- scribed by the author as Campoplex variabilis n. sii., to the extent of 25 to 30 per cent. The larviB are said to have survived a winter submergence of five months in the bog. The cranberry tip worm (Cccidomyia oxyeoccana) and the cran- berry fruit worm were given special attention during the year and are here con- sidered at some length. Notes are also given on tiae flowed bog firewomi or blackhead cranberry worm (Rhopohota vacciniana) . It was determined that the cranberry tip worm is responsible for the poor budding that follows the serious dying back of the cranberry tips, which had been supposed to be due to injury to the root system caused possibly by mis- management in the use of water during the growing season. It was found that the maggots of the most injurious brood leave the tips and go down to the sand under the vine to form their cocoons. Flowed bogs which had been resnnded the fall before or in the spring before the first of JNIay were, as a rule, much less seriously injured than those not thus resanded. In regard to the cranberry fruit worm it is stated that late holding of winter flowage appears to be the only method of satisfactorily combating it. Sub- mergence tests show that the fruit worm, in its cocoon, is quite resistant to drowning. The cocoons of this insect are not impervious to water, but the pupse do not appear to be readily killed by contact insecticides, such as scalecide and blacklcaf 40, which were tested during the year. While nearly a dozen ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 353 parasites of this worm have been reared, mention of several of which were made in the previous report, only three are abundant enough to be of much impor- tance. It was found during 1D14 that the braconid parasite Phanerotoma tibialis discussed in the previous report apparently larvii)osits in the fruit worm eggs. The ichneumonid parasite, previously mentioned, has been determined by Cush- man as Pristomeridia agilis. The common chalcidid parasite Trichogramma ii'inuta, linown to parasitize the eggs of not less than 46 other species of insects, is said to be the most important parasite of the fruit worm, 56 per cent of the eggs having been attacked by it on dry bogs in the vicinity of the station bog. The parasitic and predaceous enemies of the fruit worm are said to have de- stroyed not less than 00 per cent of the infestation on dry bogs and fully 66 per cent on flowed bogs in the vicinity of the station. The control of citrus insects, II. J. Quayle (California Sta. Circ 129 {1915), pp. 35, figs. IS). — A summaiized account of the various moans for controlling citrus pests. Control of dried-fruit insects in California, W. B. Barker ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 235 {1915), pp. 15, pis. 7, figs. 4)- — This report is based upon work con- ducted in central California in large part since 1911, at which time it was taken up by the author. The author's summary of the work and conclusions drawn are as follows : " A considerable financial loss due to the infestation of dried fruit by insects is experienced by packers, wholesale men, and retail dealers. There are sev- eral species of insects which attack dried fruits on the Pacific coast, but of these the most common and destructive are the Indian-meal moth and the dried- fruit beetle. " Infestation takes place in the packing house, in the warehouse, and in the grocery store. The insects find their way to the fruit through small cracks in the boxes and between the folds of the paper. All insect life is destroyed in fruits that are put through the boiling dip, and the processing of other fruits can be accomplished by the addition of the belt heater to sterilize all fruit so treated. " The use of an insect-free packing room and sterilized cartons or containers which are sealed before being placed in the warehouses or cars will protect the fruit from infestation imless the package is broken. There are several cartons and methods of sealing that can be applied to dried fruit, but their cost will de- termine their practicability. The secret of preparing an insect-free package of dried fruit is to sterilize it at a temperature of 180 ° F. and protect it from future infestation by the use of the insect-free packing room and sealing in sterile cartons or packages. " The sealed carton not only protects the fruit from infestation, but it pre- vents it from drying out and preserves it for long periods in the moist and at- tractive condition in which it was packed. Moist fruit can be successfully packed in sealed cartons, provided attention is paid to the moisture content. The fruit must be carefully drained and must not be packed too hot. Machines have been invented which will successfully wrap and seal small packages of dried fruit at a moderate cost per thousand. It is probable that the time is coming when it will be as necessary to put up dried fruit in sealed packages as it is to pack cereals in that form to-day." Some external parasites of poultry with special reference to Mallophaga, with directions for their control, G. W. Herrick (New York Cnnicll Sta. Bui. 359 (1915), pp. 233-268, figs. 22).— This bulletin deals in large part with the Mallophaga, or bird lice (pp. 233-251), their injury to fowls, life history, etc. A host list is given of the species reported as found on fowls and brief popular 354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. accounts with illustrations and notes on tlie occurrence of the more important. Other parasites of fowls briefly considered are the poultry mite (Dermanijssiis gallinw), the common hen flea {Ceratophyllus gallince), the southern hen flea (EcMdnophaga gaUinaceus sen Xestopsylla gaUinacea), the harvest mite (Trom- hidium sp.), and a tick that infests turkeys, namely, Hwrnaphysalis chordeilis, which has been found to occur in Warren County, N. Y. The bulletin con- cludes with a brief account of methods of controlling the parasites of domestic fowls. A new wheat thrips, E. O. G. Kelly {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, i {1915), No. 3, pp. 219-22 J, , pi. l).—lt is stated that a new thrips, described by Hood in 3914 from material collected by the author in 1908 as Prosopotlirips cognatus (E. S. R., 30, p. 658), frequently becomes injurious to wheat {Triticum spp.) in localized areas, but has not as yet been discovered to injure other grain crops. This species of thrips is known to occur in all parts of Kansas, even to the western border ; in Oklahoma ; at two places in western Missouri ; and in one locality in extreme southern Nebraska. Careful search has failed to detect it in northern Texas, eastern New Mexico, western Nebraska, and in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia. The eggs, which are deposited in the tissue of the young leaves of wheat or grass, hatch in from 6 to 10 days. The larvte become full grown in from 10 to 12 days and crawl down the plants into the soil where they pupate and trans- form to adults. The pupal period occupies from 10 to 13 days while the newly issued female requires but from 2 to 3 days to prepare for egg laying. A few adults are said to have lived for a period of S months in the laboratory. There are from 4 to 5 generations of this species each year which overlap one another so that adults and larvse are present at all times, even in late winter. Wheat plants furnish its princijDal food from the time the volunteer plants sprout in August until the crop is harvested the following June. During the interval between wheat harvest and the sprouting of volunteer wheat the thrips feed and reproduce on Agropyron smithii, Elymiis canadense, E. virginicus, Syntherisma sangidnalis, Paniciiin crus-galli, and Hordeuni jubaUim, upon which they may also be found at all seasons. The injury by this thrips is con- fined to the leaves of young plants, unfolding heads and newly formed grains of wheat, and the young unfolding leaves of some grasses. " The leaves when attacked by a dozen or more individuals at one time become badly mutilated in a few hours and, owing to the influence of sunshine and wind, soon acquire a * rusty ' appearance. Since the injured leaves nearly always cover the next un- folding leaf, the injury often becomes disastrous to the i)lant by preventing the new shoot from developing. The heads are first attacked when in blossom, the pollen being eaten greedily. The tender stamens and pistils are lacerated badly and dry up very quickly, so that the embryo seeds are killed in a kind of injury seldom observed and one wherein the damage can hardly be estimated, although evidently it is considerable. As soon as the grains begin to form, the thrips attack the husk, and later, gaining access to the husk, they lacerate the tender integument of the newly forming grain. Grains attacked at this stage are prac- tically destroyed, and even after the milk has become a dough the injury causes the grains to shrivel." It is stated that at the present time no thoroughly practical remedy can be offered for the control of this pest, although large numbers may be destroyed by burning ofl:" all grasses. Control of the citrus thrips in California and Arizona, J. R. Horton (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 67Jf (1915), pp. 15, figs. 7).— A popular sum- mary of means of control of the citrus thrips, accounts of which by Jones and Horton have been previously noted (B. S. R., 25, p. 657). ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 355 A new species of North. American Tingitidae, O. Heidemann (Proc. E?it. Soc. Wash., 16 il91/f). No. 3. pp. 136, 137, fig. 1).—A new species which seems to have a wide range of distribution, from the Atlantic coast to the Southwestern States, having been collected from Solanwn carolinense and fif. elccagnifoUum at Kirliwood, Mo. ; in Lavaca County and at Columbus, Tex., on coffee weed and Solanum ; at El Reno Okla. ; and at Norfolk, Va., is described as GargapMa solani. The eg-gplant lace-bug, D. E. Fink (C7. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 239 (1915), pp. 7, jyls. 6). — This work is in cooperation with the Virginia Truck Station. Injury by lace-bugs, which first attracted the author's attention in the vicinity of Norfolk, Va., during the sirring and summer of 1913, has been found to be due to a new species that has been described by Heidemann as GargapMa solani (see above). During the spring and summer of 1914 investigations proved it to be widely distributed in Tidewater Virginia wherever eggplant was grown on a commercial scale, and also at Occoquan, Va., in the District of Columbia, and in Maryland. The work of this pest somewhat resembles that of aphidids. All stages may be found on the underside of the leaves, and in the nymphal stages particularly they always feed in original colonies as hatched. " The first stage of injury appears in the form of circular discolored areas of about the size of a silver quarter. Such a leaf when examined will show a mass of eggs, and usually the female also will be observed either in close proximity feeding or in the act of ovipositing. Upon emergence of the nymphs from the eggs the discoloration of the leaves increases in area until finally the entire leaf is involved, turning yel- low and dry. The nymphs migrate from one leaf to another, injuring every leaf attacked, until they transform, after which, as adults, they disperse to other plants. Not every plant in a field will be injured, but once a plant be- comes infested every leaf may be so injured as to result in the loss of the plant." While the injury by the lace-bug to eggplant is usually attributed to plant lice, it is entirely well-defined and individual in character and can be readily recog- nized. Five nymphal stages have been observed, technical descriptions of which are presented. Adults and eggs were found by the author as early as May 20, the egg-laying period in the field lasting from 4 to 5 days. The author records 116, 117, and 188 eggs, respectively, as deposited by three females kept in confinement. An incubation period of from 5 to 8 days was observed during the last of May, June, and early July. The period required for development of the nymph under normal conditions is said to be about 10 days. Allowing 6 days for the egg stage and several days for time before and after copulation by adults, the life cycle is approximately 20 days. In the vicinity of Norfolk this lace-bug was found breeding as late as November, giving a breeding season of nearly 6 months. Thus there is a possibility of from 7 to 8 generations a season. Apparently 6 generations are spent on eggplant and the remainder on horse nettle. Several insect predators are recorded as having been observed feeding on the nymphs and adults. Quite vsatisfactory results were obtained in sin-aying ex- periments in the use of fish-oil soap and with a standard blackleaf tobacco ex- tract containing 40 per cent active nicotin sulphate. The percentage of nymphs killed was but slightly affected by the increase in the amount of nicotin sulphate from 1 : 1,066 up to 1 : 640 ; the latter had no effect whatever on the adults. With each increase In the amount of fish-oil soap up to 6 lbs. to 50 gal. of water there was a corresponding increase in the percentage of nymphs killed, and at the latter strength some of the adults were affected. At a strength of 8 lbs. of 5166°— No. 4—15 5 356 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fish-Oil soap to 50 gal. of water all the nymphs and 95 per cent of the adults were killed. Leaf hoppers of Maine, H. Osbobn (Maine Sta. Bui. 238 {1915), pp. 81-160, Jigs. 25). — This report deals mainly with the leafhoppers proper or Jassoidea which includes the families Tettigoniellidse, Jassidae. Bythoscopidte, and Typhlo- cybidse. It is pointed out that the principal economic importance of leaf- hoppers is due to their attacks upon oats, timothy, wheat, and other cereal and forage crops, fruits of various kinds, and forest and shade trees. The author here deals with 153 forms, representing 34 genera, of which 12 species are de- scribed as new to science. Brief descriptions are given of the species with records of their occurrence in the State. The species found by the author as being most in evidence in meadows and grasslands in Maine are Cicadula 6-notata, Deltocephalus inimicus, D. con- flgiiratus, AcocephaJus striatus, Drwculacephala moUipcs, D. anguUfera, and D. novehoracensis. The species affecting fruit and garden crops are more com- monly noticed, particular mention being made of the damage caused by the grape leafhopper (Typhlocyba comes) and by the apple leafhopper which affects not only apples but quite commonly such crops as potatoes, beans, and other garden crops. Methods of control are briefly considered under the headings of crop rotation, clean culture, mowing, burning, spraying, and the use of the hopperdozer. Keys to the families of Jassoidea and to the genera of these families are in- eluded. The sharp-headed grain leafhopper, E. H. Gibson (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 254 {1915), pp. 16, fig. 1). — ^The data here presented are based upon an entire season's work in the Salt River Valley, Arizona, during 1914, together with occasional observations elsewhere. The most extended account of this species previously published is that by Osborn in a bulletin previously noted (E. S. E.., 27, p. 858). The present paper, which supplements that account, includes quotations therefrom. The greatest damage caused by this leafhopper is to young and tender grain crops by the nymphs and adults during the fall and early spring months. The greatest injury to corn and other crops is done during the summer months, while that to alfalfa will probably always be very slight on account of its rapid growth. Ordinarily the feeding of the nymphs is more injurious to a plant than that of the adults, because they are present in greater numbers. Injury is also produced by the adult female by puncturing and constructing pockets in the leaves and stems for oviposition. This jassid has an extremely wide distribution, ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the strictly boreal portions of Canada south into Mexico. The author has taken the nymphs and adults in large numbers from wheat, barley, oats, alfalfa, bur clover (Medicago denticulata) , sour clover (Melilotus indica), Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), wall barley (Hordeum murinum), and many other native grasses of the South and Southwest. Five nymphal iustars have been observed, descriptions of which are presented. The incubation period of the egg in southern Arizona was found to vary from 3 to 35 days, with an avei-age of 12 days. Observations at Tempo, Ariz., show the length of the nymphal stage to vary from 20 to 51 days. While Osborn has stated that hibernation seems to occur in all stages from egg to adult, although the great majority must pass the winter in the egg stage, the author has as yet failed to find other than the adult stage to do so. He concludes that it is safe to assume that the species winters over principally in the adult stage through- out the Southern States, and that in all probability the same holds true throughout the country. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 357 Egg parasites are said to be the most effective enemies, two new species of wliich were rearetl by the author during the summer of 1914, one described by Crawford as Gonatoccrus gibsoni (see above) and tlie other to be described by Girault as AbbeJla auriscutellum. O. gibsoni is said to have not only held the pest in check but to have practically eradicated it in the Salt River Valley dur- ing the summer of 1914. from 75 to 95 per cent of parasitism having been observed between May 15 and June 15. Two egg parasites were reared in con- siderable numbers by Ainslie in Florida during the spring of 1914, one of which has been determined as BrachistcUa acuminata. As regards remedial measures it is stated that in localities with conditions similar to those in Salt River Valley, Arizona, much can be accomplished through the keeping down of wild grasses, principally Johnson grass, along irrigation ditch banks, fence rows, and along roadsides during the summer months. As soon as possible after the grain is harvested the ground should be broken up and planted. Where the species infests pastures or grass lands close pasturing or cutting while it is in the egg stage is advised. It is thought that in the Northern States the burning of grasses in which the species may be hibernating will destroy many of the adults. Influence of soil moisture upon the rate of increase in sugar-beet root louse colonies, J. R. Parker {U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, Jf (11)15), No. 3, pp. 241-250). — During the course of studies of the sugar-beet root louse (Pemphigus bctw) at the Montana Station, an account of the life history of which species has been previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 250), it was found that soil moisture is a very important factor in the control of the rate of increase in root-louse colonies. In the present paper the author reports upon general field observations, insectary experiments, and field irrigation tests of the effect of soil moisture. In irrigation experiments at Huntley, Bozeman, and Edgar, it was found that sugar beets grown under rather moist conditions were the least infested with root lice and yielded the highest in both sugar content and in tonnage. By irrigating early before the fields become dry the chances of root louse infestation are reduced and the best conditions for plant growth are secured. The Hessian fly, T. J. Headlee (New Jersey 8tas. Circ. Jf6, pp. 3-8). — ^A brief popular account of this pest and means of control, including a table for determining the date of safe sowing at different altitudes and latitudes in the State. Fly baits, J. E. Buck (Alabama Col. Sta. Circ. 32 (1915), pp. 34->39, fig. 1).— This is a brief report of work at the station barns during the summer and fall of 1914, during the course of which more than 50. tests were made with a view to determining the relative attractiveness to flies of various baits used in wire traps. The baits were exposed from 2 to 5 hours in a test and from 2 to 18 hours in a sei'ies. In all tests the baits were exposed 138 hours, catching a total of 104,041 flies. Formulas are given of twelve of the most important baits in the order of their attractiveness, all of which are said to have been thoroughly tested in comparison with each other and with still others, and can be relied upon for good results. The one flrst mentioned is that of light bread, buttermilk (to which 7 per cent of 40 per cent commercial formaldehyde has been added), and a little sugar or sirup. Control of the onion fly, J. G. Sanders (Country Gent., 80 (1915), No. 12, pp. 572, 573, figs. 5). — Following studies of the life history of the onion maggot (Pegomya cepetorum) at the University of Wisconsin by C. R. Cleveland and H. H, Severin, showing a period of from 10 to 14 days between the emergence 358 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. of the adult fly and the beginning of oviposition, control experiments were con- ducted to determine whether the adults could be poisoned during the interim, as previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 849). It has been found that sodium arsenate at the rate of 4 oz. to a gallon of boiling water to which 1 pint of New Orleans molasses is later added furnishes a spray that is cheap, attractive to the pests, and effective. " In actual prac- tice it has been found that a field may be treated in checkerboard fashion or in alternate strips, leaving an untreated strip of a width similar to the treated areas, since the flies are strongly attracted to the poison bait spray when freshly applied. The frequency of treatment is most important. During fair weather the application of this poison bait once a week regularly is suflacient, but in rainy weather it is desirable to apply it at least twice a week, especially if a shower follows the application. It is urged that the poison bait spray "be also applied to weeds or other vegetation adjoining the onion fields to poison any indi- vidual flies that may be resting at these locations." It is stated that a number of onion growers in Wisconsin tried out this poison bait spray during the sum- mer of 1914 under actual field conditions and harvested almost perfect stands, and the best crop grown in fifteen or more years. Insecticides for the control of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), L. B. Smith (Virginia Truck Sta. Bui. U U915), pp. 315-333, figs. 5). — This is a general summary of the results of field work on the control of the Colorado potato beetle conducted in Tidewater Vii'ginia, during the sea- son of 1914. The results indicate that for the farmer who grows 5 acres or more of potatoes Bordeaux mixture (4: 6:. 50), together with arsenate of lead paste from 4 to G lbs., and 1 lb. of Paris green to 50 gal. of mixture has not yet been surpassed as a spray for potatoes by any of the proprietary insecticides now in use either from the standpoint of efliciency or economy. It is thought that the most economical and efiicient results in spraying under Tidewater conditions may be obtained through the application of Paris green and lime dust when the first green shoots are showing, followed as soon as the plants are from 4 to S in. high by some liquid spray, preferably that above mentioned. This should be applied at least every 10 days and the application repeated preferably once a week until the crop is ready for harvest. A description of a Bordeaux mixing plant is included. The southern corn leaf -beetle, E. O. G. Kelly {TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 221 {1915), pp. 11, pis. 2, figs. 6). — During the last few years the southern com leaf-beetle (Myochrous denticoUis) has become a pest of considerable impor- tance. It first came to the author's attention in the bottom lands of the Ohio River in southern Illinois in 1905, and has since been observed by him in Kansas, northern Texas, and eastern Arkansas. These observations and others by Webster in Louisiana and Ohio "• seem to indicate that it occurs in destructive abundance on lands that have previously been devoted to pasture or on lands which have been allowed to lapse into a semiwild condition, not having been cultivated for several years. The si^ecies is widely distributed over the south- ern half of the Urited States, extending from the extreme southeastern part of Arizona to southern Texas, becoming more numerous directly north of Browns- ville, thence northward to southern Iowa, and eastward to northern Illinois and central Ohio nud to Washington, D. C, the most southeastern point recorded being in northern Florida. While numbers of larvae have from time to time been found in the soil, always in close proximity to corn roots which were more or less eaten, in no » Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 9 (1901), No. 3, pp. 127-132. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 359 instance have they actually been obsen-ed feeding on corn roots, althougli special attention has been given to their feeding habits. In the laboratory the eggs hatch in from 6 to 10 days, but the larvae have not as yet been reared to maturity, notwithstanding repe;ited attempts to do so. In numerous searches made in cornfields, wheat fields, grass, and fields grown up with weeds, the larvje have not as yet been found feeding on plants other than corn. The first larvai found in the field were observed at Wellington, Kans., July 20, 1910, in small, round earthen cells from 4 to 6 in. deep, with a small burrow leading toward the corn roots which had been more or less eaten. Very few larVjB or pupte have been found in sandy or light soils, and correspondingly few injured corn roots have been observed. Laboratory records made at Brownsville, Tex., by Vickery indicate that the larval i^eriod extends from about April 1 to June 15, while the author's observa- tions at Piano, Tex., show the larval period to range from April 1.5 to July 1, and at Wellington, Kans., from May 1 to July 15. " In the bottom lands of the Arkansas lliver, near Paris, Ark., the larvae had pupated and practically all the adults had issued by July 22, 1914, indicating that they began pupating as early as July 1. In the vicinity of Wellington, Kans., the larvae began to pupate about the middle of July, pupae being found as early as July 20 and as late as August 14. The period for maturing the pupa seems to be about 15 days, although no exact data have been obtained. The first pupae to be found were in earthen cells in the soil near corn plants at depths of from 4 to 6 in." Because of the fact that the adults have the habit of dropping from their food plants to the ground and hiding when disturbed, they are very rarely seen. The beetles seem to prefer feeding early in the morning, late in the evening, or at night, or on cloudy days. The adults issue from pupal cells about the middle of July in central Arkansas and the first of August in southern Kansas, emergence extending over a period of about one mouth. They do considerable feeding on the kernels of unripe ears of corn and buds of cocklebur before en- tering hibernation, which begins early in the fall. Corn is the only cultivated crop that has been found to be attacked in sufficient numbers to cause serious damage, but the beetles have been observed to attack the young leaves and grow- ing shoots of cocklebur, smartweed, Japan clover, and crab grass. They have also been observed to feed upon soi'ghum, Alopeciirus geniculaUis, cotton, and alfalfa, but on the latter plant only in reai-ing cages in the laboratory. In regard to remedial measures it is stated that a great number of beetles have been collected at lights, indicating that a powerful light trap located in the vicinity of the infested field might materially reduce them, especially in the early fall when they are flying in search of hibernating quarters. It is suggested that the cleaning up of all rubbish in the cornfield early in the fall, especially in fields of very late corn, will prove an effective remedy in the protection of suc- ceeding crops. No remedy has been found that can be recommended in combat- ing them after they once enter the cornfield. If a crop is so badly damaged as to be worthless it can be replanted with safety from damage by this insect about one month after the regular planting time, since within a few days after the leaf-beetles have killed out the first planting they will leave the field. It Is thought that something might be gained by delaying corn planting in localities where beetles have been injurious the previous year. Experimental work by Gibson in the vicinity of Charleston, Mo., during late April and early May indi- cates that the beetles can be readily destroyed by a poison bran bait, consisting of 25 lbs. of wheat bran, 1 lb. of Paris green, 1 gal. of low-grade molasses, and the juice of 3 oranges, with enough water to bring the mixture to a stiff dough. A list of 8 references is included. 360 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Contributions toward a classification and biology of the North American Cerambycidse. — Larvse of the Prioninae, F. C. Craighead (U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 101 {1915), pp. 24. pis. 8). — The present paper is based upon rearings for identification of some 200 species additional to some 50 on which the report by Webb (E. S. R., 27, p. 756) was based. Emphasis is made of the need of great care in rearing these larvse, it being stated that a single piece of infested wood may contain from five to a dozen different species of Cerambycidfe. The larvse of this family of beetles are primarily and probably without ex- ception phytophagous, boring in the ligneous tissue of, for the most part, the aborescent flora, though a few species are confined to herbaceous plants, in this case being usually pith or root feeders. Some are confined to one species of tree, as is usually tbe case with those attacking living tissue, others to a single genus, and again there are species which will have a wide variety of host plants among either the conifers or the hardwoods, but the larvse of the same species will rarely attack both indiscriminately. Keys to the larvse of the subfamilies of Cerambycidse and to the genera of the Prioninse, and general anatomical characteristics and descriptions of larvse of Prioninse are given. The roundheaded apple-tree borer, F. E. Brooks {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 675 {1915), pp. 20, figs. 19). — A popular summary of this pest, its life history and habits, natural enemies, and methods of control. Some sugar-cane root-boring weevils of the West Indies, W. D. Pierce (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 (1915), No. 3, pp. 255-263, pis. 4).— The present paper, which deals with the weevils of the genus Diaprepes that attack sugar cane in the West Indies, has been prepared with a view to straightening out the diflicult nomenclature, to point out the dangerous nature of the injury by the species treated, and so to describe the various forms that quarantine agents may readily detect them. The author calls attention to the fact that, due to their variable color, shape, and markings, it is extremely diflicult to determine their specific limitations. Two species, namely, Diaprepes spengleri and its six varieties (marginatus, comma, spengleri, ahhrevdatus, denudatus, and festivus), and D. famelicus are recognized and here considered, one of which varieties (D. spengleri denudatus) from Guadeloupe is described for the first time. Descriptions of new Hymenoptera, IX, J. C. Crawford (Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 48 (1915), pp. 577-586, figs. 11). — ^Among the new species here described, of economic importance, are the following : Uexaplasta marlatti reared at War- renton, Va., from cow dung with Hsematobia ; E. fungicola reared from dip- terous larvae in mushrooms at Washington, D. C. ; H. we'bsteri reared from Euxesta nitidiventris at Wellington, Kans. ; Figites popenoei reared fi'om Boletus hicolor at Washington, D. C. ; Zelotypa fungicola reared from dipterous larvse in B. felleus at Clarendon, Va. ; Oeniocerus cJirysopce reared from cocoons of Chiysopa at Batesburg, S. C. ; G. juniperi and O. marcovitchi reared from berries of Juniperus virginiana at Ithaca, N. Y. ; and Oonatocerus gibsoni reared from the eggs of Drceculacepliala moUipcs at Tempe, Ariz. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. [Food and drug topics], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 8 (1915), No. 17, pp. 289-304).— This bulletin, which gives information regarding some proprietary medicines, including a so-called hog- cholera remedy noted on page 389, contains a report, by R. O. Baird, of the chemical analysis of 29 sami)les of molasses. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 361 A report, by T. Sanderson, on a comparison of the values of four types of hard red spring wheat, namely, Marquis, Velvet Chaff, Bluestem, and Fife, in co- operation with the Office of Grain Standardization of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, completes the bulletin. From the results of milling and baking tests carried out with these varieties and previous work (E. S. II., 30, p. GOG), the following conclusions, among others, are drawn : " From the data at hand Marquis has done better this year than last, com- pared with the other types, and is clearly in the lead, Bluestem second, Fife third, Velvet Chaff fourth, when considered from value of products. " We are not in a position to advocate the growing of any one of these types of wheat over the other, because of the wide variation of soil and climatic con- ditions which we believe the farmer to be familiar with in his own locality, and should be governed by, in the selection of the type of wheat to grow. " In view of the discrimination against the Velvet Chaff, we feel constrained to advise the farmers to discontinue its production as far as possible, substitut- ing any one of the other three that has been doing well in their locality." The digestibility of the proteins of cereals, legumes, and potato flour, O. Rammstedt {PhariH. ZcntralhaUc\, 56 (1915), Nos. 1, pp. 1-1 ; 2, pp. Uf-lt ; S, pp. 22-25). — In this digest of data the author brings together information regarding the relative nutritive value of corn, wheat, potatoes, and legumes prepared and cooked in different ways. The use of corn, peas, lentils, and beans is recommended as a substitute for meat and wheat flour in times of food stringency. The influence of the environment on the milling' and baking qualities of wheat in India. — III, The experiments of 1911—12, A. Howard, H. M. Leake, and Gabrielle L. C. Howard {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Ser., 6 (191-^), No. 8, pp. 233-266, pis. 2). — The work here reported is a continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 2G3). The experiments were carried out to determine whether a good grade of wheat produced in only a limited area could be successfully cultivated in other sections of India under a different environ- ment. A standard variety of wheat was grown at a number of different sta- tions and samples compared as regards consistency, absolute weight, nitrogen content, and milling and baking qualities. The results of these tests indicated that the environmental conditions of different sections of India were not suffi- ciently unfavorable to influence seriously the strength and milling qualities of good wheat. Banana meal a substitute for flour, J. C. Monaghan (U. S. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No. 129 {1915), p. 1019). — This article notes the combination of banana meal with wheat flour for bread making in Jamaica. Digestive disturbances following the use of war bread, and their treat- ment, C. VON NooRDEN {Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., 52 {1915), No. 14, PP- 349, 350). — Clinical observations are reported which tend to show that the excessive use of rye-potato bread produced disturbances in the digestive tract, especially fermentation, dyspepsia, hyperacidity of the stomach, and excessive gas for- mation. Bread seasoning, A. Maurizio {Naturw. Wchnschr., SO {1915), No. 15, pp. 225-228). — A summary and digest of data in which is described, the custom of seasoning bread as practiced at different times in this and in other countries. It is pointed out that the use of most spices and flavors is governed either by necessity or by long-continued usage. Proso and kaoliang as table foods {South Dakota Sta. Bui. 158 {1915), pp. 147-176, figs. 2).— General information is given by N. E. Hansen regarding the history, cultivation, and milling of different varieties of these grains, including analyses. The publication also contains the results of an investigation of their 362 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. use as food by Nola K. Fromme. It is stated that while proso is practically unused in America as a food, in Russia and India it has been so used for some time. The grain may be used whole, ground into a meal, or finely ground into flour. A number of recipes and suggestions for its use in cooking are given. Information is also given regarding the use of kaoliang as food, it being com- pared with grain sorghums. A number of recipes are given, in some of which kaoliang is used in the same way as corn meal or Kafir corn flour. The nutritive value of the avocado, M. E. Jaffa (California Sta. Bui. 254 (1915), pp. 395-402, figs. 2). — This paper reports the results of the chemical analysis of 28 varieties of the avocado. The approximate composition of the edible portion, constituting 65.7 per cent of the fruit, is as follows : Water, 69.16 per cent; protein, 2.08 per cent; fat 20.1 per cent; carbohydrate, 7.39 per cent; and ash, 1.26 per cent. The average energy value found was 984 calories per pound, or more than twice the maximum noted for any other fruit. The amounts of protein and ash found were greater and the amount of carbohydrate about one-half that found in most fresh fruit. The value of the avocado as food is chiefly due to its high fat content, which is greater than that of tlie average olive. It is assumed that the avocado is quite thoroughly digestible. Unfermented grape juice, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 307 (1915), pp. 19). — This bulletin contains data regarding the inspection of 111 samples of unfermented grape juice collected in various parts of Canada. The legal requirements for grape juice are also given. The preservation of meat, H. Copaux and A. Kling (Q6nie Civ-il, 66 (1915), No'S. 14, pp. 209-214, figs. 14; 15, pp. 227-230, figs. 3).— In this article, which describes somewhat in detail the process of the manufacture of canned meats for an army camp, the Appert and Billancourt processes are considered. Special attention is given to the methods of preparing meat and the mechanical proc- esses involved in packing it for shipment. Bacterial content of desiccated egg, L. S. Ross (Proc. Iowa Acad. Set., 21 (1914), pp. 33-49). — ^The results are reported of a bacteriological examination of 66 samples of liquid egg yolk and 76 samples of liquid egg white, as well as 248 samples of desiccated eggs which had been stored for varying lengths of time at different temperatures. The author concludes as follows: " The desiccated egg loses a large percentage of the bacteria originally present if stored for even a relatively short period. Also the experiment indicates a more rapid diminution if storage is at a higher temperature than at a lower. And it seems possible that u poor product, even one prepared from ' spots ' and worse, might satisfy the ordinary bacterial test of colony counting and gas determination after a period of a few months' storage." Cooking fats in South America ( U. S. Dept. Com., Spec. Cons. Rpts., No. 67 (1915), pp. 15). — This publication contains information regarding the use of various cooking fats in the different countries of South America. Data are given regarding the quantity and value of such fats imported by the different countries in the years 1912 and 1913 and six months of 1914. The use of hardened fats for food purposes, H. Thoms and F. MiJLLER (Arch. Hyg., 84 (1915), No. 1, pp. 54-77). — The authors report a number of chemical and physiological tests of peanut, sesame, and cotton-seed oil. In long-continued animal feeding experiments and in tests of one week's duration with men, the availability of the hardened vegetable oils was com- pared with that of some of the more common animal fats and also with the same vegetable oils in the fluid condition. As a result of this work it is recom- mended that a fat should not be hardened to give a melting point of over 37" (body temperature). It was found that, in practically every case, if the digesti- bility of fats melting higher than this was not noticeably different from that of FOODS HUMAN NUTBITION. 363 lower melting fats, a tallowy taste and intestinal and other passing disturbances, such as are usually noticed with beef and mutton tallow, were experienced. Should the melting point be higher than 37°, it is suggested that a suitable mixture may be prepared by the addition of a lower melting fat. Use of hydrogenized fish oil in the manufacture of oleomargarin, J. Kli- MONT and K. Mayee (Ztschr. Angew. Clicm., 27 (1914), No. 96-91, AufsatztcU, pp. 645-6.'fS; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 3'f {1915), No. 3, p. l-k8). — As objec- tions to the use of this product it is noted that on account of improper control of the production of crude oil, its disagreeable odor may appear if the hydroge- nized oil is kept for some time. The hydrogenized oil may also contiiin small quantities of nickel and has a higher melting point than any of the fats com- monly used for food. A description is given of a method for detecting the presence of hardened fish oil in oleomargarin. Nineteenth report on food products and seventh report on drug products, 1914, J. P. Stbeet {Connecticut State Sta. Bpt. 19U, pt. 5, pp. 221-356) .—The first part of this report contains the detailed results of the examination of a number of samples of food products, showing the net weight, cost, and calculated energy value per IOC gm. in addition to the chemical composition of the food products. Eighty-eight samples of biscuits and crackers were examined, including graham, oatmeal, ginger, cheese, and whole-wheat crackers and others of miscel- laneous character. Regarding these products the author states that " many of these are more strictly confections than foods, and this must be kept in mind in connection with their high cost. From the food standpoint many of them the consumer would not be justified in purchasing; on the other hand, judged as confections, their daintiness, tastiness, general attractiveness, and cleanliness might justify such high prices as from 60 cts. to $1.50 per pound. Furthermore, it is only just to say that in many cases the biscuits may be bought in bulk as well as in small packages, thus permitting a considerable saving in cost, with a possible loss as to freshness and cleanliness." Examinations were also made of 12 samples of bran biscuits and laxative preparations, and 2 samples of condensed soups. In continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 29, p. 660), 72 samples of diabetic foods were analyzed. Tabular data regarding these are also contained in the report. The second part of this report contains the results of the examination of several samples of drug products, including toilet preparations and proprietary medicines. Detailed information is given regarding each of 130 samples of proprietary medicines analyzed. The author states that of these " 35 might be passed as possessing some merit, but even these are expensive; they are generally toilet preparations and in certain cases possibly the convenience of their use might justify their purchase even at the high prices." A general review of the effect of food inspection in Connecticut since 1S95 is appended. Twenty-first annual report of the Dairy and Food Commissioner of the State of Michigan {Ann. Rpt. Dairy and Food Comr. Mich., 21 (1914), pp. 458-t-[3], pis. 2, figs. 20). — The inspection and educational work carried on under the state food and drugs laws during the year ended June 30, 1914, is reviewed. The report of the state analyst, F. L. Shannon, gives detailed information regarding the analysis of 1,719 samples of food products, of which 717 were found to be adulterated or misbrauded. The report of the drug analyst, A. R. Todd, gives the results of the examination of 571 samples, of which 214 were 364 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. condemned as not conforming to the requirements of existing standards. Inspec- tions were made of 17,318 gi'oceiy stores, hotels, restaurants, bakeries, dairies, creameries, cheese factories, and other establishments where food was handled or manufactured. The educational work consisted in speaking before various organizations, in disseminating popular information through pamphlets or bulletins, a number of which are reprinted in the report, and in the preparation of pure-food exhibits. In this publication is also included the first annual report of the work done by the state sealer of weights and measures. This includes specifications for various food containers, as well as for weights and measures. A review of the prosecutions and decisions relative to the inspection and adulteration of foods completes the report. The Food and Drugs Act {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Solicitor Circ. 82 (1915), pp. 5). — ^According to the decision of the U. S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, here reported, confectionery containing talc is held to be adul- terated within the meaning of the Food and Drugs Act, although the amount of talc contained is a mere trace. Food — what it is and does, Edith Greer (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1915, pp. YII-\-251, pis. 8, figs. 92). — ^This book is intended as a school text-book and summarizes the characteristics of animal and vegetable foods, their methods of production, place in the diet, and the hygiene of their use. It includes charts, tables of composition, statistics of production, and many illustrations, some of the latter chiefly decorative in value. Physics of the household, C. J. Lynde (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1914, pp. XI -{-313 figs. 217). — This publication differs from most elementary text-books in that illustrative examples are taken largely from the household and for this reason should be of interest to teachers of physics in schools offer- ing courses in home economics. The principles of physics involved in many common household processes are fully explained. Chapters are devoted to heat in the home, including a study of different kinds of heating and cooking appliances, heat measurement, etc. Other chapters devoted to the use of elec- tricity in the home discuss heating, cooking, and lighting and other electrical appliances. [Popular nutrition bulletins] {Bui. Univ. Tex., 1914, Nos. 333, pp. 20; 342, pp. 20; 344, PP- 12; 345, pp. 12; 347, pp. 19; 350, pp. 13; 366, pp. 20').— This series contains a number of popular bulletins, among which are the following, which would be of interest to housekeepers or to those engaged in extension work in home economics : The Principles of Menu Making, by Anna E. Richard- son ; Food for Growing Children, Cooking Tough Meats, and The Uses of Foods and the Proper Balancing of the Diet, by Jessie P. Rich; Meat, Its Value as Food, and Its Proper Preparation, prepared by the Division of Home Welfare ; and The Irish Potato, and Nuts and Their Uses as Food, by Jessie P. Rich. The public feeding of elementary school children, Phyllis D, Winder {New York: Longmans, Green, <& Co., 1913, pp. VII-{-84). — ^This report, which is one of the series entitled Birmingham Studies in Social Economics and Ad- jacent Fields, edited by W. J. Ashley, reviews and criticizes the methods and results of school feeding in Birmingham, England. The aspects of the subject here considered are some of the causes of malnutrition, the methods employed for selecting the children as compared with those generally used, the time and nature of the meal, the service and its supervision, the family circumstances of the children, and the effect of the meals on the child and on the family. Among the factors given as the cause of malnutrition are poverty, unsuitable FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 365 and ill-cooked foods, insufficient sleep, poor ventilation, and general insanitary- surroundings. Experience showed that it was desirable to supply in the meals those food constituents in which the customary home diet was deficient, viz, protein and fat. Where breakfast was the meal served, porridge was found to be one of the best foods, it being served with treacle or sugar and milk, and followed by bread and " dripping." Where dinner was provided a number of menus were used, consisting of fish, meat pies, vegetable dishes, stews, roast meats, stewed fruits, milk suet puddings, and the usual soup. In the appendix are given some typical menus and several examples of family conditions existing in the cases of the children fed. A preface by N. Cham?3erlain and a bibliography are included in the publication, A standard dietary for an orphanage, Adelle S. Jaffa {[Sacramento, Cal.]: State Printing Office, 1914, pp. 28). — This publication gives standard dietai-ies for children from 8 to 12 years old, for alternate weeks in the month, as well as a few extra menus for variety. Feeding men in camps, W. Fisher ([Memphis, Tenn.: R. H. & G. A. McWil- liams, 1915], pp. 20). — This pamphlet, issued by a contracting firm for the use of its superintendents, contains specific information for the feeding of laborers in camps. The different foods and amounts of foods to be purchased are listed, and data regarding frequency of service and the size of the portion allotted to each man are given. The appendix contains standard bills of fare for logging camps and the standard garrison ration of the United States Army. A modern small-sized construction camp with some costs on feeding men, E. W. Robinson (Engin. and Contraet., J,S (1915), No. U, pp. 318-320, fig. 1). — This article gives detailed information concerning the plan of the camp, con- struction of the necessary buildings, and the methods employed in maintaining the camp. Figures are reproduced which show the cost of foods and other supplies used, as well as the expenditure for camp equipment. Campaign rations for the army, J. Basset (Conipt. Rend. Acad, Sei. [Paris], 160 (1915), No. 12, pp. 3T5S18). — Four new rations are described and recipes given for their preparation. Beef or pork forms the basis of these rations, dried fats and dried vegetables being added in sufficient quantity to secure a balance. Beri-beri, E. B. Veddee (New York: William Wood, d Co., 1913, pp. VIII-{- 427, pis. 6, figs. 51). — In this comprehensive treatise of beri-beri its history, distribution, prevalence, pathology, symptomology, and etiology are considered. Under the last-named subject the author takes up at considerable length the questions as to whether it is a specific disease, an intoxication, an infection, or is due to the deficiency of the diet in certain essential principles. One chap- ter deals with rice and its preparation for the table. Experimental polyneu- ritis and beri-beri in animals are discussed and considered in their relation to the etiology of the disease in man. Chapters are also devoted to infantile beri-beri, ship beri-beri, and epidemic dropsy. The publication contains a 54-page bibliography. In the appendix are given in more detail some of the data cited in the book. Studies on beri-beri. — VIII, The relationship of beri-beri to glands of internal secretion, C. Funk and M. Douglas (Jour. Physiol., 1ft (1914), No. 6, pp. 475-478). — The results are reported of an extended study of the pathological changes observed in the glands of internal secretions of pigeons suffering from experimental beri-beri resulting^rom an excessive diet of polished rice. 366 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOKD. The harmlessness of vinegar eels in the human and animal organism, H. WusTENFELD {Deut. Essigifidus., 19 {1915), No. 11, pp. 53, 54). — ^According to the experiments here reported a large number of Aiuegar eels were ingested without producing intestinal physiological disturbances. The metabolism of white races living in the Tropics. — I, Protein metab- olism, W. J. Young (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 91-108). — To determine whether tissue metabolism takes place to a greater extent in a tropical country than in a temperate climate a number of measurements were made of excretory nitrogen and sulfur catabolized by white men living in Queensland, Australia. No considerable variation is reported from the aver- ages obtained in tempei'ate climates, except that the excretion of neutral sul- phur was consistently high. Gastro-intestinal studies. — VII, The utilization of ingested protein as in- fluenced by undermastication (bolting) and overmastication (Eletcherizing), L. F. Foster and P. B. Hawk {Jour. Amer. Cliem. Soc, 31 {1915), No. 5, pp. 1347-1361). — In this investigation was studied the effect of different degrees of mastication upon the utilization of a typical protein. The subjects of experi- ment (two young men) were fed a uniform diet, the principal ingredients of which were beef, graham crackers, and milk. The beef, which furnished the major portion of the protein, was cooked in the form of 15-mm. cubes. The experiment was divided into four 7-day periods, as follows : Prelimi- nary normal, during which the food was masticated normally ; bolting, in which the meat was swallowed with no attempt at mastication ; Fletcherizing, when the food was chewed until carried down the esophagus by the " swallow- ing impulse " ; and, final normal, in which ordinary mastication was practiced. A nitrogen-free diet was fed through a 4-day period at the close of the experi- ment proper. The results may be briefly summarized as follows : " The output of fecal nitrogen was highest during the food bolting ; that during Fletcherism was lowest. Protein utilization was most complete as the result of Fletcherism, and least complete when bolting was practiced. The discrepancies, however, averaged only 1.6 per cent. Utilization during Fletch- erism averaged 0.17 per cent higher than during normal mastication. " During food bolting macroscopic meat residues appeared in every stool. In a single stool the amount was 16.5 gm. " The fineness of the protein may determine the amount of its hydrolytic cleavage. This fact was shown by the higher nitrogen content of the urine in the Fletcherizing period and the lowered output during bolting." The authors mention that " the fact that pepsin may be absorbed in the stomach by particles of undigested food and carried into the small intestines to aid further in protein hydrolysis may have an important bearing on the question of the digestion of bolted meat." The conclusion is drawn that " the results of this investigation fail to dem- onstrate the advantages of Fletcherism or the harmfulness of food bolting. , . . Fletcherism of starchy foods should be encouraged to insure the salivary di- gestion of a large quantity of material." The circulation of the blood in man at high altitudes. — II, The rate of blood flow and the influence of oxygen on the pulse rate and blood flow, E. C. Schneider and D. L. Sisco (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 34 {1914), No. 1, pp. 29-47). — From observations of pulse rate and blood pressures of six subjects at high altitudes the following conclusions are drawn, in part: The pulse rate does not accelerate immediately on arrival at an altitude of 14.109 ft., but requires several days to reach its maximum. In the majority of healthy men the arterial pressures are unchanged. In five out of six subjects on Pikes Peak the venous pressure was lowered from 25 to 87 per cent. In consequence of these changes ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 367 conditions of the vascular system favor an increased rate of blood flow on Pikes Peak. Some metabolic influences of bathing" in the Great Salt Lake, Helen I. and H. A. Mattill {Amcr. Jour. Physiol, 36 (WIS), No. 4, pp. 4S8-500, fig. 1).— Observations upon two subjects indicated that bathing exerts a stimulating effect on metabolism. The excretion of chlorids and total nitrogen was mate- rially increased during the bathing periods. Healthy atmosphere, L. Hill (Nature [London], 95 (1915), No. 2373 pp. 205-201, figs. 3). — In this article, which emphasizes the importance of the rate of cooling the body to comfort and health, two pieces of apparatus are described. These consist of a wet and dry kata thermometer by means of which can be measured the rate of heat loss by radiation, convection, and evaporation, as well as the vapor pressure of the atmosphere, and a caleometer, which auto- matically indicates the amount of heat energy required to maintain a coil of wire at body temperature and thus shows the cooling effect of air currents. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Influence on growth of rations restricted to the com or wheat grain, E. B. Hart and E. V. McCollum (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 19 (1914), No. 3, pp. 373-395, pi. 1, figs. 11). — ^A continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 467; 83, p. 69). In these studies the authors found that " when swine are restricted to corn meal and gluten feed little or no growth can be secured, but with an addition of salts, making the entire ash content of the ration very similar in quality to that of milk, growth approximating that of a normal curve was secured to at least 275 lbs. These results are not in harmony with the theoiy that the failure of swine to grow on corn alone is due entirely to the incomplete nature of its protein content. Restriction to mixed grains and distilled water did not allow nomial growth with swine. This emphasizes again the very great importance of either the mineral side of a ration, or as yet unknown factors operative in the normal environment of this species, namely, soil rooting, natural water, etc. " When the wheat kernel supplied all the nutrients, growth was again limited with both swine and rats. However, when the salt content was modified to resemble milk some growth could be secured, but ultimately this ceased, fol- lowed by partial paralysis, particularly in swine, and a general decline. Cor- recting the mineral content of the wheat kernel alone Induces a certain amount of growth, but the benefit is only temporary. When the wheat kernel was forti- fied with salts and butter fat, the growth curve was very much improved in both species, although a normal curve was not secured. The animals, however, remained vigorous and strong for a very much longer period, although partial decline in some individuals, mainly characterized by stiffness, ultimately set in. However, when the wheat kernel, salt, and butter fat ration was supplemented with casein to the extent of 2.5 per cent of the ration, a normal curve of growth was secured for swine. Similar results were secured with rats. Rations may contain as much as SO to 90 per cent of wheat without bad effects when supple- mented with milk or egg yolk. Normal reproduction as well as normal growth have been secured with such rations." Value of proteins from different sources (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 (1915), pp. 49-52, figs. 2). — The data reported are included in the article noted above. Effect of rations from single plant sources (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 (1915), pp. 48, 49). — The studies to determine the physiological effect of rations from single plant sources are briefly noted, those with calves and swine being ab- stracted above. 368 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. In a study with poultry extending over three years, pens of 12 pullets each, as near the same age as possible and of the same breeding, were fed rations re- stricted to corn, wheat, oats, or barley for 10 months. No appreciable difference was observed during the first 90 days, but when the feeding was continued longer physiological disturbances began to appear on the wheat-fed lots, and at the end of the trial only four, three, and six pullets, respectively, were alive out of the original 12 in each of the three pens. No fowls were lost in the corn lot, and the oats and barley rations ranked midway between the corn and vv^heat. There ' appeared to be no consistent difference in the number of eggs produced by the different lots, nor in the percentage or vigor of chicks hatched from the various lots. Acidosis in omnivora and herbivora and its relation to protein storage, H. Steenbock, V. E. Nelson, and E. B. Haet {Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 (1914), No. 3, pp. 399-419). — The experiments reported in this paper deal with the rise and fall of urinary ammonia production when swine, as representatives of om- nivora, are confined to grains alone or grains supplemented with basic mate- rials. Other experiments deal with the influence of acid rations on ammonia production in herbivora (calves). It was found that " acid rations fed to swine (omnivora) or calves (herbiv- ora) occasion a rise in urinary ammonia with a compensative fall in output of urea. Presumably on a normal level of protein intake a part of the ammonia, produced either in the intestine or liver, combines with acids and is excreted as the salts of these acids. This power to help maintain neutrality by the pro- duction or use of ammonia is apparently very general in all mammals. Am- monia production, under conditions of exogenous protein metabolism, does not occasion an increased nitrogen excretion or an interference with protein storage. "In herbivora (calves) approximate endogenous nitrogen metabolism, accom- panied by mineral acid ingestion, likewise occasions a rise in urinary ammonia, but does not, on the level of acid used, cause a rise in protein catabolism, as has been observed with dogs and swine. This may be due In this experiment to a greater dilution of the ammonium salts incident to a large consumption of water by this class of animals. "Data are also given on calcium and phosphorus metabolism during both neutral and acid periods of low nitrogen intake, as well as on a period of high nitrogen intake. Very probably the skeleton was not drawTi upon for cal- cium during the period of lowest acid ingestion. Only on a high acid ingestion did it appear probable that decalcification of the bones began and then only a withdrawal of calcium carbonate. " From the records submitted on growth and reproduction it is believed that natural acid rations, if otherwise satisfactory, are as effective for growth or reproduction as those of basic character. However, until it has been shown conclusively that less vigorous individuals will tolerate acid rations with perfect impunity, we are not warranted in making too sweeping conclusions." Belation of different fats to animal growth (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 (1915), pp. 47, 48). — In continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 8{)4) it has been found that milk fat can be converted into soaps without destroying its peculiar constituent, and that when olive oil is shaken with a solution of these soaps the vital principle is transferred to the olive oil and it will then induce growth in the same manner as butter fat alone. See also a previous note by McCollum and Davis (E. S. 11., 32, p. 360). Effect of poison on germ cells (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 (1915'), pp. 44-46, fig. 1). — In continuation of work by L. J. Cole previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 876) it is concluded that lead poisoning so acts on the germ cells of the ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 369 sire as to produce nu appreciable decrease I)otli iu size and vitality of offspring. In experiments with chicks the results, as indicated by the infertility of eggs ajid the death of embiyos or young chicks soon after hatching, showed that the influence of lead poisoning in the case of the male distinctly affected the vitality of the offspring. Physiology of reproduction (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 (1915), p. 46). — In trials with guinea pigs by L. J. Cole and H. Ibsen it has been shown that the size of offspring is controlled to some extent by the length of the gestation period, the young being smaller with a short period. The size of the mother, Bind and amount of her food, and her ability to utilize it for the development of the fetuses are even more important in determining the size of offspring. Small and young mothers tend to produce small offspring, especially when the litter is large. With small litters the weight of the mother increases up to parturition. With large litters, however, her weight remains stationary or even drops during the last days of pregnancy, evidently due to the fact that all the nutrients in the food are required for merely maintaining the weight of the mother and fetuses. Numerous weighings have disproved the assumption that female young gain steadily from the day of birth while males lose in weight. There is no correlation with sex in this respect, both sexes tending to lose in weight during the first few days. Neither is there any constant relation between the size of individuals and the order of their birth in the litter. Sex studies. — VII, On the assumption of male secondary characters by a cow with cystic degeneration of the ovaries, R. Pearl and F. M. Surface (Jlainc Sia. Bui. 237 (1915), pp. 65-80, pis. 3). — This paiier describes the repro- ductive history of a cow, which presents the following points of interest. " The cow was initially a i)erfect female, bearing calves and making a very high milk record. Later she failed to come in heat, and gradually, but in the end to a very marked degree, took on male secondary sex characteristics, both in behavior and structure. The gonads of this animal, examined subsequent to the change in secondary characters, were exactly like those of a normal cow, save in the one respect that the follicles were not breaking and discharging ova, but were forming follicular cysts, or becoming atretic, and because of this no corpora lutea were formed. The interstitial secreting mechanism of these ovaries was absolutely normal, both in respect of number of cells and the cytological characteristics of the individual cells. "The evidence from this case strongly suggests that one function of the corpus luteum, through its internal secretion, is to maintain in full development the female secondary sex characters. Repeated injections of a suspension of the dessicated substance of the anterior lobe of the pituitary body failed to bring about any change in the sex behavior of this cow after it had assumed a male character." Sex ratios in pigeons, together with observations on the laying, incuba- tion, and hatching of the eggs, L. J. Cole and W. F. Kirkpatrick (Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 162 (1915), pp. 463-512, figs. 5).— A continuation of the work noted above. It was found that " the normal ratio of the sexes of pigeons hatched is 105 males to 100 females. The death rate of squabs is especially high for the first two or three days after hatching, and at about 10 to 15 days of age. When the two squabs are of distinctly different size before the banding age (10 to 15 days), the larger squab is more often a male than a female. The death rate for the two sexes, in bisexual broods, is essentially equal. There is no marked tend- ency for one sex to be weaker than the other in bisexual broods, and there is 370 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. only a slight indication that more males than females from such broods survive to adult life — placed at six months. "A consideration of the ratio of males to females in each of the age groups does not indicate a high relative mortality of females in the ages preceding the adult state. There is a high mortality of both sexes during the first two or three years of their adult life, and this is especially high in the females between the ages of one and two years. The higher mortality of females at early adult ages, together with the higher proiX)rtion of males hatched (105:100), may be in large part responsible for the prevailing notion of a considerable excess of male pigeons in adult populations and seems to furnish real substantiation for this notion. The fact that males are generally more easily recognized than females probably adds to this impression. " The number of unisexual broods, in which the squabs are either both male or both female, somewhat exceeds in our records the bisexual broods (one squab of each sex), but the odds against the numbers obtained representing a poten- tial equality are very slight. These facts aire directly contradictory to the statements that the two eggs usually produce a male and a female squab. Considering only the unisexual broods, the number of ' both males ' to ' both females ' is practically equal. "A comparison of the numbers of each sex hatched from first eggs and from second eggs, respectively, shows no tendency for the former to produce exclu- sively males and the latter females, but as a matter of fact more males than females are hatched from both. " The mean time of laying of the first egg is about 5 p. m., and of the second egg about 1 o'clock in the afternoon of the second day following. The mean interval between the laying of the two eggs is practically 44 hours. The mean time between the laying of the first and second eggs decreases progressively in the months from February to July, inclusive. There is a very sensible positive correlation between the time of laying of the first and of the second egg. The equation of the regression curve is given, which enables one to calculate the most probable time of laying of the second egg when the time the first was laid is known. " The mean time of hatching of the first egg is 16.5 days after the laying of the second. The mean time of hatching of the second egg is 17 days after it is laid. On the average, therefore, the time from laying to hatching of the first egg is nearly a day and a half longer than it is for the second egg. This is probably to be accounted for by the fact that the first egg receives very little incubation until the second is laid. There is a high correlation between the times of hatching of the two eggs of a clutch. " So far as the data presented go, they appear to indicate that sex in pigeons is determined according to the laws of chance. " In case the eggs do not hatch they are seldom abandoned at the end of the normal period of incubation, but the birds continue to sit on them for a time longer. The length of time they will continue to incubate the eggs varies, but averages practically six days after the normal period, making the mean total time of incubation when the eggs do not hatch 23 days after the laying of the second egg. This continuance of incubation beyond the normal time under such circumstances constitutes a ' factor of safety ' in the incubating instinct. A pair of mourning doves continued to sit on substituted eggs for four days after their own had hatched in an incubator, thus disproving Raspial's assertion that wild birds have an ' exact notion of the time required for the eggs to hatch.' " References are appended. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 371 Studies on inheritance in pigeons. — II, A microscopical and chemical study of the feather pigments, O. Lloyd-Jones (Jour. Expt. Zool., 18 (1915), No. 3, pp. 45S-509, figs. 63). — This is a coutinuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 31. p. 572), and the results are summarized as follows: '• The six fundamental self colors of tumbler pigeons have been accounted for by the interaction of four genetic factors : R, red ; B, black ; /, intensity ; 8, si)reading. Evidence as to the nature of the factor B has been secured from its effect on the feather pigment with respect to (a) color, (b) manner of formation and distribution, (c) physical form, and (d) chemical properties. All of these seem to indicate a different mechanism from that which produces red pigment, rather than simply a later stage of the same process. If unin- fluenceii by other factors, the final result of the pigmentation process in a bird carrying B, is the clumping of the pigment into the middle of the barbule cells. The factor S when present stops this clumping process and results in a ' spread ' condition of the pigment. S may properly be considered as an inhibitive or ' stopping factor.' "As regards the increment of pigment substance, factor / probably has a constant effect when acting on dilute birds of different constitutions, namely, to increase by about three times the amount of pigment produced. As regards its influence on granule shape, on the other hand, it I'eacts in a different manner with each combination of factors. The facts concerning the granule shape in blacks suggest the possible existence of a factor not yet determined which is specifically concerned with granule shape. " Genetic research which is confined only to obvious characters is often super- ficial, and in such cases microscopic research is necessary to distinguish the independently heritable characters involved." A bibliography is included. Inspection of feeding stuffs, A. W. Clark (New York State 8ta. Bui. 404 (1915), pp. 221-334). — Analyses are given of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, malt sprouts, distillers' dried grains, brewers' dried grains, corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, hominy feed, molasses feeds, tankage, meat meal, meat scrap, blood flour, beef scrap, fish scrap, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, wheat middlings, ground buckwheat screenings, corn meal, barley middlings, corn bran, wheat screenings, ground corn screenings, flax screenings, pea meal, dried beet pulp, shredded wheat waste, and various mixed and pro- prietary feeds. Analyses of feeding stuffs, P. H. Wessels et al. (Rhode Island Sta. Insp. Bui., 1915, May, pp. 16). — Analyses are reported of beef scrap, fish scrap, meat and bone scrap, cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten meal, gluten feed, malt sprouts, distillers' grains, malt screenings, wheat shorts, middlings, bran, hominy feed, alfalfa meal, aud various mixed and proprietary feeds. How to comply with the law regulating the sale of concentrated feed stuffs in Texas, [and] other information, B. Youngblood (Texas Sta. Circ. 6, n. ser. (1915), pp. 14). — This circular gives the text of the law regulating the sale of feeding stuffs in the State of Texas, and gives directions for complying with this law. Cattle feeding.— X, Winter steer feeding, 1913-14, J. H. Skinnee and F. G. King (Indiana Sta. Bui. 118 (1914), PP- S^S-^SS^).— This is a continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 767). The object was to determine the comparative value of leguminous hay alone and in combination with corn silage as roughage for full-fed cattle; to compare oat straw and leguminous hay as dry roughage for full-fed cattle receiving all the corn silage they will eat; to compare different quantities of cotton-seed meal In rations containing 51GG°— No. 4—15 6 372 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. corn silage for fattening cattle; to compare ground soy beans and cotton-seed meal as sources of protein for supplementing rations for fattening cattle; and to test the comparative value of clover hay and alfalfa hay as roughage for fattening cattle. Seven lots of ten choice high-grade Shorthorn steers each, weighing approxi- mately 1,000 lbs. per head, were fed from November 20, 1913, to May 14, 1914, with the results shown in the table following. Each lot contained ten 105-lb. hogs which were fed corn in addition to the droppings from the cattle, and lots 1, 2, and 6 were fed a small quantity of shorts and tankage. Sumnmry of steer-feeding experiments. Daily feed consumed per steer. Lot. Shelled corn. Cotton- seed meal. Clover hay. Alfalfa hay. Corn silage. Oat straw. Ground soy beans. 1 Lbs. 13.27 18. 21 17.01 13.56 12.02 14.09 13.48 Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 20.21 Lbs. 1.57 Lbs. 2.91 2 2.95 2.95 2.97 4.72 3.07 2.9.=i 9.47 3 11.38 2.83 24.25 25.43 26.19 23.33 5 1.07 1.16 Q 7 3.65 Lot Dry matter consumed per pound of gain. Average daily gain. Cost per pound of gain. Profit per steer, not including pork. Profit per steer, includmg pork. First 90 days. Last 85 days. 1 Lbs. 10.37 10.66 11.04 10.24 10.15 9.86 10.64 Lbs. 2.16 2.44 2.32 2.47 2.42 2.54 2.37 Cts. 10.94 12.21 13.87 10.74 10.90 10.24 11.57 SI. 79 1.71 - 2.93 6.38 3.51 3.34 2.65 -S2.38 - 5.88 - 8.55 - 2.97 - .62 2.15 - 6. .54 S11.22 2 6.73 3 - 1.01 4 10.95 5 10.38 6 14.40 7 5.56 The addition of corn silage to rations of grain and leguminous hay slightly increased the rate of gain made by the cattle, but had little effect on the finish of the cattle. The substitution of oat straw for leguminous hay had little effect other than a reduction in the cost of gain. Larger profits were secured from a ration containing oat straw and a well-balanced ration containing corn silage than when leguminous hay was fed instead of oat straw. Cattle fed ground soy beans in addition to corn, oat straw, and corn silage maintained very eager appetites for three months but thereafter had very poor appetites, while cattle fed cotton-seed meal maintained eager appetites for six months. Ground soy beans had a laxative effect on the cattle. Cattle fed ground soy beans as supplement did not gain as rapidly during the last three months as others fed cotton-seed meal. The cattle fed ground soy beans were valueective lots. One group of seven lots of 10 108-lb. pigs was fed 98 days, as follows : Lot 1 shelled corn dry, lot 2 whole wheat dry, lot 3 whole wheat soaked, lot 4 ground wheat moistened, lot 5 ground wheat soaked, lot 6 whole rye soaked, and lot 7 ground rye moistened. This group received alfalfa hay in racks in addi- tion. A second group of six lots were fed the same rations as lots 1 to 6. in- clusive, of the first group, but without alfalfa hay. The pigs of the corre- sponding lots of these two groups made average daily gains of 1.11, 1.02, 1.05, 1.36, 1.41, and 0.88 lbs. per pig, consuming 4.79, 5.19, 5.14, 4.33, 4.18, and 5.58 lbs. of feed per pound of gain, costing (with corn at 47 cts. per bushel, wheat at 70 cts. per bushel, and hogs at 5.9 cts. per pound) 3.97, 5.99, 5.92, 5, 4.84, and 5.51 cts. per pound of gain, and realizing a profit of $2.11, a loss, a loss, $1.21, $1.46, and 34 cts. per pig for the respective lots. The single test with ground rye indicated that 1 bu. of ground rye produced the same gain as 1.15 bu. of whole rye, and gave a very much faster gain. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 3Y9 Two lots of 32 lir»-lb. pigs each were grazed for 70 days on alfalfa pasture, lot 1 being fed 3.34 lbs. of ground corn dailj- per 100 lbs. live weight, and lot 2, 3.3 lbs. of a mixture of corn and shorts 2: 1, during which time they made an average daily gain of 1.09 and 1.04 lbs. per pig, consuming 4.62 and 4.81 lbs. of feed per pound of gain, costing 3.S8 and 4.62 cts. per pound of gain, and realizing ji profit of $1.54 and 94 cts. per jiig for the respective lots. During the next 49 days the pigs were kept in dry lots and fed the grain rations with alfalfa hay in racks, and made an average daily gain of 0.86 and 0.92 lb. per pig, consum- ing 6.10 and 6.21 lbs. of feed per pound of gain, costing 5.13 and 5.89 cts. per pound of gain, and realizing a profit of 32 and 0.4 cts. per pig for the respective lots. Two lots of 10 50-lb. pigs each were fed 51 days as follows : Lot 1 corn and shorts 3 : 1 and cut alfalfa, and lot 2 corn and shorts 3 : 1, cut alfalfa and al- falfa tea. The alfalfa tea was used in making a slop feed. These lots made rela- tive gains of 94 and 100, res]iectively. Two other lots of 13 60-lb. pigs each were similarily fed, lot 2 receiving alfalfa tea grounds instead of the tea. the relative gains being 84 and 100, respectively. The tea from 100 lbs. of stewed alfalfa thus saved 47 lbs. of corn, and the tea grounds from 100 lbs. of stewed alfalfa saved 67 lbs. of corn. In a second exiieriment in which a lot of 14 50-lb. pigs was fed 84 days ground corn and chopped alfalfa hay 9 : 1, and a second lot received the same ration mixed and moistened with alfalfa tea, together with the tea grounds, a slight advantage in favor of the alfalfa tea was obtained, but not enough to warrant the farmer in going to much, if any, expense to stew alfalfa for hogs. The following table give.s a summary of averages of various tests; Summary of averages and comparison of rations. Kind of ration. Number of tests con- ducted. Number Daay Feed per Cost per of pigs gam per pound pound tested. pig- of gain. of gain. Lbs. Lbs. as. 16S 0.94 4.36 3.66 168 .94 4.33 4.07 132 1.19 4.78 4.04 132 1.10 5.32 4.48 84 1.33 4.77 3.95 8-4 1.14 5.29 4.48 64 1.30 5.01 4.01 64 1.22 4.70 4.53 162 1.17 5.11 4.26 162 1.45 4.59 4.08 Profit per pig. Com Corn, shorts.. Corn Corn, barley . . Com Corn, emmer. Com Com, wheat.. Com Com, tankage SI. 70 1.34 1.78 1.26 1.95 1.38 2.:^3 1.71 1.83 2.45 Profitable hog feeding, W. Hislop {Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 81 (1915), pp. 8). — A discussion of the value of tankage, skim milk, buttermilk and whey, soy bean meal, linseed oil meal, wheat middlings, wheat bran, alfalfa and clover hay, and cotton-seed meal as supplements to farm-grown grains for hog feeding. Alfalfa pasturing experiment, R. W. Axlen {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Umatilla Expt. Farm, 1914, pp. 8, 9, fig. 1).— Four 84-lb. pigs, pastured 135 days from March 28 to August 11, 1913, on two plats of i acre each of 4-year-old alfalfa and fed 1^ lbs. of rolled barley per 100 lbs. live weight per day, gained an average of 106 lbs. per pig. Four S9-lb. pigs, pastured 55 days from August 11 to October 6 on the same plats of alfalfa and fed 1^ lbs. of rolled barley per 100 lbs. live weight per day, gained an average of 32 lbs. per pig. The J acre of alfalfa supplemented by 1,883 lbs of grain produced 380 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED. a total of 573 lbs. of pork, and a net return of $47.48 per acre. Feeding the alfalfa in this manner saved the expense of harvesting the hay and retained the manure produced by the pigs. Rape pasture for pigs in cornfield. — Kaoliang for pigs, J. W. Wilson (South Dakota Sta. Bui. 157 (1914), pp. 131-143, figs. 5).— The. object of the first experiment was to determine the relative feeding value of several varieties of corn for hogging off purposes. Six lots of six 90- to 100-lb. pigs each were fed for six weeks as follows : Lot 1 Minnesota No. 13 corn, lot 2 Minnesota No. 13 corn and rape, lot 3 Wisconsin White Dent corn, lot 4 Wisconsin White Dent and rape, lot 5 Yellow Triumph flint corn, lot 6 Yellow Triumph flint corn and rape. The average daily gains per head were 1.04, 1.11, 1.08, 1.36, 1.05, and 1.38 lbs. for the respective lots. The results indicated that flint corn is about equal to dent corn for pigs. There was a marked difference in the growth of rape in the different kinds of corn. The best growth was in the lot planted to Wisconsin White Dent corn, the next best in Yellow Triumph flint, and the poorest in Minnesota No. 13. The 18 pigs in the three lots receiving coi*n without rape made an average daily gain per head of 1.06 lbs., as compared with 1.28 lbs. for the 18 pigs receiv- ing rape pasture in addition. The results obtained from the lot planted to rape and Minnesota No. 13 corn were poor, owing to the rank growth of the com and the consequent stunted growth of the rape. It is concluded that the low- growing varieties of dent com are to be preferred to the tall-growing varieties to secure a suitable growth of rape. Four lots of four 150- to 250-lb. hogs each were fed for 55 days as follows: Lot 1 kaoliang meal and alfalfa hay, lot 2 kaoliang meal, lot 3 com meal and alfalfa hay, and lot 4 com meal. The average daily gains per head were 0.98, 0.87, 1.32, and 1.19 lbs., the consumption 5.81, 6.61, 4.63, and 5.22 lbs. per pound of gain, and the cost 6.56, 6.61, 5.19, and 5.22 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lots. Kaoliang grain is not deemed as good as corn for fattening pigs, but considering its drought-resisting qualities it is a better feed to grow in some sections than corn. A metabolism crate for swine, E. B. Fokbes {Ohio Sta. Circ. 152 (1915), pp. 75-85, figs. 11). — This circular gives plans and descriptions of a metabolism crate devised by the author and used in experimental work at the Ohio Station. Rations for growing and fattening roasters and capons, W. J. Buss (Ohio Sta. Bui. 284 {1915), pp. 153-172, figs. 2).— Five lots of 39 10-week-old chicks, 94 cockerels and 101 pullets, were selected June 18. All but 8 of the cockerels were caponized July 31. The pullets were removed soon after they began to lay, and the 8 cockerels December 3. The remaining birds were fed until January 27. The rations for the 32 weeks were as follows : Lot 1, com and a mash of ground corn and beef scrap 2:1; lot 2, corn and a mash of ground corn and beef scrap 2 : 1 during the first week, the amount of corn being in- creased one part each week so that the mash for the thirty-second week was ground corn and beef scrap 32 : 2 ; lot 3, corn, wheat, and oats 11 : 15 : 4, and a mash of ground corn, bran, and beef scrap 2:2:1; lot 4, corn and a mash of ground corn and tankage 7:3; lot 5, corn and a mash of ground corn and oil meal 3 : 4, fed for 12 weeks, and replaced by a mash of ground corn and beef scrap 2 : 1 thereafter. The birds made an average weekly gain of 0.202, 0.2, 0.206, 0.185, and 0.181 lb. per bird, consuming per pound of gain 7.32, 7.71, 8.45, 7.67, and 7.52 lbs. of feed per bird, and costing 9.09, 8.67, 11.66, 9.1, and 9.25 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lots. The capons made more rapid gains than did the pul- lets. For the entire time that they were in the experiment only 32 i)er cent of the capons gained less than 0.2 lb. per week, while 81 per cent of the pullets DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 381 trained less than tliis amount. DnrhiK the first half of the experiment 27 i)er cent of the capons and 03 per cent of the pullets made average weekly gains of less than 0.2 lb. The average total gain for the pullets was 4.609 lbs. per head, for the capons 6.S7S lbs., and for the cockerels G.125 lbs. The eight cockerels in this experiment, however, had been selected for their large size and thrifty ai)pearance, but it appears that with birds of equal thrift the sidvantage. so far as rate of gain is concerned, might be slightly in favor of the cockerels over capons. Oil meal did not prove to be a satisfactory supplement for corn. Lot 5, given a ration of corn and oil meal for 12 weeks, gained less than one-fiftlj as much as lot 1. In a second experiment similar to the first, except that the birds were all capons, were fed 19 weeks, and lot 5 was fed the same as lot 1 but was con- fined to the house, the birds made average weekly gains of 0.244, 0.2.37, 0.23G, 0.242, and 0.201 lb. per bird, consuming per pound of gain 8.11, 8.61, 9.23, 8.16, and 9.5 lbs. of feed and costing 10.11, 10.27, 13.19, 9.79, and 11.88 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lots. The average shrinkage in killing was 0.508, 0.546, 0.561, 0.521, and 0.477 lb. per bird, and the percentage loss based on weight before killing was 6.58, 6.98, 7.49, 6.77, and 6.55 per cent for the respective lots. The heaviest capons sold at the highest price per pound and the lightest at the lowest price. This shows the advisability of growing the capons to as large a size as possible, at a reasonable feed cost per pound of gain, before they are marketed. In lot 5 the capons confined to small pens from the beginning of the experiment, while consuming only 2 per cent less feed per bird, gained almost 17 per cent less per bird than did capons allowed range for the first 12 weeks of the experiment. The cost of feed per unit of gain was 17.5 per cent higher with the capons in confinement than with those on range. An average of the two experiments on a percentage basis, using lot 1 as a standard for comparison and omitting lot 5, is, for rate of gain, 100, 98.2, 99.5, and 94.5; for average feed consumed per bird, 100, 104.8, 115.4, and 98.1; for feed consumed per pound of gain, 100, 105.1, 114.5, and 103.2; and for cost of feed consumed per pound of gain, 100. 97, 128.7, 98.8. Lot 2, receiving a ration which contained a constantly decreasing amount of protein, made a lower rate of gain at a higher feed consumption per pound of gain in both experiments than did lot 1, fed a ration which carried the same proportion of protein throughout the experiments. Lot 3 consumed the most feed per bird and per pound of gain. The cost of feed per pound of gain was 30.5 per cent higher with lot 3 than with lots 1, 2. and 4. Essentials for growth of chicks, Helen D. Whitaker (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 91 {1915), pp. Jf). — A general discussion of the feeding and care of chicks, including data as to weights of Leghorns, Rhode Island Reds, and Plymouth Rocks from hatching to five weeks of age. Wild fowl and poultry propagation (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 (1915), pp. Jf2-/f4. figs. 2). — Successful trials by J. G. Halpin in propagating quail and wild mallard ducks are reported. It is .said that the mallard is easy to domesticate, shows .special ability to .shift for itself. at even an early age, and makes rapid growth. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. [Milk production] (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 (1915), pp. J,G, 7/7).— In a com- parison by G. C. Humphrey and A. C. Oosterhuis of home-grown grains and purchased protein-rich concentrates, one lot of eight cows was fed a home-grown concentrate mixture of oats and corn 6:4; another lot, dried distillers' grains, wheat bran, oats, and cotton-seed meal 3:3:3:1; and a third lot, dried dis- 382 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tillers' grains, wheat bran, oats, com, and oil menl 7:7:3:2:1. In addition, the lots received all the alfalfa, mixed clover and timothy, and corn silage they would consume, together with G.7 lbs. sugnr boots i>er head daily. The pur- chased ration, having a nutritive ratio of 1 : 5.4, cost on the average 3.2 per cent more than the homo-grown ration, which h.'id a nutritive ratio of 1 : 7.9. How- ever, the value of the milk fat and skim milk from the purchased ration was 9.4 per cent greater than from the home-grown, so that the purchase of these feeds returned a profit and in addition brought increasetl fertility to the farm. The value of nitrogen of alfalfa hay for milk production ( M^isconsin Sta. Bui. 250 U015), pp. 52, 53).— A brief rei)ort of work previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 74). Dairy problems (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 {1915), pp. JiO-Ji2). — It is reported that pasteurized milk cheese, previously described (E. S. R., 31, p. 874), is being made with success under factory conditions. The manufacture of buttermilk cheese is also meeting with success. In bottle washing trials the loss of milk bottles due to breakage and chipping in cleaning was found by A. C. Baer to be 2.73 per cent by the older methods and 0.75 per cent by the new mechanical treatment in ca.ses. In pasteurizing bottled milk it was found that with the temperature of the water in the vat at from 140 to 150° V. and held for 20 minutes, unsatisfactory bacterial counts were obtained. When, however, the temperature and time of holding of the milk was controlled by a thermometer inverted in a bottle, very satisfactory bacterial reductions were obtained, even when holding only 20 minutes. Temperatures of from 155 to 165° (water vat) gave better results bacterially, but the separation of the cream line was much affected at these temperatures, and a cooked flavor noted. It was found that unless jjrecautions were taken there was danger of water entering the bottles when they were cooled after pasteurization, due to the formation of a partial vacuum in the bottle as the milk contracted on cooling, I'ests made on unselected bottles showeS7«. Bui. ,V.)H, popular cd. (I!) 15), pp. J I, fIf/H. 2).— A popular edition of the bulletin previously reported (E. S. II., 33, p. 78). DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 383 How to produce cream that makes good butter, O. F. Hunziker and G. L. Ogle (Indiana Sta. Circ. 51 (1915), pp. S. figs. 7). — A general discussion of the importance and methods of producing good cream for butter manufacture. Variations in the tests for fat in cream and skim milk, E. S. Guthrie and G. C. SuppLEE (Xcw York Cornell Sta. Bui. 360 (1915), pp. 271-2S9. figs. 9).— Experiments were conducted to determine the factors affecting the i")ercentage of fat in cream from a centrifugal separator. The milk used was standardized, usually to 4 i^er cent of fat. and about 40 qt. was used in each determination. All the factors were studied with one machine, and some of them with other styles of machines, five tyi>es being employed. It was found that " the percentage of fat in cream and in skim milk from separators 1 and 2 was affected by low temperatures to a greater extent than was that from the other three types of separators. The tests of the cream from separators 1 and 5 were distinctly variable when there was a difference of ten revolutions of the crank per minute. The other separators were not so affected. The variation of ten turns of the crank did not materially affect the percentage of fat in the skim milk. There is a slight increase in the test of the cream when the inflow of milk is small. The percentage of fat in cream is in almost direct proportion to that in the whole milk. The variation in the amount of whole milk or of the liquid used for flushing does not cause an appreciable difference in the i">ercentage of fat in the cream. The slime deposit does not materially affect the tests of the cream and the skim milk until there is so much that the passages in the bowl become clogged." The Babcock test and its application, R. E. Hundertmark (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 75 (1915), pp. 1^. figs. 6). — General instructions are given for making the Babcock test. The creamery and testers' license law. — Report of work for the year ending March 31, 1915, O. F. Hunziker and G. L. Ogle (Indiana Sta. Circ. 50 (1915), pp. 36, figs. 9). — This circular explains some of the provisions of the Indiana law relating to testers' and creamery licenses, describes methods of testing glassware, discusses the effect of factory inspection on equipment and methods used in the Babcock test, treats of the direct benefits derived from the enforce- ment of the law, and lists the licensed testers and plants for the year. Markets and prices of "Wisconsin cheese, B. H. Hibbard and A. Hobsox (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 251 (1915), pp. 56, figs. 23).— This bulletin is a continua- tion of work previously reported (E. S. R., 29, p. 675). dealing mainly with Swiss, brick, and Limburger cheese, which constitutes about one-third of that made in the State. The successive steps from producer to consumer are outlined. More than half of the Swiss, brick, and Limburger cheese factories are cooperative. The organization, equii>ment. and management of these and the private factories are discussed. The oi>erations of the Sheboygan County Cheese Producers' Federation, com- posed of 4S local cooperative cheese factories, are described. It is said that this movement has reduced the wide margin bet^\een producers' and consumers' prices comparatively little, but it has sold somewhat more directly, eliminating one middleman and possibly two. In the instances where this advantage has not been offset by increased transportation charges it has meant a lower cost to the retailer and at the same time a price slightly higher to the producer. "What the federation has accomplished is to educate the farmers on the subject of marketing. They have learned that the great portion of the middleman charges in marketing cheese are legitimate and, for the present, necessary. Instead of saving several cents by the new method of handling cheese, it 384 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD. develops that a few eighth-cents are all that cau be hoped for until essen- tially more economical methods are discovered in the manner of distributing the product. In the brick, Swiss, and Limburger districts most milk is bought by the hundred pounds, regardless of butter fat or casein test. This method is ad- mitted to be unfair, but is said to be preferred by the milk producers. In 1913 the farmer received on an average of from $1.29 to $1.33 per 100 lbs. of milk taken to a cheese factory. The cost of manufacturing a pound of cheese is from 1.2 to 1.75 cts. The length of time cheese is stored depends greatly on market conditions. The charge for storing is i ct. per pound per month, or from | to ^ ct. for the season. In the consideration of marketing cost, the shrinkage of cheese in storage must be taken into account. The amount of this shrinkage during a given time depends on the type, quality, and size of cheese, the tempera- ture, paraffining, wrapping, and time in storage. Data are presented showing the influence of these factors. Nearly all cheese passes through the hands of one or more middlemen between factory and retailer. The dealer gets a margin of about 1 ct. per pound, the wholesaler about 2 cts., the broker from i to i ct., and the retailer from 5.5 to 9 cts. The factory, dealers', and wholesalers' prices fluctuate widely during different seasons of the year. The retail price is largely a' customary one. The farmer gets about one-half the money paid by the consumer, the remaining half going to pay distributing costs. In conclusion it is said that " the producers and the consumers are a long way apart. Direct marketing is well-nigh impossible so far as cheese is concerned. The cooperative ownership and management of a cheese factory is of relatively small consequence, although undoubtedly better than any other system, because it solves such a small part of the marketing problem. The long line of middle- men is still intact, and the line is too long. Probably the farmer can not hope to break into the retailer's realm. If that is improved it will have to be by action on the part of consumers. The farmer has therefore at best a hope of effecting savings from but a relatively small part of the total increase in price from factory to consumer. This hope is based very largely on his ability to understand the market and first of all to understand that on himself rests the responsibility of supplying a product of known high quality. In some manner those farmers who produce the high-grade goods should be able to unify their efforts, and by establishing a brand command a higher price for their product than that secured for inferior goods." VETERINARY MEDICINE. Annual report veterinary research, 1913-14 (Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1913-lJt. pp. 101-139). — This report deals first with routine work, which relates largely to inoculations against horse sickness, blue tongue, redwater, etc. Under the heading of research it deals briefly with tuberculosis in hogs, con- tagious abortion, chick fever in ostriches, pernicious anemia in horses, jagziekte in sheep, and redwater and gall sickness in susceptible cattle. Particular attention is given to investigations of the life history of the ostrich wireworm {Strongylus douglasii), and the life history of the sheep scab parasite (Psoroptes communis ovis). Under the heading of miscellaneous investigations the re- port deals with diseases of cattle, effect of dipping working oxen, and dun sick- ness in horses. A brief report on miscellaneous poisonous plant feeding experi- ments and a historical sketch of the inS^estigations into lamziekte are included. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 385 Protective enzyms, cytotoxic immune sera, and anaphylaxis, R. M. Pearck luul P. F. Williams (Jour. Infect. Diseases, I4 UDl^), No. 2, pp. 351-363).— " On the basis of Abclerhalden's theory of protective enzyms and by the use of his dialysis method it has been shown that the serum of a rabbit receiving a single injection of kidney substance develops the power to digest dog's kidney in vitro, but has no effect upon the kidney of the dog when administered intravenously. Thus it would appear that the so-called protective enzyms are not to be classed with the immune cytolysins. The digestive power of the serum which develops after the injection of kidney is not limited to the kidney but acts also upon the liver. This is true after one injection or after four or five injections. There is some evidence, however, after multiple injections of a tendency to a more definite effect on the kidney than on the liver. "A few attempts to demonstrate protective enzyms in the serum of dogs receiving dog's kidney and of animals with experimental nephritis have failed. Attempts to demonstrate protective enzyms in the serum of dogs sensitized to horse serum have not been as successful as those of Abderhalden with the serum of the guinea pig sensitized to egg-white. Negative results have been the rule before shock, and ix»sitive results, difficult of explanation, after shock. Dialysis, alone, of small amounts (2 cc.) of serum, obtained either before or five to ten minutes after ' shock ' in dogs sensitized to horse serum, gives no evidence of the presence of the products of protein disintegration. Larger amounts (10 to 20 cc.) taken 1 to 1* hours after shock give positive results after dialysis, but the interpretation of these is doubtful on account of the difficulty, under these circumstances, of obtaining serum free of traces of hemoglobin. " The results of the injection of renal tissues support Abderhalden's general contention concerning protective enzyms, but indicate a lack of sp^ifieity. On the other hand, the work with anaphylaxis, while suggestive, is not sufficiently definite to be used in support of the theory that the essential mechanism of anaphylaxis can be explained on the theory of the development of a protective enzym. " Finally, the authors state that on account of the many difficulties which the technique of this method presents — and esi^ecially because of the frequent presence of ninhydrin reacting substances in the serum of normal animals — thus rendering exact control observation difficult, these results are presented with some hesitation. Moreover, without desiring to detract in any way from the importance of the underlying principle of Abderhalden's theory of protective enzyms as exemplified by his work on pregnancy, we urge caution as to hasty attempts to apply this theory as a general explanation of widely diverse con- ditions of altered physiology." Studies on so-called protective ferments. — I, The sensitization of sub- stratum for the Abderhalden test, J. Beonfenbeenner, W. T. Mitchell, jr., and M. J. Schlesinger {Biochem. Bui, 3 (lOUf), No. 11-12, pp. 3S6-389).— This is an attempt to determine whether the substances brought into play in the Abderhalden reaction are of the nature of antibody, as " antibody " was understood in 1909, or whether they are entirely different. The result of the work, while it does not seem to furnish definite proof that the nature of defensive ferments is identical -with that of the antibody or amboceptor, is nevertheless said to contribute additional evidence to the effect that a certain amount of parallelism between the two apparently exists. In these investigations it was found that " there was not only no dialysis in the containing placenta and the pregnant serum when the temperature was low, 386 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED. but also that the placenta as well as the serum underwent changes absolutely similar to those we should have expected if we had used, instead, a hemolytic amboceptor and corresponding erythrocytes — namely, the serum was deprived of its property of digesting fresh placenta-protein, and the placenta-protein acquired the property of being digested by any fresh serum. Moreover, such a placenta (sensitized?) could also be digested by serum which was deprived of its specific antibody by exhaustion with placenta in the ice box. . . . " To those making routine examinations by the Abderhalden method, it is known that the blood of a patient taken under certain conditions, as when there is high temperature, pus formation, or recent ingestion of a meal, may contain an amount of amino acid sufficient to mask the specific reaction. Whereas the last mentioned factor can be regulated with little inconvenience to the patient, blood being taken before breakfast, it is impossible to obviate the comiilications in the other cases." A modified procedure is presented which will remove some of the errors in the method. A note on the preparation of bacterial vaccine, W. J. Stone (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 63 {Idllf), No. 12, pp. 1011, 1012).— When the bacterial growth is removed from the agar, or other medium, there is a tendency to take with it metabolic products and constituents of the medium. These products are apt to cause a relatively severe local reaction. The author recommends washing all bacterial suspensions and separating them with the centrifuge. " For purpose of standardization, a suspension of the living, rather than dead, washed organisms is employed. The following method, which is preferable to the blood-cell slide method of Wright because of greater accuracy, was sug- gested some years ago by Dr. L. H. Spooner of Boston, and has been used by me as a routine procedure with satisfaction : A small amount of the suspen- sion is dra^n into an ordinary erythrocyte mixing pipette, diluting 1 : 100 with a fairly deep colored, thoroughly filtered, aqueous carbolthionin stain (the phenol content is 0.5 per cent). The suspension in the counter is well shaken to secure an even distribution of cells and a small drop placed on the shallow blood-platelet counting chamber of Helber-Zeiss. The organisms in 25 small fields are counted and the sum divided by 25 to obtain unit value. The number so obtained is mutiplied by the dilution (1(X)), by 50 (the depth of chamber), by 400 (the number of small squares per cubic millimeter), and lastly by 1,000 to convert to cubic centimeters." Some further investigations on the detection of anthrax with the pre- cipitation method, Schutz and Pfeileb (Arch. Wiss. u. Prakf. Tierlieilk., 40 {1914), ^0. 4-5, pp. 395-424)- — A continuation of the work previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 883; 27, pp. 577, 781; 29, p. 378; 30. p. 682), a larger variety of domesticated animals (bovines, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs) and deer be- ing studied. The extracts of the organs were compared by three methods, viz, boiling (physiological salt solution), chloroform, and Ascoli's modified boiling (acetic acid added to the physiological salt solution extract). The use of acetic acid as a remover of turbidities in the extract did not seem to have any particular advantage, and after trying other substances, filtration of the extract through dried powdered animal charcoal and filter paper was utilized. Keeping the extract in contact with charcoal for a long time absorbed some of the precipitinogen. In these investigations it was again proved that a chloroform extract of an organ under test gives better results than the ordinary- physiological salt (boiled) extract. The latter gave more negative results than the bacteriological examination. The precipitation test was found reliable for detecting anthrax in bovines horses, and sheep, and may also be used for diag- nosing anthrax in pigs. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 387 Vaccination against anthrax according to Sobemheim's method, F. Engel (iliinchen. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 65 (If)!.',), No. 5, pp. 107, 108; abs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 30 {191.i), No. 3.3, p. 602).— In all, 274 bovines were treated with serum plus culture subcutaneously. Of this number 3 animals died (after 5i, 9, and lOi months, respectively). In one establishment where the inocula- tions were made on NoAember 22, 1911, a newly lactating cow was introduced on December 27 of the same year and this animal died January 9, 1912, from nnthrax. The method is considered a good one. Blood examinations in combating glanders, L. Xevebmann (Berlin. Tier- arztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 29, pp. 522-524). — A report of the tests carried out in the pathological institute of the Veterinary High School at Berlin and in the Emperor William Institute in Bromberg from April 1, 1911, to March 31, 1912. Of the 1.635 horses examined, 219 were given autopsy, and 175 of these were found glandered tests. The results obtained in the various districts of Prussia with the agglutinization and complement fixation are stated. The eradication of glanders in Prussia by the blood test, L. Ne\'ebmann (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), A'O. 32, pp. 5S0, 581).— From April 1, 1906. to December 31, 1912, 12,597 horses and 2 mules were tested by the agglu- tination method. There were 1.7S6 autopsies made and 1,275 were found glan- dered. The average percentage of horses destroyed on the basis of the blood test from INIarch 31, 1909, to December 31, 1912, was 91.1. Vaccination tests with, serum against rabies in domestic animals, W. Pfeileb and G. Kapfbekgep. (.Mitt. Kaiser Wilhclms Inst. Landtv. Bromherg, 6 (1914), No. 4, PP- 284-297; abs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. SS, pp. 602, 603). — As a result of continuing the work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 2S2) an antirabic serum was prepared from horses. In order to protect against rabies it is necessary to give intraspinous injections of the .'^erum five days before the appearance of the disease in the animals. Cura- tive properties of the serum have not been noted up to date, but it was found that rabid animals treated with the serum lived longer than untreated rabid animals. The diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis with the complement fixation reac- tion according to Hammer's method, K. Bierbaum and G. Berdel (Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 21 (1914), No. 1-5, pp. 249-258; ahs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 30, p. 539). — The antigen in this procedure is an alcohol or acetone extract of the tissue. The procedure is not deemed any more accurate than other methods proposed for the purpose. The microscopical detection of tubercle bacilli in open tuberculosis of bovines, W. Meterhoff (Berlin. Tierdrztl. V>^chnschr.. 30 (1914), ^^o- 31, pp. 551-554)- — For the microscopical detection of tubercle bacilli in cases of open tuberculosis in bovines which can not be made to cough by artificial means, the method of Miiller, Wiemann, and Jonske must be employed for collecting the sputum. When coughing can be induced Rautmann's method of catching the sputum can be employed. Sampling lung mucus from bovines for diagnosing open pulmonary tuber- culosis, E. ScHARR (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914). No. 24. pp. 426, 427). — Instead of the cotton wad recommended in the Scharr and Opalka method (E. S. R., 26, p. 679) silk of a particular texture is recommended, as eliminating some of the disadvantages encountered with cotton. Some observations on the tuberculin test, W. Jowett (Jour. C'ompar. Path, and Ther., 27 (1914), No. 2, pp. 129-151. figs. 8). — The purpose of this work was to determine the value of the so-called local tuberculin tests and also of the associated tuberculin tests. The first experiments were made with a few tuberculous animals, and subsequently the results obtained on these animals, 5106°— No. 4—15 7 388 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. were used as a guidance in tests conducted on other animals, imported Hnd otherwise. The subcutaneous test is discussed in a vei*y comprehensive manner and the following facts are emphasized : " In some animals, especially in case of overfat, recently imported ' show ' cattle, as also in cows and heifers advanced in preg- nancy and those in which parturition has recently occurred, the body tempera- ture is liable to show variation from day to day of 1 to 2° F. or more. Not all tuberculous cattle respond thermally to the subcutaneous tuberculin test. Even amongst those animals which are capable of giving a febrile reaction in re- sponse to the injection of tuberculin the highest temperature recorded after inoculation may fall below 104°, and if such animals are retested, even with a double dose of the same stock tuberculin, after an interval of only one mouth, the chances in favor of their nonreaction are greater than of their reaction." Tuberculin loses some of its properties when stored under unfavorable condi- tions or in a diluted state. It is not strictly correct to assume that animals injected with tuberculin will not show a local swelling such as is observed with the mallein test in a glandered animal. These phenomena, although not con- stant, sometimes occur and one should be on the lookout for them, especially when retesting doubtful reactors. The swellings may vary in size but they are at times as large as the palm of one's hand. They are most often evident in thin-skinned animals and those in somewhat poor condition. The conjunctival-, ophthalmic-, or oculo- tuberculin reaction when conducted simultaneously with the subcutaneous test does not give a marked reaction. It is better to make the conjunctival test shortly before or some four or five days after the subcutaneous test. One may, however, apply the intradermal test simultaneously with the conjunctival test with excellent results. Good results may be obtained by submitting the animals to a conjunctival test the dny previous, or even twelve hours or so before applying the subcutaneous test. The author is not inclined to concur in the belief of some workers that a previ- ous subcutaneous test does not influence in any way or prevent a subsequent conjunctival reaction, as animals do not acquire a tolerance against the con- junctival test. A tuberculous animal previously submitted to the conjunc- tival test will after a few days when given a subcutaneous injection of tuber- culin show a secondary reaction in the eye. This was noted in a minority of the subjects. The intradermal test (E. S. R., 30, p. 883) wns tried on upwnrds of 225 animals. The results were controlled in every case by a later subcutaneous test, and whenever possible the animals were slaughtered and submitted to a careful post-mortem examination. " The subjects of the experiments com- prised calves, bulls, cows, heifers, in fact all classes of bovines, some being known tuberculous animals which were purchased for the purpose of experi- ment, others being doubtful reactors to the subcutaneous tuberculin test, whilst a large number were imported or colonial cnttle, the foi-mer history of most of these being unknown. Briefly, the intradermal test hns given very satisfac- tory results and has proved, to the satisfaction of the writer, its utility as a diagnostic method. It is not claimed that the intradermal test is superior to the ordinary subcutaneous (tuberculin) test, but in the writer's opinion the first-mentioned test is very nearly, if not quite, equal to the latter as a diag- nostic method ; moreover, it possesses a number of advantages over the subcu- taneous method." A remedy for clover bloat, D. J. Healy and J. W. Nutteb (Breeder's Oas., 61 il91-')), No. 25, p. J 198). — The occurrence of bloat in the Kentucky Experi- ment Station dairy herd following the consumption of clover led the authors to experiment with n view to discovering an efficient remedy therefor. RURAL ENGINEERING. 389 Analyses showed that red clover blossoms contained sugar to the extent of 3.6 per cent, alfalfa blossoms 2.8 per cent, and white clover blossoms 2.4 per cent, whereas in the blossoms of blue grass and in the leaves of clover and alfalfa the quantity of sugar present was found to be less than 1 per cent. In the test with fermentation tubes it was found that when white clover blossoms were thoroughly ground and mixed with a quantity of sterile distilled water and held at a temperature of 37° C. for 24 hours an active fermentation took place; at the end of this period the quantity of carbon dioxid gas which had been formed equaled 45 per cent of the volume of the original clover blossom mass. The bloated condition of the animals was alleviated through the use of a solution of formaldehyde as a drench. In two cases in which formaldehyde was administered the cows refused their dry feed and suffered diminished milk production for a period. The authors have demonstrated that under laboratory conditions urotropin will act as efficiently as formalin, although it requires a somewhat larger dose. For the present they strongly recommend the use of 1 qt. of a 1.5 per cent solution of formalin, followed by the placing of a wooden block in the animal's mouth and gentle exercise if the animal can be gotten up. Thiele's hog- cholera remedy " 544 " {North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui., 3 {1915), No. 11, pp. 289-291). — ^A test made by Dr. Paul Fischer, of the bureau of live- stock industry of the State of Ohio is briefly noted. Either 8 or 9 pigs were used in each test, all belonging to the same litter. All pigs received 2 cc. of hog-cholera virus, some either antihog-cholera serum or Thiele's " 544 " in ixddi- tion, and some were kept as checks. The pigs receiving " 544 " died on almost precisely the same days as the checks, or in some cases a little earlier. Poultry diseases {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 {1915), p. 40). — In the course of investigations by B. A. Beach, H. E. Lothe, and J. G. Halpin of an outbreak of a disease from which nearly 2,000 chickens died in less than 10 months, a bacillus was isolated which caused death in five or six days when introduced beneath the skin of healthy fowls. This organism, in many respects resembling the bacillus causing fowl cholera but differing in that it does not affect ducks, is believed to be present in addition to those causing roup or chicken pox in the outbreaks with excessive mortality. A vaccine is said to have been prepared which will render a fowl immune to the disease. See also a previous note (E. S. R, 31, p. 887). Some factors in combating fowl tuberculosis, K van Es {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. 32, pp. 515, 516).— A detailed discussion of the etiology of tuberculosis in fowls, as well as of the predi.sposing causes, and the means for controlling the disease. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 31, p. 582). RURAL ENGITSTEERING. The use of water in irrigation, S. Fortier {New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1915, pp. XIII +265, pis. 10, figs. 7jf).— This volume deals with the agricul- tural side of irrigation. It is intended for the use of new settlers in the West, irrigation farmers and those who are interested in irrigated agriculture, and students in agricultural high schools and in agricultural and engineering classes of colleges and imiversities. The subject matter is confined almost exclusively to the irrigated farm and to the problems confronting the irrigator. The legal, economic, and engineering phases of the subject are touched upon, but only in so far as they affect the welfare of the farmer. The subject matter is presented under the chapter head- ings of the irrigated farm, the necessary equipment and structures, methods of preparing land and applying water, waste, measurement, delivery, and duty of water, and irrigation of staple crops. 390 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. " Considerable space has been given to mettiods of preparing land and apply- ing water, for the reason that the manner in which these are done determines to a large degree the profits derived by the farmers and the success of canal companies. . . . The manner in which water is used in irrigation as described in these pages is nation wide. The same care and attention which were paid to the irrigation of cotton and sugar cane in the Southwest, to rice in the Gulf States, and to truck and fruit crops along the Atlantic seaboard were given to the irrigation of forage and cereal crops in the mountain States and to vineyards and orchards along the Pacific." The author states that the contents of this publication are drawn in the main from the publications and worlj of the Irrigation Investigations Division of this Department. Treatise on engineering studies and works for water transportation, H. Engels {Handbuch des Wasserbaues fiir das Studium und die Praxis. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 191^, pp. XII +1499, figs. 1623; rev. in Engin. News, 73 (1915), No. 3, pp. 116, 111). — This book, in two volumes, contains, in addition to sev- eral sections giving a large amount of general hydraulic engineering informa- tion and. working data, a section treating of agricultural hydraulics, especially drainage and irrigation. Sections of the pumps used for drainage purposes in the Holland polders and elsewhere are given and tide gates are described. The reclamation and cultivation of peat lands are also con.sidered. Report of the state engineer, A. J. Parshall (Bien. Rpt. State Engin. Wyo., 12 (1913-14), PP- 201, pis. 16). — This reports the activities of the state engineer- ing force during the years 1913 and 1914, which included, among other work, irrigation and stream gaging. [Irrigation and other experiments, Umatilla project, Oregon, 1914], R. W. Allen (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Umatilla Expt. Farm, 1914, pp. 1-8, fig. 1). — Climatic and agricultural conditions on the project are de- scribed briefly, including the results of measurements of precipitation, evapora- tion, wind velocity, and temperature, and irrigation experiments to determine the most economical methods of handling water are reported. It was " found that upon virgin land without crops a 2i-in. application of water is retained in the first 4 ft. of soil. Five in. of water applied under iden- tical conditions filled the first 10 ft. to its full carrying capacity and part of the water passed even below this depth. Twenty-four hours after 5-in. and 10-in. applications of water were made on two plats having the same kind of soil there remained an equal quantity of water in each plat to the depth of 4 ft., and this quantity was practically the same as was retained by the same layer of soil where a 22-in. irx'igation was applied. On land of a finer texture and bearing a crop of alfalfa, a 4-in. application of water was all held in the upper 4 ft. This shows that in either case heavy losses result from applying heavy irriga- tions to the lighter soils of this project. . . . " The frequency of applying water had a very marked influence upon crop yields. A plat of alfalfa given 4.4 ft. of water at eight applications yielded 4 tons of hay. . . . Another plat given 5.3 acre-feet applied in twelve irrigations yielded 5.3 tons. ... A third plat given 9.7 acre-feet of water in twenty-four irrigations yielded 5.57 tons. . . . Thus, the best results were obtained from 5.3 acre-feet of water applied in twelve irrigations. . . . " To got the greatest benefit from irrigation water on these sandy soils it should be very carefully handled. The necessity for economical use requires that special emphasis be placed on (1) using short irrigation furrows, ranging from 100 to 200 ft. in length, (2) making irrigation furrows 20 to 30 in. apart, (3) using fairly shallow furrows, well opened, to facilitate the flow of water. RURAL ENGINEERING. 391 (4) running water for but a short time in one place, as loss soon occurs from deep percolation, (5) the use of a small amount of water for each irrigation, since the storage capacity of the soil is very low, (6) the frequent application of water to maintain an adequate supply for plant growth, as the small quantity that it is possible to store in the soil is quickly taken up by the plants or evapo- rated, and (T) using a comparatively large stream of water while irrigating, in order to cover the land as quickly as possible." Irrigation of the plains of Kep, Vol, Bao-Loc, Pins, and Phu-Lang-Thong, UouEN {Bui. Leon. Iiidoclihte, n. scr., 11 (191/,), No. 109, pp. 511-5J,0, pi. 1).— This article describes the irrigation works, including dams, storage reservoirs, canals, etc., and reports briefly the general results obtained in the irrigation of rice. It is stated that the net benefit realized from the irrigation of rice in Kep has amounted annually, in round numbers, to about $38 per hectare ($15.40 per acre), thus justifying the extension of tlie irrigation works. Water regulation in the different water districts of Java and Madoera (VersUig Burger}. Opcnh. Werkoi Xrderlaud. Indir, 1911, pt. Jf, B. Bijlage II, pp. IV-\-llJf). — This report covers developments in irrigation, the distribution and u.5e of irrigation water, conveyance and diversion of water, and water regulation. Surface -water supply of Missouri River basin, 1913 {U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 356 (1915), pp. 291, pis. 2). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the States of Montana and Nebraska, presents the results of measurements of flow made on the Missouri River and its tributaries during 1913. Surface water supply of the \ower Mississippi River basin for 1913 (U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 357 (1915), pp. 86, pis. 2). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the State of New Mexico, presents the results of measurements of flow made on the Arkansas, Yazoo, Red, and Canadian river basins in the lower Mississippi River basin in 1013. Water resources of the Rio Grande basin, 1888 to 1913, including surface water supply of the western Gulf of Mexico basins, 1913, R. Follansbee, H. J. Dean, et al. (U. S. Geol. Surrey, AVatcr-Supphj Paper 353 (1915), pp. 725, pis. 3). — This report describes the general features of the Rio Grande basin and presents the results of measurements of stream flow made in the basin and In the western Gulf of Mexico basins. The results of studies of precipitation, evaporation, and sedimentation as factors in determining the value of reservoir sites for the storage of flood waters are also presented. Report of progress of stream measurements for the calendar year 1913, P. M. Saudek, G. H. Wiiyte, and G. R. Elliott (Dept. Int. Canada, Scss. Paper 25c (1914), pp. V-\-JtlJt, pis. 20). — This report presents the results of measure- ments of flow made on streams and irrigation ditches in Alberta and Saskatche- wan during 1913. Pumping water by means of steel windmills, B. MiJLLER (Fordertechnik, 7 (1914), No. 13, pp. 161-167, figs. 15; abs. in Wasser u. Abicasser, 9 (1914), No. 1, pp. 9, 10). — This article gives considerable tabular data regarding wind veloci- ties, wind powex", power of windmills for pumping purposes, and data to be used in determining the size and location of the windmill and the size of suction and pressure pipe for pumping under certain given conditions, esiiecially from deep wells. In comparative tests of windmill power and electrical and gas engine power for meadow draining in east Prussia, using a vertical submerged centrifugal pump, it was found that the exiiense of operation over a long period of time was much the least with wind power, followed in order by electrical and gas engine powers. 392 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. ' Irrigation with fresh water from the sea, E. J. Moynihan (Sci. Amer. Sup., 79 {1915), No. 2040, pp. 84, 85). — The author proposes the use of sea water for irrigation purposes and maintains that its distillation to remove the in- jurious salts is practicable. He describes two methods of procedure, the first of which is based on the fact that the temperature of sea water varies considerably with the depth and that probably " for those months in the year in which water is most needed there are suitable places near shore where a temperature difference of 5° exists in very moderate depths of water . . . Under these conditions it is easy to evaporate the water at the higher, and to condense it at the lower, temperature. " The second metliod of distilling tlie water consists of increasing the pressure and therefore raising tbe temperature of the distilled vapor or the water to be distilled by mechanical means, such as a compressor turbine, and condensing the vapor in a surface condenser, the condensation water being the same water that is being evaporated. In this way the whole of the latent heat of con- densation is returned to the water which is being condensed." Proceedings of the tenth annual meeting of the Iowa State Drainage Asso- ciation (Proc. Iowa State Drainage Assoc, 10 (1914), pp. 93). — These proceed- ings contain the following special articles: Drainage Conditions in the Province of Manitoba, by F. G. Churchill (pp. 11-13) ; Vv'hat the Drainage Investigations of the U. S. Department of Agri- culture Are Doing for Farmers in the Humid Regions, by F. F. SUafer (pp. 13-22) ; An Investigation Into tbe Efficiency and Equity of Present Methods of Levying Assessments for Drainage Benefits, by J. W. Lee (pp. 26-32) ; Drainage Assessments and Their Relation to the Farmer, by M. L. Henderson (pp. 33-37) ; Mutual Interests of Drainage Organizations and Highway Organizations, by J. H. Ames (pp. 39-42) ; Standard Methods of Testing Drain Tile and Sewer Pipe, by A. Marston (pp. 43-46) ; Tile Testing Machine Demonstration — Demon- stration of Ditching Machine (pp. 46, 47) ; The Maintenance of Small Drainage Ditches, by S. Dean (pp. 47-50) ; Minnesota Drainage Commission, by J. T. Stewart (pp. 52-58) ; Problems of a Drainage Contractor, by J. A. Dunkel (pp. 59-64) ; The Possibilities for Experimental Work in Drainage Investigations, by W. J. Schlick (pp. 64-68). Alkali and water-logged lands (Salt Lake Com. Cluh Bui. 1 {1914), PP- SO, figs. 11). — This bulletin contains the following special articles: The Soils of Salt Lake County, by R. Stewart; Redeeming Alkaline Lands, by E. D. Ball; Drainage of Alkali Lands, by L. A. Merrill; Drainage a Factor in the Future Growth of Salt Lake City, by R. A. Hart; and Tile Drainage in the Reclamation of Water-logged and Alkaline Lands, by J. C. Wheelon. West Tennessee gullied lands and their reclamation, R. S. Maddox {Re- sources Tenn., 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 8-22, figs. 3).— This article deals with an area of more or less eroded and gullied lands lying in a belt extending in a northeast and southwest direction through the State, and which is practically contained in the counties of Henry, Benton, Carroll, Henderson, Madison, Ches- ter, McNairy, Hardeman, and Fayette. It is stated that in this area more than 115,000 acres of land once cultivated are now occupied or influenced by gullies and that over 230,000 acres once cleared and cultivated are lying waste. The soil in this belt is very sandy and in some localities is mixed with enough clay to make it subject to easy erosion. For starting the reclamation of these lands the author recommends the plant- ing in gullies of such quickly-growing and widely-rooting trees as the black locust, yellow poplar, black walnut, and sycamore, and such crops as Japan clover, wild honeysuckle, and Bermuda grass. All these are said to be particu- RUEAL ECONOMICS. 393 larly adapted for stopping up gullies and for the protection of lands which tend toward gullying. It is pointed out in this connection that the soil in the bottoms of gullies is usually sufficiently fertile for the growing of tlie above-mentioned plants. The law of highways, "W. W. Mackenzie (London: Buttcrworth d- Co., 1911, 16. cd., pp. CXIV-\-12.'>2). — This is the sixteenth edition of this bODk, covering English laws in regard to highways, main roads, streets, and bridges. It is divided into two sections, the first dealing with the law of highways independ- ent of statute and the. second with statutes relating to highways, main roads, streets, and bridges. The chapters under the first division are highways in general; dedication of highways; ownership of the way; repair and nonrepair of highways and bridges, and remedies for nonrepair; obstructions and nuisances; and extin- guishment and diversion of highways. Under the second division the chapters are highways, main roads, and streets; locomotives on highways; highways in- terfered with by railways; tramways on highways; and bridges. Report of the state commission of highways (N. Y. Rpt. State Com. High- irrt )/•'?. 1912, pp. 69lt, pU. 26). — This is a report of the activities of the commis- sion during the year 1912. Road models (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 220 {1915), pp. 2Jt, pU. 13, figs. 2).— This is a revision of Bulletin 47 of the Office of Public Roadg of this Depart- ment, previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 890). Surfaces or floors for bridges, C. Oldee {Good Roads, n. set:, 9 {1915), No. 6, pp. 60-63, figs. 9). — The author relates the results of his experience regarding floors for highway bridges and concludes that ordinary plank floors having an average life of not more than three and one-half years are to be avoided when possible. " With the exception of the floor with the bituminous surface, the cost of the floor increases as the weight decreases, and yet the cost of the entire super- structure decreases as the weight of floor decreases. The saving in cost for the lighter floors increases with an increase in the unit cost of structural steel in place, and decreases with an increase in the cost of the materials used in such floors. In reflooring old steel bridges of satisfactory design, a creosoted subplank with bituminous wearing surface has been found to give reasonable service. . . . The cost of maintaining the bituminous surface is only about 20 per cent of that of an ordinary plank floor. Tliere seems to be no place in the economic design of new highway bridges for floors consisting of a creosoted plank subfloor with a brick wearing surface." Use of the Abney hand level, T. F. Hickerson (2V". C Geol. and Econ. Sur- vey, Good Roads Circ. 99 {1914), PP- 6, figs. 7). — This circular describes a hand level, for use in road engineering, which not only gives a level but also an inclined line of sight by means of a vertical arc graduated in degrees and minutes and a vernier reading to five minutes. RURAL ECONOMICS. Principles of rural credits, J. B. Morman (New York: TJie Macmillan Co., 1915, pp. XVIII-j-296).—'i'he author describes the methods of financing farmers in European countries, indicating how the different forms of credit are made available to them. He claims that the first step for placing rural credit on a firm basis in the United States and Canada is the organization of farmers into cooperative societies. This should be brought about not only by the farmers themselves, but encouraged by state and national laws. With a view to their 394 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. future federation the cooperative organizations stiould have as much uniformity as possible in their rules and regulations. It is considered essential that the association should select and determine the character of its own membership, that it should limit the amount of stock any member may hold, that no mem- ber should have more than one vote, and that the profits, if any, should be distributed to the members on the basis of the amount of business transacted by each with the organization or should be held as a reserve fund against the possibility of future losses. The second step is the protection of the farmers against usurious conditions ; the third, the granting by the State of long-time loans to farmers on first mortgages at reasonable rates of interes.t and on the amortization plan of repayment ; the fourth, the adoption of a more rational and less expensive sys- tem of land registration; and the fifth, an educational propaganda by the national government on the principles of cooperation and on the proper use of credit. Agricultural organizations in European countries, R. A. Pearson (N. Y. Dept. Agr. Bui. 66 (1914), pp. 451-636, pis. ^7).— The author, in describing those features of agricultural organization which are adaptable to American condi- tions, points out that the success of cooperative efforts is in proportion to the need of them as well as to the efficiency with which they ta-e carried out. An examination of foreign cooperative organizations shows that the effort is constantly made to prove by reasoning and by practice that cooperative buying and selling by farmers is not detrimental to legitimate business interests, but no effort is made to conceal the fact that those societies are distinctly injurious which thrive on unreasonable profits. He considers the importance of putting the responsibility directly upon the individuals who compose the society, as this insures the personal interest and activity which are necessary to success. Any effort made by the nation or State to assist in cooperation must carefully avoid the removal of this important personal incentive. [Cooperation in Switzerland] (Pubs. Sec. Suisse Paysans, No. 49 (1913), pp. 87). — This is the seventh annual report relating to cooperative organizations, and indicates the membership by types of societies and principal activities during the year 1913. The social anatomy of an agricultural community, C. J. Galpin ( Wisconsin 8ta. Research Bui. 34 {1915), pp. 34, pi. 1, figs. 10). — This bulletin outlines the methods used by the author in making a social survey of Walworth County, Wis., describes and discusses conditions as found by him, and gives a number of maps indicating the extent of the various influences in the villages and cities upon the surrounding rural districts. The author concludes from his studies of these maps that the farm people on the land are situated upon the slopes of social watersheds draining into one specific village or small city ; that these social watersheds ignore township and county lines; therefore it is difficult to get people who belong to different social basins, whose paths constantly lead over different roads toward different civic centers to work together aggressively under a township plan in regard to matters which belong naturally only to the homes that move together in the larger affairs of ordinary life. This maladjust- ment of local government is deemed perhaps the fundamental handicap of the farm home. The readjustment of rural populations into communities, steps in replanning a comprehensive community, and evidences of an alliance between town and farm are discussetl with a view to alleviating such conditions. [The dwellings of agricultural workers], R. Durand and J. Sanchez {Bol. Mens. Museo Soc. Argentino, 4 (1915), No. 37-38, pp. 75-103. figs. 17).— The articles written by the above authors relate to housing conditions as fovmd among different types of agricultural people in Argentina. EUEAL ECONOMICS. 395 A report on public administration in relation to agriculture and allied interests, J. W. Garner (Chicago: Efflc. and Econ. Com., 1914, pp. 51). — This report calls attention to the fact that in Illinois the state boards and offices for the administration of laws relating to agricultural interests have been entirely independent of one another and not correlated in their activities. The committee advises that the various boards and offices be brought together in a single department with one administrative head. Negroes in the United States (Bur. of the Census [C7. S.] Bui. 129 {1915), pp. 207, figs. 21). — ^There has been brought together in this one bulletin the greater part of the statistical information of the census relating to the negroes. Among the statistical tables are those that show for rural districts the number of negroes and the school attendance by age periods, number of voting age, marital condition and illiteracy and ownership of farm homes, number engaged in agriculture by sex, number of farms, total and improved acreage, and tenure and value of farm property. This information is given for the individual States and for groups selected because of their relation to the negro problem. Live stock [in Costa Rica] (Internat. Inst. Agr. Rome, Bui. Agr. and Com. Statis., 6 (1915), No. 2, p. 79). — The number of live stock in Costa Rica is reported for 1914 as follows : Cattle, 336,061 ; horses, 52,095 ; pigs, 63,552 ; mules, 2,409; asses, 107; goats, 522; sheep, 122. Agricultural statistics of Sweden (Statis. Arshok Bverige, 1915, pp. 60-75). — Statistical data are given for 1913, showing by departments the area of land devoted to different agricultural purposes; the area, total production, average yield and value of the principal crops; the number of live stock, and the pro- duction of dairy products. For many items comparative data for the country as a whole are shown. Agriculture in Algeria (Statis. Gen. Alg&rie, 1912, pp. 233-280). — These pages of the annual report contain statistical data showing the area in crops, number of agricultural implements, number of operators by tenure, and number of live stock. [Agricultural statistics of Egypt] (Ann. Statis. Egypte, 6 (1914), PP- 319- 370). — These pages of the annual report give the number of farm operators, the area in farms by size, the area cultivated and not cultivated, the area in the principal crops, the number of live stock, and the trade in the principal agi'i- cultural products. The data are for 1913 and by minor subdivisions, with com- parative data for earlier years for the more important items. [Chinese agriculture] (China Year Book, 1914, PP- 4^-59). — These pages of the annual report give, for the principal agricultural products grown, a brief statement concerning the localization of the crops, the domestic and foreign trade, and the uses to which they are put. [Agriculture in Japan] (Statis. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Com. Japan, 30 [19131, pp. 836, pis. 3). — These pages continue the statistical data previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 491) by reporting information for 1913. [Agriculture of New Zealand] (New. Zeal. Off. Ycarl)ook 1914, pp. 506-620, pis. 2). — These pages of the annual report relate to land tenure, settlement, land transfer, occupation and ownership of land, area and yield of crops, and number of live stock. Monthly crop report (U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 1 (1915), No. 2, pp. 8). — This number contains estimates as to the condition of a large number of crops on June 1, 1915, and of cotton on May 25, 1915, by States, with compari- sons for earlier years, and as to the farm value of many important products on May 15 and of others on June 1, together with data as to the range of prices of agricultural products at important markets, and miscellaneous data. It also 396 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. contains a series of diagrams, indicating by States tlie period of wheat harvest, corn and oats planting, and of planting and picking cotton. The revised estimate of the 1914 cotton acreage is given as 37,406,000 acres. The estimated number of bushels of apples carried on railroad lines represent- ing four-fifths of the total United States mileage and on practically all the boat lines from June 1 to November 30, 1914, is 45,066,000. Statistical notes on the production, imports and exports, prices and mari- time freights of cereals (Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. Rome, Bui. Agr. and Com. Statis., 1915, Mar., Sup., pp. 4?'). — There have been brought together in this report statistical data showing the world's production of wheat, rye, barley, oats,, maize, and rice in order to determine whether the cereal harvest of 1914-15 is sufficient to meet the average world consumption until the time of the next harvest. The harvest for the individual countries and the world as a whole is shown for 1913-14, with comparative data for the five and ten year periods preceding. The study seems to show that the world's crop of wheat, rye, and maize exceeds the quantity necessary for consumption, while there is a deficit of barley and oats. [Prohibited, exportation of agricultural products] {Internat. Inst. Agr. Rome, Bui. Agr. and Com. Statis., 6 {1915), Nos. 1, pp. 23-26; 2, pp. 80-S4; 5, pp. 124-128; 4, pp. 171-173). — There are briefly outlined the restrictions placed upon the exportation of agricultural products by different countries because of the war situation. AGRICTJLTTJRAL EDUCATION. [Progress in agricultural education in Manitoba] (Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Immigr. [Manitoia'i, 1913, pp. 15-21, 85-89, pis. 2). — This report contains the eighth annual report of the board of directors on the progress of the Manitoba Agricultural College, and a report on the agricultural societies and college extension work for 1913 dealing with agricultural society fairs, agricultural and arts associations, agricultural special trains, boys' and girls' clubs, good farm- ing competitions, home economics societies, seed fairs, short courses in agri- culture, standing grain competitions, and plowing matches. Report of the department of agriculture for 1912 {Landthr. Styr. Meddel. [Finland], No. 89 {1912), pp. 222+28).— TMs, is a report on the work of the department of agriculture, the agricultural education and research institutions, societies, and experts for the advancement of Finnish agriculture. The use of land in teaching agriculture in secondary schools, C. Colvin {School Sci. and Math., 15 {1915), No. 4, pp. 329-333). — The author suggests how land may be used by the city high school having little land, the township high school having a medium plat of ground, the high school having access to or owning a large farm, and the academy operating a farm. Tenth acre gardening demonstration, E. Kirkpatrick {Iowa Agr., 15 {1915), No. 7, pp. 423, 424). — A cooperative experiment was carried out during the past year by the departments of agricultural education and horticulture of the Iowa State College on a tenth-acre plat of comparatively rich soil without special preparation or the use of fertilizers or irrigation to test to what extent school gardening pays. The returns from the garden showed a profit of $25. Tomatoes proved to be the most paying crop in proportion to space planted. Agricultural extension service {Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 {1915), pp. 53-96, figs. 20). — An account is given of the activities of the extension service, which is organized into the following main groups: (1) Departmental extension, which is largely demonstration work carried out mainly under field conditions; (2) the county agricultural representative system, in which resident instructors AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 397 are located in the several counties for educational work, mainly along demon- stration lines; (3) the combined or collective activities of two or more depart- ments presented mainly through the medium of extension courses, schools, edu- cational trains, exhibits, etc. [Agricultural and home economics instruction in the public schools of New Hampshire], G. II. Whitcher (.V. //. Dept. Pub. Instr., Inst. Circs. 1914-15, Nos. 2, pp. 4; 12, pp. IS; 11, pp. 6; IS, pp. 15; 20, pp. 3).— These circu- lars offer suggestions to domestic arts teachers starting the first course in cooking, on household appliances having to do with heating, ventilating, sanita- tion, food storage, and sewage disposal, and on the tomato project for domestic arts classes; and to agricultural teachers in secondary schools on beginning project work in the spring. [Instruction in agriculture, cooking, and sewing, in Porto Rico] (Rpt. Comr. Ed. P. R., 1913, pp. SSJfSSS). — This is a report on the status of instruction in agriculture, cooking, and sewing in the public schools of Porto Rico in 1912-13. Education for the home, B. R. Andrews {U. S. Bur. Ed. Buls. 1914, Nos. 610, pp. 53, pis. 6; 611, pp. 207, pis. 10; 612, pp. 109, pis. 10; 613, pp. 61).— This is a comprehensive report on the present status of education for the home, arranged in four parts, viz, (1) an introductory survey of certain of the findings and a discussion of equipment for teaching household arts in elementary, high, and normal schools and colleges; (2) state legislation and provisions for education for the home and the work of the rural, elementary, high and normal schools, technical institutes and special institutions, and other agencies and organiza- tions in the home betterment movement; (3) organization of home economics instruction in the various colleges and universities; and (4) a list of references on education for the home, and a list of cities and to\\Tis teaching household arts. Cooking in the vocational school as training for home making, I. P. O'Leary {U. S. Bur. Ed. Bui. 625 {1915), pp. 36, pis. 2, figs. //).— This bulletin discusses the conditions which underlie the necessity for instruction in cooking, defines the aim of such instruction, and offers suggestions toward the final solu- tion of the problem under the following topics : Home making as a vocation for girls, regular school methods and " trade " training in cooking, markets for the product, part-time clas.ses for housekeepers, taking instruction to the pupil, and the kitchen and its equipment, including plans and price list of equii)ment and utensils. Lesson plans for teachers in nature-study agriculture, Alice J. Patterson and LoRA M. Dexheimer {Bloomington, III.: Authors, 1914, pp. 166). — These lessons, which are based upon the Illinois state course of study and are ar- ranged in monthly sequence for the eight years of the grammar grades, deal with birds, trees, flowers, garden plants, farm crops, and animals, including poultry, insects, weeds, soils, farm machinery, good roads, dairying, physiology, etc. In addition to the necessary fundamental facts they offer suggestions on how to obtain material, what to have the children observe, how to report the observations, how to conduct simple experiments, etc. [Rural school agriculture] ( Univ. Minn., Dept. Agr., Rural School Agr. 4 (1914), Nos. 3, pp. 8, figs. 2; 4, pp. S, figs. 3; 4 {1915), Nos. 5, pp. S, figs. 2; 6, pp. 4, figs. 2). — These circulars include a study of legumes, wheat, and alfalfn, an outline for an illustrated corn booklet, a report of boys' and girls' club work for 1914, and directions for organizing pig clubs in 1915. Practical lessons in tropical agriculture, Book I, R. L. Clute {YonJiers, N. Y.: World Book Co., 1914, pp. X+228, figs. iSO).— This text, for pupils in the Philippine schools, treats of the plant and its parts and practical applica- tions of the laws governing plant life, each chapter being followed by demonstra- 398 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. tion exercises. An appendix gives directions for malsing a balance and rain gauge and a list of agricultural literature. Soils and fertilizers for public schools, C. L. Queae, edited by O. L. Boob {[Muncie, Ind.]: Author, 1915, pp. X-\-202, figs. 83).— This text, which is dp- signed for the average district or graded school, includes chapters on the condi- tions necessary for plant life, soil formation, classes, improvement, moisture, drainage and tillage, elements valuable iu fertilizers, natural and artificial fer- tilizers, the hotbed and water supply, and studies in concrete. These are fol- lowed by experiments, directions for making agricultural apparatus, review questions and problems, and references to the literature. Potato growing, W. D. Hurd (Mass. Agr. Col., Dcpt. Agr. Ed. Circ. 31 (1914), pp. 23. figs. 12). — This circular for the members of boys' and girls' clubs de- scribes the various operations and methods in growing potatoes. Bice judging and study, J. C. Rundles {PJiilipjnne Agr. and Forester, 3 (1915), No. 8, pp. 181-190). — ^An outline prepared by the College of Agriculture of the Philippines is given for the study of different varieties of rice, together with exercises in seed selection and vitality tests, a score card, and its explana- tion, for rice in the hull. Productive vegetable growing, J. "W. Lloyd (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1914, pp. XIII +339, pi. 1, figs. 193).— This book is written primarily as a text for use in schools and colleges, from the viewpoint of conditions in the corn belt, but the principles laid down are applicable in all sections. The aim has been to emphasize principles rather than mere details of practice. Temperature requirements of the different crops are made the basis of the classification of vegetables and given special prominence in the cultural directions for the various crops. A chapter is devoted to suggestions for laboratory work, and an appendix gives the chemical composition of vegetables. Suggestions to teachers of fruit growing in the high schools, C. S. Wilson (Cornell Countryman, 12 (1915), No. 5, pp. 391-393). — The author discusses the adaptation of subject matter in fruit growing to the needs of high school students, and gives an outline of topics under the subject of pruning, indicating those suitable for use in the high school. MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Report of Rhode Island Station, 1913 and 1914 (Bill. R. I. State Col., 10 (1915), No. 4, pp. 23-27, 30-32) .—These pages include a report of the director for the period from June 30, 1912, to De- cember 31, 1914, on the work, publications, and personnel of the station, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1914. Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1913 (South Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1913, pp. 38). — This contains a report by the director on the organization, work, and publications of the station, a list of exchanges, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1913, and departmental reports, portions of that of the agronomist being abstracted on pages 321 and 331 of this issue. Report of the director, 1914, H. L. Russell (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 250 (1915), pp. 109, figs. 49). — This contains the organization list, a report of the work of the station during the year, portions of which are abstracted elsewhere in this issue, brief summaries of the publications of the year, and a financial state- ment for the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914. NOTES Arkansas ITniversity and Station. — J. H. Millei", dean of the extension division at the Kansas College, hns been appointed dean of the extension service liegin- ning July 14. "W. C. Lassetter will continue as director of agricultural exten- sion. A special effort is to be made to cari-y the benefits of the station woi'k to the farmers through the agency of the extension workers, looking to the station as authority for facts in the instruction placed before the farmer. H. A. Sandhouse, of the Colorado College, has been appointed assistant in animal husbandry, vice D. H. Branson, who resigned July 1 to take up graduate work. G. W. Hervey, of Rutgers College, has been appointed assistant in animal husbandi-y for special poultry work, beginning August 1. George L. Caldwell has been appointed assistant in veterinary science, beginning September 1, and will also assist in research work in bacteriology. Florida ITniversity and Station. — At the recent session of the legislature $16,500 was appropriated for the station during the biennium, $.5,000 being for maintenance, $4,000 for repairs and fixtures, and $7,500 for printing. Director P. H. Rolfs of the station has been made dean of the college of agri- culture, beginning July 1. W. C. Etheridge, assistant in farm crops at Cornell University, has been appointed professor of agronomy. M. N. Beeler has been appointed to have charge of extension publications beginning July 1, as well as of the correspondence courses and a short course to be offered in agricultural journalism. Georgia College. — J. P. CamiJbell has been appointed director of extension work. Kentucky ITniversity and Station. — J. N. Camden, of Versailles, has succeeded L. L. Walker as a member of the board of control. A department of animal pathology and diseases of live stock was established July 1 with Dr. Robert Graham as head. Dr. Philip Lee Blumenthal, whose resignation from the Iowa Station has been previously noted, has been appointed research chemist, and H. K. Wright to a position in connection with the hog cholera serum laboratory. Missouri University and Station. — J. O. Rankin, assistant agricultural editor at the Wisconsin University and Station, has been appointed agricultural editor beginning September 1. Among his duties will be the organizing and editing of the publication work of the college of agriculture and station, the supplying of agricultural items directly to the farm press, and the furnishing of news items regarding the college of agriculture to the university publisher. Other appoint- ments include J. S. Gardner as as.sistant in horticulture beginning September 1, and D. J. Griswold as research assistant in animal hu.sbandry beginning July 1. Ohio State University and Station. — It is announced that of the 190 1915 graduates in the four-year course, 75 per cent were expecting to engage imme- diately in farming. Of the remainder, 10 per cent were to take up agricultural leaching and 5 per cent graduate work. Plans for the new home economics building call for a three-story E-shaped structure, with 182-foot frontage and 136-foot wings. The first story will be of Bedford limestone and the remainder of brick. The main portion will con- tain offices, class rooms, a museum, etc., while the wings will be occupied by 399 400 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. laboratories, lecture rooms, a model apartment, dining rooms, an auditorium seating. 500, etc. The board of control for tlie station provided by the last legislature was named by the governor July 8 as follows: G. E. Jobe, Cedarville; Horatio Marliley, Mt. Gilead; M. L. Ruetenik, South Brooklyn; Charles Flumerfelt, Old Fort ; and George B. Scott, Mt. Pleasant. An act was also passed, author- izing the board of control to purchase lands suitable for the growth of forest trees at a price not exceeding ten dollars per acre and to manage such lands as state forests. An appropration of $10,0(X» was made for beginning this work. Other appropriations to the station included $180,780 for salaries and hibor and $91,763.20 for maintenance. The fiscal year of the State has been changed from February 16 to July 1. Oregon College and Station. — Requirements for admission to all degree courses at the college have been advanced from 12 to 15 units of high school credits, beginning with the next academic year. Provision for the admission of other students deemed sufficiently mature to select their life work and prepared to take advantage of the opportunities for college instruction is made through the vocational courses. The school of commerce announces additional courses in the literature and exposition of farm life, economics of distribution, and markets and marketing. The following research assistants severed their connection with the station July 1: F. R. Bi-own, horticultural by-products; A. F. Vass, bacteriology; and Leroy Childs and G. F. Moznette, entomology. H. S. Jackson, head of the department of botany and plant pathology, has been appointed head of the botanical department of the Purdue Station to take effect September 1, vice Dr. J. C. Arthur who retires as a beneficiary under the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Texas College and Station. — J. H. Foster, professor of forestry at the New Hampshire College, has been appointed state forester, professor of forestry, and forester to the station beginning September 1. Virginia College. — T. J. ilurray has been appointed associate professor of bacteriology and plant pathology. West Virginia University and Station. — Dr. John L. Coulter, of the George Peabody College for Teachers at Nashville, Tenn., has been appointed dean of the college of agriculture and director of the station, beginning September 1. Other appointments, effective August 1, include Jonathan Yoke as instructor in animal husbandi-y, vice R. R. Snapp, resigned; Arthur C. Ragsdale, instructor in dairy husbandry, vice George L. Thompson, resigned; and Aubrey J. Swift as instructor in animal husbandry in the college and assistant in animal husbandry in the station. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. — The thirty-second annual con- vention of this association is to be held at Washington, D. C, November 15-17. The arrangement of the program has been altered from that of recent years, the first day being given over to the reports of the referees on water, feeds and feeding stuffs, sugar, separation of nitrogenous substances, dairy products, and food adulteration. The second day is to be devoted largely to committee reports and the address of the president, and the third day to reports from the remaining committees and referees, including the sections of fertilizers and medicinal plants and drugs. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PKOCUEED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE •WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, Per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, SI V U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE ■ A, C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. XXXIII OCTOBER, 1915 No, 5 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 191S U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Sdentijlc Bureaus. WaATHER BUEEAI7— <3. F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industht— -A. D. Melvln, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry—W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau op Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau op Chemistry— C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau OP Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Oppice op Public Roahs and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director. Office op Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. >E. n. Jeniiins.a Alabama.— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.o Canebrake Station: TJniontmvn; I^ II. Moore.o Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; Q. W CarT6r.o KtASKX— Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.i' Arizona.— Tucson: R. H. Forbes." Arkansas— Fayerte»tH«,- M. Nelson.o Qhissou-mK— Berkeley: T. F. Hunt.o Colorado— Fort Collins; C. P. Glllette.o Connecticut— State Station: Mw Eaven;)^ Stori-s Station: Storrs; I Dztxwx&z— Newark: II. Hay^vard.o Florida— Oam&sfi/Ze.- P. 11. Rolls." GEOKGik—Eiptrimera: R. J. H. De Loach.o GVAM— Island o/Ouam: A. C. Hartenbower.b UAWAn— Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.6 Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. Agee.o Idaho — Moscow: J. S. Jones.o iLLETOis— Urbana: E. Davenport.' Indiana— La Fayette: A. Goss.o Iowa— ^TTies.- C. F. Curtlss.a Kjujsxs— Manhattan: W. M. Jardlne.a KEHTVCKY—Lexinffton: J. 11. Kastle.o Louisiana— State Station: jBcfoniJtmj/e,- 1 Sugar Station: Audubon Park, \^. n.Dndsona Kev) Orleans; | ' North La. Station: (Mhoun; J Maine— OroTio.- G. D. Woods." Maryland— CoZ?ei7e Park: H. J. Patterson." Massachusetts— A mftasJ/ W. P. Brooks." Michigan— ^Jt Lansing; R. S. Shaw." Minnesota — University Farm, St. Paul: A. F. Woods." Uississjvn— Agricultural College: E. R. Lloyd." Missouri- ' ■ College Station: Columbia,' F. B. Mumford." Fruit Station: Mountain Ofove: Paul Evans." • Director » Agronomist Montana— 5o2eTOan.- F. B. Linfield." Nebraska— iincoZn.- E. A. Burnett." Nevada— jBcto.' S. B. Doten." New Hampshire— Durftam.- J. C. Kendall," New Jersey— iVew Brunswick: J. 0. Lipman.o New Mexico— 5tofe College: Fabian Garcia," New York— " State Station: Geneva; W. H, Jordan." Cornell Station: lihaca; B. T, Galloway." North Carolina— College Station: West PMeig\;\^ ~. tj.,,_-„- State Station: Hakigh; Z^' ^^ ' -^"Sorto North Dakota— .ilfricuWaroZ College: T. P. Cooper." Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome." Oklahoma— SfiZtoa^er.- W. L. Carlyle." Oregon— CorraMis.- A. B. Cordley." Pennsylvanu— State College: R. L. Waits." State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition; n. P. Armsby.o Porto Rico— Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May .6 Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower.a Rhode lsu.irD— Kingston: B. L. Hartwell." South Carolina— C7em«on College: J. N, Har- per." South Dakota— JBrootfn^j.- J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— Z'moit'iZre.* H. A. Morgan." Texas— College Station: B. Youngblood." Utah— Xo^an.- E. D. Ball." V^TMONT— Burlington: J.- L. Hills." Virginu— Blacksburg: W. J. Schoene.« Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson." Washington- PuZ/TOOTi,- I. D. Cardift." West ViRomiA— Morgantown: J. L. Coulter.* Wisconsin— Jl/cM^Mon.* 11. L. Russell." " Wyoming— Loromie; C. A. Duniway.« iAchargo. « Acting dirtctOT. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotecliny — L. W. Fetzek, Fh. D., M. D Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers {J; ^; tb^^ingeb, Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathology |^* g' gjyp Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestrj- — E. J. Glasson. ans, Ph. D. fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. {U. L. Foods and Human Nutrition \ H. L. Lang. Ic. F. Walton, Jr. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster. LlSFlRAi Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. MF^»' •'' ' -tr . . TVT ^- • /W. A. PIookee. Veterinary Medicmej^. w. Fetzer. mr Eural Engineering— R. W. Trullinger. CKkikir- Rural Economics — E. Mebritt. Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIII, NO. 5. Page. Editorial notes: Some problems in publishing experiment station work 401 The practice of outside publication 403 The need of a systematic procedure 405 Recent work in agricultural science 408 Notes 496 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. The hexone bases of casein, Van Slyke 408 Oxyproteic acids, Glagolew 409 Oils of the ConiferEe. — III, Western yellow and sugar pine, Schorger 409 Oils of Goniferse. — IV, Digger pine, lodgepole pine, and red fir, Schorger 409 The oxidation ferments of plants, Begemann 409 The enzyms of Aspergillus terricola, Scales 410 Soluble polysaccharids of lower fungi. — I, Mycodextran, Dox and Neidig 411 Soluble polysaccharids of lower fungi. — II, Mycogalactan, Dox and Neidig 411 Selective adsorption, Parker _ 411 The determination of ammonia in soils, Potter and Snyder 411 Solubility of phosphates in ammonium citrate solution, Warynski and Langel. . 412 Separation of calcium from magnesium, Halla 412 Titration of small quantities of carbon dioxid, Dorner 413 Determination of oxygen in waters in presence of nitrate, Elvove 413 A study of methods for extractions by means of immiscible solvents, I, Harden. 413 I n CONTENTS. Page. A reaction of succinic and malic acids. De Coninck 414 Methods for the detection and investigation of trs'ptopro teases, Marras 414 Distillation of volatile fatty acids and the Reichert-Meissl number, Prescher. . 414 Catalase and reductase determination in cow's milk, Stetter 414 The crj'oscope, and several freezing-point determinations, Dekhuizen 414 Influence of ammonium sulphate on specific rotation of lactose, Rosemaim 415 On the estimation of fat in feces, Gephart and Csonka 415 Volumetric method for estimation of total sulphur in urine, Raiziss and Dubin. 415 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Lake County soils, Hopkins, Mosier, Van Alstine, and Garrett 415 Improving Iowa's peat and alkali soils, S tevenson and Bro'wn 416 The radio-active content of certain Minnesota soils, Sanderson 417 A report on the Piedmont soils, WiUiams et al 417 Moisture relation of Texas soils, Fraps 417 Lavas of Hawaii and their relations. Cross 418 Soil investigations in the Liineburg Heath region, Albert 418 The vertical soil zones in mountainous Russia, Smirnoff 418 Chemical composition of allu\'ial soils of the Falcat basin, Eritrea, Maugini 418 Investigations on usar land in the United Pro\'inces. Leather 419 Description of soil t^'pes within the "Banjoemas" residency, Java, Houtman. . 419 Recent soil investigation in the Cape Province. Juritz 419 The improvement of lands and intensive exploitation of the soil, Catzeflis 420 A study of some physical properties of soils, Tmka 420 The adsorptive power of soils, Rohland 420 On osmosis in soils, L\Tide and Dupre 420 The consistency cur\'es of mineral soils, Johannsson and Atterberg 420 Some dxTiamic processes in frozen soils, Nikiforov 421 Soil analysis. Gimingham 421 Relation'of chemical composition to soil fertility, Fraps 421 Alkali in soils, Paterson 421 Organic matter in soils 421 On nitrification: Preliminajy observations, Allen and Bonazzi 421 Action of oligodj-namic elements on the nitrif;}ang bacteria, Montanari 422 Note on nitrification in the peat soil in the vicinity of Laon, Coquide 422 Distribution of nitrates in soils with nitrogen fertilizers, Tkachenko 422 Prevention of loss from manure heaps, Russell and Richards 423 Purification of sewage by aeration, Bartow and Mohlman 423 Can sewage sludge be made valuable as a fertilizer? 423 Analyses of guano, Hutin 424 Prohibition of collection of guano in the Ballestas Islands, Peru 424 The preparation of fertilizer from kelp. Tiurentine _. 424 The utilization of air nitrogen for fertilizing purposes, Krais}- 424 The cvanamid process. Washburn 424 The Kalusz kainit. Kolski 424 Does fertilizing with kainit conserve water? Gerlach and Schikorra 424 The composition of muds from Columbus Marsh. Nevada, Hicks 425 The manufacture of fluosilicates and their use. Hutin 425 Contributions of the chemist to the fertilizer industry, Wallace 425 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Nutritional physiology' of higher plants. Graf e -^ 425 Nutritive exchanges in plants. The role of protoplasm, Maze 425 The plurality of starches, Tanret 426 Some recent work on plant oxidases, Atkins 426 Lipase in the germinating coconut, Roxas 426 Anatomical coefiicients of maize, size, and nitrogen content, Mostvichev 426 The effect of detasseUng maize, Heckel - 426 A biochemical study of nitrogen in certain legumes. Whiting 426 The protective action of calcium carbonate, Lipman and Burgess 427 Study of the gas exchange in flowers of Cobsea scandens, Rose 427 Penetration of \aolet and ultraviolet rays in plant orsrans. Dangeard 427 The action of Salton Sea water on vegetable tissues. Brannon 427 The relative action of cold on herbaceous plants, Russell 428 CONTENTS. m Page. Effects of smoke from towns on vegetation, Crowther and Steuart 428 The seed coat of clover. Fominykh 428 On the origin of cultivated rice. Chevalier and Roehrich 428 Plant chimseras, Skene 429 Spore plants, Rosenvinge 429 Flora of the vicinity of New York, Taylor 429 FIELD CROPS. Field management and crop rotation, Parker 429 A hand chart of farm crops, Semenow 429 The work of the Huntley reclamation project experiment farm in 1914, Hansen. 429 Breeding of Alpine forms of pasture grasses, von Weinzierl 430 Effect of clipping on jield and composition of grasses. Ellett and Carrier 430 La^-ing down land to grass on the Clifton Park system. Hunter 431 Universal hay calculator. Chestnut 431 Experiments with small grains, Ricks 431 Barley investigations. Bull 431 Field beans. Zavitz 432 The effect of fertiUzers on Corchonis capsularis, Albano 432 Physiolog>' of pollen of Zea mays with special regard to \'italitj', Andronescu. . 433 Grades for commercial corn, Duvel 433 Cotton cultivation in Italian Somaliland, Scassellati-Sforzolini 433 The world's cotton crops, Todd 433 The industrial fiber plants of the Philippines, MuUer 433 Notes on hops. 1912-1914. Salmon 433 A new variety of hop, the "foundling." Salmon 433 Influence of color of seed potatoes on the >deld, Schander 433 Sugar beets: Preventable losses in culture, Sha.w 434 Fertihzers in sugar beet culture, Saillard 434 Experiments in the fertilization of sugar beets 434 Variability of nitrogen appropriation of offspring of beet, Andrlik and Urban. . 434 Bud development in sugar cane. Kamerling 435 Administration report of the government sugar cane expert for 1913-14, Barber. 435 A re\"iew of the results of the experiment fields, Geerts 435 Variation of flower size in Nicotiana, Goodspeed and Clausen 435 Parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis in Nicotiana, Goodspeed 435 Phylogenetic studies of the varieties of tobacco, Anastasia 435 Deli tobacco a mixture of t>'pes, Honing 436 Chemical composition of tobacco plant m various stages of growth, Pannain. . . 436 Determination of wheats, Fliaksberger 436 Mass selection of spring wheat, Smebum 436 Are there wheat varieties more or less self-fertilizing? Nilsson-Ehle 437 Yams (Dioscorea), De Noter 437 Weeds on the Buzuluk Experiment Field and \'icinity, Bazhanov 437 HORTICULTURE. Field book of American trees and shrubs, Mathews 437 Journal kept by Da^^d Douglas in North America, 1823-1827, edited by Wilks. 437 Colonial plants, Jumelle 437 Report on the botanic station for the year 1913, Campbell 438 Vegetable growing, Johnston 438 Tomato tests, WTiipple and Schermerhorn 438 The cultivation of watercress 438 The principles of fruit growing, Bailey 438 Micmgan laws for the protection of orchards and vineyards 438 Varieties of tree fruits for New Jersey, Blake 439 Spring versus fall planting. Clement 439 Spray calendar for Georgia, McHatton and Firor 439 Apple culture in Georgia, McHatton, Firor, and Kiger 439 Yields of apple trees at different ages, Macoun 439 What does it cost to grow a barrel of apples? Ells 439 The cherries of New York, Hedrick et al 439 The cherrj' in Ontario, Palmer 440 Smudging an orchard with native material in Alabama, Malone 440 IV CONTENTS. Page. Marketing Georgia peaches, Baxter 440 The use of phylloxera-resistant stock, I, Blunno 440 The past and present of American viticulture in Tuscany, Racah 440 Papaw and papain, MacMillan 440 Pecan growing in Georgia, Firor 440 Citrus fruits, Coit 441 A biometrical study of acidity of oranges, Mitra 441 The pomerange, a natural hybrid between the orange and pomelo, Perkins 441 Notice to citrus gi'owers 441 Plant quarantine regulations 441 California garden flowers, shrubs, trees, and vines, Wickson 441 Hardy ornamental plants for unfavorable cit^/ conditions, Jensen 442 Color grouping for small gardens, Armitage 442 Methods and costs of planting a small park to grass and hedge, Ferriss 442 A B C of gardening, Rexford 442 FORESTRY. The relation of forestry to the development of the country, Campbell 442 The subdivision of forests, Illick 442 Report of the superintendent of forestry, Hosmer 442 Report of the acting superintendent of forestry, Haughs 442 Report of the forest nurseryman, Haughs 442 Report of forest department of Madras Presidency for 1914, Lushington et al. . . 443 Philippine dipterocarp forests. Brown and Mathews 443 Forests of Japan, Eckbo. 443 Utilization and management of lodgepole pine in the Rocky Mountains, Mason. 443 The management of lodgepole pine, Mason 443 Life history of shortleaf pine, Mattoon 443 The uses of comus wood, Dallimore 443 Ash manna, Marogna 443 Memorandum on the oil value of some sandalwoods from Madras, Singh 444 A fiuther note on the oil value of some sandalwoods from Madras, Singh 444 Prevention of decay in mill timbers, Hoxie 444 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the phytopathological institute at Wageningen, 1912, Ritzema Bos. . . 444 Report of the laboratory for plant diseases, Linsbauer et al 444 [Plant diseases in Mauritius], Stockdale _. 444 Transmission of rusts in general and Pucdnia malvacearum in particular, Buchet. 445 Smuts and rusts of grain crops, Howitt and Stone _. 445 Appearance of spores and mycelium of rust within grains of cereals, Eriksson. . . 445 Efficiency of rust spores in grain for propagation of disease, Beauverie 445 Foot rot of cereals, Desmoulins 445 Rusts and smuts of Indian corn. 445 A disease of red clover, Baccarini and Bargagli-Petrucci 445 A bacterial disease of cultivated mushrooms, Tolaas 446 A common but very serious potato disease in Cuba, Jehle 446 Experiments in preventing wart disease of potatoes 446 The virulence of Bacillus solanacearum against Nicotiana, Honing 446 Two new species of fungi in tobacco seed beds, Saccardo and Peyronel 446 A review of investigations of the mosaic disease of tobacco, AUard 447 Fire blight, Brittain _ 447 Fungus and other diseases of the apple and pear, Darnell-Smith a,nd Mackinnon . 447 The toxic action of sulphurous anhydrid on olive blooms, Petri 447 The fungus of peach mildew, Woronichine 447 A disease of gooseberry new to Italy, Greppi 447 Factors in the development of downy mildew, Moreau and Vinet 447 Downy mildew and copper sprays, Heron 448 Spraying in relation to flowering, Lebrun 448 Death of mulberry, Montemartini 448 Investigations in connection with cacao root disease, Brooks 448 The mycoplasma theory of Eriksson, Haase-Bessell 448 A new disease of chestnut, Cavara 448 Bibliography of the chestnut bark disease, Beattie 448 CONTENTS. V Page. A disease of pines caused by Cronartium pynforme, Hedgcock and Long 448 A fungus disease of Hevea in the plantations of Bakiisu, Vermossen 449 Disease of Para rubber trees in the gardens, Rutter 449 Root disease of Para rubber caused by Sphxrostilbe repens, Brooks 449 Study of Bordeaiix mixtiue, Sicard 449 Adherent fungicides, Vermorel and Dantony 449 Wetting sprays, Vermorel 450 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Ninth International Congress of Zoology, held at Monaco, March 25-30, 1913 450 Zoological record, Sharp 450 Infection of man with Bacterium tularensc, Wherry and Laml) 450 A new bacterial disease of rodents transmissible to man, Wherry 450 Bacterium tularcnse in rabbits and danger of transfer to man, Wherry and Lamb . 451 Color key to North American birds, Chapman 451 Common corn insects, Webster 451 Katydids injiu"ious to oranges in California, Horton and Pemberton 451 Control of the changa, Crossman and Wolcott 452 Aphids or plant lice attacking sugar cane in Porto Rico, Jones 452 Observations and experiments on the San Jose scale, Forbes 452 Food plants of the gipsy moth in America, Mosher 453 The sugar cane moth stalk borer {Diatrsea saccharalis), Jones 453 American plum borer, Blakeslee 454 Douglas fir pitch moth, Brunner 454 The Hessian fly sit^iation in 1915, Webster and Kelly 455 House flies, Howard and Hutchison 455 Fiu-ther experiments in destruction of fly larvse in horse manm'e. Cook et al 455 Plague and plague-like disease. — A report on their transmission, Wayson 456 The cranberry rootworm, Scammell 456 The Calosomabeetle (Ca?osomas?/cop/ianta) in New England, Bm'gess and ColUns. 457 The Parandra borer as an orchard enemy. Brooks 457 The sugar cane weevil root borer (Diaprepes spengleri), Jones 458 Cone beetles: Injury to sugar pine and western yellow pine, Miller 458 Porto Rican beekeeping, Phillips 459 The silverfish; an injiuious household insect, Maria tt 459 The entomogenous fungi of Porto Rico, Johnston 459 Variation in Oxyiu^ias: Its bearing on value of a nematode formula, Fracker. . . 459 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Contribution to the knowledge of the ripening of meat, Kren 460 Studies on the digestibility of milk and means of increasing it, Gaucher 460 The influence of milk feeding on mortality and growth, Rettger 460 The germicidal effect of lactic acid in milk, Heinemann 460 The use of saccharose and invert sugar in the preparation of bread, Jelfnek 461 Wild plants used as food, Krause 461 Jams, McGill 461 Baking powders, McGill 461 [Food inspection and analysis], Ladd and Johnson 461 The electric cooking problem, Frickey 461 Electric cooking, mainly from the consumer's point of view. Cooper 461 Electric cooking and heating in private houses, Gillott 461 Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1914 461 Roman cooks, Harcum 462 The food supply of the Germans during the war, edited by Eltzbacher 462 Soup kitchens, Rubner 462 Nutrition and gi'owth, Mendel 462 The ' ' central-normal " nutrition of adults, Oeder 462 Influence of drinking water on digestibility of solid substances, Grobells 462 Influence of protein intake on formation of uric acid, Taylor and Rose 462 The metabolism of organic and inorganic compounds of phosphorus, Forbes et al. 462 The organic phosphorus compounds of wheat bran, Robinson and Mueller. . . . . 464 The maize feeding of normal individuals and pellagrins, Albertoni and Tullio. 464 The action of caffein substances, Vinci ; ; - 464 The rational apportionment of the dietary during the 24-hour cycle, Bergonie. 464 VI CONTENTS. Page. Studies on tissues of fasting animals, Morgulis, Howe, and Hawk 464 Muscular work and the respiratory quotient, Morgulis 464 Energy metabolism of infants in relation to age and nutrition, Murlin 464 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Nutrition with purified food substances, McCollum and Davis 465 Influence of certain vegetable fats on growth, McCollum and Davis 465 Value of proteins of cereal grains and milk for growth in the pig, McCollum. . . 465 The nutritive value of old and new corn, Nitzesco 466 A study of grazing conditions in the Wenaha National Forest, Darlington 466 Chemical analyses of forage plants of Spain, Su^rez y Bermudez 466 Influence of temperature on microflora of hay: Lactic and butyric hays, Gorini. 467 Sugar as a feeding stuff, Neubauer 467 The value of dried brewers' grains as a feeding material, Hainan 467 Dried yeast as food for farm stock, Crowther 467 Ensiling feed materials with the aid of a lactic acid bacteria culture, Heinze. . 467 Studies on the preparation of silage, Samarani 467 Silage and grains for steers, Wilson 468 The use of mineral phosphates in calf rearing, Fairbairn and Hutchinson 469 Estimating the age of calves, Schwarz 469 The estimation of condition in cattle, Murray 469 Origin of cattle, Laurer 469 The cattle of Brazil, Maria dos Reis 469 Zebu cattle in Brazil, Hunnicutt 469 Zebu crosses in Tunisia, Roederer 469 Measurement of the Formosan buffalo, Yanagawa 469 Seventh annual report of the American Bison Society 470 Practical assistance to wool growers in the marketing of their wool cUps 470 The Grenada goat, Gimenez 470 [Pork production], Herter and Wilsdorf 470 Comparing skim milk with fat-freed fish meal and dried yeast, Klein 470 Valuation of manurial residues from growing pigs, Crowther and Ruston 470 Sex-linked factors in inheritance of rudimentary mammse in swine, Wentworth. 470 Polygamous Mendelian factors, Wilson 471 Report on light horse-breeding industry for year 1913-14 471 Growth of the horse, Motloch 471 Feeding roots to work horses, Hansson 471 Mendelian inheritance of fecundity in the domestic fowl, Pearl 471 Xenia in fowls _ _. 471 Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl, XII, Curtis — 471 Physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl, XIII, Pearl and Surface 472 The cholesterol metabolism of the hen's egg during incubation, Mueller 472 Studies on the energy metabolism of the domestic fowl, Gerhartz 472 Poultry for profit, Koethen 473 A simple trap nest for poultry, Lee 473 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Difficulties encountered in making high grade milk, Williams 473 Process of sterilizing milk and and cream, Rutter 473 The pasteurization of cream for butter making 473 Smith's butter fat computer, Smith 475 Cheese made from milk mixtures of different fat content, Hofman-Bang et al. . 475 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Pathology and anatomy, edited by Lubarsch and von Ostertag 476 Infection, immunity, and specific therapy, Kolmer 476 Detection of leucocyte-attracting substances during infection, B iirger and Dold . 476 Further researches on combined vaccines, Castellani 477 Employing standardized ferments as a therapeutic measure, Abderhalden 477 Serum reaction in pregnancy and cancer by the coagulation method. King 477 Bacterial vaccines — ^their use and abuse, Ferguson 477 Autolactotherapy. A new system of therapeutics, Duncan 477 Changes in de^ee of oxidation of arsenic in dipping baths, Chapin 478 CONTENTS. Vn Page. "Marginal points " of the blood of mammals, Laveran and Franchini 478 Protection of parasites in digestive tract against digestive enzyms, Burge 478 Experimental drug treatment of East Coast fever of cattle, Nuttall 478 Serological detection of glanders in asses and mules, Schutz and Waldmann . . 479 Action of mallein on sound horses and conglutination, Pfeiler and Weber 479 Using larger amounts of extract in the complement fixation test, Eckert 480 Studies in immunity to tubercular disease. — I, Caseation of the tissues, Twort. 480 Remarks on the work of Krautstrunk, Klimmer 481 The intradermal test in bovine tuberculosis, Welch 481 Therapeutic use of certain azo dyes in tuberculosis, DeWitt 481 Tuberculocidal action of certain chemical disinfectants, DeWitt and Sherman. 482 Coccidiosis in cattle and carabaos, Schultz 482 Hog cholera and methods of control, Cahill 483 Refractive index of serum from pigs immunized against hog cholera, Proniewicz. 483 Hog cholera serum and virus as an immunizing and curative agent, Marquardt. 483 My experience vrith the simultaneous method of immunization, Smothers 483 The filterability of Bacillus broncJusepticus, Ferry 483 Is Leucocytozoon anatis the cause of a new disease in ducks? Wickware 483 Poultry parasites with suggestions for their control, Herrick 483 RURAL ENGINEERING. Effect of width of channel of approach on flow of water over weirs, Martin 484 Relation of stream gaging to the science of hydraulics. Pierce and Davenport. . 484 Artificial control sections for river measurement stations, Hoyt 484 Surface water supply in Washington and upper Columbia River basin, 1912. . . 484 Ground water in Paradise Valley, Arizona, Meinzer and Ellis 484 A plan for municipal irrigation from the Los Angeles aqueduct, Heinly 485 The Valier-Montana irrigation project, Heron 485 Thirteenth annual report of the Reclamation Service, 1913-14 485 W^ork in hydrographic department of Porto Rico Irrigation Service, Knapp 485 Irrigation in Spain, de la Rosa 485 Report of the interstate conference on artesian water 486 Ownership and disposal of seepage water. Whitehead 486 Malaria control: Drainage as an antimalarial measure, Le Prince 486 The agricultural utilization of the water of municipal sewage, Perotti 486 Disposal of sewage from hospitals and medical establishments, Kiihl 486 Fifth biennial report of the state highway commissioner, Rogers 486 The transmission of pressiure through macadam to the subgrade, Washington. . 486 Test of a bridge slab, McCormick 487 Estimating cui'ves for standard bridges of IlUnois Highway Department, Burch. 487 Structural engineering, Kirkham 487 Tests and uses of hydrated lime, Haff 487 The industrial use of peat, Verschoor 488 The use of electricity on Ontario farms, Starrett 488 Machines at 1914 exposition of German Agricultural Society, Luedecke 488 The fu'st large American Humphrey pump. Trump 488 A new deep well pump, Andreuzzi 488 Results of a tractor investigation, Rose 488 The gas tractor situation in Iowa, Davidson 488 The tractor situation in Indiana, Gilbert 489 Small tractor a benefit to Kansas threshennen, Nichol 489 The Minnesota view of traction engines, Mowry 489 Machines for the tillage of different classes of soil, Uranga 489 Note on machines for pseudocultivation, Ringelmann 489 Construction of sanitary mangers in daiiy barn at Troy, Pa 489 The housing of the agricultm-al laborer, Searles-Wood 489 Cottage building in rural districts, Potter 490 Dampness in houses, its cause and remedy, Metzger 490 RURAL ECONOMICS. The resources of United States and their relation to opportunity, Ketr 490 The open door to independence. Hill 490 Farms for sale or rent in New York, Larmon 490 Farm land for sale in W^est Virginia 490 VIII CONTENTS. Page. The efficiency movement in its relation to agriculture, Spilbnan 490 Diversified agriculture and the relation of the banker to the farmer, Knapp. . 490 Rural cooperation in the sandhill section of North Carolina, Derby 491 Cooperation and the great war, Carter 491 Riural distributive cooperation in Russia 491 Suggested lines of cooperative production, Thomson 491 Cooperative live stock marketing, Thomson 491 Studies in the marketing of farm products. Weld 491 The x>ermanent warehouse and marketing law 492 [Elevators in western Canada] 492 Cost of farm implements 492 Statistical abstract for the British Empire in each year from 1899 to 1913 492 Prices and supplies of grain, live stock, etc. in Scotland 492 The agriculture of Lund and Helleland, Norway, Aarstad 492 Agi'iculture in the Lower Alps, Capodm-o 492 Emigration from Roman Tuscany, Valensin 492 American influence upon the agriculture of Hokkaido, Japan 492 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The training in forestry during the next decade. Tourney 493 Development of instruction in animal and dairy husbandry, Nylander 493 Agricultural education 493 Agricultm'al schools and itinerant instruction 493 Agricultm-al education service 493 A historical sketch of the College of Agriculture, Tohoku Imperial University. . 494 Does an agricultural education pay? Lane 494 How to teach agriculture, Burkett, Stevens, and Hill 494 Agriculture for the Kansas common schools, Call and Kent 494 Agriculture, theoretical and practical, Wrightson and Newsham 494 Agriculture and life, Cromwell, edited by Davis 494 Simple laboratory exercises for high schools, Cross 494 Studies in soils. Abbey 494 Experiments with living plants, OettU 495 A forestry arithmetic for Vermont schools, Hawes 495 Insects of economic importance, Herrick 495 [Farm animals], Abbey 495 Domestic science, Austin 495 Supplementary problems for domestic science classes 495 Household arts 495 The house and its furnishing, Delury 495 Home laundering, Kauffman 495 Arbor and Bird Day manual 495 Ohio arbor and bird annual. Miller 495 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Page. Alabama Tuskegee Station: Bui. 28 440 Illinois Station: Bui. 179, Mar., 1915 426 Bui. 180, Mar. , 1915 452 SoilRpt. 9, Apr., 1915 415 Iowa Station: Bui. 156, Dec, 1914 473 Bui. 157, June, 1915 416 Research Bui. 17, Oct., 1914. . 411 Circ. 23, June, 1915 451 Minnesota Station: Bui. 148, Apr., 1915 431 Mississippi Station: Bui. 171, Jan., 1915 431 Montana Station: Bui. 104, Feb., 1915 438 Bui. 105, Feb., 1915 481 New Jersey Stations: Cii-c.41 439 New York Cornell Station: Circ. 29, May, 1915 483 New York State Station: Thirty-third An. Rpt., 1914, pt. 2 439 North Dakota Station: Spec. Bui., vol. 3, No. 18, June, 1915 461 Ohio Station: Bui. 6, tech. ser., Mar., 1914. . 462 Bui. 7, tech. ser., Apr., 1915. . 421 Porto Rico Station: Bui. 15 (Spanish ed.), May 28, 1915 459 Porto Rico Board of Agriculture Station: Bui. 10, 1915 459 Bui. 11, 1915 452 Bui. 12, 1915 453 Bui. 14, 1915 458 Circ.4 441 Cii-c. 5, Apr. 12, 1915 441 Circ. 6, 1915 452 South Dakota Station: Bui. 160, May, 1915 468 Washington Station: Bui. 122, May, 1915 466 U. S. Department of Agriculture . Page. Bui. 168, Grades for Commercial Corn, J. W. T. Duvel 433 Bui. 234, Utilization and Manage- ment of Lodgepole Pine in the Rocky Mountains, D. T. Mason. 443 Bui. 238, Sugar Beets: Preventable Losses in Culture, H. B. Shaw. . 434 Bui. 243, Cone Beetles: Injury to Sugar Pine and Western Yellow Pine, J. M. Miller 458 Bui. 244, Life History of Shortleaf Pine, W. R. Mattoon 443 Bui. 245, Further Experiments in the Destruction of Fly Larvae in Horse Manure, F. C. Cook, R. H. Hutchison, and F. M. Scales 455 Bui. 247, A Disease of Pines Caused by Cronartium pyriforme, G. G. Hedgcock and W. H. Long 448 Bui. 250, Food Plants of the Gipsy Moth in America, F. H. Mosher . . 453 Bui. 251, The Calosoma Beetle {Calosoma sycophanta) in New England, A. F. Burgess and C. W. Collins 457 Bui. 255, Douglas Fir Pitch Moth, J. Brunner 454 Bui. 256, Katydids Injurious to Oranges in California, J. R. Hor- ton and C. E. Pemberton 451 Bui. 259, Studies on Changes in the Degree of Oxidation of Arsenic in Arsenical Dipping Baths, R. M. Chapin 478 Bui. 261, American Plum Borer, E. B. Blakeslee 454 Bui. 262, The Parandra Borer as an Orchard Enemy, F. E. Brooks. . 457 Bui. 263, The Cranberry Rootworm, H. B. Scammell 456 Farmers' Bui. 679, House Flies, L. O. Howard and R. H. Hutchi- son 455 Farmers' Bui. 681, The Silverfish; An Injurious Household Insect, C. L. Marlatt 459 Farmers' Bui. 682, A Simple Trap Nest for Poultiy, A. R. Lee 473 IX X LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Office of the Secretary: Page. Circ. 50, Diversified Agricul- ture and the Relation of the Banker to the Farmer, B. Knapp 490 Circ. 51, The Hessian Fly Sit- uation in 1915, F. M. Web- ster and E. 0. G. Kelly 455 Bureau of Plant Industry: Work of the Huntley Reclama- tion Project Experiment Farm in 1914, D. Hansen. . . Scientific Contributions: o A Review of Investigations of the Mosaic Disease of To- bacco, Together with a Bib- liography of the More Impor- tant Contributions, H. A. Allard Does an Agricultural Educa- tion Pay?^lHJLane^^ 429 447 494 TI. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page. Test of a Bridge Slab, E. B. McCormick 487 The Management of Lodgepole Pine, D. T. Mason 443 Selective Absorption, E. G. Parker 411 The Enzyms of Aspergillus ter- ricola, F. M. Scales 410 Oils of the Coniferse, III, A. W. Schorger 409 Oils of the Coniferse, IV, A. W. Schorger 409 The Efficiency Movement in Its Relation to Agriculture, W. J. Spillman 490 The Preparation of Fertilizer from Kelp, J. W. Turren- tine 424 » Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXIII. October, 1915. No. 5. The question of experiment station publications continues to com- mand attention. It formed one of the main topics on the program of the experiment station section of the Association of American Agri- cultural Colleges and Experiment Stations at its recent Berkeley meeting. An entire afternoon session was devoted to the discussion of the most effective forms in which to publish station work, and this was well warranted in view of its timeliness, its complexity, and its importance. Consideration was given in the discussion to the annual report, the station bulletins, and the publication of scientific and technical ma- terial in the Journal of Agricultural Research, other scientific jour- nals, and similar mediums. Some differences of opinion were ex- pressed upon each class, and it is clear that the matter has not yet been fully worked out. This is not surprising, for despite an ex- perience extending over twenty-five years conditions have been rap- idly changing, especially of late, and in many instances jDolicies have necessarily been influenced by local requirements and as a re- sult of extension activities. As regards the annual report, the general sentiment expressed was adverse to the practice of making it too detailed and voluminous. The inclusion of special articles and technical papers, or the binding of all the bulletins of the year together with an introduction into the report, was not looked upon as best meeting the needs of the situa- tion economically or otherwise. In its place a reasonably brief an- nual report was favored, which would review the principal events of the year, discuss the work by projects, give a brief synopsis of the various publications issued, and report upon the station's resources and expenditures. The character which the bulletins should now assume, and the best means of recording the more strictly technical features of station investigations, were considered at length but without definite con- clusions. The procedure in this respect is a matter of special im- portance at the present juncture. With the assumption of the gen- eral information bulletins by the extension service, the most effectual 401 402 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. means of presenting station work needs to be carefully considered. Some stations have already modified their plan of publication ; others have not. The stations need to continue to maintain their own series of publi- cations for presenting the results of their work to the agricultural public in a form which will be readable and easily understood. This definite end will naturally influence the character of the station bulletins. There is otherwise some danger that the station publica- tions may become too exclusively technical. In that case their work would not reach the people directly as it has in the past, but would be filtered down to them through the extension service. The stations might thus lose to some extent in closeness of contact with the public and possibly in credit for their work. This would be unfortunate, since their prestige and their recog-nition as the source of reliable tested information must, of course, be maintained. In addition to the dissemination of the practical results of station work among the agricultural public, the station publications have another important function. This is to record the more technical scientific results of their investigations for the benefit of other in- vestigators and for the general advancement of agricultural science. It is naturally desirable that accounts of this work be placed where they will reach the special audience interested in them, and will be as permanent and accessible as reports of investigation in any other branch of science. They represent contributions to science and they deserve a place alongside similar contributions from other institu- tions. This is due the station as a scientific institution and the author as a scientific investigator. The ultimate purpose or appli- cation of the work need not alter the case. It has come to be quite generally recognized that the regular bul- letin series is not the best place for recording such features of station work in detail. To an increasing extent this material is being placed in the current scientific journals, and in a considerable number of cases a separate series of research or technical bulletins has been provided to which special distribution is given. The latter plan has numerous advantages. It avoids the commingling of the technical and the more popular material in the same series, and makes it pos- sible to distribute each class appropriately. The main question appears to turn on its effectiveness and permanence as a means of publicity. Where the station output of technical material is con- fined to one or two bulletins a year, and these published at irregular intervals, they become more or less isolated and are correspondingly more liable to be overlooked by the scientific world. Within the past year, a new medium of publication has been opened to the stations in the Journal of Agnculturol Research. This EDITORIAL. 403 journal is now the joint official organ of this Department and the Association, with an editorial board drawn equally from each, and with department and station papers received and published on equal terms. Eeference to it was made by Dr. Pearl, of the editorial board, in a paper at the Association meeting. Articles have already been published or accepted for publication in the Joui^al from eighteen stations, indicating that it is meeting a real need in their work and is to receive their support in increas- ing measure. This is distinctly encouraging, for as Dr. Pearl stated, "in the editing of the Journal the attempt is being made to set a standard as to scientific content and literary form for the papers which shall be as high as the highest maintained by independent scientific journals, whether in the field of pure or applied sciences. . . . For the first time it provides a medium of publication alto- gether worthy of the best American work in agricultural science." Beginning with Volume 5, issued in October, the Journal becomes a weekly in order to accommodate the increased material presented for publication. This will often have the effect of insuring greater promptness in publication. The practice of outside publication is one which has been followed to a greater or less extent ever since the stations were started. Most of the earlier stations, it will be recalled, printed their bulletins in newspapers or the agricultural press, giving them regular serial numbers. In this way a large number of people were reached promptly'' and at small expense, but at an inevitable sacrifice as regards the permanence of the bulletins themselves. Periodicals of this sort are not usually preserved, and to-day it is practically im- possible to assemble a file of these earlier bulletins. It is only by good fortune and a rare foresight on the part of the stations that a fairly complete collection was brought together by the Office of Ex- periment Stations, and this could not be duplicated if destroyed. Since the passage of the Hatch Act, with its definite provision for the publication of bulletins and reports and their free transmission under frank, the bulk of the experimental work has been published by the stations themselves. Within recent years, however, there has been an increasing tendency to look to the various scientific journals and similar agencies for the reporting of some of the scientific and technical material. For this there are several reasons. The stations are employing larger staffs and attacking a greater number and variety of research problems, and in consequence are accmnulating more results for dissemination than ever before. More of their studies are necessarily of technical scientific character. To a greater extent the stations are rapidly becoming research institutions, which 404 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. means that the results of their activities have an interest and value quite outside the agricultural public. In many cases, however, the funds available for printing have not kept pace with the increase in the amount to be printed. Another important factor is the virtual doubling of the station mailing lists within the last decade in response to the growing popular desire for information, this appreciably increasing the size and cost of editions and adding to the demands upon the printing funds. Such condi- tions, unless remedied, would inevitably lead to a congestion of unpublished data, sometimes sufficiently great to jeopardize its time- liness and detract from its ultimate practical value. As a matter of fact, several of the stations are already facing this situation. The scientific journals have performed a useful service in relieving a part of this congestion. The publication of the results of agricul- tural research in journals devoted to such general sciences as chemis- try, botany, biology, and the like has also done much to secure recognition for it. There has been a greater certainty of bringing the research to the attention of workers in foreign countries and to others especially interested, with less likelihood of unintelligent criticism. In many cases there has been the special advantage of relieving the station bulletins of a considerable amount of detailed data of slight general interest, such as the minutias of technical methods, complex matliematical formulas, and other material of a strictly technical nature. Another frequent benefit was set forth by Dr. Pearl, which applies to the stations and to the station men themselves. In publishing in this way, "the work will be judged by the editorial board of the journal strictly on its own merits as a piece of scientific research, and on no other basis. Journal publication provides each director with an opportunity to see the scientific work of his station* as others see it. Scientific papers are not unlike favorite sons — it is often very difficult for the fond parent to discern in them any faults at all. In- dependent editorial boards, on the other hand, do that sort of thing very well. If an independent chemical, or botanical, or zoological, or bacteriological, or agricultural journal refuses to publish a paper submitted from a station, the author and the director are bound to come to the conclusion, since no other is possible, that in some way or other this paper does not measure up to a standard which disinter- ested experts in the given field of laiowledge regard as the irreducible minimum below which sound scientific work can not fall. On the other hand, if it is accepted the work receives the hall-mark of stand- ard character." It is admitted, of course, that the limitations of space or of the field of a journal may lead to the rejection of papers, and it is true, moreover, that certain phases of station investigation EDITORIAL. 405 find among existing scientific journals no special medium to which they are directly appropriate. These are real and concrete benefits, and it seems quite likely that, as Dr. Pearl predicted, " as the experiment stations take on more and more the character of research institutions, and leave behind more and more that type of activity which was essential at the be- ginning but is now being taken over by extension departments, there will be all the time an increasing proportion of the scientific output published in the standard established scientific journals." At the same time there are some complications which arise in publishing station work outside the station. One of the most im- portant of these is that of scattering the station work and rendering a portion of it less readily identified as a part of the activities of the institution. The objection is sometimes raised that this may detract from the credit accruing to the station. There seems little cause for apprehension on this score, however, as the journals are a well recognized standard channel for bringing new results to the atten- tion of the scientific public. Furthermore, the very fact of this dis- persal of station work calls wider attention to it. The Journal of Agricultural Research would serve to bring this material more largely together, and thus more adequately indicate the volume and variety of current agricultural research. "Wliatever channel may ultimately be decided upon for the publi- cation of the scientific and technical accounts of station work, the need of a general policy in regard to outside publications and of a systematic and formal method of procedure will be evident. There has been some laxity in this regard in the past. At least two re- quirements seem necessary to be observed: Each paper should be plainly accredited to the station from which it emanates, and record of it should be preserved in the station files. The principles in the matter seem quite clear. Since the kind of material under discussion is that derived primarily from station funds and work, it is for the station to determine its disposition, and to look upon it as a part of its published records. It should, there- fore, realize its responsibility in these articles. It may be necessary for it to consider whether the utilization of an external medium will be in harmony with its general policy and preferable to the use of its own publications, whether the journal selected is the one best adapted for the purpose in view, whether the space available and style of treatment are adequate, and similar questions, bearing in mind both its own interests and those of agricultural science and of agriculture as a whole. Of late these journal articles have come to contain a relatively large proportion of the technical results reported in some lines, and much 406 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. of it is available in no other form. The articles constitute an essential part of the station's permanent records, and hence merit due care and attention to see that they may be readily identified with and accredited to the institution. If, as has sometimes occurred, they have not been accredited to the institution, by footnote or otherwise, or if the station has not followed some sj^stem of keeping track of them so that they can be traced by those interested, the difficulty of obtain- ing a complete record of work performed is much increased. The fact that the stations are state institutions and are required to report upon their activities makes these matters more important than might be the case with other classes of institutions. Furthermore, it is important that each station should preserve a file of all of its publications, whether issued by it directly or through a journal. But unfortunately the systematic collection of the sepa- rates of journal articles in the libraries or files of the respective sta- tions has not been a matter of uniform practice, and it is feared that a considerable number of stations lack copies or even a record of these products of their own investigations. It seems desirable also that the annual report of the station should contain a list of these technical papers, and often a synopsis of them. This places them definitely on record and makes it easier to find the references to them. Several stations are already publishing such lists, while some are giving greater prominence to this literature. Thus in New Hamp- shire, reprints of the articles are obtained and reissued by the station in a numbered series entitled Scientific Contrihutions. The North Carolina Station has reprinted in its annual report some articles originally appearing in scientific journals. Recently the Maine Sta- tion included in its annual report not only the titles of the papers but a brief abstract in each case. Such practice meets to a consider- able extent the feeling shared by some of the stations that all their work should be published in some form in their own series. In what is said as to procedure, it is of course not intended to minimize the position of the author of such scientific papers or to eliminate him from consideration. He deserves the credit and the stimulus which come from publication of his work. As in the con- duct of the work itself, a large measure of freedom is to be expected. But because of its position as a public institution the station needs to be a party in the matter of publication as it is in the general over- sight of the investigations, and the credit to the author loses nothing by association of its name with it. The station and the investigator are in partnership in carrying on certain lines of investigation. Both are interested in giving the product of this partnership to the world in a way which will be most effective and bring greatest usefulness. It goes out as a contribution EDITORIAL. 407 from the station, whether in bulletin or journal form, but the inves- tigator is credited with being the real author of the work and is so recognized by the reading public. In that sense it is his work. In a large degree the investigators comprise the station, and the organi- zation exists to give them support and opportunity and in numerous ways to represent thorn before the public. * These principles are quite generally recognized in the Federal Department of Agriculture where outside publication has greatly in- creased in recent years, both as a means of relief from congestion of material and as a more effectual means of recording certain types of scientific work. While considerable latitude is followed in the matter, permission for outside publication is required and proper credit to the Department insured. Copies of such manuscripts are retained in the Department and a permanent record is kept of all publications of this nature as they appear. Such Department papers, like those of the stations, are widely disseminated in the literature and easily lost sight of. To avoid the latter difficulty, an effort is now being made, beginning with the pres- ent volume of the Record^ to include references to all Department papers reporting scientific or technical work. The range of the De- partment's work, including as it does extensive police and supervisory functions, is somewhat broader than that of the Record^ and papers which do not relate rather definitely to agricultural subjects v/ill be listed by title only. The lists will be combined in the index number of the Record^ and it is hoped that they may prove of service, both as a convenient means of reference and, by assembling the material in a comprehensive way, to convey more adequately a conception of the full scope and importance of the researches of the Department. 6318°— No. 5—15 1 RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICTJLTTJRAL CHEMISTHY— AGROTECHNY. The hexone bases of casein, D. D. Van Slyke (Jour. Biol. Chem., 16 (19U). No. 4, pp. 531-538).— In a preliminary description (B. S. R., 25, p. 710) of tlie method for the analysis of proteins by the determination of the chemical groups characteristic of the different amino acids, an analysis of casein was reported. The results agreed well with the analysis reported by other investigators in work with the Kossel method. " The discrepancy, noted in the preceding article, between the free amino nitrogen of casein, and the lysin content previously determined, rendered a repetition of the nitrogen distribution in this protein desirable." The bases were determined by the method of Kossel and Patten as modified by Osborne, Leavenworth, and Brautlecht (E. S. R., 20, p. 1102), and the bases and nitrogen distribution were redetermined by the modified Van Slyke method. The most significant difference between the present results and the previous ones occurred in the lysins. By exercising particular care in the Kossel method, 9.36 per cent of the casein nitrogen was obtained as the analytically pure picrate. The group determination gave 10.3 per cent which is believed to be more nearly correct, as the amount of lysin picrate which one can crystallize represents necessarily the minimum amount present. " For ai'ginin the results are practically the same, 7.4 to 7.8 per cent of the total nitrogen, as those previously obtained by both methods. The histidin results are a little higher than previously, but not to a marked extent. " The source of error in the author's former results for lysin lay in the cystin determination. The lysin is estimated from the total amino nitrogen of the bases precipitated by phosphotungstic acid, after the cystin nitrogen has been subtracted. The cystin was estimated from the amount of organic sulphur precipitated with the bases. The original form of the method, however, made the cystin figures liable to error from the fact that sulphates could be dissolved from a glass flask used in one stage of the operation." In the form in which the method was modified (E. S. R., 26, p. 22), the sources of error in the cystin and lysin determinations have been eliminated. " In the determination by the picrate method, as usually performed, it appears that the most probable source of loss lies in the decomposition of lysin phos- photungstate with barium hydrate. In this operation one insoluble precipitate (lysin phosphotungstate) is transformed into another (barium phosphotung- state) a process the completeness of which is necessarily difficult to judge. Moreover, the bulky barium phosphotungstate has marked adsorptive proper- ties, so that even skill and experience might not insure against loss from this source. In working out the details of the group determination method, it was noticed that several per cent of the total nitrogen of the protein could be lost from the base fraction through adsorption or occlusion by the barium precipi- tate." A practice is made of reducing this loss to a minimum by completely dissolving the bases precipitated by phosphotungstate acid with alkali and pre- cipitating the barium phosphotungstate in a dilute solution. The best results 408 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY-=-AGROTECHNY. 409 witli the Kossel niothod wore obtained wlioii the lysin phosphotimgstate was dissolved in ammonia and the solution diluted to a large volume before treating with barium hydrate. Oxyproteic acids, P. Glagolew {Hoppe-Scylcr's Ztschr. PhysM. Chcm., 89 (191-'f), No. 6, pp. J,S2-U0; abs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], lOG (1914), No. 621, I, p. SS5). — These substances, having the nature of polypoptids, possess a definite number of amino groups which increases on hydrolysis. The amino acid nitrogen when estimated by Van Slyke's method (E. S. R., 26, p. 22) amounts to 44.3 per cent of the total nitrogen. Most of the nitrogenous sub- stances,'viz, 80 per cent, obtained on hydrolysis of oxy- or alloxyproteic acid were not precipitated by phosphotungstic acid. Both of the acids contained cystin and arginin. Hydrolyzing with 25 per cent of hydrofluoric acid (E. S. R., 22. p. 301) prevents the formation of melanins, and ammonia production is less than when 20 per cent of boiling hydrochloric acid is employed. Oils of the Coniferee. — III, The leaf and twig and the cone oils of western yellow pine and sugar pine, A. AV. Schorgee (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 6 (1914), No. 11, pp. 893-S95). — In western yellow pine the percentage composi- tion of the leaf and twig and the cone oils, respectively, is approximately as follows : Furfurol ? per cent and trace ; ?-pinene 2 and 6 per cent ; ^pinene 75 and 60 per cent; dipeutene 6 and 12.5 per cent; ester as bornyl acetate 2 and 2.5 per cent; free alcohol (^-borneol) 7 and 4 per cent; "green oil" 3 and 3.5 per cent ; and undetermined material 5 and 10 per cent. In sugar pine the leaf and twig and the cone oils contain, respectively, furfurol in trace; Z-pinene 21 and 22 per cent ; Z-camphene ? and 21 per cent ; Z-pinene 51 and 39.5 per cent ; dipentene 12 and 4.5 per cent; ester as bornyl acetate 1.5 and 1.5 per cent; free alcohol (Z-borneol) 8 and 3.5 per cent; " green oil" 1 and ? per cent; ses- quiterpene (?) ? and 1 per cent; and undetermined material 7 and 7 per cent. Oils of the Coniferse. — IV, The leaf and twig oils of digger pine, lodge- pole pine, and red fir, A. W. Schorgee (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 24-26). — The constituents found in the leaf and twig oils of digger pine, lodgepole pine, and red fir, are, approximately, as follows: Furfu- rol, 0 per cent, trace, and trace, respectively : 7r-heptane, 3, 0 per cent, and 0 per cent; t-a-pinene, 58 to 59 per cent, 3, and ? per cent; t-camphene, 0 per cent, 5 to 6 per cent, and 0 per cent ; t-|3-pinene, 0 per cent, 49 to 50 per cent, 16 to 18 per cent; t-limonene, 18.0 per cent, and 0 per cent; bornyl ester (as acetate) 3.5, 2, and 3.5 per cent; free alcohol (as t-borneol), 6, 7.5, and 7.5 per cent; methyl- chavicol, ? per cent, ? per cent, and 0 per cent ; " green oil," 2 to 3 per cent, 0 per cent, 13 per cent; cadinene, 0 per cent, 7, and 0 per cent; and losses by polymerization, etc., 9.5, 6, and 6 per cent. The dipentene and t-phellandrene were determined together in lodgepole pine and amounted to 19 per cent; the dipentene and t-phellandrene content of red fir and digger pine leaf and twig oils were 0 and 52 per cent, respectively. Contribution to our knowledge of the oxidation ferments of plants, O. Begem ANN (Ztschr. Allg. Physiol., 16 (1914), ^o. 3-4, pp. 352-358).— This inves- tigation deals with oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, and reductase. Existing qualitative and quantitative methods for determining the activity of oxidase were studied, but aside from Chodat and Bach's method for peroxidase, in which the purpurogallin is weighed, no method, according to the author's knowledge, is available for the purpose. Two new colorimetric methods in which the benzidin reaction is the basis are presented. Reductase was studied qualitatively and quantitatively with methylene blue. The questions especially studied were the distribution and the quantitative location of the ferments in plants. Oxidizing ferments were found widely dis- tributed, but the quantities present differed markedly. Numerous sections of 410 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD. I'oots, stems, cotyledons, plumules of Pelargonium seedlings, sections of Lemna minor, Riccia fluitans, Nectria cinnal)arina, Scolopendra vulgaris, and Ricinus communis were studied. Some Mucorinefe with sporangia were examined for catalase, but tbe hyphfe were found to contain catalase only on the exterior. Sections through geranium seedlings showed that catalase was especially active in the region of the vascular system. Even in the wide lumened Scolopendra leaf and in the large vessels of the R. communis leaf the gas originated outside of the living cells. Bubbles could be observed on the walls of the cells but not within. Staining tests with eosin showed that where this coloring ma^er pene- trated hydrogen peroxid could also gain entrance and this was proved by the catalase reaction which occurred. Eosin and hydrogen peroxid, however, did not penetrate the living cell. Tests on L. minor and R. fluitans proved that green chlorophyll is not catalytic. By treating the objects with infusorial earth the chromatophores were isolated. In all localities where catalase was found peroxidase could also be noted. Peroxidase was found by Chodat and Bach's pyrogallol method in the vascular and in the intercellular tissues, but not in the chromatophores, and, like cata- lase, not on the epidermis and its formations, i. e., buds, hairs, etc. If a prepa- ration of pyrogallol and glucose was added, the pyrogallol passed through the tissue and the reddish brown purpurogallin crystals could be seen in the inte- rior of the cell, indicating direct oxidase. An increase of temperature iucx'eased the catalase and peroxidase content of seedlings. The various lengths of light rays acted specifically upon catalase and peroxidase formation and gradually incresed both in amount. Potato buds and geranium seedlings v/ere studied in this respect. Catalase and peroxidase activities are two artificial phenomena, and it is concluded that they represent two concurring reactions whose courses are dependent upon conditions favorable to one or the other. Assuming that oxygenase is an aldehyde-like substance, it may also produce reductions, i. e., act as a reductase. Methylene blue, according to this, when a peroxidase is absent will be reduced outside of the cell. Therefore, oxygenase might be identical with reductase or with the catalase and peroxidase reac- tions, two artificially produced reactions in which oxygenase is the basis. Ex- tracts from potato buds were used to prove a portion of this theory and the influence of temperature, light, and dialysis were noted. A marked parallelism for catalase, oxidase, and peroxidase was found at 50, 60, 70, 78, 79, and 80° C. Both reactions decreased slowly in activity at 78°, were only slightly pres- ent at 79°, and ceased at 80. This is believed to prove the Identity of the enzyms. Geranium seedlings grown in nutrient solutions were exposed to red, blue, violet, green, covered, and uncovered incandescent lights. Almost all of the tests gave a complete parallelism between the catalase and peroxidase reaction, the length of the ray controlling the amount of ferment present. Dialysis tests with potato bud extracts showed that catalase and peroxidase passed through the semipermeable membrane with the same degree of rapidity. Direct oxidase behaved in the same manner as catalase and peroxidase. The position of reductase in the system was as follows : Catalase — oxidase — peroxi- dase— and reductase. The enzyms of Aspergillus terricola, F. M. Scales {Jour. Biol. C'licm., 19 (1914), No. Jf, pp. 459-472). — ''Aspergillus terricola produced inulase, diastase, invertase, maltase, alcoholoxidase, emulsin, lipase, protease, and amidase when grown in a medium without these substances. It is evident from the number of enzyms formed that filamentous fungi as well as bacteria may be concerned in the production of the various organic decomposition products which have been isolated from the soil. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — ^AGROTECHNY. 411 " Many of the products of enzymic action are excellent sources of carbon and nitrogen for bacteria. The ammonia produced by the fungus from protein material may, in the form of a salt, be directly assimilated by some plants. The living organism hydrolyzes a small amount of cellulose in cellulose agar, but the presence of cellulase could not be demonstrated in an enzym powder. Neither lactase nor zymase were present in a powder from the growth in lactose and glucose solutions respectively. Tannase was irroduced by the fungus when grown In a tannin solution. The fungus showed no nitrogen-fixing power in nutrient solutions containing either a carbohydrate (dextrose or mannite) Of nitrogenous substance (peptone or ammonium sulphate) or both together." The soluble polysaccharids of lower fungi. — I, Mycodextran, a new poly- saccharid in Penicillium expansum, A. W. Dox and R. E. Neidig {Jour. Biol. Chem., 18 (1914), No. 2, pp- 167-175). — " This paper presents a study of a soluble polysaccharid isolated from the apple fungus, P. expansum, which has hereto- fore not been recognized in fungi nor observed in any of the higher plants." The organism was selected for study on account of its great importance to the apple industry. The indications were that the fungus also contains man- nitol, peptone, glucose, inorganic salts, amino acids, pentosans, hemicelluloses. and a chitin-like substance which on hydrolysis yields gliicosamin. The soluble polysaccharids of lower fungi. — II, Mycogalactan, a new poly- saccharid in Asperigillus niger, A. W. Dox and II. E. Neidig {Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 (1914), No. 2; pp. 235-237). — ^A polysaccharid was obtained from a not quite mature culture of A. niger. It was found to be a galactan and the name mycogalactan is proposed. Mycogalactan like mycodextran (see above) appears to be a reserve carbohydrate and is used by the fungus as a food supply as soon as the sucrose of the medium is exhausted. Selective adsorption, E. G. Parkee {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 {1914), No. 10, pp. 831-835, figs. 2). — " Soils not only have the power of absorbing dis- solved salts from solution, but also adsorbing one ion at a greater rate than the other, or of selectively adsorbing to an extent easily determined quantita- tively. The nature of the surface of the constituents of a soil is such that the cation is adsorbed at a much greater rate than the anion. "The presence of bases of the soil (Ca, Mg, etc.) in solution, after contact of certain salt solutions with a soil, is not due to a direct chemical reaction of the salt in solution with the silicates of the soil, but to a secondary reaction of free acid resulting from the selective adsorption of the cation with the mineral constituents of the soil. In general, the smaller the soil particles the greater the selective adsorption of the cation. The selective adsorption of the cation from a solution of an electrolyte by a soil increases with the concentra- tion up to a certain point, and then remains practically constant, the surface of the soil particles having taken up all that it is able at this point. At very low concentrations the adsorption of the cation is practically complete. The presence of other substances may or may not affect the selective adsorption by a soil." The determination of ammonia in soils, R. S. Potter and R. S. Snydes {Iowa Sta. Research Bui. 17 {1914), PP- 3-19, fig. 1). — These experiments were conducted with a view of supplying a reliable method for the estimation of the ammonia in soils. It is claimed that the method should meet the following requirements : " Closely agreeing duplicate results should be given and the same result obtained whether the reagent or reagents act, within reasonable limits, for a longer or shorter period. . . . Upon the addition of a known amount of ammonia, the method must give this added amount plus that pre- viously found in the soil. . . . For use in a soils laboratory, the method should 412 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. pennit one to run several determinations within a reasonable length of time. ... " It was found, from a comparison of methods, that the amount of ammonia 'extracted by hydrochloric acid from soils is within the limits of our experi- ments, independent of the strength of the acid and the period of extraction. In the five soils tested hydrochloric acid removes approximately from 60 to 70 per cent of the ammonia added. The Folin aeration method can advantageously be applied directly to the hydrochloric acid extract. The amounts of ammonia obtained by distillation of the soil directly with magnesia is dependent upon the duration of the distillation. The Steel method of aeration [E. S. R., 24, p. 703] is not suitable for the determination of ammonia in soils. The Steel reagents slowly decomjiose acetamid. " The Folin method of aeration is suitable for the determination of am- monia in soils, for the same result is obtained whether the reagent acts for a shorter or longer period, and all added ammonia is recovered." " The digestion is carried out in the usual way, and the aeration conducted in much the same way as Kober recommends. . . . " In the soils tested there is no interference through formation of triple phosphate. There was no advantage found in using sodium chlorid with the sodium carbonate. Acetamid is not decomposed by 4 per cent sodium car- bonate. The results for ammonia obtained by examination of the hydro- chloric acid extract are lower, while the results obtained by direct dis- tillation of the soil with magnesia are higher, than those obtained by the aera- tion method. The high results obtained by the former method are due to occlusion of the ammonia by the soil, the nature of which is not clear, and the lower results by the latter method are due to a partial decomposition of the organic material by the magnesia to give ammonia." See also previous notes by Kelley and McGeorge (E. S. R., 30, pp. 419, 420). Solubility of calcium, phosphates in ammoniuni citrate solution, T. Wabynski and J. Langel (Ann. Chim. Analyt., 19 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-6; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London^, 106 {1914), No. 617, II, p. 216).— In view of the fact that mono-, di-, and tri-basic calcium phosphates are soluble in both water and ammonium citrate solution to some extent, the method in use for separat- ing these salts, which depends on the insolubility of di-basic and tri-basic calcium phosphates in water, yields only approximate results. The solubility of the salts in ammonium citrate solution reaches an equilibrium in about one hour at 30° C, but this is not strictly the case with fertilizers where the phos- phates may be enveloped by other substances. A better separation may be obtained by treating the phosphates for one hour with a cold saturated am- monium citrate solution. The solubility of the mono- and tri-basic phosphates varies with the concentration of the citrate solution and reaches a maximum with a concentration of from 10 to 15 per cent. Separation of calcium from magnesium, F. Halla {Cliem. Ztg., 3S (1914), No. 10, p. 100; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 (1914), No. 611, II, p. 219). — The following method is recommended for the separation of very small quantities of calcium in the presence of large amounts of magnesium : " The neutral solution containing the chlorids of the two metals is heated to boiling, and solid ammonium oxalate is added until the magnesium oxalate, at first precipitated, redissolves ; the calcium oxalate remains insoluble. After a few hours, the calcium oxalate is collected on a filter, washed with hot water, then with cold water, ignited, sulphated, and weighed as calcium suli)hate. The magnesium oxalate may be precipitated from the filtrate by the addition of acetic acid." AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 413 Titration of small quantities of carbon dioxid, A. Dobneb {Hnppe-Seyler''s Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 88 {WIS), No. 6, pp. 425-429, fig. 1; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 (1914), No. 611, II, p. 218).— In tliis method, heating of the barium hydroxid is dispensed with because it leads in glass vessels to an appreciable change of titer. In the modified process good results are obtained N by absorbing the carbon dioxid with ^ barium hydroxid in the cold using a special form of apparatus which is shown. A comparison of methods for the determination of oxygen in waters in presence of nitrite, E. Elvove (Pub. Health Scrv. U. S., Ili/g. Lah. Bui. 96 (1914), pp. 15-35). — "In comparison with the Winkler method, the Levy method " is decidedly disadvantageous. Regarding the Winkler method as modi- fied by Hale and Melia (E. S. R., 31, p. 411), it is pointed out that their warn- ing ' that solutions acidified ready for titration should not stand in contact with air for several hours before titrating ' may be misleading, since low results were obtained even when the solutions were kept in closed bottles which had been completely filled with these solutions. Furthermore, even a period of only one hour was sufficient to cause low results. In the presence of considerable nitrite the results may also be too high if there is not a sufficiently long period inter- vening between the addition of the potassium acetate and the titration of the iodin. "In order to obtain accurate results by the acetate modification of the Winkler method, the titration should therefore be carried out immediately after a certain interval has elapsed since the mixing with the potassium acetate. Under the present conditions (5 parts per million of nitrite and temperature about 20°C.), an interval of 15 minutes was found to be the proi>er time to allow for the potassium acetate to remain in contact with the iodin before the latter is titrated. " Hale and Melia's apparent explanation of the counteracting effect of the acetate on the nitrite interfei'ence on the assumption that its function is ' to neutralize the hydrochloric acid and render the solution acid with acetic acid ' does not seem to be a sufficiently complete explanation, since an acetic acid medium was found not to prevent these interferences. The power of potassium acetate to counteract the nitrite interference is probably due to its further de- pression of the dissociation of the acid ; an excess of the acetate is therefore essential. " The permanganate modification of the Winkler method, since it is applica- ble in the presence of nitrite and organic matter, is preferable to the acetate modification which counteracts only the interference from nitrite. In carrying out the permanganate modification in bottles of about 270 cc. capacity, each bottle should contain not less than 0.45 gm. potassium iodid and the amount of excess of potassium oxalate should not be more than 1 cc. of the 1 per cent solution." A study of the methods for extractions by means of immiscible solvents from the point of view of the distribution coefficients, I, J. W. Mabden (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), ^o. 4, pp. 315-320). — "A practical application of the distribution ratio has been made in a study of a few of the extraction methods given in the bulletins of the U. S. Bureau of Chemistry with the view of pointing out the fact that definite directions are needed in our extraction methods which give a definite amount of the material in ques- tion. A modification of the method of analysis for acetanilid in hydrogen peroxid has been suggested. The method for acetanilid, vanillin, and coumarin "Arch. Hyg., 32 (1897), p. 305. 414 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. in vanilla extracts has been discussed from the point of view of the distribution ratio. The methods now in use for salicylic acid, benzoic acid, and j3-naphthol have been studied and found satisfactory from this point of view. A method has been suggested for the analysis of saccharin by extracting with amyl acetate and a modification of the present method with sulphuric ether proposed which gives definite I'esults. It has been shown in the analysis of caffein (in the particular case referred to) that the amount of chloroform used for the extraction was excessive. The fact has been emphasized that a larger number of extractions, using a smaller volume of solvent for each washing, is better than a fewer number of extractions using a larger amount. A much more extended study of the methods of extraction is being carried on in this labora- tory at the present time." A reaction of succinic and malic acids, W. CE. de Ck)NiNCK (Bui. Soc. Chim. France, 4- set:, 15 (1914), No. 2, pp. 93, 94; «&«. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'\, 106 (1914), No. 617, II, p. 224).— When a concentrated aqueous solution of succinic acid is added to a suspension of several grams of calcium salicylate in a little cold water and the mixture gently warmed, a pale pink coloration is quiclily obtained which persists for several days even when the mixture is exposed to direct sunlight. Under similar circumstances malic acid develops a delicate pink coloration which gradually disappears when the mixture is gently boiled. It is comi^letely removed after several hours and the liquid then becomes yellowish brown in color. Methods for the detection and investigation of tr3rptoproteases, F. M. Mae- EAS (CentU. Bakt. [etc.^, 1. AM., Orig., 14 {1914), No. 5-6, pp. 505-515).— The methods studied were the fibrin method, Mett's method, Fermi's gelatin plate method, the serum plate method according to Jochmann and Miiller, the Gross and Fuld casein method, and the biuret, tryptophan, and tyrosin reactions. Fermi's method gave more satisfactory results than those of either Jochmann and Miiller or Gross and Fuld. The distillation of volatile fatty acids and the value of the Reichert- Meissl number, J. Prescher (Ghem. Ztg., 38 {1914), Nos. 112-113, pp. 1081- 1083; 114-115, pp. 1091-1093).— A digest of the literature. Catalase and reductase determination in cow's milk in practice and the relation between catalase and reductase on the one hand and the specific gravity, fat, and acidity on the other, A. Stetteb {Milchw. ZenthL. 43 {1914), No. 14, pp. 369-381, figs. 2). — The morning and evening milk from two dairies was examined fairly regularly during the year 1913 for specific gravity, fat con- tent, reductase, and acidity. The cows were fed chiefly hay and various concen- trates, with beet tops and leaves during the fall months. No relation was found to exist between the catalase and reductase figures and the specific gravity or fat content of milk. On the other hand, a high acidity degree almost always pointed to a high reductase content. No correlation was found between acidity and the catalase figures, as milk with a high acid value often showed a normal catalase figure. It often occurred that the catalase and reductase figures of the morning and evening milks were alike but, generally speaking, the figures for each were highest in the evening milk. The catalase figure varied considerably from day to day and the reductase test also showed veiy marked variations. In most instances a milk which decolorized (reductase test) in one-quarter hour also had a high acid value. Although a high catalase and reductase figure lead to a suspicion of pathological milk, still one must be cautious when pronouncing a condition pathological on the basis of these tests. Description of the cryoscope, and several freezing-point determinations of a single sample of fresh milk with varying degrees of supercooling, ]\I. C. Dekhuizen {Chem. Weekbl., 11 {1914), No. 4, pp. 126-131, fig. 1; abs. in Jour. SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 415 Chem. 8oc. [London'i, 106 (1914), No. 617, II, p. 169).— This is a modified form of Beckmami apparatus. "The cooling batli is large, and consists of two con- centric glass cylinders, the inner one 17 by 27 cm., and the outer 23 by 30.5 cm. The copper cover is replaced bj' a thick plate of ebonite. The freezing tube is round at the closed end, and is sui'rounded by a two-walled Dewar vacuum tube. The part projecting above the ebonite cover is protected by a wooden air cham- ber to prevent change of temperature." Cooling is promoted by immersing in a wide test tube containing mercury coolod to a suitable temperature. The results of a series of experiments on a sample of milk are given. The influence of am.inonium sulphate upon the specific rotation of lactose, R. RosEMANN (Hoppe-Scijler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 89 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 133-l-'f0). — The results show that the specific rotation of lactose is reduced when ammonium sulphate is present and that the reduction increases with a corre- sponding increase of ammonium sulphate to the solution. In a solution satu- rated with ammonium sulphate the rotation is reduced from 52.53 to 50.47°, and in the Salkowski method (E. S. R., 27, p. 506), which employs a solution with 40 per cent ammonium sulphate, from 52.53 to 51.55°. With a solution containing from 4 to 6 per cent of lactose the results will consequently appear from 0.07 to 0.11 per cent too low, which corresponds to the figures found by Jahnson-Blohm, i. e., 0.08 to 0.14. As Kretschmer found values which were generally higher with the Salkowski method it seems advisable to make no corrections at all. On the estimation of fat in feces, F. C. Gephaet and F. A. Csonka (Jour. Biol. Chem., 19 (1914), No. 4, pp. 521-531, fig. J')-— The proposed method is said to be time saving and to yield good results with feces for fat or cholesterol ester determinations. " Weigh out finely powdered or well mixed moist sample. Saponify with KOH in alcohol (4 gm. of stick KOH and 20 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol). Dilute with 50 cc. of water and acidify with HCl (20 cc. of 20 per cent in 5 cc. portions). Shake out with ether and wash ether extract. Distil oft ether and N dry fatty acids. Take up with petroleum ether, filter, and titrate with alcoholic KOH. Calculation : CC.^X0.0296 X100=per cent tristearin. 10 Weight of substance taken " By the Liebermann-Szekely method one determines a small amount of cholesterol with the fatty acids. The Kumagawa-Suto method is laborious and difficult of manipulation, and does not yield good results with pure fats or cholesterol esters." A volumetric method for the estimation of total sulphur In urine, G. W. Raiziss and H. Dubin (Jour. Biol. Chem., 18 (1914), No. 2. pp. 297-^03) .—This volumetric method has for its basis the estimation of the precipitate of benzidin sulphate rather than of sulphuric acid. Benzidin in an acid medium reduces potassium permanganate quantitatively with the instant production of a canary- yellow product which on further oxidation is converted into a colorless sub- stance. With the method very small amounts of sulphate may be accurately determined in a short time. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Lake County soils, C. G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosiee, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Garrett (Illinois Sta. Soil Rpt. 9 (1915), pp. 52, pi. 1. figs. 9).— This is the ninth of the series of the Illinois county soil reports and deals briefly with the 416 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. physiography, topography, and formation of the soils and more fully with soil material and soil types, chemical composition of the soil, and field tests of the fertilizer requirements of some of the prevailing types. Lake County lies in northeast Illinois in the late Wisconsin glaciation. The soils of the county are divided into four classes, as follows : (1) Upland prairie soils, usually rich in organic matter, (2) upland timber soils, including nearly all upland areas that were formerly covered with forests, (3) terrace soils, which include bench lands or second bottom lands that were formed at the time of the melting of the glacier, and (4) swamp and bottom land soils, which include the overflow lands or flood plains along the streams, the swamps around some of the lakes, the poorly-drained lowlands, and the area of sand beaches deposited by Lake Chicago. The yellow-gray silt loam of the upland timber soils covers about 40 per cent of the county, the brown silt loam of the upland prairie soils about 28 per cent, and the swamp and bottom land soils about 15 per cent. It is empha- sized that the supplies of some of the necessai-y elements of fertility in the plowed soil of the most prevalent types in the county are extremely limited when measured by the needs of large crop yields. The variation among the different types of soils in the county with reference to their plant food content is also very marked. " Thus, the yellow silt loam contains in 2,000,000 lbs. of surface soil sufiicient total nitrogen for 12 ' maximum ' crops of corn, suflScient phosphorus for 31 crops, and potassium for 800 such crops; while the deep l^eat contains in 1,000.000 lbs. of surface soil, nitrogen for 217, phosphorus for 67, and potassium for only 53 com crops of 100 bu. each." It is stated that more than 90 per cent of the soils of the county contain no limestone in the surface or subsurface to a depth of 20 in. Improving Iowa's peat and alkali soils, W. H. Stevenson and P. E. Brown (Iowa Sta. Bui. 151 (1915), pp. Jf3-79, figs. i5).— This bulletin describes the peat and alkali soils of Iowa and reports fleld and laboratory studies to deter- mine methods of reclamation and cropping which will render them profltably productive. There are two classes of peat deposits in Iowa, namely, the shallow peat, varying from a few inches to 3 or 4 ft. in depth, and underlain with a clayey or muck subsoil ; and the deep peat, ranging from 5 to 15 ft. in depth. The shallow peats tested contained an abundance of lime, nitrogen, and organic matter, but the potassium and phosphorus contents were low. "The muck or clay tmder- iying the shallow peats are, however, rich in potassium and contain some phos- phorus, so that the lack of these two elements in the peat does not restrict crop production to any large extent." Field tests of the shallow peats showed that limestone, gypsum, phosphorus, and potassium applied alone or in combination in amounts in which such mate- rials are usually applied to soils produced no profitable increase in crops. These results are taken to indicate that the shallow Iowa peats do not need the addition of commercial fertilizing materials to make them productive. Methods of treatment recommended are (1) adequate drainage, (2) proper plowing and cultivation, and (3) the choice of crops best suited to such soils. Fall plowing and deep plowing are considered to be advisable for peat soils and timothy and alsike clover are thought to be the best crops to grow on reclaimed peat soil. The salt depo.sits on the surface of the alkali soils of Iowa consist mainly of calcium carbonate and sodium in the form of sulphate and bicai-bonate and occasionally nitrate. Tile drainage is considered to be the quickest method of preventing the ai)pearance of alkali in these soils and a liberal application of manure is the most effective means of removing the salts causing the alkali SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 417 deposit. The plowing under of straw and green crops is also said to be of much value. The radio-active content of certain Minnesota soils, J. C. Sanderson (Amer. Jour. ScL, 4. ser., 39 {1915), No. 232, pp. 391-391, fig. 1 ) .—Reference is made to previous work by the author (E. S. R., 25, p. 718) and others bearing on the subject, and experiments to determine the interde[)endence, if any, existing between the radio-active content and fertility of 13 Minnesota soils are reported. The apparatus and method of procedure used in determining the radium content of a soil are also described. Without exception, the very fertile soils were found to be richer in radium and thorium emanations than soils of inferior fertility, which it is stated is in accord with the results of experiments on artificial enrichment of soils. " The conclusion seems justifiable that the hygroscopic properties of a soil are a valu- able index of its fertility . . . because the presence of moisture increases the radio-active emanating power of the soil and . . . the ability to retain moisture implies fineness of texture, which also means great emanating power, so that at least part of the effect is due to a greater proportion of ' free ' radium and thorium emanations." A report on the Piedmont soils, particularly with reference to their nature, plant food requirements, and adaptability to different crops, C. B. Williams ET AL. (Bnh N. C. Dept. Agr., 36 {1915), No. 2, pp. 122. figs, i^).— This report deals briefly with the origin, topography, and drainage of the soils of the Pied- mont section of North Carolina and more fully with the soil material, soil types, chemical composition of the soils, and field tests of the fertilizer require- ments of certain of the prevailing types. This section, including about 38 per cent of the State or 11,814,700 acres of land, embraces a wide belt running in a northeast and southwest direction across the central part of the State. The topography is dominantly rolling and uneven. The soils are all of residual origin and with the exception of a few local areas have good natural surface drainage. It is stated that the soils of the region are adapted to a wide range of crops, including field, truck, and fruit crops. "While there is considerable variation, all the Piedmont soils have been found to be fairly high in potash, low in phosphoric acid, and to contain a fair amount of lime. The amount of nitrogen is usually very small. ... In most of the Piedmont soils there is sufficient potash in the surface soil to pro- duce maximum crops for a hundred years or more, while twenty to twenty-five such crops would entirely exhaust the phosphoric acid. ... As a general thing crops like corn, cotton, and wheat are not generally benefited by appli- cations of potash, but phosphoric acid first and nitrogen second, except with the Iredell loam where it is first, are the controlling constituents in increasing yields. In the use of fertilizers for the production of profitable crops or for the improvement of the soil, liberal applications of phosphates must be made, and nitrogen must also be supplied either in fertilizers or from soil-improving crops. Lime has not materially increased the yields of cereals and seed cotton, but has seemed to prove beneficial in most cases with the legumes grown on soils of this section to which lime has not been added in recent years." Crop rotations are considered necessary in the management of these soils to build up a permanent system of fertility and three, four, five, and six-year rotations are outlined. Moisture relation of Texas soils, G. S. Feaps {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7 {1915), No. 1. pp. 31-33). — Three years' percolation experiments in galvanized iron cans with 4 clays and clay loams and 4 sands and sandy loams, each being subjected to six different treatments, brought out the fact that the clays 418 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. and clay loams show little appreciable saving of moisture due to cultivation or the application of manure under Texas conditions, there being very little more percolation from cultivated and manured pots than from bai'e uncultivated pots. On the other hand, the sands and sandy loam soils showed a decided gain in moisture with cultivation and manuring, the increased percolation indicating decreased evaporation resulting from both treatments. Lavas of Hawaii and their relations, W. Cross ( U. S. Oeol. Survey, Prof. Papers No. 88 (1915), pp. 97, pis. 4). — This reix)rt describes and discusses the petrography of Hawaii. It contains information of importance in the study of lava soils, especially those of Hawaii. Soil investigations in the Liineburg Heath region, A. Ai^bert (Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdtv., U {1912), Nos. 1, pp. 2-10, iM. 3; 3, pp. 136-153, fi'g's. 2; 6, pp. 353-364; 11, pp. 655-671, fig. 1; 45 (1913), No. 4, PP- 221-237, pi. 1; 46 {1914), No. 2, pp. 82-90). — A series of investigations of the physical, chemical, and biologtcal properties of the sandy soils of the heath districts of northwest Germany, with reference to the forestation of waste portions, is reported. These soils are of two classes, namely, the gray or bleached sands and the brown sands. The bleached sands consist of a leached-out surface soil and a hard impervious subsoil resembling ortstein, which is formed by the leachings from the surface soil. This impervious layer varies in color from rust red to brownish black, varies in depth from about 12 to 14 in. in diluvial sands and from about 20 to 39 in. in alluvial sands, and frequently runs into an extensive layer of bowlders. The brown sands occupy the higher elevations and have a higher content of fine matter than the gray sands. The topsoil does not have a leached-out appearance, the hardpan subsoil is usually absent, and no sharp transitions occur between layers. The sand grains are covered with a brown layer consisting of iron and humus compounds. Shallow cultivation, crop rotations consisting of legumes followed by rye or potatoes, and artificial fertilization are suggested as being the proper treatments for both of these soils before tree planting. The vertical soil zones in mountainous Russia, W. P. Smirnoff {Internat. Mitt. Bodenk., 4 {1914), No. 4-5, pp. 405-417, fig. i).— This article discusses the theory of the zonal distribution of soil types in Russia proposed by Dokouchayev (B. S. R., 12, pp. 704, 807), and reports the general results of a soil survey made in Turkestan and Altai in which particular attention was paid to the vertical distribution of the types. It was found that the theory proposed by Dokouchayev is, with slight modifications, applicable to the scheme of vertical distribution in the Altai region. The opinion is expressed that the common laws governing the life of a soil tyiie will hold good several thousand feet above sea level and that when clearly defined for a certain region will afford a safe basis for further study of soil tyiies. Chemical composition of the alluvial soils of the Falcat basin, Eritrea, A. Maugini {Agr. Colon. [Italy], 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-24, pl- i).— Studies of the origin and physical and chemical proi)erties of the soils of this region are reported, and the possibilities of their agricultural utilization, especially by the aid of irrigation, are discussed. The soils are of alluvial origin, are of considerable depth, very uniform in texture, and contain a high percentage of fine particles. Their physical struc- ture is in most cases favorable to cultivation and their permeability varies according as the sandy or clay particles predominate. In the more compact soils capillary action is very intense during dry seasons. Most of the soils are deficient in calcium carbonate but contain considerable organic matter and phosphoric acid and potash, chiefly in insoluble condition. They are also more or less highly impregnated with soluble alkali salts, of which sodium and SOILS FERTILIZERS. 419 magnesium chlorids predominate. Tlie deficiency in calcium carbonate and the presence of quantities of soluble salts are thought to retard bacterial activities in the soil, especially with reference to the transformation of organic matter. As regards alkalinity the soils are divided into two classes, viz., those made alkaline by sea water and those characteristic of alkaline soils in arid regions. The sodium chlorid content of the soils was found to vary within wide limits, according to the elevation, stratification, and physical structure of the soil. Near the sea the salt content increased with the depth, while the reverse was true with other soils subjected to annual inundation. The relations between irrigation and alkali accumulation are also discussed and conditions in the basin are compared with similar conditions in this and other countries. It is stated that the irrigation of these alkali soils with the more or less salty Falcat water presents a problem which can only be solved by proper drainage and cultural treatment. Investigations on usar land in the United Provinces, J. W. Leather (Alla- haJjad, India: Govt., 1914, pp. 88, pis. 68, fig. 1). — This report, in three parts, contains the results of investigations into the characteristics of certain classes of alkali land in the United Provinces in India. The first part deals with unproductive irrigated soils in the neighborhood of Bhadan. These soils were found to contain a certain amount of sodium car- bonate and bicarbonate but no other alkali salts, and are water-logged to a depth of about 7 to 9 ft. The results of the investigation seem to indicate that the alkali in the soil is .a product of the soil itself and is not deposited by the canal water. It is thought possible to reclaim some of these lands by lowering the ground-water level and maintaining about 2 ft. of water on the surface for a period of six months or a year. The second part reports experiments on the reclamation of alkali soils. The application of gypsum was the only really effective method of reclamation tested, and the cost of this was prohibitive. Deep and thorough cultivation with heavy manuring was unsuccessful and scraping off the salts was found to be prac- tically useless. The third part reports comparative investigations of alkali soils under canal and well irrigation. The conclusions drawn are that " in respect of frequency, infertility, nature and amount of salts, or physical condition, there is substan- tially no difference between the soil of the usar [alkali] patch which has been under canal irrigation for many years and that which has never been subject to this influence at all." Descriptions of the methods of investigation employed, tables of analytical data, and maps and charts are appended. Description of the soil types within the boundaries of the " Banjoemas " residency, Java, P. W. Houtman {Meded. Proefstat. Java-t^uilcerindus., 5 (1914), No. 2, pp. 13-28, pis. 7; Arch. Suikerindus. Nederland. Indie, 22 {1914), No. 50, pp. 1791-1806, pis. 7). — This report briefly describes the geography and geology of the residency, and discusses the soils mainly with reference to origin and physical and chemical properties. These are divided into seven groups and consist of volcanic and alluvial material, silts, and clays having textures vary- ing from heavy to light, and lateric formations. Tables of analyses and soil maps accompany the report. Recent soil investigation in the Cape Province, C. F. Juritz (Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 5 (1913), No. 6, pp. 856-870; 6 (1913), Nos. 1, pp. 38-49; 2, pp. 337-345; 3, pp. 455-461; 5, pp. 785-791; 6, pp. 934-939; 7 (1914), No. 1, pp. 62-67). — This article reports the results of additional investigations of the soils of Cape Colony (E. S. R., 20, p. 1014). Analyses of about 272 soil samples col- 420 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, lected from 36 districts are reported and discussed, mainly with reference to I)hysical and chemical composition. The improvement of lands and intensive exploitation of the soil, E. Catzeflis {Bill. Union Agr. Egypte, 11 (1913), No. 101, pp. 2U-249; 12 {19U), Nos. 102, pp. 11-17; 105, pp. 117-122). — This article discusses the economic aspect of the physical, mechanical, and chemical improvement of the soils in the northern part of the Egyptian Delta. A study of some physical properties of soils, R. Trnka (Internat. Mitt. Bodenlc, 4 {1914), No. 4-5, pp. 363-387, figs. 3).— The results of studies of methods of determining volume weight and porosity of soils ai"e reported. It is pointed out that methods of determining volume weight in which the original soil structure has been disturbed are usually inaccurate, and it is con- cluded that the method worked out by the author and A. Slavik of determining A'olume weight by the water displacement of a clod in original condition which has been given a waterproof coating by dipping in melted paraffin is more nearly exact and more practicable. On the groinid that the determination of porosity depends on the correct determination of volume weight and specific weight, it is further concluded that the method of using a paraffin coated clod in natural condition should also be applicable for determining porosity. An apparatus for accurately measuring water disi:)lacement is described. The adsorptive power of soils, P. Rohland {Internat. Mitt. BodenJc., 4 {1914), No. 4-5, PP- 393-404). — Substantially the same views are expressed in this as in previous articles along the same line (E. S. R., 31, p. 514; 32, p. 318). On. osmosis in soils, C. J. Lynde and J. V. Dupej& {Jour. Amer. 8oc. Agron., 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 15-19, fig. 1; Proc. and Trans. Roy. 8oc. Canada, 3. ser., 8 {1914). Sect. Ill, pp. 133-138, fig. 1). — This article reviews previous work on osmosis in soils (E. S. R., 29, p. 124), and reports further experiments in which a column of very fine soil was used as a semipermeable membrane and a concentrated soil solution as the active solution. With a column of soil approximately 2.5 in. deep an osmotic pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a column of water 11.5 ft, high was observed. " The results indicate that the pressures observed are not due to the swelling of the soil column . . . [but] are due to osmosis as follows: (1) The semipermeable membranes used in investigations on osmotic pressure are colloids, (2) there is strong evidence that the action of semipermeable membranes is one ,of unequal absorption. One liquid is absorbed more readily than the other and the movement is toward the liquid least absorbed." The consistency curves of mineral soils, S. Johansson and A. Atterbeeg {Internat. Mitt. BodenJc, 4 {1914), No. 4-5, pp. 418-431, figs. 13).— In continua- tion of work along the same general lines (E. S. R., 28, pp. 320, 620), studies are reported of different mineral soils with reference to their consistencies with variable water content. Twenty-five so-called consistency curves showing the water content and the corresponding consistency are given and discussed. At approximately the middle of each curve is found a sharp knee and from this the curve extends in both directions in the form of a hyperbola. The posi- tion of this knee with reference to consistency varies for different soils, being highest for the clays and lowest for the loams. To the left of the knee the curve rises rapidly as it approaches the ordinate or consistency axis for the heavy loams and clays, while for the lighter soils it is more nearly parallel to the abscissa or water content axis. To the right of the knee the curve is the longest for clays and the shortest for loams. These consistency curves indicate at what water content a soil is most easily tilled. They show that most loams are tillable at all water contents from zero to 14 or 20 per cent and that only the heaviest loams are not tillable SOILS FERTILIZERS. 421 when dry. The less i)l;istic clays may be classed with the heavier loams and may be tilled with a water content of from 5 to 13 per cent, but require rela- tively more power than the loams. The highly plastic clays can be tilled only with high water content and in that condition are too soft to permit good work. It is further pointed out that the knee of the curve corresponds to the shrinking limit of soils on drying. Further studies of consistency curves with reference to soil classification are to be made. Some dynamic processes in soils in the region of the distribution of frozen soils, K. NiKiFOROv (Pochvoriedi^nic (PMologie), No. 2 {1912); ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Rms. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 14 (1913), No. 5, pp. 456, 457). — This article describes certain peculiar phenomena connected with the escape of water resulting from summer thawing. This water accumulates between different layers of the soil, and when the winter freezing begins the increased pressure upon the localized water-bearing areas forces the water to the surface either gradually through outcropping of ice or rapidly with the bursting of the upper frozen layer. In either case the properties of the soil are more or less profoundly affected. Soil analysis, C. T. Gimingham (Jour. Bath and West and South. Counties Sac, 5. ser., 8 (1913-14), pp. 142-147; Univ. Bristol, Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Hort. Research Sta., 1913, pp. 103-107). — This article discusses the practical value of soil analysis to the agriculturist and horticulturist and indicates some of the considerations which must be taken into account by the analyst. Relation of chemical composition to soil fertility, G. S. Feaps (Jour. Amer. 8oc. Agron., 7 (1915), No. 1, pp. 33-36).— It is stated that experiments at the Texas Experiment Station indicate that there is a relation between the total nitrogen and the active (soluble in fifth-normal nitric acid) phosphoric acid and potash of the soil and the soil deficiencies as shown in pot experiments. Alkali in soils, J. W. Paterson (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 11 (1913), No. 5, pp. 288-299, figs. 6). — The common alkali salts occurring in soils are described and remedial measures discussed, particularly the use of gypsum for black alkali and proper land drainage for white alkali. Organic matter in soils (Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 2 (1914), pp. 55-64)- — In this article the changes undergone by organic matter in the soil and the effects produced in the soil by these changes are discussed. With reference to tea culture it is stated that fine textured soils containing over 50 per cent of silt, fine silt, and clay should contain about 10 per cent of organic matter. Coarser textured soils containing over 50 per cent of coarse and fine sand require not less than 5 per cent of organic matter. It is also stated that an abundance of organic matter in a soil is likely to prevent attacks of white ants. On nitrification: Preliminary observations, E. R. Allen and A. Bonazzi (Ohio Sta. Tech. Bui. 7 (1915)., pp. 42, figs. 6).— So-called physiological studies of the nitrifying bacteria of soils are reported, together with brief reviews of the work of others bearing on the subject. A bibliography is appended. In experiments on the nitrifying power of soils taken from representative plats at the station to determine the effect of soil treatments in cropping, it was found that the nitrifying power of naturally noncalcareous soils was rather feeble as compared with naturally calcareous soils, even after receiving moderate applications of ground limestone, but that very heavy applications of ground limestone imparted a high nitrifying power. The results of these ex- periments are also taken to indicate that the nitrifying power of the soil may or may not correlate with its crop-producing power, it being considered pos- 422 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. sible that the conditions limiting the growth of hlghex' plants in one case may be different from those in another. Continuous cropping, especially without fertilization, reduced the nitrifying power of the soils. "Although the possi- bility of the production of toxic material is not eliminated, it seems that in the plats studied the deleterious effects of continuous cropping on higher plants, as well as on the bacteria, are closely connected with the nitrogen relations." The results of nitrification studies in solutions, using the Omelianslii solu- tions to which were added portions of greenhouse soils from the station, indi- cate that the organisms producing nitrification in these soils are Micrococcus nitriflcans and Bacillus nitriflcans. The growth of the nitrite formers was much more feeble in solution than was that of the nitrate formers. Aqueous extracts of ignited and nonignited soils used when reinforced by the regular mineral nutrients possessed no superiority over Omelianski's nutrient solution for the growth of the nitrate producer. The results of nitrification studies in porous media led to the conclusion that soil, particularly ignited soil, as a medium possesses the property of sup- porting nitrification better than sand. A critical consideration of the present methods of studying nitrification led to the conclusion that " the methods in vogue for studying the process of nitrification . . . contain many errors, which must be largely eliminated before the problem of soil bacteriological differences can be satisfactorily attacked." Action of oligodynamic elements on the nitrifying bacteria, C. Montanari (Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital., ]ft (19U), No. 6, pp. U1-U8).— The author briefly reviews the work of others bearing on the subject, and reports experiments on the effect of the dioxid, sulphate, and carbonate of manganese on nitrification in different soils treated with ammonium sulphate. Nitrification was apparently stimulated in the soils treated with the dioxid and carbonate of manganese, particularly in the case of a sand washed with hydrochloric acid and distilled water. Manganous sulphate stimulated nitrifi- cation much less than the other manganese compounds and was often detri- mental. As a result of further experiments, the stimulation of nitrification by the dioxid and carbonate of manganese is attributed to the oxygen introduced directly by the former and indirectly by the latter rather than to any catalytic action of the element manganese. Note on nitrification in the peat soil in the vicinity of Laon, CoQuinfi (Conipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Parisi, 160 {1915), No. 7, pp. 253-255).— Several plats of uncultivated peat soil in natural condition were fertilized with different combinations of potassium chlorid, kainit, sodium nitrate, and slag to determine the effect of fertilization, particularly with nitrates, on the natural vegetation. Each fertilizer when used alone had an effect on the vegetation, but nitrates were especially effective in increasing the growth. Favorable results were obtained with mixtures containing the three fertilizing elements, but where nitrate was excluded the results were unsatisfactoi'y- Observations on the formation and layer distribution of nitrates in soils with different nitrogen fertilizers, V. I. Tkachenko {Ehosiaistvo, Nos. 37-40 (1912) ; al)s. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.). 14 (1913), No. 6, p. 585). — In a study of the amount and distribution of nitrates at different depths in the soil from .Tune 27 to September 9, 1911, and from April S to May 10, 1912, it was found that the minimum amount of nitrate was present in the latter part of August and the earlier part of September, but no direct connec- tion between nitrate and temperature and moistui'e was observed. Fertilizing with nitrate of soda in general increased the nitrate content of the soil, but not in all cases. Cyanamid and ammonium sulphate increased the ac- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 423 cumulation of nitrates in the soil to a greater extent than sodium nitrate. There was little leaching of nitrates during rainy periods and this was not noticeable in any case below 25 to 50 cm. The observations in the spring of 1912 were made on the same plats used in the earlier experiments which had in the meantime been seeded to winter wheat. In general, considerably less nitrate was found than during the preceding sum- mer. The loss of nitrates by leaching was less pronounced on plats fertilized with nitrogenous materials and which, therefore, had a heavier growth of wheat. The prevention of loss from manure heaps in winter and early spring', E. J. Russell and E. H. Richards {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 21 (1914), No. 9, pp. S00-S07, fig. 1; als. in Jour. Soc. Chein. Indus., 34 {1915), No. 2, p. 93).— Observations were made on the losses of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in heaps of manure stored in the open and under shelter. Of two heaps stored in the open, one lest 25 per cent of its nitrogen from January to April and the other 33 per cent of its nitrogen fi'om November to May. The loss of nitrogen fell most heavily on the easily available portion, that is, the ammonia and the amids. There was a loss of about 8 per cent of the phosphoric acid. In the case of the manure stored under cover, the loss of nitrogen was 6.9 in one case and 7.9 ;n the other, and there was no loss of phosphoric acid. The experiments indicated that rain was the most potent source of loss. That the loss is not due to leaching was shown by experiments in which the manure heap was artificially watered but not to the extent of causing increased leach- ing. The artificial watering caused a large loss of nitrogen as compared with the unsprinkled manure heap. The conclusion is reached that the loss of nitrogen fi-om an exposed manure heap is not due to volatilization of amaionia to the extent that it is generally supposed to be nor entirely to leaching, but that a considerable proportion of the loss is due to the fact that nitrates are formed on the surface of the manure; these nitrates are washed down by the rainfall into the interior of the heap and are rapidly decomposed with the escape of free nitrogen. Observa- tions are also reported which indicate that considerable loss in nitrogen results from any turning over or moving of the manure heap, but the cause of this was not established. The results in general indicate that losses in manure can be practically pre- vented by compacting and storing under cover. They show that the pumping of liquid manure on to a manure heap does not reduce the loss. Purification of sewag'e by aeration in the presence of activated sludge, E. Bartow and F. W. Mohlman {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 4, pp. 318-320, figs. 3). — This is an account of experiments carried on in the laboratory of the Illinois State Water Survey at the University of Illinois test- ing a modification of Fowler's aeration method for the treatment of sewage. As a result of the treatment there was obtained a sludge containing large numbers of microscopic animals, predominant among which was an annelid worm {Aeolosoma hemprichi), which appear to play an important part in the reduction of the sludge. Analyses of the sludge showed 95.54 per cent of water ; the dry matter contained 6.3 per cent of nitrogen, 1.44 of phosphorus, and 4 of fat. In pot tests in comparison with an equivalent amount of nitrogen from dried blood the experiments with the sludge showed better growth at the end of IS days than those with dried blood and much better than those with no added nitrogen. Can sewage sludge be made valuable as a fertilizer? {Engin. Neios, IS (1915), No. 12, p. 593). — Brief reference is made to the experiments noted 6318°— No. 5—15 3 424 EXPERIMENT STATIOjST EECOED. above in which a practically inodorous sludge of high fertilizing value was ob- tained by forcing air through sewage tanks. Analyses of guano, A. Hutin {Ann. Chim. Analyt., 19 (1914), No. 9-12, pp. 332, 333; ahs. in Chem. AJ)s., 9 {1915), No. 5, p. 684). — ^Analyses of six samples of guanos recently collected on the Chincha Islands are reported. In these the nitrogen varied from 2.98 to 9.3 per cent, the phosi^horic acid from 7.73 to 9.02, and the potash from 2.47 to 4.08. Prohibition of collection of g'uano in the Ballestas Islands, Peru {Riqueza Agr. [Lima, Peru], 4 {1914), No. 27, pp. 161-163; abs. in Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Romel, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 12, pp. 1565, 1566). — In view of the increasing consumption of fertilizers in Peruvian agri- culture and the insufficiency of the supply of guano available for this purpose, the Peruvian Government issued a decree February 5, 1914, prohibiting the exploitation of the guano deposits of the Ballestas Islands for three years, after which period they are to be worked entirely for domestic consumption. The preparation of fertilizer from kelp, J. W. Turkentine {Amer. Pert., 42 {1915), No. 5, pp. 37-42).— This article deals briefly with the distribution, amounts, composition, and fertilizer value of the Pacific coast kelps, and dis- cusses the feasibility from an industrial standpoint of making a fertilizer by drying and grinding the kelp. The results of the study of composition of the different kinds of kelp common on the Pacific coast indicates that the potassium content of Nereocystis is greater than that of Maci'ocystis, and that while the potassium content of the northern kelp is higher than that of the southern there is no marked difference in the iodin content of the two. Proximity to the mouth of a fresh water stream had no appreciable effect upon the potash and nitrogen content of the kelp, and there was no essential difference between the potash and nitrogen content of fronds and stipes. The average of the analyses of wet kelp showed water 85 per cent, nitrogen 0.3, potash 2.5, and phosphoric acid 0.2. In the author's opinion kelp can, in the beginning at least, be most advan- tageously prepared for use as a fertilizer by drying and grinding. Methods of preparing such a fertilizer are described and data for the cost of the processes are given. The utilization of air nitrogen for fertilizing purposes, A. Kkaisy (^ZtscJir. Ver. Deut. Zuckerindus., No. 706 {1914), II, pp. 911-926, figs. ^),— The develop- ment of the manufacture of nitrogen compounds from the air is briefly re- viewed, and the principles upon which the leading processes for this purpose are based are discussed. A list of factories in operation in 1913 with their estimated output is given. The cyanamid process, F. S. Washburn {Anter. Pert., 42 {1915), No. 7, pp. 21-29). — The recent development and present status of this process are dis- cussed. The Kalusz kainit, W. Kolski {Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsiv. Osterr., 17 {1914), No. 12, pp. 892-901; abs. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. S, pp. 390, 391). — Numerous analyses showing potash, lime, magnesia, chlorin, and sulphuric acid in the kainit from the Kalusz deposits in Galicia are reported. The potash averaged about 10 per cent, the sulphuric acid 17.5, and the chlorin about 29. Many of the samples contained small amounts of manganese. Does fertilizing with, kainit conserve water? Gerlach and Schikorra {Mitt. Kaiser Wilhclins Inst. Landiv. Bromberg, 6 {1915), No. 5, pp. 368-381, 389-393). — Several series of experiments are reported which show that appli- cations of as much as 1,0G9 lbs. per acre of kainit, which is more than is ordi- narily applied in practice, exerted no observable effect on evaporation of water AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 425 from the soil and plant, and that absorption of water vapor, by soil was but slightly increased (about 98 lbs. per acre). The evaporation of water from the soil and plant was not influenced by kainit fertilizing, either absolutely or relatively, so long as there was no increase in yield of crop. When there was an increase in yield, however, there was a reduction in the relative utilization of water. This, however, is an effect not confined exclusively to potash salts, but is shown by fertilizing materials in general when an increase of yield results from their use. The composition of muds from Columbus Marsh, Nevada, W. B. Hicks {U. 8. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper No. 95-A {1915), pp. 11, fig. 1).—An investi- gation of these muds as a possible source of potash is reported. Analyses of water from wells sunk to varying depths in the muds, as well as of surface muds, indicate the presence of small amounts of potash associated with large amounts of sodium chlorid and other salts, principally sulphates, carbonates, and borates. The high percentages of soluble salts in the muds usually corresponded to low percentages of potash in the salts. " It is believed that a large part of the potassium in the muds has been absorbed from sur- rounding or percolating solutions and is held in a loosely combined form, probably by colloids. Such a conclusion offers an explanation of the apparent disappearance of the potassium from the brines and saline deposits of the desert-basin regions." The manufacture of fluosilicates and their use, A. Hutin (Rev. Chim. Indus., 25 {1914), No. 295, pp. 188, 189; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 34 {1915), No. 2, p. 93). — Attention is called to the fact that most mineral phos- phates contain fluorin, which in the manufacture of superphosphate is con- verted into hydrofluosilicie acid and allowed to go to waste. A simple and cheap method of preventing this waste is described. The method consists essentially of drawing the gases from the superphosphate chamber through a lead-lined tower in which they meet a spray of brine, resulting in the forma- tion of sodium silicofluorid, which can be separated by filtration. Contributions of the chemist to the fertilizer industry, H. W. Wallace (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 {1915), No. 4, p. 281). — ^This is a brief state- ment of the role which the chemist has played in building up the fertilizer industry. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. ITutritional physiology of higher plants, V. Geafe {Erndhrungsphysiolo- gisches PraktiJcum dcr hoheren Pflanzen. Berlin: Paul Parey, 1914, pp. X+494, figs. 186). — ^This book is intended as an aid to laboratox-y work, and its field lies somewhat between that of the usual laboratory courses in plant physiology, on the one hand, and that of a methodology for biochemical investigations, on the other, dealing more particularly with the chemical and physical phases of the nutritional physiology of plants. It is intended primarily for the use of scientific investigators, and secondarily for scientific agriculturists and stu- dents. It covers a wide range of technique related to the factors, processes, and products concerned in higher plant life. Nutritive exchanges in plants. The role of protoplasm, P. MAzfi {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 159 {1914), No. 24, pp. 809-811).— In order to test the role of protoplasm in the nutritive exchange of plants with their external medium, the action of heat on maize and of chloroform on beets was employed. The effects as tabulated are held to show that it is the protoplasm which regulates the nutritive relations of the plant with the external medium, inde- pendently of osmosis. 426 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD The plurality of starches, C. Tanret (Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ei. [Parisi, 159 (1914), No. 13, pp. 530-532). — In continuation of previous studies (B. S. R., 31, p. 828) the author has investigated some of the jihysical qualities of starch, particularly the effect of heat. Starches derived from 16 different sources were submerged in a water bath at temperatures varying from 35 to 90° C. and also at boiling temperature. The results indicate that starches from differ- ent plants vary quite decidedly in their physical attributes. Som.e recent work on plant oxidases, W. R. G. Atkins (Sci. Prog. Tioentieth Cent., 9 (1914), No. 33, pp. 112-126). — ^A critical review is given of recent pub- lications relating to the nature of plant oxidases, their physiological function, distribution in relation to pigmentation, and role in plant pathology, and the bearing of oxidase investigations on technology. Lipase in the germinating coconut, M. L. Roxas (Philippine Agr. and For- ester, 3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 33-39). — The results are given of a study in which the author found that lipase was present both as an enzym and a zymogen in germinating coconuts. It occurs mainly in the outer part of the haustorium, smaller amounts being found in the water of the coconut and in the inner surface of the endosperm. Correlation between the anatomical coeflicients of maize and its size and nitrogen content, S. Moskvichev (Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Riiss. Jour. Expt. Lamlw.), 15 (1914), No. 4, pp. 266-281) .—Fvom a study of five varieties of maize, the author concludes that cell size shows a positive correlation with height of this plant, but a negative correlation with nitrogen percentage. The effect of detasseling maize, E. Heckel (Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris'], 159 (1914), No. 16, pp. 595-597).— In a previous publication (E. S. R., 28, p. 225) the author showed that there was a considerable increase in sugar content of the stalks of maize after the removal of the staminate and pistillate flowers. These experiments have been continued with the same general results. It was noted, however, that all plants did not behave in a uniform manner. In a planting made of giant Serbian maize, while showing in some instances an increase in glucose and saccharose in the stems after detasseling, the average sugar content of the detasseled lot was below that of the check lot grown under similar conditions. Selections have been made of the high-yielding individuals, and breeding experiments are in progress to learn whether increased sugar con- tent can be transmitted to the progeny. A biochemical study of nitrogen in certain legumes, A. L. Whiting (Illinois Sta. Bui. 179 (1915), pp. 469-542, figs. 23; Bui. 179, ahs. (1914), PP. S, figs. 2). — ^After giving a r6sum6 of information relating to the biology of nitrogen assimilation through Bacillus radicicola, the author describes experi- ments conducted to determine through- which organs the legumes obtain their nitrogen from the aii', and the relative percentages of nitrogenous compounds in the various parts of the soy bean and covsqiea at definite periods of growth. As indicated in the first series of experiments, carried on with soy beans and cowpeas, the plants were grown under control conditions. One lot received a definite proportion of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxid, a second oxygen and carbon dioxid, while a third received ordinary air. As the result of these experiments it was found that the cowpea and soy bean utilize atmospheric nitrogen through their roots and not through their leaves. Under the conditions of the exi)eriments no combined nitrogen could have been assimilated. In the second series of investigations the total nitrogen determinations showed that about 74 per cent of the nitrogen of cowpeas and soy beans at the time of harvest is in the tops, while the remainder is distributed between the roots and the nodules. In the earlier periods of growth the roots contain the larger part of the nitrogen. The percentage of soluble nitrogen varies with the dif- AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 427 fereut parts of the plant and the period of growth. The nitrogen precipitated hy phosphotuugstic acid was determined for different parts of the plant, and other forms of soluble nitrogen than those precipitated by phosphotungstic acid and sodium hydroxid were found to occur. Fixation was found to take place at a very early period in the growth of the seedling, sometimes within 14 days, and in some cases was quite rapid, especially with cowpeas. Plants grown under the conditions of these experiments were found to contain no ammonia, nitrites, or nitrates, as measured by the most accurate chemical methods. The protective action, ag-ainst magnesium carbonate, of calcium carbonate for Azotobacter chroococcum, C. B. Lipman and P. S. Buegess (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 (1914), No. Jf, pp. 484-J,9S).— The authors have studied the effects, separately and together, of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate on nitrogen fixation by A. chroococcum. They state that while the first is stimu- lating and never toxic to this organism in concentrations up to 2 per cent in mannite solution cultures, the second is sharply toxic thereto in concentra- tions above 0.1 to 0.2 per cent in such cultures. While the calcium salt in soil cultures is without effect when present in amounts up to 1.4 per cent of dry soil weight, wlien it becomes slightly toxic in Anaheim sandy soil, the magne- sium is even more toxic in such soil cultures than in solution cultures. The toxic efi'ect of magnesium carbonate is ascribed to the magnesium ion. Calcium carbonate exercises a protective influence in solution cultures and soil cultures for A. chroococcum against the toxic properties of magnesium carbonate. The optimum ratios found of these two components are 6 : 1 and 15:1 in these two media, respectively, when the absolute values of the two components employed are 1.25 and 0.2 per cent in solution and 1.5 and 0.1 per cent in soil cultures. Study of the gas exchange and the variation of sugars and glucosids during the course of the formation of anthocyanic pigments in the flowers of Cobaea scandens, E. Rose (Rev. G4n. Bot., 26 (1914), No. 307, pp. 257-210).— A brief account of this investigation has been previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 427). Investigations on the penetration of violet and ultraviolet rays in various plant organs, P. A. Dangeaed (Bui. Soc. Bot. France, 61 (Wl/f), No. 1-3, pp. 99-103). — The author reports investigations on the penetration of violet and ultraviolet rays through the tissues of various plant organs. It was found that different species of plants behaved quite differently toward the different wave lengths of the lights, some of the wave lengths readily penetrating leaves, while others were greatly reduced or entirely prevented from passing through. Hairy leaves retarded penetration more than glaucous or smooth ones. The action of Salton Sea water on vegetable tissues, M. A. Bbannon (Car- negie Inst. Washington Pulj. 193 (1914), PP- 71-78, pis. 3). — ^This is a fuller report than that already noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 431), on the anatomical study of dead plants submerged for one to five years in the Salton Sea, on the bac- terial study of the water, and on the processes engendered in fresh woods kept in such waters at room temperature. Woody plants submerged in the Salton Sea were decorticated in about one year. Fresh woods kept in Salton water showed a breaking down in the zone of meristematic cells, but sterilized specimens kept in such water did not decorticate during ten months. An organism belonging to the Amylobacter group was isolated, which pro- duces an enzym capable of hydrolyzing pectins. Woods emerging annually from 1907 to 1911 showed no breaking down of cell walls in any portion. It is believed that the action of this water on 428 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. woody plant tissues is related to liydrolyzing agents of bacterial origin. No evidence of petrifaction was noted. The relative action of cold on herbaceous plants, W. Russell (Bui. Soc. Bot. France, 61 {1914), No. IS, pp. 113-118, figs. 1). — Observations are given on the effect of freezing on herbaceous and semiherbaceous plants in the vicinity of Paris during the winter of 1913-14. This winter is said to have been espe- cially severe, and wbile perennial plants were not seriously affected, herba- ceous ones whose growth had been prolonged late into the fall were destroyed. The author found that ice formed within plant tissues caused modifications de- pendent upon the form of the cells. Where the ice occurred in superficial cells, but little injury resulted, but where it was formed deep within the tissues, espe- cially within the vessels and parenchyma surrounding them, the death of the plant usually followed. It was also found that certain cells could continue living for a time although the rest of the plant was killed, and that there could be temporary growth of organs although the members on which they depended were dead. Further studies of the effects of smoke from towns upon vegetation in the surrounding areas, C. Crowther and D. W. Steuart (Jour. Agr. 8ci. [England'], 6 (1914), No. 4, pp. 395-405). — The authors have extended the studies previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 126) by making attempts to measure directly the effects of atmospheric pollution upon trees and upon crops grown on agricultural land near the city of Leeds, and they give some details thereof, with the general effects of air-borne impurities. In case of trees, individual buds may be injured so that they open late, if at all. Leaves are injured at any stage, but particularly when young, and if they are injured for several successive seasons the tree becomes sickly and gradually dies away, the forms of progi'essive injury being described. Conifers are more susceptible than deciduous trees, and both are more so than are most farm crops. As regards cultivated crops, heavier tillage is required in the smoky district. Hedges also are injured and wire fences, metallic roofing, etc., are less durable. The finer and more valuable grasses tend to die out. Young leaves of cereals may redden or bleach at the points, the shoots are thinner, the crops are more uneven in ripening, and the grain is impaired as to appearance, quality, and market value. The detrimental action of smoke, etc., is at its height in damp weather under conditions favoring accumulation of smoke gases over the growing crops. Quick- growing plants with thick leaves best resist the influence of the smoke. Fruits do not bear well or thrive. Some late vegetables suffer more than early ones. With a few exceptions noted, ornamental flowers die out or fail to do well in this region. The seed coat of clover, V. Fominykh (Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 (1914), No. 4, pp. 294-316, figs. 15).— A study of the seed coats of red clover has led to the conclusion that a thick seed coat is not char- acteristic of sound and full seeds, but that this character diminishes germi- nability. A glossy seed coat is an indication of sound and full seed, but this appearance may be impaired or lost by injury in threshing. Ripeness of seed is indicated by a violet or dark blue-green color, which is lost, however, in unfavorable situations, such as excessive moisture. A gray-brown color and shriveling of the seed coats show correlation with quick germination, but not necessarily with high quality of stock. On the origin of cultivated rice, A. Chevalier and O. Rcehrich (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sd. [Paris], 159 (1914), No. 14, pp. 560-562) .—The authors have made a study of rice plants growing in Asia and Africa, comparing the species FIELD CROPS. 429 growing spontaneously with tlao forms generally grouped under the name Oryza sativa in Asia. Of the numerous spontaneous species in Asia only one is said to resemble O. sativa. From Africa four species are described, some of which are cultivated, that differ in taxonomic characters from the cultivated rice usually referred to O. sativa. Among the species described from Africa are O. latifolia, 0. brevilir gulata, 0. brachtjantha, and O. longistaminata. Plant chimaeras, M. Skene {Sci. Prog. Twentieth Cent., 9 {191ff), No. 33, pp. 127-134). — ^ popular account is given of a number of plant chimteras, or gi*aft hybrids, as they are sometimes called, beginning with Cytisus adami and em- bracing a number of other forms, among them the so-called graft hybrids of Solanum produced by Winkler (E. S. R., 21, p. 320). Spore plants, L. K. Rosenvinge (Sporeplanterne {Eryptogamerne) . Copen- hagen: G yldcndalske Boghandel NordisJc Forlag, 1913, pp. 7+38S, figs. 513). — This is a discussion, arranged according to class, order, family, and genus, of typical or important thallophytes and archegoniates, with a glossary and index. Flora of the vicinity of New York, N. Tatlob (Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 5 (1915), pp. VI +683, pis. 9).— This volume deals with the distribution of the flora of southeastern New York, Long Island, the State of Connecticut, eastern Pennsylvania, and the State of New Jersey. The edaphic and climatic factors are discussed at length. FIELD CROPS. Field management and crop rotation, E. C. Parker (St. Paul, Minn.: Wehb Publishing Co., 1915, pp. 507, figs. 100). — This book is primarily a text-book, but may serve also as a reference book. It covers the subjects of history, rota- tions and plans, commercial fertilizers, and experimental evidence, with chap- ters on soil productivity, soil inoculation, seed selection, fungus diseases, and weeds. A group of problems and practicums concludes each chapter. A hand chart of farm crops, S. D. Semenow (East Lansing, Mich.: Author, 1915, folio). — ^A chart containing data as to time of seeding, method and depth of planting, preparation of seed bed, soil adaptability, time of harvest, average yield per acre, and disease and enemies, compiled for 39 of the more important field crops. The work of the Huntley reclamation project experiment farm in 1914, D. Hansen ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Huntley Expt. Farm, 1914, pp. 23, figs. 8). — ^This bulletin reports work in progress (E. S. R., 31, p. 828) conducted by several offices in the Bureau of Plant Industry cooperating with the Montana Experiment Station. Climatic and crop conditions for the year are noted, including plans of the experimental farm and a detailed statement of the numbers of live stock on the project. Yields in crop rotation experiments that include alfalfa, sugar beets, potatoes, oats, wheat, corn, and flax are given. Results of pasturing hogs on alfalfa show a return of $76.88 per acre, and on corn of $62.72 per acre in i)ork produced. The average net values of the crops of alfalfa and nurse crops from different methods of seeding alfalfa, with nurse crops cut for hay and for grain, early seeding, late seeding, and seeding in 18-in. rows, are, respectively, $45.68, $54.46, $43.86, $39.96, and $33.73. The cost of production for the various methods ranged, respectively, as follows: $34.12, $32.18 to $37.86, $29.04 to $36.06, $26.02 to $33.78, and $23.23 to $31.46 per acre. The results of a time-of-harvesting test show that there were no consistent differences in the yields of the second crop due to delay in harvesting the first crop. On plats where four crops were harvested the total yield was much 430 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED, greater tlian the total yield from plats cut only tliree times. It is noted, Iiow- ever, that the yields of the fourth crop were higher than can be expected in an ordinary season, since the date of the first frost was nearly three weeks later than usual. The determinations of shrinkage of alfalfa cut at different dates " indicate that the amount of shrinkage in the second and third crops was slightly more than in the first. There was no very consistent difiierence in the amount of shrinkage in the first crop as the length of the growing period increased, although the shrinkage was less in the pair of plats cut last than in those which were harvested earlier. The average shrinkage for the three crops was 76.3 per cent, which is within 0.2 per cent of the average obtained on the same plats in 1913." Methods of seed production are briefly noted. Of ten methods of eradicating alfalfa, that of plowing from 4 to 5 in. deep when the third crop was about 2 in. high, and floating and reiJlowing from 8 to 10 in. deep six weeks later proved the most successful, the eradication being practically complete, as only two plants per square rod were found the following June, and none by November. A test of separate pasture grasses showed that " excellent stands of all of the grasses were secured except timothy, Kentucky blue grass, redtop, and western wheat grass. The grasses that produced the best growth and largest quantities of hay during 1913 and 1914 were awnless brome grass, meadow fescue, tall fescue, orchard grass, and tall oat grass." The results of pasturing tests on mixtures of these grasses were very satisfactory. Two cows were carried through the season on three-fourths of an acre. An experiment with sugar beets covering width-of-row and distance-of-thin- ning tests showed the highest yields by planting the rows 24 in. apart and thinning to 8 in. in the row, the average yield from this spacing being 18.68 tons per acre as against a general average of 16.89 tons. The control of the sugar-beet root louse was secured to a considerable extent by keeping the soil "wet" during the growing season by frequent irrigations, resulting in a sup- pression of the insect to about 30 per cent of the plants at harvest time, while on the area not so treated 63 per cent of the plants were infested. Variety tests of wheat, corn, soy beans, garden peas, irrigation of flax, tests of orchard trees and small fruits, and fertilizer exxoeriments with oats are briefly noted. It is noted that the methods of reclamation of a tract of very heavy im- pervious clay and rather excessive alkali content, consisting of green manur- ing, barnyard manuring, and cultivation, are proving effective. Breeding of Alpine forms of pasture grasses, T. von Weinziebl (Jahrl). Weidew. u. Futterbaues, 2 (1914), Ergdnzungs'b., pp. 91-192, figs. 39). — This gives results in the breeding and selection of grasses in adaptation and accli- matization work in the Austrian Alps in continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 349; 30, p. 633). The general development of the work is reviewed, and the methods employed in planting, cultivation, transplanting, selection and breeding, harvesting, and storing are described. Every phase of the work with each variety is fully recorded and a copy of the breeding record sheet of each of the following-named grasses is presented : Festuca pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, A. elatiiis var. hulhosum, Avcna jmbescens, Poa firmula, P. serotina, Alopecurus laguriformis, F. psetidovina, F. ruhra var. genuina, F. rubra var. fallax, F. arundinacea, Phleum medium, P. michelii, P. alpinum, and Agropymm caninum. The effect of frequent clipping on total yield and composition of grasses, W. B. Ellett and L. Carrier (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7 {1915), No. 2, pp. 85-87). — This gives results of work carried on at the Virginia Experiment Sta- tion in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Data show the FIELD CROPS. 431 weight of air-dried substance, the percentage of protein, and the total protein content for the product of the various clippings, which were made at from 7 to 30 day intervals. The results of the experiment, which covers several years, show that " the total yield of dry matter varies inversely with the number of times it is cut during the growing season. The percentage of protein in grass decreases as the grass matures. The decrease in percentage of protein when the grass is allowed to mature is sufficient to more than counterbalance the increase in weight of dry matter. The increase in weight of mature grass over frequent clippings must be fiber and other nitrogen-free substance. " The cost of haymalving would probably offset the gain in carbohydrates in the case of blue grass, so that land utilized as a permanent pasture should be more profitable than it would be as a permanent meadow. It may be of intei'est to state that the botanical character of the herbage varied greatly with the frequency of the cutting. On the plats that were frequently clipped blue grass, redtop, and white clover jn'edominated, while on those that were cut less fre- quently, esi^ecially on the one that was cut but once a year, these tame grasses gave way to rank-growing w.eeds, such as wild carrot, paspalums, yarrow, white- top, etc. This undoubtedly has much to do with the amounts of protein produced." Laying down land to grass on the Clifton Park system, J. Hunter (Chester, England: James Hunter, Ltd., 1915, pp. 32, pi. 1, fig. 1). — This publication brings together short articles and an address by the author, calculated to show the great value of the Elliot system of farming, previously noted from other sources (E. S. R., 13, p. 1037; 26, p. 734). Universal hay calculator, Mollie D. Chesnut (Torrington, Wyo.: Author, 1915, pp. 12] -{-20). — This shows the tonnage for any given width and over- throw for oblong stacks 100 ft. in length, based on United States Government rule. Experiments with, small grains, J. R. Ricks (Mississippi 8ta. Bui. 171 (1915), pp. 12). — This gives results of variety tests with oats and wheat, and notes on the treatment for rusts, smuts, and weevils in stored grain. In tests of methods of seeding oats, drilling on a well prepared seed bed was sui^erior to plowing or disking the seed in. Twelve pk. of oats sovm per acre gave larger yields than 6, 8, or 10 pk. Suggestions for the production of oats and wheat in Mississippi are given. Barley investigations, C. P. Bull (Minnesota 8ta. Bui. IJfS (1915), pp. 7-^7, figs. 12). — This bulletin discusses barley production in Minnesota, classes of barley grown in the State, methods of planting and harvesting, managing vari- ety tests of barley, methods of improvement of barley, management of the nur- sery, and methods of cross-fertilization, and gives data showing results of vari- ety tests with about 400 varieties and strains of barley secured from nearly all parts of the world. These include commercial strains, pedigreed strains, and hy- brids, under the following classes: Commercial 6-rowed bearded barleys; com- mercial 2-rowed bearded barleys; pedigreed strains of 6-rowed bearded barleys, each of which has been developed from a single plant of a promising variety ; pedigreed strains of 2-rowed bearded barley developed from a single plant; hybrid 6-rowed bearded barleys developed from hybridization, followed by selec- tion from individual plants; hybrid 2-rowed bearded barleys developed from hybridization and selection ; and miscellaneous commercial stock. The grain- breeding investigations were in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. The range of yields per acre per year for periods of from 1 to 12 years is given for the respective classes as follows: From 4S.3 to 51.1 432 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. bu., 3S.1 to 41.6 bu., 47.7 to 49S bu., 36.3 to 3S.S bu., 32 to 41 bu., 34.8 to 89.6 bu., and 30.6 bu. In breeding for early and late maturity it is noted that " except in the length of the growing period and in the grade of the grain, no striking difference in the average performance of the two selections is shown. A difference of 4.4 days in the length of the growing period for the average of all stocks for the eight years was obtained, while the grade of the grain of the late selections averaged 8.4 per cent better than that of the early selections." The results from a comparison of improvement by selection and by crossing " show that the average yield per plant of the five crossbred stocks is 0.2 gm. better than that of the five pure lines, while the strength and stiffness of the latter are higher by 5 per cent and 5.6 per cent, respectively. The grade, how- ever, is 4 per cent better for the crosses, which were also slightly earlier in ma- turing. These diffex-ences do not seem to be sufficient to warrant a definite con- clusion as to maturity, strength, stiffness, and grade. In yield, the difference, though small, must be given attention. The difference of 0.2 gm. is an average for the individual plant. Assuming that 490,040 plants to the acre are grown under nursery conditions (4 by 4 in. apart), the increased yield on this basis would be 171.6 lbs. or 3.56 bu. to the acre. Under field conditions more plants are grown to the acre, thus reducing the difference of 0.2 gm. per plant, but it is safe to assume that the reduction of difference in yield per plant would be practically compensated for by the increased number of plants. Therefore, from the nursery results it is evident that crossing, even though three years more are required, will prove the better method for ultimate improvement. This does not, however, preclude the value of the pure-line method of breeding, which is un- disputed." Field beans, C. A. Zavitz {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 232 {1915), pp. 15, fig^i. IJf). — This bulletin considers the statistical status of bean culture in Canada and gives results of variety tests of the small white pea bean, navy bean, and marrowfat bean. Average yields for the past 20 years are given as 17.8, 19.2, and 17.4 bu. per acre, respectively. Cooking qualities, improvement of varie- ties, anthracnose, and cultural methods are also discussed. The effect of fertilizers and stimulants upon the growth and production of Corchorus capsularis, S. F. Albano {PJiilippine Agr. and Forester, 3 {1915), No. 9-10, pp. 218-226). — ^This records results of applications of barnyard manure, kainit, tankage, and potassium sulphate, singly and in varying combi- nations, on C capsularis (Chinese hemp). It is shown that " the application of any kind of manure to Corchorus pro- duces a pronounced beneficial effect on the growth of the i^lant and on the yield of fiber as well. The best result was obtained by the application of a mixture containing nitrogen. Cow dung alone at the rate of 8,000 kg. per hectare [7,120 lbs. per acre] produced as good an effect as kainit at the rate of 2,000 kg. per hectare (taking the average for both sets). The best result was obtained when the plants were set at 20 by 20 cm. [8 by 8 in.] apart; 20 by 40 cm. and 10 by 10 cm. did not give as good a result." Borax, manganese, mercury, iron, calcium, nickel, zinc, fluorin, and iodin were tried as growth stimulants with varying success on plats of 1 meter square. " The geueral conclusion to be drawn from these stimulation experiments is that jute is decidedly less subject to stimulation with various chemicals than are some of the other crops with which experiments have been carried on, most notably, for instance, potatoes and radishes. The only chemicals whose use can be recommended as very likely to be profitable as a result of these tests are iron and very dilute nickel. It x-emains possible that applications of borax, manganese, and zinc more dilute than any which were tested in this experiment FIELD CROPS. 433 would also result in au acceleration of growth sufficient to make their use financially profitable." The physiology of the pollen of Zea mays with special regard to vitality, D. I. Andronescu {Thesis, Univ. III., 1915, pp. 36, pis. 4). — The author shows by numerous tables and plates as results of field and laboratory studies of maize pollen that the chemical composition of the ix)llen Srcems to be influenced by selection for protein in the kernels. There is evidence of an increase in size of pollen in an Fi generation. In certain media maize pcUen throws out a protoplasmic expansion. There is considerable difference in the germination of pollen of different varieties of maize, and a great variation in the germina- tion of pollen from different tassels of an unselected or unfixed variety of maize. Dry heat is injurious to the vitality of the pollen while moist heat can be resisted. Pollen exposed in the laboratory died in two hours, uncovered out of doors it lived four hours, in 60 per cent moisture it lived six hours, in a saturated atmosphere it lived 48 hours, and in hermetically sealed tubes it kept its vitality for 24 hours regardless of external conditions. Pollen from early suckers is as viable as pollen from the parent plants, but that from late suckers gives a low percentage of germination. Low temperature (from 8 to 14° C.) has a stimulative effect upon the vitality of the pollen, including that of late suckers. Grades for commercial com, J. W. T. Duvel (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 168 {1915), pp. 11, pi. 1, figs. 9). — This bulletin gives the grade classification of white, yellow, and mixed corn promulgated by this Department, showing the maximum of moisture and other factors; discusses methods of determining the various factors; and describes the sieves, moisture tester (E. S. R., 24, p. 215), and the color plate used in making the determinations. Cotton cultivation in Italian Somaliland, G. Scassellati-Sfoezolini {Agr. Colon. [Italy], 9 {1915), No. 4-5, pp. 193-208, pis. ^).— This article describes varieties of cotton and methods of cultivation employed in the colony station on the east coast of Africa. Tables show meteorological data, and analyses of soils and of the parts of the cotton plant, fiber, seed, capsule, leaves, stems, and roots. The world's cotton crops, J. A. Todd {London: A. & C. Black, Ltd., 1915, pp. XIII -^Jf60, pis. Jf2, figs. 6). — ^This book treats of the geographical distribution of cotton, the uses of the fiber and of the seed, and the effects of the war on the industry. The industrial fi.ber plants of the Philippines, T. Mtjlleb {Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard., 16 {1915), No. 184, PP- 69-19, pis. 2).— This describes several species of palms, screw pines, grasses, sedges, vines, and other fiber plants, the methods of obtaining the fibers, and their uses. ISTotes on hops, 1912-1914, E. S. Salmon {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, No. 22 {1913), pp. 499-532, pis. 8, fig. i).— This describes seedlings of crosses of selected English, German, and American hops and shows the percentage of soft resins in individual plants derived from the various crosses. A new variety of hop, the "foundling,'* E. S. Salmon {Jour. Bd. Agr. \ London], 22 {1915), No. 2, pp. 136-140, pis. 3). — This describes a new variety of hop found at Wye College. It has been thoroughly tested since 1908 and is noted as having good cropping qualities ; high resin content ; marked resistance to, if not total immunity from, the " nettle-head " disease ; and lateness of season. Influence of color of seed potatoes on the yield, R. Schandee {Tllus. Landw. Ztg., 35 {1915), No. 35, pp. 229, ^30).— This gives results of experiments in 1914 that indicate the influence of color on the yield and vigor of the crop. Larger yields were noted for the dark-colored tubers in the variety Wohltmann. 434 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Sugar beets: Preventable losses in culture, H. B. Shaw (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 23S {1915), pp. 21, pis. 8, figs. 5).— This bulletiu points to striking differ- ences in local yields of sugar beets caused by imperfect stands in the fields. Results are given of observations on three types of soil (deep, sandy loam, well manured and in excellent tilth ; very light sandy loam, generally well manured and in good tilth ; and heavy black loam, moderately well manured and in fair tilth) in Utah sugar-beet districts, covering the seasons of 1910, 1911, and 1912. A definite correlation between stand and yield was found. The factors directly causing a decrease in the number of plants to the acre are arranged in three groups, those occurring in the germination stand prior to thinning, careless and improper thinning and blocking, and those incidental to cultural operations between thinning and harvest. The mean percentage of harvest stand and yield in tons per acre for the respective groups of soils are given as 49.96 and 24.56, 63.71 and 17.68, and 46.76 and 13, and the mean of all the plats as 52.26 and 17.43, respectively. " These studies were made among fair and good beet growers in an old beet district whose mean yield reached the respectable total of rather more than 17 tons to the acre, while the average for the United States for 1910-11 was only 10.17 tons and that for the State of Utah, where these studies were made, was 11.42 tons per acre. The magnitude of preventable loss incurred by a very large proportion of beet growers must be amazing; in fact, it must exceed the entire cost of raising the crop." Fertilizers in sugar-beet culture, E. Saillaed {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 2S {1915), No. 41, pp. 309, 310). — ^This summarizes some fertilizer experiments conducted by the laboratory of the Syndicate of Sugar Factories of France since 1901. It is noted that potassic fertilizers generally gave good results in regard to richness, purity, and yield of sugar beets. When beets of the same variety were given similar cultivation in the same field those rich in sugar contained a less amount of soda. A large application of nitrate of soda, especially if part was applied later, retarded the maturity of the beets and reduced the sugar content. Nitrate of soda, nitrate of lime, and cyanamid gave essentially similar results except that nitrate of lime produced beets a little richer and the cyana- mid yielded a little less sugar per hectare. Kainit gave better results than chlorid or sulphate of potash. Experiments in the fertilization of sugar beets {Inform. Agr. [Madrid], 5 {1915), No. 100, pp. 150, 151, fig. i).— The results of the use of nitrate of soda in combination with potassium and phosphorus showed the yields and net profits to be greater with an application of 300 kg. than with 200 kg. per hectare in the Province of Valladolid, Spain. In similar experiments in the Province of Saragossa, 22,500 kg. of beets were produced per hectare without nitrate of soda, and 25,500, 30,900, and 40,000 kg. with the use of 200, 400, and 60 kg., respectively, of nitrate of soda per hectare. On the variability of the nitrogen appropriation of the offspring of a single mother beet during the first vegetative year, K. Andrlik and J. Urban {Ztsclir. Zuclcerindus, Bohmen, 39 {1915), No. 6, pp. 235-2^0) .—This gives results of analyses of individuals derived from a single mother beet. Tables show that the amount of nitrogen used per plant ranged from 0.5 to 4.75 gm. The amount of sugar per beet ranged from 20 to 120 gm., and the percentage of sugar from 15 to 18.55 per cent. The number of parts of nitro- gen found to each 100 parts of sugar ranged from 2.46 to 5.44 for the various individuals. It is noted that the larger the sugar content of the beet the rela- tively smaller was the quantity of nitrogen appropriated and the reverse. FIELD CROPS. 435 Bud development in sugar cane, Z. Kamerling (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com: [BraziU, 3 (1914), No. 2, pp. 88-99, pis. S).— Results are reported of a microscopical study of the development of the bud of sugar cane, showing the distribution of glucose, starch, tannic acid, and albuminoids in the growing point. Administration report of the government sugar cane expert for 1913—14, C. A. Barber (Rpt. Dept. Agr. Madras, 1913-14, pp. 50-52).— This briefly notes the progress in the work of breeding sugar cane at Coimbatore, in which an attempt is being made to cross the hardy cane of north India with the richer local canes. Canes from the seedlings of other crosses are observed to have increased in sugar content and now reach over 19 per cent of sucrose in the juice. A review of the results of the experiment fields, J. ]M. Geekts {Mcded. Proefstat. Java-Suilcerindus., 4 (1914), No. 21, pp. 541-600, pi. 1, figs. 6; Arch. Suikcrindiis. NederUnid. Indie, 22 (1914), No. 25, pp. 911-912, pi. 1, figs. 6).— This discusses the results and methods of calculations. Variation of flower size in Nicotiana, T. H. Goodspeed and R. E. Clausen {Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1 {1915), No. 6, pp. 333-338) .—This gives results of some 25,000 measurements taken on some pure lines and hybrids of Nicotiana, cover- ing a period of about five years at the University of California Botanical Gardens. It has been shown that when plants first come into flower the spread and length of corolla are greater than the spread and length of flowers produced on the same plants later in the growing season. By removing all flowers from the plant as fast as they go by, it is possible to keep up the flower size to nearly that of the first flowers produced, and in some cases to double the life of the plant. During the period which elapses from the time a flower is fully opened to the time at which pollen is shed, there was noted a considerable increase in the corolla spread and associated with it little or no increase in corolla length. That there is a differential distribution of flowers on tobacco plants according to size at any given time is shown by the comparative measurements of flowers borne among developing seed capsules on the terminal inflorescence of a plant and those borne on laterals of the same plant. Cuttings growing in the green- house produced flowers smaller in spread and greater in length than those on the field plant from which the cuttings were taken. Pot experiments showed that flower size could be distinctly influenced by applications of sodium nitrate, and in a direction parallel to that of the influence on vegetative characters. " The conclusion seems irresistible that flower size in Nicotiana is not so constant as it has been assumed to be, but that it is affected by a number of conditions, and that at least some of these may not a fleet length and spread in the same manner." Parthenocarpy and parthenogenesis in Nicotiana, T. H. Goodspeed (Proc. Nat. Acad. 8ci., 1 (1915), No. 6, pp. 341-346). — This article notes the occuri'ence of viable seeds of Nicotiana tabacnm Cuba from flowers that had been emascu- lated by picking off the anthers near the tops of the filaments, castrated in bud plus the pinching off, with the forceps, of the stigma at the very top of the style, or mutilated by pinching off the stigma in the bud without the removal of the anthers. The author states that " parthenocarpy is of frequent occurrence in N. tabacuin Cuba, and parthenogenesis, employing the term to mean the production of viable seed without pollination, is also peculiar to this variety of iV. tabacum." Phylogenetic studies of the vai-ieties of tobacco, G. E. Anastasia (Bol. Tec. Coltiv. TaMccia [Scafati], 13 (1014), No. 2-4, pp. 51-220, pis. 82, figs. 41; Appendix, pp. 3, pis. 56). — ^A study of the structure and form of the leaf, 436 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. stamens, and stigma, and of general types of over 100 selections of tobacco varieties and strains is reported. Deli tobacco a mixture of types, J. A. Honing {Bui. Deli Proefstat. Medan, No. 4 {1915), pp. 29, pi. 1). — ^This article, printed in both Englisb and Dutch, gives the results of a study of the types of Deli tobacco, and considers the number of leaves, measurements of leaves, height of the stem, and time of flovrering. It is noted that leaf number is dependent on environment. Sis types of tobacco vpere distinguished in Deli tobacco. The chemical composition of the tobacco plant in its various stages of growth, E. Pannain {Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'i, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and, Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 11, pp. 1450-1452). — Analyses of the tobacco variety Xanthi Taka, at various stages of growth as produced at Abruzzi, Italy, are reported. " These results show that seedlings are richer in ash, nitrogen, and organic acids than half-grown or full-grown plants. In plants before flowering, the apical leaves are richer in ash, nitrogen, and substances soluble in ether and alcohol than the lower leaves, but they contain less nicotin and organic acids. In ripe leaves, the ash content decreases from the basal (first picking) to the apical leaves (fourth picking), and the leaves of the first and second pickings are also richer in nicotin, containing double the quantity of the leaves of the third and fourth pickings. The leaf blades are always richer in nitrogen, nicotin, and substances soluble in alcohol and ether than the ribs, and generally also in ash, but they are poorer in organic acids. The stems and roots contain less ash, nitrogen, substances soluble in ether and alcohol, and nicotin than other parts of the plant, but the roots contain more nicotin than the stems." Determination of wheats, K. Fliaksbeeger {Trudy Biuro Prlkl. Bat. {Bui. Appl. Bat.), 8 {1915), No. 1-2, pp. 9-210, pi. 1, figs. 43).— The author has here classified and described 185 varieties of wheat grouped under the following eight species : Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccum, T. durum, T. turgidum, T. po- lonicum, T. spelta, T. vulgarc, and T. compactum. Mass selection of spring wheat, A. I. Smebum {SelsJc. Khoz. i Liesov., 245 {1914), June, pp. 226-246; July, pp. 369-3S2). — Mass selection of spring wheat {Triticum vulgare lutescens and T. vulgarc erythrospermdim) was undertaken in 1912 and 1913 at the Saratof experimental station with smooth white spikes of the first and bearded white spikes of the second. These were first selected in the field and the collected ears were afterwards separated in the laboratory into groups. The result obtained in the field was the separation from the wheat of botanical admixtures, i. e., the botanical purification of the basic form of wheat. In the laboratory the ears were selected by type and classified by size, shape, compactness, distribution of spikes, and formation of scales (glumes) ; by com- pactness, the maximum being over 2.2 spikes per centimeter and the minimum below 1.7 ; and by character of the grain, dividing it into mealy, vitreous, coarse-grained, and mixed. Botanical admixtures found among these heads were the milturumj ferrugiueum, and hordeiform, also velutinum. The results obtained from the work of 1912 and 1913 showed that the effect of selection noticed in the first generation disappeared entirely in the second. A repetition of the selection on the same lines gave scarcely any results what- ever. The effect of selection on the first generation is of practical importance only when the generation is immediately put to practical purposes. Individual selection of T. vulgare lutescens and T. vulgare erythrospermum gave sharjily defined types with determined heredity, from which whole series of generations, differing widely from their progenitors Qud from each other, were evolved. Thus the wheat, which in mass selection gave no marked groups, HORTICULTURE. 437 is bound to contain a wealth of varied individuals stable in their heredity and giving rise to new si)ecies. Mass selection permitted a study of the botanical composition of collective forms, the basic tyi)es of T. mtlgare Ititescens and T. cnjthrospcrmiim; the division of spikes into types, showing the dominant characteristics of the fluc- tuations and their variations; the determination of the wide limits of variations in the form of the shape of the spike, showing that each fluctuation might be considered as a sharply defined hereditary variation of an individual type. This showed in the mass a variation of forms which were in reality genotypically hereditary. In regard to compactness, that of T. vulgare lutescens was found more stable than that of T. erythroftpcrmum, while that of T. erythrospermum was more plastic. The increase of yield was greater for the less comi^act heads than for the more compact ones. However, care should be taken not to lessen this compactness beyond a certain degree as this causes a deterioration in yield under unfavorable conditions of ripening. It was found that T. vulgare erythrospermum has, with all degrees of com- pactness, a larger grain than T. lutescens, thus maintaining its reputation for having better grain than the latter species. Average compactness gives the largest grain. Are there wheat varieties that are more or less completely self-fertiliz- ing? H. Nilsson-Ehle {Ztschr. Pflanzcnznclit., 3 {1915), No. 1, pp. i-6).— Ex- periments with three varieties of wheat indicate that some varieties may remain pure while other strains may become more or less cross-pollinated when planted in close proximity. Yams (Dioscorea), R. de Noter {Les Ignames. Paris: Aiigustin Challamel, 1914, pp. 66, figs. iS).— Already noted from another source (E. S. R., 31, p. 334). Weeds on the Buzuluk Experiment Field (Samara Province) and in the vicinity, S. Bazhanov {Trudy Biuro Prllcl. Bot. {Bui. Appl. Bot.), 8 {1915), No. 3, pp. 276-293). — It was found that although the seed wheat contained only from 1 to 2 per cent of weed seeds the crop showed as high as 12.7 per cent of weeds. Investigation showed about 3,000 weed seeds per square meter to a depth of 2 in. of soil in cultivated fields. Lists of weed seeds found on both cultivated and fallow fields are given. HORTICULTURE. Field book of American trees and shrubs, F. S. Mathews {New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1915, pp. XVII +465, pis. 75, figs. 6.30).— This work con- tains concise descriptions of the character and color of species common through- out the United States, together with maps showing their general distribution. Illustrations of leaves and fruiting parts and of typical tree barks, together with several reproductions of tree studies in water-color, crayon, and pen, accompany the test. Journal kept by David Douglas during his travels in North America, 1823-1827, edited by W. Wilks {London: William Wesley d Son, 1914, pp. 364, Pl- 1; rev. in Quart. Jour. Forestry, 9 {1915), No. 2, pp. 151-157).— This journal, which is published under the direction of the Royal Horticultural So- ciety, in addition to describing the author's travels in North America from 1S23 to 1S27, furnishes a record of various trees, shrubs, and flowers observed in dif- ferent parts of the country. Particular descriptions are given of 33 species of American oaks and 18 species of Pinus. A list of plants introduced by the author is appended. Colonial plants, H. Jumelle {Les Cultures Coloniales. — Plantes OUagineuses. Paris: J. B. Bailliere cG Sons, 2. rev, ed., vol. 5, 1914, PP- ^^-' fiff^- -^8) -—This 438 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. is part 5 of the author's revised work ou colonial plants (E. S. R., 31, p. 235). The present volume deals with the culture, preparation, and utilization of a number of oleaginous plants, including the coconut and other palms, peanut, gesame, castor-oil plant, cotton, and soy bean. Report on the botanic station for the year 1913, E. J. F. Campbell (Rpt. Bot. 8ta. Brit. Honduras, 1913, pp. 6). — A list is given of economic, fruit, and other interesting plants that have flowered or fruited during the year, together with a list of recent acquisitions at the station and notes on the various economic plants and fruit trees growing at the station. Vegetable growing, S. C. Johnston (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 231 {1915), pp. 68, figs. 34). — ^A practical treatise on vegetable growing intended both for amateur and commercial growers. In addition to a discussion of the general principles of vegetable growing, specific instructions are given for the growing, harvesting, and marketing of all the ordinary vegetables. Tomato tests, O. B. Whipple and L. G. Schermerhokn (Montana Sta. Bill. lOJf (1915), pp. 339-347, figs. 5).— This bulletin gives the data on variety tests of tomatoes that were conducted in 1902, 1906, and in the years 1911 to 1913, inclusive. Some of the earlier work has been previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 337). Tests were conducted to determine the best varieties for the higher altitudes of the State and to work out methods of culture which would tend to induce early ripening of the fruit. The data secured from the work as a whole indicate that tomatoes can be successfully grown in the higher altitudes of the State if started in pots or boxes so that they can be transplanted to the field without seriously injuring the root system. Pruning and training have been decidedly beneficial, both from the standpoint of early ripening and quantity of fruit ripened. Although pruning reduces the total amount of fruit produced when both green and ripe fruit are considered, pruned plats have in nearly every case produced from three to five times as much ripe fruit as unpruned plats. Early varieties should be used, and of those tested Earliaua, Chalk Early Jewel, June Pink, and Bonny Best have proved most promising. The cultivation of watercress (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1915), No. 12, pp. 1093-1098, pis. 4)- — Popular instructions are given for developing watercress beds, propagation and planting, gathering, and marketing, including also in- formation relative to varieties and the enemies of watercress. The principles of fruit growing, L. H. Bah^ey (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1915, 20. ed., rev., pp. XIV +432, figs. 186). — The present edition of the author's work (E. S. R., 9, p. 246) has been completely revised and re- arranged, much of the subject matter having been rewritten. The introductory chapter gives an inventoiy of fruits and discusses the course of development of a fruit region, the determinants in fruit growing, the outlook for fruit growing, the organizing of the business, and diffei'ent types of fruit growing. In the succeeding chapters consideration is given to the loca- tion and its climate, the tillage and the enriching of fruit lands, the plants and planting, laying out the plantation and its subsequent care, accidents and in- juries, the spraying of fruit plantations, and harvesting and marketing the fruit. Michigan laws for the protection of orchards and vineyards (Lansing, Mich.: State, 1914, PP- 21). — ^A compilation of laws dealing with the protection of orchards, vineyards, and gardens from dangerous insects and diseases, im- pure insecticides and fungicides, trespass, willful and malicious injury, etc., together with acts to prevent fraud and deception in the packing and sale of fruits and vegetables and an act to authorize and regulate a county agricultural department. HORTICULTUKE. 439 Varieties of tree fruits for New Jersey, M. A. Blake {'New Jersey Stas. Circ. Jil, pp. 8). — In this circular lists are given of varieties of apples, peaches, pears, cherries, plums, and quinces that are adapted for the home orchard and for commercial planting in New Jersey. Suggestions are also given relative to age and size of trees to plant and time of planting. Spring versus fall planting", F. M. Clement {Ann. Bpt. Fruit Growers' Assoc. Ontario, 46 {1914), pp. 51-55, figs. 2). — A brief discussion of the relative merits of spring v. fall planting, including results of experiments conducted with plums and pears at the Vineland Experiment Station, Ontario. Six Heine Claude plums and six Bartlett pears were planted in the falls of 1911, 1912, and 1913, and duplicate check rows in the springs of 1912, 1913, and 1914. In every case the difference in growth Is thus far in favor of the fall planting. In connection with this experiment the value of dynamiting holes for fruit trees was tested. ' The dynamited trees have made less growth than either the fall or spring planted trees. This is attributed to the fact that the trees were planted immediately after the holes were dynamited, tlie soil subsequently drying out badly. Spray calendar for Georgia, T. H. McHatton and J. W. Firor {Ga. State Col. Agr. Circ. 8 {1915), pp. 8, fig. 1). — This circular contains directions for preparing spray mixtures, with schedules for apples, peaches, grapes, pecans, and vegetables. Apple culture in Georgia, T. H. McHatton, J. W. Fikor, and C. M. Kigeb {Bui. Ga. State Col. Agr., No. 85 {1915), pp. 36, figs. 24).— A popular treatise, discussing the orchard location and site, preparation of the land, laying out and planting the orchard, pruning, cultivation, fertilizers, frost injury, protect- ing the trees from rodents, and insect pests and fimgus diseases and their control. Descriptive notes are given of varieties recommended for different sections of Georgia. Yields of apple trees at different ages, W. T. Macoun {Ann. Rpt. Fruit Ch'owers' Assoc. Ontario, 46 {1914), pp. 68, 10-12). — In a previous publication data were given on a number of varieties of apples growing at the Central Experimental Farm, showing the yields of the best yielding trees of each variety from the third until, in a number of cases, the twenty-second year after planting (E. S. R., 27, p. 343). In the present paper the record of these trees has been extended to the twenty-sixth year after planting for a number of the varieties. The data are given with a view to showing the importance of keeping individual tree records. What does it cost to grow a barrel of apples? M. Ells {Canad. Hort., 38 {1915), No. 5, pp. 121, 122). — During the past season the author kept an account of three different orchards on different parts of the farm, involving some 32.-5 acres with a crop yield of 1,600 bbls. The data secured for the one year showed a cost of production of $1.32 per barrel. The cherries of New York, U. P. Hedrick et al. {New York State Sta. Rpt. 1914, Pt. 2, pp. XII-\-371, pis. 57).— This is the fourth of the station's mono- graphs on the fruits of temperate North America (E. S. R., 27, p. 40). Chapter 1 discusses cherries in relation to kindred fruits, the distribution of cultivated ciierries, uses, amelioration, and the tree and fruit characters of the cherry. A brief conspectus is given of the edible species of Prunus followed by a fuller conspectus of the subgenus Cerasus to which cherries belong. Chapter 2 takes up the history of cultivated cherries both in Europe and America. Chapter 3 deals with cherry culture, consideration being given to the extent of the industry, stocks for cherries, cherry climates and soils, blooming dates of varieties of cherries as observed in the station orchard for 6318°— No. 5—15 4 440 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the period 1912 to 1914, pollination of cherries, the management of cherry- orchards, commercial status of cherry growing in New York, cherry diseases, and insects. Chapter 4 describes in detail the leading varieties of cherries and chapter 5 the minor varieties of cherries. The work concludes with a bibliography and references. The most important varieties are illustrated in colors and all information that was thought would be helpful in breeding cherries, as well as to students of ecology and of plant distribution, has been included. As in the previous fruit books some prominence is given in footnotes to biographical sketches of persons connected with the development of the cherry industry. The cherry in Ontario, E. F. Palmee (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 230 (1915), pp. 40, figs. 16). — ^A popular treatise on cherry culture with special reference to Ontario. It reviews the status of the industry, and discusses the relative importance of sweet and sour cherries; methods of propagation; location and soil; planting; cultivation; fertilization; pruning; picking, packing, and pack- ages ; markets ; cost of production ; insect jjests and fungus diseases and their control ; and varieties. The following short articles by Ontario cherry growers are appended: Cherry Culture, by G. A. Robertson (pp. 32-35) ; Sour Cherry Culture, by H. Leavens (pp. 35-38) ; and Sour Cherry Culture, by P. E. Angle (pp. 3.S-40). Smudging an orchard with native material in Alabama, R. E. Malone (Alabama Tuskegee Sta. Bui. 28, pp. 8). — This bulletin describes a successful experiment in smudging a large peach orchard at the Tuskegee Station as a protection against spring frost. Materials such as peach prunings, pine boughs, sawdust, and tar were used in the smudge piles. Loblolly pine boughs were especially valuable for making a smudge. The author is of the opinion that smudging, in addition to saving the peach crop, assisted in forcing out the bloom early. Marketing Georgia peaches, C. W. Baxter (Canada Dept. Agr., Fruit Div. Circ. 1 (1915), pp. 7). — This comprises a concise statement relative to general conditions obtaining In the peach-growing sections of Georgia, together with an account of the Georgia Fruit Exchange and exchange marketing methods. The use of phylloxera-resistant stock, I, M. Bltjnno (Dept. Agr. N. 8. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 80 (1914), pp. 88, figs. 14). — ^The author reviews the results secured in various countries in using phylloxera-resistant stock for Vinifera varieties of grapes, and presents considerable data on the behavior of several varieties grafted on different stocks in New South Wales. A summary is also given of the experience of many growers near Sydney in the use of phylloxera-resistant stocks. The past and present of American viticulture in Tuscany, V. Racah (Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5. ser., 12 (1915), No. 1, pp. 48-68). — This paper consists of a short exposition on the progress of reconstituting phylloxera- infested vineyards in the various Provinces of Tuscany, with special reference to the use and value of different American grape species as resistant stocks. Papaw and papain, H. F. Macmillan (Trop. Agr. [Ceyloni, ^^ (1915), No. 3, pp. 119-184, pis. 2). — This comprises notes on the botany of the papaya (Carica papaya), including a detailed description of the fruit, methods of propagation and cultivation, and the collection, preparation, properties, and commerce of papain. Pecan growing in Georgia, J. W. Firor (Bui. Ga. State Col. Agr., No. 82 (1915), pp. 24, figs. 5). — A discussion of pecan culture based upon the literature of this subject, experiences of practical pecan men, and the results of studies and exj)eriments conducted at the college during the past three years. HORTICULTURE. 441 The introductory portion deals with the present status and prospects of the industry. Information is given relative to varieties, top-working, location, site, soil, fertilizers, planting operations, intercropping and cultivation, cover crops, harvesting and marketing, pecan diseases, and insects. Citrus fruits, J. E. CJoiT {l^ew York: The Macmillan Company, 1915, pp. XX-\-520, pi. 1, figs. 151). — ^An account of the citrus fruit industiy, with special reference to requirements and practices in California and similar situations. The first two chapters deal with the history and development of the citrus industry in the southwestern United States and the geography and climatology of California. The succeeding chapters deal with the botany, gross structure, and habits of growth of the citrus plants; varieties; the citrus nurseiy ; horti- cultural inspection and quarantine service; improvement of citrus fruits by breeding; judging citrus fruits; selection of site and preparation for planting; planting the orchard; cultivation, fertilization, and cover crops; irrigation; pruning and toivworking; frost and orchard heating; picking and packing oranges; picking and packing lemons; blemishes of the fruit and their preven- tion; by-products; marketing; profit and loss; diseases and tlieir control; citrus insects and their control; insect control by fumigation; and various orchard pests and their control. The concluding chapter is devoted to an extensive bibliography dealing with citrus fruits, their culture, utilization of by-products, etc., and including references to other bibliographies on the subject. A biometrical study in the variation of acidity and the ratio of total solids to acidity of oranges, S. K. Mitra (Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 2 (1915), No. 7, pp. 245-247, figs. 3). — As a result of a study of 100 Washington navel oranges of a well-known brand, the author found a wide variation among individual oranges in the ratio of total solids to acidity. Hence it appears important that inspectors' tests relative to the ratio of total solids to acid shajl be based on a large number of oranges in each case. In another experiment conducted to determine the differences in the quality of the juice in different parts of the same orange a composite sample of juice taken from basic sections of ten oranges showed a percentage of acidity of 0.98 as compared with 0.9 in a composite sample taken from apex sections of ten oranges. The ratio of total solids to acidity was 13.8 : 1 in the juice from the basic sections and 15.9 : 1 in the juice from the apex sections. The pomerange, a natural hybrid between the orange and pomelo, L. S. Perkins (Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 4, p. 192). — ^A short descriptive account is given of a natural hybrid between the orange and pomelo which appeared in an orange grove at Winter Garden, Fla., and has borne regularly for a number of years. The fruit, although rather tart when it first ripens, develops a distinct orange taste later. Reference is also made to another hybrid, probably a cross between the pomelo and the lemon, which is of no special value. Notice to citrus growers (Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. Sta. Giro. 4, pp. 2). — The text is given of the resolution adopted by the Porto Rico Board of Commis- sioners of Agriculture with reference to the control of citrus canker. The reso- lution prohibits the entry into Porto Rico of all citrus stocks, buds, scions, seeds, or fruits originating in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Plant quarantine regulations (Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. Sta. Circ. 5 (1915), p. 1). — The text is given of regulations, effective in 1915, governing the entry into Porto Rico of nursery stock and other living plant materials from the citrus- growing States of the United States and of citrus nursery stock from foreign countries. California garden flowers, shrubs, trees, and vines, E. J. Wickson (San Francisco: Pacific Rural Press, 1915, pp. 262, pis. 12, figs. 14). — A popular 442 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. treatise on the culture of flowers, shrubs, trees, and vines with special reference to California conditions, including lists of varieties adapted for that State. Hardy ornamental plants for unfavorable city conditions, L. P. Jensen (Gard. Chron. of America, 19 (1915), No. 5, pp. 234, ^35, figs. 6).— A list is given of ornamental trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, vines, and climbers which have proved by experience to be adapted for a thickly settled district in St. Louis, w^here the atmosphere is smoky and sooty. Conifers have failed under such conditions and are not included in the list. Color grouping for small gardens, Eleonora Armitage (Oanl. Chron., 3. ser., 57 {1915), Nos. 1466, pp. 51, 52; U76, pp. 191, 192).— In this article tlie author describes a number of groupings of two or three species, especially ar- ranged for developing color schemes in small gardens during the spring months. Methods and costs of planting a small park to grass, making paths, and planting hedge, H. R. Ferkiss (Engin. and Contract., 43 {1915), No. IJf, p. 320, fig. 1). — Data are given showing the labor requirements and cost of constructing walks and planting grass and hedges in a small park. A B C of gardening, E. E. Rexford {New York: Harper d Brothers, 1915, pp. 115). — ^A small popular treatise on ornamental gardening, both indoors and in the open. FORESTRY. The relation of forestry to the development of the country, R. II. Campbell (Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Circ. 11 [1915], pp. 7, figs. 4). — ^A descrip- tion of some European forest conditions with special reference to their appli- cation to forest management in Canada. The subdivision of forests, J. S. Illick (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 2. pp. 183-198). — A discussion of the fundamental principles underlying the orderly subdivision of a forest with an example as applied to a portion of the Mont Alto State Forest of Pennsylvania. Report of the superintendent of forestry, R. S. Hosmer ([Bien.] Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. and Forestry Hawaii, 1913-14, pp. 33-68, pis. 4). — This compi-ises a report for the period from January 1, 1913, to August 31, 1914, relative to the administration and management of Hawaiian forest reserves, forest extension work by the government, tree planting under corporation and private auspices, and miscellaneous forest work. The report for 1913-14 is followed by a sum- mary of forest work in Hawaii during the i>eriod 1904-1914. During 1913 and 1914 ten new forest reserves were established, making a total of 37 reserves with an aggregate area of 798,214 acres, of which 68 per cent belongs to the territorial government. Report of the acting superintendent of forestry, D. Haughs ([Bien.'] Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. and Forestry Haicaii, 1913-14, pp. 69-72). — A brief report supplementary to the above and covering the period from September 1 to Decem- ber 31, 1914. The text is given of a rule approved by the governor, August 22, 1914, concerning the protection of the watersheds within the Honolulu Water- shed Forest Reserve. During the biennial period 1913-14, 1,183,568 trees were planted in the Terri- toi*y of Hawaii, largely by corporations. Report of the forest nurseryman, D. Haughs ( [Bien.] Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. and Forestry Haicaii, 1913-14, pp. 73-80, pis. 2). — ^A progress report for the biennial period ended December 31, 1914, relative to the work at the govern- ment nursery, Makiki station, and Tantulas forest, and to the Honolulu water- shed planting work. FORESTRY. 443 Annual administration report of the forest department of the Madras Presidency for the twelve months ending- June 30, 1914, A. W. Lushington, H. B. Bkyant, J. S. Battie, C. D. McCarthy, et al. {Ann. Admin. Rpt. Forest Dept. Madras, 1914. PP- 100+CXXIV-\-22). — This is a progress report on the administration of the state fox'ests in the Northern, Central, Southern, and Western Circles of the Madras Presidency for the forest year ended June 30, 1914, including a sununary of progress during the previous five years. All important data relative to alterations in areas, forest surveys, working plans, forest protection, uiiscellaneous work, yields in major and minor forest prod- ucts, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. Philippine dipterocarp forests, W. H. Brown and D. M. Mathews (Philip- pine Jour. Sc/.., Sect. A, 9 (1914), Nos. 5, pp. ^18-516, pi. 1, figs. 11; 6, pp. 511- 568, pis. 13, fig. 1). — ^The authors here present the results of a study of the fac- tors iutluouciug the growth and development of Philippine dipterocarp forests. The subject matter is presented under the headings of a general description of dipterocarp forests, distribution, importance, composition and arrangement of Philippine dipterocarp forests, description of selected areas, plant associations on cleared ai'eas, volume of dipterocarp forests, growth, environmental consid- erations, effect of cutting in dipterocarp forests, planting, and general considera- tions of management. Forests of Japan, N. B. ECKBo {Amer. Forestry, 21 (1915), No. 6, pp. 693- 111, figs. 18). — This comprises the substance of an address delivered before the Society of American Foi-esters, March 4, 1915. An outline is given of the impor- tant forest types and species, together with a short account of forest owner- ship; the admiuislratiou. management, and exploitation of the state forests; forest protection : milling operations ; reproduction ; and forestry education and investigation. Utilization and management of lodgepole pine in the Rocky Mountains, D. T. Mason (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 234 (1915), pp. 54, pis. S).— An account of lodgepole pine (Pin us contorta) in the Rocky Mountains discussing ownership and .supply; chai'acteristics of the wood; uses; fire-killed timber; size and con- tents of various products ; annual cut ; methods of lumbering ; costs and selling prices; charcoal making; the management of lodgepole stands with reference to rotation, methods of cutting, brush disposal, regulating the cut, and reforesta- tion ; and protection from fire, insects, diseases, and grazing. A number of vol- ume tables for lodgepole pine are appended. The management of lodgepole pine, D. T. Mason (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 2. pp. 111-182). — A short discussion of past and present systems of management in the lodgepole pine region of the Northwest. Life history of shortleaf pine, W. R. Mattoon (?7. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 244 {1915), pp. 46, pis. 10, figs. 12). — A detailed accoimt of the shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) with reference to distinguishing characteristics, geographical Jind economic range, character of stands, size, age, and habit, demands upon soil and climate, light requirements, reproduction, growth, causes of injury, and yield. The uses of Cornus wood, W. Dallimore (Roy. Bat. Qard. Keto, Bui. Misc. Inform., No. 4 (1915), pp. 119-181). — This comprises notes on the commercial uses of various species of Cornus wood. Ash manna, G. Marogna (Ann. R. Staz. Chim. Agr. S^^er. Roma, 2. ser., 7 (1915), No. 2, pp. 11-145). — An account is given of the production, composition, and adultex'ation of ash manna. Chapter 1 discusses the culture of ash trees, including information relative to varieties, climatic and soil requirements, cul- tural practices, harvesting, commercial quality, uses, and consumption of manna. 444 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The succeeding chapters deal with the chemical composition and adulteration of manna and methods for analyzing manna. The paper concludes with a bibliography of the subject. Memorandum, on the oil value of somfe sandalwoods from Madras, P. Singh {[Indian] Forest Bui. 6 {1911), pp. It). — ^Analyses were made of 15 different specimens of sandalwood fi'om trees growing on different liinds of soil. The results obtained appear to confirm the popular belief that the wood of sandal trees growing in dry, rocljy, mountainous soil is richer in oil than that of the trees found in the more fertile soils of the plains. A further note on the oil value of some sandalwoods from Madras, P. Singh {Indian Forester, 41 {1915), No. If, pp. 12.3-131). — In continuation of the above noted work, analyses were made of 44 samples of roots and stems of sandalwoods collected from different localities with special reference to varia- tion in oil content. The results of these analyses, as here presented, indicate that neither eleva- tion, age, nor locality has any definite relation to the oil content of the wood. The only factor which appears to affect the percentage of oil is the soil. This conclusion confirms the previous findings that the trees growing in compara- tively good, fertile soil yield heartwood poorer in essential oil than those grow- ing in poor, rocky, gravelly soil. Prevention of decay in mill timbers, F. J. Hoxie {Trans. Nat. Assoc. Cotton Manfrs., No. 96 {1914), pp. 270-292, figs. 8).— A paper on this subject, with a discussion following in which attention is called to the increasing prevalence of dry rot and other fungus troubles in mill timbers after construction. This is believed to be due largely to the substitution of inferior grades of timber. The author concludes that specifications for hard pine mill timber based on physics and chemistry are needed in place of the present botanical names which have little significance. Density and resin are suggested as indices of good qualities. Of the several antiseptic treatments which have a record over years of practical service kyanizing with corrosive sublimate appears to be best adapted to mill timber. Other newer materials, such as the fluorin compounds, give promise of usefulness but have not been submitted to long practical tests. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the phytopathological institute at Wageningen, 1912, J. Ritzema Bos {Meded. Rijks Iloogere Land, Tuiti en Boschbouwsch. [Waffeningen], 7 {1914), No. 2-S, pp. 25-100, pi. i).— This report deals with the activities of the institute during 1912 in connection with plant injuries of inorganic source as well as those caused by bacteria, fungi, etc., also injuries due to animals or of undetermined causation. Report of the botanical laboratory and laboratory for plant diseases, L. LiNS- BAUER, F. ZwEXGELT, and H. ZuDERELL {Programm «. Jahresher. K. K. Eoh. Lchranst. Wein ic. Ohsthau Elosternculmrg, 1913-14, PP- 162-186, pi. 1, figs. 3).— This report includes information obtained during 1913 regarding diseases of pomace- ous and stone fruits, grapes, and berry crops, and also on soil infection by plant and animal micro-organisms in the vicinity. Notes are given on the reaction of plant cells to plant lice. [Plant diseases in Mauritius], F. A. Stockdale (In Summary of Investiga- tions Made during the Period July 1 to Novemher 30, 1914- Mauritius: Drpt. Agr., 1914, pp. 1, 2). — Among sugar cane diseases, deterioration of the white Tanna variety was ascribed to a bacterium of a species as yet undetermined. Red rot {Collctotrichum falcatum) is again reported, from a locality in a dis- trict previously affected, attacking the white and striped Tanna varieties only. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 445 Leaf disease of coffee was controlled with Bordeaux mixture. Leaf diseases of tomatoes have l)een reported, and a fruit disease ascribed to a species of Gloeosporium has been under investigation. No definite results have yet been obtained from a study of a disease which causes the dropping of young peaches. The transmission of rusts in general and Puccinia malvacearum in particu- lar, S. BucHET {Bid. Soc. Bot. Fnincc, GO {1913), No. 6, pp. 520-52Jf, 558-565).— This is a critical review of results and conclusions of Eriksson (E. S. R., 14, p. 770) and Blaringhem (E. S. R., 31, p. 841) regarding the wintering-over of rusts. Smuts and rusts of grain crops, J. E. Howitt and R. E. Stone {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 229 {1915), pp. 24, fiffs. 15). — Popular descriptions are given of smuts and rusts of grain crops, together with suggestions for their control so far as definite means are known. On the appearance of spores and mycelium of rust within the grains of cereals, J. Eriksson {Compi. RcnxL Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), ^'O. 17, pp. 1194-1196). — Referring to an article by Beauverie on the presence of rust spores in seeds of cereals (E. S. R., 30, p. 241), the author calls attention to the fact that he had already reported their occurrence in 1896, but that he con- siders their pre.seuce abnormal and not of practical importance in the propa- gation of the rusts. A similar position is taken regarding Pritchard's report of their occurrence in wheat (E. S. R., 26, p. 143). The efficiency of rust spores contained in seed of grain for the propaga- tion of disease, J. Beauverie {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 158 {1914), No. 17, pp. 1196-1198).— Rexie-wing his own investigations (E. S. R., 30, p. 241) and citing other data, the author considers that the evidence favors the hy- pothesis that spores within the seed coats of cereals and grasses aid in dissemi- nating rust epidemics. He thinks, however, that if this is not already demon- strated there should be controlled investigations carried out to determine the role of the intraseminal spores on the wintering of cereal rusts. Foot rot of cereals, A. Desmoulins {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 {1914), Nos. 41, pp. 381-383; 42, pp. 394-599). —Discussing the various fac- tors, conditions, and characters associated with foot rot of cereals, the author states that this trouble is of complex and as yet incompletely determined causa- tion. It is recommended that Iftte varieties be employed, these being planted as late as possible and not very thickly, that close rotation of cereals be avoided, that early or rank growth be checked by grazing, etc., and that an active fertilizer be supplied in early spring. Busts and smuts of Indian corn {Agr. News [BarMdos], 14 {1915), No. 335, pp. 78, 79). — Discussing briefly rusts and smuts of maize in the West Indies, the author states that Puccinia purpurea has not been met with in this connection, but that P. sorghi {P. maydis) was noted on maize in one locality. Species of Oxalis are not uncommon, members of this genus being subject to attack by the aecidial stage of the fungus in Africa. Ustilago maydis has not assumed very serious proportions. Sphacelotheca reiliana has not yet been noted on maize in this region. A preliminary investigation on a disease of red clover, P. Baccabini and G. Bargagli-Petrucci (Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5. ser., 11 {1914), ^0. 2, pp. 23-96, pi. 1, figs. 12). — The abnormal appearance and struc- tural peculiarities shown by clover affected by a disorder appearing in the valley of the Elsa are described, and the fungi, bacteria, nematodes, etc., found in this connection are discussed. After outlining some infection and other studies carried out therewith, the authors sum up this preliminary study by stating that while investigation has brought into view a number of injurious factors in 446 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. connection with this progressive deterioration of clover, the fundamental cause of the trouble has not yet been determined. A bacterial disease of cultivated mushrooms, A. G. Tolaas (Phytopathology, 5 (1915). No. 1, pp. 51-5Jf, pi. 1). — An account is given of a disease of mush- rooms observed in caves in and about St. Paul, Minn. An examination of discolored portions of the mushrooms showed the presence of bacteria, which were isolated, the causal organism being a facultative anae- robe of the Pseudomonas type, corresponding to Bacterium fluorescens except for the fact that in dextrose broth the reaction is acid instead of alkaline. Some experiments were conducted for the control of the disease, spraying with a number of solutions and fumigating with sulphur being tested. The fumigation of the mushroom beds with sulphur before planting the spawn gave absolutely clean mushrooms. This treatment, it is said, costs about 5 cts. per 1,000 cu. ft. and has proved entirely practical. A common but very serious potato disease in Cuba, R. A. Jehle (Modern Cuba, 3 (1915), No. 4, pp. 46-48). — A description is given of the late blight or downy mildew, caused by Phytophthora infestans, with suggestions for its con- trol. Experiments in preventing wart disease of potatoes (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'], 21 (1915), No. 12, pp. 1126-1128).— In a previous publication (E. S. E,., 31, p. 842) the use of formaldehyde for the control of the wart disease of potatoes (Chrysophlyctis endoUotica) was recommended. During the summer of 1914 experiments were carried on in a number of places in England to test the value of this treatment, but with unsatisfactory results. Comparisons were made between formaldehyde solution, corrosive sublimate, fertilizing with sulphate of potash, kainit, salt, supeiijhosphate, etc. These experiments were carried out on land that was known to be badly infected with the fungus, but very little difference was observed so far as the amount of disease was concerned. The plats treated with corrosive sublimate seemed to have had an increased amount of disease. Experiments on the virulence of Bacillus solanacearum against different Nicotiana species and varieties, J. A. Honing (Bid. Deli Proefstat. Medan, No. 2 (1914), pp. 15). — In continuance of previous work (E. S. R., 28, p. 446) the author studied the alleged immunity of N. rustica, claimed by Uyeda (E. S. B., 18, p. 151) to be resistant to bacterial wilt. Of 200 plants (10 each of 20 types) of N. rustica inoculated with B. sola- nacearum, all but one died (a result, moreover, practically duplicated in 6 other species), showing that in Deli, at least, N. rustica is nonresistant and useless for hybridizing purposes. No variety of N. tahacum proved to be really im- mune, and only 3 varieties (2 from Manila and 1 Japanese variety) were less affected than were most species of Deli tobacco. Experiments with plants from seed from widely separated regions showed that the introduction of a larger quantity of bacteria, with their excretion prod- ucts, reduced the inoculation pei'iod greatly and was more fatal, the few plants which resisted (10 out of 278) being inoculated by means of a capillary tube and hence with fewer bacteria. These and other observations raise the question as to whether in a fresh culture all or only a portion of the bacteria are virulent. It is thought that in Deli the differences in climate and in cultivation are in favor of a greater virulence of B. solanacearum, also that foreign varieties seem to promise no better hope of producing resistant varieties than does Deli tobacco itself. Two new species of fungi in tobacco seed beds, P. A. Saccardo and B. Peyronel (Bol. Tec. Coltiv. Tahacchi [Scafuti], 13 (1914), No. 1, pp. 3-6, pi. 1). — DISEASES OF PLANTS. 447 Descriptions are given of Glocopeziza tunk-uUi n. sp. and Hyalopus gcophilus n. sp.. wbicli have been found occurring in the soil of tobacco seed beds, from which they jittacli the tobiicco plants, sometimes causing serious loss. A review of investig'ations of the mosaic disease of tobacco, together with a bibliog'raphy of the more important contributions, H. A. Allard {Bui. Toncy Bat. Club, Jtl (1914), ^'o. 9, pp. 435-45S). — This review and bibliography of mosaic disease of tobacco, under its various names, covers investigations from ]SS6 to 1914, concluding. with the author's own report already noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 450). Fire blight, W. H. Brittain (Brit. Colmnhia Dcpt. Agr., Hort. Branch Circ. 23 {1915), pp. 10, figs. 2). — ^A popular description is given of the fire blight of pears, apples, and occasionally quinces, caused by Bacillus amylovorus, with directions for its control. In addition to the trees mentioned above it is known to affect also hawthorn, June berry, and mountain ash. Fungus and other diseases of the apple and pear, G. P. Darneix-Smith and E. MACKINNON {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 25 {191J,.), No. 12, pp. 1037-lOU, pls. 6; 26 {1915), Nos. 1, pp. 51-57, pis. 2; 2, pp. 105-113, pis. iO).— Descriptions and, so far as definite methods are known, suggestions for control are given of canker, bitter rot, Phyllosticta canker, Nectria canker, blight, mildew, crown gall, bitter pit, apple scab, pear scab, black rot, spray injury, frost band, chlorosis, etc. The toxic action of sulphurous anhydrid on olive blooms, L. Petri {Studi snlle Malattie deiroiivo, VI. Rome: R. 8taz. Patol. Veg., 1914, pp. 65-76, pi. 1, fig. 1). — Continuing previous studies (E. S. R., 30, p. 245), and noting here the results of tests carried out under controlled conditions as regards tempera- ture, moisture, and sulphur dioxid content, the author states that this gas in the concentration of about 1 : 16,000, while not necessarily hurtful to other parts of the plant, is directly and rapidly injurious to the olive stigma at a relative humidity of 75 to SO per cent, this effect, however, being lessened by relative dryness of the stigmatic papillae. Pollen shows much higher resistance to this gas, sepals and petals showing either about the same resistance as do the young leaves, or somewhat less. The fungus of peach mildew, N. Woronichine {Bui. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France, 30 {1914), ^o. 3, pp. 391-401). — Discussing related literature and de- tailing his own studies in regard to Splucrotlieca pannosa, causing mildew of roses and peaches, the author concludes that the biological and morphological divergencies noted are sufficiently great to warrant the separation of this species into the varieties rosce and persicw, corresponding, respectively, to the host attacked by each, A disease of gooseberry new to Italy, C Greppi {Riv. Patol. Veg., 7 {1914), No. 4- PP- 97-99). — This is a brief note on the outbreak of Sphwrotheca mors'-urvw in England and parts of Europe, it appearing at points in Italy in 1913 and 1914, with discus.sion of measures for its control. The infiuence of the medium and of atmospheric factors upon the develop- ment of downy mildew, L. Moreau and E. Vinet {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 {1914), No. 34, pp. 225-235).— The authors detail and discuss recent observations on downy mildew of the grape, regarding variations in virulence of the parasite and in susceptibility of the host, and the influence of the medium and of atmospheric agents upon the development of the fungus. They discuss also, in this connection, the significance as regards spraying, etc., of these considerations and of recent observations on the temporal and causal relations of the outbreaks with the other phenomena. 448 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Downy mildew and copper sprays, G. H£ron {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst- Centre), 35 {1914), No. 35, pp. 258-263). — The author gives some results of practical experience in combating Perouospora in his own vineyard. Complete or combined treatments were found to be comparatively inexpensive in comparison with the results obtained. Copper acetate and copper sulphate may be used separately or together. High pressures applied to spraying fluids sufficient to reduce the liquid practically to a fog are found to give more com- plete access to all portions of both stocks and clusters than do lower pressures. Spraying in relation to flowering', L. Lebeun {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst- Centrc), 35 {1914), No. 23, pp. Ill, 112).— It is stated that in 1913 the injurious effects of copper acetate used as spray on grapevines appeared to be accentuated by the tender condition of the vines owing to their rapid growth and the humidity prevalent at the time of flowering. Death of mulberry, L. Montemartini {Riv. Patol. Veg., 7 {1914), No. 3, pp. 65-74)- — ^ discussion, with bibliography, is given of a fatal disease appeai'ing in a slow or rapid form In mulberry and receiving various local names in parts of France and Italy. A systematic inquiry has been instituted among agri- culturists in Lombardy and neighboring territory. Investigations in connection with, cacao root disease, A. J. Brooks {Bpt. Agr. Dept. St. LuHa, 1913-14, p- 8). — Experiments are reported of an investiga- tion on the Rosellinia disease of cacao, which show that the fungus can live on large pieces of cut branches such as are found after pruning shade ti'ees in cacao plantations. Lime trees planted in an infected area are also liable to attacli from the fungus. Tests made of the fungicide known as " fungal " showed that it was without effect in controlling the disease. From the present information it appears that the only practical method of control is to surround the infected area with deep isolation trenches, thoroughly liming the infected soil, and burning the diseased wood on the spot. The mycoplasma theory of Eriksson, Gertkaud Haase-Bessell {Ber. Dent. Bot. Gesell., 32 {1914), No. 6, pp. 393-403) .—The author reports having noted, in case of Althcea rosea showing typical hollyhock rust not derived from the so-called mycoplasm of Eriksson (E. S. R., 25, p. S50), the plentiful occurrence of structures apparently corresponding to the secondary promycelia of that author. A bibliography is appended. A new disease of chestnut, F. Cavara {Rw. Patol. Veg., 7 {1914), No. 1, pp. 1-5, figs. 2). — The author describes a disease affecting the lower portions of young chestnut plants, as due to an organism found in connection therewith, which receives the name Bacterium castanicolum n. sp. Bibliography of the chestnut bark disease, R. K. Beattie {Pcnn. Chestnut Tree Blight Com. Rpt. 1913, pp. 97-122). — A bibliography of publications relat- ing to the bark disease of chestnut to the end of 1913 is given, about 400 refer- ences being included. A disease of pines caused by Cronartium pyriforme, G. G. Hedgcock and W. H. Long {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 247 {1915), pp. 20, pis. 2, fig. i).— The authors give a detailed account of their investigations on the fungus C. py- riforme, which causes a disease of pines and has for its alternate host plant Comandra uvibellata. This fungus is widely distributed thi'oughout the United States and causes considerable injury to different species of pines, being particularly injurious to pines growing in nurseries. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 449 For the eradication and control of tlie fungus, attention should be given to nurseries, and all diseased pines destroyed, so far as possible. At the same time it' will be necessary to eradicate the Comandra plants in the vicinity of the nursery beds. Spraying these plants with poison substances, it is thought, might prove efficient so far as nursery control is concerned, but under forest conditions this would probably be too expensive. It is recommended that in badly infected areas all diseased trees should be cut out and destroyed wher- ever possible, and in lumbering, trees showing cankers of the fungus should not be left for seed trees. A bibliography of literature referred to is given. A fungus disease of Hevea in the plantations of Bakusu, Vermoesen {Bui. Agr. Congo Beige, 5 {1914), ^o. 2, pp. 312-321). — Notes are given of a number of diseases observed in a preliminary survey of the Para rubber planta- tions at Bakusu. Root diseases due to Fomes semitostus and similar parasites were found to be causing considerable loss. A trunk canker or die-back due apparently to Diplodia cacaoicola was also troublesome. A number of other parasitic or saprophytic fungi were noted, among them au undetermined fungus near Hyiiocrella and a species of Cephaleuros occurring on the leaves. A species of Glceosporium was also found present on branches. Suggestions are given for the control of the different diseases. Disease of Para rubber trees in the gardens, W. R. Rutter (Ann. Rpt. Bot., Forestry and Sci. Dept. Uganda, 1914, P- 4)- — The occurrence of fungus diseases due to Fomes semitostus and Hymenochcete moxia on Para rubber trees in the botanical gardens is reported. The fungi were traced to old tree stumps and decaying timber left on the land not properly cleared of forest trees. From experiments noted in a previous report (B. S. R. 30, p. 850), trench- ing about the trees and the use of lime has been foimd efficient in keeping the fungus from si^reading. Root disease of Para rubber caused by Sphserostilbe repens, F. T. Brooks {Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 3 {1914), No. 2, pp. 4M3).— The author states that during 1914 several rubber trees were found to have been attacked by the fungus 8. repens. The trees usually show thin foliage and the branches grad- ually die back. If the roots are examined the disease may be readily distin- guished from those caused by Fomes semitostus and Hymenochcete noxia by the absence of external mycelium and by the presence of characteristic mycelial strands or rhizomorphs between the bark and the wood. It is sometimes claimed that this fungus is saprophytic, but the author states that he has traced it into living tissues where it is undoubtedly acting as a parasite. Planters are advised to cut out and bum all trees affected by this fungus. While there is said to be no evidence that the fungus spreads by means of sub- terranean strands to neighboring trees, it is recommended that trenches should be dug about the affected trees to prevent any possibility of underground in- fection. Study of Bordeaux mixture, L. Sicaed {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 {1914), Nos. 33, pp. 211-211; 34, pp. 235-241; 35, pp. 263-266; 36, pp. 289- 291; 37, pp. 304-309; 3S, pp. 323-327).— A report on a study of the preparation and use of Bordeaux mixtui-e, the reactions and qualities corresponding to given compositions and to changes therein, and the practical preparation and employment of this fungicide under conditions obtaining in the vineyard. Adherent fungicides, V. Vermorel and E. Dantony (Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 {1914), No. 18, pp. 561, 562).— The authors describe two ad- herent fungicides, one composed of copper acetate to which gelatin is added, and the other of Bordeaux mixture containing casein. 450 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. For the preparation of the casein it is suggested that 50 gm. of powdered casein be added to 100 gm. of freshly slalied powdered lime mixed with a small amount of water in the form of a paste. After this has stood for a short period, an additional amount of water may be added until about a liter of liquid is obtained. This is then added to the Bordeaux mixture and is said to increase its adhesiveness very greatly. In order to obtain the best results with these fungicides the authors recom- mend that the nozzle should be held as close to the plants as possible. In spraying grapes for downy mildew the clusters should be well covered with the fungicide. Wetting sprays, V. Vermorel (Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 (1914), No. 32, pp. 180-182). — Gelatin has been found to confer upon sprays containing it an excellent spreading and wetting capacity and perfect adher- ence. Casein proves to be one of the best agents for increasing the wetting capacity of a spray, and to leave almost entirely intact the chemical composition of tbe copper precipitate, which it is adapted to distribute and fix upon the leaves. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOaY. Ninth International Congress of Zoology, held at Monaco, March 25-30, 1913 (IX. Cong. Internal. Zool, 1913, pp. 928, figs. 178). — The proceedings of the ninth congress are here presented, the papers being given under the fol- lowing sectional headings: Comparative anatomy and physiology (pp. 137- 268) ; cytology, general embryology, and protistology (pp. 271-433) ; systematic zoology and habits of animals (pp. 437-541) ; general zoology, paleozoology, and zoogeography (pp. 545-595) ; biological oceanography and plankton (pp. 599- G20) ; applied zoology and parasitology — museums (pp. 623-696) ; entomology (pp. 699-812) ; and nomenclature (pp. 815-915). Zoological record, D. Sharp (Zool. Rec, 50 (1913), pp. XII +[1328]). —This volume (E. S. R., 81, p. 56) records the zoological literature relating chiefly to the year 1913, but includes entries for 1901-1912 that were received too late for inclusion in the previous volumes. Infection of man with Bacterium tularense, W. B. Wherry and B. H. Lamb (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 (1914), No. 2, pp. 331-340, pi. i).— "A case of ulcerative conjunctivitis and lymphadenitis in man is shown to be caused by a minute, capsulated bacterium in all probability identical with B. tularense, which was first discovered by McCoy and Chapin in a plague-like disease of the California ground squirrel] (Citellus heecheyi) [E. S. R., 26, p. 461]. . . . Our findings would seem to indicate that this disease is widespread among rodents. Further, we wish to call attention to the fact that thia recently discovered disease of rodents is apparently sufficiently virulent for gray mice (Miis musculus) to warrant the presumption that it may some day take its place along with B. pestis as a menace to man." A new bacterial disease of rodents transmissible to man, W. B. Wherry (P»&. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29 (1914), No. 51, pp. 3387-3390).— The plague-like disease of rodents previously described by McCoy (E. S. R., 25, p. 249), and found by McCoy and Chapin (E. S. R., 26, p. 461) to be due to a new bacillus (Bacterium tularense), has been discovered by the author and B. H. Lamb to be transmissible to man. Two cases have thus far been observed, both at Cincinnati, Ohio, one a meat cutter, the other a farmer's wife. It was suspected that the disease had been transmitted from wild rabbits since they are the chief variety of wild game sold in the markets and because of reports of hunters that wild rabbits in ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 451 Indiana and Kentucky were dying in large numbers. Examinations made of two rabbits found dead on a farm near Vevay, Ind., four miles from where one of the cases came from, showed the gross lesions of the disease and Avere proved by guinea pig inoculations and bacteriologic examinations to be infected with B. tularcnse. The author states that at the time of writing he is engaged in testing out rabbits from Kentucky and Ohio which are in all probability also affected with the same disease; he is inclined to conclude that this rodent disease is widely distributetl and that extensive epizootics among wild rabbits occur frequently. " While the human cases on record were both individuals who had handled and dissected wild rabbits and wei"e both cases of conjunctivitis it seems possible that infection may occur through less direct channels and that other types of infection in man may occur. On the basis of animal experiments it seems possible that ulcerative rhinitis, ulcerative or membraneous sore throat, gastro- intestinal infection, or lymphadenitis secondary to cutaneous infection may occur. Susceptible rodents may be infected by feeding and by the introduction of infectious material into the eye or nose or upon an abrasion of the skin. Experiments on transmission by contact or association have failed in the case of guinea pigs and ground squirrels but a recent experiment was successful in the case of rabbits." It is pointed out that rodent fleas may possibly convey the infection to man since McCoy and Chapin succeeded in transmitting it among ground squirrels twice by means of 100 to 500 squirrel fleas, respectively. Discovery of Bacterium tularense in wild rabbits and the danger of its transfer to man, W. B. Wherry and B. H. Lamb {Jour. Anwr. Med. Assoc, 63 (.1914), No. 23, p. 204I). — A detailed report of the occurrence of this plague- like disease in the two rabbits mentioned in the paper noted above. Color key to North American birds, F. M. Chapman {ISlew York: D. Apple- ton tt- Co., 1912, rev. ed.., pp. X-\-356, figs. 84O). — This work, prepared with a view to aiding in the identification of the bird in the bush, consists of an intro- duction, synopsis of orders and families of North American birds, color key to North American birds, and a systematic table of North American birds. An appendix contains a faunal bibliography (pp. 305-331). Common corn insects, R. L. Webster (loiva Sta. Circ. 23 {1915), pp. 16, figs. 15). — This is a popular account of the insect enemies of corn in Iowa. Katydids injtirious to oranges in California, J. R. Horton and C. E. Pem- BEKTON {U. B. Dept. Agr. Bui. 256 {1915), pp. 2//, pis. 5, figs. i6).— This bulletin reports studies conducted with two species of katydids, the fork-tailed katydid {Scndderia furcata) and the angular-winged katydid {Microcentrum rhoniM- foUiini ) . The amount of injury caused by S. furcata increased considerably from 1910, when it first came to attention, until 1912, when it caused a loss in several orchards of a full fourth of the crop. A single katydid may destroy several small oranges in a day, the orange once attacked being invariably rendered unfit for sale. The young katydids are on the trees and actively feeding and the injury usually begins about the time the petals are dropping. The blos- som buds are sometimes attacked, a hole being gnawed through the petals to reach the pistils and ovary, which are often destroyed in a considerable number of blossoms. The injured oranges usually have been moi'e than one-third destroyed, or have received one or more holes large enough to admit the head and thorax of the slender katydid nymphs, these holes often extending entirely through the orange. At picking time many of these damaged fruits are con- spicuous owing to the clean-cut circular holes in the rind, which vary from the size of a dime to about that of a silver dollar. 452 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The bulletin includes an account of the food plants, life history, and habits, with technical descriptions of the several stages of these katydids. A small chalcidid belonging to the genus Anastatus is the only enemy of the egg discovered during the iuA-estigation. This parasite is much more effec- tive in checking the angular-winged katydid than ;S. furcata in orange groves in the San Joaquin Valley. The angular-winged katydid, while much less important, is also responsible for a certain amount of injury to orange trees. The first instar nymphs of M. rJiombifolium feed principally, if not wholly, upon the leaf surface, removing merely a chlorophyll layer. Later stages gnaw clear through the leaves, fill- ing them with ragged holes and destroy a larger amount of foliage in propor- tion to their number than does the fork-tailed, katydid. It has never been observed to attack blossoms or fruit. The eggs of this si)ecies are also attacked by Anastatus sp., it being estimated that SO per cent or more of all eggs depos- ited are destroyed. Spraying experiments conducted and here reported have led to the recom- mendation of two applications of arsenite of zinc at the rate of 2 lbs. per 100 gal. of water, or two applications of arsenate of lead at the rate of 4 lbs. per 100 gal. of water. The first application should be made, at the latest, immediately after most of the petals have fallen; the second application, from 10 days to two weeks after the first. " If it seems desirable to spray for the citrus thrips also, lime-sulphur should be added to the above at the rate of 2 gal. per hundred, and a third application of lime-sulphur only, at the same dilution, should be made about two or three weeks after the second. The cost of spraying will vary somewhat according to size of trees, cost of labor, team hire, insecticides, etc., but with ordinarily good management will not exceed $5 per acre." Control of the chang'a, S. S. Grossman and G. N. Wolcott {Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Exi)t. 8ta. Circ. 6 (1915), pp. 5). — Experiments extending over a period of several years are said to have led to a very easy, cheap, and effective method of destroying this mole cricket (Scapteriscus didactylus) , accounts of which by Barrett (E. S. R., 14, p. 885) and by Worsham and Reed (E. S. R., 29, p. 557) have been previously noted. This consists in the use of Paris green 2.5 to 3 lbs. to 100 lbs. of low grade flour. This mixture, when placed around the tobacco plant in a shallow trench about 1 in. deep and 3 in. from the tobacco plant at the rate of a heaping teaspoonful to the plant, results in prac- tically 100 per cent stand. Broadcasting before planting at the rate of from 250 to 300 lbs. per acre was also effective. The cost, including labor, is said to amount to $8 to $10 per acre. This method can also be successfully employed in protecting other crops. Aphids or plant lice attacking sugar cane in Porto Rico, T. H. Jonks (Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 11 (1915), pp. 19, pis. 2).— This bulletin presents brief accounts of two species of plant lice that attack sugar cane in Porto Rico, namely, SipJia flava, to which the name " yellow sugar cane aphis " is applied ; and Aphis setarice, to which the name " brown sugar cane aphis " is given. 8. flava occurs on the under surface of the cane leaves, especially those which have begun to bend over, while A. setarice occurs at the junction of the leaf sheaths and leaf blades of young cane on the lower surface and on either side of the midrib. Observations and experiments on the San Jose scale, S. A. Forbes (Illinois Sta. Bui. 180 (1915), pp. 5It5-561, figs. 3).— A brief note is given on the life history of the San Jose scale, including a diagram of annual generations de- scending from one hibernating female, followed by a report of tests of orchard sprays. The work is summarized as follows: ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 453 " Experiments with infested ripe apples show that the San Jose scale may- live and reproduce freely on such fruits plucked from the tree and kept at ordinary room temperatures, and that living young may continue to be born under such conditions during a period of eight weeks. Infested apples taken from cold storage in December gave similar results, young being produced on these apples for 25 days. " Exact breeding experiments conducted at Urbana in 1906 in a way to dis- tinguish throughout the season the descendants of the first born from those of the last born of each generation, gave two successive generations of the hist- born series in the complete year and four such generations of the first-born series. A computation based on data thus obtained yielded a possible rate of multiplication under optimum conditions of 32,791,472 to 1 for the year. This total is only the ninety-eighth part of that of other investigators, who took no account of diminished numbers of generations x^roduced by late-born individuals. " Spraying operations with various preparations of lime and sulphur and with two brands of miscible oils justify the usual preference for the sulphur solutions, especially because of their more prolonged effect when applied in spring. The homemade solutions were equally effective with those ready- made, requiring only dilution for use. These experiments also Illustrate the great advantage of early spraying, before an orchard becomes heavily Infested, and furnish evidence that spraying in spring is much more effective than spray- ing in fall, the ratios of benefit being some 20 per cent greater. The possibility of redeeming and restoring a badly Infested orchard and maintaining It in good condition, with one or two sprayings a year, was well established by these operations." Food plants of the gipsy motli in America, F. H. Moshee (Z7. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 250 (1915), pp. 39, pis. 6). — This is a report upon investigations conducted during the years 1912, 1913, and 1914, with a view to determining the favorite food plants of the gipsy moth. A brief statement is given of the i*esults secured with each plant tested. The work leads to a division of the food plants into four classes: (1) Species that are favored food for the gipsy moth ; (2) species that are favored food for the gipsy moth after the early larval stages; (3) species that are not particularly favored, but upon which a small proportion of the gipsy moth larvae may develop; and (4) species that are unfavored food for the gipsy moth. The species in the first of these classes are at present the dominant species in the woodlands in the area now infested with the gipsy moth, but the encouragement of coniferous growth is recommended, provided the class (1) trees can be eliminated. The sugar cane moth stalk borer (Diatraea saccharalis), T. H. Jones (Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 12 (1915), pp. 30, pU. 3, fig. 1). — ^A summarized account of this borer, which is distributed throughout Porto Rico, its biology, control measures, etc. A report of investigations of the injury by this pest in Porto Rico by Van Dine has been previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 659). Two parasitic enemies occur in Porto Rico, one an egg parasite (Tricho- gramma minutum), the other a tachinid fly, probably Hypostena sp. A parasitic fungus (Cordyceps 'barheri) attacks the larva and pupa. " The preventive methods of control advised to reduce injury by the borer include planting of noninfested ^eed, simultaneous planting and harvesting of large areas of cane land, and clean cultivation before and after planting. The remedial measures of control Include the collection of egg clusters and the cutting out of dead hearts. The burning of trash as a means of reducing injury is not to be recommended and the use of trap lights as a means of capturing the adults does not seem advisable. At the time of harvesting, all stalks cut in the field 454 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. should be taken to tbe mill and ground in order tliat the numbers of the lars-ce and pupai be reduced." A bibliography of 14 titles is included. American plum borer, B. B. Bolakeslee {U. 8. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 261 {1915), pp. 13, pis. 3, fig. 1). — ^A report of biological studies of Euzophera semifuneralis. conducted during 1913-14. This lepidopterous borer appears to prefer trees that are in a somewhat weakened condition, such as those partially girdled by the disease commonly known as collar blight or mechanically injured by frost. Without injury of some sort to its host plant the borer rarely succeeds in establishing itself, and en- tirely healthy and uninjured trees are in little danger from its attack. Where a tree has suffered injury the work of this borer may, in many cases, considerably shorten its life. Beginning at some scar, wound, or crevice, where a bark scale offers partial protection, the larva works its way back into the living tissue, in broad, shallow, irregular galleries just beneath the bark. It has been found feeding upon plum, peach, cherry, Chinese plum (Prunus simoni), Kieffer pear, mountain ash, persimmon, apple, and Russian mulberi"y. The author has found it equally abundant on plum, cherry, peach, and apple. The insect is known to occur in 21 different States as far separated as the District of Columbia, Arizona, and Washington. The species hibernates in the larval stage under the bark scales in a tough cocoon of white silk at the entrance of its feeding galleries. In the latitude of northern Virginia and the District of Columbia in a normal season pupation commences about April 1. In the latitude of Winchester, Va., the adults begin appearing the last of April or first of May. Oviposition commences in from one to three days after emergence, from 12 to 74 eggs having been deposited by moths kept under observation in the laboratory. At Winchester during 1913 eggs deposited the latter part of April and early May required from 8 to 14 days for incubation. Eggs of the first generation appar- ently begin hatching the early part of May and of the second generation about July 1. Observations at Winchester of larva? which hatched on May 7 showed a feeding joeriod of 34 days, a prepupal period of 2 days, and a pupal period of 10 days. The larva has a number of parasitic and predaceous enemies. Two parasites reared at Winchester have been determined as Idechthis sp. and Mesostenus thoraciciis. The former was the more common, some 13.47 per cenb»having been parasitized by it. Itoplectis inarginatus, if. gracilis, and Pimpla sp. were reared from borer larvae at Fort Valley, Ga., in 1905, and Tenebrioides corticalis has been taken feeding upon them. It is thought that this borer will ijrobably never become a pest of more than ordinary importance, except in occasional isolated cases. When the ordinary precaution of cutting away the dead bark and painting the wounded areas is followed, this may be regarded as sufiicient for the control of the borer. Where the borer has established itself already, the cutting out method is the only one that can be followed. A bibliography of 12 titles is included. Douglas fir pitch moth, J. Brunnek {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 255 {1915), pp. 23, figs. 10). — It has been definitely determined that in the northern Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions the Douglas fir pitch moth {Scsia nova- roensis) is responsible for at least 90 per cent of that damage to Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga taxifolia), known as pitch seams, gum check, windshake, etc., and the same species appears to be responsible for the similar depreciation in timber that occurs in the southern Rocky Mountain district. The loss occasioned by the work of this class of insects causes the difference In price between absolutely clear lumber and the lower grades. They work in ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 455 a portion of the trunk which later clears itself of branches, hence only logs are affected which, were it not for previous infestation by them, would yield only the better grades of lumber. Douglas fir sawyers estimated a general loss in the entire Douglas fir product of between 7.5 and 15 per cent due to pitch seams. The depreciation is lowest in the Rocky Mountain region and heaviest toward the coast, evidently corresponding to the respectively slower or quicker growth of the trees in the respective localities and to the relative scarcity or abundance of the moth in these regions. The author presents an account of its life history and habits and of the nature of its injury. A period of three years is said to be required for the development from egg to adult, 30 days being required for the incubation of the egg and a similar period for the pupa. Two generations of larvae may be found at any time of the year. In determining control measures readily accessible areas were selected for detailed investigations. The results of the work are said to have made it evi- dent that to accomplish any permanent good under general forest conditions it is best to extend control over large areas. " Destruction of the larvae is the only remedy that can be used to reduce an infestation. When the infested pitch tube is located, it should be separated from the tree, the thus exposed larva killed, and to insure cleaner healing the ragged edges of the wound should be smoothed with a knife or small ax, after which they should be painted with creosote or a similar preparation, to prevent reinfestation by insects or fungi. The enlarging of the wound by the smoothing of its edges will also leave a pitch blister in the tissues, but the ultimate result will not be nearly as dis- astrous as from the untreated sesiid wound, since a clean healing from the inside obviates much of the chance of its producing a circular seam. Freshly vacated wounds might be treated the same way with profit." The Hessian fly situation in 1915, F. M. Webster and E. O. G. Kelly {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 51 {1915), pp. 10, figs. 5).— This circular pre- sents diagrams which illustrate the seasonal development of the Hessian fly from egg to adult twice during the year and a map showing approximate dates in the fall, in various parts of the country, after which, under normal meteoro- logical conditions, wheat may be sown without exjwsing it to serious attacks by this pest. House flies, L. O. Howabd and R. H. Hutchison ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 679 {1915), pp. 22, figs. 15). — This bulletin, which supersedes Farmers' Bulletin 459 (E. S. R., 25, p. 762), gives particular attention to preventive and control measures. Further experiments in the destruction of fly larvae in horse manure, F. C. Cook, R. H. Hutchison, and F, M. Scaxes {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 2^5 {1915), pp. 22, pi. 1, fig. 1). — This is a report of work carried on in continua- tion of that previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 653). This bulletin deals with investigations of the larvicidal efficiency of both organic (anilin, beta-naphthol, cresylic acid, para-dichlorobenzene, formalde- hyde, nitrobenzene, oxalic acid, and pyridin) and inorganic (arsenical dip, chlorid of lime, Epsom salts, lime-sulphur, and sulphuric acid) substances, together with bacteriological and chemical examinations of horse manure to which many of these substances were applied. Of the inorganic substances tested arsenical dip was the only one which when used in amounts considered practical destroyed the larvae of the house fly. Of the organic substances anilin, pyridin, and nitrobenzene, when used in certain dilutions, gave satis- factory larvicidal results, but the cost precludes their use. 6318°— No. 5—15 5 456 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The larvicidal action of plant material containing saponin (corn cockle [Agrostemma githago] and agave [Agave lecheguilla~\) and alkaloids (blackleaf 40, larkspur [Delphinium], stramonium [Datura stramonium'], and hellebore [Veratruni alhum and Y. viride]) was tested. Other plant material tested included oxeye daisy (Chrusanthemum leucanthemum) and pyrethrum (0. cinerariwfoUum) . Powdered hellebore proved the most efficient and practical of all the substances tested. " Powdered hellebore, using 0.5 lb. to 10 gal. of water and applying this to 8 bu. of manure, is also an effective larvicide and exerts no injurious action on the fertilizing value of the manure as detennined by bacteriological and chemical analyses, and no injurious action on plants has been detected in any of the field tests. Hellebore is used as an insecticide and is obtainable in most cities and agricultural districts. The cost of this treatment is 0.60 ct. per bushel of manure." Borax, which was shown in the previous bulletin to be an effective larvicide, is obtainable in all parts of the country, and the cost of treating manure at the rate of 0.62 lb. of borax per 8 bu. is 0.42 ct. per bushel. " While borax may be applied to manure at the foregoing rate and the treated manure may be added to the soil at the rate of 15 tons to the acre without injuring vegeta- tion, nevertheless excessive Quantities of borax may be applied to manure through carelessness, and injury to vegetation may in consequence result. In the light of this year's experiments it seems advisable to recommend borax as a larvicide for the treatment of outhouses, refuse piles, and all other places where flies may deposit eggs. However, on account of the possible carelessness previously mentioned, and because large quantities of manure are sometimes used by truck growers, it seems best to guard against possible injui-y to vege- tation by recommending powdered hellebore for the treatment of manure, since no injury can arise from the use of excessive quantities, as it is entirely decomposed in the course of the fermentation of the manure." Plague and plague-like disease, — A report on their transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca domestica, N. B. Wayson (Pw&. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 29 (WW, No. 51, pp. 3390^393).— The author reports that the trans- mission of Bacterium tuJarense by bites of stable flies occurs, apparently, only from those animals having an advanced stage of the bacteremia. In two experi- ments where stable flies were allowed to bite the infected animal four times and the healthy animal four times death did not occur, but in two experiments where stable flies were allowed to bite an infected animal eight times and to bite a healthy animal eight times death resulted. Experiments are being conducted to determine the length of time that flies remain infective, the results thus far having been negative after 24 hours from the time of feeding. House flies fed on 48-hour-old viscera of an animal dead of the disease were found to convey the infection. The cranberry rootworm, H. B. Scammell (C/. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 263 (1915), pp. 8, pis. 2). — The cranberry rootworm (Rhahdopterus picipes) Is the larva of a small brown chrysomelid beetle which has recently become a source of injury to the cranberry in New Jersey. Observations continued through a period of two years indicate that at the present time it is not a pest of prime importance on cranberry bogs, and that its ravages are not to be compared in severity to those of the cranberry girdler (Cramlnis hortuellus) . The chief injury is caused by the feeding of the larviB on the roots and runners where the latter come in contact with the ground. As a rule only the bark is? eaten from the large and secondary roots, the wood occasionally being attacked while the flbrous roots, which are so numerous as to form a dense mat an inch or more in thickness, are completely devoured. The beetles feed on the foliage ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 457 and fruit. Although it is widely distributed throughout the United States, hav- ing also been recorded from wild grape, myrtle, and basswood, and observed by the author on blueberry and inkberry, previous to its discovery on cranberry it was not regarded as of economic importance. The injury occurs mainly on sandy lands or savannas, where the root system of the vines is not so extensive as on muck or peat bottoms. " The beetles appear in numbers about tlie end of June, deposit eggs in the soil, and die before fall. The larvfe feed on the fibrous roots and bark of the larger roots until late fall, when they hibernate in cells formed in the soil. Some spring feeding of the larvjB occurs. Pupation commences early in June, the average duration of the stage being 14.5 days. " No satisfactory practice in the use of the winter flowage or the spring re- flowage to exterminate an infestation of larvfe or pupae has been developed. Invigorating the \anes by the application of fertilizers or sand promises excellent results." A list of eight references to the literature is included. The Calosoma beetle (Calosoma sycophanta) in New England, A. F. Bur- gess and C. W. Collins (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 251 {1915), pp. 40, pis. 8, figs. 3). — This account is supplementary to that by Burgess, previously noted (E. S. R., 26, p. 350). Among the phases considered are methods of packing beetles for shipment, the native home of C. sycophanta and hosts attacked, equipment used for rearing predaceous beetles, data relating to the life history of C. sycophanta, natural enemies, colonization, dispersion, etc. This predaceous beetle has now become firmly established in New England and has already demonstrated that it is a very important factor in the control of the gipsy moth by natural enemies. The results of 1914 indicate that it is the most important single natural enemy of the gipsy moth. It continues to spread each year and in all probability will soon be present throughout the entire territory where the gipsy moth is known to occur. The Parandra borer as an orchard enemy, F. E. Brooks {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 262 {1915), pp. 7, pis. 4)- — This paper relates to Parandra hrunnea, a cerambycid which has attracted considerable attention during the past few years as an enemy of trees of several widely separated species and of chestnut telephone and telegraph poles. An account of its injury to telephone and telegraph poles by Snyder has been previously noted (E. S. R., 25, p. 51). The characteristic injury of the insect to trees is in the form of a multitude of tortuous larval galleries extending through a more or less restricted portion of the trunk or larger branches. Its most destructive attacks usually occur in the trunk within a few feet of the ground, the work being followed quickly by decay of the affected wood and frequently by the breaking down of the tree at the point of greatest injury. Cultivated fruit trees are often injured, old apple, pear, and cherry trees being especially liable to attack. Hollow bases and decaying areas and cavities in the trunk and the consequent breaking and falling of weakened trees under the pressure of wind and snow are conditions quite commonly due in a large measure to the work of this insect. Records indicate that it may be found over the greater part of temperate North America. It is one of several species of borers from w^hich trees are in very little danger of injury as long as they are kept in sound and vigorous condition. It enters the wood from dead or decaying places on the surface and is probably never found in trees whose trvmks and larger branches are entirely covered with healthy bark. The eggs, which are placed in small punctures in the surface wood of dead spots, hatch in from two to three weeks. The larvae mine throughout the wood for a period of probably three years, extending their galleries upward more 458 EXPEKIMElsTT STATION^ EECOKD. frequently than downward. At French Creek, W. Va., in 1913 and 1914, pupa- tion took place during the last of June and the first of July, from ten days tto two weeks being required for transformation to adults. The author has found the parasite Odontomerus melUpes to attack this borer in West Virginia. The first and most important consideration relative to preventing injury by this borer is the keeping of the trees in such condition of soundness that the beetles will not deposit eggs in them. Whenever the borers of this species gain entrance to a tree there is only one practicable way of removing them and that is to gouge or chisel out all the wood through which the burrows extend. After removing all the punctured wood and all the wood soaked with water or affected by decay or disease, the cavity should be sterilized by the application of creosote and filled compactly with a mortar made of one part of a good grade of Portland cement and three parts of clean, sharp sand. The sugar cane weevil root borer (Diaprepes spengleri), T. H. Jones (Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. U {.1915), pp. 19, pis. 3).— While this weevil root borer appears to be generally distributed throughout the island, the larvae seem to cause most serious injury to cane in the lands on the south coast be- tween Gu^nica and Aguirre. Injury is caused to the root system of sugar cane through pruning off the small roots and by tunneling into the root stocks, which stunts the growth and in cases of severe infestation results in the death of the plants. " The eggs are laid in clusters between parts of the same leaf or of two leaves, the surfaces about the eggs being held together by an adhesive substance. In the field the eggs, for the most part, seem to be placed on sugar cane and vari- ous grasses. The larva or grub enters the soil immediately after issuing from the egg, and it is in this stage that the insect injures the root system of the cane. The pupa, the quiescent stage between larva and adult, occurs in an earthen cell in the soil. Notes on the length of time passed by the root borer in the soil as larva, pupa, and adult are not complete, but it appears that the beetles which develop from eggs laid at any one time are not themselves ready to deposit eggs until about a year later. Apparently there is an overlapping of generations. The beetles live for a considerable time, the females apparently longer than the males. One female collected in the field and kept in confine- ment remained alive from July 29 to November 8; another from August 15 to November 7. During this time the latter individual deposited 400 eggs." The collection and destruction of the beetles and grubs is recommended as the best method of control thus far developed. A brief account of this weevil by Van Dine has been previously noted (E. S. R, 30, p. 355), as has a systematic study by Pierce (E. S. R., 33, p. 360). Cone beetles: Injury to sug-ar pine and western yellow pine, J. M. Miller (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 243 {1915), pp. 12, pis. 5, fig. i).— Injury to seed of sugar pine throughout California and Oregon and of western yellow pine in the Pacific coast and southern Rocky Mountain regions, termed "blighted cones" and distinguished by the dying of immature cones soon after the starting of the second year's growth, is caused in large part by small scolytid beetles of the genus Conophthorus, particularly the sugar pine beetle (C. lamhertiante) and the western yellow pine cone beetle (C. ponderoscc). Accounts are given of these two beetles with observations of their biology and the nature and ex- tent of their injury. Observations indicate that from the last of August until the following INIay all the infestations within an area will consist of the broods of new adults which are overwintering within the blighted cones. Thus it is evident that if fallen infested cones from the trees which seed in a burned or cut-over area ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 459 could be raked up and burned between September 1 and May 1, a very appre- ciable reduction of the infestation and damage might result. " In the case of sugar pine all infested cones will be found on the ground under the trees during this period and, when the conditions seem to warrant it. burning may be done without great expense. September, October, and November would be the more favorable months for the work, as winter snow and unfavorable conditions for burning will probably be found during the winter and spring. " Seed collectors in locating areas for collecting may estimate the amount of cone-beetle damage on the trees by July 15, in some situations a month sooner, as the blighted cones by that time begin to stand out conspicuously on the trees. From these estimates the collector may determine whether or not the seed crop of the current year is too badly damaged to be profitably collected." Porto Rican beekeeping, E. F. Phillips (Porto Rico Sta. Bill. 15 {1915), Spanish ed., pp. 28, pis. 2). — ^A Spanish edition of the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., 31. p. 354). The silverfish; an injurious household insect, C. L. Maelatt (Z7. S'. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 681 {1915), pp. If, figs. 2).— A revision of Circular 49 of the Bureau of Entomology, previously noted (E. S. R., 14, 374). The entomogenous fung-i of Porto Rico, J. R. Johnston {Porto Rico Bd. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bui. 10 (1915), pp. 33, pis. 9, fig. 1).—The author here presents descriptions of the kno^Ti entomogenous fungi of Porto Rico, based upon col- lections and observations commenced in 1910. These thus described are the aphis fungus (Acrostalagmus alhus) ; the brown fungus (.^gerita webberi) ; the Aschersonia group, including the red fungus of the white fly (A. aleyrodis), the top-shaped Aschersonia (A. turlinata), the lemon-yellow fungus of the white fly (A. flavo-citrina and Aschersonia sp.) ; the mealy bug fungus {Aspergillus fiavus) ; the green fungus of the grass worm (Botrytis rileyi) ; the shield scale fungus (CepJialosporium lecanii) ; the Cordyceps group; the Entomophthora group, including the brown-tail moth fungus (E. anlicw), Empusa on mealy bugs (Empusa fresenii), and Empusa on the grass worm (Empusa sp.) ; the Gibellula spider fungus (Gibellula arachnophila) ; the Isaria group, including Cordyceps Mrberi and the white mealy bug fungus (Isaria sp.) ; the green muscardine (Metarrhvzium anisoplios) ; the black fun- gus of scale insects (Myrianginm duricei) ; the white headed fungus on scales (Scoleconectria coccicola) ; the red headed fungus on scales (SpJicerostilbe coccophila) ; and the cinnamon fungus (VerticiUium heterocladum) . A bibliography of ten titles relating to the subject is included. Variation in Oxyurias: Its bearing on the value of a nematode formula, S. B. Frackeb (Jour. Parasitology, 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 22-30, fig. i).— The author flnds that the proportionate size of the organs in Nematoda is an im- portant factor in their identification and emphasizes the importance of stating . it in the description of new species. " The locations of the cephalic parts of the alimentary canal tend to vary from 1 to 4 per cent, about one-third of the maximum, in Oxyurias vermicularis. The location of the vulva probably varies at least 15 per cent in a long series of individuals. The location of the anus varies over 7 per cent, or about one- third of the length of the tail. Variations in width are so great that some indi- viduals are over twice as wide as others. The length of the body of some indi- viduals is one-third greater than that of others. The use of the formula is likely to yield more confusion than assistance. It is impossible to indicate the observed range, and without that the numbers are meaningless. Carrying the measurement to 0.1 per cent gives an appearance of accuracy which does not exist. The formula is likely to result in the multiplication of so-called species without a proper basis for their separation. 460 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD. "A species sbould not be described as new on account of a deviation from tlie proportions of knov/n species unless tliat deviation is great and fundamental. Tlie space occupied by the reproductive organs should not be considered, and little dependence should be placed on the width of the body. Fl'om four to ten individuals should always be studied and the observed range recorded. In this way the varying proportions of the different species can be used in the identi- fication of collected specimens. An individual should never be identified, how- ever, on the basis of the formula alone or of the proportions alone." FOODS— HUMAN NUTEITION. Contribution to the knowledge of the ripening of meat, H. Kren (Wiener Tierdrztl. Monatsschr., 1 {191Jf), No. 12, pp. 585-589). — Analytical data are reported regarding samples of meat kept in cold storage from 1 to 8 days. The results indicate, in the author's opinion, that the ripening of meat depends upon the hydrolytic cleavage of the protein. Studies on the digestibility of milk and means of increasing it, L. Gaucher (Bill. G6n. TMr. M6cl. et Chinirg., 167 (19 W, No. U, pp. 371-381; abs. in Zentbl. Biochem. u. Biophys., 17 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 29, 30). — In the opinion of the author the difficulty experienced by individuals in digesting cows' milk is due to the coagulation of the casein in the stomach in large masses rather than in finely divided particles. He recommends that antirennet of calf or horse serum be added to the milk to secure the formation of a finely divided curd in the stomach, as the casein in this condition passes readily into the intestines for digestion. The influence of milk feeding on mortality and growth, and on tlie char- acter of the intestinal flora, L. F. Rettger (Jour. Expt. Med., 21 (1915), No. 4, pp. 365-388). — This paper reports a large number of feeding experiments with laboratory animals (chicks and rats), some of which have been previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 273). No difference was observed in the relative value of ordinary sour milk and of the so-called bulgaricus product. The milk and lactose diet exerted a great influence upon the character of the intestinal bacteria in the case of both white rats and chicks which is attributed to the lactose contained in the milk, as other carbohydrates than lactose failed to exert this influence. " The ingestion of foreign bacteria, even in large numbers, does not of itself bring about an elimination or displacement of the common intestinal micro- organisms. Vastly more important is the influence of diet, especially milk and lactose. The feeding of Bulgara tablets or other preparations which con- tain as the supposedly active agent the bacillus of IMetchnikoff and IMaze. with- out due regard to the use of milk, can, therefore, be of little, if indeed of any, value. The beneficial effects which it is claimed have been derived from the use of yoghourt, and other oriental sour milk products have in all probability been due to the milk as such, rather than to the bacteria which they contained." The germicidal efEect of lactic acid in milk, P. G. Heinemann (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 16 (1915), No. 3, pp. 479-486). — In the experiments here reported samples of sterile milk containing different concentrations of lactic acid were inoculated with BaciUus coli, B. dysenterice, B. typhosus, and B. paratypJwsus B, .nnd incubated. Bacteriological examinations of these samples were then made to determine the growth of the organisms. From the results of these experiments the author concludes that, although resistant strains may survive, the growth of pathogenic bacteria in milk is imlikely in the presence of 0.6 per cent of lactic acid. " The smaller the initial amount of lactic acid, the more likely is the growth of acid-tolerant strains. POODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 461 Consequently, tlie slower milk sours, tlie greater is the danger of pathogenic bacteria surviving." The use of saccharose and invert sugar in the preparation of bread, J. Jelfnek (Ztschr. Zuckerindus. Bohmen, 39 {1915), No. 7, pp. 281-283).— In this series of baking tests it was found that from 5 to 6.25 per cent of sugar may be satisfactorily incorporated in the dough for bread making, and that invert sugar may be used to as good advantage as cane sugar. Wild plants used as food, K. Krause (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Oesell., 30 (1915), No. 21, pp. 315-319). — A number of species of plants used for greens, salad, and other table purposes are described. Jams, A. McGiLL (Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 309 (1915), pp. 33).— This bulletin reports the results of the analyses of 227 samples of jams pur- chased in various provinces of Canada. A discussion of the general character and adulteration of the samples is included. Baking' powders, A. McGill (Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 308 (1915), pp. 33). — This bulletin contains the results of chemical analyses of 251 samples of baking powders purchased in various parts of Canada during the last three months of the year 1914. These results would indicate that cream of tartar baking powders are gradually being replaced by powders made with dried alum and calcium acid phosphate. [Food inspection and analysis], E. F. Ladd and Alma K. Johnson (North Dakota 8ta. Spec. Bui, 3 (1915), No. 18, pp. 305-320) .—General information regarding pure food topics is given, together with specific information regarding a number of samples of different foods analyzed. The electric cooking problem, R. E. Frickey (Jour. Electricity, 34 (1915), No. 23, pp. 475-478, figs. 4). — In this article is described a thermal storage cooker, the essential parts of which consist of a heat chamber, containing cast- iron radiators surrounded by the heating element, and above this a cooking chamber. Both chambers are surrounded by a heat insulating medium and a water jacket, suitably insulated, which acts as a hot-water reservoir. This reservoir is provided with an immersion water heater arranged for use as de- sired. Cost data are given for the preparation of standard daily menus, and compared with the results of a similar test with an ordinary range. Electric cooking, mainly from the consumer's point of view, W. R. Cooper (Inst. Elect. Engin. Jour., 53 (1915), No. 245, pp. 473-497; rev. in Elect. World, 65 (1915), No. 14, pp. 842, 843). — The author, an electrical engineer, reports in detail the results of experience with electric cooking in his own home. Descrip- tions of the apparatus, recommendations as to improvements, and cost data are given. It is stated that the cost of electric cooking was about one-third greater than in years when coal was used. The paper is followed by a discussion. Electric cooking and heating in private houses, W. A. Gillott (Jour. Inst. Elect. Engin. [London], 53 (1914), No. 237, pp. 42-53; ahs. in Sci. Als., Sect. B— Elect. Engin., 18 (1915), No. 205, 1, pp. 15, 16) .—Different types of apparatus are described and cost data and general information are given regarding each. The paper is followed by a discussion. Betail prices, 1907 to December, 1914 (U. S. Dept. Labor, Bur. Lahor Statis. Bui. 156 (1915), pp. 397).— This bulletin, which is Publication No. 14 of the Retail Prices and Cost of Living Series, consists of a compilation of statistical data regarding the relative prices of 15 articles of food in a num- ber of different cities, for the years from 1907 to 1914, inclusive. Data are also given regarding bread weights and the prices of coal and gas for household use. A part of this data has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 31, p. 558). 462 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Roman cooks, Cornelia G. Harcum {Dissertation, Johns HopJcins Univ., 1913, pp. 84). — Much interesting information is given regarding cooks and cooking during the early history of Rome. A bibliography is appended. The food supply of the Germans during the war, edited by P. Eltzbacheb (Die Deutsche Volkserndhrung und der Englische Aushungerungsplan. Bruns- wick: F. Vieweg & Son, 1914, pp. VII-\-196; rev. in Lancet [London'], 1915, I, No. 8, pp. 389-399). — This article presents statistical data regarding the total available food supply and the actual food requirements of the German peo- ple, and outlines various methods proposed for meeting these food require- ments if the country should be isolated by blockade. Detailed descriptions are given of the proposed increased utilization of agricultural products and the necessary alteration in living conditions. Soup kitchens, M. Rubner (Hyg. Rundschau, 25 (1915), No. 9, pp. 309-315).— Descriptions are given of the nutritive and energy values of some dietaries commonly furnished poor people at small cost. Nutrition and growth, L. B. Mendel (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 64 (1915), No. 19. pp. 1539-1547, figs. 5). — Important data, including both those resulting from the author's own experiments (E. S. R., 32, p. 460) and the results ob- tained by other investigators, are brought together in this lecture, which considers protein, carbohydrates, fats, lipoids, and accessory diet constituents ("vitamins"), as factors influencing nutrition and growth. The "central-normal" nutrition of adults, G. Oeder (Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., 52 (1915), Nos. 17, pp. 433-438; 18, pp. 466-470) .—Physical measure- ments of 132 men and 149 women are reported, which include that of the "central-normal" body weight (the weight associated with "central-normal" nutrition, a condition said to exist when the physical measurements conform to an arithmetical mean). The author concludes that the condition of nutri- tion is normal provided the measured body weight equals that indicated by the average of a large number of standard values, the index of the thickness of the abdominal fat layer lies between 2.48 and 2.69 cm., and the examination reveals no abnormal features. The influence of drinking water on the digestibility of solid substances, F. Grobbels (Hoppe-Scyler's Ztsclir. Physiol. Chem., 89 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 1-21, figs. 3; ahs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 25 (1915), No. 9, p. 329).— The following results of experiments were noted : Pure water left the stomach more rapidly than did bread and water mixtures. Bread eaten five minutes after drinking a moderate amount of water required twice the time for leaving the stomach as did water alone. When water was taken five minutes after eating bread, the time required for it to leave the stomach was shorter than for bread eaten alone. A mixture of bread and water remained in the stomach a longer time than did bread and water taken sepa- rately. The influence of protein intake upon the formation of uric acid, A. E. Taylor and W. C. Rose (Jour. Biol. Chem., 18 (1914), No. 3, pp. 519, 520; ahs. in ZentU. Physiol, 29 (1914), No. 12, p. 575).— The ingestion of abnormally large amounts of protein, following a preliminary period during which the subject received a purin-free ration, produced a very considerable increase in uric acid excretion. This may be explained by an unusual production of nuclear material from the excess of amino acids, or by an exceptional cell activity. The creatinin excretion remained approximately constant. The metabolism of organic and inorganic compounds of phosphorus, E. B. Forbes et al. (Ohio Sta. Tech. Bui. 6 (1914), pp. 80, pis. IS).— This bulletin reports in detail the results of a series of feeding experiments with pigs, to compare the nutritive value of representative phosphorus compounds, including POODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 463 phosphates, hypophosphites, nucleic acid, phytin, and glycerophosphates. The pigs were given a basal ration low in phosphorus, consisting of pearl hominy, blood albumin, wheat gluten, and salt, to which were added the pliosphorus com- pounds studied. In some experiments corn bran and small amounts of other substances were added to the ration to relieve feeding difficulties. Detailed tabulated data are given regarding the gain in weight of the animals in relation to food consumed; the weight and composition of various tissues and organs of the slaughtered animals ; the development and strength of the bones ; the chemical balance of mineral elements; the digestibility coefficients of the l)roximate food constitutes; and the determination of nitrogen, ammonia, and creatinin in the urine. In the discussion of the results of these experiments the authors bring out the following facts: The results of one series of experiments indicated that "phos- phorus from orthophosphates; hypophosphites, and yeast nucleic acid, when added in the pure form to rations low in phosphorus but capable of maintaining phosphorus equilibrium, may all be absorbed by swine, and may be retained in considerable quantity for at least 10 days", and although not proved, it seems possible that this retention may be permanent. Analyses of slaughtered animals showed that the mineral constituents and ether extract of the blood, as well as the relative proportions of the bone salts, varied consistently as affected by the food. There was no evidence for the belief that phosphates and glycerophosphates have different effects upon the gross composition, growth, and metabolism of the animals. Glycerophosphates, however, are much better tolerated than are phosphates. These experiments show that " with a low-phosphorus ration it seems to be impossible to make up the deficiency of phosphorus by the addition of readily soluble phosphates in the pure form." The phosphorus compounds studied are rated in the order of their decreasing acceptability to swine when in amounts supplying equal quantities of phos- phorus as follows: Glycerophosphates, phosphates, phytin, nucleic acid, and hypophosphites. From difficulties encountered in feeding yeast nucleic acid, commercial phytin, and the related compounds of wheat bran, the authors conclude that the isola- tion of such compounds changes their therapeutic effects so that it is impossible to determine from the experimental feeding of the pure compounds what is the nutritive value of these substances as they occur naturally in foods. These experiments do not show that the organic phosphorus compounds studied (nucleic acid, phytin, and glycerophosphates) are superior to the inor- ganic compounds (orthophosphates and hypophosphites) as regards nutritive value. "It would seem, therefore, that for purposes of growth, the usual diet of animals must contain a sufficiently large proportion of organic to inorganic phosphorus. In this relation, then the important consideration is simply one of the total phosphorus of the ration, and any such supplemental phosphorus as is to be added to the diet of the healthy, growing animal may be added as inorganic phosphate. " It seems unlikely that, with grown or growing animals, any ration composed from natural foods, and supplying the niti'ogen requirement, will fail to furnish enough total phosphorus to maintain phosphorus equilibrium. That many rations compounded from common foods are lacking in the amount of phos- phorus essential to maximum retention and growth, however, is as certainly true." . . . " The addition of comparatively small amounts of corn to rations compounded from simple manufactured products of i^lant and animal origin may enhance the nutritive value of such rations to an extent out of proportion to the amount of 464 EXPERIMENT STATIOK RECOED. corn added, the pai'ticular constituent of the corn responsihle for the improve- ment being as yet unlinown, but quite possibly a vitamin." In explanation of the low calcium content of the rations fed, the authors state that " it appears to be impossible to add to a ration low in phosphorus any considerable amount of calcium carbonate without causing profound diges- tion disturbance. ... No such result follows the administration of calcium carbonate in a ration of natural foods having normal phosphorus content." The organic phosphorus compounds of wheat bran, C. J. Robinson and J. H. Mueller (Biochem. Bui, 4 {1915), No. 13, pp. 100-117).— A controversial article. Analytical data are reported, the results of which are in disagreement with the work of Anderson (E. S. R., 3.3, p. 11). The maize feeding of normal individuals and pellagrins, P. Albertoni and P. TxJLLio (Arch. Ital. Biol., 62 (IDU), No. 3, pp. 305-325) .—From data derived from a number of physiological experiments in which was studied the effect of consuming a diet consisting of maize alone and of maize to which was added protein from other sources, the authors conclude that pellagra is a '* deficiency disease " produced by subsisting on a diet deficient in animal protein. The action of cafEein substances, G. Vinci {Arch. Ital. Biol., 61 {1914), No. 3, pp. 401-439; ahs. in Zcnthl. Physiol., Sa {1915), No. 1, pp. 28, 29).— Following a series of experiments in which various quantities of caft'ein were administered to dogs, it is concluded that as much as 10 mg. of caffein per kilo- gram of body weight (which the author states is much greater than the amount ordinarily ingested by drinking coffee) is without injurious action on the kidneys. The rational apportionment of the dietary during the 24-hour cycle, BEEGONifi {Rev. Sci. [Paris], 53 {1915), I, No. 9, pp. 1.38-145, figs. 4).— A sum- mary and digest of data, including a number of curves showing the distribution of the heat production during the 24-hour cj'cle. The relative advantages of eating two and three meals a day at different times are considered by compar- ing the amount and distribution of energy furnished in each case with the nmount of energy required by the body throughout the day. Studies on tissues of fasting animals, S. Moegulis, P. E. Howe, and P. B. Hawk {Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, 28 {1915), No. 6, pp. 397-406, pi. 1). — Detailed descriptions are given of the changes occurring in the struc- ture of the tissues of fasting animals, as shown by a histological study of sev- eral laboratory animals which had died of protracted inanition. A short bibliography is included. Muscular work and the respiratory quotient, S. Morgulis {Biochem. Bui., 3 {1914), No. 11-12, pp. 435-439).— ThQ author observes that the value for the respiratory quotient during muscular work, as frequently detei'niined by others, is extremely high, and suggests that this is due to incomplete removal of water vapor from the ventilating air current by the sulphuric acid absorbers, a part of the water thus being weighed as CO2. He supports the hypothesis of Zuntz that all food materials are soui'ces of energy for muscular work. The energy metabolism of infants in relation to age and nutritive condi- tion, J. R. MuKLiN {Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 12 {1914), No. 1, pp. 15, 16; abs. in Zenthl. Physiol., 29 {1914), No. 12, p. 567). — Determinations are recorded of the energy metabolism of children up to 1 year of age. The average value for newly born children, during sleep, was found to be 1.87 calories per hour per kilogram of body weight; 2.38 calories for those of 2 to 4 months; and 2.45 calories for tho.se G to 12 months old. Related to the area of body surface, the energy metabolism for the infants of the throe different ages was 25, 35, and 42 calories per hour. For poorly nourished children and those under weight ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 465 the heat output was somewhat greater, and for heavy infants a little less than the average metabolism of 2i calories per hour per kilogram of body weight. ANIMAL PRODTJCTIOK Nutrition with purified food substances, E. V. McCollum and Marguerite Davis (Jour. Biol. Chan., 20 {1915), No. Jf, pp. 641-658, figs. 5).— In continua- tion of previous w^ork (E. S. R., 32, p. 3G0), the authors report results of addi- tional fee pp. 195-201, pi. 1, figs. 4). — ^An account of the introduction and development of the zebu in Brazil. The crosses on the native stock are described as being popular with ranchers, hardy, disease-resistant, and fairly good milkers. Zebu crosses in Tunisia, M. Roederer {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 5, pp. 201, 202). — Zebu crosses with Arab cattle are described as being of good size, good butcher quality, easily kept in condition, hardy, and excellent as draft animals. The Asiatic race of zebu is preferred for crossing purposes. Measurement of the !Formosan buffalo, H. Yanagawa {Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc, 5 {1915), No. 3, pp. 143-145). — Measurements are given of the Formosan buffalo, which is described as being similar to the carabao or water buffalo of the Philippine Islands. 470 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Seventh annual report of the American Bison Society (Ann. Rpt. Amer. Bison Soc, 7 (1914), pp. 72, figs. 23). — It is said that there has been an increase of 546, or 19 per cent, in the number of buffaloes in North America within the past year, and that owing to the increased interest in this animal its preserva- tion is assured. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 469). Practical assistance to wool growers in the marketing' of their wool clips (Canada Dept. Agr., Live Stock Branch Pamphlet 7 (191Jt), pp. 18). — General information on the production of wool of good quality and condition, together with suggested plans for use in organizing a wool growers' association, is presented. The Grenada goat, L. Gimenez (Indus. Pecuaria, 15 (1914), No. 462, pp. 377, 378, figs. 2; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 1, p. 116). — This breed of goats is described as being hornless and of average size. The color is chestnut or b'.ack, and the udder is large and well developed. The she-goats become serviceable at 6 months and may continue to breed to the age of 9 or 10 years. They mostly give birth to twins and sometimes triplets. The yield of milk is generally from 2.6 to 3.5 lbs. per day after the first parturition, the quantity increasing v/ith subsequent lactations until the fifth, when it reaches its maximum of from 13.2 to 14.1 lbs. The milk is said to be excellent and without the characteristic odor of that of other breeds of goats. The flesh is also of good quality. [Pork production], M. Herter and G. Wilsdorf (Arl). Deut. Landw. Oesell., No. 270 (1914), pp. 1-38, figs. 15). — A discussion of the comparative value of the Berkshire, Yorkshire, and native German breeds of hogs for pork production, and of the methods of swine feeding. Swine feeding experiment comparing skim milk with fat-freed fi.sh meal and dried yeast, Klein (Milchw. ZentU., 43 (1914), No. 17, pp. 452-458).— In experiments with young pigs fed a basal ration of potato flakes and barley, it was found that ^ lb. of fat-freed flsh meal or 1 lb. of yeast was equivalent for feeding purposes to 1 gal. of skimmed milk. These feeds, especially the yeast, gave better results with older than with younger pigs. The valuation of the manurial residues obtained from the consumption of foods by growing pigs, C. Crowther and A. G. Ruston (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Lon- do7i'i, 21 (1914), No. 9, pp. 789-800). — With a view to determining the manurial A'alue of pig offal, ten 2-nionth-old Yorkshire pigs were fed for 23 weeks on rations composed of bran, middlings, pea meal, and barley meal, and collections and analyses made of the urine and feces. The percentage of the food nitrogen recovered ranged from 44 in the earlier stages to 68 in the later stages, with an average of 56 ; phosphoric acid, 45 to 71 with an average of 58 ; potash from 67 to 98 with an average of 87 ; and lime from 30 to 75 with an average of 65. The distribution of the manurial ingredients recovered between solid and liquid excreta was found to be as follows : Nitrogen 35 per cent In the solid, 75 per cent in the liquid; phosphoric acid 77 and 23; potash IS and 82; and lime 92 and 8, respectively. These values are lower than those given by Voelcker and Hall (E. S. R., 14, p. 1057). Sex-linked factors in the inheritance of rudimentary mammae in swine, E. N. Wentworth (Proc. loica Acad. Sci., 21 (1914), pp. 265-268). — The author presents evidence tending to show that the inheritance of rudimentary mammse in swine is a combination of the sex-linked and sex-limited types. It appears sex-linked in so far as the transmission of the genetic factor for rudimentaries is concerned, and sex-limited in so far as there is apparent repression somatically of the rudimentaries of the female sex when they are in a simplex condition. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 471 Polygamous Mendelian factors, J. Wilson (Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n. ser., 14 (1914), No. 22, pp. 302-312). — Data are presented which tend to show that the various colors In horses are the result of single polygamous factors. Annual report on the administration of the grant for the encouragement and improvement of the light horse-breeding industry for the year 1913—14 {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Ann. Rpt. Light Horse-B reeding Indus., 1913-14, PP- 56). — This outlines the general plan for the encouragement and improvement of light horse breeding in England, which consists in the subsi- dizing of stallions to travel at low fees, the providing of brood mares for farmers at a small rental, and the elimination of unsound stallions. Growth, of the horse, R. Motlocii (Deut. Landw. Tierzucht., 18 (1914), Ausgabe A., Nos. 50, pp. 529-532; 51, pp. 537, 538, figs. 5).— This is a contribu- tion on the growth and body development of the horse from birth to five years of age. Feeding roots to work horses, N. Hansson (Meddel. Centralanst. Forsoksv. Jordbruksomrddet, No. 98 (1914), PP- 16, figs. 2). — Successful experiments are reported in which an average of 13.5 kg. of sugar beets per head per day was fed to work horses for from 50 to 89 days with a resulting average daily gain of 0.03 kg. per head. Horses receiving 1.5 kg. of grain mixture per head per day under the same conditions lost 0.07 kg. in weight. Mendelian inheritance of fecundity in the domestic fowl, and average flock production, R. Pearl (Amer. Nat., 49 (1915), No. 581, pp. 306-317, fig. J).— The author summarizes the material presented in this paper as follows : " There is a marked difference in average egg production per bird of Barred Plymouth Rock pullets of the Maine Station strain at the present time as com- pared with what obtained during the period of simple mass selection for this character. This difference is in the direction of a substantially higher mean production at the present time, when tested on flocks of large size. The increase in flock average productivity is most pronounced in respect to winter production, which is the laying cycle to which especial attention has been given in the breeding. The cause of this increase in flock productivity appears, with a degree of probability which is very high and amounts nearly to certainty, to be that the method of breeding the stock now followed is more closely in accord with the mode of inheritance of fecundity than was the simple mass selection practiced in the earlier period. The result announced in earlier papers that high fecundity is a sex-linked character, for which the female is heterozygous, has been confirmed by practical poultrymen in their breeding operations." Previous work has been noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 675 ; 28, p. 576). Xenia in fowls (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 5, pp. 212-218, figs. 2).— This Is a review of recent German work to determine whether a cock has any influence on the color and form of eggs laid by hens to which he is mated. The work of Walther (E. S. R., 32, p. 263) is cited to show that this theory is without solid foundation. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — XII, On an abnormality of the oviduct and its effect upon reproduction, Maynie R. Curtis (Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, 28 (1915), No. 3, pp. 154-162, pis. 2). — This is a description of an abnormality of the oviduct of a year and a half old Rhode Island Red hen at the Maine Experiment Station. Every possible stage of absorption of the egg from a normal membrane shelled fresh egg to collapsed empty membranes was found. " Some of the eggs and some of the empty membranes were free in the body cavity. Some were partly or entirely inclosed by peritoneum. In several instances two eggs or an egg and a bunch of membranes were walled off together. These peritoneal 6318°— No. 5—15 6 472 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. covered masses were attached by suspending strings or folds of peritoneum. One was a nomial fresh egg in a single egg membrane. Ten had evidently been normal eggs but at the time of autopsy they contained a homogeneous mixture of yolk and albumin which had lost the gelatinous character of fresh egg albumin. Each of these eggs was inclosed in a single egg membrane. The other four eggs were double eggs." " The most probable explanation of the abnormality of the oviduct found in the case described is that in early embryonic development (probably on the sixth or seventh day of incubation) the backward growth of the primordial oviduct stopped permanently, while the differentiation of the part already formed continued in the normal manner. "As in other cases where the passage of the egg is prevented the sex organs passed through their normal reproductive cycles; the oviduct functioned as far as the point where the passage was interrupted; the eggs were then returned to the body cavity and resorbed. The number of eggs and empty egg mem- branes found in this fowl, which was apparently in a perfectly normal physical condition, show that a bird possesses very great power of resorption of its own proteins from the peritoneal cavity. Such resorption does not necessarily cause metabolic disturbances." Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. — ^XIII, On the failure of extract of pituitary body (anterior lobe) to activate the resting ovary, R. Pearl and F. M. Subface (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 {1915), No. 1, pp. 95-101).— In an earlier paper (E. S. R., 32, p. 671) it was shown that the sub- stance of the corpora lutea of the cow has the power to inhibit ovulation in an actively laying fowl. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is any chemical substance which will activate the resting ovary. It was found that " the substance of the anterior lobe of the pituitary body of the cow, when injected into the abdominal cavity of hens in which the ovary is in a completely resting condition, does not cause an activation of the ovary, in the sense of inducing ovulation at an earlier date than that at which it would normally occur." The cholesterol metabolism of the lien's egg during incubation, J. H. Mueller {Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 {1915), No. 1, pp. 23-28).— As a result of his studies the author concludes that " the cholesterol of the newly laid hen's egg is practically all in the free condition. During the period of incubation this condition obtains until about the thirteenth day, from which time there is a gradual esterification until, at the time of hatching, over 40 per cent of the cholesterol present is in the form of esters. The esterifying cholesterol may function as a detoxifying substance, with which the toxic fatty acids, set free from lecithin during the latter stage of embryonic development, combine to form harmless esters." Studies on the energy metabolism of the domestic fowl, H. Gerhaetz (Landw. Jahrb., 46 {19U), No. 5, pp. 797-8U; «&«• in Iniernat. Inst. Agr. [Rome's, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 12, pp. 1623, 1624). — The author reviews the work of a number of earlier investigators, and gives the results of his own studies in determining the amount of energy re- quired daily by hens per kilogram of live weight and per 1,000 sq. cm. of body surface during the molting, laying, and resting periods. The minimum requirement amounted to 58.37 calories per 1,000 sq. cm. of body surface per day for the normal fasting fowl ; 62.15 calories for the same bird that had been fed ; and 71.78 calories for the brooding hen after feeding This is a somewhat lower requirement than that of other animals, it appearing that fowls in a state of absolute repose have a relatively low transformation of energy. During the molting period the transformation was slightly in- DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 473 creased. There was an increase in the enerpy transformation during the egg-laylug period, from 24.8 to 26.2 calories per 1,(KX) aq. cm. of body surface per day being utilized in the formation of the egg. Poultry for profit, Jean A. Koethen (Los Angeles, Cal.: Cultivator PuUish- ing Co., 1915, pp. 229, pis. 17, figs. 11). — ^A general treatise on the feeding, care, and management of poultiy. A simple trap nest for poultry, A. R. Lee (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 682 (1915), pp. 3, figs. 2). — Full directions are given for making a trap nest. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Difficulties encountered in making high-gi'ade milk, and their practical solution, J. R. Williams {N. Y. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 68 {1915), pp. 1021-1032, pis. 4). — The author reports experiments undertaken to determine the effects of brushing and washing the udder on the bacterial content of the surface of the teats ; also to determine the value of disinfectants in the cleaning of the udders. The results while not conclusive, suggest that " perfunctory washing loosens or frees from the epithelial layers of the teats more bacteria than it removes, so that more germs may be readily removed in the handling of the teat after the washing than before. Washing from a common pail may carry germs from one cow to another so that the process of washing instead of removing may add enormous numbers of germs to the teats. In this way cows with infected udders may be the source of infection for all other cows in the same group. "Antiseptics apparently reduce the number of viable germs on the teats. It is uncertain, however, whether or not they are destroyed or their growth on the test plate merely inhibited. " By far the best way to prepare a cow for milking is to wash each udder with a pail of clean water and wipe the teats with a piece of sterile cloth. It is a serious question whether or not any other method of preparation for milk- ing is of value. Unfortunately, this method requires more labor and the extravagant use of water and sterilized cloths." Process of sterilizing milk and cream, A. Rutteb (English Patent 216, Jan. S, 1914; al}S. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 34 (1915), No. 9, p. 507). — "Milk or cream is treated with from 0.05 to 0.15 per cent of its weight of an alkali peroxid, e. g., sodium peroxid, a quantity of citric acid sufficient to neutralize the alkalinity due to the peroxid is added, and the whole is then heated to 30 to 52° C. for 30 minutes or more." The pasteurization of cream for butter making (Iowa Sta. Bui. 156 (1914), pp. 3-40). — This bulletin consists of two parts. I, Effect on quality and chemical composition, by M. Mortensen, W. G. Gaess- ler, and W. H. Cooper (pp. 3-26). — In experiments conducted to determine the value of pasteurization in the manufacture of butter, the effect on the flavor of the butter, on the keeping quality, on the body, on the chemical composition, and on the mechanical losses was considered and an efl'ort was made to determine the relative merits of the various methods of pasteurization. Sour cream was pasteurized by the continuous and vat methods, and the continuous method using a forewarmer. Fairly satisfactory results were ob- tained by the continuous method of pasteurization during the summer season, but during the winter season, when the cream had to be heated from a low temperature to a high pasteurizing temperature, a metallic flavor often resulted. The amount of fat lost in the buttermilk was greater in the buttermilk obtained from pasteurized cream. 474 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. In vat pasteurization the body of tlie butter was somewliat inferior to that of both the raw cream butter and that from the cream pasteurized by the con- tinuous method, in that it was not so clear and appeared a trifle sticky. The butter from pasteurized cream, either sweet or sour, scored higher on flavor, both when fresh and after storage, than from raw cream. Vat pasteurization appeared to be the most efiicient method of sour-cream pasteurization for im- provement of flavor, although the average fat content of the buttermilk from vat-pasteurized cream was 0.23 per cent, as against 0.115 per cent for butter- milk from cream pasteurized by the continuous method. An effort was made to combine the two methods. The cream was heated by flash heat in a continuous pasteurizer used as a forewarmer to about 125° F., passed through a retarder, requiring about 20 minutes, and finally admitted to another continuous pasteurizer and heated to from 180 to 185°. This method was compared with the continuous method, the exposure varying from 180 to 185°. The body of the butter was practically the same with each of these two methods, and clearer and more perfect than with vat-pasteurized cream. The flavor for both fresh and stored butter produced from cream pasteurized by the vat method scored higher than that of butter produced from cream pasteurized by the continuous method after forewarming, and this in turn was higher than with continuous pasteurzation without forewarming. The average fat test of the buttermilk for the cream pasteurized by the continuous method was the same with or without forewarming, and lower than for the vat-pasteurized cream. A high churning temperature resulted in a great loss of fat in the buttermilk. An effort was made to remove undesirable odors from the butter by aerating the cream. The cream, after being treated with the blower, was a trifle more mealy than cream pasteurized by the vat method without aeration. The butter manufactured from aerated cream scored higher on flavor than that from cream not aerated. The loss of fat in the buttermilk was practically the same In both cases. Butter manufactured from raw cream had a higher moisture content than butter manufactured from cream pasteurized by the flash method. Prolonged heating of sour cream produced a higher moisture content in the resulting but- ter. The percentage protein content of the resulting butter was not influenced by the pasteurization of sweet cream, but was decreased by pasteurization of sour cream. II, Bacteriological studies, by B. W. Hammer (pp. 27-40). — In these studies of the bacteriological effects of pasteurization it was found that " the method of vat pasteurization of sour cream at temperatures of from 140 to 145° F. for 20 minutes sometimes left large numbers of living bacteria present, although the percentage killed was high. After pasteurizing sour cream with the flash method at from 180 to 185°, only small numbers of bacteria were found in a living condition. The use of the retarder on sour cream resulted in the destruc- tion of a great many of the contained bacteria. From the small amount of data available, it appears, as would be expected, that the efficiency obtained approxi- mates vat pasteurization more nearly than flash pasteurization as carried out in this work. With the use of double pasteurization on sour cream, a very high efficiency was secured and only very small numbers of organisms remained in the cream in a living condition ; the results on bacterial efficiency approximate those obtained by the flash method, " The method of blowing air through cream during the pasteurization process was found to increase the number of bacteria in the pasteurized cream in the majority of cases. Flashing sour cream at temperatures as low as 120° re- DAIEY FARMING — DAIRYING. 475 suited in the destruction of considerable numbers of bacteria, although the numbers remaining were very high. " The results bear out the conclusions of various investigators that there is no exact relation between the number of living bacteria contained and the acidity of sour cream. There was no relationship between the acidity of the cream and the number of organisms remaining in the cream after pasteurization. " Butter made from raw cream had practically as good keeping qualities as butter made from pasteurized cream. But slight differences were encountered when the deterioration of butter made from cream pasteurized by various methods was compared. The presence of foreign bacteria in cream did not cause a more rapid deterioration of the butter made therefrom." Smith's butter fat computer, J. F. Smith (Pleasanton, Kans.: Author, 1915, pp. 6Ii). — These tables are designed for the cream buyer in determining the amount and value of milk fat in cream and whole milk of various percentages and at various prices. Experiments with cheese made from milk mixtures of different fat con- tent, N. 0. Hofman-Bang et al. {Ber. K. Vet. og Landbohojskoles Lab. Landokonom. Forsog [Copenhagen], 86 (1914), pp. 5-Jf7). — The main objects of these experiments, which were conducted at five creameries, covering a period of four years, and 150 cheeses, were to determine the relation between the fat and the casein in both fresh and cured cheese made from milk of different fat contents, and to ascertain whether it was possible to work out a table which will show the ratio between the fat and casein in the finished cheese if the relation of these constituents is known in the milk, and vice versa. Twenty- five cheeses were made of each of the following classes: Skim milk, 15 per -cent whole milk, i whole, ^ whole, and whole milk, all being from the milk from Red Danish cows. Another class consisted of cheeses made from whole milk from Jersey cows. It is concluded that the figures expressing the relation between the fat and the casein in the finished cheese can, with fair certainty, be calculated from the percentage of fat in the milk and vice versa. The ratio figures for whole milk, i whole, i whole, 15 per cent, and skim milk cheese were so different that these figures may be used in identifying the dif- ferent classes of cheese. The experiments showed that in si^ite of variations in the figures the minimum figures for whole milk cheese were higher than the maximum figures for i whole milk cheese, and the minimum figures for | whole were higher than the maximum figures for i whole, etc. These ratio figures are given in the following table : Ratio figures in cheese from various milk mixtures. Ratio figures in cheese from milk mix- tures with the following content of whole millv . Percentage of fat in milk mixtures with the following content of whole milk. 100 per cent. 50 per cent. 25 per cent. 15 per cent. Oper cent. 100 per cent. 50 per cent. 25 per cent. 15 per cent. Oper cent. Average of all expe- riments " 128.0 141.3 107.2 65.8 75.6 55.4 34.8 39.6 27.1 21.4 26.1 16.5 3.3 4.8 2.2 3.41 3.82 2.79 1.78 2.14 1.53 0.94 1.06 .80 0.59 .69 .50 0.13 Maximum .20 Minimum .08 The constant, i. e., the figure which by division into the ratio figures gives the fat content of the milk mixture, is 37.3. 476 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The pasteurizing of the milk and stirring the cheese, fine or coarse, did not disturb these ratio figures appreciably. They were also the same whether the cheese was analyzed in the fresh or cured condition and regardless of the method of storing. Attention is called to the fact that these ratio figures are purely experimental and should not be accepted as absolute standards, but can be used as guides for the choosing of such standards. The yield of cheese can be calculated in round numbers when the fat content and casein of the milk are known. The Jersey milk gave higher ratio figures than milk from the ordinary Danish cows. These figures, however, were comparatively too low on account of the greater casein content of Jersey milk. For Jersey milk the constant 30 should be used. Jersey milk gave a greater yield of cheese than ordinary milk, due to its higher fat and casein content. The quality of cheese from Jersey milk was no different than that from Red Danish cows. A given milk for cheese can, by the addition of skim milk, or whole milk, be so changed in its composition that a previously desired ratio between the fat and casein in the finished cheese can be assured. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Eesults of research in the general pathology and pathologic anatomy of man and animals, edited by O. Lubaesch and R. von Ostebtag (Ergeb. Allg. Path. Mensch. u. Tiere, 11 {1915), pt. 2, pp. VII +981). —The contents of this volume include the following articles: Pathology of the Circulatory System of Animals, by H. Rievel (pp. 1-89) ; Pathology of the Circulatory Organs of Man, by C. Thorel (pp. 90-718) ; and Relations between the Liver, Bile Ducts and Infectious Diseases, by A. Posselt (pp. 719-937). To each article is appended a large bibliography. Infection, immunity, and specific therapy, J. A. Kolmeb (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1915, pp. 899, pis. 31, figs. 100). — This book has special reference to immunologic technique, but also includes some data and methods on chemotherapy. It is divided into five parts: (1) General immunologic technique; (2) principles of infection; (3) principles of immunity and special immunologic technique; (4) applied immunity in the prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of disease — specific therapy; and (5) experimental infection and immunity. Part five may be used as an experimental course for th« study of infection and immunity. Abo«.t the detection and significance of leucocyte-attracting substances during infection, M. BiJRGER and H. Dold (Ztschr. Immunitdtsf. u. Expt. Ther., I, Orig., 21 {1914), No. 1-5, pp. 378-409). — For studying leucotactic processes in the animal body, the knee-joint method (on the rabbit) is recommended. Comparative investigations of the leucotactic activity of uniform sterile filtered sodium chlorid bacterial extracts, inactive bacterial serum extracts, and active bacterial serum extracts showed that the untreated serum in bacterial extracts was the most active. Leucocyte-attracting properties ap- parently are not only confined to foreign proteins (bacterial proteins) but also to homologous proteins (even body proteins) denatured by coagulation. The proteins after contact with complement-containing body fluids showed an increase of leucotactic properties. This is believed to be due to the forma- tion of leucotactic cleavage products from less active higher complexes brought about by thermolabile serum ferments. The leucotactic effect is said to be proportional to the leucocyte-attracting substances. The multilocular injec- tion of uniform amounts of these substances, provided certain experimental conditions are maintained, does not stimulate the mobilization of leucocytes. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 477 The relation which leucotactic substances bear to immunity and processes of inflammation in which leucocytes play a part are discussed. Further researches on combined vaccines. A, Casteu.lani {Reprinted in Jotir. Trop. Med. and Hijg. [London^, 17 {WU), No. 21, pp. 326-333).— Work is reported with mixed vaccines which is said to be confirmatory of earlier results. The combined vaccines studied were typhoid, paratyphoid A, and paratyphoid B ; cholera and plague ; typhoid, paratyphoid A, paratyphoid B, plague, and cholera ; typhoid and Malta fever ; typhoid, paratyphoid B, paratyphoid A, and Malta fever; typhoid, paratyphoid A, paratyphoid B, Bacillus columbensis, and B. asiaticus; typhoid, pai-atyphoid A, paratyphoid B, Micrococcus melitensis, B. columhensis, and B. asiaticus; dysentery, typhoid, and paratyphoid; and cholera, plague, typhoid, paratyphoid A, paratyphoid B, and Malta fever. The use of combined vaccines made from carbolized emulsions of agar cul- tures in normal salt solutions which are not heated is deemed feasible, and when given to man the reaction is not severe and is less painful than when the bacteria are killed by heat. "The individuals inoculated with the above- mentioned combined vaccines generally produce agglutinins for each species of bacteria, and the amount for each species is not much less than control in- dividuals inoculated with simple ' one disease ' vaccines. The only exception, though only to a certain extent, seems to have been in the case of the typhoid- dysentery vaccines. Combined vaccines, when efficient, are of practical advan- tage, saving a great deal of time and rendering possible a contemporaneous vaccination for several different maladies." The theoretical principles of employing specifi.cally standardized ferments as a therapeutic measure, E. Abderhaxden (Fermentforsch., 1 {1915), No. 2, pp. 99-104)- — It is found that tumor-bearing animals treated with the serum taken from a healthy animal pretreated parentally with tumor substratum will show a marked improvement and a recession of the tumorous growth. This principle is being tested with other diseases. Serum reaction in pregnancy and cancer by the coagulation method, W. W. King {Jour. Ohstet. and Gynecol. British Empire, 24 {1913), No. 6, pp. 296-303; al)S. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 62 {1914), No. 8, p. 650). — ^The serum from pregnant subjects was tested against various tissues. Albumin obtained from the urine of a pregnant subject was not digested by the serum from that subject, but was decomposed by the serum of three other pregnant subjects. " Carcinoma tissue was obtained from a case of advanced carcinoma of the cervix, and both this and the albumin were prepared exactly in the same way as the placental albumin. Out of 9 pregnant sera, 6 digested other albumins besides placenta, thus demonstrating that the ferments of pregnancy are not limited in their power of digesting albumin. Of 8 cases of malignant disease, 3 digested placental tissue. These 3 cases included one of sarcoma of the knee. . . . Urinary albumin was not digested by this serum, though a case of epithelioma of the tongue reacted strongly to it. Three sarcomas were negative to carcinoma tissue. Thus out of 17 cases of pregnancy and malignant disease, 9 sera digested albumins of a different type from that against which, ex hypothesi, they were produced." If these observations are accurate, therefore, the ferments are not specific. Bacterial vaccines — their use and abuse, A. T. Ferguson {Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 {1915), No. 4, pp. 437, 438).— The author deplores the fact that vaccines are used by the laity. Autolactotherapy. A new system of therapeutics, C. H. Duncan {Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 {1915), No. 5, pp. 510-525).— This method depends on the immuni- zation of the child through the agency of the mother's milk. The subject may also be immunized by drinking the milk of animals immunized with the micro- 478 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. organisms and possibly against plant poisons, such as poison ivy. The value of the method for protecting a community against typhoid Infection is pointed out. Studies on changes in the degree of oxidation of arsenic in arsenical dip- ping baths, R. M. Chapin (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 259 {1915), pp. 12, figs. 2).— This bulletin reports upon field and laboratory experiments which have been briefly summarized as follows : "All used arsenical dipping baths may be expected to contain (a) oxidizing organisms which work slowly, but steadily and persistently, and (b) reducing organisms which work very rapidly at times, but spasmodically. The reducing organisms exert an appreciable effect only in vats which are used at frequent intervals for dipping large numbers of cattle. The ordinary vat, used once a fortnight, is likely to show only a slow, steadily progressing oxidation of the arsenic, and periodical analyses or tests must be made if proper dipping strength is to be maintained. "Formaldehyde solution (37 per cent), used in the proportion of 1 gal. to every 1,500 gal. (8.5 fluid ounces to 100 gal.) of liquid introduced into the vat, appears a safe and effective means for reducing oxidation to a low figure. But since there seems to be no evidence that under ordinary conditions oxidation is ever likely to progress so far as to result in the use of baths injurious to cattle, the question of the use of formaldehyde is purely economic. The writer believes that in most cases it will be cheaper to let some of the arsenic go to waste through oxidation. When the cost of a gallon of formaldehyde about equals the cost of all the materials necessary to make 50O gal. of dipping bath, there will probably be little financial gain either way, while there may be some real profit in its use through saving of labor in preparing [the] dip and through the reduction of offensive odor from the bath by keeping it under antiseptic conditions." Contribution to the study of " marginal points " of the blood of mammals, A. Laveran and G. Fbanchini {Bui. 8oc. Path. Exot., 7 {1914), No. 7, pp. 580- 584). — This is in large part a review of the subject with references to the literature. The protection of parasites in the digestive tract against the action of the digestive enzyms, W. E. and E. L. Busge {Jour. Parasitology, 1 {1915), No. 4^ pp. 179-183, figs. 3). — "Tapeworms and roundworms from the intestine of the dog are not digested when introduced into activated pancreatic juice so long as they remain alive, but are digested when dead. If any part of them be killed this part is digested. A dead roundworm which is ordinarily digested when introduced into activated pancreatic juice can be prevented from being digested by keeping the dead body wall constantly permeated with nascent oxygen. The oxidative processes of the living parasites enable them to with- stand the action of the digestive juices by oxidizing the enzym solution imme- diately in contact with them." Experimental drug treatment of East Coast fever of cattle, G. H. F. NUTTALL {Parasitology, 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. 56-87, fig. i).— The experiments here reported have been summarized by the author as follows : " No drug has been found which will infiuence the fatal course of East Coast fever or retard the multiplication of Theileria parva in the blood of the affected cattle. The drugs which were tried with negative results were trypan- blue, Congo red, tryposafrol, creosote and oleum copaivse, arsacetin, soamin, 606, emetin hydrochlorid, mercury salicylate, mercury succinimid, quinin bihy- drochlorid and hydrochlorid, ethylhydrocuprein, ammonium fluorid, potassium iodid, sodium salicylate, calcium lactate, and nuclein. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 479 "All of our animals died, 18 treated and 3 untreated, and showed typical lesions at autopsy. They were all infected by means of ticks iRhipicephalus appendiculatus) which had fed on infected cattle as larvse and nymphs and been placed on the experimental animals as nymphs and adults, respectively. " The increase in the number of parasitized red blood corpuscles, but for slight irregularities, proceeds continuously night and day until the animal dies. "We have not as yet observed a case ending in recovery." A table is included which gives a summary of data relating to each experimental animal, except one, the number and kind of ticks which produced infection, the incubation period, the time when the parasites appeared in the peripheral blood, the time when the animals died, and the maximum percentage of para- sitized blood corpuscles observed during the course of the disease. The serological detection of glanders in asses and m.ules, Schutz and O. Waldmann {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. TierfieUk., 40 (1914), No. 6, pp. 503-515). — The sera of healthy asses and mules contain anticomplementary substances which make difficult the diagnosis of glanders in such animals with the usual complement fixation test. The agglutination values of all of the animal sera were low, which indicates the absence of glanders, save that it is well known that old chronic cases of glanders also have a low titer. By changing the hemolytic system so that it consists of horse serum complement, inactivated bovine serum as amboceptor, and red blood corpuscles of the guinea pig better results can be obtained. From the results of an infection experiment it was found that the formation of specific antibodies took place in asses and mules from the sixth day on and reached considerable height during the course of the disease. With the complement deviation procedure a stronger fixation can be noted on the eight or ninth day post infection, which points to the formation of specific antibodies in the blood of asses and mules. The presence of specific deviating substances in the blood of these animals can be detected with certainty by the modified complement fixation test. Some tests with the modified method were also conducted with the sera of horses and asses suspected of being infected with glanders. The serum of horses, contrary to that of asses and mules, contains no anticomplementary substances and can be adsorbed by guinea pig serum. The phylogenetic impor- tance of this finding is pointed out. About the reaction of mallein on sound horses and the significance of the conglutination reaction for diagnosing glanders, W. Pfeiler and G. Webeb (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 15 (1914), No. S-4, pp. 209-221).— The authors examined daily the sera of horses coming into Germany from Russia, where the subcutaneous mallein test is employed, and studied the effect of malleinization upon the outcome of a subsequent conglutination test. Sound horses treated subcutaneously or conjunctivally with dried mallein after the fifth day showed an increase in the agglutination. In the horses tested by the conjunctival route the increase in agglutination titer was only 100 units. The agglutinants gradually disappeared in the animals so treated, but at various times. Complement deviating substances were found in three out of six horses after five days (malleinization) and on the sixth day they were markedly present. Eight days were required in one case for the appear- ance of complement-fixing substances. The complement-fixing substances van- ished a few days after their appearance. A previous ophthalmic test had no influence upon the outcome of a serum test. Conglutinating substances appeared much later than complement-fixing substances when mallein was instilled in the eye, so that the conglutination test can not be used for diagnosing the disease in its first stages. The 480 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. conglutinin-fixing bodies, however, remain much longer in the blood stream than the complement-fixing bodies, and from this standpoint the method should be employed where an absolute diagnosis of glanders is desired. The advantage of using larger amounts of extract in conducting the com- plement fixation test for diagnosing glanders, Eckebt (Mitt. Kaiser Wilhelms Inst. Landw. Bromberg, 6 (1914), ^^o. 4, pp. 298-^05; ahs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 (1914), No. 33, p. 60*2). — ^As a rule, in this method a 1 per cent glanders bacillaiy extract is used, but it has been observed in some cases that the use of a solution of this strength declared horses free of glanders which, on clinical examination or on autopsy, were found to be affected with the disease. When an extract of 5 per cent was used for each 0.2 cc. of serum, the sera of many of the horses which did not react with the lower concentration indicated that glanders might be present. The highest bacillary extract concentration recommended by the author is 10 per cent. Studies in the immunity to tubercular disease. — I, The caseation of the tissues, C. C. TwoRT {Vet. Jour., 10 (WU), No. 473, pp. 543-551).— This article discusses "what takes place in the presence of the tubercle or other bacilli producing caseation, and, on the other hand, what takes place in the presence of Johne's bacillus. " In the case of the tubercle bacillus, the soluble toxin secreted probably does not act detrimentally on the surrounding cells, but may even act as a stimulant, so that phagocytosis of the bacilli is in no way interfered with. This toxin may have an influence in causing encapsulation of the diseased area, and thus more or less isolation from the other tissues of the body. Meanwhile the bacilli, both intra- and extra-cellular, but especially the former, commence to be disin- tegrated to the humors of the host. The products of this disintegration lead to a further fabrication of the specific lysin, while at the same time, if it becomes too great in amount, the animal cells are unable to survive, as the in- termediate products of the breaking down of proteids are intensely toxic for the cells of the animal body. The increase of the specific lysin leads to further destruction of the bacilli, and this in turn to the liberation of more endotoxins, so that ultimately the cells inside the nodule are doomed to destruction. Thus the cells and bacilli within the constricted area react upon one another, and both in the end are killed out, the edges of the nodule, where the accumulated toxins can more easily be got rid of, being the only situation in which intact cells and bacilli can be found. Bacilli, apparently normal, may be found in the center of the caseous mass, but rarely any intact cells ; and it is quite probable that many of the bacilli here found are really dead. " In Johne's disease it is highly probable that little or no soluble toxins are produced, and the bacilli, although actively phagocytosed, are not toxic for the cells, and can live and multiply within them. At the same time, if a certain number of bacilli die or are killed by the host, the products of disintegration are better able to get away than in tubercular disease, as the lesions are never encapsulated, but blend more or less imperceptibly with the normal tissues. In leprosy the lesions are often encapsulated, but here again it is probably due to the nontoxicity of the bacilli for the cells, and especially on their ability to live and multiply within the cells, that there is an absence of caseation. The disintegration products of Johne's bacillus and the leprosy bacilli are as toxic for the animal as a whole, or locally for its tissues, as those of the tubercle bacillus. This is seen by the reaction produced on inoculation of a diagnostic vaccine on the one hand, and the effect produced by the inoculation of an emul- sion of dead bacilli on the other, when with all three diseases, and with all three bacilli, the results are the same, that is to say, a rise of temperature in the first case and caseation of the tissues in the second." VETERINARY MEDICINE. 481 Remarks on the work of Krautstrunk on tuberculosis protective vaccina- tion tests with antiphymatol, M. Ivlimmer (Ztschr. Infektiomkrank. u. Hyg. Hausticrc. 15 (1914), ^o. 2. pp. 169-115). — A discussion of the article previously noted (E. S. E., 20, p. r)84). The intradermal test in bovine tuberculosis, II. Welch (Montana Sta. Bui. 105 {1915), pp. 351-380, figs. 20).— The subject of bovine tuberculosis in relation to public health and as a stockman's problem is tirst discussed and illustrations of tuberculous animals and pathologic tissues taken thei'efrom are shown. The intradermal test was found equal in accuracy to the thermal test. The ordinary tuberculin produced by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, for thermal testing, containing 5 per cent glycerol, was found preferable to any other kind for intradermal testing. In over 3,000 tests no swellings were observed that would be confusing. "After an intradermal test, a retest of an infected animal in 6 to 8 days will give a distinct reaction. If several retests are made at similar intervals, the reaction becomes less and less characteristic with each injection of the tuberculin. . . . " In applying the intradermal and the thermal tests at the same time, no appreciable effect Is noticeable on the temperature curve but the size of the local reaction is somewhat modified. . . . " When the cattle have been tested first by the thermal method, diseased animals frequently will not react to the intradermal test for at least 20 days, though the exact time has not been determined." A large number of tuberculous animals will have to be tested and retested before an approximate time limit can be set for such a retest. It was also found that some animals react to the intradermal test but not to the thermal test. " Both tests applied simultaneously to a herd should, in the great ma- jority of cases, pick out all the tuberculous animals." In all, there w^ere 4,055 Intradermal tests on " 2,635 cattle, there being 1,420 retests made by this method. One hundred and seventy-two cattle reacted; ]69 of these were slaughtered and 168 were found tuberculous on post-mortem examination." With calves typical reactions were obtained at four months of age, although it seems probable that the reaction would be typical in younger animals. In testing range cattle a corral or chute and some sort of a squeeze may be em- ployed. " One man and a helper can test range cattle accurately at the rate of about 200 a day for an indefinite period. . . . "The objection to the intradermal method as an official test [for interstate shipments], that is most frequently advanced, is that it leaves no record. As a matter of fact, it leaves more record on the cow than does the thermal test. . . . The intradermal test, in economy of time, labor, and expense, is preferable to the thermal test." See also a note by Haring and Bell (E. S. R., 30, p. 883). Studies on the biochemistry and chemotherapy of tuberculosis. — VIII, Therapeutic use of certain azo dyes in experimentally produced tuberculosis in guinea pigs, Lydia M. De Witt (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 14 (1914), No. 3, pp. 498-511).— A continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 80; 31, p. 583). " Trypanblue and trypanred readily penetrate the tubercle in all stages of its development, thus showing that it is possible to penetrate the avascular tubercle by chemicals introduced either subcutaneously, intravenously, or intraperitoneally. Trypanblue and ti-ypanred do not penetrate the tubercle bacillus well, and do not kill it^ in vitro even after 24 hours' exposure to a 482 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. 1 per cent solution. In therapeutic doses, frequently repeated for long periods, trypanblue and trypanred seem to have no favorable or curative influence in experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs. In a single large, nearly lethal dose at the beginning of the infection they also have no favorable influence. " Silver trypanblue and iron trypanblue also penetrate the tubercle, but have no bactericidal and no therapeutic influence. It is doubtful whether the metals are carried in with the dye. Copper trypanblue is soluble, but does not penetrate either the normal or the tuberculous tissues, and is prob- ably changed to an insoluble form or a suspension colloid and retained at the point of injection. Mercury trypanblue is insoluble, is strongly bacteri- cidal in its action on the tubercle bacillus, but is too toxic for therapeutic use, since the pigs died apparently from chronic mercury poisoning, rather than from the tuberculous infection, the tuberculous process being generally very slight. The findings with this salt, however, are suggestive, and further experiments with mercury salts will be made." Tuberculocidal action of certain chemical disinfectants: Studies of the biochemistry and chemotherapy of tuberculosis IX, Lydia M. De Witt and Hope Sherman (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 15 (1914), No. 2, pp. 245-256). — Very little is in the literature in reference to the power of chemical substances to kill tubercle bacilli. It has generally been accepted that tubercle bacilli, though nonsporogenous, are the most resistant of pathogenic organisms. " Phenol in 5 per cent water solution kills human tubercle bacilli in five minutes, one hour, six hours, and twenty-four hours. It is nearly as efficient in 1 per cent solution, and shows some tuberculocidal action down to 0.1 per cent solution. Formaldehyde in 1 per cent solution kills all tubercle bacilli in one hour (shorter time not tested). In 0.01 i)er cent solution it kills in twenty-four hours and so no disease develops in guinea pigs. Formaldehyde, therefore, is somewhat more efficient than phenol. Ethyl alcohol in 25 per cent solution kills all tubercle bacilli within one hour (shorter time not tried). Acetone, chloroform, and ether have very little, if any, tuberculocidal influ- ence. Toluene and iodin show slight influence. " Of the metallic salts used, mercuric chlorid shows the greatest tuber- culocidal action, O.CK)l per cent killing in twenty-four hours, and 0.1 per cent in one hour. Gold chlorid in 0.005 per cent solution kills in twenty-four hours, while 0.025 per cent silver nitrate kills in the same time. One-tenth per cent gold tricyanid and 5 per cent copper chlorid kill the organisms in twenty-four hours. " From a comparison of the results of the experiments contained in this paper with those of disinfection work on other more rapidly growing or- ganisms, the Bacillus tuberculosis appears less resistant than the streptococ- cus, staphylococcus, pneumococcus, or gonococcus, or than the Bacillus typhosus, coli, or anthracis spores, to phenol, formaldehyde, mecuric chlorid, silver ni- trate and gold chlorid, but more resistant than these other organisms to alcohol, chloroform, ether, acetone, toluene, and Lugol's solution. The fat content of the tubercle bacillus does not determine its resistance to disinfectants. Our experiments seem to show that if the comparatively high content of this organism differentiates its behavior from that of bacteria of low fat content it does so by rendering the tubercle bacillus more resistant to fat solvents and less resistant to substances insoluble in fats." Coccidiosis in cattle and carabaos, C. H. ScHtrLTZ {Jour. Infect. Diseases, n (1915), No. 1, pp. 95-108). — ^A discussion of bovine coccidiosis and observa- tions in the Philippines, where it apparently has an extensive distribution. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 483 Hog- cholera and methods of control, E. A. Oahill (Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 (1915), No. 4, pp. 417-424). — ^A discussion of the methods of preventing and treating cholera in hogs by serum and serum virus, and of the causes for failure. The refractive index of serum from pigs immunized against hog cholera, E. Peoniewicz (Abs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 30 {1914), No. 29, pp. 520, 521). — The refractive index of the sera of either normal pigs or of pigs hyper- immunized against hog cholera showed no characteristics which would enable one to detect the presence of hog cholera virus or antibodies. Shall we adopt the use of hog cholera serum and virus as an immunizing and curative agent? S. J. Marquardt (Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 {1915), No. 5, pp. 542, 543). — ^A plea for the discontinuance of virus in immunizing against hog cholera. My experience with the simultaneous method of immunization, H. A. Smothers (Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 {1915), No. 6, pp. 621-625). — ^An account of some untoward results obtained by the serum simultaneous method. The filterability of Bacillus bronchisepticus, with an argument for a uni- form method of filtration, N. S. Ferry {Jour. Path, and Bact., 19 {1915), No. 4, pp. 488-49S; abs. in Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 1060, pp. 619, 620).— The author here reports a series of filtration experiments with B. bronchisepticus, which has been described as the cause of canine distemper. The work was carried on with a Berkefeld N and six Pasteur F candles that upon test showed no signs of leakage or weakness at any point and gave a very high efficiency as recorded by the pressure gauge. " The results of the work proved conclusively, according to all rules as laid down by the several authorities on filterable viruses, that the B. bronchisepticus is a filterable organism. The work also corroborated the results of previous investigators with regard to the fact that the less pressure used the more easily will some organisms pass through the filters." Is Leucocytozoon anatis the cause of a new disease in ducks? A. B. Wick- ware {Parasitology, 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. 17-21, pis. 3). — Numerous inquiries re- garding an apparently infectious disease which appeared among ducks at Ottawa, Ontario, led to the investigations here reported. At a poultry farm on which the investigations were conducted young ducks were found dying at an average of 20 a day. The mortality was exceptionally high, being estimated at 65 to 70 per cent, and the young ducks that recovered remained undersized and stunted. Examinations of the blood showed the presence of L. anatis in large numbers in the peripheral circulation of the ducks in which the affection ran an acute and fatal course. These protozoa gradually diminished in number in the ducks which made an apparent recovery, while in contact birds which pre- sented no clinical manifestations parasites were not demonstrable. Attempts to transmit the disease failed. The author found that until further experimental studies are undertaken no general conclusions should be drawn. The fact that this parasite was present in large numbers in all affected birds and absent in all the controls coming under observation is considered significant. Poultry parasites: Some of the external parasites that infest domestic fowls, with suggestions for their control, G. W. Herrick {New York Cornell Sta. Circ. 29 {1915), pp. 29-39, figs. 5). — ^This is a popular account of the com- moner parasites of poultry and control measures, descriptions of which are given in the bulletin previously noted (E. S. R., p. 353). 484 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED. RURAL ENGINEERING. The effect of the width of the channel of approach on the flow of water over weirs, W. F. Martin {ConieU Civ. Engin., 23' {1915), No. 5, pp. 180-190, figs. 4).— "The object of this investigation was in part to supplement or con- tinue the worli of Bazin, who had conducted experiments on sharp crested weirs without end contractions, for the express purpose of determining the effect on the coefficient of discharge of the height of weir above the bottom of the channel of approach. " Four distinct series were run on sharp crested weirs, without lateral or end contraction and having the same height of crest and same length of channel of approach, but with widths 2.023 ft., 0.5165 ft., 0.2597 ft., and 0.1296 ft. . . . The heads ranged from the lowest or zero up to 1.5 ft. except for the longest weir, in which case the maximum head was about 1 ft. " It was found that the coefficient of discharge varies with the width of the channel of approach, the variation being very slow for the longer weirs and quite rapid for the very short weirs. As might be expected, there is a decrease in the coefficient of discharge. This effect probably ceases to be noticeable when the length of weir is three or four times as great as the maximum head on the weir." The relation of stream gaging to the science of hydraulics, C. H. Pierce and R. W. Davenport {U. S.,Geol. Sintwij, Water-Supphj Paper 375-C {1915), pp. 77-S4, fig. 1). — A brief discussion of the development of hydraulics with reference to the measurement and computation of stream flow is given. Artificial control sections for river measurement stations, J. C. Hoyt ( Cor- nell Civ. Engin., 23 {1915), No. 5, pp. 176-179, figs. 3).— The author states that "the most successful control so far constructed consists of a low submerged dam, which in many places may be made on a reef or bar of gravel or bowlders by grouting with cement. In other places it may be necessary to excavate the bed and build a concrete structure or to drive sheet piling across the section nearly flush with the bottom. Such structures will tend to prevent scour and at the same time so limit the channel that the natural current reduces the probability of silting." Surface water supply of Pacific drainage basins in Washington and upper Columbia River basin, 1912 {U. 8. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 332-A {1915), pp. VI-{-282, pis. 2). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the States of Montana, Idaho, and Washington, presents the results of measure- ments of flow made on the Queniult River, Puget Sound, and upper Columbia River drainage basins during 1912. Ground water in Paradise Valley, Arizona, O. E. Meinzeb and A. J. Ellis (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 375-B {1915), pp. 51-75, pis. 3, figs. 9). — This report deals with the ground-water supplies of an area covering about 200 square miles, which lies between the Phoenix and McDowell ranges of mountains and occupies a trough-like depression that has been partly filled by unconsolidated rock debris washed from the mountains. " Paradise Valley is underlain by a deep deposit of detrital material, which in its lower part is saturated with water. . . . The water table . . . slopes southward at an average rate of about 5 ft. to the mile, which is much less than the slope of the land surface. Along the Arizona canal the depth to the water table is 50 ft., or slightly more; toward the north it increases as the land surface rises until along the abandoned Verde canal it is nearly 300 ft." The ground water of the valley is supplied from the run-off and underflow of Cave Creek, the run-off from the mountain areas directly tributary to the RURAL ENGINEERING. 485 valley, and the rain that falls on the valley, and is nearly or wholly inclosed by impervious bed rock, except at the south end where there is underflow into the Salt River valley. " There is no evidence of artesian structure in the valley fill nor in the sur- rounding bed rocks, and wells should be drilled with the understanding that pumping will be necessary. Exceiit near the Arizona canal the ground water is of good quality for domestic and industrial uses and for irrigation. Even in the vicinity of the canal it is believed to be usable for irrigation. . . . Both the yield of wells and the ultimate supply of ground water will no doubt be found to be much less in Paradise Valley than in the Salt River valley, but the prospects for obtaining dependable supplies from underground sources for irrigation on a small scale are sufficiently encouraging to justify the sinking and testing of wells. On account of the great depths to the water table the cost of ground-water sup- plies will at best be high, but it is believed that if "electric power is obtained at a low price, if crops are raised that are valuable and do not require veiy large quantities of water, such as long-staple cotton, and if thrift and good management are applied it wiU be practicable to pump the available supply of ground water for irrigation in the southern part of the valley." A plan for municipal irrigation from the Los Angeles aqueduct, B. A. Heinly {Engin. News, 73 {1915), No. 7, pp. SU-^^tO, fig. i).— It is stated in this article that the surplus waters of the Los Angeles aqueduct are to be dis- tributed by a number of main conduits and a vast network of smaller pipe to irrigate 87,090 acres. The soil of the district to be irrigated ranges from sandy loam to clay, and much of it is said to be adapted to the growth of citrus fruits. In this system there will be 317 miles of riveted steel mains from 8 to 54 in. in diameter under a head of from 40 to 300 ft. Storage reservoirs will also form a part of the system. The estimated cost of the entire project is $4,472,674, or $50.90 per acre. Of the latter, $17.42 will be borne by the city and $83.58 by the owners of the land to be irrigated. The Valier-Montana irrigation project, K. A. Heron (Engin. News, 73 {1915), No. 6, pp. 24I-246, figs. 12). — A description is given of what is said to be the largest Carey Act project in Montana. Important features of this project are a rock fill dam 165 ft. high forming a large reservoir, a larger storage reser- voir formed by a less important dam, and 153 miles of main and 274 miles of distributing laterals on which are structures, including concrete chutes, pipe lines, and drops, to reduce high velocities. Thirteenth annual report of' the Reclamation Service, 1913—14 {Ann. Rpt. Reclamation Serv. [U. S.]. 13 {1914), PP- V-\-505). — This report relates in par- ticular to the work completed and in progress during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, but contains also information in regard to previous operations, "in order that the methods, progress, and results of reclamation work may be more readily understood." Notes in connection with the work in the hydrographic department of the Porto Rico Irrigation Service, F. K. Knapp {Cornell Civ. Engin., 23 {1915), No. 5, pp. 195-206). — "These notes are based upon the Porto Rican Irrigation Service records of observations in connection with the actual routine field work prior to operation, and are comments upon some special problems arising from unusual conditions rather than discussion of hydrographic investigations." Irrigation in Spain, G. F. de la Rosa {Bol. Agr. T6g. y Econ., 6 {1914), No. 67, pp. 620-622; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'\, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 11, pp. 1420, 1421).—Th.Q total irrigated area in 486 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Spain is estimated at 3,233,108 acres, of which about 200,000 acres are irri- gated with subsoil water. Two-thirds of the area is distributed in the four great districts of Spain as follows : Aragon and Navarre, 580,091 acres ; Cata- lonia, 472,920 acres; Levante, 629,259 acres, and the Boetic-Mediterranean re- gion, 364,690 acres. Three systems of irrigation are practiced, namely, pumping from wells, canals fed by the large rivers, and artificial lakes or reservoirs, the third being preferred. The use of artesian water has not been very successful Beport of the interstate conference on artesian water {Rpt. Interstate Conf. Artesian Water [Aust.l, 1912, pp. ZF+275, pis. .^2).— This report covers the origin, extent, and use of artesian water in Australia, hydrographic surveys, boring and casing of artesian wells, and legislation for controlling artesian bores, and devotes considerable space to the corrosion of well casings. Ownership and disposal of seepage water, J. G. Whitehead (Irrig. Age, 30 {1915), No. 4, pp. lOIf, 105, fig. 1). — The subject is discussed from the standpoints of both the landowner whose land is seeped and the landowner whose land needs irrigation, it being concluded " that the ownership and control of seepage water is now, and should be, in the landowner on whose land it is." Malaria control: Drainage as an antimalarial measure, J. A. A. Le Prince (Pm&. Health Rpts. [U. S.], 30 {1915), No. 8, pp. 536-545, figs. 13).— The author discusses land drainage as an antimosquito measure, with particular reference to training natural streams and water courses, construction of open and inter- cepting ditches, installation of permanent lining in ditches, subsurface draining, filling, and proper maintenance. He points out that the ordinary methods of draining agricultural land are not sufBcient for mosquito control, and states that land must not only be properly drained, but the drainage ditches must be so planned, constructed, and maintained that they will not become a breeding place for mosquitoes. "As a general rule shallow water is more favorable to mosquito production than deep water. A depth of an inch is sufficient; there- fore, in order to prevent mosquito breeding we must remove all the water or make conditions unfavorable." The agricultural utilization of the water of municipal sewage, R. Pekotti {Bol. Quincl. Soc. Agr. Ital., 19 {1914), No. 22, pp. 801-810).— The author dis- cusses the possibilities in the agricultural use of municipal sewage, both for Irrigation and fertilizing purposes. He points out, however, the importance of making such a process successful from the standpoints of both agriculture and sewage purification and disposal. He suggests, therefore, that it be a Govern- ment undertaking. Disposal of sewage from hospitals and medical establishments, H. Ktjhl {Heilanstalt, 8 {1913), No. 2, pp. 21-23; ads. in Wasser u. Ahwasser, 9 {1915), No. 2, p. 37). — The best process for the purification of such sewage is said to be by land irrigation. Where the necessary land is unavailable a biological sewage purification system is considered necessary. A number of such systems are described. Fifth biennial report of the state highway commissioner, F. F. Rogers (Bien. Rpt. State Highway Comr. Mich., 5 {1913-14), pp. 123, pis. 34, figs. 9).— This is a report of the activities of the commissioner during the biennium ended with June, 1914. Considerable structural data are included. Results of French experiments on the transmission of pressure through macadam to the subgrade, W. De H. Washington {Engin. and Contract., 42 {1914), No. 25, p. 571). — French tests on the amount of pressure exerted through RURAL ENGINEERING. 487 the road on the subgrade by a wheel load of 4 tons, with a 5i-in. tire, gave the following results: Transmission of pressure through macadam to subgrade. Macadam alone. Foundation alone. Combined foundation and macadam. Crast thickness. Pressure on subsoil per square Inch. Founda- tion thickness. Pressure on subsoil per square inch. Founda- tion thickness. Pressure on subsoil per sq. in. Macadam thickness 3.94 in. Macadam thickness 5.91 in. Macadam thickness 7.87 in. Inches. 1.97 3.94 5.91 7.87 11.81 Pounds. 102.5 47.7 27.4 17.4 9.1 Inches. 5.91 7.81 11.81 Pounds. 56.0 37.4 20.7 Inches. 5.91 7.87 9.84 11.81 Pounds. 19.3 14.7 12.6 10.2 Pounds. 13.2 10.9 9.1 7.7 Pounds. 9.7 8.2 6.8 6.1 The pressure on the subsoil through a 12-in. bed of simple macadam is ap- parently the same as the pressure through a 6-in. bed of macadam laid over a 10-in. stone foundation. It Is considered that poor soil requires at least a 12-in. macadam layer or its equivalent. Test of a bridge slab, E. B. McCobmick (Cement Era, 13 {1915), No. 3, pp. 54, 55, figs. 8). — The author briefly describes experiments being conducted by the OflSce of Public Roads and Rural Engineering of this Department to de- termine the effective width of reinforced concrete bridge and culvert slabs under various conditions of loading. The effective width is considered to be " the width of a slab, which, if subjected to a load of a certain magnitude, uni- formly distributed along the top fiber of the center section, will have the same maximum outside fiber stress, and the same total fiber stress as the tested slab showed under the concentrated load of that magnitude." Diagrams are given showing lines of equal stress and fiber stresses along sections for a slab under one, two, and four point loadings. The diagrams for center loads show that the effective width is the same for loads of different magnitude, that is, " the effective width of a slab is apparently Independent of the magnitude of the load," No conclusions are drawn, as further investigations are in progress. Estimating curves for standard bridges of the Illinois Highway Depai't- ment, G. F. Buech (Engin. and Contract., 43 {1915), No. 6, pp. 123-126, figs. 13). — This article gives data and a set of curves for estimating the quantities of materials in the various types of highway bridges designed by the Illinois Highway Department. Structural engineering, J. B. Kibkham {Chicago: The Myron C. Clark Pub- lishing Co., 1914, pp. V-{-669, pis. 3, figs. 452). — This bool?, while dealing pri- marily with general structural engineering, contains a section covering the design of simple steel highway bridges, including the beam, pony truss, and high truss types. Tests and uses of hydrated lime, R, C. Haff {Cement Era, 13 {1915), No. 2, p. 69). — The author found in his tests that the addition of from 10 to 15 per cent of hydrated lime to 1 : 3 cement and sand mortar increased the strength. He states that his experience has proved hydrated lime to be the best water- proofing material available, and recommends the addition of 15 per cent for this purpose. 6318°— No. 5—15 7 488 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. The industrial use of peat, E. C. Vekschoor (Chem. WeekU., 11 (1914), No. 45, pp. 980-990) .—This article discusses tlie use of peat as a fuel for steam boilers and as a source of gas fuel for gas burners and internal combustion engines. The heat efficiency obtained from the gas is said to be greater than from the fuel itself. The development of gas fuel from peat is thought, there- fore, to offer the greater commercial inducement. The use of electricity on Ontario farms, H. P. Staekett ( U. 8. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No. 52 (1915), pp. 886-888).— It is stated that since the action taken in 1905 whereby the province controls and operates all water powers within its boundaries, the use of electricity on farms has gradually developed and "the result today in Ontario is the definite establishment of electricity as a very practical aid to the farmer of the more progressive type. In this development actual experiments have demonstrated that motors developing from 1 to 8 horsepower will do all of the ordinary power work of the farm, while for the heavier work, such as threshing, silo filling, grinding, etc.. 20-horsepower motors are required." It is stated that considerable economy has accompanied the use of electric current as compared with steam. Machines and implements at the 1914 exposition of the German Agricul- tural Society, Luedecke (Filhling's Landiv. Ztg., 63 {1914), No. 19-20, pp. 609- 654, fiffs. 22). — This article describes and illustrates recent developments in a large number of agricultural machines. The first large American Humphrey pump, C. C. Tbump (Gas Engine, 17 (1915). No. 2, pp. 95-100, figs. 8). — This article describes and illustrates a 66-in. pump to be used for irrigation purposes, said to be the first of its kind in this country. The principles under which this type of pump operates were described in a previous article (E. S. R., 26, p. 893). A new deep-well pump, L. Andreuzzi (Agr. Colon. [Italy], 7 (1914), No. 10, pp. 620-640, pis. 2, figs. 6). — The author describes and diagrammatically illus- trates a type of compressed-air or pneumatic pump which he states is adapted to deep-well pumping for both irrigation and domestic uses. The mathematical principles underlying the operation of this pump are presented and efficiency tests compared with similar tests of other types of pumps, particularly the centrifugal pump. It is claimed that an efficiency of 70 per cent may be ex- ceeded with this pump, while the tests of other types show efficiencies rarely reaching 70 per cent. Its deep-well pumping facilities are said to be its greatest asset. Results of a tractor investigation, P. S. Rose (Amer. Thresherman, 17 (1915), No. 11, pp. 5-9, fig. 1). — The author tabulates the first 96 answers to a large number of letters sent to tractor owners in the various States and the western provinces of Canada asking for views as to tractor farming. A large percentage of the replies stated that the tractor is cheaper than horses. The estimates of service ranged from 4 to 25 years, with an average of a little less than 10 years. While some of the repair bills have been rather high, it is stated that the amount of work has been in proportion and the cost per unit of work has been excessive only in a few cases. It is also brought out that no particular make of tractor has had a monopoly of either the successes or the failures. Of the 60 per cent reporting the possession of a shop, a num- ber have been unsuccessful with the tractor. The author states that on the whole the evidence that he has obtained is favorable to the tractor, in spite of the number of failures, which he attributes mostly to lack of knowledge on the part of the operator in the beginning. The gas tractor situation in Iowa, J. B. Davidson (Amer. Thresherman, 17 (1915), No. 11, pp. 70, 71, fig. i).— The author states that the factors which will RURAL ENGINEERING. 489 influence the success of the gas tractor in the State are the character of the farming, the size and topography of the farms, the climate, the prosperity of the farmer, and the present extensive use of machinery. He is of the opinion that out of 225,000 farms in Iowa 50,000 could use the tractor with economic success. The tractor situation in Indiana, A. H. Gilbert {Amer. Thresherman, 17 (1915), No. 11, pp. 10, 11, fig. 1). — Of 3G replies received from tractor users in the State, 30 reported the tractor to be a practical investment, 2 said that it paid fairly well, and 3 reported a failure. The author maintains that while the present situation does not prove conclusively that the tractor is a profitable investment for every farm, it can be made a paying proposition in Indiana. Small tractor a benefit to Kansas threshermen, R. C. Nichol {Amer. Thresh- erman, 17 (1915), No. 11, pp. 7It, 75, fig. ^).— The author is of the opinion that threshermen will be benefited materially from the present interest in small tractors due to the increased yields brought about by the use of mechanical power. The Minnesota view of traction engines, J. L. Mowry {Amer. Thresherman, 17 (1915), No. 11, pp. 18, 19, fig. 1). — In reviewing the tractor situation in the State, the author states that the traction engine has not been a paying in- vestment in the past, and he ia of the opinion that a 240-acre farm is the smallest that can profitably use a traction engine. The necessary and most appropriate machines for the tillage of different classes of soil, A. R. Uranga (Bol. Estac. Agr. Expt. San Juan Bautista, Ta- basco, No. 9, (1913), pp. 40, figs. 61). — This bulletin describes and illustrates a number of the more common tillage tools and other agricultural implements. Note on machines for pseudocultivation, M. Ringelmann (Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. ser., 13 (1914), ^o. 1, pp. 5-Sl, figs. 10). — The author reviews a num- ber of dynamometer tests of scarifiers, weeders, cultivators, and disk pul- verisers in soils of different density. The results show that these machines, which the author terms pseudocul- tivators, require a tractive effort per unit section of moved earth which is equal to, and in some cases greater than, the tractive effort required per unit section of moved earth for a double bottom plow in the same soil. They also show the influence of the density of the soil on the required tractive effort for these machines. With a soil density of 1.99, the average traction in kilograms per square decimeter was for the scarifiers 45.5, weeders 72, cultivators with flexible teeth 25.8, and pulverizer 31.8. The corresponding values with a soil density of 2.03 were 47.9, 74.1, 42.9, and 50.3. It is stated that when these machines are operated on a soil which does not support vegetation these results should be multiplied by a coefficient varying according to the nature and state of the soil from 0.7 to 0.8. "With reference to a proposal that the pseudocultivators be used several times in place of one passage of the deeper tilling plow, it is concluded that it is more practicable to use the plow. It is further concluded that on the same work under the same conditions less energy is expended on machines with flexible teeth or shovels than with rigid shovels. The tests also show that the flexible shovels should be fixed in groups of three to five on independent frames and not on one rigid frame. Construction of sanitary mangers in dairy barn at Troy, Pa. (Concrete- Cement Age, 6 (1915), No. 2, pp. 104-106, figs. 8). —-This article illustrates and describes the method of construction of a large L-shaped dairy barn, 70 by 102 ft. in plan, wherein sanitaiy mangers have been installed. The housing of the agricultural laborer, H. D. Searles-Wood (Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 36 (1915), No. J, pp. 29-37, figs. 2).— The author discusses various 490 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. plans which have been put forward for the housing of agricultural laborers in England, and gives information regarding arrangement and construction, in- cluding plans. Cottage building in rural districts, T. W. Pottee {Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 36 (1915), No. 1, pp. 38-U)- — The author expresses his views regarding the housing requirements in rural districts, which he states have been developed from 25 years' experience, chiefly on large estates. Dampness in houses, its cause and remedy, M. Metzgeb (Deut. Landw. rresse, 41 (19U), Nos. 98, pp. 1015, 1016; 100, p. 1032).— This article draws attention to the unhealthful conditions caused by dampness in houses, and points out the effectiveness of waterproofing and insulating cellar walls in preventing the entrance and capillary rise of ground water. ETTRAL ECONOMICS. The resources of "United States and their relation to opportunity, R. M. Keib (Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. and 80c. 8ci., 59 {1915), No. 148, pp. 1-28, figs. 36). — The author points out that the natural resources as related to popula- tion are high in the United States compared with other countries, but that if the resources do not increase as rapidly as the population the opportunities decrease accordingly. He claims that up to the year 1892 the exports from the United States were chiefly farm products. Since that time the percentage of agricul- tural exports to the total has rapidly declined, while manufactured goods ready for consumption have comprised a larger and larger proportion, and one which is increasing more rapidly than the increase in population. With a correspond- ing falling off in farm exports it follows that greater numbers of men are working in factories. He believes that the country should, therefore, pay more attention to conserving the wealth it has, and should make increased efforts to gain foreign trade. He also advises that the United States seek to sell manufactured goods and keep more raw materials at home. The open door to independence, T. E. Hill (Chicago: Hill Standard Book Co., 1915, pp. 448, pi. 1, figs. 413). — This book describes the natural and agri- cultural resources of the various States and gives details regarding government irrigation projects and other general information of interest to those who wish to engage in agriculture. Farms for sale or rent in New York, C. W. Labmon (N. T. Dept. Agr. Bui. 61 (1915), pp. 641-974, pis. ^9).— This bulletin lists the farms for sale or for rent in New York, and briefly describes them. Farm land for sale in West Virginia (W. Va. Dept. Agr. Bui. 2 (1915), pp. 117, figs. 15). — This publication lists and describes the farms for sale in West Virginia. The eflB.ciency movement in its relation to agriculture, W, J. Spillman (Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. and 80c. 8ci., 59 (1915), No. I48, pp. 65-76).— The author points out a number of typical instances where an analysis of a farmer's business has shown wherein lay the weakness in his system of management. Diversified agriculture and the relation of the banker to the farmer, B. Knapp (17. 8. Dept. Agr., Off. Sec. Giro. 50 (1915), pp. 15).— In this address, delivered to several State bankers' associations and the Southern Commercial Con- gress, the author points out that a system of agriculture for any given community ought to be self-supporting and to have sufllcient diversification so that its in- terests are not jeopardized by mishaps to one crop. To bring this about he suggests the establishment of local cash markets for locally grown produce, and that the credit system should be so changed that the farmer would adopt a plan RURAL ECONOMICS. 491 of farming wblch would make his farm self-supporting. Bankers and merchants should, in his opinion, alter their present system of giving credit upon the basis of the farmer devoting a certain acreage to a single crop to the requirement that the farmer establish a diversified system. Rural cooperation in the sandhill section of North. Carolina, R. A. Dekby (Market World and Chron., n. ser., 9 {1915), No. 20, pp. 630-632). — There is in this community a federated board of trade composed of the local boards of the 17 towns in the league. This article describes the methods employed by the federated board in developing the agricultural interest of the community by means of exhibits, a better school system, and the establishment of marketing and warehouse facilities. Cooperation and the great war, G. R. Carter (Cooperation Agr. [London], 11 (1915), No. 5, pp. 77-83).— The author of this article believes that the greater the degree of self-sufficiency possessed by cooperative industrial socie- ties through the resources of wholesale societies, the more stable the position of the cooperator as a consumer. The strength of the latter is apparent if he is able to draw upon the resources of the farmer, the manufacturer, the banker, and the commercial agent entirely through the cooperative connections of his society. The Muscovite Union of cooperative distributive societies and rural dis- tributive cooperation in Russia {Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Econ. and Soc. Intel., 6 (1915), No. 4, pp. 16-34). — According to the author, of the total number of distributive societies in Russia on January 1, 1912, 4,716, or 70.1 per cent, could be classified as rural cooperative distributing societies. Be- tween 1865 and 1912, 7,626 societies had been established, one-eighth of which had been dissolved. The functions of the societies are classified under the following heads: (1) Commercial, where the union seeks to concentrate in its hands the capital and orders of the separate cooperative societies, to effect purchases in common on the best and cheapest conditions possible, and to eliminate useless intermediaries between producers and purchasers; (2) pro- duction, where the union proposes, by opening cooperative workshops and fac- tories, to encoux'age production by its members, and to organize sales in such a way as to prevent as far as possible purchases independent of it; and (3) non- economic, where the union seeks to diffuse the idea of cooperation and the knowledge required for the practical realization of this idea. The author also discusses the development of these societies and the amount of business transacted. Suggested lines of cooperative production, W. W. Thomson (Saskatchewan Dept. Agr. Cooper. Organ. Branch Bui. 42 (1914), pp. 24, figs. 2). — This bulletin describes the essentials for successful organization of community breeding asso- ciations, seed-growing centers, cooperative egg circles, and beef rings, and gives suggested constitutions and by-laws. Cooperative live stock marketing, W. "W. Thomson (Saskatchewan Dept. Agr. Cooper. Organ. Branch Bui. 41 (1914), pp. 30). — The author outlines the advantages of cooperative marketing associations and points out methods of organization and operating. This bulletin also contains a suggested constitu- tion and by-laws, forms used in accounting, and a brief description of markets for Saskatchewan live stock. Studies in the marketing of farm products, L. D. H. Weld (Univ. Minn. Studies Soc. Sci., No. 4 (1915), pp. 113, pis. 2, figs. 14). — This publication con- tains a series of articles concerning the following subjects: Market Distribution, by L. D. H. Weld (E. S. R., 33, p. 293) ; The Marketing of Live-Stock Products in Minnesota, by K. F. Warner; Cooperative Potato Marketing in Minnesota, 492 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. by O. B. Jesness; The Marketing of Minnesota Poultry, by S. H. Thompson; Milk Distribution in Minneapolis and St. Paul, by W. L. Cavert; Minneapolis Central City Market, by E. M. Peterson; and Cooperative Marketing of Grain in Western Canada, and the Food Supply of the Iron Range, by L. D. H, Weld. The permanent warehouse and marketing law (33. Tex. Leg., 2. Sess., House Bill Jf (1914), pp. 77). — The text of this law, together with a number of forms for use in carrying it out is given. [Elevators in western Canada] (Saskatchewan Dept. Agr. Bill. 35 (1913), pp. 21-25). — It is pointed out that there were 516 elevators and grain-storage warehouses in Saskatchewan in 1907, with a capacity of 14,621,500 bu. of grain. By 1912 the number had increased to 1.252, and the capacity to 36,503.000 bu. Detailed data as to the various elevators are included. Cost of farm implements (Saskatcheivan Dept. Agr., Ann. Rpt. Sec. Statis., 7 (1913), pp. 11-15). — Following an investigation regarding the cost and meth- ods of purchasing farm implements, it is recommended that no salesman of any implement company shall canvass farmers for farm implements except within the limits of cities, towns, and villages. Waivers of exemption rights in pur- chase contracts should be considered null and void. The security of imple- ment companies should be limited to the article sold and to the individual liability of the purchaser. Interest on all notes in respect to farm machinery should be limited to 8 per cent. All contracts for the sale of farm implements should be entered into before a notary public or justice of the peace, who should explain the terms of the contract to the purchaser. No mortgage should be given in respect to farm implements for a sum less than $300. Statistical abstract for the British Empire in each year from 1899 to 1913 (Statis. At)s. Brit. Empire, 11 (1899-1913), pp. XII +306) .—Among the statis- tical data contained in this report are the quantity of agricultural products imported and exported, with the country of origin and destination, the total quantity produced, and the total and per capita consumption. Prices and supplies of grain, live stock, and other agricultural produce in Scotlaiid (Agr. Statis. Scotland, 2 (1913), pt. 3, pp. 189-241, figs. 3).— This report gives prices and supplies of grain, live stock, and other agricultural produce at the principal markets and in different counties in Scotland for 1913, with comparative date for earlier years. The agriculture of Lund and Helleland, Norway, H. Aaestad (Tidsskr. Norske Landhr., No. 4 (1915), Bilag, pp. 46, figs. 4)- — The author describes the climate, topography, character of the soil, and the area used for different agri- cultural purposes. Agriculture in the Lower Alps, M. Capoduro (V Agriculture dans les Basses- Alpes. Paris: J. B. Baillidre and Sons, 1914, PP- 120, figs. 3). — This monograph describes the soil, topography, climate, flora, and fauna, the occupation and movement of the population, types of crops grown, and the general agricultural practice. Emigration from Roman Tuscany, G. Valensin (Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Oeorg. Firenze, 5. ser., 11 (1914), No. 3, pp. 264-281). — The author discusses the agricultural conditions by districts, and the extent of the emigration and its destination. American influence upon the agriculture of Hokkaido, Japan (Sapporo, Japan: Tohoku Imp. Univ., 1915, pp. 21, pis. 11). — This report indicates the agricultural machines and implements, field and horticultural crops, and live stock introduced into the island from America and their influence upon its agri- culture. EXPEEIMENT STATION BECOKD. 493 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The training in forestry during the next decade, J. W, Toumey {Off. Pubs. Cornell Univ., 5 (1914), No. 19, pp. 27-35).— The author submits a brief survey of the origin and development of forestry education in this country, and points out some of its vpeaknesses and needs. He finds that the " tremendous impetus in national and state forestry coinci- dent with the development of the older forestry schools of collegiate grade, and their inability to supply at once all the men required by the national and state governments and for private work, stimulated to an inordinate degree the de- velopment of facilities for forestry education and the multiplication of schools " until the United States now has 21 colleges and universities that offer degrees in forestry and announce that they train men for the broad fields of national, state, and private forestry. Of the collegiate institutions 18 at the close of 4 years of satisfactory work offer the degree of B. S. in forestry and one the degree of forest engineer; 6 institutions at the close of an additional year of graduate work offer the degree of master of forestry or of master of science in forestry ; in 2 institutions the work is wholly of graduate character, the degree of master of forestry being given for 2 years of satisfactory work. "After less than 15 years of development in forestry education in the United States, we have more schools that aim to prepare men for the profession of forestry than there are in all Europe after more than a century of forest school development." In the opinion of the author the inclination has been to overemphasize em- pirical methods and to underemphasize fundamental laws and efficiency. For- estry education should be developed by incorporating forestry in the general education system of the country from the public school to the university as a coordinate subject with agriculture or horticulture, and by the development of ranger schools which should teach merely the art or trade of forestry. The rational development of the educational system along these lines will make it necessary for the high-grade professional man at the top to be better trained and surer of his technical equipment, minor subjects will be cut out of the cur- ricula of professional schools, greater emphasis placed on fundamental subjects, and greater specialization undertaken on the professional side. Development of instruction in animal and dairy husbandry, H. Nylandeb (Kreatitrsskotsel- och Mejerildrlings-Institutionens Utveckling. Helsingfors: Govt., 191Ji, pp. 53). — The author discusses the development of practical instruc- tion in animal and dairy husbandry, in accordance with the provisions of the law of 1908, the text of which is included, for the reorganization of this instruc- tion. Agricultural education (Bet: Deut. Sekt. Landesk. Rates Konigr. Bohmen, 22 (1913), pp. 21-71). — ^A detailed report on the activities of itinerant agri- cultural instructors, and progress notes on agricultural schools and educational institutions in 1913 under the supervision of the German Section of the Agri- cultural Council of Bohemia. Agricultural schools and itinerant instruction {Jahresher. Landw. Kammer Prov. Sachsen, 1912, pp. 125-133). — This is a report on the agricultural and housekeeping schools, special courses, agricultural instruction in the army, and itinerant agricultural instruction under the supervision of the chamber of agri- culture of the Province of Saxony in Prussia. Agricultural education service (Jaarb. Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel Neder- land. Indie, 1913, pp. 79-186, pis. 9). — ^A report on the activities of the depart- ment of agriculture in promoting agricultural instruction in 1913 in the Dutch East Indies, 494 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A historical sketch of the College of Agriculture, Tohoku Imperial Uni- versity (Sapporo, Japan, 1915, pp. 22, pis. i2).— This sketch indicates what American educators have done to assist in the founding and development of the College of Agriculture at Sapporo, Japan, including its founding in 1876 by- William S. Clark, then president of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Does an agricultural education pay? C. H. Lane (High School Quart. [Ga.], 3 (1915), No. 3, pp. 203-205). — The author calls attention to the results of sev- eral studies relating to the incomes of farmers with varying degrees of educa- tion. How to teach agriculture, C. W. BuRKim, F. L. Stevens, and D. H. Hill (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1914, rev. ed., pp. 22). — This is a revision of the text issued in 1906, in which the authors offer suggestions on what to teach, what not to teach, and how to teach, including the conduct of experiments, and a sug- gested outline of lesson topics based on Agriculture for Beginners (E. S. R., 16, p. 832). Agriculture for the Kansas common schools, L. E. Call and H. L. Kent (Topeka, Eans.: State, 19U, pp. V+468, pis. 4, figs. ^^3).— The subject matter of this text was prepared by the staff of the Kansas College and Station, but was rearranged for uniformity and better adaptation to the needs of the schools. It consists of lessons on tbe structure and growth of plants, grain crops, marketing and milling wheat, legumes, grasses, improvement of plants and animals, weeds, soils, drainage, irrigation, feeding and raising farm ani- mals, dairying, poultry, diseases of animals and plants, growing and caring for trees, insects, spraying, orcharding, the vegetable garden, beautifying home grounds, birds, and good roads. Each chapter is followed by review questions and an appendix contains suggestions on method of teaching, list of reference books, directions for making the Babcock test and measuring farm products and land, a seed table for field crops adapted to Kansas, etc. Agriculture, theoretical and practical, J. Weightson and J. C. Newsham (London: Crosby Lockwood and Son, 1915, pp. XX+628, figs. 322).— This text- book of mixed farming, for large and small farmers and agricultural students, comprises six parts treating of (1) soils, manures, and crops; (2) live stock, feeding, and economic zoology; (3) buildings, machinery, implements, and accounts; (4) dairying; (5) horticulture; and (6) poultry, rabbits, and bees. Agriculture and life, A. D. Cromwell, edited by K. C. Davis (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1915, pp. X-\-369, pi. 1, figs. i^3).— This text was written for normal training classes and teachers' reading circles to give instruction in methods of teaching agriculture in the common schools. Following the dis- cussion of educational aims in which the author calls attention to the educa- tional, economic, esthetic, moral, and religious values of agriculture, chapters are devoted to seed selection and plant breeding; pets and home projects; stock and grain judging ; feeds and feeding ; farm accounts and farm manage- ment; the soil; school and home gardens; birds and agriculture; insects and agriculture ; plant and animal diseases ; weeds ; rural life institutions ; the rural school, festivals, clubs, short courses, and continuation schools; and courses of study, correlations, booklets, lesson plans, tables, etc. Each topic is followed by review questions and references to the literature. Simple laboratory exercises for high schools, M. C. Ceoss (Rural Educator, 4 (1914), No. 4, pp. 65, 66; 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. 13, i^).— The author outlines 25 simple laboratory exercises in plants, animals, farm management and machin- ery, soils, and plant growth, largely adapted from standard texts and bulletins. Studies in soils, M. J. Abbey (W. Va. School Agr., 5 (1915), No. 7, pp. 23, figs. 11). — The author outlines lessons in soil formation, activities, and im- provement. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 495 Experiments with living plants, M. Oettli ( Versiiche niit lehenden Pflanzen. Leipzig: B. G. Tetibner, 1914, PP- H> fiss. 7). — The author outlines experiments in plant constituents, food, germination, and growth for pupils from 12 to 14 years old and offers suggestions for keeping a notebooli. A forestry arithmetic for Vermont schools, A, F. Hawes (Vt. Forestry Pub. 14 (1914), pp. SO, pis. 4). — Examples in forestry arithmetic to supplement the text-book are given, together with simple experiments to learn tree flowers and seeds, to study seed distribution and germination, the growth of trees, and the rotting of wood, and to teach how to make observations at the sawmill. Insects of economic importance, G. W. Heerick {Ithaca, N. Y.: Carpenter and Co., 1915, pp. 138). — These outlines of lectures in economic entomology discuss the habits and life histories of the principal pests of the main fruits, vegetables, cereals, farm animals, and shade trees, methods of control, losses caused by insects in this country, and the cost of combating insects. References to literature are added. [Farm animals], M. J. Abbey {W. Va. School Agr., 5 {1914), No. 4, pp. 24, figs. 9; 5 {1915), No. 5, pp. 22, figs. 11). — The first of these papers deals with winter care, and outlines lessons in housing, feeding, and caring for animals, with suggestions for correlation with other subjects. The second presents les- sons on types of horses, sheep, and hogs, including data on judging contests and farm arithmetic. Domestic science, Bertha J. Austin {Chicago: Lyons and Carnahan, vols. 1 [Wm, pp. 192, figs. 79; 2 {1914), PP- 239, figs. 60; S {1915), pp. 334, figs. 91).— The subjiect matter of this course of practical training in cookery is pedagogi- cally presented, the steps in every process being given in the order of operation and the underlying principles clearly set forth. The first two volumes, designed for the first and second years of the course, take up the cooking necessary for the average menu for the three daily meals, while the third volume, for the third and fourth years, is devoted to more advanced subjects, such as the preser- vation of food, including canning, preserving, jelly making and pickling, the chemistry of foods, food values, studies in dietetics and invalid cookery, the cost of living, business in the household, household accounts, and some practical problems in food arithmetic. Supplementary problems for domestic science classes {Manila: Bur. Ed., 1913, pp. 49). — These arithmetic problems relating to domestic science have been prescribed as supplementary exercises for the sixth and seventh grades. Household arts {Misssouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui., 13 {1915), No. 2, pp. 88, figs. 50). — This bulletin furnishes an outline for school work in domestic arts, including the various stitches and their practical application, pattern drafting, selection of materials, suggestions for making garments, public exhibitions and score cards, etc. The house and its furnishing, Abbie DeLuey {Univ. Saskatchewan, Col. Agr. Bill. 4 {1914), pp. 31, figs. 15). — The different parts of the house are con- sidered as to plan and furnishing. Home laundering, Treva E. Katjffman {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.], 10 {1915), No. 7, pp. 16, figs. 14). — The author offers practical sugges- tions on equipment for laundering, fabrics, effects of alkalis and acids on fabrics, cleaning and bleaching agents, removal of stains, and washing operations. Arbor and Bird Day manual {W. Va. School Agr., 5 {1915), No. 6, pp. 79, figs. 31). — This manual comprises outlines for the study of trees and birds, by M. J. Abbey, and a description of 40 common birds of West Virginia, together with brief accounts of their range, habits, and usefulness, by E. A. Brooks. Ohio arbor and bird annual, F. W. Miller {Ohio Dept. Pub. Instr. Bui. 6 {1915), pp. 96, figs. 67).— A compilation of articles and poems on trees and birds. NOTES Alabama College. — The first degree of doctor of science to be conferred by the Institution lias been granted to A. L. Quaintance of the Bureau of Entomology of tliis Department. California TJiiiversity and Station. — Science announces that plans are being prepared for an additional building of the agricultural group to cost $250,000; the first unit of a new group of chemistry buildings, this structure to cost $250,000 ; and the completion of the university library at a cost of $400,000. A marble chair is about to be placed in the open-air Greek theater in honor of Dr. E .W. Hilgard, professor of agriculture and dean of the college of agri- culture from 1875 to 1906 and now professor emeritus. The degree of emeritus professor of horticulture has been conferred upon ex-Dean AVickson. Idaho TTniversity and Station. — Recent appointments include Carl B. Wilson a^ director of the school of practical agriculture and instructor in agricul- tural education ; C. V. Singleton as instructor and assistant in animal hus- bandry ; and Glen S. Ray as assistant in farm crops. Illinois University. — H. W. Stewart has resigned to become assistant pro- fessor of soils at the University of Wisconsin. W. J. Fraser and John W. Lloyd have been granted leave of absence for further study, the former in rural economics at Harvard University and the latter at the University of California. Nebraska TTniversity. — The contract has been let for the new dairy building. A structure 141 by 64 feet is planned, with three stories and basement and a wing 70 by 30 feet especially arranged for handling butter, ice cream, and market milk. The first floor of the main building will contain student laboratories, the second a large milk testing laboratory, quarters for experi- mental work, a reading room, and offices, and the third, the dairy bacteriologi- cal laboratories, a large lecture room, and class rooms. A modern refrigerat- ing plant in the basement will provide cold storage facilities' for dairy work and also in horticulture, home economics, and veterinary science. Third Conference of American Association of Agricultural College Editors. — This conference was held at the College of Agriculture, University of Wis- consin, June 24 and 25, with representatives and visitors from 19 institutions iri 18 States and this Department. An address of welcome was given by Dean H. L. Russell, who drew atten- tion to the more specific division of labor in the agricultural colleges and experiment stations due to their growth and increasing complexity of organi- zation. He stated that the editorial work, connected usually though not always directly with the administrative ofiice of the institution, is coming to be one of its most important departments, although it is hard to find men who are fitted by both temperament and training to conduct it. In his opin- ion one of the most important things for the consideration of the association is the matter of the popularization of scientific material for the use of the farming community at large. Permanent bulletins, both scientific and popular, he regarded as necessary, but inasmuch as the farm paper is more widely read, many more people can be reached through that medium. 496 NOTES. 497 The presidential address by C. A. Whittle, of Georgia, had for its subject The Status of the Agricultural College Editor. In his opinion the mission of the agricultural college editor is to reach the individual farmer, and in order to render him adequate service the editor must see, feel, and think the same way. The greatest defect in editorial work at present was thought to be the limit of the power of the " blue pencil." He believed that editors must be vested with full editorial powers, but that when these powers are given they must be used wisely and very carefully. He also advocated conferring upon them full professorial rank. Dr. B. E. Powell, of Illinois, in his report as secretary-treasurer reviewed the history of the organization. He called attention to the large demand for the proceedings of the last meeting, although these could not be published because of the lack of available funds. Subsequently provision was made by the asso- ciation for the publication of the proceedings of the 1915 meeting. G. W. Wharton, chief of the Office of Information of this Department, dis- cussed Getting Information to the People Who Can Use It. He cited as obstacles to the successful dissemination of agricultural information, (1) overtechnical statements, (2) attempts to mix both popular and technical matter in the same bulletin, and (3) the tradition of form, size, type, etc. He advocated the use of posters, colors, cards, and general follow-up methods. He much preferred the term "information" instead of "publicity" in such work, as "publicity" has come to be associated with " press agency " with which a properly defined information service can have no connection. The most efficient medium for the dissemination of agricultural information he thought to be the farm press, and the next the daily and weekly newspapers. In any case those issuing infor- mation material must write from the viewpoint of both the editor and the farmer. Mr. Wharton stated that while, of course, it was impossible to attribute the increase to any one specific cause, the circulation of the Department's bulletins since the establishment of the information service had, according to last year's figures, increased 40 per cent. Inasmuch as the press notices contain fairly complete summaries and practical advice, he believed that those who now v/rite in for the bulletins as a result of these notices do so because of a real need, and it is probable, therefore, that the notices assist in reducing waste circulation. He described in detail the activities of the Office of Information, explaining especially the method of limiting the press material to the class of papers or the geographical district to which it would be of direct application. He believed that the press material should be deemed an official output of the institution as well as its bulletins or other permanent publications. It should concern itself merely with conveying practical information and recommendations and be kept scrupulously free from any partisan tinge. Mention of individuals or institu- tions should be limited to what is necessary to establish the authority of the facts or advice. One great advantage of mimeographed press information sheets, he pointed out, is that they can be issued in cases of emergency and through the cooperation of the press reach those affected far more quickly than ordinarily would be possible in the case of formal publications. Frank C. Dean, of Nebraska, read a paper on The Efficiency of Press Matter for Newspapers, defining efficiency as the ability to get a thing published. He considered the preparation of press matter the most important of the agricul- tural college editor's duties. Items of ten lines or less have been found most useful for newspapers, and 95 per cent of the papers to whom he has furnished news material have used only about one column per week. In a paper on Some Common Inconsistencies of Typography of Bulletins, O. M. Kile, of West Virginia, presented the tabulated replies from about 25 editors in 498 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. answer to a questionnaire on the usage of compound and hyplienated words and certain synonyms, and tlie capitalization of breed, variety, and certain ottier names, wliich sliowed a very wide variation in usage. A discussion followed on the use of style books and other standards. A committee on proper usage of compound words, forms, capitalization, etc., was appointed, consisting of O. M. Kile, B. Adams, and A. W. Hopkins, and a preliminary report of tliis committee, embodying numerous suggestions, was subsequently adopted. Walter Stemmons, of the Oklahoma College, read a paper on How to Get Press Material from the Staff, in which he narrated some difficulties encoun- tered. He has found one of the best helps toward getting material to be the occasional sending to members of the staff press clippings of material they have furnished. The field reports of county agents in the extension service have also been a fruitful source of stories of human interest. Mr. Esborn, of the Simplified Spelling Board, addressed the association on simplified spelling. He reviewed the present movement for spelling reform and stated that up to May 15, 1915, 100 educational institutions in the United States and Canada and about 100 newspapers and periodicals with a combined circulation of over 2,000.000 had approved the movement. T. R. Bryant discussed the use of placards, giving experiences in Kentucky for two or three years. Neat bulletin boards with glass fronts have been in- stalled in the stations of five railroad systems in the State, the agents exchang- ing the placards monthly. The railroads have been very enthusiastic about this feature and the practice has appeared to be very effective. Charles Dillon, of Topeka, Kans., addressed the meeting on the Source of News and What is News from a College of Agriculture. He discussed espe- cially the press material being sent out by the agricultural colleges and experi- ment stations to farm papers and newspapers, illustrating by concrete examples some of its shortcomings from the viewpoints of the editor of the paper who is to publish the material and of the farmer who is to read it. He also exhibited advertising and publicity material of railroads and business houses. He closed his remarks by reading papers prepared by agricultural journal editors on What College Editors Ought to Send Out to Farm Papers. The sending out of advice which farmers can readily adopt and more seasonable matter were especially desired. A round table discussion was opened by F. W. Beckman, of Iowa, on the question. Do College Editors in Sending Material to Newspapers Interfere with the Activities of Farm Papers? Some differences of opinion were noted in various States, but the advantage of utilizing the newspaper to create as much as possible an interest in farming was generally recognized. In a discussion of the propriety of the receiving of compensation by a college editor for articles furnished papers, the consensus of opinion seemed to be adverse to the practice as regards papers within the State, with wider differ- ences of opinion as regards other articles. Another question discussed was the handling of requests from outside the State for publications. The use of classified mailing lists was mentioned as helpful in conserving editions. One of the chief functions of the agricultural college and station editor as regards the permanent and scientific publications of these institutions was suggested by M. D. Moore, of the States Relations Service of this Department, as that of so informing the farmers and others interested of the nature of these publications that intelligent request can be made for the publication wanted. One session of the association was held at the Forest Products Laboratory, where an address was given by Director H. F. Weiss of the laboratory, on the types and prices of the different papers beinj used by the stations. Mr. Weiss NOTES. 499 based his remarks on tests made in the laboratory of samples sent in by various editors. Wide differences in the cost and value of these samples were revealed by the comparison. Bristow Adams, of Cornell University, presented a comprehensive discussion of An Information Service in Connection With Extension Work. He gave a detailed review of the evolution of the information work at Cornell University, where the attempt is now made to reach by means of reading courses, press service, etc., the farmer not yet in touch with the field man in extension work. In the matter of publications, direct and intimate relation is maintained be- tween the bulletins, memoirs, etc., and press notices in extension work. Press notices are sent out about the bulletins, especially to the county or counties to which those of a local nature pertain, to fruit growers in the case of a bulletin pertaining to them, etc. Each notice emphasizes the fact that the com- plete bulletin can be had on application. The use of the term " publicity work " is deprecated, as misleading. The right kind of information service is regarded as that farthest removed from publicity and an advertising prop- aganda, which is its own undoing, whereas the service which seeks only to help the farmer will be permanent. The program was concluded with an illustrated lecture by F. J. Trezise, of Chicago, on What is Required to Make a Typographically and Mechanically Good Bulletin. This was an instructive discussion from an expert point of view of such questions as measure balance, proportional margins, shape har- mony, use of borders and decorated margins, tone harmony, and use of cuts, type, and harmony in border arrangements. A special feature of the convention was the exhibit of bulletins and other illustrative material, contributed by 18 institutions and this Deparment. Information and press material preponderated in the exhibits, but several of the institutions, notably Wisconsin and Iowa, also illustrated the evolution of the regular bulletin in a striking way. The constitution submitted by a special committee was adopted. Among the resolutions agreed to were those memorializing the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations as to the desirability of further developing editorial work, establishing full editorial authority, and otherwise improving its status and dignity, favoring the use of the term "information service " in preference to that of " publicity," and suggesting the need of means for utilizing the publications of one institution by others. Officers for the ensuing year were selected as follows: President, F. W. Beckman of Iowa ; vice president, F. H. Jeter of North Carolina ; secretary- treasurer, B. E. Powell of Illinois; and additional members of the executive committee, C. A. Whittle of Georgia, and K A. Crawford of Kansas, The executive committee is empowered under the new constitution to decide as to the place of the next annual meeting. Vocational Agricultural Education in New Tork. — The regents of the Univer- sity of the State of New York have voted to reorganize the present Vocational Schools Division into a Division of Agricultural and Industrial Education with A. D. Dean as director. A recent act of the state legislature authorizes the board of supervisors of any county outside of the City of N«w York to establish a farm school for the purpose of giving instruction in the trades and in industrial, agricultural, and home making subjects to children of the county between the ages of eight and eighteen. Each of such schools may receive annually from the State $1,000 and an additional $200 for each teacher employed therein for a period of 36 weeks during each school year whose entire time is given to the instruction of pupils in the school, provided the school has at least 15 pupils actually in 500 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. attendance during the 36 weeks and its organization and course of study have been approved by tlie commissioner of education. The board of supervisors must provide for the maintenance of the school, the repair and improvement of the buildings, land, and the equipment. Agricultural Advancement in the Caucasus. — In response to the increasing demand for assistance in agricultural research and education, the viceroy of the Caucasus appointed in 1913 a commission of the leading farmers and spe- cialists to consider tlie more efficient correlation of the various agricultural agencies. Their report when submitted recommended the concentration of all educational, experimental, and extension w^ork under the board of agriculture, with the establishment of agricultural stations at suitable points, the employ- ment of district agriculturists, and a system of advisory work by government specialists. A permanent commission was also suggested, with the chief of the agricul- tural section of the Caucasus as president and with representatives from the Tiflis Botanical Gardens, the Caucasian Sericultural Station, senior specialists of the board of agriculture, officials connected with the various land-improve- ment and educational services, members of the civil veterinary section, and the Imperial Agricultural Society of the Caucasus as members, the commission to be supplemented by the addition of district agriculturists, superintendents of agricultural establishments, other specialists, and in general of all persons competent in agricultural affairs, as desired. A reference section and statistical and editorial bureau were projected. The early opening of the Tiflis Polytechnic Institute with an agricultural section, the establishment of schools for intermediate agricultural education, and the introduction of practical agriculture into the elementary school system, were also advocated. In 1913, about $500,000 was expended for agricultural advancement in this region, of which $35,000 was for agricultural organization, $300,000 for experimental work, etc., $10,000 for live stock improvement, $25,000 for aid to agricultural societies, and $20,000 for destruction of insects, exhibi- tions, meetings, collection of statistics, and other activities. Miscellaneous. — The medal and grant for 1915 of the South African Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science have been awarded to C. P. Lounsbury, chief of the department of entomology of the Union Department of Agriculture. A new laboratory of plant pathology at Kew Botanic Gardens has been re- cently opened. A. D. Cotton has been promoted to assistant in connection with the new laboratory with W. B. Brierley as first class assistant. Dr. A. W. Bothwick, lecturer in forest botany in the University of Edin- burgh, has been appointed advisory officer for forestry to the Scottish Board of Agriculture, vice the late Dr. John Nisbet. M. T. Dawe, director of agriculture in British East Africa, has been ap- pointed agricultural adviser to the Government of Colombia. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE "WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY SUBSCRIPTION Price, per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, $1 A I5sued October 30, 1^15. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. XXXIII ABSTRACT NUMBER No. 6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Sdtntific Bwteaus. Weather Bureau— C. F. Marvin, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry— A. D. Melvin, Chkf. Bureau of Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, (^uj. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, ForesUr. Bureau of Soils— Milton Whitney, Cfhief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chuf. Bureau op Crop Estimatbs— L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey— H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Office op Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. Office of.Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: >ltt6ttrn; J. F. Duggar.o Canebrake Station: UnUmtown; L. H. Moore.o Tuskegee Station: Tuslcegee ItuIUhU; G. W. Carver." Alaska— Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.6 Arizona— Ttiason: R. H. Forbes.* ABXAnaAs—FavettevlUe; M. Nelson.o CAiiF0V3iiA—Befkeley: T. F. Hunt." Colorado— i^or< CoUim: C. P. GiUette.o Connecticut— State Station: Mw Haven;^J^ ^ jenjdns.o Storrs Station: Starrs; / Delaware— ^eworJ:; II. Hayward.o TLonwA—Oainesville: P. H. Rolfs.o G^MtiGiA— Experiment: R. J. 11. De Loach.o GvAM— Island ofOvam: A. C. Hartenbower.6 Hawaii— Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.6 x^ Sugar Planters' Station: HonoMu; H. Pr Agee.a Idaho — Moscow: J. S. Jones.o Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport.o Indiana— Jya Fayette: A. Goss.o Iowa— Ames.- C. F. Curtiss.a Kahsas— Manhattan: W, M. Jardlno.a Kentucky— ieiin^fon.* J. H. Kastle.« LOUISUNA— State Stallon: Baton Rouge; \ Sugar Station: Audubon ParlcAy^ R. Dodson o New Orleans; I * ' North La. Station: Calhoun; ) Maine— Orono.- C. D. Woods.a llAUYLAi^D-- College Park: H. J. Patter8on.o MASsAcavszTts—AmhersL- W. P. Brooks.« MiCHlQAN— £(Mt Lansing: R. S. Shaw.o MINNE30TA— t/niwrsfty Farm, St. Paul: A. F. Woods.o Ummssirn— Agricultural CoUege: E. R. Lloyd.o Missouri— College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.o Fruit Station: Mountain Orove; Paul Eyans.o a Director. >> Agronomist In Montana— JBozeTTian; F. B. Linfield.o Nebraska— iiiJcoin; E. A. Burnett.*" Nevada— jBeno." S. B. Doten.o New Hampshire— I>ttr4owi.- J. C. Kendall." New Jebset— JVew Brunswick: J. O. Lipman.o New Mexico— Stote College: Fabian Gjurcia.o New York— State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan." Cornell Station: Ithaca; B. T. Galloway;" North Carolina— College Station: West RaUigh;\^ „, «.,,„„„ ^ StateStation: Raleigh; P' ^- ^"S^^'" North Dakota— ^^rfcuZmral College: T. r. Cooper.o Ohio— Woosut: C. E, Thome.* Oklahoma— StiKJfWer; W. L. Carlyle.o OregoIj- OortwUfe.* A. B. Cordley.o Pennsylvania— StaU College: R. L, Watts.o State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition, H. P. Armsby.o Porto Rico- Federal Station: Mayaguez;!). W. May.* Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower." Rhode Island— A'jjj^i^on; B. L. Ilartwell.o South Carolina— CteTTWon College: J. N. Har- per." South Dakota— Broofcinizs; J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— A'jwii'Ule.' H. A.,Morgan.o Ts,XA&— College Station: B. Youngblood.o Utab.— Logan: E. D, Ball." VttMOi^T— Burlington: J. L. Hills." Virginla— . Blacksburg: W. J. Schoene.c Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johiisou." Washington— PttWwian.* I. D. Cardiff." West VmGDiU.— Morgantown: J. L. Coulter." Wisconsin— Jfadlaon.- II. L. Russell." Wyoming— ioramfe: C, A. Duniway.c charge. e Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Expcnment Stations. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotcclmy — L. W. Fetzer, Ph.. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers{}[- ^|- ^l^'^;^,^^,,^ Agi-icultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^- ^- ;^qyd^' ^^^' ^' Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. ... LIBPAI Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. NPW ^ fC. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. ' Foods and Human Nutritional. L. Lang. oOTAf\ , Ic. F. Walton, Jr. tlAKUtir Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Fanning — H. Webster. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. Vcteriuary ModicinojW-,^; H;oK-. Rural Engineering — R. W. Tkulunger. Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIII, NO. 6. Page. Recent work in agricultural science 501 Notes 600 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. A rapid method of estimating nitrates, Knecht 501 The estimation of protein ammonia, Winkler 501 Oxidation of carl)ohydrate8 by potassium persulpliate, Wood and Walker 502 Analytical work, Gile and Carrero 502 Determination of eggs in food pastes, Farcy 502 The ferments of honey, Gothe 502 Experimental studies on honey diastase activity, Gotho 502 Estimation of chlorin ions in honey, Nottbohm 502 Preservation of milk samjiles for examination purposes, Tillmans et al 502 Changes in milk i^reserved with potassium bicni'omate, Kling et al 503 The action of milk mold on phcnylandnoacetic acid, Horsters 503 Volumetric estimation of casein in milk by aid of tetraserum, Pf yl and Turnau . 503 Old and new methods for determining fat in milk, Oven 503 Determination of lactose in milk by the polarimetric method, Feder 503 Estimation of viscosity of milk as an aid for detecting added water, Kooper 504 Detection of goat's milk in cow's milk, Pritzker 504 The freezing point of some abnormal milks, Henderson and Meston 504 The electrical conouiliabU> matter in oils and fats, Salomon 50G Ivioo oil and rioo fat. 1 hividsohn - 506 Estimation i>f hydrooyanio aoid in fotHling stuffs and its occiirronce, l*\irlong. . 506 SolvtMits omployod in" tho dotormination of hop-bittor constituonts, Scibrij;;or.. 507 Mothod for quautitativo dotormination of rosins in hops, \Vin,y;o and Jonson — 507 Employment of artilioial lij^ht in titration of tlio resins in lio]>s, l.ai-sen 507 Chemistry of tobaoeo. Tho essential oil of tobacco, Halle tuid Pribram 50S MKTKOKOl.OOY. Modern metliods in meteorology, Fontsero y lliba 50S ClimatoU\s:ioal data for the l" nited States by sections 508 Annual report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1914, Chappell 508 Tho weather of tho past airricultural vear", Brodio 508 The weather of IDl 4. Gilcluist ". 509 The weatlier of Scotland in 1914, Watt 509 Metwroloirical observations in Moscow during 1913-14, Loyst 509 Meteorological observations 509 On the climate of the priivcipal rubber-producing countries, Van Bemmelen... 509 Temperature in cultivated and uncultivated soil, Gilchrist 510 The rains of tlie ^ ile basin and tho N ile tlood of 1912, Craig 510 SOILS — FERTIUZERS. Soils of the eastern coal field, Jones 510 Soil survey of Webster County, Jones 5 10 Soil survey of the Marrs farm, Jones 511 Soil surveys of Hartford, Madisonville, and Central City quadrangle, Jones 511 Soils of Meade and lireckinridge fCouuties], Jones 511 Soils and agriculture of the southern New York highland region, Fippin 511 Soils from the East Africa Protectorate 512 On rubber soils, Mohr 512 Tho acidity of Malavan soils, Barrowcliff 512 Tho inundation of tlie valley of the Yser, Barois '. 512 Agricultural chemistry and vegetable physiology. Miller 512 Soil problems. Leather 513 The movement of soluble salts with the soil moisture, Harris 513 The role of colloids in agricultural soil, den Porger 513 Some data on the question of the form of nitrogen in the soil, Shmuk 513 Soil bacteriology, Hutchinson 513 Protozoa in relation to tho factor limiting bacterial actiWty in stiil. Goodey. . . 515 The bioloirical absorption of phosphoric acid in the soil, Pusliechkin 515 Comparative effect of phosphates and sulphates on bacteria, I'red and Hart . . . 515 A new case of unproductivcncsvS in sxig-ar-cano soils, l.edeboor and Perkhout. . . 516 A practical way to supply plant food to our soils, Jones 516 The compi^^sition and value of farm manures. Jensen 516 Experiments with barnyard miuiure at Darmstadt, Wagner 516 Bat £ruani>s, Gilo and Carrcro T 517 Fertilizer expermieuts on tho red clav soil, Gile and Carrero 517 Drill fertilizing, Tacke ' 517 Production of nitrates from air. with a new electric furnace, Scott 517 Potassium from the soil. Hopkins and Aumcr 517 Salines in the Owens. Setvrles. and Panamint basins. California, Gale 518 German pot;ish situation, lay 518 The phosphate deix>sits of South Carolina. Rogers 518 Solubility of the dilTerent constituents of slag!^ Sirot and Joret 519 The solubility and ixssimilability by plants of superphi>sphate. Kosso\'ich 519 A new theory reg-arding the feeding power of plants, Truog 519 Chlortvis of sugar cane. Gile and Carrero 519 lime-induced chlorosis. Gile and Carrero 520 The puritication of waste liquors from paper mills, Kershaw 520 Commercial fertilizers. Jones, Jr. . et al 520 Analvses of commercial fertilizers. Wessels et al 520 CONTENTS. Ill AORICULTUBAL BOTANY. Pajce. A n oxpcrimontal Httidy of tho roHl ]>(:nbacco, J£aB»clbrin^ 521 Absorption of ion« by plants, Plate 521 A n t^;(oni«m between ions in absorption of HuliH by plant«, Htiles and .J0r;;^en9en . . 52 1 Determination of elernentw nef.cfiHary U) development of maize, J^in'/A 522 Tlie <}thjTimH of plant«, Maz^ 522 The influence of fluorin ujtou ve^jetation, Gautier 522 lleHbitanee of growinj^ plants U) hydrfx:yanic acid furaitfation, Cotte 522 Artion of diloroform and ether on inverfiion of Kux.harose in augar beet, Maz4. . 523 1 nfluenre of naphthalin on growth in plants, Caecoari 523 I'orrruition of Btarr.h in the embryo before maturity ot the Heed, Guilliennon.d. . 523 Starrh reserve in birch and maple, iirown 523 The orif<; wscliin 523 Anatomy of Avi/n/i m/jllisudm/i, with K\)fi('yA reference to taruxin, van der Byl. . 523 J/iorhemiral inveBtigations of Banonins, Korsakoff 524 <^'hemif,al pnic anthers of Jjo/jerHtrff/raw iv/lka, Harris 524 Studies on the floral bio!f>gy and patholf^y of the olive, Petri 524 Mutation en ma«Be. I'artlett 524 Htudifis in pea varietif^s and hybrids therefrom, Kapx>ert 525 A flora of Cuba, de la ifaza and Roig 525 Geographv and vegetation of northern Florifla, Harper 525 Plant ecology and floristics of Kalton Sink, Parish 525 Movements of vegetation due Uj submersion and desiccation of land, MacDougal . 525 The beliavior of certain micro-organiionfl in brine, Peirce 525 FIELD CKOPS. "Root systems of agricultural plants, Masf;hhaupt 526 TIjo influence of phosj>halic fertilizers on kxA development, Watt 526 The geographical distribution of the field CTOps of India, Engelbrecht 526 [Studies with field crops in Montana] 526 Grasses and forage CTops 526 Experiments on permanent grass land, 1915 526 [Fertilizer expenmenta] 527 Pasture grasses: Tljeir cultivation and management, Breakwell 527 Ecolf^gy of the purple heath gra.^ ( Molinia ckrule/i), Jefieries 527 A new HXiecies of forest grass ( SpodW[>of)fra T/j/yni), Hole 527 Variety tests with millet and sunflowers, Fedorov 527 The efiect of the association of legumes and nonlegumes, Ellett et al 527 Vegetative regeneration of alfalfa, Wilson 528 Exr^eriments with com in 1914, Sviuhchev and Aksenov 528 Soil moisture and tillage for com, Mosier and Gustafson 528 Tests of varieties of com, Ilarigcr 528 Variety tests of com for 1914, Garren 529 Refxyrt on variety tests of cotUjn for 1914, Winters 529 Cauto tree cotton. Cousins 529 Y^X'im controlling the ginning per cent of Indian cottone, Leake 529 Fiber industry of liritLsh East Africa, Wigglesworth 530 The growth and preparation of Italian hemp, Wigglesworth 530 Investigations on hops. — V, On the aroma of hops, Schmidt 530 Inverjtigations on hops. — VI, Lupulin in plants raised by crossing, Schmidt.. 530 Investigations on hops. — VIII, Flowering of rjlants raise<^i by crossing, Schmidt. 530 Re.?iilt3 of introtype of tne cultivated &jTgh\im3, Piper 531 Variations in soy bean ino^;ulation, Voorhe<« 531 The cultivation of sugar beet in Norfolk and Suffolk, Orwin and Orr 532 Single-germ beet seed, Townsend 532 Pieyxirt of the seedling expert, Cowgill 532 Manurial experiments, Ternpany et al 532 Catalytic or fecundating stimuli and mutation in Nicotiana, Splendore 533 IV CONTENTS. Page. Tlie Georgia velvet bean, Belling 533 Variation in pure Unes of winter wheat, Williams 533 Determination of seeds of Cuscuta trifolii and C. suaveolens, Bernatsky 533 The weed Galinsoga parvislora, Miiller 534 Methods of determining weight per bushel, Love 534 A method for testing the breaking strength of straw, Helmick 534 HORTICULTURE. [Report of horticultural investigations] 534 Report of the horticulturist, Kinman 535 Report of the assistant horticulturist, McClelland 536 [Floral and vegetable trials at Wisley in 1914], Titchmarsh 536 [Miscellaneous floral and vegetable trials at Wisley, 1914] 536 Cabbage growing in California, Rogers 537 The inheritance of size in tomatoes. Perry 537 Arboriculture, Savastano 537 A guide to the literature of pomology, Bunyard 537 Small fruits for home and commercial planting, Sutton 537 Addition of soft soap to lead arsenate for spraying purposes, Edwardes-Ker 538 Spray calendar, Faurot _- 538 New method of obtaining grafted peaches, Manaresi 538 Testing grape varieties in the Vinifera regions of the United States, Husmann. 538 Physiological research on pollen germination in Vitis vinifera, Garino-Canlna. . 539 Viticulture in Japan, Oinoue - 539 Some recent experiments on conservation of grapes in various gases, Dalmasso. 539 Statistics on the production of grapes and olives in 1914 539 The methods of reproduction in olive culture, Campbell 540 Bench rooting of citrus nursery stock, Ralston 540 The lime and the lemon as sources of citric acid and essential oils, Dunlop 540 The blood orange in the territory of Caltagirone, Cocuzza 540 The cultivation of the hazelnut in the Province of Messina, Stan can elli 540 Dahlias tried at Duffryn, 1914 540 The gardenette or city back yard gardening by the sandwich system, Albaugh . . 540 The use of charcoal as a medium for plant growth, Appleyard 540 rOEESTRY. The evolution of forest policy, Descombes 541 The use book, a manual for users of the National Forests, 1915 541 International Forestry Congress 541 Report of department of forestry of Pennsylvania for 1912-13, Conklin 541 Forest administration in Assam for 1913-14, Perree and Monro 541 Forest administration in the Jammu and Kashmir State for 1913-14, Lovegrove 541 The flowers of the woods, Gatin 541 The results of forest culture experiments, Schwappach 541 Some Irish larch plantations, Waddingham 542 Pine tree culture in Nordland, Lindberg 542 Hevea tapping results. Experiment Station, Peradeniya, 1911-1913, Petch 542 Hevea tapping results, Experiment Station, Peradeniya, 1914, Petch 542 Scientific tapping experiments with Hevea brasiliensis , de Jong 542 Tapping and the storage of plant food in Hevea brasiliensis, Campbell 543 The tapping of an old Hevea tree at Henaratgoda, Petch 543 Notes on the history of the plantation rubber industry of the East, Petch 543 The naval stores industry, Schorger and Betts 543 Records on life of treated timber in the United States, Weiss and Teesdale 544 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on plant diseases in Virginia in 1913 and 1914, Reed and Crabill 544 Report of the botanist and mycologist, Petch 545 Notes upon Washington fungi. Hall 545 The temperature relations of some fungi causing storage rots, Ames. 545 Further studies on the specialization of Uromyccs caryophyllinus, Fischer 545 The specialization of Puccinia piilsatillx, Fischer 545 Overwintering of cereal rusts in uredospore form, Montemartini 546 \ CONTENTS. V rage. Rust attack of winter cereals, Hiltner 546 Treatment of winter grain with corrosive sublimate, Hiltner 546 Chinosol and formaldehyde as protection against Fusarium in cereals, Hiltner . . 546 Limitation and management of grain for seeding, Hiltner 546 Use of rusted grain for seed, Hiltner 546 Dry spot of oats, Hiltner 546 Hiltner 's experiments on the control of dry spot of oats, Schoevers 557 Some observations on ordinary beet scab, Lutman and Johnson 547 Beet'scab, Grimm 547 Rearing beet nematodes on agar, Berliner and Busch 547 Root scab and other celery diseases, Quanjer and Slagter 547 Some new bacterial diseases of legumes, Manns 547 The life history of Ascochyta on some leguminous plants, II, Stone 548 The Rhizoctonia lesions on potato stems, Drayton 548 Puccinia endivias and rust of prickly lettuce, Maffei 548 Protascus colorans, the source of yellow grains in rice, van der Wolk 548 Rust of fruit trees, Desmoulins 549 Influence of atmospheric conditions on the appearance of downy mildew, Capus. 549 Oidium of oak and grape, Ravaz 549 Report of the plant pathologist, Fawcett 549 Pythiacystis citrophthora and its probable relation to m.al di gomma, Fawcett 550 The citrus root nematode ( Tylcnchulus scmipcnetrans) in Florida, Nelson 550 Storm and drought injury to foliage of ornamental trees, Hartley and Merrill. . . 550 New hosts for some forest tree fungi. Weir 550 Notes on the chestniit bark disease, Rogers and Gravatt 551 Chestnut blight in Nebraska, Pierce 551 Notes on chestnut fruits infected with the chestnut blight fungus, Rumbold. . . 551 Notes on Rhizoctonia, Hartley and Bruner 551 Observations on Himeola auricula- judse , Le Goc 551 Further observations on Himeola auricula- judae, Le Goc 552 Some observations on abortive sporophores of wood-destroying fungi. Weir 552 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Zoological philosophy: Natural history of animals, Lamarck, trans, by Elliott. . 552 Some Canadian rodents injurious to agriculture, Criddle 552 How plague may be carried from place to place 552 Rat proofing the public docks of New Orleans, Letton 552 The economy of ground squirrel destruction, Long 552 Cimex pipistrelli; nonpathogenicity of Trypanosoma vespertilionis, Pringhault. . 552 The bird book, Reed 553 Forty common birds of West Virginia, Brooks 553 Some Pennsylvania birds and their economic value, Surface 553 The practical value of birds, Henderson 553 Some observations on the food of nesthng sparrows, Collinge 553 Comparative physiology and morphology of the arachnids, I, Dahl 553 Bibliography of Canadian entomology for the year 1913, Bethune 553 Guide to California insects, Woodworth 553 First biennial report of the Montana State Board of Entomology, Cooley 553 Report of the entomologist. Van Zwaluwenburg 554 Report of State entomologist and plant pathologist for 1914, Bentley 554 Injurious insects and other animals in Ireland during 1913, Carpenter 554 [Reports of the entomologist of Southern Rhodesia], Jack 554 [Insect pests in Mauritius], d'Emmerez de Charmoy 554 Insect notes 555 Insect pests of field crops, Haseman 555 Insect enemies of lucorn, Picard 555 Injury by tipulids and tabanids in rice ifields, Del Guercio 555 Protecting cabbage and cauliflower from attacks by worms. Tucker 555 The cochylis, eudemis, and pyraUd moths and altisa beetle, Clario-Soulan 555 [Insect pests of coconuts and cacao] 555 Two years' study of insects in relation to pellagra, Jennings 555 Spraying for apple sucker and leaf-curhng plum aphis, Petherbridge 555 Effect of cj^anid of potassium on trees, Shattuck 556 New fumigating machines, Gray 556 VI CONTENTS. Page. Cyanid fumigation of ships, Roberts 556 On certain peculiar fungus parasites of living insects, Thaxtcr 556 An outline of the subfamilies and higher groups of the Thysanoptera, Hood — 556 The grape leafhopper, Merrill 556 Psijlla piri and the fight against it, Gudkoy 556 Spraying for the control of the walnut aphis, Taylor 557 The host plants of Aphis rumicis, Davidson 557 Spraying eggs for control of purple and green apple aphids, Jones , 557 Life history and habits of the rose scale, Aulacaspis rosse, Nakayama 557 The San Jose and oyster-shell scales, Caesar 558 The citricola scale, Quayle _ 558 The efficiency of fimgoid parasites of scale insects 558 Poison glands of the larva of the brown-tail moth, Kephart 558 Life history of the codling moth in Maine, Siegler and Simanton 559 The sugar cane bud moth (Loxostoma ep.), Jarvis 560 The grass moth (Bemigia repnnda), Bodkin 560 Flies in relation to disease. — Bloodsucking flies, Hindle 560 Dr. A. F. A. Iving on mosquitoes and malaria, Iloward 560 Biology of North American crane flies. — III, The genus Ula, Alexander 561 Notes on the life history and anatomy of Siphona plusise, Bloeser 561 The house fly ( Musca domestica), Hewitt 561 The feeding habits of the stable fly, Stomoxys caldtrans, Hewitt 561 Cherry fruit flies, Caesar and Spencer 561 Ravages, life history, and control of the melon fly, Severin and Hartung 562 The progress of Scymnus hipunctatus, Smith 562 Some notes on life history of lady beetles, Palmer 562 The violet rove beetle, Chittenden 563 The small sweet potato weevil {Cryptorhynchus hatatse), \Miitney 563 Recent studies of the Mexican cotton boll weevil, Coad 563 Bee keeping for profit, Morley 563 The orientation of ants and the orientation jjroblem in general, Bnin 563 Chalcidids of the Isosoma injurious to grain in Russia, Rimsky-Korsakov 563 [Studies of tlie Siphonaptera or fleas]. Fox 563 A synopsis of the British Siphonaptera, Rothschild 563 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Composition of grain, flour, and offals of foiir varieties of wheat, Hunter 564 Durum wheat as a substitute for other grain in bread making, Caselli 564 Composition of com -meal products and digestibility of protein, Rammstedt. . . 564 The chemistry of rice poUshings, Fraser and Stanton 564 Nature of the sugars found in the tubers of sweet potatoes, Miyake 564 On the nuclein bases found in the shoots of Aralia cordata, Miyake 564 Are the hardened fats suitable food for man? Sussmann 564 Does butter fat contain nitrogen and phosphorus? Osborne and Wakeman 564 Chemical composition of Himgarian flower honeys, Weiser 565 Molasses, McGill . ._ _. 565 Economical electric cooking. — Competition with gas and coal, Gumaer 565 Report of New York State Food Investigating Committee, Brown et al 565 Relation of pellagra to use of foods and location of domicile, Siler et al 565 Studies on the digestion of cooked meat in the case of dogs, Zunz 565 The utilization of vegetable protein by the animal organism, Boruttau 565 The epecific heat of muscle protein and its significance, Krummacher 566 Absorption of protein and fat in depancreatized animals, Cruickshank 566 The metabolism of creatin and creatinin, VII, Myers and Fine 566 The metabolism of creatin and creatinin, VIII, My?rs and Fine 566 The metabolism of creatin and creatinin, IX, Myers and Fine 566 Does cholesterin exert an influence on cholesterin in bile? d'Amato 566 Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage, Cannon 566 A study of prolonged fasting, Benedict 566 Basal metabolism and body surface- — a contribution to normal data, Means 567 The water content and temperature of expired air, Galeotti 567 The temperature of expired air, Galeotti, Scaffidi, and Barkan 567 Micro-calorimetry applied to animal tissues, DeAlmeida 567 Investigations at nutrition laboratory of Carnegie Institution, Benedict 567 CONTENTS. VII ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Page. Foodstuffs for animals and their valuation, Stockdale 568 Some facts about concentrated feeds, Strowd 568 Vine primings as fodder, de Castella 568 Silage feeding, Bray 568 The comparative values of cotton seed, cotton seed meal, and com, Francis. . . 568 Coconut cake and palm-nut kernel cake 568 The feeding value of refuse brewers' yeast: Hungarian experiments, Schandl. . 568 Action of taka-diastase on digestive power of healthy animal, Sawamura 569 A new method for determination of live weight of cattle, Mascheroni 569 The cost of maintenance of cattle, Trowbridge, Moulton, and Haigh 569 Growth of pasture animals, Falke 570 Calf feeding experiment, 1914, Foulkes, Andrews, and Gamett 570 Sheep breeding experiments, Foulkes, Andrews, and Garnett 570 Effect of dips on wool, Enslin 571 [Pig] feeding experiments, Roulston et al 571 Swine-feeding experiments with a sugar feed, Richardsen 571 The value of fish and meat meals for fattening pigs, Martinoli 571 Artificial impregnation of mares, von Nemeshegni 571 Care and training of trotters and pacers, Thomas and Shields 571 The historical development of poultry husbandry in Germany, Beeck 572 A poultry survey of the city of Ithaca, Kent 572 Animal food for poultry, Jackson 572 The value of mineral elements in poultry feeding, Jull 572 A resume of chick feeding, Nixon 572 Report of second twelve months' poultry laying competition, 1913-14, Brown. . 572 Inbreeding.— Its effect on vigor and egg laying, Dryden 572 Additional data on effect of castration in domestic fowl, Goodale 573 On the rhythm of egg production, Goodale 574 Carbon dioxid thrown off by eggs during incubating, Atwood and Weakley, Jr. . . 575 Peacock-guinea fowl hybrids, Brentana 575 Bibliography [of poultry literature] 575 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. The value of bai'ley for cows fed alfalfa. True, Well, and Voorhies 575 Prolificacy in the breeds of dairy cattle 576 Holstein makes new world's record 576 The dairyman v. the dairy. North 576 The score-card system for the inspection of dairy farms 576 A survey of the milk situation in Kansas, Congdon 577 The importance of milk sugars for the hygienic judging of milk, Gabathuler. . . 577 Sore throat and the virulence of streptococci from milk, Rosenow and Moon. . . 577 The advantages and disadvantages of preservatives in food, Robertson 577 Tables for blending milk and cream, McNally 577 How to make creamery butter on the farm, McLaughlin 577 The manufacture of cheese with selected ferments, Samarani 577 Blue-veined cheese, or Dorset " Vinny " 578 Chemical examination of ghee. Vakil 578 Bibliography of dairy literature, compiled by Brosch 578 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Epizootic abortion, Stockman 578 Differential diagnosis of antlirax and pseudoantln-ax bacilli, Pokscliischewsky . . 579 An unusual result following anthrax vaccination and a lesson, Ravenel 580 Eradication and treatment of foot-and-mouth disease, IV, Hoffman 580 Further observations on the effect of quinin in rabies. Moon 580 Experimental study of distribution and habitat of tetanus bacillus. Noble 580 Some further investigations on hog cholera, Uhlenhuth et al 580 When to vaccinate against hog cholera 582 Diseases of respiratory tract of horse which resemble glanders, Joest 582 Microfilariasis of the horse in Turkestan, Yakimow et al 583 Vm CONTENTS. RUEAL ENGINEERING. Page. Tenth biennial report of the State engineer to the governor of Idaho 583 Irrigation investigations in Wyoming, 1913-14, Johnston 583 Water conservation and irrigation 583 Duty of water investigations, Bark 583 Irrigation works in Italy, Luiggi _ 584 Working data for irrigation engineers, Moritz 585 Land drainage, Parsons 585 Florida Everglades 585 Water conveyance and drainage works. . _. 586 Preliminary estimating of canal excavation, Hammond 586 Rock-fill dam with some extraordinarj^ foundation problems, Hinderlider 586 Concrete chute drops water 130 feet from canal to reser\^oir. Cole _. 586 New type of gate for regulating adjacent water levels operates automatically. . 586 Water supplies, Rideal 586 Water supplies in the Philippine Islands, Cox, Heise, and Gana 587 The influence of the forest on the water supply, Henle 587 The importance of forests ^vith reference to the water supply, Ney 587 Hypochlorite treatment of water supplies, Whittaker 588 Water and sewage, Miiller et al 588 Report of the state highway comniission of Minnesota for 1914 588 Concrete roads v. macadam, McAlister _. . . . 588 Design of concrete highway bridges with special reference to standardization. . 588 The economic design of culverts for various depths of fills, Sheidler 588 Effect of temperature on the strength of cement mortar 589 Use of electricity for irrigation and on the farm, WilHams 589 Wlien the gas engine will not start, Percy 589 Progress in small farm tractors, Ellis 589 International competition of motor tillage machines at Chaouat, Tunis, 1914. . 589 Tests of two milking machines, Martiny and Vieth 589 A shearing shed, sheep yards, and dip, McFadzean 589 A shearing shed for small flocks, Mathews 589 Fences and fencing 589 Country plumbing practice, Hutton 590 Farm sanitation, Wright 591 Methods of sewage disposal for country homes. Ball and Cassiday 591 Sewage disposal in the country ; 591 Investigations on the disposal of canning factory wastes, Englis 1 591 RURAL ECONOMICS. Agricultural cooperation and rural credit in Europe 592 Agricultural cooperation and rural credit in Europe, III 593 Report of the Irish Agricultiu*al Organization Society, Liuiited, 1914 593 Social and economic sui-vey of a community ia the Red River Valley, Weld . . 593 The study of a rural parish, Felton 593 Mortality statistics, 1913 _. 594 National subsistence and agricultural colonization, Kranold 594 [Agriculture in Norway] • 594 Agricultiue in Serbia, Waldmann 594 Estimates of area and yield of principal crops in India, 1913-14 594 Pineapple-canning industry of the world, Shriver 594 Monthly crop report 594 Farmers' market bulletin 594 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. First annual report on vocational education in Indiana, Book 595 State-aided vocational agricultural education in 1914 595 Agriculture in the New York State high schools, Hawkins 595 [Agricultural education in the Philippines] 595 A new year in agricultural instruction 596 Elementary agricultural instruction 596 Vocational education in Europe, Cooley 596 Regulations for grants in England and Wales, 1915-16 596 CONTENTS. IX Page. Agricultural training for women in Holland, von Ramult 596 Education for efficiency, Davenport 596 The proper preparation of teachers in schools of agricultm'e, Maphds 596 School credit for home work, Alderman 597 Teaching agriculture in rural and graded schools. Bishop et al 597 Lessons in elementary agriculture for Alabama schools. Miller 597 Pre- vocational agricultui-al courses for the public schools of Indiana 597 Elementary principles of agriculture, Ferguson and Lewis 597 Practical lessons in agriculture, Ivins and Merrill 597 A study of Indian corn (Zea mays), Bundles 597 Poultry keeping, Lewis 598 Poultry keeping project study outUne 598 Housekeeping, Fuller 598 Agricultural economics, Sedlmayr 598 Observations on legal instruction in secondaiy agricultural schools, Scholz 598 Outline of nature-study, Trafton 598 Course III. Home gardening, Bishop and Bhss 598 Yard and garden contests. Fitch 598 Suggestions for boys' acre corn club contest, Taff 598 School gardens, 1915, edited by TempUn 598 School gardening and school fairs 599 School-ground improvements, Foreman 599 School and home gardening, Foreman 599 Home gardens, field crops, and home canning for club work, Benson 599 Boys' agricultural clubs, Kendrick , 599 Annual report of the School Garden Association of America 599 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-fii'st Annual Ptcport of Montana Station, 1914 599 Annual Report of Porto Rico Station, 1914 599 Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1914 599 General review [of the Fourth Scientific Congress], Poirier 599 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. California Station: Page- Bui. 255, May, 1915 558 Bui. 256, June, 1915 575 Circ. 130, June, 1915 537 Circ. 131, June, 1915 537 Circ. 132, June, 1915 582 Delaware Station: Bui. 108, Apr., 1915 547 Illinois Station: Bui. 181, Apr., 1915 528 Bui. 182, May, 1915 517 Indiana Station: Bui . 180, May, 1915 520 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 154, June, 1915 555 Maryland Station: Bui. 190, Feb., 1915 528 Michigan Station: Circ. 25, May, 1915 516 Missouri Station : Bui. 134, June, 1915 555 Research Bui. 17, Apr., 1915. . 520 Research Bui. 18, June, 1915 . . 569 Missoiuri Fruit Station: Circ. 6, Jan., 1913 538,599 Montana Station: Twenty-first An. Rpt., 1914.. 526, New Mexico Station: 534, 599 Bui. 94, Apr., 1915 556 North Carolina Station: Bui. 230, Mar., 1915 529 Bui. 231, Apr., 1915 529 Farmers' Market BuL, vol. 1, No. 3, Sept., 1914 594 Farmers' Market BuL, vol. 2, No. 3, July, 1915 594 Oklahoma Station: Circ. 36, Aug., 1914 568 Circ. 37, Nov., 1914 568 Porto Rico Station: An. Rpt. 1914 502, 517, 519, 520, 535, 536, 549, 554, 599 Rhode Island Station: Insp. Bui., Sept., 1914 520 Insp. BuL, Oct., 1914 520 South Dakota Station: An. Rpt. 1914 599 Utah Station: BuL 139, May, 1915 513 Virginia Station: Tech. BuL 1, Apr., 1915 527 Tech. BuL 2, Apr., 1915 544 Stations in the TJnit&l States — Continued. West Virginia Station: Page. Bul.l49, Apr., 1915 537 Wisconsin Station: BuL 253, June, 1915 568 Research Bui. 35, June, 1915. . 515 U. S. Department of Agriculture. BuL 209, Testing Grape Varieties in the Vinifera Regions of the United States, G. C. Husmann. . 538 BuL 229, The Naval Stores Indus- try, A. W. Schorger and H. S. Betta 543 BuL 231, Recent Studies of the Mexican Cotton Boll Wee\dl, B. R. Coad 563 BuL 252, Life History of the Cod- ling Moth in Maine, E. H. Sieglei and F. L. Simanton 559 BuL 258, Lessons in Elementary Agriculture for Alabama Schools, E.A.Miller 597 BuL 264, The Violet Rove-beetle, F. H. Chittenden 563 Forest Service: The Use Book; a Manual for Users of the National Forests, 1915 541 Bureau of Crop Estimates: Mo. Crop Rpt., vol. 1, No. 3, July 15, 1915 594 Weather Bureau: Climat. Data, vol. 2, Nos. 5-6, May-Jime, 1915 508 Scientific Contributiont.: « The Temperature Relations of Some Fimgi Causing Storage Rots, Adeline Ames 545 Duty of Water Investigations, D. H. Bark 583 Mutation en masse, H. H. Bartlett 524 Home Gardens, Field Crops, and Home Canning for Boys' and Girls' Club Work, 0. H. Benson 599 Notes on the Life History and Anatomy of Siphona plusix, W. Bloeser 561 New England Pastwes, J. S. Cotton 526 o Printed in scientific and technical publiatcions outside the Department. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. XI U. 8. Department of Agriculture — Con. Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page. Storm and Drought Injuiy to Foliage of Ornamental Trees, C. Hartley and T. C. Men-ill. 550 An Outline of the Subfamilies and Higher Groups of the Thytanoptera, J. D. Hood.. 556 Dr. A. F. A. King on Mosqui- toes and Malaria, L. O. Howard 560 Simimafy of Two Years' Study of Insects in Relation to Pellagra, A. H. Jennings. . . 555 Irrigation Investigations in Wyoming, 1913-14, Augusta F.Johnston 583 The Prototype of the Culti- vated Sorghums, C.V. Piper. 531 TJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Scientific Contributions — Contd. Page. Notes on Chestnut Fruits In- fected with the Chestnut Blight Fungus, Caroline Rumbold 551 Single-germ Beet Seed, C. O. Townsend 532 New Hosts for Some Forest Tree Fungi, J. R. Weir 550 Some Observations on Abor- tive Sporophores of Wood- destroying Fungi, J. R.Weir. 552 Records on the Life of Treated Timber in the United States, H. F. Weiss and C. H. Teesdale 544 ADDITIONAL COPIES of this publication lilat be procured fkom the superintendent of documents go%ti;rnment printing office ■washington, d. c. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, ?1 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXIII. Abstract Xuiviber. No. 6. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICTJITTIRAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNy. A rapid method of estimating nitrates, E. Knecht {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 34 {1915), No. 3, pp. 126, 121). — Titauous hyclroxid causes an instantaneo^is reduction of nitrates to ammonia. " When caustic soda is added to a solution of a titanous salt, black titanous hydroxid is precipitated, but this begins to decompose almost at once, yielding nascent hydrogen and the white titanic hydroxid, probably according to the following equations : Ti2(SOi)3+6XaOH=Ti2(OH)o+3Na2S04; Ti.(OH)6+2H20=2Ti(OH)4+H2. "A convenient amount of nitrate for a single estimation is about the equiva- lent of 0.1 gm. potassium nitrate. Thus, in the assay of a commercial sodium nitrate, about 1 gm. is accurately weighed, dissolved in water, and made up to 100 cc. Of this, 10 cc. are measured into a copper flask, excess of caustic soda is added, and then about 20 cc. of commercial titanous sulphate or chlorid. The distillation can then at once be proceeded with and, after the boiling has been continued for a quarter of an hour, the operation is fiaislied and back titration is effected." Nitrites are also quantitatively reduced to ammonia by titanous hydroxid when an excess of caustic alkali is present. The estimation of protein ammonia, L. W. Winkles {Ztschr. Angew. Ghent., 27 {1914), No. 56, Aufsat;:tcil, p. 44^^ fiO- li c&s. in Jour. Soc. CJiem. Indus., S3 {1914), No. 15, p. 804)- — Instead of determining the organic matter in water by making a cumbersome albuminoid ammonia determination, the author sug- gests determining the protein ammonia. The method proposed consists essentially of treating 100 cc. of the water, acidified with one drop of concentrated sulphuric acid, with 0.05 gm. of pure powdered potassium persulphate, heating in the steam bath for 15 minutes, cooling, and determining the ammonia in the fluid by the Nessler colorimetrlc method, adding 5 cc. of a mixture of equal volumes of Nessler's reagent and a solution of Rochelle salts. A second test is prepared in the same manner, with- out heating, adding standard ammonium chlorid solution to equal the color of the first test. Distillation is not necessary in the process. There are two disadvantages in the method, one being that even the purest potassium persulphate contains ammonia, and the other, the unstability of the potassium persulphate solution. The first can be obviated by recrystallization 501 502 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOKD. from warm potassium hydroxid solution aud tlie latter by acidifying witli con- centrated sulpburic acid. It was found tliat pure natural waters contain no protein ammonia, tlae limit for a drinking water being set at 0.1 mg. per liter. Oxidation of carbohydrates and related substances by means of potassium persulphate, J. K. Wood and Nellie Walkee {Jour. Cliem. Soc. [London], 105 (1914), No. 61S, pp. 1131-1140, fig. 1; abs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 33 (1914), No. 10, p. 56i).— Aldoses may be almost quantitatively oxidized with potassium persulphate in the cold and the process may be accelerated by the addition of small quantities of silver sulphate. Galactose, arabinose, and xylose are oxi- dized at about the same rate, polyhydric alcohols and dextrose more slowly, while ketoses and disaccharids are attacked somewhat more rapidly than the aldoses. Analytical work, P. L. Gile and J. O. Cakkero (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1914, p. 13). — ^A comparison of the potassium sulphocyanate colorimetric method for iron with the permanganate method indicated that the former was preferable for the determination of the small amounts of iron contained in most plant substances. Determination of eggs in food pastes, L. Farcy (Ann. Falsif., 7 (1914), No. 66, pp. 183-187). — The soluble nitrogenous substances in food pastes were esti- mated before and after boiling, as suggested by Rousseaux and Sirot (E. S. R, 31, p. 809). The purpose was to determine whether or not eggs had been used in the goods under examination. The ferments of honey, F. Gothe (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 28 (1914), No. 6, pp. 273-286, fig. 1; abs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 99, Referatenteil, p. 700).— Lactase, proteases (peptic and tryptic), and lipase could not be detected in honey. Inulase is probably present. Invertase in honey is of both animal and vegetable origin, and in genuine bee honey its amount is greater than in feeding honey. It is destroyed at 60° C. and has its optimum of activity at 40°. Catalase and diastase are not present in the same proportion in honey. By filtering honey a marked reduction of catalytic power occurs, and when much impurity is present in honey it is evidenced by a high catalase figure. Honey catalase is markedly affected by heating for one hour at 60° C. (undiluted honey at 70°). Experimental studies on honey diastase activity as well as the judgment of honey by its diastase content, F. Gothe (Ztschr. TJntersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 28 (1914), No. 6, pp. 286-321, fig. 1; abs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 99, Referatenteil, pp. 700, 701). — Honey diastase is of both animal and vegetable origin. Its quantitative estimation enables an estimate of the value of a honey. A high diastase figure indicates absolutely pure honey. If a medium figure is obtained. Fiehe's test, the precipitation test, and other tests should be made to exclude the suspicion of adulteration. A low diastase figure indicates a low-grade product which has been either overheated or adul- terated. Heating undiluted honey for one hour at from 85 to 90° C. destroys the diastase. Diluted honey loses its activity at 70°. Estimation of chlorin ions in honey, F. E. Nottbohm (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 28 (1914), No. 5, pp. 255-259; abs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 99, Referatenteil, p. 700).— By directly ashing honey more than one-half of the chlorin is lost. This may be prevented, especially in honey high in chlorin, by adding bicarbonate of soda. About the preservation of milk samples for examination purposes, J. Till- MANs, A. Splittgerber, and H. Eiffart (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 27 (1914), No. 12, pp. 893-901). — Mercuric chlorid in a concentration of from 0.04 to 0.03 per cent conserved milk samples for 120 hours. Samples so pre- AGEICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 503 served are said to show no appreciable increase in acidity, and tlie mercuric chlorid had no noticeable effect on the milk constituents. Other substances tested in this regard were chloroform, thymol, oil of mustard, phenol, creosote, sodium fluorid, and potassium bichromate. Investigations upon the changes which take place in milk preserved with potassium bichromate, A. Kling, Gelin, and Lassieur (Ann. Falsif., 7 {1914), No. 67, pp. 2JtJt-250). — Potassium bichromate is a convenient, although not an ideal, pi'eservative of milk. If 1 gm. is added to 1 liter of fresh milk the sample is fit for examination for a period of 2 months, and milk preserved with 3 gm. per liter will keep fresh for 3 months. In this study phenol as advocated by Deniges (E. S. R., 30, p. 14) was also used for comparison. Milk preserved with bichromate of potash and kept at 27° 0. coagulated much quicker than milk which was stored at from 18 to 20°. The action of milk mold on phenylaminoacetic acid, H. Horsters (Biochem. Ztschr., 59 (1914), No. 5-6, pp. 444-4^0). — Oidiutn lactis when grown on a solu- tion containing phenylaminoacetic acid, monopotassium phosphate, magnesium sulphate, traces of sodium chlorid, ferric chlorid, and either dextrose or invert sugar elaborated benzyl alcohol, very small traces of phenylglyoxylic acid, benzoic acid, traces of formic acid, and i-mandelic acid. Volumetric estimation of casein in milk by the aid of tetraserum, B. Pfyl and R. Turnau (Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., ^7 (1914), No. 3, pp. 347-361).— As a preliminary casein was prepared from cows' milk and its nitrogen and acid equivalents were determined. The average nitrogen content was 15.5 per cent, which corresponds to a factor of 6.45 per cent. For neutralizing 1 gm. of casein toward phenolphthalein 8.75 cc. of decinormal alkali was necessary on the average, indicating an acid equivalent of 1,143. The method for determin- ing casein was as follows : To 50 cc. of the milk under examination, cooled to 15° C, add from 5 to 6 drops of a 1 per cent phenolphthalein solution and titrate to a pink color with decinormal (carbonate free) alkali solution. Treat another 50 cc. of milk in a stoppered bottle with about 5 cc. of carbon tetrachlorid, shake thoroughly, treat with exactly 1 cc. of a 20 per cent acetic acid solution (of known titer), then shake again, and filter. Then titrate 25 cc. of the serum, after adding from 2 to 3 drops of a 1 per cent phenolphthalein solution, with decinormal alkali solution until a pink tint appears. From the first titration and the titer of the 20 per cent acetic acid solution the alkali required for 25 cc. of milk-f 0.5 cc. of acetic acid (a=amount of alkali solution) is determined. From this result, the alkali required for titrating the serum (&==cc. of decinormal alkali solution), and the fat content of the milk (/=gm. of fat in 100 cc. of milk) the casein content is calculated : gr=the casein in 100 cc. of milk=0.457 f a-b ^9.3— /\ The derivation or the formula is discussed and some results obtained with the method are included. With heated milk the procedure gave correct results. This was not the case with either the Schlossmann or Hoppe-Seyler methods. See also previous notes by Hart (E. S. R., 19. p. 707; 21, p. 613). Old and new methods for determining- fat in milk, A. V. Oven (Milchw. Zentm., 43 (1914), Nos. 11, pp. 285-295; 13, pp. 350-356).— A review of the literature, especially with reference to the methods in use in Europe. Determination of lactose in milk by the polarimetric method, E. Feder (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 28 (1914), No. 1, pp. 20-29; ahs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 72-73, Referatenteil, p. 533).— To 75 cc. of milk add 6 cc. of asaprol solution (consisting of 75 gm. of asapi'ol and 75 gm. 504 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. of citric acid to 250 cc. of solution), fill up to the 100 cc. mark, and after stand- ing for 15 minutes filter and polarize. One degree of rotation to the right in circular instruments and sodium light at 20° C. in a 200 mm. tube==0.9518 gm. of milli sugar. If the rotation X0.9518=a, the lactose content M= 96.7-/) a 100.8-i+ 75 a- 75 i=percentage of total solids and /=percentage of fat in milk. The estimation of the viscosity of milk as an aid for detecting added water, W. D. Kooper (MilcMv. ZentU., Jf3 (1914), Nos. 7, pp. 169-179, fig. 1; 8, pp. 201-208). — In these studies composite milks were principally examined. The apparatus used is illustrated and described. The expression of the viscosity is analogous to that used by Engler in report- ing the viscosity of oils. The degree of viscosity in the milk seems to be an expression of the total solids content and its determination will enable one to detect added water or the removal of cream. With the method at least 5 per cent of water may be found. The fat content of the milk apparently does not influence the viscosity to the extent suggested by Micault,*^ and although an in- creased fat content is expressive of an increased viscosity there are instances where the reverse is the case. A still smaller relation exists between the specific gravity and the viscosity. A milk diluted with 25 per cent of added water has a higlier viscosity than unadulterated milk. If, however, the viscosity obtained is divided by the factor 0.1384 the total solids content of the milk may be ap- proximately estimated. Detection of goat's milk in cow's malk, J. Pkitzkeb (Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 93, pp. 982, 983; ahs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 34 (1915), No. 4, p. 195).— The test depends upon the difference in behavior of the two milks with ammonia. The freezing point of some abnormal milks, J. B. Henderson and L. A. Meston (Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, 26 (1914), pp. 85-90; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 34 (1915), No. 4, P- 195). — Two samples of mixed milks from eight animals, badly fed and in poor condition, were found to be low in solids not fat (7.74 and 7.79 per cent) but had a normal freezing point ( — 0.55 and — 0.54° C). When the milk from each animal was examined only one of them was found to give a normal milk, but in every case the freezing points were within the normal limits ( — 0.54 and — 0.56°). The ash of the milk contained large amounts of chlorin (up to 31 per cent) . This is regarded as evidence of the power of the mammary glands to regulate the osmotic pressure through the extraction of an increased amount of sodium chlorid from the blood in order to compensate for the deficiency of other constituents. The electrical conductivity of milk during its concentration, with sugges- tions for a practical method of determining the end point in the manufac- ture of sweetened condensed milk, Lilias C. Jackson, L. McNab, and A. O. H. KoTHERA (Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 (1914), ^o. 2, pp. 56, 60). — The maxi- mum electrical conductivity is noted when morning milk is concentrated to 28 per cent total solids with 8 per cent protein. Evening milk gives higher figures. The electrical conductivity is deemed of no value in determining the degree of concentration of a separated unsweetened milk because the concentration may increase considerably between 25 and 30 per cent of total solids with very little alteration in the conductivity. " It is quite different, however, with a sweetened milk concentrated to the degree which is usual in the manufacture of condensed milk. With full fat, and with added cane sugar equivalent approximately to 16 lbs. sugar per 100 lbs. milk, the reversal of the conductivity comes at the "Ann, Cliim. Analyt, 9 (1904), No. 9, pp. 93-96. AGRICULTTJEAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 505 start of the process of concentration. When the concentration reaches the necessary degree for the production of sweetened condensed milk, the electrical conductivity decreases rapidly for each increase in concentration of the milk. . . . From theoretical considerations supported by experimental work in the laboratory, there is every reason to think that the measurement of electrical resistance or conductivity should furnish an accurate method of following the progress of concentration in the manufacture of sweetened condensed milk." Dry milk with, particular reference to determining the fat content, Utz (MilcJm. Zenthl., 43 (1914), No. 5, pp. 113-120).— The determination of water, ash, nitrogen, and lactose in dry Inilk is comparatively simple but certain diffi- culties are experienced when fat is to be estimated by the usual methods. A modification of the Boudzynski-Ratzlaff method and the Polenske method (E. S. R., 25, p. 12), is recommended for determining the fat in this kind of mate- rial. Gerber's method did not yield satisfactory results. The acidity degrees ( Soxhlet-Henkel ) were determined in 26 samples of pow- der made from whole milk, cream, partly skimmed milk, and skim milk. The method employed is as follows : About 80 cc. of a neutral alcohol-ether mixture is poured over 10 gm. of the air-dry milk powder, shaken at intervals, and after 24 hours the mixture is made up to a volume of 100 cc. The number of cubic centimeters of decinormal alkali required to neutralize 50 cc. of the solution is calculated in the same manner as employed for fats and oils. Some data are being collected regarding the acidity of dry milk stored over a long period of time. A critical study of Cesaro's method for the detection of coconut fat in butter, L. Stceclin (Ann. Falsif., 7 {1914), No. 67, pp. 223-231).— It is stated that the Cesaro method'' can be employed for detecting coconut fat in butter. If the fat added is solid as little as 10 per cent can be detected, but when added in a liquid state only 25 per cent can be noted. Additions of less than 10 per cent can not be noted with certainty. Rapid analysis of butter: Estimation of nonfats, E. Isnard (Ann. Falsif., 7 {1914), No. 69, pp. 369-371). — For the purpose of determining especially the nonfatty materials in butter, from 2 to 3 gm. of butter is weighed into a porce- lain dish, and 10 cc. of water is incorporated on the water bath. The emulsion is then brought into a separatory funnel and cooled to 35° C. Ten cc. of water and from 20 to 30 cc. of ether are then used to remove the fatty materials ad- hering to the sides of the dish, the washings are transferred to the funnel, and the mixture is shaken cautiously. After 15 minutes standing the aqueous layer with the supernatant casein is drawn off, two portions of 10 cc. each of water are added, and the process of shaking with water and drawing ofE is repeated twice. The ether layer is then transferred to a dish, the ether is dispelled by a current of air, and the residue dried at 100° O. In the aqueous portion the casein is determined by collecting it on a filter. The total solids contained in the filtrate represents casein, albumin, and salts. The latter can be determined by incinerating the residue. Extraction of neutral fats from ripe sheep's milk cheese for the purpose of determining the chemical and physical constants of the same, F. Barany (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 28 (1914), No. 1, p. 33; ads. in Ztschr. AngeiD. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 72-73, Referatenteil, p. 533).— For this purpose 80 gm. of cheese is rubbed up with 15 cc. of water to a paste and brought up to a bulk of 250 cc. by the addition of water. The mixture is neutralized toward phenolphthalein, with potassium hydroxid solution made up to a bulk of 300 cc, shaken vigorously with 300 cc. of petroleum ether, 300 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol "Acad. Roy. Belg., Bui. CI. Sci., 1907, No. 12, p. 1004. 7700°— No. 6—15 2 506 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. added, and the mixture shaken again. After standing from 24 to 48 hours the clear petroleum ether layer is removed, the solvent dispelled by distillation, and the residue dried at 100° C. Determination of unsaponifiable matter in oils and fats, H. Salomon (Ber. Deut. Pharm. Gesell., 24 {19U), No. 3, pp. 189-193).— It is stated that the modification of the Marcusson and Schilling method proposed by Klostermann can be extended so as to allow at the same time the estimation of unsaponi- fiable matter. From 50 to 100 gm. of oil or fat is saponified with alcoholic potash solution and the resulting soap dissolved in water, extracted with ether, and after dis- pelling the ether from the extract drying and weighing the residue. The crude phytosterol is dissolved in hot alcohol and precipitated with an excess of digi- tonin solution, 1 gm. of crystalline digitonin being required for each 0.4 gm. of unsaponifiable matter. The precipitate resulting is collected, acetylated, and the phytosterol acetate recrystallized according to the Klostermann procedure. The unsaponifiable material in the filtrate can be determined by adding water, extracting with ether, and weighing the ether extract after removing the ether. Some tabulated results are given. Rice oil and rice fat, J. Davidsohn (Seifenfabrikant, 34 {1914), PP- ns, 179; ahs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 {1914), No. 66-69, Referatenteil, p. 518).— The rice oil obtained from rice bran by extracting or pressing is a mixture of solid and fluid substances. The portion of the substances solid at room tem- perature melts at 24° C. Freshly ground bran yields an oil with only a small amount of fatty acids, but when old contains a large amount of these acids. Rice oil has a specific gravity of 0.8907 at 99°, a saponification number of 193.2, and an iodin number of 96.4 according to Smethan or of 91.65 according to Browne. On storage the oil separates into a compact fat and a supernatant clear oil of dark-greenish color, which can be saponified very easily. Its value for the manufacture of soap is pointed out. The estimation of hydrocyanic acid in feeding stuffs and its occurrence in millet and guinea corn, J. R. Furlong {Analyst, 39 {1914), No. 463, pp. 430- 432; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 {1914), No. 21, p. 1069) .—According to this method 100 gm. of the ground material under examination is placed in a Soxhlet apparatus and extracted for three hours with 10 per cent alcohol. The extract, after removing the alcohol by distillation, is distilled with 150 cc. of 10 per cent sulphuric acid, the distillate being collected in 5 cc. of 10 per cent potassium hydroxid solution. At the end of one hour the receiver is changed, water added to the distillation flask, and the distillation continued. This opera- tion is repeated until no more hydrocyanic acid is evolved. " The distillate is concentrated to 15 cc, boiled for 10 minutes after the addi- tion of 1 cc. of a 20 per cent solution of ferrous sulphate containing also 1 per cent of ferric chlorid, cooled, acidifled with hydrochloric acid, and 10 cc. of glycerol added. After standing for about 18 hours the mixture is transferred to a graduated cylinder, diluted to 50 cc. with water, and the blue coloration compared in tubes of 1 in. diameter with standards prepared from known quan- tities of hydrocyanic acid. When the amount of hydrocyanic acid present is not less than 0.001 gm. the standards may be made up directly, but with smaller quantities it is necessary to dilute to 150 cc. and then concentrate as in the preparation of the solution from the plant material. " From determinations of hydrocyanic acid in millet and guinea corn plants of various ages it was found that all the young plants contained a cyanogenetic glucosid, while the full-grown plants were free from this substance. In the case of guinea corn the yield of hydi'ocyanic acid reached a maximum (0.01 per cent) in the 12-in. plants and decreased as growth proceeded. With millet AGEICULTUKAL CHEMISTRY — ^AGROTECHNY. 507 the maximum amount of hydrocyanic acid (0.045 per cent) was found in the 24-in. plants." Solvents employed in the determination of hop-bitter constituents and their estimation by means of cold extraction, R. Seibriger ( Wchnschr. Brau., SO {1913), Nos. 12, pp. 111-119; 13, pp. 196-198, fig. 1; abs. in Chem. Abs., 1 {1913), No. 19, p. 3381).— The author states that by constantly shaking hops with cold petroleum ether (boiling point 30 to 50° C), the bitter principle can be removed in from three to four hours. This can also be accomplished by shaking with carbon tetrachlorid in the cold for from one to two hours, but the results are higher. Boiling petroleum ether gives intermediate results. Investigation on hops. — IV, A method for quantitative determination of resins in hops, O. Winge and J. P. H. Jensen (Compt. Rend. Lab. Carlsberg, 11 {1914), No. 2, pp. II6-I4I).— It is pointed out that the valuation of hops for brewing purposes must be made on the basis of the chemical analysis, and the object of this work was to find a convenient method whereby hops could be valued by chemical means without the services of a skilled operator. It is be- lieved that an approximately correct expression of the value of hops can be obtained by the following cold extraction method : Thirty gm. of hops is comminuted by passing through a meat chopping ma- chine. The first 5 gm. coming through the machine is discarded and the re- mainder coming through, which is usually about 15 gm., is carefully mixed. Five gm. of this, corresponding to a volume of 25 cc, is removed with a measur- ing glass and placed in a 300-cc. Erlenmeyer fiask of known weight. The flask, with its contents, is weighed, dried in a vacuum desiccator for 24 hours at 35° C. over sulphuric acid, and again weighed, the loss in weight representing the moisture content of the hops. Then 150 cc. of water-free ethyl ether is added, the mixture allowed to stand for about one-half hour, with repeated shakings, the ether extract is filtered into an Erlenmeyer flask, and the residue and filter washed with 100 cc. of ethyl ether. The ether extract is then titrated with twentieth-normal potassium hydroxid solution in 93 per cent alcohol, using from 6 to 8 drops of a 1 per cent phenolphthalein in 93 per cent alcohol as the indicator, until a permanent red tint is obtained. Since 1 cc. of the nor- mal potassium hydroxid solution corresponds to 0.4 per cent of resin, the per- centage of resin in water-free hops is equal to this factor multiplied by the number of cubic centimeters of potassium hj'droxid solution utilized, divided by the total solids of the hops. A method for the recovery of the ether used is described. The resin of hops, contrary to previous opinion, is considered of value, be- cause it gives flavor to the wort and aids in the precipitation of the proteins. "Although the resins of hops, which are all soluble in cold ethyl ether, are not all equally bitter and equally valuable — the relation between their bitterness can be expressed by the proportion o : /3 : 7=10 : 7 : 4 — yet the total quantity of resins extracted from the hops by means of cold ether and determined by titration is an approximately accurate expression of the bitterness value of hops." A comparative study was made between the cold ethyl ether extracts made and the carbon tetrachlorid method of Seibriger. See also work by Tartar and Bradley previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 814). Investigations on hops. — VII, The employment of artificial light in titra- tion of the resins in hops, S. H. Labsen {Compt. Rend. Lab. Carlsberg, 11 {1915), No. Jf, pp. 184-181, figs. 2). — In the course of work on the quantitative determination of resins in hops by the Winge and Jensen method, noted above, it was found that on dark or cloudy days difficulty was experienced in noting the end point during the titration process. A titration table was devised to 508 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. obviate this difficulty. It consists of a wooden box with one side replaced by a removable ground-glass plate. The source of light is a 25-candlepower incan- descent lamp. Some results of experiments with and without artificial light are included. Chemistry of tobacco. The essential oil of tobacco, W. Halle and E. Pribram (Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 47 [1914), No. 7, pp. 1394-139S) .—An essen- tial nitrogen-free oil acid in reaction was isolated from Hungarian tobacco with solvents. The amount obtained was 0.047 per cent. A hydrocarbon of the formula CioHis or OiiHco, boiling point 73 to 76° C. at 20 mm., was obtained from the lower boiling fractions. The oil before being submitted to distillation was treated with sodium carbonate. When oxidized with potassium permanganate it yielded compounds resembling terephalic and isobutylacetic acids. Isovaleric acid was separated from the sodium carbonate solution used in treating the original solution. METEOROLOGY. Modern methods in meteorology, D. E. Fontser^ y Riba (Mem. B. Acad. Cien. y Artes Barcelona, 3. scr., 11 (1914), No. 21, pp. 18). — This is an inaugural address reviewing some recent progress in methods of studying meteorological problems. Climatological data for the United States by sections (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. Climat. Data, 2 {1915), Nos. 5, pp. 238, pis. 2, figs. 8; 6, pp. 226, pis. 2, figs. 7). — These numbers contain, respectively, brief summaries and de- tailed tabular statements of climatological data for each State for May and June, 1915. Annual report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1914, G. M. Chappell (loiva Yearhoolc Agr., 15 {1914), pt. 11, pp. 747-794, figs. 2).— This is " a condensed summary of the monthly and weekly bulletins issued by the Iowa Weather and Crop Service in cooperation with the Weather Bureau of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. . . . " The mean temperature for the State was 49.1° F., or 1.7° higher than the normal. . . . The highest temperature reported was 109° at Centerville, Appa- noose County, on July 12. The lowest temperature reported was — 31° at Iowa Falls on December 26. . . . The average amount of rainfall and melted snow for the year was 31.93 in., or 0.04 in. less than the normal, and 1.98 in. more than the average for 1913. The greatest amount at any station was 44.11 in., at Marshalltown, Marshall County, and the least amount was 23.32 in. at Columbus Junction, Louisa County. The greatest monthly precipitation was 16.24 in. at Lenox, Taylor County, in September. . . . The average amount of snowfall was 27.5 in. The greatest amount reported from any station was 50.7 in. at Northwood, Worth County, and the least amount was 14.9 in. at JMonroe, Jasper County. . . . The prevailing direction of the wind was south. The great- est velocity reported was 68 miles per hour from the northwest at Sioux City on February 28. The average number of clear days was 166; partly cloudy, 102; cloudy, 97, as against 182 clear days, 89 partly cloudy, and 94 cloudy days in 1913. More than the normal amount of sunshine was experienced." As regards crop production, the year was characterized by a deficiency of rain- fall during the growing season. " The hot, dry weather during July and August greatly reduced the yield of corn, especially in the southern counties, where the effects of the drought were even worse than in 1913." The weather of the past agricultural year, F. J. Bkodle (Jour. Roy. Agr. Sac. England, 75 (1914), pp. 117-124). — The means and extremes of temperature, rainfall, and sunshine for 1914 and for long series of previous years in different METEOEOLOGY. 509 districts of England and Wales are summarized in tables and discussed as usual with reference to agricultural couditious. The annual and average rainfall (1904-1914) at different places in the United Kingdom are also tabulated. It is stated that agriculturally the most notable feature of the weather of the year was the irregularity of the rainfall. Nevertheless " the crops were on the whole in excess of the average." The weather of 1914, D. A. Gilchrist {County Northumh. Ed. Com. Bui. 22 (1915), pp. 95-101).— The rainfall during 1914 at the Cockle Park Experiment Station is compared with that of previous years and other regions of England. The rainfall at this place was 30.7 in., or 1.75 in. above the 17-year average. The number of rain days was 199. The heaviest rainfall (4.26 in.) was in December; the lightest (0.61 in.) in April. Data are also given for pressure, temperature of air and soil (see p. 510), summer frosts (1898-1914), humidity, cloudiness, wind, etc. The mean temperature for the year was 47.3° F. ; the maximum, 77.2°, June 30 ; the mini-mum 24.4°, December 21. Frost temperatures on the grass were recorded as late as June 1 and as early as September 22. The weather of Scotland in 1914, A. Watt (Trans. Higliland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 27 (1915), pp. 341-354).— " This report consists of (1) a general description of the weather over the Scottish area from month to month; (2) a selection of rainfall returns, in which each county in Scotland is represented by one or more stations. . . . " The outstanding feature of the year as regards weather was the more or less general prolonged shortage of rain from the middle of April to the end of October. At the end of October the total rainfall for the first ten months of 1914 was, as a rule, much below the normal, but the heavy rains of November and December brought about in various inland and western districts an excess for the whole year. In eastern districts there was a fairly well-defined deficiency." Meteorological observations in Moscow during 1913—14, E. Leyst (Bui. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, No. 4 (1913), pp. 616-664; n. ser., 28 (1914), pp. 279- 327). — Data for atmospheric pressure, temperature of the air and soil, radiation, humidity of the air, cloudiness, duration of sunshine, precipitation, direction and force of the wind, and miscellaneous optical and electrical phenomena are sum- marized and briefly discussed. Meteorolog'ical observations (Ann. Statis. Egypte, 6 (1914), PP- 9-19). — This article contains a brief note on the meteorological service of Egypt, and sum- marizes the available reliable records of observations on pressure, temperature, humidity, rain days, and nilometer readings at different places in Egypt up to and including 1913. Some of the records run back to 1868. On the climate of the principal rubber producing- countries, W. van Bem- MELEN (In International Rubber Congres met Tentoonstelling, Batavia, Sept., 1914- Rubber Recueil, Amsterdam: J. H. de Bussy [1915], pp. 145-166, pi. 1). — This article describes the climate of the Amazon and Congo basins, Ceylon, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. It is stated in general that " the climate of these countries is purely tropical ; that is to say, warm, damp, and equable. The temperature in the plains is 25 to 27° C, declining above the sea level at the rate of about 0.6° for every 100 meters. The percentage of moisture in the air is great, and as a result the pressure of aqueous vapor is proportionately high (±20 mm.) and the rainfall is more than abundant (2,000 mm. and more per year) ; above all, however, its evenness is the most conspicuous feature of the climate. The yearly rise and fall in temperature amounts to onl^ a few degrees and the daily difference far exceeds the yearly, though even that is not excessive. Periods of drought are seldom of longer duration than two months. The force of the wind is slight. 510 EXPEEIMENT STATION" KECOED. storms are practically unknown ; there are merely tbe gusts which are forerun- ners of the many thunderstorms and can be pretty violent." Temperature in cultivated and uncultivated soil, and influence of good cultivation, D. A. Gilchrist {County Northumb. Ed. Com. Bui. 22 {1915), pp. 97, 9S). — Observations in adjacent plats cultivated to a depth of 2 in. and uncultivated showed a more even temperature in the former at a depth of 1 ft. At a depth of 4 ft. there was no appreciable difference. The uniformity of tem- perature in the cultivated soil is attributed to its higher water content. The rains of the Nile basin and the Nile flood of 1912, J. I. Craig {Survey Dept. Egypt Paper 32 {191^), pp. 104, P^^- 7). — Observations similar to those of previous years (E. S. 11., 30, p. 511) are included in this report. The last chap- ter contains an extension of the known equation of continuity for a river to include the effects of seepage, evaporation, and rainfall, and applies the theory to calculate the losses on the White Nile between Malakal and Omdurman in the beginning of 1912. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soils of the eastern coal field, S. C. Jones {Ey. Geol. Survey [Rpt.'], 4- ser., 1 {1913), pt. 2, pp. 1067-107S). — This article discusses the soils of an area of about 10,000 square miles in eastern Kentucky, the topography of which is rough, hilly, and mountainous. The soils of the area are classed as ridge, hillside, and bottom soils. The ridge soils vary from sand to sandy loams, silt loams, or loams with a clay sub- soil. The hillside soils are loams, silt loams, sandy loams, and shale or gravel loams with a yellowish or reddish loam subsoil mixed with sandstone gravel. The first bottom soils consist of brown sandy loams and loams, and the second bottom soils of loams and silt and clay loams, varying in color from gray to yellow and brown. Chemical analyses by the state experiment station of soils from different counties in the area show that the soils of the upper coal measures " contain on an average about twice as much total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium as the lower coal measures soils. Also, they contain a much larger amount of soluble phosphorus and potassium." The bottom lands are all acid and contain much less total nitrogen and soluble phosphorus and potassium, due, it is stated, to long cultivation without any system of crop rotation." Soil survey of Webster County, S. C. Jones {Ey. Geol. Survey [Rpt.'], 4' ser., 1 {1913), pt. 2, pp. 1079-1107).— This report deals with the soils of an area of 214,400 acres in western Kentucky, the topography of which is divided into low flat bottoms, undulating or gently rolling upland, and broken or hilly upland. With reference to origin, the soils are residual and transported, the former occupying the upland soils and comprising 135,680 acres and the latter, the bottom lands, comprising 78,720 acres. Five soil types are recognized, of which the yellow silt loam of the hilly and undulating lands predominates. Mechanical and chemical analyses (the latter by the state experiment station) of each type are reported. ''Both the crop yields and chemical analyses indicate a lack of plant food in all these soils with the exception of the dark brown clay loam." The soils are more abund- antly supplied with potassium than with either phosphorus or nitrogen. A large portion of the bottom soils need drainage. Pot experiments with a soil similar to the yellow silt loam of this county showed that " on the whole, phosphorus decidedly increased the yields of wheat, oats, and clover, but not that of tobacco. Nitrogen decidedly increased the yields of wheat, oats, and tobacco, but not that of clover. Potassium mod- erately increased the yields of wheat and oats and slightly increased that of SOILS FERTILIZEES. 511 clover, but did not have a marked effect on that of tobacco. Rock phosphate used alone gave consistent gains except with tobacco. Used with manure, however, its effect seems to have been negative." Limestone alone produced a moderate increase with oats and clover and with tobacco following clover ; used with phosphorus on clover there was a decided increase over that resulting from phosphorus alone. Soil survey of the Marrs farm, S. C. Jones {Ky. Geol. Survey [Rpt.}, 4' ser., 1 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 1109-1118). — ^This report deals with the soils of a farm of 300 acres in the northwestern part of Henderson County, Ky. The topography consists of rolling uplands and flats or bottom lands. The natural drainage of the flats and parts of the upland is poor. It is stated that the soils are probably largely of transported origin. These are described in three types which are, in the order of area, yellow silt loam, gray clay loam, and gray silt loam. Chemical analyses made at the Kentucky Experiment Station show the soils of this farm to be poor in total nitrogen and phosphorus and rich in total potassium. All of the soils are more or less acid. Liming and the use of leguminous green manures and rock phosphate are suggested for these soils. Soil surveys of the Hartford, Madisonville, and Central City quadrangle, S. C. Jones {Ky. Geol. Survey [Rpt.l, 4. ser., 1 {1913), pt. 2, pp. 1119-1132).^ This report is in two parts. The first part deals with the soils of the Hartford quadrangle, an area of 158,080 acres in the western coal field of Kentucky, the topography of which is divided into low flat bottoms, gently rolling upland, and broken hilly land. The soils are of residual and transported origin, the former occupying the up- land and the latter the bottom land. Five soil types are recognized, of which the yellow silt loam predominates, covering more than half the entire area. The second part deals with the Madisonville and Central City quadrangles, which cover an area of 316,160 acres in the central part of the western coal field. The topography is divided into bottom lands, rolling upland, hilly areas, and high flat ridges. The soils are of residual and transported origin and are classed as yellow silt loam, which occupies the undulating and hilly areas, gray silt loam, and low flat bottom soils. The first is the most extensive. Soils of Meade and Breckinridge [Counties], S. C. Jones (Ky. Geol. Survey [Rpt.l, 4. ser., 1 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 1139-1156).— This report deals with the soils of an area in northwestern Kentucky which comprises two counties, the topog- raphy of which is rather diversified. The soils are derived mainly from sandstone and limestone. The soils of the limestone region are mainly residual. The surface soil to a depth of 6 or 8 in. varies from yellowish or reddish loam to reddish or yellowish fine sandy loam with a reddish clay loam subsoil. The sandstone soils are rather uniform, the surface layer to a depth of 6 or 8 in. varying from a gray to a light brown fine sandy loam which is very loose in texture, has a poor moisture- holding capacity, and usually has a low content of organic matter. The sub- soil is a yellow fine sandy material containing considerable clay. Chemical analyses of both types of soil showed them to be relatively rich in potassium and poor in nitrogen and phosphorus. The results of analyses and pot culture experiments with different fertilizers indicate that the most practical method of improving these soils is to use leguminous green manures, lime, and rock phosphate, and to prevent soil washing. The soils and agriculture of the southern Hew York highland region, E. O. FippiN (Cornell Countryman, 12 (1915), No. 7, pp. 578-584, 600, 602, figs. 3). — This article deals with the soils and agriculture of an area of 15,000 square 512 " EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED, miles in southern New York, comprising twenty-seven counties, tlie topography, of which varies from hilly to mountainous. The soils are mainly of glacial and alluvial origin. Four series of glacial soils are discussed, of which the Volusia series predominates outside of the Catskill region. Of the water deposited types the valley terrace and first bottom soils are discussed. It is stated that the poorer of these soils need liming, proper subsoil drainage, and the addition of organic matter. Soils from the East Africa Protectorate (Bui. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington], 12 {1914), No. 4, pp. 515-540). — Mechanical and chemical analyses of samples of 24 soils from the land bordering the Juba River in East Africa are re- ported. Most of the soils were of a clayey character, had good moisture retaining powers, and contained adequate quantities of calcium carbonate. The content of mineral plant food constituents is considered adequate in all cases except one, but nitrogen deficiencies occurred in certain cases. All the soils contained alkaline carbonates and also sodium chlorid and sulphates in smaller quan- tities. Calcium sulphate sometimes accompanied sodium carbonate. On rubber soils, E. C. J. MoHR_(In International RuMer Congress met Tentoonr stelling. Batuvia, Sept., 1914, Ruhher Recueil, Amsterdam: J.H. deBussy [1915], pp. 167-170). — The principal characteristics of soils of various rubber-producing regions, but especially those of the east coast of Sumatra, are described. No attempt is made to define sharply types of soil best suited to rubber trees, but it is pointed out that such soils should, as a rule, have high water holding, percolation, and capillary capacities, insuring an abundant water supply to the plant. The larger proportion of the rubber (and tobacco) soils of Sumatra are sandy and vary widely in chemical composition. The acidity of Malayan soils, M. Bareowcliff (Agr. Bui. Fed. Malay States, 3 {1914), No. 2, pp. 45-50). — Estimations of the lime requirements of Malayan soils taken over extensive areas, using the method of Bizzell and Lyon (E, S. B,., 30, p. 422) with a slight modification, showed that inland undulating land has an acidity corresponding to 2 to 3 tons of lime per acre, while the clays and peaty clays found near the west coast require from 5 to 6i tons to produce neutrality. These results are taken to indicate that liming treat- ment as hitherto advocated is totally inadequate. " The figures . . . show plainly the efficiency of limestone as a neutralizing agent and its employment in preference to lime can be unhesitatingly recommended." It is further noted that the soils on which the best coconut growth in the country is obtained have an acidity equivalent approximately to 6 tons of lime per acre-foot. Reference is made to previous work by Hutchinson and MacLennan ( B. S. R., 32, p. 32). The inundation of the valley of the Yser, Baeois {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 15 {1915), No. 2, pp. 114-181).— It is thought that the inundation of the valley of the Yser as a war measure will result in a compacting of the agri- cultural soils, a diminution of aeration, and a deposit of marine salts in the surface soils. Agricultural chemistry and vegetable physiology, N. H. J. Miller {Ann. Rpts. Prog. Chem. [London], 11 {1914), pp. 213-231). — Investigations during 1914 relating mainly to soils and plant nutrition are reviewed as usual. It is stated that " although for the year 1914 no results of exceptional importance have to be recorded, a number of investigations of considerable interest relat- ing to soils and plant nutrition have been carried out. The soil problems which have received most attention are those connected with partial steriliza- tion, absorption of bases, acidity, and the production and movements of nitrates SOILS FERTILIZEES. 513 in soils, while in the case of plant nutrition a good deal of attention continues to be given to the question of stimulants." Soil problems, J. W. Leather {Rpt. Agr. Research Inst, and Col. Pusa, 1913-U. pp. 16-18).— In continuation of investigations (E. S. R., 22, p. 20) on the relations existing between the amount of carbon dioxid in soils and the amounts of lime and magnesia in solution, it was found that if magnesium carbonate is present in more than very small quantities, calcium carbonate becomes practically insoluble. Dolomite was found to dissolve as a double salt in carbon dioxid, but the presence of either calcium carbonate or mag- nesium carbonate was found to protect thq dolomite from the action of the carbon dioxid. " This work has shown that no fertile soil can contain material proportions of magnesium carbonate, for if it did, the lime would become practically insoluble and the plant would die of lime starvation." Analyses of samples of the alluvial soils from the lands irrigated by the upper and lower Swat River canals in India indicated that the lime content varies from high to low, potash is abundant, and there is an occasional defi- ciency in available phosphoric acid and a general deficiency in organic nitro- genous matter. The movement of soluble salts with the soil moisture, F. S. Hakeis ( Utah Sta. Bui. 139 {1915), pp. 119-12^, figs. 2). — Experiments with small sections of soil containing various quantities of soluble salts and through which water was passed horizontally and vertically are reported, the purpose of the exi>eri- ment being to determine the movement of salts with water through the soil. The results indicate th-at soluble salts in the soil verj- i-eadily move hori- zontally and vertically with the current of soil moisture. It was found that salts moving horizontally with the soil moisture accumulated at the end of the test tank where evaporation took place, and that in general the salts increased in the soil from the end where water was added to the other end. The upward movement of salts and their accumulation at the surface were especially marked in soils containing a large amount of salt. It is concluded in general from these experiments that " lowlands will continue to be ruined by the accumu- lation of alkali salts as long as the uplands are overirrigated." The role of colloids in agricultural soil, L. G. den Beegee {Teysmannia, 24 {1913), Nos. 7, pp. 438-450; 8-9, pp. 512-520; 11-12, pp. 689-701; 25 {1914), Nos. 1, pp. 45-53; 2, pp. 65-67; 3, pp. 145-152; 5-6, pp. 251-255).— This article describes the common properties of colloids, particularly their powers of absoriJtion, and discusses the soil colloids in some detail, with particular refer- ence to their origin and influence under different conditions on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils and on plant growth. Some data on the question of the form of nitrogen in the soil, A. Shmuk {Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 {1914), No. 2, pp. 139- 153, figs. 2; abs. in Chem. Abs., 9 {1915), No. 7, p. 946; Zentbl. Agr. Chem., 44 {1915), No. 1, p. 9). — Investigations are reported which indicate that the dis- tribution of amid compounds in podzol and chernozem soils is much the same as in protein. While the ratio of proteid nitrogen to the total organic matter of soils varied widely, the ratio to total nitrogen was quite similar in all tests. Podzol soil was found to contain a considerable proportion of water- soluble amid compounds. The distribution of different forms of nitrogen was quite similar in chernozem and podzol soils, but was quite different from that observed in the case of laterite soil. Soil bacteriology, C. M. Hutchinson {Rpt. Agr. Research Inst, and Col, Pusa, 1913-14, PP- 81-88). — This is a brief review of investigations which have already been noted in part from other sources (E. S. R., 31, pp. 722, 731). 514 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. In continuation of studies of ammonifieation and nitrification of green manures, 14 species of bacteria were identified as apparently closely connected with tlie decomposition of buried Sann hemp, and their physiological and morphological characters were studied. No one species of bacteria capable of attacking cellulose was found, although this result was produced by two or more associated bacteria. The investigations indicated that soil fungi play an important part in break- ing down cellular tissue. The fertilizing value of green manures appears to depend upon the rapid formation of simple nitrogen compounds, such as ammonia, from proteid substances. It was found that the nitrification of ammonia " is interfered with by the fact of its concentration and also by the presence of soluble organic substances, some of which, at least, are strongly toxic to nitrifying bacteria and in less measure to others; this condition persists so long as the water extract remains acid to litmus, which under ordi- nary conditions of manufacture might extend to as much as six weeks. . . . The rapid ammonifieation which takes place when green manure is placed in water and allowed to ferment was found to be accompanied by the develop- ment of large numbers of ciliates, flagellates, and amoebae, whose presence does not appear in this instance to be prejudicial to the activity of ammoni- fying bacteria." It was also found " that ammonifieation is the necessary antecedent to nitrification in the case of organic matter, that this process is furthered by a high percentage of moisture, that high concentrations of am- monia inhibit nitrification, but that such ammonia is absorbed by the soil and can then be nitrified." The most complete and rapid nitrification was secured "by producing anaerobic conditions with water saturation and subsequently draining and aerating; the rapidity with which nitrification takes place under these condi- tions depends upon the relative completeness of the anaerobic and subsequently of the aerobic conditions." Under anaerobic conditions produced by water saturation " toxins were produced which not only inhibited nitrification before the ammonia concentration was sufficient to do so but afforded water extracts which were toxic to seedlings and to bacteria; subsequent aeration removes this toxic condition and the formation of nitrates takes place, the ultimate result being a high percentage of nitrification of the nitrogen of the organic matter. ... In connection with the nitrification of green manure it was found that a loss of nitrate invariably occurred between the eighth and twelfth weeks of the process in the laboratory," but the cause of this was not determined. Mustard oil cake furnishing nitrogen equivalent to 1 per cent of the dry weight of soil was added to a soil rich in lime without interfering with the normal rate of nitrification. Although the rate of nitrification was in direct proportion to the lime content, it was found that a soil low in lime in time attained the same nitrate concentration as one high in lime. Azotobacter isolated from various soils showed marked differences in mor- phological and cultural characters and in nitrogen-fixing capacity. Nitrogen fixation by a pure culture of Azotobacter isolated from Pusa soil " was in- creased by the additions of basic slag or humus to the ordinary medium, but was diminished by the substitution of magnesium carbonate for calcium car- bonate. . . . The addition of a seer [2.0.57 lbs.] of cane sugar to a plat 2 sq. yds. in area resulted in an increase, in the nitrogen content of the first 6 in. of soil, of nearly 15 per cent in 10 weeks. . . . " It was found possible to measure the relative toxicity of various bacterial species to an intermediate form (Bacillus prodigiosus) and to one another by use of plate cultures and the measurement of the rate of CO2 formation in SOILS FERTILIZERS. 515 solid auci liquid media, and tlie effect upon tlie latter of the antagonism of symbiotic action, as tlie case might be. Marked instances of antagonism and symbiosis were found, and the production of toxins was demonstrated." Investigations on protozoa in relation to the factor limiting bacterial activity in soil, T. Goodey {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Ser. B, 88 {1915), No. B 606, pp. 437-456, figs. 8).— From the results of further investigations (B. S. R., 25, p. 817) of the Russell and Hutchinson hypothesis (E. S. R., 24, p. 621) it is concluded that " the protozoa, including ciliates, amoebre, and flagellates added to the soil have not been able to act as a factor limiting bacterial activity in the soil. Inferentially, therefore, the ciliates, amoebae, and flagellates ob- tainable from ordinary soil under cultural conditions do not function as the limiting factor." Further investigations on the biological absorption of phosphoric acid in the soil, A. Dushechkin {Zhiir. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 {1914), No. 6, pp. 467-500, figs. 6; ahs. in, Ghem. Ahs., 9 {1915), No. 8, p. 1085).— In further studies of the biological absorption of phosphoric acid in soils (E. S. R., 27, p. 216), the experiments were extended to include the effect of water content and light and to determine the connection between denitrification and phosphoric acid absorption. It was found that the biological absorption of phosphoric acid in soils in- creased with increasing water content. With time, decomposition products ac- cumulated in the soil which had a dissolving effect on the phosphoric acid and diminished the absorption process. Nitrate additions increased the phosphoric acid absoi-ption only with medium moisture content (25 per cent). The absorp- tion was most marked under conditions favoring denitrification. With a higher moisture content (35 per cent) it was stronger in light, but with a lower moisture content (25 per cent) it was favored by darkness. The comparative effect of phosphates and sulphates on soil bacteria, E. B. Fred and E. B. Hart {Wiscotisin 8ta. Research Bui. 35 {1915), pp. 35-66, figs. 6). — Investigations on the influence of phosphates and sulphates in the form of chemically pure salts upon the activities of soil bacteria, as measured by rates of ammonification with pure and mixed cultures in soil and solution, by rates of carbon dioxid evolution, and by plate counts to determine if the fertilizing effect of these substances can be explained in part by the promotion of bac- terial action are reported. The soil used was Miami silt loam. It was found, in general, that the addition of mineral fertilizers to soils caused an increase in ammonification, carbon dioxid evolution, and total num- ber of bacteria. Monobasic potassium phosphate, precipitated calcium phos- phate, and the sulphates of potassium and calcium all increased ammonifica- tion in solution more or less, while tricalcium phosphate was ineffective. The action of monobasic potassium phosphate as compared with that of potassium sulphate is taken to indicate that the potassium ion does not materially In- fluence ammonification. Monobasic potassium phosphate caused an enormous increase in numbers of bacteria in solution, followed by a rise in ammonia pro- duction, which was not, however, in proportion to the number of bacteria. All the phosphates used Increased the number of soil bacteria, particularly dibasic potassium phosphate. Dibasic potassium phosphate and tricalcium phosphate also stimulated ammonification in soil. Calcium sulphate, potassium and calcium phosphates, and ammonium, magnesium, and potassium sulphates all stimulated more or less the evolution of carbon dioxid from the soil. " The results of this work, as a whole, suggest that possibly the increased crop production of a soil resulting from the application of soluble phosphates is in part due to the promotion of bacterial activity. . . . The sulphates, although 516 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. as low in amount in most soils as the phosphates, will not, in all probability, have the same general crop-producing power as the phosphates." A new case of unproductiveness in sugar cane soils, F. Ledeboee and A. E. Beekhout (Arch. Suikerindus. Nederland. Indie, 22 (1914), ^^o. 18, pp. 653-672, pi. 1; Meded. Proefstat. Java-Suikerindus., 4. {1914), ^0. 26, pp. 521-540, pi. 1; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Romel, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 8, p. 1000; Internat. Sugar Jour., 16 (1914), No. 190, p. 486; Jour. 80c. Chem. Indus., S3 (1914), No. 21, p. 1066). — A case of unproductiveness in certain so-called M'hite clay sugar cane soils in the Residency of Pelsalongan in Java is reported. Chemical analyses show these soils to be relatively poor in nitrogen and phosphoric acid but to contain relatively large percentages of sodium carbonate (as much as 0.321 per cent), to which their unproductiveness is mainly attrib- uted. Pot culture experiments with these soils using physiologically acid react- ing fertilizers, lime, and stable manure in different combinations showed that complete fertilization with lime and the addition of ammonium sulphate with lime produced better cane crops than complete fertilization without lime or the addition of ammonium sulphate and stable manure. While ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate, and double superphosphate apparently neutralized the extreme alkalinity of the soil and supplied the lack- ing plant food, the chief benefit is attributed to the liming, owing to its favor- able effect on the soil structure. The soils containing the carbonate puddle badly after rains. The addition of 1.2 per cent of quick lime greatly improved the soil, and an application of 3.6 per cent of lime, while injuring vegetation, completely deflocculated the soil. Applications of gypsum produced still better results. The subsoil water was found to be very rich in sodium carbonate and is apparently the source of this substance in the soil. A practical way to supply plant food to our soils, S. C. Jones (Ky. Geol. Survey [Rpt.l, 4. sen, 1 (1913), pt. 2, pp. 1133-1138).— The results of pot culture experiments carried on at the Kentucky Experiment Station on two soils, a red loam and a gray fine sandy loam, are reviewed. They indicate " that for gen- eral farm practice in which such crops as corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco are grown, a profit may be obtained from an increase in the nitrogen and phos- phorus content in the average soils of the State." The use of leguminous green manures and rock phosphate is recommended as being the most practi- cable method of supplying the needed plant food. The composition and value of farm manures, O. F. Jensen (Michigan Sta. Circ. 25 (1915), pp. 3-7). — Data are compiled from various sources to show the composition and value of farm manures. It is stated that sheep, hog, and hen manures are more valuable than other manures because of the great proportions of concentrates fed. Experiments with, barnyard manure at Darmstadt, P. Wagnee (Mitt. Deut. Lan&w. Gesell., 30 (1915), Nos. 4, pp. 41-44,' 5, pp. 52-55). — Some of the more important results of twelve years' experiments with manure and fertilizers are summarized in this article, with special reference to the decline of yield with- out manure, plant food removed by crops on manured and unmanured soil, the possible increase and cost of increase of yield with commercial fertilizers, the relation of plant food applied to the needs of the plant and requirements of the soil, the amount and cost of the increased yield with barnyard manure, the practical value of manure as compared with its fertilizing effect, and the ferti- lizing action of the different constituents of manure. The sandy soil used in these experiments contained 0.077 per cent of nitrogen, 0.072 per cent of acid-soluble phosphoric acid, 0.214 per cent of total phosphoric SOILS — FEETILIZEES. 517 acid, 0.05 per cent of acid-soluble potash, and 1.96 per cent of total potash. The yield of potatoes on this soil without fertilizer or manure declined more than three-quarters in eleven years, and of rye more than one-half in twelve years. With a rotation of potatoes, rye, and beets without manure there was removed from the soil in twelve years 131.25 lbs. of phosphoric acid per acre, 329.G5 lbs. of potash, and 334.64 lbs. of nitrogen. When the soil was fertilized with com- binations of two of the essential fertilizer constituents the amounts removed by the crops were 566.94 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 1,453.76 lbs. of potash, and 1,156.76 lbs. of nitrogen. It was found that the phosphoric acid and potash of manure was better utilized than that of Thomas slag and potash salts, and this was especially marked during the first years of the experiments. Bat guanos, P. L. Gile and J. O. Carreko {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt.l914,p. 16). — Brief reference is made to vegetation tests which have been undertaken to determine the availability of the phosphoric acid in the bat guanos of Porto Rico. " The work accomplished so far shows that these deposits vary greatly in chemical composition, but that there are several more or less well-defined types. The vegetation tests show that the availability of the phosphoric acid also varies greatly. " These deposits appear quite numerous and well distributed over the island. There is probably no doubt but that the deposits can furnish valuable fertiliz- ing material for certain districts of the island. The individual deposits, how- ever, are probably too small and transportation on the island too costly for the guanos to be exploited on any scale commercially." Fertilizer experiments on the red clay soil, P. L. Gile and J. O. Carrero (Porto Rico 8ta. Rpt. 191Jf, p. U). — It is stated that the results of these experi- ments showed that lime, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, dried blood, a nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizer, and a complete fertilizer all failed to increase appreciably the yield of cane on this soil. Drill fertilizing, Tacke (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Oesell., 30 {1915), No. 9, pp. 118, 119). — In experiments with rye, drilling fertilizers showed little advantage over broadcasting. Production of nitrates from air, with special reference to a new electric furnace, E. K. Scott {Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 3^ {1915), No. 3, pp. 113-126, figs. 10; rev. in Elect. Rev., 76 {1915), No. 1941, pp. 166, 167; Engin. Mag., 49 {1915), No. 1, pp. 104, 105, figs. 2).— The author describes and explains the operation of his combined three-phase current furnace for the oxidation of the nitrogen of the air, and shows why he believes it will considerably increase the present yields of nitrogen compounds from this source. Potassium from the soil, C. G. Hopkins and J. P. Axjmer {Illinois Sta. Bui., 182 {1915), pp. 3-10, figs. 2). — Five years' pot experiments with clover and rape on a brown silt loam and on the so-called insoluble residue obtained from diges- tion of the brown silt loam for ten hours with boiling hydrochloric acid, having a specific gravity of 1.115, are reported, the main purpose of which was to deter- mine the extent to which decaying organic matter is able to liberate soil potassium. The results indicate that after two years' green manuring sufficient potassium was liberated from the insoluble residue to enable clover to be benefited by lime and phosphate fertilizers so as to exceed the yield of crops on the normal soil to which no such fertilizers had been added. The clover hay produced on the normal soil contained about three times as much potassium per gram as was contained in crops from the insoluble residue, which is taken to indicate that the actual requirement of clover for potassium may be very much less than has been estimated from the composition of hay grown on ordinary soils. It 518 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. is also thought that the results support the theory that the benefit sometimes produced by potash fertilizers when applied to soils very deficient in decaying organic matter may be due in part to the power of the soluble potash salt to increase the availability of phosphorus and other elements. Salines in the Owens, Searles, and Panamint basins, southeastern Cali- fornia, H. S. Gale {U. 8. Geol. Survey Bui. 580-L {WW, PP. VI+251-323, pis. 3, figs. 31; al)S. in Amer. Pert., 42 {1915), No. 8, pp. 42-51, figs. S).— This is a preliminary report summarizing the history of the saline deposits of these basins, which are believed to have been produced by the concentration and ulti- mate disappearance of "waters that formerly filled Owens Valley until they overflowed, flooding successively lower and lower basins, and forming for a time a chain of large lakes in what is now the desert region of southeastern California." " These flood waters passed from Owens Valley, the principal source of the water supply, through Indian Wells, Searles, and Panamint valleys, in each of which there was an extensive lake. Finally the waters are believed to have over- flowed also into Death Valley. ... It is the purpose to point out in the present paper the more salient distinguishing features and relations of these several basins and to suggest interpretations that may be placed on their influence in saline deposition." It is estimated that the Searles Lake deposit contains 4,000,000 tons of water- soluble potash salts. In six analyses of brine from Searles Lake reported in this bulletin, the potassium varied from 5.54 to 7.27 per cent. Searles Lake is thought to offer the most promising prospect of commercial production of any of the localities so far examined for potash deposits. The author is of the opinion, however, " that commercially valuable concentrations of potash are not to be looked for in the desert-basin deposits generally. In the first place, salines deposited by shallow, intermittent lakes are not only so mixed with muds as to render their profitable recovery very doubtful, but such deposits are unlikely to retain on a large scale any considerable percentages of potassium in the solu- ble form. Only in the basins where large and deep saline lakes have existed and dried up under favorable conditions are massive deposits of saline free from mixture with mud to be looked for. Such conditions are rather excep- tional. Probably few desert saline lakes have in fact dried up so free from the mixture of clay or other sediments that their water-soluble salts have retained the major portion of the potash originally present in the lake water. " The confident hope is still held out that these exceptional conditions exist in some places and that by good fortune or otherwise they may be revealed. It seems that in Searles Lake one such exceptional place has been found, and it is possible that there may be even larger and more valuable deposits still to be discovered." German potash situation, J. G. Lay {U. 8. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No. 76 {1915), p. 10). — The authorized deliveries of potash for domestic and foreign consumption during 1915 are given. These amount to 948,800 metric tons of potash (KaO) as compared with 1,166,600 metric tons for 1914. It is "stated that plans for denaturing potash salts so that the embargo can be removed have not yet materialized and the embargo, therefore, still remains in force. The phosphate deposits of South Carolina, G. S. Rogers {TJ. 8. Oeol. Sur- vey Bui. 580-^ {1914), pp. 183-220, pi. 1, figs. 2; ahs. in Amer. Pert., 42 {1915), No. 2, pp. 37-49, fig. 1). — The history, character, distribution, amount available, methods of mining, present status, and future prospects of these phosphates are discussed. It is showTi that production has fallen off greatly within the last few years. In 1912 it was only 131,490 tons, or about that of the period between 1875 and. ISSO. While the prospects of a marked revival of mining operations in this SOILS— FERTILIZEES. 519 field are considered to be poor, attention is called to the fact that there is probably at least 5,000,000 tons of 60 per cent phosphate still available which improved machinery may at some later time render workable. The highest grade of rock that the field can be expected to produce, however, does not average more than 61 per cent phosphate containing, as a rule, more than 3 per cent iron and alumina. A briefer report on these deposits has been noted (E. S. R., 30, p. 27). Solubility of the different constituents of slag, M. Sirot and G. Joret (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 27 (WW, No. 25, p. 787; ahs. in Chem. Ahs., 9 {1915), No. 5, p. 6SJf). — It is shown that citric and malic acids have greater solvent power for the constituents of basic slag than do tartaric, acetic, lactic, and oxalic acids. All of the constituents of the slag, including silicon, phosphoric acid, calcium, magnesium, sulphates, iron, and manganese, were found to be soluble in the weak acids, the solubility varying with the fineness of the slag and the actual solubility of the salts formed. The author concludes that slag is not simply a phosphatic fertilizer but that it contains many other substances useful to plants in forms very soluble in weak organic acids. The solubility and assimilability by plants of the water insoluble-phos- phoric acid or superphosphate prepared from Kostroma phosphates, P. Kos- soviCH (Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Land-io.), 15 (1914), No. 6, pp. 501-538, figs. 5). — Superphosphate containing about 11 per cent of phosphoric acid soluble in water and 3i per cent almost completely soluble In Peterman's reagent (ammonium citrate) made from low-grade phosphate (containing from 20 to 21 per cent of phosphoric acid) was tested in pot exi^eriments with oats and mustard on sand and chernozem soil. The citrate-soluble phosphoric acid appeared to be not less than half as valuable as the water-soluble for fertilizing purposes. A new theory regarding the feeding power of plants, E. Truog (Science, n. ser., 1^1 (1915), No. 1060, pp. 616-618). — As a result of his own investigations and these of others, the author formulates the hypothesis that " plants contain- ing a relatively high calcium oxid content have a relatively high feeding power for the phosphorus in raw rock phosphate. For plants containing a relatively low calcium oxid content the converse of the above is true." Within the meaning of this hypothesis " a calcium oxid content of less than 1 per cent may be considered relatively low. Corn, oats, rye, wheat, and millet belong to this class. A calcium oxid content of somewhat more than 1 per cent may be considered relatively high. Peas, clover, alfalfa, buckwheat, and most of the species of the Crucif erse belong to this class." The exi^lanation offered for this hypothesis is that, with plants having a high capacity for assimilating lime, the calcium bicarbonate formed by the action of carbonic acid on tricalcium phosphate will be readily absorbed along with the dicalcium form and thus permit the continued action of the carbonic acid on the insoluble phosphate. On the other hand, with plants having a low assimila- tive power for lime, the reaction between carbonic acid and tricalcium phos- phate soon reaches a state of equilibrium, and soluble phosi^hate ceases to be produced. The hypothesis is based upon the general theorem that the feeding power of a plant for an insoluble substance depends "(1) on the solubility of that substance in carbonated water and (2) on whether or not the plant removes from solution all the products of the solubility reaction in the proper proportion so as to allow the solubility reaction to continue indefinitely." Chlorosis of sugar cane, P. L. Gile and J. O. Carrero (Porto Rico Sta. Bpt. 191Jf, pp. IJf, 15). — Tests on the effect of ferrous sulphate and stable manure on the development of chlorotic cane showed that small applications of these mate- 520 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rials had but little effect on the cane. Heavier applications seemed to produce quite notable increases in tonnage but at a prohibitive cost. Lime-induced chlorosis, P. L. Gile and J. O. Caerero (Porto Rico 8ta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 15, 16). — Brief reference is made to experiments with rice similar to and in extension of previous experiments with pineapples (E. S. R., 2G, p. 121 ; 31, p. 816). In these experiments an attempt was made to determine whether the action of calcium carbonate in inducing chlorosis is due solely to its depress- ing effect upon the assimilation of iron. When ferrous sulphate was applied to chlorotic rice grown in calcareous soils it was found that " the results were similar to those obtained in previous work with pineapples. Ferrous sulphate applied to the leaves as a spray restored the green color and induced a normal growth, but applied to the soil was without effect." Various other experiments bearing on the causes of chlorosis are referred to as in progress but no results are reported. The purification of waste liquors from paper mills, G. B. Kershaw (Sur- veyor, Ifi (1915), No. 1199, pp. 28-30).— The author states that in the treatment of waste waters from paper mills large amounts of sludge are obtained which may be used for manuring purposes as it contains considerable lime. Commercial fertilizers, W. J. Jones, Jr., et al. (Indiana Sta. Bui. 180 (1915), pp. 401-520). — This bulletin gives the results of the fertilizer inspection, includ- ing analyses and valuations of 1,420 samples collected in Indiana during the spring and fall of 1914. A list of brands registered since i\Iay 15, 1914, and brands previously registered, to be on sale in 1915, and other data are also given. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, P. H. Wessels et al. (Rhode Island Sta. Insp. Bui., 1914, Sept., pp. ^-8). — This bulletin contains analyses and valuations of 50 samples of high-grade fertilizers and fertilizing materials collected in Rhode Island during the spring of 1914. It is stated that nearly two-thirds of the total number of brands listed fell below their guaranties as regards water-soluble phosphoric acid and about one-half are deficient in available phos- phoric acid. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, P. H. Wessels et al, (Rhode Island Sta. Insp. Bui., 1914, Oct., pp. 3-11). — This bulletin contains analyses and valuations of 21 samples of limes and wood ashes collected in Rhode Island during 1914 and of 33 samples of complete fertilizers not reported in previous bulletins, together with a summary of results for the year. This last indicates that " in 82 per cent of the instances reported the amounts of nitrogen, potash, and total and available phosphoric acid were equal to or above the amounts that were guarantied, in 9 per cent the amounts were less than 0.3 per cent below the amounts that were guarantied, and in 9 per cent the amounts were more than 0.3 per cent below the guaranties." AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. An experimental study of the rest period in plants: Seeds, W. L. Howard (Missouri Sta. Research Bui. 11 (1915), pp. 58). — In continuation of other investigations on the rest period of plants (E. S. R., 33, p. 223), the author gives an account of studies carried on with seeds, begun in 1907 and continued for seven years. In the preliminary tests it was found that seeds of many annual plants were able to germinate while quite immature, but that more than half the species investigated had a pronounced rest period. Of the species having a definite rest period by far the greater percentage are woody plants. The in- AGEICULTUEAL BOTANY. 521 vestigations were continued to determine wlien the resting phase sets in and whether It can be brolien by treatments and what agents are most effective for brealiing the rest. During 1912 and 1913 a study was made of about 100,000 seeds representing about 200 species of plants, and it was found that about 76 per cent had a definite rest period. Where seeds grow at all without rest, germination takes place more quickly in the immature seeds than in mature ones. In 1912 seeds of a number of species of woody plants were treated to break the rest period. It was found that stratifying these seeds and letting them freeze while in the moist sand proved the best treatment tried for hastening the sprouting and bringing about the highest percentage of germination. Etherizing dried or moist seeds had some beneficial efiiect on germination, and etherizing seeds that had been stratified and frozen hastened sprouting and also increased the percentage of germination. Etherizing old, dry seeds of herbaceous plants had but little effect on germination and in most instances was found detrimental. Seed coi*n etherized when dry seemed to be materially benefited. It was found that while corn seed did withstand severe freezing when dry it was badly injured when in a moist or wet condition. Lima beans were found to be severely injured if frozen when dry, and proportionately greater injury was effected if wet. Freezing and etherization were detri- mental to watermelon seeds if dry, but they were not injured and in some cases were benefited by freezing, if the seeds were quite moist. Soaking okra seeds had a bad effect on germination, and ether treatments had little or no effect on dry seeds, but were very beneficial to moist or wet ones. A historical summary and bibliography are appended. Experiments in forcing native plants to blossom during the winter months, C. O. Rosendahl {Plant World, 11 (1914), No. 12, pp. 354-361).— Giving an account of attempts to obtain fresh flowers for class use during the winter months, the author states that while the experiments made were not comprehensive enough to form a basis for sweeping conclusions, it has been demonstrated that a considerable portion of the perennials native to the neigh- borhood of Minneapolis, IMinn., lend themselves to successful forcing during winter and that a wealth of fresh material can thus be obtained with compara- tively little effort and expense. The effect of shade on transpiration and assimilation of tobacco in Cuba, H. Hasselbking (Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuba Bol. 24 (1915), pp. 1-33, fig. 1). — The principal conclusions from this work have already been noted ( E. S. R., 31, p. 326). Absorption of ions by plants, F. Plate (Atti B. Accad. Lincei, Bend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 23 (1914), -f. No. 10, pp. 839-844; a^s. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Londonl, 106 (1914), No. 622, I, p. 1039).—TrUicum sativum and Hyacinthus 07-ientalis were grown separately in solutions of the chlorid, bromid, nitrate, and sulphate of manganese. It was found that the anion and cation are utilized in about the same proportion as that which obtains in the solution, the anion going mainly to the shoot and the cation to the root. The antagonism between ions in the absorption of salts by plants, W. Stiles and I. Jokgensen (New Phytol., 13 (1914), No. 8, pp. 253-268) .—The authors review briefly the work and opinions of earlier investigators dealing somewhat indirectly, and those of later ones dealing more directly, with antago- nism between salts or ions in their absorption from aqueous solutions by plants. It is considered as evident that this phenomenon is of widespread if not of universal occurrence in organic life. Antagonism appears to be characteristic of cations, not only of nutritive but also of indifferent or poisonous character, 7700°— No. 6—15 3 522 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. and even between metals and alkaloid bases. It appears to be greatest between ions of different valency, but to be not altogether absent between those of the same valency. The explanation of antagonism considered as most plausible is that which re- gards the plasma membrane as a carrier of ions into the interior of the cell by means of reversible combinations with them, the different ions thus interfering with each other's activity in this respect. A bibliography is given. Determination of elements necessary to development of maize, P. MAzf: {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. IParis], 160 {1915), No. 6, pp. 211-214).— In continu- ance of previous studies (E. S. R., 31, p. 221) the author carried out experiments testing the growth of maize in a nutritive solution of given composition, to which some or all of the elements aluminum, boron, fluorin. iodin, and arsenic had been added. The results appear to show that all of the elements named are necessary to the best growth of maize except arsenic, which is distinctly un- favorable to its development. The chlorosis of plants, P. MAzf: (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris}, 77 (1914), No. 31, pp. 539-541). — Summarizing some of his investigations relating to chlorosis (E. S. R., 31, p. 221), the author found that this disease could be in- duced in maize by a lack of iron, sulphur, manganese, etc. For chlorosis caused by a lack of iron, providing this substance in solution to chlorotic leaves quickly restored their green color. Chlorosis due to a lack of magnesium was less easily controlled, indicating that there are several kinds of chlorosis. The lack of iron is said to be the most common form of the trouble, and this is usually brought about by the presence of large amounts of carbonate of lime in the soil, which check the absorption of iron. Chlorosis due to a lack of manganese is considered to be of a special type, although it too is influenced by alkalinity of soils. It is said that other alkaline carbonates, as those of potassium and sodium, produce similar effects on the absorption of iron, etc., by plants. Exudation from diseased cells is said to cause chlorosis, and this action is considered to be more or less specific for the different kinds of plants studied. The influence of fl.uorin upon vegetation, A. Gautier {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 6, pp. 194, 195). — It is stated that in experiments with fluorin in the nutritive medium it was found that an inhibitive or unfavor- able influence was exerted upon very few plants, many more showing an in- crease of growth, flowering, and bearing, and some showing no effect from fluorin. Mustard gave a ninefold gain as regai'ds seed output under the influ- ence of fluorin, and several other plants named gave analogous results. Investigations on the resistance of growing plants to hydrocyanic acid fumigation, J. Cotte {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 77 {1914), No. 22, pp. 185-187). — In order to test the injury by hydrocyanic acid gas fumigation on plants, the author experimented with wheat, castor beans, and garden nas- turtiums grown in pots and subjected to different strengths of hydrocyanic acid gas for different periods of time at a nearly uniform temperature of 16° C. (60.8° F.). The gas was generated by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on potassium cyanid. The quantities of potassium cyanid used per cubic meter of space were 12.5, 15.63, 23.25, and 39.06 gm., respectively, amounts which are in excess of those usually recommended for use in fumigation. Wheat plants were only slightly affected when exposed for one hour to the action of 12 gm. potassium cyanid per cubic meter, and for the complete destruc- tion of the plants a sojourn of two hours exposed to the action of 39 gm. potas- sium cyanid was required. The castor bean plants showed some lesions where 15 gm. of the cyanid was used per cubic meter, and at 23 gm. the plans sue- AGKICULTURAL BOTANY. 523 cumbed. The nasturtium plants withstood an exposure to gas from 15.5 gm. of the cyauid for two hours. They appeared to be slightly injured when taken out of the fumigation chamber, but fully recovered vigor in three days. Action of chloroform and ether on the inversion of saccharose in the roots of sugar beet, P. Maz^ {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 77 (1914), No. 32, pp. 549, 550). — The author states that the immersion of fragments of sugar beet in solutions of chloroform or ether resulted in the excretion of the invert sugar and saccharose into the liquid. Chloroform was found more energetic in this respect than ether. It is believed that chloroform and ether bring about a very abundant secretion of saccharose. The fragments of potatoes submitted to chloroform and ether did not show any saccharification of starch. Influence of naphthalin on germination, growth, and nitrification, in plants, P. Cacciaki {^taz. Sper. Agr. Ital., Jft {19U), No. 5, pp. 3/t7~367).—lt was found that when present in from 0.5 to 10 per cent of the seed weight for a considerable period of time naphthalin exerted little or no injurious influence on the germination of wheat and legumes. It was unfavorable to their vegeta- tive development and to their normal rate of nitrification. The formation of starch in the embryo before the maturity of the seed, A. GuiLLiERMOND (Compt. Retvd. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 (1914), ^o. 13, pp. 561- 571, figs. 12). — From a study of beans, peas, castor beans, and squash seed the author claims that starch is formed in the embryo before the maturity of the seed, and that the chloroplasts in the hypocotyl and cotyledons are formed in the beginning of germination. The plastids formed at the beginning of germination are said to be formed from those which have elaborated starch before the maturity of the seed. Starch reserve in relation to the production of sugar, flowers, leaves, and seed in birch and maple, F. B. H. Brown {Ohio Nat., 14 {1914), No. 7, pp. 817-320, figs. 2). — This is a brief preliminary report on species of maple and birch examined in the spring of 1914. It is stated that before the beginning of bud growth little starch had been utilized, the most pronounced changes being confined to the bark of the stem. During vegetative and floral development in spring, starch utilization involved progressively the branches showing from one to ten annual rings of growth. No marked changes have been noted beyond these portions or in the root. The origin of anthocyanin in different plant organs, F. Moreau (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 77 (1914), No. 29, pp. 502, 5(75).— Attention is called to the different manner in which anthocyanin is formed in floral organs and in other portions of plants, but the author claims that in every case it is of a mitochondrial origin. Anthocyanin formation and mineral nutritive components, A. Czabtkowski (Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 32 (1914), No. 6, pp. 407-410) .—The author claims that the production of anthocyanin by young shoots of Tradescantia viridis and T. loeJcensis grown in Knop's solution was favored by lowering the content of nitrogen, but of no other single component. Anthocyanin formation in rose leaves, A. M. Lowschin (Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 32 (1914), No. 6, pp. 386^93, pi. 1).—The author, having followed up the studies reported by Pensa (E. S. R., 32, p. 428), states that his examina- tions of young rose foliage leave little room for doubt that not only the filiform, but also the granular elements, serve as a matrix for the production of antho- cyanin. It is here synthesized under the influence of the nucleus from the organic materials furnished by the mother plant. The anatomy of Acacia moUissima, with special reference to the distribu- tion of tannin, P. A. van deb Byl (Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Sci. Bui. 3 (1914), pp. 32, figs. 41)- — The author describes the anatomy of A. moUissima, 524 EXPEEIMENT STATIOIST EECOED. or black wattle, with reference to the location of tannin. This is said to be present in every organ of the plant, but mostly in the phloem region of trees from six to ten years old, young branches and leaves having too low a tannin content to be profitably used. Biochemical investigations of saponins, Marie Korsakoff {Rev. G^n. Bot., 26 (1914), No. S06, pp. 225-2U)- — The author studied the occurrence, distribu- tion, and role of saponin in Saponaria officinalis and Agrostemma githago. No saponin was found in the leaves or pericarp, and none in the very young seed in sufficient quantity to be detected. It appears, however, in the seed as it reaches maturity. This has led to the conclusion that saponin is either formed in minute quantities in the leaves, from whence it passes to the stems from the sugars, or it is formed in the stems themselves. The author considers that within the seed saponin is formed at the same time as the other reserve ma- terials. The fact that in the process of germination the saponin does not dimin- ish leads him to believe that it is not utilized as a food reserve. On a chemical peculiarity of the dimorphic anthers of Lag-erstrcemia indica, with a suggestion as to its ecological signifi.cance, J. A. Harris {Ann. Bot. [Lon(lon'\, 28 {1914), No. Ill, pp. 499-501, figs. 2).— The author states that in L. indica the stamens are dimorphic, those of the outer whorl being larger than those of the more central yellow group, and differing from them also in both color and contained pollen. It is claimed that the differentiation observ- able is physiological as well as morphological, the underlying cause of the phenomena appearing to be chemical rather than physical. The morphological and physiological dimorphism is considered to be a case of specialization of parts to facilitate pollination. Studies on the floral biology and pathology of the olive, L. Petri {Shidi sulle Malattie delV Olivo, V. Rome: R. Staz. Patol. Veg., 1914, PP- 5-64, figs. 5). — ^The author concludes from studies detailed that a constant and consider- able arrest of an ovarial development more or less precocious may be noted in both cultivated and wild olive plants under good or deficient conditions of growth, and that among the external factors which may condition almost com- plete sterility is prolonged drought. Defoliation produces the same effect, as may any cause of deficient water transfer within the plant, and to this may be added abortion of the anthers. It is stated that in a given plant, and even within the same floral shoots of the more fertile individuals, some flowers may show an arrest of ovarial devel- opment at various stages, the percentage of ovarial abortions showing periodic oscillations bearing some relation to vegetative conditions. The arrest of de- velopment in the ovaries is held to have one cause in a deficiency of nitrogenous material, this deficiency seeming to be related to insufficient absorption of nitrates, as well as to diminution, more or less lasting, of the activity of the processes of synthesis of nitrogenous substance. Vegetative multiplication is the means, but not the cause, of perpetuation of this pathological deviation, and it is considered advisable to reject for grafting purposes all plants showing high percentages of ovarial abortion. In the present state of knowledge the constancy of ovarial abortion in olives may be regarded, it is thought, as the consequence of a modification, difficultly reversible, of some physiological property of floral shoots, under the influence, more or less prolonged, of exceptional nutritional conditions, by direct or indi- rect action of the external medium in relation to profound modifications of the property of absorption and transfer by the roots. Mutation en masse, H. H. Bartlett (Amer. Nat., 49 {1915), No. 519, pp. 129- 139, figs. 9). — It is stated that during the author's experiments with CEnothera two species have been discovered, some strains of which give rise by mutation AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. - 525 to dwarfs occurring in both cases in unexpectedly large numbers. The less complicated of these two cases {CE. reynoJdsii n. sp.), with some of its descend- ants, is discussed as regards some studies made thereon. The phenomenon presented by CE. rei^noldsii, called here mutation en masse, appears in one of the short-styled self-pollinating species. It seems clear to the author that mutation en masse bears a certain degree of resemblance to Mendelian segregation. No explanation suggests itself for the enormous sur- plus of dwarfs in the progenies exhibiting diversity, unless perbaps it is that the results are complicated by selective germination or selective mortality. At any rate the ratios thus far obtained do not conform to any Mendelian expectation. The origin of mutant Wlonga from mutant deMlis, it is thought, may instance the origin of a new character. Studies in pea varieties and hybrids therefrom, H. Kappert (Ztschr. In- duktive Abstam. u. Vererbungslelire, 13 (1914), No. 1-2, pp. 1-51, figs. 20). — This is a study, in some detail, of the several characteristics as regards the starch grains, surfaces, chemical constituents, physical peculiarities, etc., of some garden varieties of peas and their hybrids. A flora of Cuba, M. G. de la Maza and J. T. Roig {Estac. Expt. Agron. Cuha Bol. 22 {19U), pp. 182, pis. S3, fig. J).— This work is in four parts. The first deals in a general way with living plants (listing genera) and fossils (listing families, genera, species, etc.) of this region. The second gives a dis- cussion of the flora of Cuba in relation to that of other regions. The third in- dicates collections and other facilities for botanical study. The fourth deals with plants in their economic aspects. Geography and vegetation of Northern Florida, R. M. Harper {Fla. Goal. Survey Ann. Rpt., 6 (1914), pp. 163-437, figs. 51).— The author gives the results of several years' study on the original distribution of the native vegetation in relation to the several geographical divisions of the State of Florida, as con- tributing to a better understanding of the complex relations existing between native vegetation, topography, drainage conditions, and soils. Lists of native plants and an index of plant names are included. Plant ecology and floristics of Salton Sink, S. B. Parish (Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 193 {1914), pp. 85-114). — This contribution includes a cita- tion of the very scanty existing botanical literature on the Salton Sink; a dis- cussion of the derivation, distribution, and determining factors of the flora ; a description of the various floral formations and associations; a consideration separately of the trees as classed with regard to soil moisture; a numerical analysis of the flora ; and a catalogue of the plants collected in this depression. Movements of vegetation due to submersion and desiccation of land areas in the Salton Sink, D. T. MacDougal (Carnegie Iiist. Washington Pub. 193 (1914), pp. 115-182, pis. IS, figs. 2). — ^An account is given in considerable detail of studies carried on at intervals since 1904 in the Salton Sink, as concerned mainly with organisms overwhelmed by floods, with the physical changes which follow emersion, and with the biological mechanism of reoccupation in areas emerging from the water as related to the present distribution of plants and animals. Such factors are considered in this connection as soil, climate, pre- cipitation, and changes occurring in solutions and in precipitates. Submergence and emergence with corresponding biological alterations are thought to have occurred here many times in the last few centuries, and the accompanying com- plex interplay of biological and mechanical agencies is partly described and partly suggested. The behavior of certain micro-organisms in brine, G. J. Peirce (Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 193 (1914), pp. 49-69, pis. 3, fig. 1). — Reporting a further study (E. S. R., 30, p. 431) of organisms in the Bay of San Francisco, some of 526 EXPERIMEKT STATION RECORD. which endure great and rapid changes of concentration in the saline solntions, the author shows that several of these present remarkable illustrations of adaptability and plasticity. Changes in temperature exercise no very evident influence on the behavior of the brine organisms, but changes in concentration of the brine are reflected in the behavior of the brine algse, also in marked effects as regards cell permanence or cell division. The red color of concentrated brines in the salterns and of the salt piled for drainage is due to a ehromogenic bacillus, inoculation with which turns salt codfish red. The osmotic, adsorptive, and other relations noted are considered to justify further study on account of their more general bearings. FIELD CROPS. Root systems of agricultural plants, J. G. Maschhaxipt (Verslag. Land- t'Omclc. OnderzoeJc. RijJcslandJjouwproefstat. [Netherlands}, No. 16 (1915), pp. 76-89, pis. 5). — This describes a method of removing a shaft of soil of sufficient breadth and depth to include the root systems of the plants under investigation. After cutting away the soil from one side of the proi3osed shaft, a board studded with needles of sufficient length to penetrate the shaft's breadth (25 cm.), in order to secure the roots in approximately their original positions, is pressed or driven in a vertical position against the shaft, which the needles penetrate. The shaft is then cut loose on the opposite side by driving down a piece of sheet iron to the desired depth, and the soil is carefully washed away from the roots. The influence of phosphatic fertilizers on root development, R. D. Watt (Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. ,Sc(., 14 (1913), pp. 661-665, fig. i).— This paper records data taken from water-culture, pot-culture, and field experiments that show an increased root development of barley and wheat apparently due to the application of phosphatic fertilizers. The depths to which roots of wheat penetrated on unmanured plats ranged from 13 to 37 in. and on fertilized plats from 27 to 38 in. The geographical distribution of the field crops of India, T. H. Engel- BRECHT (Ahhandl. Hamburg. Eolon. Inst. 19 (1914), Ser. E, pp. IX-\-271; Atlas, jyls. 23). — Part 1 of this article treats of the distribution of about 70 of the field crops of India. Part 2 consists of maps showing the distribution of the principal field crops. [Studies with field crops in Montana] (Montana Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 391- 393, 397, 398). — ^Among other work of the year, it is mentioned that mangels, Gehu and Dakota white flint corn, and Pilot navy beans were grown with suc- cess, but that'sorghum, Kafir corn, cowi>eas, soy beans, and grasses were unsatis- factory. Seeds of alfalfa and several clovers treated with sulphuric acid before planting gave lower yields of hay than check plats. Contradictory results are reported regarding thinning and spacing potatoes, while mulching did not give so good results as cultivation. Favorable results are reported in improving potatoes by hill selection. Grasses and forage crops (Mass. Bd. Agr. Bui. 3 (1915), 2 ed., rev., pp. 126, pis. 5, figs. 3). — This is a revised second edition of the bulletin already noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 530) with additional papers on Green Crops for Summer Soiling, by J. B. Lindsey (E. S. R., 23, p. 580) ; How to Supplement a Short Hay Crop, by C. S. Phelps; New England Pastures, by J. S. Cotton; and Alfalfa for New England, by A. D. Cromwell. Experiments on permanent grass land, 1915 (Agr. Students'' Gaz., n. ser., 17 (1915), No. 4, PP- 162-165). — This article notes results of manurial experi- ments at Cirencester, England, that have been in progress over 20 years. FIELD CROPS. 527 " Generally the ammonium sulphate gave rather better returns than the cor- responding plats with sodium nitrate. Sodium nitrate aloue has evil effects on the grass, but ammonium sulphate alone is not so injurious here. The residues of previous manuring for 20 years with rape cake, discontinued after 1911, gave an increase of G cwt. of hay. The increase on the basic slag plats was 6 to 7 cwt., rather more this year than on the superphosphate alone plat, where it was 5^ cwt., but the weight of slag given is double that of the super- phosphate. The hay from the plat with superphosphate and residues of potash salts was exceedingly rich in Leguminosre." [Fertilizer experiments] {County Northmnb. Ed. Com. Guide to Expts. 1915, pp. 10-87, flgs. 2). — This gives some results of manurial treatments of pastures and meadows and rotation experiments. Pasture grasses: Their cultivation and management, E. Beeakwkll (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales, Farmers' Bui. 96 (1915), pp. 105, pi. 1, figs. 51). — The author discusses the treatment of native pastures, including overstocking, deterioration, and burning off, and cultivated pastures ; classifies useful grasses according to soil, height of grass, and habits of growth ; and describes many useful grasses, both introduced and the best native grasses of New South Wales. Ecology of the purple heath grass (Molinia caerulea), T. A. Jefferies {Jour. Ecology, 3 {1915), No. 2, pp. 93-109, pis. 2, figs. 2).— This article gives the results of an ecological study of M. cwrulea on 3 square miles of moors 6 miles from Huddersfield, England. The morphology and biology of Molinia, factors in its distribution (soil content and acidity), and the invasion and retro- gression of Molinia are discussed. A new species of forest grass (Spodipogon lacei), R. S. Hole {Indian Forest Rec., 5 {1915), No. 6, pp. 6, pis. 4)- — This describes a grass closely allied to 8. sagittifolius and given the name of S. lacei. Variety tests with millet and sunflowers, P. R. Fedorov {Bezenchulc. Selsk. Khoz. Opytn. Btants'iia, No. 60 {191Jf), pp. 6). — Variety tests with millet showed yields ranging uj> to 2,133 lbs. per acre when the soil was plowed to a depth of 7 in. Tests with sunflowers showed "Green" to be the heaviest yielder of seed (720 lbs. per acre). It is noted that this variety was entirely free from dodder, which for two seasons greatly infested the other varieties. The effect of the association of legumes and nonlegumes, W. B. Ellett, H. H. Hill and W. G. Harris {Virginia Sta. Tech. Bui. 1 {1915,), pp. 28-36, figs. 3). — The experiments outlined in this bulletin were conducted in order to account for the high percentage of protein found in samples of Kentucky blue grass grown in Virginia. They consisted of the production (beginning in 1911) of Kentucky blue grass, timothy, and corn grown separately and in association with white clover, red clover, and beans, resiiectively, in concrete tanks made in the greenhouse for the purpose, and supplemented by field tests. The data obtained by harvesting and analyzing the crops showed with blue grass and white clover no direct benefit from the association. With timothy and red clover no increase in protein was shown the first year, but in 1913 and 1914, however, some benefit was found. When corn and beans were grown in the greenhouse the corn was benefited by the association. The high protein content of the grasses was chiefly accounted for by the early age at which they were analyzed. The protein content of the blue grass sown January 1, 1911, and cut March 1, April 1, May 1, June 1, December 1, 1911, and February 4, 1912, is reported for the respective dates as 32.71. 24.37, 25.27, 18.2, 19.93, and 16.91 per cent (dry matter basis). The protein content of timothy sown Januaiy 1, 1911, and cut March 1, April 1, May 1, and June 1, 1911, is reported as 30.27, 24.35, 24.68, and 18.59 per cent. 528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vegetative regeneration of alfalfa, O. T. Wilson {Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1073, pp. 126, 127). — This article reports the vegetative growth of cuttings from alfalfa plants when these cuttings were left on the moist soil of experi- mental pots in the greenhouse. "After a week it was found that fragments of several descriptions [portions of stems, portions of petioles, petioles with blades attached, leaflets without petioles attached, and portions of the leaf blade] had rooted firmly and were developing into healthy shoots." Experiments with com in 1914, Y. Svishchev and B. Aksenov (Bezenchuk. SelsJc. KIioz. Opytn. Stants'iia, No. 61 il9H). pp. 6). — ^This records variety tests with maize and shows that in general the local varieties produced greater quantities of dry matter per acre than the imported American varieties. The use of manure was found to be unprofitable. In general the use of listers gave better 3aelds than did corn planters. Soil moisture and tillage for corn, J. G. Mosieb and A. F. Gustapson {Illi- nois Sta. Bui. 181 {1915), pp. 563-586, figs. 7).— This bulletin contains data compiled from results of experiments conducted in Illinois and in several other States in cultivating the corn crop on various kinds of soil. These data have been so edited as to develop principles that should be observed in order to secure the best results in the production of corn, and are summarized as follows : "A deep, well-prepared seed bed is essential for aeration, proper root develop- ment, and conservation of moisture. It gave a gain of 14.5 bu. ($7.2.5 at 50 cts.) per acre over no seed bed. Killing weeds is the most important factor in culti- vating corn on brown silt loam. No weeds gave an increase over weeds of 3S.6 bu. of corn, a gain of $19.30 per acre. Weeds reduce the yield of corn more by robbing it of plant food and light than by depriving it of moisture. Irrigation on a weed plat gave an increase of only 3.8 bu. As an average of 16 tests in eight years, killing weeds without cultivation produced a gain of 17.1 per cent, or 6.7 bu. per acre, over ordinary cultivation. Three-fourths of the corn roots are in the plowed soil, and as plants develop no unnecessary roots, any injury to them results in a lower yield. Four-inch pruning six inches from the hill reduced the yield 16.9 bu. The cultivated soil, especially in periods of drought, is too loose and dry for proper root development ; consequently the plant is de- prived of the food which it contains. After the roots are well distributed through the soil little moisture can escape, even from uncultivated land. " On gray silt loam on tight clay in southern Illinois, as a three-year avcrnge, preparation of seed bed gave an increase of 21.5 bu. ; killing weeds by scraping with a hoe gave a gain of 21 bu. over allowing them to grow ; and fertilization gave an increase of 14.2 bu. Ordinary shallow cultivation gave a yield of 31.2 bu. per acre, while killing weeds without stirring the surface gave 31.5 bu. " The proper type of cultivation is deep enough to kill the weeds but shallow enough to reduce I'oot injury to the minimum. On Illinois soils a good seed bed, killing weeds, and soil enrichment are the important factors in growing corn. Cultivation is beneficial for aeration of heavy soils, clays, and clay loams. Cultivation raises soil temperature early in the season and lowers it later. Subsoiling on gray silt loam on tight clay at Odin caused a decrease of 2.7 bu. per acre. " Results of deep-tilling tests so far conducted by this station do not warrant recommending the purchase and use of deep-tilling machines in this State." Tests of varieties of corn, W. E. Hanger {Maryland Sta. Bui. 190 {1915), pp. 181-202, pU. 9). — This bulletin gives results of tests of varieties of corn grown at the station and by farmers in different sections of the State. During the years 1903 to 1914, inclusive, the yields at the station ranged from 31.68 to 86.18 bu. of grain per acre. The highest average yield, 70.36 bu. FIELD CKOPS. 529 per acre, for the five years 1903 to 1907, inclusive, was made by St. Omer. The highest average yield of the seven years 1908 to 1914, inclusive, was made by U. S. P. B. No. 120, namely, 59.39 bu. per acre, followed closely by St. Omer with 59.31 bu. Twenty-two varieties of corn are described. Variety tests of com for 1914, G. M. Gaeren {North Carolina 8ta. Bui. 230 {1915), pp. 3-12). — This bulletin gives data on over 20 varieties of corn grown in 1914 at the station and at the Buncombe, Iredell, and Edgecombe test farms and summaries for a few varieties covering a period of six years (1909-1914) at the Iredell and Edgecombe test farms. The tables include data on stand, height, number of ears, yield, and shelling capacity. Among the higher yielding varieties were First Generation Cross No. 182 of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Biggs Seven-Ear, and Weekleys Im- proved. Report on variety tests of cotton for 1914, R. Y. Winters (North Carolina Sta. Bui. 231 {1915), pp. 5-i8).— The data in this bulletin show the yield of seed cotton per acre, yield of lint and of seed, percentage of lint, length of staple, weight of 100 bolls, and stand for the several varieties. The results obtained from seed secured from both within and out of the State are sum- marized as follows: At the experiment station farm the 65 varieties of short-staple cotton tested ranged in yield between 1,375 and 765 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, with an average of 1.023 lbs. The 15 varieties secured within the State ranged between 1.160 and 860 lbs., with an average of 974 lbs., indicating the need of more careful selecting of seed in the State. The 12 long-staple varieties ranged between 1,160 and 875 lbs., with an average of 1,009 lbs. At the Edgecombe farm the 16 short-staple varieties tested ranged in yield between 1,305 and 870 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, with an average of 1,154 lbs. The 10 short-staple varieties from points within the State ranged be- tween 1.310 and 870 lbs., with an average of 1.113 lbs. The 6 varieties from points out of the State ranged between 1,305 and 1,140 lbs., with an average of 1,222 lbs. The long-staple cottons ranged in yield between 1,520 and 1,045 lbs., with an average of 1.283 lbs. The variety test at the Iredell farm contained 25 short-staple varieties and 8 long-staple varieties, of which 9 short and 2 long staple varieties came from points in the State. The short-staple varieties from out of the State gave an average yield of 618.4 lbs. of seed cotton and 246 lbs. of lint per acre as com- pared with 738 lbs. of seed cotton and 288 lbs. of lint for the locally grown varieties. The 4 leading varieties were from seed secured in the State. Four of the 9 local varieties produced lint less than seven-eighths of an inch in length. Cauto tree cotton, H. H. Cousins {Bui. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, n. ser., 2 {1915), No. 8, pp. 33Jf, 335, pis. 8). — This notes the successful cultivation of a wild variety of cotton. Gossypium brasiliense, var. apospermuni, discovered in the jungles of Cuba. Yields of this perennial cotton reached 600, 700, and 900 lbs. of seed cotton per acre in successive years. The lint as grown in Jamaica is stated to be of good quality. A preliminary note on the factors controlling the ginning per cent of Indian cottons, H. M. Leake {Jour. Genetics, 4 {1914) No. 1, pp. 41-^7).— This presents the results of a study to determine factors that influence the ginning percentage of cotton and make it clear how the offspring of two parents, each having a ginning percentage of from 25 to 26, could have a percentage ranging from IS to 36. 530 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. It was discovered that the ginning percentage was not directly measured by any single one of the characters of volume of seed, specific gravity of seed, number of fibers arising from a single seed, or the weight of the individual fibers. By using the coefficients of correlation between the characters of num- ber of fibers per seed, weight of 1,000 fibers, and volume of seed, it was found that one, the number of fibers per seed, had a marked effect on the value of the ginning percentage. Fiber industry of British East Africa, A. Wiggles worth {London: John Bale, Sons d Danielsson, Ltd., 1915, pp. 15, fig. 1).—A paper read at the Third International Congress of Tropical Agriculture, held at London in June, 1914. and giving an account of the methods of production and manufacture of fiber from Sansevieria and sisal. The growth and preparation of Italian hemp, A. Wiggles worth (London: [Author], 1914, pp. 39, figs. 18). — This gives methods employed in Italy in the production of hemp and the manufacture of the fiber. Investigations on hops.— V, On the aroma of hops, J. Schmidt (Compt. Rend. Lab. Carlsberg, 11 {1915), No. 3, pp. 149-163).— This describes experi- ments in growing and breeding hops in connection with work previously noted (E. S. R., 31 p. 526). The results have been summarized as follows: " In exact investigations as to hops, whether of botanical or chemical, prac- tical or scientific nature, the work should be based upon clones, as otherwise the results may be liable to justifiable criticism. "Among the hop plants cultivated in the experimental garden of the Carls- berg Laboratory, there were in 1911 two American plants (labeled Oregon Cluster and New York Spaulding English Cluster), the hops of which exhibited a very peculiar turpentine-like aroma, so widely different from that of all European varieties that a single hop could at once be recognized by the smell among hundreds of others. Cultivation experiments made during the years 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914 showed that this aroma remained apparently con- stant in our climate in these two plants and their clones. " Crossing experiments made in 1912, 1913, and 1914 with the two American plants and Danish males showed that the turpentine-like aroma was trans- mitted to between one-half and three-fourths of the offspring plants, without regard to whether the hops themselves retained the appeai-ance peculiar to those of the mother plant. " From the experiments already mentioned, as well as from several others made with European varieties (e. g., those from Saaz in Bohemia) it would seem that the aroma of hops is not to be regarded as so volatile a character, or so entirely due to purely local conditions, as has generally been believed." Investigations on hops. — VI, On the amount of lupulin in plants raised by crossing, J. Schmidt {Compt. Rend. Lab. Carlsberg, 11 {1915), No. 4, PP- 165- 183). — In experiments in breeding hops to increase the lupulin content, 21 females of Danish, English, German, and Austrian origin, all cultivated plants, • were crossed with wild Danish males in 1911. The lupulin (total content of hard and soft resins) contents of the seedling offspring ranged from 7.3 to 19.7 per cent as maximums of the several groups of different parentage. The average lupulin content of the oft'spring of any given parentage showed lower than that of the mother plant, but there were a few individuals that showed a higher content. This was true in spite of the fact that wild males, " pre- sumably genotypically poor in lupulin," were used. Thus by vegetative propagation the author sees a method of improvement by using the highest plus variant among the offspring. Investigations on hops. — VIII, On the flowering time of plants raised by crossing, J, Schmidt {Compt. Rend. Lab. Carlsberg, 11 {1915), No. 4> PP- 188- FIELD CROPS. 531 198). — This article notes the earliness and lateness in time of flowering of crosses between cultivated English and Austrian female hops and wild Danish hops. The dates of flowering of the offspring showed a wide A^ariation, the number of individuals decreasing greatly from the average toward the two extremes and thus offering an opportunity for improvement by selection and vegetative propagation. "A comparison of offspring and mother plants reveals the fact that the mean flowering date of the former is often essentially different from that of the latter. This made itself apparent in our experiments as a retardation of the flowering time in the offspring of early plants, and an advancement of the same in those of later varieties, while in the offspring of intermediate mother plants, little or no difference was observed." Report on collective experiments: Results of introducing in 1913 fer- tilizers on lupines, S. P. Kulzhinskii (Ahs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 (1914), No. 3, pp. 268, 269).— Fertilizer experiments with blue lupines, reported from 42 fields, show that the use of 2 poods (72 lbs.) of K2O as potash salt per des.syatina (2.7 acres) gave increases in yields ranging from 105 to 631 poods per dessyatina in 25 cases. Ten cases reported decreased yields with potash. The use of 2 poods of P2O5 per dessyatina as superphosphate showed increases in yields ranging from 31 to 710 iwods in 15 fields, and decreases in 19 cases ranging from 17 to 1,212 poods. The average of all the P2O5 tests showed decrease in yield of 72 poods. With the combined application of 2 poods of IViO and 2 poods of P2O5 per dessyatina, 18 cases re- ported increases up to 626 poods, while 16 reported decreases in yields of green forage up to 1,264 poods, with an average decrease of 34 poods of green forage by the use of the combination. The use of seed potatoes from light soils on richer and heavier soils, ScHNEiDEWiND {Laudw. Wchnschv. Sachsen, 11 {1915), No. 3, pp. IS, 19; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 4, pp. 575, 576). — This notes the increase in yield, ranging from 2,000 to 7,100 lbs. per acre, of potatoes returned to a loess-loam soil after having been planted a season or two on a sandy soil. Pictorial practical potato growing, W. P. Wright and E. J. Castle (London and New York: Cassell d Company, Ltd., 1913, pp. 152, figs. 50). — This book treats of intensive methods of production and of insect pests and fungus dis- eases of potatoes, with notes on the cooking of potatoes. The prototype of the cultivated sorghums, C. V. Pipee (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7 (1915), No. 3, pp. 109-117).— In this article the author reviews the studies of earlier investigators and discusses various forms and subspecies of Andropogon sorghum of African origin as possible prototypes. He concludes that " there is yet too much to be learned about the wild sorghums to determine with any assurance which are the actual prototypes of the cultivated sor- ghums. It seems perfectly clear, however, that A. halepensis and its subspecies as above defined are not at all concerned. It appears equally clear that not all of the wild races of A. sorghum can be considered as probable ancestors of the cultivated varieties. The ones most likely to belong in this category are A. heivisoni, niloticus, drummondii, and possibly effusus and verticilUflorus. The last two races as at present understood are very variable and perhaps each name stands for several distinct plants. The problem of the wild ancestors of the cultivated sorghums is now so narrowed that it is reasonable to hope that the details may in the near future be definitely determined." "Variations in soy bean inoculation, J. H. Vooehees (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7 (1915), No. 3, pp. 139, I4O). — This notes the absence of nodules on the roots of certain varieties of soy beans although the seed had been inoculated 532 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and grown in mixture with other varieties that formed nodules abundantly on their roots. The cultivation of sugar beet in Norfolk and Suffolk, C. S. Okwin and J. Orr (,Jo^lr. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1915), No. 11, pp. 969-987) .—This article discusses methods and the economics of growing sugar beets in Norfolk and Suffolk counties, England, and gives statistical data for the years 1912, 1913, and 1914, showing the itemized cost of production on 16 farms that had from 4 to 70 acres of sugar beets. In Norfolk the cost per acre ranged from £7 5s. 6d. to £12 4s. lOd., and in Suffolk from £7 9s. 7d. to £12 lis. 6d. The yields in Nor- folk ranged from 8 tons to 13 tons 5 cwt., and in Suffolk from 2 tons 71 cwt. to 9 tons 6 cwt. per acre. Single-germ beet seed, C. O. Townsend {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 8, pp. 351-35.'t, fig. 1). — This article notes the success attained in the production of single-germ seeds in sugar beets by selection. The author states that "our selected plants are now producing about 75 per cent of single-germ seeds, and individual plants in a few cases show a somewhat higher percentage than this. The work and progress of single-germ beet seed production is based upon the fact that certain beet plants possess the ability so to develop the seed stems that the buds and flowers are separated from each other in the process of growth. This tendency to separate the flowers and thereby to produce single- germ seeds seems to be transmissible from parent to offspring ; whether or not this will become a fixed character time only can tell. The indications are that this character will become fixed." Report of the seedling expert. H. B. Cowgill {Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. P. R., 3 {1913-14), pp. 55-63). — This reports work in progress in sugar-cane culture. In fertilizer experiments with second ratoon cane it was shown that the best yield (15.G5 tons per acre) was obtained by the use of 120 lbs. each of nitrogen and potash and 60 lbs. of phosphoric acid. This yield was 9.35 tons above the average of the check plats. The application of 2.000 lbs. of lime per acre increased the yield about one-third over an average of all fertilized plats. In spacing experiments 1^ continuous rows of seed and seed placed end to end gave larger yields than one seed every 2 ft, 1 seed every 3 ft., 2 seeds every 3 ft., and 2 seeds every 4 ft. in rows 4, 5, and 6 ft. apart. Results of variety tests of cane grown on lowlands and highlands are given. Manurial experiments, H. A. Tempany et al. {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, ^ugar-Cane Expts. Leeward Isl., 1913-14, pt. 2, pp. 52-78, pis. 2).— This article gives in detail the results of manurial experiments with sugar cane for the season 1913-14 and a summary including results for several years. " It has been shown that under average conditions the amounts of manurial constituents supplied in a dressing of pen manure at the rate of 20 tons to the cere, applied before the crop of plant cane is established, provide suflScient food for the production of a crop of plant canes, first ratoons, and possibly second ratoons; the augmentation of this supply by an additional dressing of pen manure or artificial manures is unattended by corresponding substantial in- creases. This result is attributed to the limitation of the water supply avail- able for growth. " With an increase in potential productivity consequent on a more regular water suply it seems reasonable to suppose that such additional manuring would be likely to prove profitable. The beneficial action of quick-acting ni- trogenous manures on ratoon canes is attributed to the fact that they stimulate recovery from the check to the growth incident on the reaping of the previous crop, whereby the plant is enabled rapidly to resume its physiological func- tions, and to continue to utilize the store of manurial material derived from the original application of pen manure. Additional confirmation is given to FIELD CEOPS. • 533 this view by the results obtained when quick-acting nitrogenous manures are applied in two doses instead of one. A decrease of yield is seen invariably as a result of the division of the application, the inference being that by the time the late dose is given the canes have already made such growth as to preclude the extra supply of readily available nitrogen exercising any great effect. . . . "Additional investigations have further demonstrated that appreciable re- sidual action is felt on succeeding crojis of cane as the result of the applications of artificial manures to any one crop, the effect being seen in first ratoons when the applications are made to plant canes, and in the second ratoons when they are made to first ratoons. In estimating the effect of a manurial dressing, therefore, it is necessary to allow for the existence of possible residual action. In relation to the recently introduced nitrogenous manures, nitrolim and nitrate of lime, it has been shown that nitrolim is ineffective as a manure when applied to ratoon oaues, bat nitrate of lime possesses a value nearly equal to that of sulphate of ammonia. Applications of molasses to ratoon canes have proved to be unproductive of benefit; the effect of similar applications to plant canes is under investigation. The effect of small dressings of lime has been negative, but when larger dressings of marl have been given benefit has been derived, especially in the case of heavy noncalcareous soils. The effect of intertillage on ratoon canes has been found to be a beneficial one." Catalytic or fecundating- stimuli and mutation in Nicotiana, A. Splendore (Bol. Tec. Coltiv. Tabacchi [Scafam, U {1915), No. 1-2, pp. 3-^7, pis. 21).— This describes offspring derived from 26 crosses between varieties of Nicotiana with each other and with several species of Solanacese and Scrophulariacese as female parents. The Georgia velvet bean, J. Belling {Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 7, p. 290). — This article notes an early variety of velvet bean now grown in Georgia, the first flowers of which appear nearly two months earlier than those of the Florida velvet bean. The author concludes that " from crosses between the Yokohama and the Florida the Florida has a factor for late flowering, H, which the Yokohama does not possess. Hence it may be supposed that the Georgia velvet arose from the Florida velvet by the "spontaneous" loss of the factor H. Since H is dominant, the early plants would appear only in the second generation." Variation in pure lines of winter wheat, C. G. Willla.ms {Proc. 8oc. Prom. Agr. ScL, 35 {1914), PP- 89-54).— This article gives the results of a series of experiments begun at the Ohio Experiment Station in 1907 and lOOS to study the variation with respect to heritability of length of head, size of kernel, and protein content of pure line selections of wheat. From continued selections for several generations no heritable variation of any of these characters could be detected. The data show that the seed of either extreme character has a tendency to produce a crop having the general average. Determination of seeds of Cuscuta trifolii and C. suaveolens by anatomical methods, J. Bernatsky {Eiserlet. Kozlem., 18 {1915), No. 2, pp. 207-222, figs. 7). — This gives results of a microscopical study of the structure of the seeds of C. trifolii and. C. suaveolens, which may ordinarily be distinguished by their size. When, as frequently happened, the seeds of G. suaveolens were unusually small and those of C trifolii were unusually large, the observation of distin- guishing characteristics other than size became necessary. The following char- acteristics were noted, respectively : Length of cells of the first layer of palisade cells, H to 19/1 and IS to 28ja; length of cells of the second layer of palisade cells, 16 to 24m and 40 to 52;a; length of the first of layer palisade cells near the hilum from 12 to 19/a and 18 to 40/i ; length of the second layer, 32ij. and 56 to 534 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. 90|U. The starch grains in the endosperm of the small seeds of C. suaveoJens were massed together and measured about Ifi ; those of the large seeds of C. trifoJii were single and measured about 4^*. The weed Galinsoga parviflora. K. Muxleb (Arh. Dent. Landic. Gesell., No. 272 (1914), pp. 31, pis. 6). — This article treats of the characteristics of this weed, and discusses its development, vegetative requirements, and methods of seed distribution. Methods of eradication are described, and its useful as well as its undesirable qualities and legislative regulations for its control in Germany are noted. Methods of determining weight per bushel, H. H. Love (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agran.. 7 (1915), No. 3, pp. 121-128. pi. 1). — This describes an apparatus de- signed by H. W. Teeter, and presents data showing that by its use it is possible to make comparable all weight per bushel results. A method for testing the breaking strength of straw, B. C. Helmick (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron.. 7 {1915). No. 3. pp. 118-120. ph 1. fig. i).— This describes an apparatus for determining the breaking strength of straw and gives some data showing its satisfactory use. HORTICULTURE. [Report of horticultural investigations] {Montana Sta. Rpt. 191^, pp. 395- 397). — Measiirements of fruit trees on the cultural test plats at the horticul- tural substation in the Bitter Boot Valley show that those on the plat cropped with potatoes have made the best growth since planting in 190S. Those on the clover plat where the crop has been cut and left on the ground rank next in growth, and those on the clean cultivated plats rank third. The trees on the cultivated plat are now beginning to show rosette, indicating that while the young trees may thrive for a time under clean cultivation bearing trees can not be expected to continue in good condition under such a system of culture. Of the apple varieties being tested at this substation the Newtown Pippin and the Spitzenburg have been eliminated as maturing too late. The varieties of apples which have been so seriously affected by blight as to render them of doubtful value for commercial planting are Opalescent. Jonathan. Winter Banana. Wismer Desert, Wagener, and Wealthy. Practically all bearing pear trees were killed by blight during the summer of 1914. The varieties repre- sented were Bartlett, Seckel. Clapp. and Flemish Beauty. A test of mulching as compared with cultivation in growing vegetables with- out irrigation has been carried on at the home station. The following vegetables were gi'own under cultivation and under straw mulch : Beets, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, cucumbers, endive, kohl-rabi. lettuce, onions, parsnips, peas, pump- kins, radishes, rutabagas, salsify, spinach, squash, sweet com. Swiss chard, tomatoes, and turnips. With the exception of cabbage, in which the yield and the weight of heads, especially of the later varieties, were increased by mulch- ing and of the late root crops in which the yield and quality were improved by mulching, cultivation seemed to give the best results. The straw mulch conserved more moisture than the cultivation but during warm weather re- duced the soil temperature as much as 10° F. during the warmer part of the day. Under the climatic conditions at the station temperature seemed to be as important a factor as soil moisture in crop growth. Some cultural experiments were conducted with celery. The seed started in greenhouses on February 14 produced an average of 30 per cent of seed stalks. while the same varieties started on March 14 produced a fraction over 1 per cent of seed stalks. Early plantings grown on very rich soil produced 3S per cent of seed stalks, while seed from the same stock planted in medium soil HOETICULTURE. 535 produced only 18 per cent of seed stalks. Sandy soil gave 30 per cent of seed stalks in the case of early planting and but a slight percentage in the case of late planting. The results as a whole seem to indicate that early planting, soil overrich In organic matter, or soil too abundantly supplied with sand will encourage premature seeding. A comparison of ridge and level cultivation in growing onions resulted in favor of the former method. Ridging apparently induced early maturity and the bulbs seemed to " bottom up " better. Report of the horticulturist, C. F. Kinman {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. lOl-ff, pp. 17-22, pi. 1). — ^A short progress report on investigations with fruits, vege- tables, and miscellaneous plants (E. S. R., 31, p. 634). Among the East Indian varieties of mangoes being tested Amini and Cam- bodiana were the most promising during 1914. Over 400 trees, including GO imported varieties, were under cultivation. Work with yautias, dasheens, yams, sweet potatoes, etc.. is being continued. Cooperative variety tests have been conducted near San Juan on the sandy coastal plains. The first crop of yautias grown on the sandy soils has been unsatisfactory, but few of the varieties proving suflBciently prolific to warrant commercial cultivation. Dasheens were more promising, though not heavy producers. Some varieties of sweet potatoes have given good returns, while many are not profitable under these conditions. Some data are given on the cooperative fertilizer experiments with citrus fruits, the results of which have been published in full in a bulletin by the station (E. S. R., 33, p. 241). The cooperative experiments with coconuts have been extended to parts of the island where different weather conditions pre- vail. Eight harvests have been made since the fertilizer experiments were started in 1912. The trees under observation are old palms on sandy beach land suitable for coconut culture, but have been slow to respond to fertilizer treatment. In the last harvest, in plats given a complete fertilizer, the yield was in excess of that in check plats, although only small differences existed between the complete fertilizer and incomplete fertilizer and check plats. Data collected on individual coconut trees have shown a wide variation in yield, indicating the importance of seed-nut selection by those contemplating a new grove. Experiments are being conducted to determine the advisability of growing leguminous cover crops in a young coconut grove. Jack beans (Canavalm cnsifonnis) and a few species of velvet beans (StizoloMinn spp. ) planted in April all made good growth and crowded out all native weeds and grasses. The Stizolohium spp. appeared to have a longer growing season and to produce a heavier crop of vegetation than the jack beans and are therefore preferable in coconut plantations. Leguminous cover-crop work was also conducted in citrus orchards and pineapple plantations. Much of the work was with the velvet bean species. These crops have made an excellent growth in both hea\-y and light soils where rainfall has been suflBcient. They demand frequent cut- ting back, however, to keep them from injuring the trees. Notes are given on different species of velvet beans desirable for cover-crop planting. Both jack beans and pigeon peas were found to be injurious to the two varieties of pineapples under observation, Cabezona and Red Spanish, when planted in beds with them. The pigeon pea caused the most injury and the Cabezona pineapple was more severely injured than the Red Spanish. A number of varieties of pineapples were planted more than two years ago in an area between 7-year-old PithecoIoMum saman trees to test the effect of the shade and the nitrogen stored in the soil by the leguminous trees on the development of the pineapples. The shade trees were planted 20 by 20 feet 536 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED. apart. The shade furnished by these trees was thin and the nodule growth on the roots very heavy, but the pineapples were almost a complete failure. They suffered most during the dry months. The conclusion reached as to growing pineapples with leguminous crops is that clean culture is necessary for the best development of the pineapples. Report of the assistant horticulturist, T. B. McClelland {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 23-26, pi. 1). — ^A progress report on the station's work with coffee, cacao, vanilla, and some miscellaneous plants (E. S. R., 31, p. 637). Some of the varieties of foreign coffee being tested came into bearing much later than Porto Rican coffee. Some produced a larger and others a smaller bean, and some are of excellent quality and others inferior. As to vigorous growth and amount of yield the Columnaris coffee, a sport from the ordinary Arabian type discovered in Java less than 30 years ago, is the most pi-omising of the foreign coffees which have been tested on any scale and which have come into bearing up to the present time. The coffee fertilizer experiments do not show as yet that fertilizer can be applied with a financial gain. It seems quite probable that coffee should be included among the acid-tolerant plants, as benefits from lime alone applied to the acid soils at the station have been doubtful. Some of the handsomest coffee trees in the station plantings are in soil which is so acid as to require 1.0527 gm. of sodium hydroxid for neutraliza- tion of 1 kg, of soil. Considerable damage to coffee by rats is reported from various sections of the coffee district. From a young coffee tree with some limbs bearing variegated foliage and others normally green leaves seeds were planted to watch the inheritance of variegation. Of 30 seedlings from limbs with variegated foliage 17 had variegated cotyledonous leaves and two more were slightly off color, while of 36 seedlings from limbs bearing normally colored leaves none were variegated. The yield of the 11-year-old cacao planting has shown an increase of nearly a third over that from the preceding year, and more than two and one-half times as great as the crop of three years ago. The most productive tree yielded the equivalent of about 4 lbs. of dried beans, worth 14 cts. a pound. The experiments with vanilla are being continued satisfactorily, some of the species being considered now worth cultivating as ornamentals in addition to their economic value. Monthly tappings of rubber are being continued but the yields are so small as to discourage any planting. The cost of tapping and collecting alone has exceeded the value of the product. Among the economic plants obtained in Venezuela in 1913 are a black bean which has proved to be very vigorous and prolific and a delicious table corn, called " Cariaco " which has shown itself fairly well adapted to some local soils. Seedlings of mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla, have made exceedingly rapid and vigorous growth. Woi'k with vegetables from seed brought from the North and grown in Porto Rico from one to many generations has been continued. Above everything else the marked effect of the planting season has stood out clearly. The existence of a tropical climate does not mean the ability to disregard the seasons. [Floral and vegetable trials at Wisley in 1914], C. C. Titchmarsh (Jour. Roy. Hort. Sac, 40 {1915), No. 3, pp. 499-541, 544-54&, 552-562, pis. 2).— This comprises reports on variety tests of China asters, early flowering chry.sauthe- mums, helianthus, heleniums, rudbeckias, French beans, and melons, tested under the direction of the Royal Horticultural Society in the Wisley gardens in 1914. [Miscellaneous floral and vegetable trials at Wisley, 1914] {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc, 40 {1915), No. 3, pp. 549-551, 563-555).— Notes similar to the above on a number of miscellaneous flowers and vegetables tested iii Wisley in 1914. HORTICULTURE. 537 Cabbage growing in California, S. S. Rogers {California Sta. Circ. 130 (1915), pp. 22, figs. 9). — A treatise on the culture of cabbage with special reference to California conditions. The following phases are discussed : Early history of cabbage growing, types and varieties, the cabbage as a truck crop, intercrop, and market garden crop, soils, moisture, climatic requirements, grow- ing and subsequent care of the plants, time of planting and quality of seed, preparation of the field, planting and subsequent care of the plants, harvesting, storing, marketing, cost of production and profits, diseases, and insect pests. The inheritance of size in tomatoes, F. E. Peeey {Ohio Nat., 15 {1915), No. 6, pp. Ii.l'3-Jt97, figs. 5). — ^This paper reports a study of the inheritance of size in a red currant-yellow pear tomato cross which was made in 1911 and grown through four generations. The literature on character inheritance is briefly reviewed and a bibliography of literature dealing with inheritance is included. Summarizing the results of the study as a whole the author finds that a more accurate representation of the size of the tomato fruits can be obtained from their weights than from linear dimensions. The size of fruit of the Fi genera- tion of the currant-pear cross is the geometrical mean between the parental sizes. From an examination of all available data upon the inheritance of fruit size in the Fi generation it appears that when two varieties are crossed which differ widely in fruit size, as in the case of the currant and pear tomatoes, the Fi fruit size will be nearer to the geometrical than the arithmetical mean, but when two parents similar in fruit size are crossed the size of fruits of the off- spring will approach more nearly to the arithmetical than to the geometrical mean. The average fruit size of the F2 generation does not exceed and is even slightly less than the average fruit size for the Fi generation. Fruits of the F2 and Fa gnerations agree fairly well in respect to variability and average genera- tion size. F4 fruits show diminished variability and size. Arboriculture, L. Savastano (Arhoricoltura. Naples: Francesco Giannini & Sons, 1914, pp. XI -{-848, figs. 268). — This work is essentially a treatise on the principles of fruit and nut growing, with special reference to kinds adapted to Italian conditions. Part 1 reviews the history and development of arboriculture. Part 2 contains a census of cultivated and cultivable fruits and nuts and treats in detail of the biologj' of arboriculture, including also information relative to the acclimatiza- tion and geography of fruit trees. The succeeding parts treat in detail of the cultural technique, including propagation, grafting, pruning, manuring, tillage, irrigation, crossing, pollination, and artificial ripening; the establishment and management of orchards, groves, and plantations; and harvesting, packing, mar- keting, refrigeration, storage, transportation, insect pests, diseases and other enemies, orchard renovation, transplanting developed trees, windbreaks and hedges, and orchard valuation. A bibliography of literature on the subject is also included. A guide to the literature of pomology, E. A. Bunyakd {Jour. Roy. Hort. SoG., 40 {1915), No. 3, pp. 414-449). — In this paper the author describes the more important pomological books of various countries and gives a list of im- portant general pomologies; special monographs on various hardy fruits; gen- eral catalogues and reference works; treatises on grafting and budding, pruning and training, and culture under glass; and general works on fruit growing. Small fruits for home and commercial planting, L. F. Sutton {West Vir- ginia Sta. Bill. 149 {1915), pp. 3-38, figs. 18). — In this bulletin consideration is given to strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants, and gooseberries with reference to establishing plantations, varieties, culture, cost of production, yields, marketing, returns, and profits. 7700°— No. 6—15 4 538 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. The addition of soft soap to lead arsenate for spraying purposes, D. R. Edwardes-Keb {Jour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, No. 22 (1913), pp. 359-362).— The effect of solutions of soft soap upon arsenate of lead suspensions was studied by preparing the mixture in different ways, filtering after allowing to stand for about one-half hour, and determining the soluble arsenic in the filtrate. The results as here summarized show that the addition of a 1 per cent soap solution to lead arsenate, either homemade or in commercial form, does not lead to any appreciable increase in the amount of soluble arsenic. In the case of the homemade material, however, soap solution must not be used for making up the lead acetate and sodium arsenate solutions in place of water, as not only is there a marked increase in the soluble arsenic but in addition the precipitate is obtained of such a texture and consistency as to render impossible its application by spraying. This precipitate consists of a mixture of lead arsenate and lead soap, a quantity of soluble arsenate equivalent to the lead soap remaining in solution. The addition of soap solution to lead arsenate paste does not, however, lead to the formation of any lead soap nor to an in- crease in the soluble arsenic. Spray calendar, F. W. Faxjbot (Missouri Fruit Sta. Circ. 6 (1913), pp. 12, figs. 7). — This circular contains a schedule for spraying apples and peaches and other stone fruits, together with directions for the preparation of spray mixtures. New method of obtaining grafted peaches, A. Manaeesi (Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital., Jf8 (1915), No. 1, pp. 57-60). — As a result of successful budding experi- ments in which over 90 per cent of budded trees were secured, the author recommends the use of the so-called June budding method which is frequently employed in propagating peaches in the southern peach districts of the United States, but which does not appear to have been commonly used in Italy. Testing grape varieties in the Vinifera regions of the United States, G. C. HusMANN (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 209 (1915), pp. 157, pis. 10, fig. i).— This bul- letin gives additional data on the Department's viticultural investigations in the Vinifera regions of the United States, previously repored on in 1910 (E. S. R., 23, p. 640), and reports on researches started since that date. A brief description is given of the twelve experimental vineyards in Cali- fornia, with reference to their purpose, location, soil, and climatic conditions, including weather data secured at each vineyard. Other important data pre- sented in tabular form include cultural data of fourteen American species of grapes whose varieties or hybrids are under test as resistant stocks; the rela- tive growth rating of resistant and direct-producing varieties of grapes under test, including a list of stocks worthy of special mention as having made excel- lent growth ratings at each of eleven vineyards; resistant varieties making the best growth records in each vineyard ; improved American native and Franco-American grape varieties which are being tested on their own roots ; the relative behavior and value for different purposes of Vinifera varieties tested by grafting on resistant stocks and by growing on their own roots ; and the relative behavior and value for different purposes of improved native American and Franco-American varieties tested. The investigations as a whole have shown that the adaptability of varieties to soil, climate, and some other conditions can be closely forecasted, but con- geniality of stock and scion must be determined by actual test. The best results are obtained where the scion and stock ai'e congenial and both are suited to all the conditions of the environment. Different species used as stocks for the same variety may increase or diminish the vigor and productiveness of the variety and the quality, size, and appearance of the fruit; cause it to ripen earlier or later; and bring about varying results from perfect success to almost HORTICULTUEE. 539 complete failure. A lack of this knowleclge has been responsible for heavy losses in reconstituting California vineyards. Extensive saccharine and acid determinations show a close correspondence between these constituents of the fruit and the congeniality of stock. Similar growth ratings of a variety grafted on different stocks are accompanied by fairly definite percentages of sugar and acid. Congeniality of the variety to the stock materially affects the resistant qualities of the stock. Quantity and quality of the fruit are usually in opposition on the soils and vines producing most abundantly. Most vine varieties making perfect growth on resistant stocks are found to yield heavier crops than the same variety grown on its own roots. The relative rooting qualities of resistant varieties are an important consideration in the cost of establishing resistant vineyards. Some stocks are suitable for bench grafting while others are especially valu- able for vineyard grafting. Of the various stocks tested Riparia, Berlandieri, Champiui, and Aestivalis are in most instances congenial to Vinifera varieties. Fruitfulness of these varieties is increased and the time of ripening hastened in comparison with the same varieties grown on other stocks. Some of the hybrid resistant-stock varieties are making enviable records as stocks under California conditions. Where all the qualities desired can not be found in a hybrid a complex hybrid may yield the desired results. A number of new grape introductions by this Department are proving to be superior to the varieties now commercially grown for certain purposes. Physiolog-ical research on pollen g'ermination in Vitis vinifera, E. Gaeino- Canina (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 47 (.1914), No. 7, pp. 4Sl-492).—The investiga- tion here reported confirms the author's earlier results (B. S. R., 29, p. 839) with reference to a more or less toxic effect of most spray mixtures commonly used on grapes. In conducting laboratory studies a medium containing 15 per cent saccharose and 2 per cent neutral gelatin, acidulated with tartaric acid solution (1:4,000), was found to be the best for germinating pollen grains. The prolonged action of rain appears to cause the explosion of pollen grains and tubes through the dilution of the glucose-acid fluid. This phenomenon may be reproduced experimentally by germination of pollen grains in distilled water. Temperatures inferior to 14° C. and superior to 35° durihg the period of fecundation are able to bring about infecundity, the lower temperatures preventing germination and the higher temperatures causing abnormal develop- ment of the pollen tubes. The author points out that there should be no inde- cision as to the use of spray mixtures when choosing between a possibility of pollen sterility and a certainty of mildew attack. Viticulture in Japan, Y. Oinoue (Inform. Agr. [Madrid], 5 (1915), No. 100, pp. lJf5-148, figs. 3). — A short descriptive account of viticulture in Japan with special reference to the kinds of grapes grown and those susceptible and re- sistant to disease. Some recent experiments on the conservation of grapes in various gases, G. Dalmasso (Rivista [Conegliano], 5. ser., 21 (1915), No. 10, pp. 217-219).— Experiments conducted by the author during 1914 and here briefly summarized indicate that the conservation of grapes in a confined atmosphere of either car- bonic acid, deoxygenated air, ozonized air, or pure oxygen is not feasible since deterioration sets in and. unpleasant flavors are developed in less than two months' time. Statistics on the production of grapes and olives in 1914 (Estadistica de las Producciones Viticola y Olivarera en el Ano 191.^. Madrid: Govt., 1915, pp. 9). — This is the usual statistical review relative to the production of grapes, wine, olives, and. olive oil in Spain (E. S. R., 31, p. 238). 540 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The methods of reproduction in olive culture, C. Campbell {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 47 (1914), No. 4, pp. 297-307).— A biological discussion relative to the sexual and asexual methods of propagating olives, with special reference to the judicious selection of stock and scion. Bench rooting of citrus nursery stock, W. R. Ralston {Cal. Cult., ^^ {1915), No. 19, pp. 556, 557,%. 1; Univ. Cal. Jour. Agr., 2 {1915), No. 8, pp. 292-294, fig, J). —Investigations conducted by the author at the University of California have shown that the bench root trouble of citrus trees, which has been com- monly attributed to the presence of roclc or other hard substances beneath the seed when planted, is not due to any external influence, but to the peculiar toughness of the fibrous seed coat, through which the root is unable to pene- trate until it has bent and twisted itself to the detriment of the future tree. It is found that by removing the coat of the seeds very carefully bench root can be totally avoided. This, however, is too expensive a process for nur- sery practice. Extended experiments have shown that if the seeds are soaked from 36 to 48 hours before planting the bench root will be reduced to 15 per cent of the total number of the seedlings planted. Notes on the lime and the lemon as sources of citric acid and essential oils, W. R. DuNLOP (Bill. Imp. Inst. [So. Kensington], 13 {1915), No. 1, pp. 66-87). — In these notes the author contrasts the lemon and the lime as sources of citrus products and compares their respective yields and positions in the world's markets. An outline is given of the methods practiced in cultivating limes in the West Indies, including information relative to the commerce in lime products. The blood orange in the territory of Caltagirone, F. T. Cocuzza {Ann. R. Stas. Sper. Agrum. e Frutticol. Acirealc, 2 {1914), PP- 1-13). — ^An account of the blood orange in Caltagirone with reference to its culture, harvesting, and marketing, together with analytical data relative to the dimensions, weight, volume, specific gravity, and chemical analysis. The cultivation of the hazelnut in the Province of Messina, M. Stanca- NELLi {Ann. R. Staz. Sper. Agrum. e Frutticol. Acireale, 2 {1914), PP- 129-214).— A monograph on the hazelnut {Corylus avellana) with reference to its history, economic importance in Sicily, climatic and soil requirements, botany, and varieties, together with details relative to the establishment and care of hazel- nut plantations, methods of harvesting, preparation, conservation, and commerce. Economic data are also given relative to the cost of establishing a plantation, cost of production, and returns, including statistics on the commerce of hazelnuts. An extensive bibliography of cited literature is given. Dahlias tried at Duffryn, 1914 {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc., 40 {1915), No. S, pp. 542, 543). — Data are given on a variety test of dahlias conducted at Duffryn under the direction of the Royal Horticultural Society. The gardenette or city back yard gardening by the sandwich system, B. F. Albaugh (Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd Company, 1915, 3. ed., pp. 138, pis. 33). — A popular treatise on vegetable and flower gardening, in which the author advocates and discusses the use of plant beds with an under stratum of straw or stable litter about 5 in. deep upon which is placed a thin layer of rich, fine, stable manure, covered by another layer of stable litter about 2 in. deep, and then with 4 in. of street scrapings or compost. It is claimed for such beds, which are especially applicable to back-yard gardening, that they mature crops earlier than ordinary garden soils, are well-aerated, and drain off the surplus water well when irrigated. The use of charcoal as a medium for plant growth, A. Appleyaed (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc, 40 (1915), No. 3, pp. 473-475).— A short review of the literature dealing with the use of charcoal by gardeners. EXPEEIMENT STATIOIST EECOED. 541 FORESTRY. The evolution of forest policy, P. Descombes (L' Evolution de la Politique Forestidre. Paris: Lihrairie Berger-Levra^ilt, 1914, pp. X-{-330). — In this work, which comprises the second part of a course in silvonomy, the author briefly reviews tlie evolution of the forest policy in France down to the end of the nine- teenth century, after which an account is given of subsequent activities by various associations and by the State leading to reforestation, with special refer- ence to the establishment of protective forests along mountain slopes. The term " sylvonomie " as here used bears tbe same relation to silviculture as agronomy does to agriculture. The use book, a manual for users of the National Forests, 1915 (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv., 1915, pp. 160). — A fifth revision of the regulations and instructions for the use of the National Forests (E. S. R., 24, p. 548). In this edition, which has been prepared for forest users, those regulations affecting only forest officers and not of interest to the public have been omitted. International Forestry Congress (Cong. Forest. Internat. IParis], 1913, Compt. Rend., pp. 961). — A report of the general sessions and of the various sections of the International Forestry Congress, held in Paris, June 16 to 20, 1913, under the auspices of the Touring Club of France. The following sections were held: Forest technique or silviculture; forest legislation and economy; forest technology, commerce in wood and wood-using industries; general for- estry operations ; and the forest in relation to tourists and the esthetic education of the people. Papers by numerous reporters on various phases of these sub- jects, together with the discussions following and resolutions adopted are included. A bibliography of literature bearing on each section is also given. Report of the department of forestry of the State of Pennsylvania for the years 1912-13, R. S. Conkxin (Rpt. Penn. Dept. Forestry, 1912-13, pp. 493, pis. 14). — This comprises a report of the commissioner of forestry for the years 1912 and 1913 relative to the administration and management of the state forests and nurseries, nursery investigations, legislation dealing with forest protection and taxation, state and private planting operations, forest surveys, and miscel- laneous work, together with a financial statement. Tabular data showing the loss from forest fires and the timber cut in 1912 and 1913 are included. Progress report of forest administration in the' Province of Assam for the year 1913-14, W. F. Pereee and A. V. Monro (Rpt. Forest Admin. Assam, 1913-14, pp. 2+30+55+5, jd. i).— This is the usual account relative to the administration and management of the state forests in the Western and Eastern Circles of Assam, including a financial statement for the year 1913-14. All important data relative to alterations in forest areas, forest surveys, working plans, protection, miscellaneous work, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. Progress report of forest administration in the Jammu and Kashmir State for the year 1913-14, W. H. Lovegrove {Rj}t. Forest Admin. Javimxi and Kash- mir [India], 1914, pp. II+26+LIV). — ^A report, similar to the above, of the administration and management of the state forests in Jammu and Kashmir. The flowers of the woods, C. L. Gatin (Les Fleurs des Bois. Paris: Paul Lechevalier, 1913, pp. LXXIII+115, pis. 100, figs. 32). — This is the second volume of an encyclopedia for naturalists (E. S. R., 31, p. 143). Descriptions and illustrations in color are given of about one hundred species of the more common forest flora. Information is given for each species relative to its synonymy, botanical characters, habitat, and uses. The results of forest-culture experiments, Schwappach (Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdic, 41 {1915), 'Ho. 2, pp. 65-84).— A resume of the more important results 542 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. secured from various cultural experiments conducted, in the Prussian state for- ests during the past 40 years. Tabular data are grouped and discussed with reference to the following phases: The effect of various cultural methods, the influence of various combinations of trees, a mixed stand of Pinus silvestris and P. rigida as compared with a pure stand of P. silvestris, the effect of various combinations of trees upon the resistance against crushing by snow, and the effect of early strong thinning on the development of spruce stands. Some Irish larch plantations, J. H. Waddingham (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 22 {1915), No. 3, pp. 231-235).— In continuation of a previous article (E. S. R., 31, p. 240) growth measurements are given for sample plats in a larch planta- tion. The trees on different plats vary from 27 to 58 years of age. Pine tree culture in Nordland, F. Lindbebg {Skogsvdrdsfdr. TidsJcr., 1915, Sup. 2, pp. 48, figs. 22). — An account is given of methods of reforesting pine lands both by seeding and by planting. Hevea tapping results. Experiment Station, Peradeniya, 1911—1913, T. Petch {Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 12 {1914), PP- 28, pis. 2). — A progress report on tapping experiments with Hevea rubber started in 1912, including a brief sum- mary of previous worlv. The experiments are designed to show the difference in yield and the effect on the trees of various systems of tapping which differ in their time interval or space interval. Thus far no definite conclusions are drawn. Hevea tapping- results. Experiment Station, Peradeniya, 1914, T. Petch {Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 11 {1915), pp. 16, pi. 1). — ^A further progress report on the above noted investigation. Scientific tapping experiments with Hevea brasiliensis, A. W. K. De Jong {Dept. Landh., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Iiidies], Meded. Agr. Chem. Lai)., No. 10 {1915), pp. 83, figs. 39). — The first part of this work describes the various experiments included in a comparison of tapping methods on a number of plats of Hevea rubber trees. The second part describes similar comparative tests on individual Hevea trees. Among the many results from the investigations as a whole it was found that the method of making the cuts by individual tappers affected the yield of rub- ber considerably. The thickness of the bast strip removed as well as the direc- tion of the cut, that is from above, below, or vice versa, had no material influ- ence on the yield of the cut. The maintenance of a continuous flow of latex depended more on the restoration of capillary action than upon any peculiarity of the latex itself. Neither the evaporation of the latex nor the drying out of the bast had much effect on yield from cuts that were opened daily. Where cuts one above the other were not more than 50 cm. apart, the lower cut averaged the greater yield of rubber. For greater distances than this no effect was noticeable. Wounding the tree resulted in a stronger local formation of rubber. Young bast gave more rubber than old. A left-hand cut appeared to have some advantage over a right-hand cut, but there was very little difference in yield between a " V " cut and a left-hand cut. A test of cuts of various slopes showed that the cut making the smallest angle with the main tapping channel uses up the greatest amount of bast without giv- ing a corresponding increase in rubber yield. Cuts made in a vertical direction gave only about half the yield of a cut making an angle of 50° with the tapping channel. It made no material difference whether cuts were renewed on the upper or the lower side. The opening of one cut above another cut or alongside another cut appeared to affect the yield of the first cut, provided the distance between the two cuts was not great. No effect on yield was noticed from cuts made on opposite sides of the tree. FOEESTRY. 543 Experiments in whicli cuts were renewed twice a day showed that the re- moval of latex from the capillaries of Hevea trees takes place locally. The equilibrium of the capillary action is broken down about four hours after the first renewal. Examinations of ringed trees showed the presence of tyrosin or the conversion of tyrosin into tyrosinase in the latex above the ring, whereas beneath the ring tyrosinase alone was found. Isolated patches of bast were capable of forming rubber. The circumference of Hevea trees at 10 cm., 85 cm., and 1.35 meters height averaged as 1.6 : 1.13 : 1. Tapping and the storage of plant food in Hevea brasiliensis, L. E. Camp- bell {Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 16 {1915), pp. 26, pis. 6, figs. S).— The author presents the results in detail of a study of two trees from the same clearing which were planted in 1906 and tapped first in July, 1913. They were tapped for six months on the full herringbone system, the tapping took place once every third day, and one side only of the tree was tapped. The results of the study as a whole lead to the conclusion that the effects of tapping on the trees here discussed were almost purely local. Starch was with- drawn from the wood immediately behind the cut and also partially from nar- row zones of bark below and on each side of the tapped area. These zones did not exceed 1.5 in. in breadth and in most cases the breadth was considerably less than this. The starch content of the bark was normal in most cases right down to the top of the tapped area. Excepting for the localized withdrawal of starch in the neighborhood of the tapping cut the food suj^ply had not disap- peared from below the tapped area. Attention is called to the fact that care was taken in tapping not to cut the cambium layer. Where careless or heavy tapping has been employed the tap- ping cut extends down to, or nearly dovni to, the wood, thus bringing about a complete severance of the channels of food transport at that place. In view of this localized effect of not too deep tapping it is suggested that by changing tapping from one part of the tree to another at intervals, the resting period of each area so tapped is nearly as effective as if the whole tree were rested. The tapping of an old Hevea tree at Henaratgoda, T. rETCii {Dept. Agr. Ceylon Bui. 13 {1914), PP- 4)- — A further report on a high-yielding Hevea tree at Henaratgoda (E. S. R., 26, p. 444). The tapped tree measured 117 in. in circumference at 3 ft. from the ground in August, 1914. It has been tapped at short intervals over a period of 4 years, 9 months, with a total yield of 392 lbs. 7 oz. of dry rubber of which 220 lbs. 7 oz. was secured from renevN-ed bark. Notes on the history of the plantation rubber industry of the East, T. Fetch (Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. Peradeniya, 5 {1914), A^o- 7, pp. 433-520). — A com- pilation from the literature dealing with rubber culture, chiefly in Ceylon. References to cited literature are given. The naval stores industry, A. W. Schorger and H. S. Betts {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 229 {1915), pp. 58, pis. 11, figs. 11). — This bulletin reviews the present status of the naval stores industry and the progress which has been made in improving the methods of collecting and distilling gum. Information is also given on the supply of timber available for turpentine operations. The subject matter is discussed under the following general headings : Need for improved methods, history of the industry in the United States, statistics of production, commercial utilization of products, formation and flow of resin in the living tree, principles underlying the distillation of crude gum, commercial methods of collecting crude gum, relative yields secured from cups and boxes, relative amounts of scrape formed by the box and cup systems, relative yields from different depths and heights of chipping, effect of tui'i:)entine operations on timber, quality of gum from boxed and cupped timber, commercial distilla- tion of crude gum, French methods of collecting gum, French distillation 544 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. mettiods, comparison between direct and steam-heated stills, the supply of longleaf pine for turpentine operations, possibilities of western pines as a source of naval stores, special problems investigated, Arizona and California western yellow pine, suggestions for specifications, packing naval stores, cost estimates on a 20-crop turpentine operation, publications relating to the naval stores industry, and patents relating to the naval stores industry. Kecords on the life of treated timber in the United States, H. F. Weiss and C. H. Teesdale {Proc. Amer. Wood Preservers' Assoc, 11 (1915), pp. 501- 509). — ^A tabular compilation of data showing the life of treated timber in the United States. Various records are given for cross-ties, piling, bridge timbers, mine timbers, poles, posts, and paving blocks. . DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on plant diseases in Virg'inia observed in 1913 and 1914, H. S. Reed and C. H. Crabill (Virginia Sta. Tech. Bui. 2 (1915), pp. 31-58, figs. 17).— Descriptions are given of diseases observed on alfalfa, apple, bean, maple, peach, plum, and potato. Among the alfalfa diseases of unusual occurrence the authors note yellow top, a disease considered identical with that previously reported in New York (E. S. R., 20, p. 846), and white spot, in which infected plants show white semitranslucent spots on the leaves. Both of these diseases, the causes of which are undetermined, may at times induce considerable injury. Among apple diseases the authors report the occurrence of blister canker, collar blight, crown gall, and sunburn. In addition a number of unusual troubles are described, the definite causes of which are unknown. Among these are a form of tumor to which the name flap tumor is given. This dis- ease is characterized by peculiar flap-like growths that are developed cover- ing wounds due to various causes. A brief notice is given of punky pulp of Ben Davis, in which the fruits are said to be smaller than normal, punky, brittle, and entirely unfit for consumption. This trouble is believed to have been due to the dry weather of 1914. Root rot of apple trees, which is said to be causing considerable loss, is described, the disease being accompanied by a white mycelium, but as yet no sporophores of the fungus have been found present. A skin crack of the York Imperial apple is described, which is believed to be due to physiological disturbances such as sudden increase of water supply. In this trouble small sunken cracks appear in the skin of the fruit. Usually the cracks are less than 2 mm. in length, but sometimes they are larger and a number of them become confluent, giving the fruit a grayish scabby appearance. Later a soft black rot, caused by Alternaria mali, attacks the fruit through the tissue underneath the cracks. Another apple trouble, which is called the York spot, is confined to the variety York Imperial. This in the early stages resembles the disease commonly called Jonathan or Baldwin spot, but later the fruit exhibits sunken, dark green spots, beneath which the tissue is brown-walled, the areas infe^tted resembling the injury due to hail. Later in the season badly infected fruits show soft rot, probably due to saprophytic fungi. No organisms have been grown from the spots until soft rots have set in. The cause of this disease has not been definitely determined. A brief account is given of a thrombotic disease of silver maple, in which the leaves turn yellow, growth is poor, and the trees become defoliated earlier than usual. An examination of infected limbs showed that the wood was streaked with green, resembling the condition described by Rankin as due to Acrostalagmus sp. (E. S. R., 33, p. 249). DISEASES OF PLANTS. 545 Peach scab, plum rust, Rhizoctonia, tip bum, wilt, and hollow heart of potatoes are also briefly noted. Report of the botanist and mycologist, T. Petch (Rpt. Dept. Agr. Ceylon, 1912-13, pp. C7-C9). — This report includes the mention of Hevea canker (Phytophthora faberi), gray blight {Pestalozzia palmarum), and bird's eye spot {Cercospora thece) of tea; a disease of stored coconuts, one of plantains, and one of indigo; Rosellinia hothrina attacking camphor, also this tea root disease and another, Poria hypolatcritia, attacking Tcphrosia Candida ; a fungus disease of mangosteens; bacterial wilt of tomato; two stem diseases, a root disease, a fruit rot, and two leaf diseases, Melampsorella ricini and Cerco- sporina ricinella, of castor oil plant; Erysiplic polygona on peas; a Nectria stem canker of Acacia decurrens; Phragmidium disciflorum on rose; Plasmo- para viticola on grape; Cladosporium on sorghum; and a Merulius dry rot on wattle in walls of bungalows. A list of recent publications is given, as is also a brief account of recent botanical work done by the staff of the herbarium. Notes upon Washington fungi, J. G. Hall {Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. 55-58, pis. 2). — From a study of Coryneum-like structures on apple and Sambucus, the author is convinced of their identity. INIaterial submitted to Dr. Roland Thaxter resulted in the identification of the fungus as Hendersonia diplodioides. In connection with this fungus the author reports an ascosporic stage which is considered to be Otthia arnica. Two new species of fungi are described, Neottiospora yuccwafolia on withered or dying Yucca leaves and Tureenia juncoidea on dead culms of Juucus, The temperature relations of some fungi causing storage rots, Adeline Ames {Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 11-19). — The author has made a study of the thermal relations of some of the fungi causing storage rots, those selected for the investigation being Glomerella rufomaculans and Cephalo- thecium roseum from apples, Thielaviopsis paradoxa from pineapple, Penicil- lium digitatum from orange, Bhizopus nigricans from sweet potato, and Monilia fructigena from plums. The results obtained show that Monilia and Penicillium germinate at 0° C, but growth is very slow. The other fungi do not develop below 5°', but if growth is started at a higher temperature it can continue at this temi>erature. Aside from Rhizopus none of the organisms were able to germinate above 36°. The optimum temperature of growth for Monilia and Penicillium is 25°, Thie- laviopsis, Glomerella, and Cephalothecium 30°, and Rhizopus 36°. The thermal death point of Rhizopus is 60°, of Penicillium 58°, and of the remaining fungi between 51° and 53°, The results indicate that in refrigerating experiments, temperatures as near zero as possible must be maintained if the development of rot producing fungi is to be entirely avoided. Further studies on the specialization of Uromyces caryophyllinus, E. Fischer {Mycol. Centhl., 3 {1913), No. 4, pp. 1^5-149). — The author reports his recent experimentation, held to show that U. caryophyllinus from the canton of Valais is capable of infecting Saponaria ocymoides as well as Tunica prolifcra. Previously it was found (E. S. R., 28, p. 149) that U. caryophyllinus from the vicinity of Heidelberg lived only on T. prolifera, and only in excep- tional cases passed over to S. ocymoides. It is concluded that the specialization of this fungus is not the same in Valais as in Baden. The specialization of Puccinia Pulsatillas, E. Fischer {Mycol. Centhl., 3 {1913), No. 5, pp. 214-220). — In experiments testing the capability for infection by teleutosijores of P. pulsatillw developed on Anemone montana, more or less 546- EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. complete positive results were obtained with tlie hosts A. vernalis, A. pratensis, and. A. Pulsatilla, but only negative results with A. alpina, A. sylvestris, and Atragene alpina, which are thought to present examples of genuine immunity to P. pulsatillce grown on A. montana. The specialization here noted, as connected with systematic classification, is contrasted with the geographical specialization in the case noted above by the same author, the two types of specialization being discussed. Overwintering' of cereal rusts in uredospore form, L. Montemaetini {Riv. Patol. Veg., 7 {1914), No. 2, pp. ^O-^^).— Noting the infection of wheat by Puccinia in the uredospore stage, passing over from grasses in warm autumn weather, the author also records the germination at Stradella and Pavia of uredospores developed on volunteer and other cereals after subjection for some days to temperatures several degrees below the freezing point. Rust attack of winter cereals, L. Hiltner (Prakt. Bl. Pflanzenhau u. Schuts:, n. ser., 12 (1914), No. 7, pp. 81-84). — It appears from numerous reports received by the author that rust is present in all parts of Bavaria and also in neighbor- ing regions in greater or less severity, affecting varieties of rye as well as wheat. The matter is discussed with reference to varietal resistance and the in- fluence, in this connection, of phosphoric, nitrogenous, and other fertilizers, a right use of these with suitable cultivation appearing to increase resistance. Yellow rust, which is now said to attack the squarehead variety of wheat, is not controlled by any means yet available. Earlier sowings of rye suffer less from rust than do later plantings. The kind of crop previously grown on the land is said to exert considerable influence. Reports indicate also a connec- tion between abrupt changes in temperature and rust attack. Treatment of winter grain with corrosive sublimate, L. Hiltneb (Pralct. Bl. Pflanzenhau u. Sclmtz, n. scr., 12 (.1914), No. 8-9, pp. 85-89). — Discussing the results of a large number of practical tests in treating seed grain for autumn sowing, as reported from various localities, the author states that steeping seed wheat in the Sublimoform solution and rye in corrosive sublimate preparation materially reduced injury, not only from stinking smut, etc., but also from snails and mice, but that loose smut of wheat was not prevented by such treatment. Chinosol and fonnaldehyde as protection against rusarium in cereals, L. Hiltneb (Prakt. Bl. Pflanzenhau u. Schutz, n. ser., 12 (1914), No. 7, pp. 77-80, fig. 1). — The author has confirmed, with field tests, the results obtained by Gentner (E. S. R., 28, p. 846). The sublimate solution used to steep the seed grain afforded complete protection. Formaldehyde was not so satisfactory. Chinosol is regarded as unsatisfactory in this connection. Limitation and management of grain for seeding, L. Hiltneb (Prakt. Bl. Pflanzenhau u. Schutz, n. ser., 12 (1914), No. 8-9, pp. 90, 91). — Noting the special importance, at this time, of economical management of the available supply of grain for seeding purposes, the author urges careful selection of seed for germinability, pi-evious treatment of the seed grain with approved solution, and avoidance of too thick sowing. Use of rusted grain for seed, L. Hiltneb (Prakt. Bl. Pflanzenhau u. Schutz, n. ser., 12 (1914), No. 8-9, p. 91). — Since rust, unlike smut, is not transmitted to the crop through diseased seed, the use of grain from rusted crops is not regarded as dangerous. Cases where yellow rust was particularly severe and where also the output of grain was much reduced were found to show severe attack from foot or stalk disease, or from diseases due to other causes. Dry spot of oats, L. Hiltneb (Prakt. Bl. Pflanzenhau u. Schutz, n. ser., 12 (1914), No. 3-4, pp. 28-41, fig. 1). — The general outcome of the experiments and observations here noted is the confirmation of the view that dry spot of oats is DISEASES OF PLANTS. 547 the result of nutritional deficiencies or disturbances, or both, and that the cor- rection of these tends to restore the normal condition and productiveness of the plant. Measures apparently effective in this connection are protection from insect pests and frequent spraying with iron salts. Hiltner's experiments on the control of dry spot of oats, T. A. C. Schoevebs (Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, 20 (1914), No. 2, pp. 69-73).— This is mainly a brief revievsr of the work of Hiltner, above noted. Some observations on ordinary beet scab, B. F. Lutman and H. F. Johnson (Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 30-34, figs. 4).— From a study of eight organisms isolated from scabby beets from various parts of Vermont the authors were led to the conviction that the forms were not only identical, but were the same as the organism Actinomyces chromogenus, which causes potato scab. This same organism is present in many soils and on many plants, but in ex- planation of the scabbing of the potato and the beet, in connection with the immunity of many other root and tuber plants, the authors hold that the reason undoubtedly lies in the fact that some sort of a cambium is so close to the surface as to be affected by the toxic substances produced by these bacteria. The parasitism of the organism is said to be dependent on a particular type of root or tuber structure, and when this is not present it is forced to live as a saprophyte. Beet scab, Grimm (PraJct. Bl. Pflanzenbau u. Schutz, n. ser., 12 {1914), No. 8-9. pp. 100-102). — Beet scab is said to have caused loss in several localities, particularly in connection with the wet season of 1913. The disease seems to be due rather to bad nutritive conditions than to parasites primarily. The use of seed in propagation and the employment of potassium, superphosphate, and ammonia in fertilizers is recommended. Bearing beet nematodes on agar, E. Berliner and K. Busch {Biol. CentU., 34 {1914), No. 6, pp. 349-^56, pi. 1).—A brief account is given of the rearing of nematodes (Heterodera schachtii) on rootlets of various seedlings grown on agar, and of the changes and activities observed. None developed apart from the rootlets or survived long after the exhaustion of the reserve material which was brought forward from the egg stage. Root scab and other celery diseases, H. M. Quanjeb and N. Slagter {Tijdschr Plantenziekten, 20 {1914), No. 1, pp. 13-27, pi. i).— The authors' con- clusions from studies as described with rust or scab of celery root are said to have confirmed those of Klebahn (E. S. R., 22, p. 746) that Phoma apiicola is the cause of this disease. It is thought, however, that infection with this fun- gus from the seed is rather exceptional, the rule being that the infection is due to material in the soil, fertilizers, etc. Formalin was a very helpful treat- ment in this connection for the seed bed. As regards Septoria apii, associated with celery leaf spot, Klebahn's conclu- sion regarding the agency of the seed as a carrier of infection was confirmed. This trouble also was largely prevested by the formaldehyde treatment and benefited by the use of Bordeaux mixture applied to the leaves. Some new bacterial diseases of legumes and the relationship of the organisms causing the same, T. F. Manns {Delaware Sta. Bui. 108 {1915), pp. 44, pis. 20, fig. 1). — ^An account is given of a disease of sweet pea due to Bacillus lathy ri, a previous account of which has already been noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 352) ; and similar diseases upon clovers, garden beans, and soy beans are described. The disease on sweet pea is apparently widely spread, having been reported in England, Massachusetts, Maine, New York, Delaware, and also in Ireland. Previous investigators have referred to a number of causes, but the investiga- 548 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. tions of the author indicate that it is of a bacterial nature, and that the same organism produces somewhat similar diseases on various species of clover, on garden beans, and on soy beans, although only one variety of soy beans grown at the station shows much injury. The disease is said to be most active during the flowering period of the host, and at times almost entirely destroys the crop. The season of heavy dew appears to be a time which favors infection. The morphology, cultural characters, physical and biochemical features, and pathogenicity of the organism are described at length. A bibliography is appended. The life history of Ascochyta on some leguminous plants, II, R. E. Stone {Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. Jt-10, fig. 1). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., 28, p. 845) the author reported Mycosphccrella pinodes as the perfect stage of A. pisi, and A. lethalis as a part of the life cycle of If. lethaUs. In the present publication a description is given of A. lathyrl from the grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), which is associated with M. ontariwnsis n. sp. The Mycosphserella follows the Ascochyta in the field, and in inoculation experi- ments typical Ascochyta developed on the plants, followed by Mycosphserella, which is indistinguishable from the original material. In all cases check plants remained free from the disease. Notes are given of conditions for ascospore development in M. pinodes and M. ontaricensis. The Bhizoctonia lesions on potato stems, F. L. Deayton (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. 59-63, pi. 1, fig. 1).—A report is given of a study of the dark brown lesions occurring on the underground main stems and tuber-bearing stolons of the potato, and generally considered as due to the presence of Ehizoctonia. The result of the investigation showed the presence of mycelium in the lesions and the permeation of nearly all the tissues, which leaves little doubt that Rhizoctonia is the cause of the trouble. The invasion and plugging of the vascular tissues, diverting the food material going from the leaves to the actively growing parts, account for the production of undersized tubers or none at all. By the stopping of the upward current through the plugging of the vessels, especially in dry weather, a curling of the leaves may be produced, and this is nearly always a symptom associated with the disease. Puccinia endiviae and rust of prickly lettuce, L. Maffei {Riv. Patol. Veg., 7 (191Jf), No. 2, pp. 45, 46). — It is stated that the " scariola," claimed by Pantanelli and Cristofoletti (E. S. R., 31, p. 746) to be attacked by P. endiviw, is apparently not Lactuca scariola, but endive (Cichorium endivia). Protascus colorans, the source of yellow grains in rice, P. C. van dee Wolk (Mycol. CentU., 3 (1913), No. 4, pp. 153-151, pi. i).— The author has investi- gated the subject of yellow grains in rice kept long in bulk, which is said to cause considerable loss and disturbance in marketing the rice exported from the Indies to Europe. The trouble is said to be caused by a fungus, hitherto undescribed as to genus and species, which the author has named P. colorans, which is said to show a very variable number of ascospores (2 to 15), and which is otherwise discussed. The best development of this fungus requires a very small mois- ture content in the rice grains, experiments often failing to develop the organ- ism on account of its low tolerance of humidity. Pigment fomiation is prob- ably a phenomenon of the dying away of the fungus, which fact may explain why it is very difficult to rear this mold from the yellow grains themselves, and this also in turn may explain the rise of a brooding theory of this rice injury. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 549 The simplest means of prevention is first disinfection, and second the main- tenance of absolute dryness in the grains, which requires exclusion of insects therefi'om and frequent heating. Rust of fruit trees, A. Desmoulins {Prog. Agr. et yu. {Ed. VEst-Centre), S6 {1915), No. 11, pp. 253-255). — Giving results of recent observations and tests on Coryneum rust of peach, apricot, and cherry in the Rhone Valley, the author describes a treatment with Bordeaux mixture rendered adhesive by the addi- tion of molasses (1 kg. per hectoliter). This is said to have proved effective and practical. Influence of atmospheric conditions on the appearance of downy mildew, J. Capus {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 36 {1915), Xo. 9, pp. 19S-200).— The author gives the results of observations covering several years on the rela- tions between atmospheric conditions and the two early developmental phases of downy mildew. Infection (penetration of the tissues by the germinative tubes from zoospores) occurs only following precipitation, which may be as small as 1 mm. Contami- nation (passing out of the stage within which copper fungicides can destroy the fungus) may follow infection immediately, or it may be delayed for several days by unfavorable conditions, such as cold, or by precipitation, which appears to prolong the period during which spraying is effective. The primary invasion or attack is that which first appears in spring (originating in overwintered material), while secondary outbreaks are due to conidia formed as the result of primary or later outbreaks. It is found to be an unsafe practice to spray early and then await the ap- pearance of the mildew on the newly developed (and hence unsprayed) leaves, to make a second application. In case of both primary and secondary outbreak, the treatment becomes ineffective within a day or two after a rain. Oidium of oak and grape, L. Ravaz {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 86 {1915), No. If, pp. 86-89). — Giving a brief resume of some observations on Oidium of oak and of grape by Pantanelli, the author directs attention to some preferences and habits noted in regard to portions attacked as regards age of parts exposed, structure, cell content, turgescence, and nutrition. Report of the plant pathologist, G. L. Fawcett {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 27-30). — ^An outline is given of work in progress, which included testing various forms of Bordeaux mixture and some studies on diseases of coffee, cacao, and citrus trees. The experiments with fungicides show that homemade Bordeaux mixture, if properly prepared, is cheaper and as eflBcient as any of the proprietary forms tested. Among the coffee diseases reported upon, experiments were carried on to test the relative resistance of different varieties of coffee to the fungi StUbeUa flavida and PeUicularia koleroga. Some difference in susceptibility to these fungi was noticed on the part of diffei'ent varieties, although complete resistance was not observed. Notes are given of a new fungus disease of cacao, which is believed to be due to a species of Corticium which has not yet been definitely determined. In addition to occurring on cacao, the fungus also attacks and kills coffee tree branches and has been found parasitic on grapefruit branches, although in the latter case it is thought to have been associated with the presence of a wild vine grow- ing over the tree. Attention is called to the fact that Phtjtophthora faberi, the cause of black rot in the pods of cacao, has never been found in Porto Rico, but that Spicaria {Fusariiim) colorans has been iso ated from diseased tissues. The author briefly calls attention to the bla k rot of citrus fruits due to Diplodia natalensis. 550 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. The known distribution of Pythiacystis citrophthora and its probable relation to mal di gomma of citrus, H. S. Fawcett {Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 66, 67). — In a previous publication tbe author reported this fungus as being the causal agent of one form of lemon gummosis in California (E. S. U., 30, p. 51). Since that time the fungus has been isolated from diseased bark from nearly all the important citrus growing localities of California. In June, 1913, it was isolated from diseased bark of orange trees that ap- peared to be affected with typical mal di gomma, or foot rot, as it is known in California. Inoculations and cultures of this fungus were made in large crown roots of old orange trees, and in nine months they developed diseased areas which resembled the beginning stages of mal di gomma. The orange bark is said to be somewhat more resistant than lemon bark and reacts somewhat dif- ferently toward the fungus. This, it is believed, explains the difference in ap- pearance of mal di gomma and lemon gummosis in California. In addition to the occurrence of this fungus in California, the author reports having observed it in Florida, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines, and claims to have record of it in southern Europe and in Brazil. The citrus root nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) in Florida, E. Nelson {Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 12, 13). — The author reports hav- ing examined 35 orange trees, 5 of which had healthy foliage and showed no infestation with nematodes. The leaves of the remaining 30 were affected with a form of chlorosis known as frenching. Twelve of the 30 affected trees showed the presence of root nematodes, but the remaining 18 showed no infestation. The author believes that further investigations and experiments are necessary before any conclusions can be drawn as to the connection of this nematode with the frenchiug of citrus trees. Storm and drought injury to foliage of ornamental trees, C. Haetley and T. C. Merrill {Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 20-29, figs. 3).— Detailed observations are given showing the effect of drought and storms in the District of Columbia and several places in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. In the District of Columbia the June and July rainfall in 1913 was much be- low normal and this period was followed on July 30 by a hail storm, heavy rain, and wind of high velocity. It is said that at least 25 per cent of all Norway maple trees in the District of Columbia were noticeably affected by the drought. Other maples suffered somewhat, but less severely, and drought injury was also noticed on oaks and other trees. The effect of the storm mentioned above was quite pronounced on many different kinds of trees, but so far as observed the drought preceding the storm was not in any way responsible for the storm in- jury. The leaves of the sugar maple were found most susceptible to injury by the high velocity of the storm. The damage was similar to that produced by drought in that the margins of the leaf and the area between the veins were affected, but the material difference between the two forms of injury is that drought injury is more closely confined to the leaf margins, while storm injury tends to affect areas situated between the veins as well. New hosts for some forest tree fungi, J. R. Weir {Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 11, 12). — The author reports the occurrence of Herpotrichia nigra. or its related form, Neopeckia coulteri, on the giant western red cedar, grand fir, western yew, and x-ed or Douglas fir. It is also reported on the western white pine, the Engelmann spruce, mountain hemlock, lodgepole pine, white barked pine, and alpine fir. Fomes laricis is reported for the first time on Pinus monticola, AMes grandis, and Tsuga mertensiana. F. igniarius was found on Rhamnvs pursJiiana and Samhucus glauca— Armillaria mellea is reported as attacking Taxus hrevifoUa, and Polyporus lucidus was found growing on the mountain hemlock. The mountain hemlock has in many places been seriously DISEASES OF PLANTS. "551 attacked by Razoumofskya tsugensis. Echinodontium tinctoriuni is also said to be abundant on this species of tree, and a collection of it was made from the Engelmann spruce. Notes on the chestnut bark disease, J. T. Rogers and G. F. Gravatt (Phyto- pathology, 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. 45--^7).— Observations are reported on the infec- tion of the chinquapin in Virginia by the chestnut bark fungus (Endothla parasitica). Inoculation experiments indicate that the chinquapin is no more resistant to the girdling growth of the blight fungus than is the chestnut. However, as the former is not so subject to insect and other injuries as is the chestnut, this is considered the reason for its freedom from disease in the field. Notes are given of observations of the spread of the chestnut bark disease over a small area, observations having been made on a plat containing 140 chestnut trees in May, 1913, September, 1913, and May, 1914. The average rate of diameter growth of the disease cankers was found to be 6.35 in. for the year. At this rate of growth a number of years would be required for the girdling of a large tree by a single canker. Chestnut blight in Nebraska, R. G. Pierce (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 1, p. 74). — The author reports having observed the chestnut bark fungus (Endothia parasitica) at two places in Nebraska in 1914. It was on chestnut trees that had been shipped to nurseries from the East. Notes on chestnut fruits infected with the chestnut blight fungus, Caro- line RuMBOLD (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. 64, 65). — In order to test the possible infection of chestnut burs and nuts the author collected from a blight-infected orchard fresh, sound nuts and burs containing nuts. These were fumigated and placed in paper bags, kept in a warm room, and later examined. More than one-third of the nuts were found infected, those remaining in the burs being especially attacked. The fungus was found to have grown from the infected bur through the shell at the base of the nut, where there is close con- nection between the two and where the hard shell of the nut matures last. From the comparative ease with which the nuts and burs were infected the author thinks it probable that an occasional infected chestnut might be collected at harvest time, and that this would be a possible means of the dissemination of the disease, as suggested by Collins (E. S. R., 30, p. 543). Notes on E-hizoctonia, C. Hartley and S. C. Brunee (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 1, pp. 73, 74)- — The authors report having found Rhizoctonia very commonly present in damped-off pine seedlings, and this is believed to be the chief cause of the loss in beds of Pinus ponderosa. The parasite spreads for several weeks after germination of the pines and appears to produce larger single patches of dead seedlings than any other damping-off organism observed in western nurseries, and also to attack seedlings too old to be killed by Pythium debaryamim or Fusarium moniliforme. Observations were made on a number of weeds that come up in areas where the pine seedlings have been killed by the fungus, and an examination of the soil showed that Rhizoctonia is very commonly present in groups of Amhrosia, psilostachya. On account of the perennial habit of this ragweed it is considered an ideal host for the parasitic strains of Rhizoctonia to winter over on. Observations on Hirneola auricula-judae, M. J. Le Gog (Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc, 17 (1913), No. 3, pp. 225-228) .—The Jew's ear fungus is said to be of very wide distribution and of frequent occurrence in the neighborhood of Cambridge, England, where it is found on elder bushes both living and dead; also on dead portions of elm in moist places. Cultures were made and studied. Penetration of wood by the fungus is very rapid, its path at first being the vessels and tracheids, with penetration through the pits and more frequent branching in the medullary rays. Later the fungus 552 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. encroaches upon the cell walls, the xylem becoming delignlfied and the walls penetrated and consumed. This change renders the tissue spongy and crumbly, examination showing it to consist more of the fungal hyphse than of the origijial material of the tree. Further observations on Himeola auricula-judae, M. J. Le Goc {'New Phytol., 13 {1914), No. 4-5, pp. 122-133, figs. 9).— Concluding a fuller account covering later study than that noted above, the author states that germination of the spores of the Jew's ear fungus takes place readily and occurs even on the fructifications if these are kept moist. Basidiospores developed in nutritive solutions, but less frequently in water. Conidia are produced rarely and only in distilled water, so far as noted. Pure cultures of the fungus grow readily on elder, lime, and elm wood, producing rudimentary fructifications. Penetration, delignification, and almost complete consumption of the wood quickly follow natural infection with the fungus. Inoculations on healthy living twigs of elder were often successful, the hyphas penetrating slowly at first, but finally killing the twigs. Some observations on abortive sporophores of wood-destroying fungi, J. R. Weib {Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 1, pp. 48-50). — Attention is called to the presence of hard, brown, sterile, abortive sporophores which are commonly observed on birches and alders. The author reports having collected these struc- tures from the paper birch, associated with the fertile sporophores of Fomes igniarius. Abortive fruiting structures are also said to be occasionally formed by Echinodontium tinctorium on old and badly decayed hemlock, and similar structures are produced by Trametes pini on the western white pine. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Zoological philosophy: An exposition with regard to the natural histor> of animals, J. B. Lamarck, trans, by H, Elliot {London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1914, pp. XCII+410; rev. in Nature [London], 94 {1915), No. 2363, pp. 639, 640). — This is a translation of the author's Philosophie Zoologique, which was published in 1809, half a century before Darwin's Origin of Species, and is one of the evolution classics. Some Canadian rodents injurious to agriculture, N. Ckiddle {Agr. Gas. Canada, 2 {1915), No. 2, pp. 110-114, fig. i).— This is a brief account of the more important Canadian rodents and means for their control. How plague may be carried from place to place {Put). Health Rpts. [U. S.], 30 {1915), No. 13, pp. 891, 892). — This article records the finding of a live plague-infected rat at Seattle, Wash., in a large box containing plants imported from Yokohama, Japan. Bat proofiing the public docks of New Orleans, H. P. Letton {Put). Health Rpts. [U. S.], SO {1915), No. 8, pp. 545-555, pis. 4, figs. 5).— A report on the possibility and cost. The economy of ground squirrel destruction, J. D. Long {Pub. Health Rpts. [V. S.}, 29 {1914), No. 50, pp. 3311-3321).— The author points out the various advantages resulting from the destruction of ground squirrels in California. Cimex pipistrelli, the intermediate agent in the transmission of trypano- somiasis of bats; the nonpathogenicity of Trypanosoma vespertilionis for laboratory animals, E. Pringault {Conipt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 76 {1914), No. 19, pp. 881-884; al)S. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. B, No. 11, pp. 173, 174). — The author's experiments indicate that this bug is the intermediate host of T. vespertilionis and that this trypanosome is not pathogenic for mice, rats, guinea pigs, or rabbits. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 553 The bird book, C. A. Reed (Garden City, N. Y.: Douhleday, Page & Co., 1915, pp. Jfl2, figs. 1425). — Brief descriptions are given of 768 North American birds and additional descriptions of varieties. More than 700 North American birds are illustrated in natural colors and several hundred photographs are given of their nests and eggs. Forty common birds of West Virginia, E. A. Brooks (In Arbor and Bird Day Manual, Charleston, W. Va.: Dept. Free Schools, 1915, pp. 21-19, pis. 2, figs. 39). — ^This paper gives popular accounts of 40 birds that occur commonly in West Virginia, including their range, habits, usefulness, song, etc. Som^e Pennsylvania birds and their economic value, H. A. Surface {Bi-Mo. Zool. Bui. Penn. Dept. Agr., 3 (1913), No. 5-6, pp. 153-216, pis. 11).— This bulle- tin, which deals chiefly with the families including the larks, crows, and spar- rows, is based upon the results of investigations by the author and by the Bureau of Biological Survey of this Department. The practical value of birds, J. Henderson (Umv. Colo. Bui., 13 (1913), No. 4, pp. 48)- — A discussion of the economic importance of birds, based upon a very extensive review of the literature, 208 references to which appear as foot- notes to the text. A bibliography of 7 pages is appended. Some observations on the food of nestling- sparrows, W. E. Oollinge (Jour. Bd. Agr. [Londonl, 21 (1914), No. 7, pp. 618-S23) .—This is a report of work carried on in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 450). During 1913 and 1914 over 280 specimens were examined, 200 having been obtained in fruit-growing districts and 87 from suburban districts. The results of the examinations of the stomach contents are presented in tabular form. " In a single day 100 nestling house sparrows require nearly 2.000 insects for food in fruit-growing districts and about a third of that quantity in suburban districts. Excepting for a few spiders and earthworms, the whole of the food consists of injurious insects." As regards the house or English sparrow, the author finds that it is extremely difficult to arrive at any satisfactory and con- vincing conclusion as to its precise economic status. After carefully considering the results obtained from an examination of the stomach contents of 404 adult birds and of 329 nestling birds and also from an examination of the feces, he is of the opinion that if it were considerably reduced in numbers the good that it would do would probably more than compensate for the harm, especially in fruit-growing districts. Comparative physiology and morphology of the arachnids, I, F. Dahl (Vergleichende Physiologie und Morphologic der Spinnentiere unter Besonderer Berilcksichtigung der Lehensweise. Jena: Oustav Fischer, 1913, pp. VI-\-114, figs. 223). — This first part deals with the classification of the arachnids, their anatomy, color, etc. Bibliography of Canadian entomology for the year 1913, C. J. S. Bethune (Proc. and Trans. Roy. 80c. Canada, 3. ser., 8 (1914), Sect. IV, pp.. 53-68).— An annotated list of 136 titles, with a subject index. Guide to California insects, C. W. Wood worth (Berkeley, Cal.: The Law Press, 1913, pp. V-\-360, figs. 361). — In the introduction to this work the author presents a brief account of the structure and classification of insects. The main part consists of systematic annotated lists of the insects known to occur in Cali- fornia. An appendix treats briefly of the collection, rearing, etc., of insects. First biennial report of the Montana State Board of Entomology, R. A. CooLEY (Bien. Rpt. Mont. State Bd. Ent., 1 (1913-14), pp. 50).— This is the first report of the secretary of the newly created board of entomology. The regulations of the board are first presented. A report of the work of the Bureau of Entomology against spotted fever tick in cooperation with the board 7700°— No. 6—15 5 554 EXPEEIMEKT STATION EECORD. is given by W. V. King (pp. 16-27) ; a review of Rocky Mountain spotted fever eradicative work conducted by tbe U. S. Public Healtb Service in the Bitter Root Valley, Montana, is presented by L. D. Fricks (pp. 28-31) ; and a sum- mary of a Report to tbe Montana State Board of Entomology Concerning Fly Investigations Conducted in tbe Yellowstone Valley During tbe Summer of 1914, is given by R. R. Parker (pp. 35-50). Report of the entomologist, R. H. Van ZwALuwENEtoRG (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1914, pp. 31-35). — The author briefly reports on the occurrence of insects in Porto Rico from October 16, 1913. The principal work of the past year has been with enemies of coffee and coffee shade trees, including tbe coffee leaf miner {Leucoptera coffeella) ; a shot- hole borer, Xylehorus sp., which works in guama and guava ; an undetermined pink coccus, attended by Myrmelachista ambigua ramtilorum on the branches of guamfi ; and a flannel moth, Megalopyge Jcrugii, abundant on guamd. The coffee leaf miner is said to be parasitized by two chalcidids, Chrysocharis livida and Zagrammosoma muUUineata. M. krugii is very commonly parasitized by Chalcis ovata and an undetermined tachinid. Micrococcus nigrofasciens, the cause of a disease of May beetles, is said to be native to Porto Rican soils and apparently widespread. A brown "woolly bear" caterpillar, Ecpantheria eridanus, was fairly common on orange trees in the Mayaguez district. The small sweet potato weevil (Euscepes (Cryptorhynchits) Mtatce) made its ap- pearance in tbe station planting during the winter months. Silk oak trees (GreviUea roMsta) are sometimes severely attacked by the fringed scale (Asterolecanium pustulans). Tenth annual report of the state entomologist and plant pathologist for 1914, G. M. Bentley {Ann. Rpt. State Ent. and Plant Path. Tenn., 10 {19U), pp. 92, figs. 28). — ^This is the usual annual report upon nursery inspection and other work (B. S. R., 31, p. 248). Two species of strawberry-root lice (Aphis forhesi and Macrosiphum fragariw) have been found to be destructive in Ten- nessee, one or the other having been found in 25 of the 96 counties of the State. Descriptive and biological notes are given of the two pests. Injurious insects and other animals observed in Ireland during the year 1913, G. H. Carpenter (Econ. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, 2 (1914), No. 9, pp. 142- 160, pi. 1, figs. 8). — This, the author's usual annual report (E. S. R., 29, p. 555), deals briefly with the occurrence of the more important insect pests in Ireland during the year. Among those mentioned are the frit fly (Oscinis frit), the migratory apple aphid (Aphis fitchii), the giant willow aphid (Lachnus viminalis), the ox warble (Hypoderma bovis), etc. The author records the extraction of a fourth stage or mature larva of H. bovis fi-om the back of a horse. [Reports of the entomologist of Southern Rhodesia], R. W. Jack (Rpt. Dir. Agr. South. Rhodesia, 1911, pp. 46-53; 1912, pp. 50-55; 1913, pp. ^3-^7).— These annual reports deal with the occurrence of and work with the more important insect pests in Southern Rhodesia. [Insect pests in Mauritius], D. d'Emmerez de Chaemoy (In Summary of Investigations Made During the Period July 1 to November 30, 1914. Mauritius: Dept. Agr., 1914, PP- 3, 4)- — This report for the period following that previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 449) presents brief notes on the insects of siiecial impor- tance. The pink sugar-cane borer (Scsamia nonagrioides) is said to show remarkable partiality to maize in the deposition of its egg ; thus the larvse may be readily destroyed upon a large scale by the use of maize as a trap crop. The eggs of this pest are said to be parasitized by Ceraphron beneficiens. The artichoke moth (Porbe bjcrkandrella) was particularly prevalent during the period under ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 555 report. Particular attention was given to tlie life Iiistory of Pulvinaria gaster- alpha, which attacks cane, and to its parasite {Aphycus sp.)- The pois sabre or jack-bean borer, which attacks both the plant itself and the pods, is said to have recently come to attention, it even causing the complete loss of a crop of the jack bean (Canavalia ensifonnls) in the northern part of the island. Insect notes {Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Crown Lands Seychelles, 1913, pp. 13-11). — Among the insect pests noted as of particular importance in Seychelles during the year are the green scale (Lecanium viride) on coffee, citrus, and ixora in spite of the fungus parasite Cephalosporiiun lecanii; the barnacle scale {Aspi- diotus ficus) on coconut, frangipane {Plumeria acuminata), breadfruit {Arto- carpus incisa), pseudo sago palm (Cycas officinalis), citrus, and roses; L. hesperidum on frangipane trees and water hyacinth {Eichornia crassipes) ; and L. tessellatiim on coconut, takamaka (Calophyllum inophylluni), cinnamon, and water hyacinth, which was found during the year to be attacked by C. lecanii. It is stated that scales are always attended by ants, the commonest of which is Technomyrniex alhipes. A list is given of 12 coccids which ants attend and of 7 which they do not attend in the same degree. The coconut beetle {Meli- tomma insulare) is said to be kept under control better than formerly through the destruction of fallen trees and by removing the larvae from standing trees. Insect pests of field crops, L. Haseman (Missouri Sta. Bui. 13Jf (1915), pp. 3-30, figs. 39). — Popular accounts are given of the more important insect enemies of field crops in Missouri and means for their control. Insect enemies of lucem, F. Picabd (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 35 (1914), ^0. 18, pp. 555-561, pi. 1; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 10, pp. 577, 578). — A brief account of the more important enemies of alfalfa in France, including Phytonomus variabilis, P. nigrirostris, P. punctatus, Apion pisi, A. trifoUi, Colaspidema atra, Lasia globosa, Colias edusa, C. hyale, and Agromyza nigripes. A colored plate illustrating the pests is included. Injury by tipulids and tabanids in the rice fields of Molinella, Bologna, G. DEL GcERCio (Redia, 9 (1913), No. 2, pp. 299-345, figs. 15; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. B, No. 11, p. 167). — This paper deals with the biology, occur- ence, and injury of tipulids (Tipula oleracea) and tabanids (Tabanus ignotus) in Italian rice fields. Protecting cabbage and cauliflower from attacks by worms, E. S. Ttjckeb (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 154 (1915), pp. 16, figs. 2). — This bulletin gives directions as to the manner in which the chewing insect enemies of these cruciferous plants can be successfully combated. The cochylis, eudemis, and pyralid moths and altisa beetle of the vine, I. V. Clakio-Soulan (Cochylis, Eudemis, Piral y Altisa de la Vid. Barcelona: Consejo Prov. Fomento, 1913, pp. 68, pis. 4). — This work deals with the biology and control of Cochylis ambiguella, Eudemis botrana, Pyralis vitanu, and Altica ampelophaga. [Insect pests of coconuts and cacao] (Agr. News [Barbados], 14 (1915), Nos. 333, pp. 42, 43; 334, pp. 58, 59). — A summary of data on the subject by Copeland (E. S. R., 32, p. 339) and by van Hall (E. S. E., 32, p. 745). Summary of two years' study of insects in relation to pellagra, A. H. Jennings (Jour. Parasitology, 1 (1914), No. 1, pp. 10-21). — The conclusions drawn are similar to those by Jennings and King in the article previously noted (E. S. R, 29, p. 756). Spraying for apple sucker and leaf-curling plum aphis, F. R. Petheb- BBmoE (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 (1915), No. 10, pp. 915-919, pi. i).— The author reports control experiments with Psylla mali and Aphis pruni which led him to conclude that lime-salt and sulphur wash, applied as late as possible 556 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. previous to the batching of tlie apple suckers, will control this pest and the leaf -curling plum aphis. Effect of cyanid of potassium on trees, C. H. Shattuck (Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 1052, p. 32Jf). — In continuing the discussion of this subject (E. S. R., 32, p. 754) the author states that his experience with cyanid of potassium, especially on elms and black locusts, has convinced him that it is a valuable remedy. He states that he has used potassium cyanid for several years in eliminating borers from various trees without causing any staining, killing, or in any way injuring the trees. He has prescribed it for the use of others for about 12 years in connection with forestry work and states that he has saved the lives of thousands of trees that have been attacked by boring and girdling insects. " Large groves of thrifty elms and black locusts in Kansas and other parts of the West have been completely rescued from the attacks of boring and girdling insects by means of cyanid of potassium." New fumigating- machines, G. P. Gray (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4 (1915), No. 2, pp. 68-80, figs. 4). — Newly invented fumigating machines in which hydro- cyanic gas is generated outside and conducted into the tents through hose are described and illustrated and the advantages and disadvantages discussed. The author concludes "that the machines are correct in principle, although there are still some points that need more thorough investigation. There are me- chanical imperfections in the machines, but they nevertheless offer many im- portant advantages over the pot system of dosage." Cyanid fumigation of ships, N. Robeets (Puh. Health Rpts. [U. S.'], 29 (191Ji), No. 50, pp. 3321-3325). — This is a description of the method used at New Orleans. On certain peculiar fungus parasites of living insects, R. Thaxter (Bot. Gaz., 58 (1914), No. 3, pp. 235-253, pis. 4).— This paper gives descriptions of 5 genera and 10 species. Of the genera, 3 are veiy closely allied to well-known genera of Hyphomycetes, one belongs to the Hyphomycetes but is not closely related to any described species, and the other seems to be more nearly related to the Chytridiales than to other known organisms. An outline of the subfamilies and higher groups of the insect order Thysa- noptera, J. D. Hood (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 28 (1915), pp. 53-60).— The author calls attention to the fact that within the last several years the number of known genera of Thysanoptera has increased from 45 to 169 and the known species from 175 to 795. With the increase in the size and importance of the group has come the necessity for a more comprehensive classification than that of Uzel proposed in 1895 (E. S. R., 8, p. 69). The grape leaf hopper, D. E. Mekkill (New Mexico Sta. Bui. 94 (1915), pp. S3, figs. 10). — This account relates to Typhlocyha comes and its variety colora- densis, which pest is a source of serious loss in yield each year in New Mexico. In addition to the loss in yield, it greatly lessens the vigor of the vines and sometimes they are even killed by it. There are two full broods and a small third each year in New Mexico. Control has been demonstrated to be possible and practicable by means of cultural methods, by spraying the spring brood of nymphs with kerosene emulsion or tobacco extracts, and by capturing the over- wintering adults before they lay the eggs in the spring with traps. Life-history studies of this insect by Quayle in California (E. S. R., 20. p. 557), by Hartzell in New York (E. S. R., 28, p. 855), and by Johnson in Pennsyl- vania (E. S. R., 80, p. 547) have been previously noted. Psylla piri and the fight against it by means of a new combined kerosene- lime emulsion, Gudkov (Turkest. Sclslc. Khoz., No. 3 (1914), PP- 263-289; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 7, pp. 422, 7/23).— The author reports ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ^ENTOMOLOGY. 557 observations made during ttie course of an outbreak of P. piri in Tasbkend in 1913. Kerosene-lime emulsion is said to have given the best results, both the imma- ture stages and adults being killed by it. This emulsion is made by slaking 1 lb. of lime in 1^ pints of water, and adding 1 lb. of kerosene, w^ith constant agitation. It is stated that the amount of kerosene in the formula may be doubled when the application is to be made to mature leaves. Spraying- for the control of the walnut aphis, A. R. Tylor (California Sta. Circ. 131 {1915), pp. 11, figs. 2). — ^This paper relates to Chromaphis juglandi- cola, a detailed account of studies of the life history and habits of which, by Davidson, has been previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 753). During years of heavy infestation, which occasionally occur, the size of the European walnut is considerably reduced. The drain upon the tree is said to be heavy as a result of its attack, and the infestation may also increase the dissemination of the walnut blight. The most effective spray for the control of the walnut aphis during the winter consists of commercial lime-sulphur. 5 gal. ; unslaked lime, 25 lbs. ; and water, 95 gal., at a cost of about $2.55 per 200 gal. of si)ray. The spray should be applied before growth starts in the spring, an average of 25 gal. of spray being required for 10-year-old trees and 40 gal. for larger trees. The spray found most efficient for summer control consists of blackleaf 40, 1 pint ; whale- oil soap, 4 lbs. ; and water, 200 gal., at a cost of $1.80 per 200 gal. of spray, when the materials are purchased in small amounts. About 30 to 35 gal. are required to cover 10-year-old trees. It is stated that the M. A. 0. nozzles (E. S. R., 26, p. 49) are the most suitable ones found for spraying walnut trees. The host plants of Aphis rumicis, J. Davidson (Ztschr. Wiss. Insektenhiol., 10 (1914), No. 5, pp. 189-190; aU. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 8, p. 494)- — Substantially noted from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 849). Preliminary report on spraying- of eggs for the control of the purple and green apple aphids of California, P. R. Jones (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4 (1915), No. 1, pp. 20-30). — "As far as can be determined at present under western conditions it is believed that dormant treatment for the eggs of the apple and purple aphids should be either commercial crude-oil emulsion 1 : 9 or 1 : 10 ( where the concentrate contains about 85 per cent crude oil ) ; home- made crude-oil emulsion from 10 to 15 per cent strength made from a crude oil running 19 to 23° B. ; commercial lime-sulphur at 1 : 6 or 1 : 7, and the appli- cation made as late in the winter as possible before the buds start to show green. " If homemade distillate-oil emulsions are used they should be made from heavy distillate, and the dilution in the tank figured to run 7 or 8 per cent oil." Notes on the life history and habits of the rose scale, Aulacaspis rosae, S. Nakayama (Jour. Ent. and Zool., 7 (1915), No. 1, pp. 45-54, figs. 25). — This paper is based upon observations made in the vicinity of Stanford University from December, 1912. to April, 1914. Studies of this scale, a common pest of blackberries, raspberries, and roses, by Smith, of New Jersey Experiment Station, have been previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 372), but observations of its biology on the Pacific coast have not previously been reported. The author treats of the egg and its oviposition, the method of hatching, the larval stages, seasonal history, and natural enemies. The natural enemies noted include two lady beetles (Chilocoriis Mvulnerus and Scynmus margini- collis) and an undetermined hymenopterous parasite. A bibliography of 9 titles is included. 558 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The San Jose and oyster-shell scales, L. Caesar {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 219 (1914), PP- 30, figs. 16). — A summarized account of the life history and habits, natural enemies, means of control, etc., of the San Jos6 scale (pp. 1-25) and of the oyster-shell scale (pp. 26-30) in Ontario. The San Jos4 scale was introduced into Ontario by or before 1894 in ship- ments of infested nursery stock. There is believed to be no scale in the Province at present north of a line drawn from about Sarnia to Toronto and more than half of the territory south of this line is still free. It is thought that the scale will probably live and thrive wherever peaches will live and bear some fruit, even though not in a commercial way. The first brood of young scales begins to appear about June 20, and there are probably three or nearly three full broods a year in Ontario, While there are a number of native enemies that attack it in Ontario, up to the present time they have been of but little importance. The scale can be readily controlled by a single spray- ing once a year before the buds have burst in the spring. Badly infested trees should be sprayed twice the first year. A map is given showing the present distribution of the scale in Ontario. The oyster-shell scale is said to occur in most of the orchards in every fruit district in Ontario. The citricola scale, H. J. Quatle (California 8ta. Bui. 255 {1915), pp. 405- 421, figs. 7).-^The citricola scale (Coccus citricola), first described as represent- ing a new species by Campbell in 1914 (E. S. R., 32, p. 57), is one of the most injurious scales attacking citrus trees in California. It not only necessitates the washing of the fruit because of the sooty mold fungus but seriously impairs the vigor of the tree and thereby greatly reduces fruit production. It is stated that in some groves the crop was reduced during the past year to the extent of 50 or 75 per cent as a result of its attack. The scale was first found in the vicinity of Claremont in 1909 and at about the same time near Riverside and in certain sections of San Bernardino County. It has been known in the citrus sections of Tulare County for the past three or four years. In the countries south of the Tehachapi the citricola scale is found in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, and San Bernardino. A brief account is given of its life history and habits, and a more technical paper is said to be in preparation. The young appear by the last week in April and continue to appear until August. During the summer, fall, and winter, the scales are found on the leaves almost exclusively and grow very slowly. In November and later a few migrate back to the twigs but the greatest migration occurs in March. With the warm weather of spring they rapidly mature and begin to deposit eggs late in April, Thus one full year is usually required for the life cycle. While the parasites attacking this scale are common they never occur in large numbers. Those reared from it include Coccophagus flavoscutellum, Aphycus flavus, C. lunulatus, and C. lecanii. The lady beetle Chilocorus Mvulnertis has been observed to feed upon this scale. As regards remedial measures it is stated that fumigation between July 15 and September 15 is the most satisfactory treatment. When applied later the results of fumigation are less certain. Where fumigation is not feasible spray- ing may be employed. The efficiency of fungoid parasites of scale insects (Agr. News [Barhados], 14 (1915), No. 337, p. 110). — A brief review of the subject, particularly as relates to the West Indies. The poison glands of the larva of the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrys- orrhoea), Cornelia F. Kephart (Jour. Parasitology, 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 95-103, ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 559 flgs, ^). — The author liere reports upon studies which have led her to confirm the finding of Tyzzer (B. S. R., 22, p. 55) that a definite poisonous principle is contained in the short barbed hairs of the larva of the brown-tail moth. " This substance is secreted by certain specialized hypodermal cells and is liberated in the blood through the sharp basal point of the hairs when they come in contact with the human skin. The poison glands are larger and fewer in number than the cells which form the hairs, there being one poison cell for each papilla on the tubercle instead of one for each hair." Life history of tlie codling moth in Maine, E. H. Sieglee and F. L. Siman- TON {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 252 {1915), pp. 50, pis. 2, figs. 9).— The studies here reported, which form part of an investigation of the codling moth carried on by the Bureau of Entomology of this Department throughout the United States (E. S. R., 33, p. 61), are based upon work at Winthrop, Me., during the seasons of 1913 and 1914. It is stated that the methods of study have been essentially the same for the several States where the work has been undertaken. The seasonal history studies of 1913 are first reported in detail (pp. 3-28), followed by those of 1914 (p. 28^G). A comparison of the life history of the codling moth during the two seasons, including a diagram of the seasonal history, follows. Much of the data is presented in tabular form. It was found that in Maine the codling moth has one full generation, a very pmall percentage (1 to 2 per cent) of the individuals of which transforms to make a partial second generation. Pupation of the overwintering larvte com- mences about the middle of May and extends to the first part of July. The length of the spring-brood pupal stage was found to average 21 days. Moths of the spring brood commence to emerge about two weeks after the petals have fallen and continue to issue for a period of about a month. The average time from the date of the emergence of the moths to the first oviposition was about four days. The oviposition of the spring-brood moths averaged 14 days. The average length of life of males of the spring brood was about 12 days, and of the females of the spring brood about 13 days. " The earliest first-brood eggs were deposited approximately three weeks after the petals dropped. The incubation period of the first-brood eggs averaged eight days. The first-brood eggs began to hatch in from four to five weeks after the petals had fallen. The transforming larvae of the first brood fed for a period of about 22 days. The overwintering larvae of the first brood had an average feeding period of 28 days. The female larvae of the first brood fed for a longer period than the male. The average time spent by the transforming larvae in constructing their cocoons was a:bout 6 days. "Approximately from 1 to 2 per cent of the first-brood larvae transformed to first-brood pupa?. The remainder of the larvae did not transform until the following spring (spring pupae). Pupation of the first or summer brood com- menced during the latter part of July. The average length of the first-brood pupal stage was 15 days. The first or summer brood of moths began to emerge just previous to mid-August and continued to issue for a period of about one month. Oviposition by moths of the first brood began about mid-August. The life cycle of the first generation was 51 days. The complete life cycle was about 55 days. " The average incubation period of the second brood of eggs was 11 days. The average feeding period of the second-brood larvae was 46 days. The female larvae of the second brood fed for a longer time than the male. " The hymenopterous parasite Ascogaster carpocapsw was frequently reared. The well-known beetle enemy Tenehrioides corticalis was commonly found at- tacking codling moth larvae. 560 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. "The codling motli in Maine may be controlled witli one spray thoroughly applied as soon as the petals drop. Arsenate of lead, paste 2 lbs. or powder 1 lb., to each 50 gal. of water, is recommended." The sugar cane bud moth (Loxostoma sp.), E. Jaevis (Queensland Agr. Jour., n. ser., 3 (1915), No. 2, pp. 72-76, fig. i).— The Australian sugar cane bud moth (Loxostoma sp.), although usually of little economic importance, occa- sionally proves injurious to seed cane, sometimes as high as 80 per cent of the eyes in soft varieties being destroyed. It also feeds on the leaf sheath, gnaws the surface of the rind close to the buds, and often bores into the cane stalks, thus producing wounds that court disease through the invasion of fungi. Technical descriptions are given of its several stages, together with a brief account of its habits, natural enemies, and control measures. The grass moth (Remigia repanda), a pest of sugar cane, rice, and para- grass in British Guiana, G. E. Bodkin (Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit. Guiana, 7 (1914), No. Jf, pp. 171-177). — This moth, R. repanda (latipes), has been a well-known pest for many years in British Guiana, although this is the first published ac- count of its life history, habits, etc. It may be found throughout the year on sugar cane, rice, para grass, and other grasses throughout the coast lands of the colony. There are certain periods, particularly on the occurrence of rain after a prolonged drought, when it appears in vast hordes, completely destroying whole areas of these crops. It also occurs in several of the interior' districts. It recently occurred as a serious pest in Trinidad and is also known as a pest in Jamaica. These are the only available records of the occurrence of the pest in the West Indies and elsewhere. Technical descriptions of the larval stages of this moth which have been published by H. G. Dyar« are included. riies in relation to disease. — Bloodsucking flies, E. Hindle (Canibridge, England: University Press, 1914, pp. XV -^398, figs. 88). — This volume, with the companion work by Graham-Smith on Nonbloodsucking Flies (E. S. R., 30, p. 552), covers the general subject of flies in their relation to disease. The author's object in preparing the book has been to collocate the more important observa- tions concerning the part taken by biting flies in the transmission of disease. In doing this he has included notes on and tables for the separation of the flies, mosquitoes, etc., concerned and descriptions of the infections transmitted, but no account of the clinical symptoms of the various diseases has been attempted. Particular attention has been given to the life history and bionomics of the more important forms mentioned, to the manner in which the infection is con- veyed, and to preventive measures. After a short introduction follow chapters on the structure and classification of the Diptera, accompanied by a list of biting flies known to transmit any infection. Each family, including any such carriers of disease, is then dealt with separately and in most cases some important member of the family is described in greater detail. Usually the description of the infections immedi- ately follows that of the family concerned in their transmission. Two extensive lists are included, the one above mentioned giving species of Diptera supix>sed to convey infective agents, the other tabulating 241 species of known anophelines, their synonymy, and relation to malaria. References to the literature are given at the end of many of the chapters. In preparing the work the author has covered the literature on the subject up to the beginning of 1913. Dr. A. F. A. King on mosquitoes and malaria, L. O. Howard (Science, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. 1052, pp. 312-315). — The author reviews the writings and «Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 23 (1901), pp. 27G-280. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY. 561 views of Dr. King in ISSl, 1882, and 1883 in vvbioli he presented reasons why malaria would be found to be transmitted by mosquitoes. The biology of the North American crane flies (Tipulidae).— Ill, The genus Ula, C. P. Alexander (Jour. Ent. and Zool., 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-9, figs. 8). — In continuation of the article previously noted (E. S. K., 32, p. 153) the author deals with the genus Ula and U. elegans. Notes on the life history and anatomy of Siphona plusiae, W. Bloeseb (Ann. Ent. Soc. Anicr., 7 {1914), No. 4, pp. 301-S09, figs. iO).— This article re- relates to a tachinid, S. plusia;, described by Coquillet in 1897 as bred from a cutworm, and now found by the author to be a parasitic in the larvai of Phrygamdia californica taken from oak trees at Palo Alta, Cal. The house fly (Musca domestica), its structure, habits, development, rela- tion to disease, and control, C. G. Hewitt {Cambridge, England: University Press, 1914, pp. XV -{-882, pis. 3, figs. iW).— This work consists of six parts which deal with the subject as follows: (1) The structure and habits of the house fly (pp. 1-86) ; (2) the breeding habits, life history, and structure of the larvte (pp. 87^150) ; (3) the natural enemies and parasites of the house fly (pp. 151-185) ; (4) other species of flies frequenting houses (pp. 186-217) ; (5) the relation of house flies to disease (pp. 218-516; and (6) control measures (pp. 317-335). In the preparation of the work the author endeavored to review the entire literature relating to this insect. It is not intended as a popular treatise on the subject, but primarily for the use of entomologists, medical men, health officers, and those similarly engaged or interested in the subject. A 36-page bibliography is appended and author and subject indexes are included. A popular handbook on this subject by the author has been previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 560), as have several papers reporting investigations upon which this work is based in part (E. S. R., 24, p. 356; 31, p. 455). Observations on the feeding habits of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, C. G. Hewitt (Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. ser., 8 {1914), Sect. IV, pp. 37-42, pi. 1). — The author deals with this subject under the headings of method of feeding, period of digestion, examination of fecal deposits, and frequency of feeding. The author reports that he was unable, except in one ease, to induce the flies selected for the purpose to take their first feed for at least 24 hours, although they were repeatedly placed on the skin. They usually fed readily between 24 and 48 hours after emergence. Records show that the average length of time occupied in feeding, based upon 22 engorgements, was 8.9 minutes when undisturbed. A summary of the results of feeding experiments conducted are presented in tabular form. Cherry fruit flies, L. Caesab and G. J. Spencee (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 227 (1915), pp. 30, figs. 18). — Two species of cherry fruit flies, namely, Bhagole- tis cingulata and R. fausta, for which the names white-banded cherry fruit fly and black-bodied cherry fruit fly, respectively, are proposed, are said to cause much loss to cherry growers in Ontario. The insects are distributed here and there all over the Niagara district and probably in many of the other cherry districts of the Province. The percentage of wormy cherries in infested or- chards varies from 5 to 99, many otherwise good orchards sometimes being so badly infested that the fruit can not be picked. Varieties like Early Richmond and early sweet cherries are almost exempt from attack, but all later sour and sweet cherries are infested, especially Montmorency and Morello. So far as known no other orchard fruit is subject to injury from the pest. The black-bodied cherry fruit fly appears on the trees about a week earlier in the spring than the white-banded cherry fruit fly. In Niagara the former 562 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. may usually be seen about the end of the first week in June, the latter about June 11. The adults are thought to live on an average about three weeks. Oviposition commences ten or twelve days after the adults emerge, the eggs being deposited just under the skin of the cherries. They hatch in about five days and the maggots become full grown in about 14 days. On leaving the fruit the larvae work into the soil about an inch or go down cracks, if the surface is hard, and soon change to the puparia. They then remain dormant imtil the next June, when they change to flies and move about through the orchard. Experiments in 1913 and 1914, both on large orchards and on caged trees, show that the insects can be easily and cheaply controlled by poisoning the adults before they can lay their eggs. " The best mixture to use is from 2 to 3 lbs. arsenate of lead (paste) to 40 gal. of water, sweetened with 1 gal., or nearly 1 gal., of cheap molasses (black strap). Arsenate of lead without the molasses will probably give almost as good results. Until the pest is nearly annihilated two applications should be given each year in badly infested orchards, the first about June 8, or about a week before Early Richmonds begin to ripen, the second application ordinarily about June 20, or about the time the Montmo- rencies are showing the first symptoms of the red blush. It is well to spray plum, apple, and pear trees that happen to be among or very close to the cherry trees, as the flies rest and feed on their foliage also. Early varieties of cher- ries should not be given the second application, as they are then too near picking time. " Two years' treatment should free an orchard of the pest, unless fresh infesta- tion comes from outside sources. . . . The cost of spraying trees 14 years of age twice should not be more than 5 cts. per tree. This includes cost of mix- ture, labor, and horse. . . . Close observations for two years in five orchards, along with some special tests, show that bees are not attracted to the poison, and that there is no danger of poisoning them if the directions given above are followed." A bulletin by Illingworth reporting studies of these pests in New York has been previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 55). The ravages, life history, weights of stages, natural enemies, and meth- ods of control of the melon fly (Dacus cucurbitas), H. H. P. and H. C. Severin and W. J. Hartung (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 7 (1914), No. 3, pp. 177-212, figs. 57). — ^A report of studies based upon observations in Hawaii in which the authors consider the native home, field observations in a pumpkin patch, food plants, life history, natural enemies, methods of control, etc. A report of studies of this pest by Back and Pemberton has been previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 452). A bibliography of 11 titles is appended. The progress of Scymnus bipunctatus, H. S. Smith (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 3 (lOlJf), No. 12, p. 535, fig. 1).—K colony of several thousand adults of this lady beetle, reared from specimens obtained in the Philippines by the author in the fall of 1913 and liberated in June, 1914, at Alhambra, is said to have been found breeding by thousands on lemon trees. It is expected that it will be of considerable value in controlling the citrus mealy bug (Pseudococcus citri). Some notes on life history of lady beetles, Miriam A. Palmer (Ann. Ent. Boc. Amer., 7 (WUf), No. 3, pp. 213-238, pis. 2).— Biological notes are here pre- sented on the more common coccinellids found in Colorado, namely, nippodamia convergens, Coccinella 5-^otata, C. monticola, C. 9-notata, Adalia melanopleura A. annectans, A. coloradensis, A. humeralis, Olla ahdominalis, H. sinuata, H. parenthesis, C. sanguinea, and Scymnus sp. Special attention is paid to the ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 563 duration of the life cycle and the habits regarding egg laying and feeding, with incidental observations on injurious influences and other points. Descriptions are given of the beetles in all stages, which are also illustrated in color. The violet rove beetle, F. H. Chittenden (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 26Jf {1915), pp. If, fig. 1). — Apocellus sphwricoUis, known as the violet rove beetle, has been reported from time to time since 1901 as an enemy to violets and other suc- culent ornamental plants in the District of Columbia and at St. Louis, Mo. The injury is caused by its feeding on the flowers and leaves. Since the beetle lives normally, like others of its kind, on old dead leaves or in soil covered by leaves over winter, the use of decaying leaves deposited in piles at regular intervals about infested plants will serve as a trap for them, and they may be readily destroyetl by dipping in hot water or otherwise. Sterilization of the leaves used as a mulch will bring about the destruction of the insect and prevent its introduction into the greenhouse or flower bed. The small sweet potato weevil (Crynptorhynch-us batatae), L. A. Whitney {Mo. Bui. Com. Hart. Cal., 4 {1915), No. 3, pp. 162-16^, figs. 5).— While this pest has not become established in California it is said to have been taken in quaran- tine repeatedly; in some shipments inspected fully 50 per cent of the tubers examined had been riddled by the larvce. Recent studies of the Mexican cotton-boll weevil, B. R. Coad {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 231 {1915), pp. 3.'f, fig. 1). — This is a report of investigations conducted by the author in connection with and in continuation of those previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 458). Among the more important observations noted are those relating to longevity of adult weevils, it having been found in an experiment during 1914 at Wash- ington, D. C, that they may be kept in a dormant state for more than a year ; re- production, including the length of periods in the life of the adult weevil ; rate of oviposition, etc.; incubation period of the egg; total developmental period; generations ; important food adaptations, etc. Bee keeping for profit, W. S. Morley {London: Cassell & Company, Ltd., 1914, pp. 124, Pl-^- S). — A popular handbook. The orientation of ants and the orientation problem in general, R. Brun (Die Raiimorientierung der Ameisen und das OrientierungsproTflcm im allege- meinen. Jena: Oustav Fischer, 1914, PP- VIII-\-234, figs. 51). — A critical experi- mental study and a contribution to the mneme theory, A bibliography of 124 titles is included. Chalcidids of the genus Isosonia injurious to grain crops in Eussia, M. N. RiMSKY-KoRSAKov {Trudy Bvuro Ent. [St. Petersb.], 10 {1914), No. 11, pp. 84, pis. 3, figs. 50; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {19^14), Ser. A, No. 7, pp. 470-473).— This is a report of investigations conducted in the Government of Kherson. Five species of Isosoma were found of which two are described as new. It is pointed out that but little is as yet known of the biology of members of this genus in Europe. [Studies of the Siphonaptera or fleas], C. Fox (Pm&. Health 8erv. U. 8., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 97 {1914), PP- 31, pis. 22). — Three papers are here presented. The first relates to Some New Siphonaptera (pp. 7-17) ; the second consists of A Further Report on the Identification of Some Siphonaptera from the Philippine Islands (p. IS) ; and the third takes up The Taxonomic Value of the Copulatory Organs of the Females in the Order Siphonaptera (pp. 19-22). A synopsis of the British Siphonaptera, N. C. Rothschild {Ent. Mo. Mag., S. ser., 1 {1915), No. 3, pp. 49-112, pis. 8). — The author recognizes 45 species of fleas representing 16 genera as occurring in Great Britain. The paper includes a synonymic catalogue of the species. 564 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Composition of the grain, flour, and milling offals of four varieties of wheat, H. Hunter {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr., Ireland Jour., 15 (1915), No. 3, pp. 550-562). — ^Analytical data are reported regarding the composition of the grain, flour, and various milling by-products of Red Fife, Square Head Master, White Queen, and White Stand Up wheats. From the results obtained it is concluded that the differences in composition of these four wheats are the direct cause of differences in the flours and offals obtained in milling. Durum wheat as a substitute for other varieties of grain in bread making, A. Caselli (Agr. Colon. [Italy'\, 9 (1915), No. Jf-5, pp. 2i7-227).— Analyses and baking tests reiwrted of flours made from durum wheat and other grains indi- cate that this variety of wheat is very satisfactory for bread making. The chemical composition of some corn-meal products and the digestibility of protein, Rammstedt (Arch. Hyg., 81 (1913), No. 6, pp. 286-306; abs. in Eyg. Rundschau, 25 (1915), No. 3, p. 108). — The results of a number of analyses are reported comprisuig the chemical composition of corn, wheat, and rye flours. Values are also given for the digestibility of the protein content of flours pre- pared from peas, lentils, beans, corn, wheat, buckwheat, and rye, as determined by artificial digestion at from 3S to 40° C, for 24 hours, with a pepsin-hydro- chloric acid solution. The chemistry of rice polishings, H. Feasee and A. T. Stanton (Lancet [London], 1915, I, No. 20, pp. 1021, 1022). — The experimental data previously reported (E. S. R., 31, p. 555) are reviewed in the light of recent investigations by other workers. On the nature of the sugars found in the tubers of sweet potatoes, K. MiYAKE (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 (1915), No. 2, pp. 503-506).— An analytical study of the nature of the sugars in the sweet potato is summarized as follows : " Sugar of the sweet potato tubers is made up of both reducing and non- reducing sugar. The reducing sugar consists of both glucose and fructose, while the nonreducing sugar is sucrose. The presence of pentose, galactose, and mannose molecules is excluded. The presence of malto.se is also excluded." On the nuclein bases found in the shoots of Aralia cordata, K. Miyake (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 (1915), No. 2, pp. 507-509) .—The results are reported of a study of the chemical nature of the nuclein bases found in the shoots of Aralia cordata. The presence of guanin and xauthin was detected; adenin and hypoxanthin were not found present. Are the hardened fats suitable food for man? P. O. SiJssMANN (Arch. Hyg., 84 (1915), No. 2-3, pp. 121-145). — Results are reported of the analysis of a number of samples of hardened sesame, peanut, and cotton-seed oils, which were found to contain from 1 to 1.1 mg., 1.6 to 6.3 mg., and 0.07 to 0.4 mg. of nickel per kilogram of fat, respectively. Larger amounts of iron were de- tected, but these were regarded as having no hygienic significance. In a series of feeding experiments with dogs as much as 0.75 per cent of the body weight of hardened fat was eaten daily without noticeable disturbances. The author concludes that the amount of nickel present in the hardened fat is too small to produce any ill effects, and that these fats are in every way suitable for human food. Does butter fat contain nitrogen and phosphorus? T. B. Osborne and A. J. Wakeman (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 (1915), No. 1, pp. 91-94). — A more or less controversial article, which presents further analytical data in support of the contention that the growth-stimulating properties of butter fat are not due to the presence of nitrogen or phosphorus. Earlier work has been noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 262). FOODS — HUMAN NUTEITION. 565 Chemical composition of Hungarian flower honeys, S. Weiseb (K4,s6rlet. Kozlcm., 18 {1915). No. 2, pp. 365. 366). — Analytical data are given regarding a number of samples of lioney made from several different flowers. Molasses, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada liul. 312 {1915), pp. 21). — Analytical data are given regarding 140 samples purchased in Canada as molasses. Of these, 75 contained less than 40 per cent of cane sugar, and are questioned by tlie author as to their suitability for food purposes. In his opinion they should be sold under the name of black strap rather than mo- lasses. Thirty-eight samples contained more than 5 per cent of ash. The need for a legal standard for molasses is urged. Economical electric cooking. — ^Competition of electricity with gas and coal requires conservation of heat energy and utilization of economical tempera- ture, P. W. GuMAEB {Engin. Mag., 49 {1915), No. 4, pp. 580^583, figs. 6).— From the results of an extended series of experiments as to the economy of electric cooking the author gives the ranges of temperature at which the oven should be maintained for the most economical baking of bread and cakes and the roasting of meats. Report of the Committee on Terminals and Transportation of the New York State Food Investigating Committee, W. C. Brown, F. W. Stevens, and G. M. Tucker {Albany: J. B. Lyon Company, 1913, pp. 39). — A report of an investigation to determine the effect of railroad rates, railroad terminal facili- ties, and railroad service upon the cost of foodstuffs in New York City, Albany, Syracuse, and Buffalo during the past 10 years. One conclusion drawn from the data presented is that the tendency of railroad rates has been downward, and that they represent a very small part of the ultimate price of foodstuffs. A number of recommendations are made as to improvement in methods of freight distribution. A statistical study of the relation of pellagra to use of certain foods and to location of domicile in six selected industrial communities, J. F. Silee, P. E. Garrison, and W. J. McNeal {ArcJi. Int. Med., 14 {1914). No. 3, pp. 293- 373, figs. 29). — This statistical study was made in six cotton-mill villages in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, Records were obtained of the frequency of use of certain elements of diet aud of the general sanitary condition of the houses, as well as information regarding the association with pellagra of the inhabitants. The following conclusions are drawn by the authors : Pellagra spread from a preexisting case as a center in the six villages here studied. It was transmitted to new victims only through very short distances and chiefly to those immediately associated in the home with a preexisting case of the disease. Frequent use of corn meal as an article of diet was not a factor in the causa- tion of pellagra in these villages, and there was discovered no evidence that canned goods have anything to do with its causation. The frequent, even daily, use of fresh meat and of eggs afforded no relative protection. The daily use of milk seemed to diminish to some extent the danger of contracting pellagra in 1912 and 1913, although its use did not fully insure against the development of the disease. Studies on the digestion of cooked meat in the case of dogs, E. Zunz {Biochem. Jour., 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 17-35). — In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 32, p. 256). the author reports further analyses of the stomach con- tents of laboratory animals (dogs) after the ingestion of meat to determine the character of the protein decomposition products as an index to the protein metabolism. Contribution to the knowledge of the utilization of vegetable protein by the animal organism, H. Boeuttau {Biochem. Ztschr., 69 {1915), No. 3-4, pp. 566 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. 225-244). — Feeding experiments with laboratory animals (dogs) are described from whicb tbe author concludes that vegetable proteins are equal to animal proteins in supplying essential amino acids, provided the protein of the bran is rendered available and a sufficient variety of plant food is supplied. The specific heat of muscle protein and its significance with regard to the heat of combustion, O. Krummacher (Ztsclir. Biol., 65 (1915), No. 7-S, pp. 355-3GJ}). — The author reports a number of measurements of the specific heat of muscle protein from which it is deduced that its heat of combustion at 37° C. is 0.15 per cent greater than at 17°. The digestion and absorption of protein and fat in normal and depan- creatized animals, E. W. H. Cruickshank (Biochem. Jour., 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 138-155). — In feeding experiments with laboratory animals (dogs) the ab- sorption of nitrogen was studied in the case of normal animals given low and high protein and low and high fat diets. The variations from these results when the animal was partially depancreatized, totally deprancreatized, and when raw pancreas was added to the diet were also determined. The results obtained showed that the removal of the pancreas caused an imme- diate and serious disturbance of the digestion of both protein and fat. The metabolism of creatin and creatinin. — VII, The fate of creatin when administered to man, V. C Myers and M. S. Fine (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 {1915), No. 2, pp. 377-381). — Two feeding experiments are described in which the authors served as subjects. Living on meat and meat extract free diets for 12 and 13 days, they Ingested 1 gm. of creatin on the seventh day and increased the amount until on the eleventh day 5 gm. was taken. From the increased ex- cretion of creatinin in the urine, it is concluded that the increase in the creatinin excretion actually comes from the administered creatin. The metabolism of creatin and creatinin. — VIII, The presence of creatinin in muscle, V. C. Myeks and M. S. Fine (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 {1915), No. 2, pp. 383-387). — Results are reported of analyses to determine the creatinin con- tent of fresh muscle from the rabbit, cat, and dog, and from human bodies. The authors conclude that these results strongly support the view held by others and themselves that the urinary creatinin originates chiefly in the muscle tissue. The metabolism of creatin and creatinin. — IX, The creatin content of the muscle of rats fed on isolated proteins, V. C. Myers and M. S. Fine {Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 {1915), No. 2, pp. 389-393).— In this paper data are given show- ing the creatin content of the muscle of rats fed on isolated proteins (casein, edestin, and lactalbumin). The results indicate, in the opinion of the authors, that the creatin content of rat muscle varies within comparatively narrow limits, and that the concentration of muscle creatin is only slightly influenced by feeding proteins containing varying quantities of arginin. Does the cholesterin of the diet exert an influence on the excretion of cholesterin in the bile? L. D'Amato {Biochem. Ztschr., 69 {1915), No. 3-4, pp. 217-224). — Feeding experiments are reported in which dogs having an artiflcial gallic fistula were maintained on a diet rich in lipoid material. A constant, although very small, increase in bile cholesterin and bile salts was noted. Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage, W. B. Cannon {New York and London: D. Appleton d Co., 1915, pp. XIII +311, figs. 39).— This book brings together and discusses the results of recent investigations in this field of physiology. The chapters on the effect of the emotions on digestion and the nature of hunger are of special interest to students of nutrition. A study of prolonged fasting, F. G. Benedict {Carnegie Inst. Washington Put). 203 {1915), pp. 416, pis. 7, figs. 46). — This publication reports observations made upon a human subject who underwent a continuous fast for 31 days. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION- 567 The subject of the experiment subsisted entirely without foofl, but ingested 750 CO. of water daily. In order to investigate completely the physiological and psychological conditions prevailing at intervals during the fasting period, measurements were made of body weight, body temperature, pulse rate, and blood pressure. These were supplemented by frequent blood tests and determi- nations of the mechanics of respiration by measuring the ventilation of the lungs, the alveolar air, and the respiration rate. In addition to these tests, records were kept of examinations of the urine, for the direct determination of nitrogen, acid and basic radicles, carbon, and energy. It was i)0ssible also to study the subject's mental attitude during the fast and to make psychological tests. By means of the universal respiration apparatus was studied the influence of various factors upon the respiratory exchange, observations being made while the subject was at rest, while doing light work (writing), and while breathing air rich in oxygen. The metabolism was also studied by means of the respira- tion calorimeter, the subject sleeping each night in a body calorimeter. The data are summarized to describe the nature and extent of the catabolism, including both material and energy losses from the body. Basal metabolism and body surface — a contribution to the normal data, J. H. Means (Jour. Biol. Chcm., 21 (.1915), No. 2, pp. 26S-268, figs. ^).— Deter- minations are reported of the basal metabolism of 16 normal subjects, using the Benedict universal respiration apparatus. The surface area was also calcu- lated by the formulas used by other Investigators, and the accuracy of these formulas is discussed. The water content and temperature of expired air, G. Galeotti (Pfliiger's Arch. Physiol., 160 (WW, No. 1-3, pp. 27-Ifl, fig. i).— This paper reports a study of the actual water content of expired air under normal conditions and as affected by the humidity and temperature of the environment. The tempera- ture of the exhaled air was studied with regard to its humidity, the regularity of breathing, the influence of inhaling warm air, and the effect produced by a cold bath. The temperature of the expired air was found to vary from 34.4° to 35.7° C. at a room temperature of from 1G° to 25°. Both the temi>erature and the humidity of the environment influenced these factors in the expired air. The effect of the cold bath was to lower the temperature of the air. As a result of these observations the author concludes that the vasomotor condition of the lungs influences the temperature and consequently the water content of the expired air. The temperature of expired air, G. Galeotti, V, Scaffidi, and O. Baekan {Arch. Ital. Biol., 62 {191Jf), No. 3, pp. 411-420). — Measurements are reported of the temperatures of the body and of the expired air under normal conditions, after fatigue, and under the influences of cold and cutaneous vaso-dilation. At a room temperature of 10° C., that of the expired air was 33 to 34°. By increasing the temperature of the environment (16 to 25°) the temperature of the expired air was raised somewhat (34.4 to 35.7°). After fatigue this ^'alue remained within normal limits. These experiments are supplementary to those reviewed above. Researches on the exchange of energy in live animal tissues. — I, Micro- calorimetry applied to animal tissues, A. O. DeAxmeida (Amer. Jour. Physiol., S7 {1915), No. 3, pp. 505-514, figs. 2). — The author describes the technique and apparatus employed in experiments designed to measure the heat developed by animal tissue separated from the organism. Investigations at the nutrition laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Boston, Massachusetts, F. G. Benedict {Science, n. ser., 42 568 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. {1915), No. 1012, pp. 75-84, fiO- !)• — In this address the author discusses various phases of the work of the hiboratory and describes some of the apparatus used. The results of experiments, most of which have been noted from other sources, are briefly summarized. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Foodstuffs for animals and their valuation, F. A. Stockdale {Mauritius: Dept. Agr., 1915, pp. 5). — ^Analyses are given of cane tops, manioc, sweet pota- toes, wheat bran, rice bran, coconut meal, cotton-seed meal, and molasses. Some facts about concentrated feeds, W. H. Strowd {Wi^conMn Sta. Bui. 253 {1915), pp. 60, fig. 1). — Analyses are given of oil meal, cotton-seed meal, gluten feed, distillers' dried grains, hominy feed, bran, wheat, middlings, shorts, flour middlings, red dog flour, germ middlings, rye middlings, rye bran, barley shorts, buckwheat bran, dried brewers' grains, dried brewers' yeast, malt sprouts, alfalfa meal, tankage, blood meal, meat scrap, bone meal, tankage, molasses feed, corn, corn-soy bean silage, alfalfa hay, dried potato peelings, wet vinegar refuse, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. Vine prunings as fodder, F. de Castella {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 13 (1915), No. 5, pp. 310-314). — Successful experiments in feeding vine prunings to cattle, sheep, and horses are reported. Silage feeding, C. I. Bbay {Oldahoma Sta. Circ. 36 {1914), PP- 2-S).— This circular gives general information on the feeding of silage to live stock. The comparative values of cotton-seed, cotton-seed meal, and com, as shown by chemical analyses, C. K. Francis {Oklahoma Sta. Circ. 31 {1914), pp. 4). — Data as to the composition and digestible nutrients of raw cotton-seed and cotton-seed meal are given. Suggestive rations for beef cattle and dairy cows ai"e included. Coconut cake and palm-nut kernel cake {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 21 {1915), No. 11, pp. 1025-1032). — Data are summarized as to the average compo- sition of coconut cake and palm-nut cake and digestibility coefficients, and a general resume of experiments in feeding these products is included. It is said that palm-nut kernel and coconut cakes or meals are valuable feed- ing stufl's, particularly for milch cows. They are also useful for replacing oats for horses, but are probably of less value for fattening steers, sheep, and pigs. The feeding value of refuse brewers' yeast: Hungarian experiments, J. SCHANDL {KozteleJc [Budapest], 24 {1914), No. 16, pp. 2658, 2659; abs. in Inter- nat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 2, pp. 216, 211). — The composition of brewers' yeast is given as moisture 87.G7 per cent ; protein, 6.69 ; fat, 0.14 ; nitrogen-free extract, 4.49 : and ash, 1.01. It is said that the product can not be used for feeding purposes as it comes from the brewery, owing to the danger of abnormal or excessive fermentation in the stomach of the animal, and to its bitter taste and strong smell. After subjecting it to a simple cooking process it was readily accepted by sheep and pigs, but cows and horses refused to touch it until after 24 hours, when the dis- agreeable taste and smell had disappeared. In an experiment in which two rams were fed 1.5 lbs. of chopped clover and 0.5 lb. of yeast the digestibility coefficients of the yeast were dry matter, 89 and 54 per cent ; protein, 97 and 86 per cent ; and nitrogen-free extract 82 and 86 per cent, respectively. In experiments with five cows fed in three periods of 30 days each, as follows : First and third periods 4.4 lbs. of sunflower cake, second period 2.2 lbs. of sun- flower cake and 11 lbs. of yeast, it was found that the yeast exerted no speciflc influence on the yield of milk. ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 569 It is said that the following quantities of the yeast per 1,000 lbs. live weight may safely be fed : Horses, 4 lbs. ; cows, 10 lbs. ; sheep, 5 lbs. ; and pigs, 10 lbs. The action of taka-diastase on the digestive power of the healthy animal, S. Sawamura (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 5 (1915), No. 3, pp. 271-281). — From feeing trials with a sheep it is concluded that the addition of 0.5 gm. of taka-diastase to a basal ration of hay, bran, and starch did not increase the digestibility of the starch, but that of crude fiber was slightly augmented. The quantity of digestible protein was practically the same as where the basal ra- tion alone was fed, from which it is concluded that the addition of talia-dias- tase did not increase the secretion of digestive enzymo in the animal body. In a second trial with two sheep in which 1 gm. of talia-diastase was added to the basal ration, the digestibility of the starch was increased, as was also that of the crude fiber and protein. The addition of the talia-diastase appar- ently s'.ightl}' diminished the secretion of the digestive enzyms. The results of these experiments indicate that the addition of a very small dose of a digestive enzym to the feed of a healthy animal has no effect on the digestion, but that when taka-diastase is given in a quantity corresponding to the -^o;?Qoo part of the live weight the digestion of starch is somewhat augmented by it, and that of protein is also increased. However, as the increase of the digestibility of starch is very small, it is not deemed economical to use any digestive enzym in the feeding of domestic animals. A new method (Kjellestrom) for the determination of the live weight of cattle, E. Mascheroni (Indus. Latt. e Zootec, 13 (1915), No. 7, pp. 100-102, fig. 1). — ^A method for the determination of the live weight of cattle is described, certain measurements of length and heart girth being used. The cost of maintenance of cattle as influenced by condition, previous plane of nutrition, age, season of the year, length of time on maintenance, type, and size of animal, P. F. Trowbridge, C. R. Moulton, and L. D. Haigh (Missouri Sta. Research Bui. 18 (1915), pp. 5-62, figs. 17). — These studies were made with 26 steers. A portion of the steers were selected as calves, full fed for four months, and assigned to lots. Lot 1 was full fed and crowded, lot 2 was fed for maximum growth without laying on appreciable fat, and lot 3 was fed for retarded growth, about i lb. grain daily when yearlings. Collectively the three lots were known as the " use of food " group. Another portion of the steers belonged to a group known as the " regular-maintenance " group. A third group was called the " special-maintenance " group. They were full fed until 11 months old, when they were divided into three lots, one lot being held at maintenance, a second lot being allowed to gain i lb. per day, and a third lot losing i lb. per day. Three other steers were full fed for several months. Then followed 30 days of submaintenance or loss of weight, and then maintenance for 60 days. One of these steers was then full fed for four months and nine days, put on main- tenance for 240 days, again full fed for five months, and finally put on main- tenance for 110 days. This trial ended one month before slaughtering. A second steer, after the above treatment, for three months was fed a main- tenance ration plus one-half the productive feed above maintenance fed to the first steer, was then put on maintenance for 290 days, again fed as above for five months, and finally put on maintenance for 110 days. This trial ended about five months before slaughtering. The third steer, after the same pre- liminary treatment accorded the two preceding steers, was for three months and nine days fed a maintenance ration plus one-fourth of the productive feed above maintenance fed the first steer. Then followed 280 days of maintenance, a second feeding period of five months, and a final maintenance period of 110 days, which ended three months before slaughtering. 7700°— No. 6—15 6 570 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The "use of food" steers were feci half as much hay (alfalfa) as grain, and the grain consisted of com chop, whole oats, and linseed meal 6:3:1. The other two groups were fed four-tenths as much hay as grain, and the grain consisted of corn chop and linseed meal 8 :1. Weights, measurements, and analyses were made. The authors conclude from their studies that " the mass of active hody tissue, measured by the active body nitrogen, is a good medium of reference for main- tenance costs. The relative surface area of cattle is a measure of the relative energy needs. The proportion of surface area to the two-thirds power of the live weight is shown to vary with the condition of the animal, but to be fairly constant for a given condition. The specific gravity of the blood of beef cattle is shown to be fairly constant with an average value of about 1.0510. Poorer nutrition seems to give a lower specific gravity. The proportion of blood to animal is shown to vary with the condition of the animal, but to be fairly constant for a given condition. "Ah average consumption of 0.826 gm. of digestible nitrogen and 170 metabolizable calories of energy per 100 gm. of active body nitrogen per day are suflicient for maintenance. The consumption of energy per square meter of surface was 2,435 calories per day. Per kilogram of blood it required 3.31 gm. of digestible nitrogen and 667 calories of energy. In the customary units per 1,000 lbs., 0.889 lbs. of digestible protein and 12.92 therms of metabolizable energy sufficed for maintenance. " Condition alone seems to have no effect upon the cost of maintenance. The cost of maintenance is high after a previous full-fed period, and the higher the previous plane of nutrition the greater this increase in cost. The cost of maintenance decreases with increasing age. The cost of maintenance is least in the spring and greatest in the winter. During the other seasons it is inter- mediate. A long maintenance trial seems to cause a lowering cost, but age and previous treatment are strong contributory causes. Great activity causes a higher maintenance cost. Poor thrift and high cost of maintenance seem to go together. The heavier the animal the greater the cost of maintenance in energy per unit of surface area. This is due to a relatively smaller surface area as well as to the heavier weight sustained." Growth of pasture animals, Faxke (Arb. Mitt. Deut. Oesell. Weidew. u. YiehzucM Leipzig, No. 1 {19U), pp. 31, fig. J).— The advantages of raising spring calves are pointed out, it being shown that during the first six months the most rapid and cheapest growth is made, that a summer's feeding on pasture puts calves in a position to undergo a rigorous winter, and that their subse- quent gains are more rapid. Calf-feeding' experiment, 1914, P. H. Foulkes, A. Andrews, and J. B. Garnett {Field Expts. Harper Adams Agr. Col., Salop and Staffordshire, Bpt. 1914, pp. 19-21, fig. 1). — Four lots of 4 calves each were fed 10 weeks as follows: Lot. 1, 6 qt. of new milk daily per calf; lot 2, new milk gradually replaced by a gruel made from a home-mixed calf feed consisting of oatmeal, linseed meal, and corn meal 2:1:2; lot 3, new milk gradually substituted by a calf meal consisting of ground linseed, linseed cake meal, flour, and bean meal 5 : 14 : 2 : 2 ; and lot 4, 6 qt. separated milk, 2 to 3 oz. cod liver oil, and ^ to 1 lb. crushed oats per day per calf. The average weekly gains per calf were 11.45, 7.1, 8.65, and 10.17 lbs., respectively, costing 7.25, 8.06, 5.34, and 2.8d. per pound of gain. [Sheep-breeding experiments], P. H. Fotjlkes, A. Andrews, and J. B. Gar- nett (Field Expts. Harper Adams Agr. Col., Salop and Staffordshire, Rpt. 1914, p. 22). — Ewes of the Improved Welsh breed were mated with pure-bred Rye- ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 571 land, Romney Marsh, and Improved Wels'li rams. The Ryeland cross proved to be the most desirable, both as to vigor and fattening qualities. Effect of dips on wool, B. G. Enslin (Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1913-14, lip. 69-73). — Experiments in which sheep were treated with various dips are reported. It is said that while wool treated with caustic soda and sul- phur in certain proportions will be dissolved, a dipping fluid made of the proper proportions will not damage the wool. The effect of all alkaline soda salts, when they are used improperly, is to destroy the spinning qualities of the wool, but it is said that the damage caused by the improper use of alkalis is hardly likely to be greater than that caused by the scab mites, for wool from sheep which have suffered from scab is brittle and structureless and has lost both its sinn- ning and felting qualities. [Pig] feeding experiments, O. W. H. Rotjlston et al. (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Rpt. Dept. Com. Irish Pig-Breeding Indus., 1914, pp. 12, 13). — It was found that the average daily gain in weight made by a large number of pigs fed on barley, bran, or corn was practically the same. The pigs fed on barley produced a better quality of pork than those fed on corn. In a feeding trial with 159 pigs, some fed during the summer and some in winter, on the average 4.13 lbs. of corn meal were consumed to produce 1 lb. of live weight, the maximum being 5.2 lbs. and the minimum 3.24 lbs. of meal. Pigs were fattened with less feed in summer than in winter. It was found that in a mixed feeding ration 4 lbs. of potatoes were approximately equivalent to 1 lb. of meal for fattening pigs. Though theoretically separated milk is about one-sixth of the value of com meal, it was found that when it was fed to pigs with meal and potatoes it was actually worth almost one-third more than its theoretical feeding value, probably due to the greater relish with which the pigs consumed, their feed. A larger increase of weight was obtained in the early stages of fattening for the amount of feed consumed than in the later stages. Pigs fed either in sum- mer or in winter on raw meals (steeped in water for from 1 to 12 hours) gave a higher daily gain than those fed on cooked meal, and the quality of pork was equally as good. Swine-feeding experiments with a sugar feed, Richardsen (Landw. Ztschr. Rheinprovinz, 16 {1915), No. 23, pp. 374, 375). — Successful experiments are reported in which 24 kg. of a sugar feed daily per 1,000 kg. live weight were fed in addition to a basal ration of corn meal and fish meal and blood or meat meal. The sugar appeared to increase the digestibility of the entire ration and to improve the quality of the flesh. The value of fish and meat meals for fattening pigs, G. Mabtinoli (Rev. Centra Estud. Agron. y Vet., 7 {1914), No. 72, pp. 258-270; ahs. in Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Romeli, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 3, pp. 445, 446). — From results obtained in experiments comparing the relative feed- ing value of fish and meat meals it was concluded that in fattening pigs from the earliest age fish meal proved of value in developing the skeleton and in stimulating the appetite and the processes of assimilation. The animals fed on fish meal grew more rapidly than those fed on meat meal, and they were of superior quality. Neither the fish nor meat meal imparted any particular smell or taste to the flesh. Artificial impregnation of mares, O. voN Nemeshegni {Deut. Landw. Tier- zucht, IS {1914), No. 32, pp. 383, 384, fig- 1).—A number of successful trials in artifically impregnating mares are reported. The results show that 5 cc. of the spermatic fluid is sufficient to impregnate one animal. Care and training of trotters and pacers, A. C. Thomas and W. H. Shields {Chicago: Chicago Horseman Newspaper Co., 1915, 3. ed., pp. 176, figs. 6). — 572 EXPEBIMENT STATION EECOED. The topics discussed in this boolc are the suckling colt, the weanling colt, mak- ing speed with yearlings, preparing for 2-year-old futurities, 3-year-olds, shoeing colts, defects in gait, types of shoes, feeding, grooming, and other related sub- jects. The historical development of poultry husbandry in Germany, A. Beeck (Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Eush., 1 (1915), No. 8, pp. 57-GO, 61, 62). — ^A resume of the development of the poultry industry in Germany. A poultry survey of the city of Ithaca, O. B. Kent {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Htisl)., 1 {1915), No. 6, pp. -^5-47). — Data are given on the sources of supply and the consumption of eggs and poultry in Ithaca, N. Y. Animal food for poultry, H. W. Jackson {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Hush., 1 {1915), No. 7, pp. 53, 5-'i. — The author reviews avail- able experimental work on feeding animal food to poultry, in which it appeared that meat-fed chicks made quicker and cheaper gains than others, regardless of size, and that chicks started on a ration deficient in animal food never regained their lost ground. He also reports his own experiments, in which hens without meat generally began laying before meat-fed hens and maintained their position for weeks and even months on such rations. He concludes that although the work done by most investigators has usually shown a decided superiority for the meat-fed laying hens, there is sufficient evidence the other way to warrant fur- ther investigation. In the fattening of fowls animal food has appeared to be essential to the best results, except when milk has been used, but of the various sources there seems to be little preference aside from convenience or economy. The substitutes for animal food in common use are milk, milk albumin, -or dried milk, vegetable sources of protein, and bone ash or phosphate sources. Milk albumin has not generally given good results. Milk, sour or otherwise, has given conflicting results. Vegetable protein when used under favorable condi- tions has often given as good results as when protein from animal sources has been used. Results of feeding bone ash or some carrier of phosphorus indicate that some of the advantage that has been claimed for animal protein may pos- sibly be due to the mineral matter contained in the meat scrap or cut bone. The value of mineral elements in poultry feeding, M. A. Jull {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Husl)., 1 {1914), ^^o. 2, pp. 1-3). — Experiments are cited which show that mineral elements are essential for the functioning of the vital processes as well as for the development of bone and eggs. A resume of chick feeding, Clara Nixon {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Husb., 1 {1915), No. 6, pp. Jfl, 48). — This summarizes the princi- pal results of chick feeding experiments at the various experiment stations. E-eport of second twelve months' poultry laying competition, 1913—14, at Harper Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Salop, W. Brown {Field Expts. Harper Adams Agr. Col., Salop and Staffordshire, Rpt. 1914, pp. 83, figs. 6). — This reports a second egg-laying competition (E. S. R., 31, p. 472) in which the various breeds of poultiy were compared. It was found that a steady, though small, amount of fish meal tends to pro- duce a constant supply of eggs. The amount used was only 2.4 per cent of the total feed given. It is believed to be a mistake to give a full meal in the afternoon, since this tended to increase the number of soft-shelled eggs. The birds yielded a larger number of eggs if they were fed gradually during the day and given only a light feed at night. They consumed about 89.05 lbs. of feed per bird during the 12-months period, the heavy breeds consuming 91.07 lbs. per bird and the light breeds 86.55 lbs. Inbreeding. — Its effect on vigor and egg laying, J. Dryden {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Hush., 1 {1915), No. 3, p. 19). — The author reports the results of his studies at the Oregon Experiment Station. ANIMAL PEODUCTIOl^. 573 "From different matings where the son was bred to the mother, the pullet offspring showed a lower average egg yield than others not inbred. There was greater variability in production from the inbred pullets; that is. there was a wider range between the highest and lowest individual records than was the case with those not inbred. The vigor of the laying stock as shown by the mortality records was lowest in the inbred stock. The vigor of the offspring as shown by the mortality records of the chicks was lowest in the inbred stock. There was a lower fertility of eggs in the inbred stock. So far as fixing the character of egg production is concerned, inbreeding proved a failure." The author states that in all his experiments with heavy layers, with one or two exceptions, a high record hen has never been secured by inbreeding or line breeding. The average result from inbreeding has been lower than from outbreeding. Additional data on effect of castration in domestic fowl, H. D. Goodale (Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. wid In/vest. Poultry Hush., 1 {1915), No. 3, pp. 23, 24)- — This continues work conducted at the Oregon Experiment Station and previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 69). It was found that " castration of the male brings about comparatively small changes in the secondary sexual characters. A capon is externally like the male, except that the comb and wattles remain small for a long time. More- over, they do not as a rule crow or tread the hens. However, in some capons kept for a number of years the comb and wattles began to gi'ow after eighteen months of age, eventually reaching a large size. These birds crow and exhibit sexual reactions. Castrated drakes, too, develop the plumage of the normal male. Those castrated completely possess one peculiarity, how- ever, in that they do not assume the summer plumage, but, although molting frequently, always retain the so-called breeding plumage. " On the other hand, the female, whether duck or fowl, from which tlie ovaries have been completely removed always develop male characters in large measure, though the degree to which these characters develop varies somewhat. In some individuals of each species the assumption of the male plumage has been practically complete. The castrated pullets look very much like capons, but have short legs. Sometimes, however, the comb and wattles become rela- tively large. The reason for this, perhaps, is to be found in a compensatory hypertrophy of the Wolfian body and duct observed in one instance, which seems to persist in some normal females for some months at least. It is quite pos- sible, too, that the comb and wattles of the male owe their development not so much to the spermatogenetic tissue as to the epididymis. In ducks, after the removal of the ovary, the plumage sometimes becomes exactly like that of the male. However, in no instance has it been observed that the color of the upper mandible became like that of the drake, nor has a duck been observed which developed the male's voice, though in some instances they are unable to produce a normal ' quack.' In some instances, too, the castrated ducks develop the summer plumage. There is, however, a class of females which after castration do not develop typical male plumage, but acquire a dis- tinctive type, which is made up of numerous feathers of the m.ale breeding plumage type and a second type bearing a close resemblance to the feathers of the male's summer plumage. In some sections these last are often like those of the female. These females are undoubtedly constitutionally different from the others. Thus far all pure-bred females have belonged to the types jusf described, while those females which develop the most perfect male plumage have always been hybrids. " In a number of instances the complete removal of the ovary has not been effected, but minute portions remained behind. In these instances the new 574 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. feathers which developed immediately after the operation were like those of the male, but those which developed still later were female. Many were partly male and partly female, the male portion in some instances being separated by a clear-cut transverse line from the female part. A regenerated ovary has been found in all such instances. In birds which were molting when completely ovariotomized the partly grown feathers exhibited the first sign of male characters about ten days after the operation, so that it seems probable that the change in the mode of development must take place almost immediately. . . . " We may conclude, therefore, that while both the ovaries and testes pro- duce internal secretions, their effect is quite difCerent, that of the ovary being the most striking in that it is responsible for development of the female secondary sexual characters. Possibly, as a working hypothesis for birds, we may assume that the secondary sexual characters of the male, subject, of course, to the above observations on the comb, wattles, and ci'owing instinct, are com- mon to each sex, but are modified in the female, imder the influence of the ovary, into her characters. Hence, after castration the male characters de- velop while in the male no comparable change takes place." On the ryhthm of egg production, H. D. Good axe {Jour. Amer. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Ilust)., 1 {1915), No. 3, pp. 18, 19). — It has been observed at the Massachusetts Experiment Station that most hens lay for a period of several days and then skip one. The first day of a series the hen lays early In the morning. The time she lays the next day depends largely on the char- acter of her particular rhythm. If the rhythm is such that she lays only every other day, she usually lays about the same time each day, i. e., 10 a. m., 0, 11 a. m., 0, 10 a. m., 0, 11 a. m. If she lays two days out of three, the first egg is laid during the morning and the second during the afternoon, i. e., 10 a. m., 3 p. m., 0, 10 a. m., 2 p. m., 0, 9 a. m., 1 p. m., 5 p. m., 0. As the period lengthens the number laid in the morning increases until the larger proportion are laid before noon. Thus, 8 a. m., 9 a. m., 10 a. m., 10 a. m., 10 a. m., 10 a. m., 9 a. m., 10 a. m., 9 a. m., 5 p. m., 11 a. m., 11 a. m., 5 p. m., 11 a. m., 11 a. m., 2 p. m., 2 p. m., 4 p. m., 0. There is, however, much variation. Some hens lay every other day, or we may say, a ^ rhythm, others §, that is, two days out of three, others f, and so on. None of these types are character- istic of any one hen. Many individuals, however, seem to center about a particular rhythm. On the basis of winter egg production birds fall into three clases — high, mediocre, and zero producers. The dividing line between the high and medi- ocre producers came at about 30 eggs. There is great variation in the number of eggs laid by birds in the over-30 class. Broodiness, age, and time at which laying commences in the fall all influence the number of eggs laid. But aside from these factors birds of the same age, beginning to lay at approximately the same time, and which do not become broody, do not lay at the same rate. With regard to rhythm and very high egg production, the curve of the winter egg production did not slope evenly to the base line, but formed a shoulder at 70 to 80 eggs. This shoulder is taken to be an indication, from a genetic stand- point, of a group of individuals differing genotypically in their capacity for egg producton from the remainder of the high class. The existence of this group is thought to be due in part to the high-frequency pullets. • Various causes may interfere with the normal rhythm, such as environment, season, method of management, and internal factor, as broodiness. It has been found that there are hens which never lay an egg, but which visit the nests according to a very definite rhythm. The hours of such visits fall into the same sort of rhythm as normal hens. These facts point to the DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 575 existence of some mechanism otlier than tlie formation and deposition of an egg wliich controls the extrusion of the egg. It is said that laying hens often visit the nest at the proper day and hour, but fail to lay. Such hens usually lay the day previous and the day after in regular routine, though at times they may pay two or more such nonproductive visits in succession. The amount of carbon dioxid thrown off by eggs during the incubating process, H. Atwood and C. E. Weakley, Jr. {Jour. Amcr. Assoc. Instr. and In-vest. Poultry Hush., 1 (1915), No. 4, pp. 26-28). — Work is reported from the West Virginia Station in which the carbon dioxid thrown off by nine eggs from three hens during incubation was determined. It was found that as the incubating process goes on the carbon dioxid thrown off increases very rapidly. The loss of carbon dioxid during the last five days of incubation was about five-eighths of the total loss of carbon dioxid, twice as much as that given off in the third five days, ten times as much as that in the second five days, and almost fifty times as much as that in the first five days. In an incubator this carbon dioxid must be removed or at least kept below a certain maximum, which some investigators (E. S. R., 31, p. 172) have found to be 150 parts in 10,000. If this maximum is not to be exceeded, 100 fertile eggs will require 1G5 cu. ft. of fresh air to be passed over and around them on the twentieth day to keep the embryos from smothering. A considerable excess of air was used in this test with no ill effect. Peacock-guinea fowl hybrids, D. Brentana (Mod. Zooiatro, Parte Sci., 25 (1914), No. 11, pp. 1001-1009, figs. 2; aJjs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome}, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 2, pp. 280, 281).— An account is given of the hybridization between two guinea fowl hens and a peacock. The hybrids resembled the peacock more in their general slender form, especially in the head and neck, although there was a noticeable absence of all the characteristic appendages of the head and the train was much reduced. The plumage exhibited sti-iping, which is to be considered as the primitive type. It was of a dark fawn with black stripes in the lower part of the neck, becoming paler fawn with black specks in the region of the thorax, abdomen, and flanks. Bibliography [of poultry literature] (Jour. Anier. Assoc. Instr. and Invest. Poultry Hush., 1 (1914), No. 2, pp. 5-7).— A bibliography of poultry literature published between July, 1913, and July, 1914. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. The value of barley for cows fed alfalfa, G. H. True, F. W. Woll, and E. C. Voorhies (California Sta. Bui. 256 (1915), pp. 423-445, flgs. 7).— Two lots of seven cows each, as nearly alike as possible with reference to breed, age, weight, and production, were fed during three periods of three weeks each by the reversal method, one lot receiving 30 lbs. per day of green alfalfa and alfalfa hay ad libitum, while the other lot received in addition approximately 1 lb. of barley to every 5 lbs. of milk produced by the cow. During the alfalfa-barley periods the cows consumed an average of 210 lbs. of green alfalfa, 141 lbs. of alfalfa hay, and 42 lbs. of barley per head per week, and produced 183.3 lbs. of 3.6 iier cent milk, or 6.65 lbs. of milk fat ; dur- ing the alfalfa periods, 210 lbs. of green alfalfa and 153 lbs. of alfalfa hay, and produced 157.6 lbs. of 3.7 per cent milk, or 5.87 lbs. of milk fat. Comparing the net increase in the cost of the rations incurred by feeding barley with the increased value of production, a profit of $4.78 was secured as a result of adding barley to the alfalfa ration, on the basis of selling milk at 16 cts. per gallon and including the value of the gain in weight by the cows 576 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. at 5 cts, per pound. On the basis of butter fat sold at 33^ cts. per pound, a loss of $5.62 for the cows during the actual feeding of barley was obtained. In a second and similar experiment with two lots of nine cows, fed during two periods of four weeks each by the reversal method, during the alfalfa- barley periods the cows consumed an average of 440 lbs. of green alfalfa, 95 lbs. of alfalfa hay, and 40.8 lbs. of barley per head per week, and produced 134.9 lbs. of 3.78 per cent milk, containing 17.3 lbs of solids and 5.08 lbs. of butter fat; during the alfalfa periods, 523 lbs. of green alfalfa and 98 lbs. of alfalfa hay, and produced 119.1 lbs. of 3.76 per cent milk, containing 15.1 lbs. of solids and 4.48 lbs. of butter fat. Larger gains in weight of the cows were made dur- ing the barley periods than when rough feed only was fed. The increase in the value of the products obtained as a result of feeding barley was not suflB- cient to pay for the grain fed, whether the calculations be based on whole milk at 16 cts. per gallon or butter fat at 33J cts. per pound. The results of the two exi:>eriments show that "an immediate increase in production will be secured as a result of tbe grain feeding, but that this in- crease will not, as a rule, pay for the extra cost of the ration. On account of the increased production obtained and the residual effect of the grain feeding, as well as its favorable influence on the condition of the cows and their off- spring, it may be concluded, however, that the practice of feeding grain to cows on alfalfa is economically sound and may be recommended. This holds true, especially, for heifers and young cows, as well as for heavy-producing animals which can not be brought to a maximum production on roughage only, even if this be as excellent and palatable a feed as green alfalfa or good alfalfa hay." Prolificacy in the breeds of dairy cattle {Guernsey Breeders' Jour., n. ser., 7 {1915), No. 7, pp. 18, 19, fig. 1). — ^A comparison of the various breed associa- tions as regards number of registrations, increases in registration during the past decade, and extent of importations. Holstein makes new world's record {Breeder's Gaz., 67 {1915), No. 25, p. 1207). — It is said that the world's record for fat production has been broken by the Holstein cow Finderne Pride Johanna Rue, which has completed a record of 28,403.7 lbs., of milk containing 1,176.47 lbs. of milk fat in one year. This cow produced in seven days, at the close of her yearly test, almost as much fat as in her best seven days at the beginning of the test. The dairyman versus the dairy, C. E. Nokth {Amer. Jour. Puh. Health, 5 {1915), No. 6, pp. 519-525, fig. 1). — This article relates the circumstances of a demonstration which had as its puri^ose a comparison of the work of two groups of dairy farmers producing milk at different times in the same dairies. It is concluded that the dairyman is the chief factor and the dairy of sec- ondary importance. The clean dairyman may be transported from dairy to dairy and can make clean milk wherever he goes. It is said that if all non- essentials or matters of secondary importance are eliminated, the factors which even alone are sufficient to produce under the conditions found in ordinary dairies a milk so clean that it will have with great regularity a bacterial count of less than 10,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter are as follows: Milking with dry hands into covered milking pails, the proper washing and sterilization of milking pails and milk cans, cooling the milk by placing the cans in tanks of cold water or ice water, regular laboratory testing of the milk for bacteria, and payments based on the laboratory tests. The score-card system for the inspection of dairy farms {Univ. Col. Read- ing, Dcpt. Agr. and Hort. Bui. 22 [1915], pp. XV+18, fig. i).— Part 1 of this bulletin consists of a discussion of the score-card system by J. INIackintosh, and part 2 contains a score card with explanatory notes. DAIRY PAEMING — DAIRYlNa. 57*7 A survey of the milk situation in Kansas, L. A. Congdon (Bui. Kans. Bd. Health, 11 (1915), No. 4, pp. 81-128, figs. 7).— The topics discussed in this bulletin are bacteria in milli, adulteration, dairy inspection, the milk sediment test, pasteurization, analyses of milk, influence of foot-and-mouth disease on milk, etc. The importance of milk sugars for the hygienic judging of milk, A. Gabathuler (ZtscJir. Fleisch. u. Milchhyg., 25 (1915), Nos. 7, pp. 97-100; 8, pp. 113-119; 9, pp. 135-140).— It is stated that the least functional disturbance results in a lowering of the milk sugar content of the milk. At the beginning and end of the lactation period the milk sugar content is the lowest, while the middle milk is the highest, decreasing toward the end. OEstrum has little effect upon the production of milk sugar, and castration is without any noticeable effect. A salty flavor of milk is due not so much to the presence of sodium chlorid or other salts as to the diminution of the milk sugar content. It is recommended that in judging milk from a hygienic standpoint its lactose con- tent should be taken into account. On an epidemic of sore throat and the virulence of streptococci isolated from the milk, E. C. Rosenow and V. H. Moon (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 17 (1915), No. 1, pp. 69-71). — An account is given of an epidemic of streptococcal sore throat, traced to an infected milk supply, which subsided when pasteuri- zation of the milk was instituted. " Virulent streptococci isolated from the milk showed selective preference for certain animal structures, such as joints, muscles, gall bladder, etc., as had the streptococci in strains isolated from articular and muscular rheumatism in man, and in certain ' laboratory ' strains after they had acquired a certain grade of virulence. Furthermore, the organisms from milk resembled the rheumatic strains culturally and morphologically. Involvement of muscles and joints occurred in patients who were infected by the milk. These observa- tions strongly suggest that infected milk, in addition to causing epidemics of sore throat, in which the symptoms are acute and marked, may be the source of streptococci of such virulence as to cause rheumatism and allied conditions in human beings." The advantages and disadvantages of preservatives in food, W. G. A. Robertson (Jour. State Med., 23 (1915), No. 6, pp. 176-182) .—The author cites experiments and other authorities tending to show that the addition of small amounts of boric acid (0.2 per cent) to milk is not deleterious to the human economy. He suggests that the addition of this preservative to milk in minute amoimts be allowed, thus avoiding the possibility of using milk which is under- going decomposition. Tables for blending milk and cream or different percentages of cream, JNlARGUERiTE J. McNally ([New Castle, Pa.]: Miller, Pyle & Graham, 1915, pp. 25). — This is designed for the use of creamery and ice cream factory operators, milk dealers, and condensers. It contains complete tables for making an 80-lb. blend of any percentage from 8 to 30, inclusive. This is done by mixing cream testing from 15 to 46 per cent of fat with skim milk, or with any percentage of milk or cream from skim up to 30 per cent. How to make creamery butter on the farm, W. J. and Mrs. McLaughlin (Minneapolis, Minn.: The Lakeland Press, 1915, pp. 96, pis. 8, figs. 8). — A dis- cussion of dairy-farm management methods, together with instructions for butter making on the farm. The manufacture of cheese with selected ferments, F. Samarani (Ann. R. Staz. Sper. Caseif. Lodi, 1913, pp. 13-23). — The application of pure lactic fer- ments in the manufacture of Grana'and some other cheeses is discussed. The milk is cooled, a culture of a lactic bacillus of great strength which has been 578 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. developed in whey is added at the rate of 1 : 1,000, and a temperature ranging from 35 to 40° C. maintained for at least 24 hours. Blue- veined cheese, or Dorset " Vinny " (Dairy, 27 {1915), No. 318, p. 15-i).— The method of making blue-veined cheese, known as Dorset Vinny, is de- scribed. Chemical examination of ghee, K. H. Vakil (Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 3Jf (1915), No. 7, p. 320; abs. in Analyst, 40 (1915), No. 471, p. 28//).— Fresh samples of ghee, mainly from buffalo's milk, gave the following average analytical re- sults : Butyrorefractometer at 40° C. 44.35, saponification value 22G.9, Reichert- Meissl number 23.05, and acid value 2.14. Bibliography of dairy literature, compiled by A. Brosch (Mitt. Deut. Milchw. Ver., 31 (1914), Oct., pp. 223-233) .—This gives a bibliography of dairy literature published during a portion of 1914. VETERIITAEY MEDICINE. Epizootic abortion, S. Stockman (Jour. Coynpar. Path, and Tlier., 27 (1914), No. 3, pp. 237-246). — It is stated that practically all of the domestic animals can be infected with Bacillus abortus, but that bovine abortion under natural con- ditions of infection is almost entirely confined to the bovine species. Although an animal of the bovine species may be experimentally or naturally infected with the ovine disease (vibrio of McFadyean and Stockman) it is unusual, so far as experience goes, to find a large number of cases of natural infection in bovine animals due to the vibrio. It appears that abortion in mares is due to members of a group of micro-organisms totally different from those which usually cause abortion in other species, but as yet the equine disease has not been the subject of as much study as the disease in other species. Serum from an animal affected by Bang's bacillus will cause agglutination of the bovine bacillus, but it will not agglutinate the vibrio. The same is true with the other biological tests. The disease in bovines is essentially of a chronic nature. "Bovine abortion assumes epizootiological characters, while the ovine and equine diseases usually occur as enzootics, but this seems to arise more from the trade transactions and method of breeding to which the different species are subjected than from other causes. . . . " No great accumulation of virulent material occurs in any part of the body with the exception of the pregnant uterus of an affected animal. It follows from this that gross infection of pastures, stables, or cowsheds only takes place just before, during the act of, or subsequent to abortion." Infective material in the bovine disease may remain virulent for a period of many months outside the body of the living animal, on the pastures, or in the cowsheds. The infective material from the uterus of a cow is not excreted any considerable time before the act of abortion. In the ewe, however, a discharge containing vibrios may pass out on to the pastures from the genital organs a few days after infection, and many weeks before the animal is known to be infected. How long an ani- mal which has aborted may remain infective (viruleucy of the causal microbe in the genital organs) has not been accurately determined. With regard to the cow, a large number of animals have got rid of the infected material from the genital organs from two to three months after the act of abortion. Artificial immunization was made on several thousand animals. When a colossal dose of bacilli was injected subcutaneously into a nonpregnant animal and that animal became pregnant some two months later it did not abort. This finding might, however, be interpreted to mean that although bacilli may still be in the body the organism has become so resistant to them that they can not flourish even in the pregnant uterus. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 579 The disease is believed to be dissomiuated in the bovine by way of the alimen- tary tract, but it is also theoretically possible that the cow may be infected when served. It seems very doubtful if the pregnant uterus of a noninfected cow can become infected by the bacillus of bovine abortion traveling up the genital organs from without as the bacillus of Bang is uonmotile. With the ovine disease the genital avenue of infection seems more probable. For the diagnosis of the disease the complement fixation and agglutination tests give satisfactory results. See also previous notes (E. S. R., 29, p. 481; 30, p. GS4). " In the application of serological methods to a herd or flock with the object of picking out the infected animals, weight must be given to the same considerations as in the case of the tuberculin test for a similar purpose." As regards prevention, it is thought that state measures based on effective restrictions on the movements of infected animals would be ruinous to the business of farmers. By the serological methods it would be possible to estab- lish infected cows in a herd, and where trained men are not available for this work or where there are no provisions for isolating infected animals before they abort or calve, an effort should be made to prevent gross infection by the immediate removal of infective material and by thorough disinfection of barns, etc. Immunization, however, in addition to the above-mentioned general meas- ures of prevention, is deemed the best method for solving the difficulty. Since trouble was experienced in regard to the transjiort and injection of large quantities of liquid culture and abscess formations were liable to follow its use, massive cultures are now prepared by growing on potato meat extract peptone bouillon agar containing salt, glucose, and glycerin. To wash the bacilli from the agar contained in ordinary medicine bottles, about 30 cc. of saline solution is added with a sterile hypodermic syringe. The bottle is shaken violently in order to rub all the bacilli from the agar, which breaks up into small portions, and the bacillary emulsion obtained in this way is passed through a strainer. Some thousands of animals have been inoculated without abscess formation due to extraneous contaminations during the operations. " Two kinds of vaccine have been tried : Antiabortion A, consisting of living bacilli, and antiabortion B, consisting of bacilli killed by exposure to a tempera- ture of 65° C. for half an hour. Only nonpregnant animals have received A. Only one dose of A was given, and the animals were not put to the bull, ex- cept in certain cases by error, for at least two months after inoculation. Anti- abortion B was given to cows already pregnant, and a dose (half the growth on a culture bottle) was injected each month up to the sixth month of preg- nancy. In both cases only badly infected herds were chosen for the observa- tions. The herds were taken in groups in different parts of the country, and a local organization was set up in each case consisting of members of farmers' societies and veterinarians. . . . " Over 3,000 inoculations have been carried out, but it has so far been possible to collect and tabulate the completed results in only one or two groups. The trials with vaccines A and B were in most cases carried out on the same farms, and the controls acted as such for both methods." The best results were ob- tained with vaccine A, although the animals inoculated with vaccine B showed a greater percentage of noiinal calving than did the controls or nonimmunized animals. The biology of pseudoanthrax bacilli. — Contribution to the differential diagnosis of anthrax and pseudoanthrax bacilli, N. Pokschischewsky {Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 31 {1915), No. 2, pp. 16, i7).— Two types of pseudoanthrax bacilli are described, (1) typus pseudoanthracis which gives a luxuriant growth in agar and gelatin stab cultures in the shape of thick 680 EXPEEIMENT STATION" EECORD. * branchings and on potatoes grows as a red-brown layer, and (2) typus anthra- coides wliich grows in agar and gelatin stab cultures as button-like colonies and on potatoes as a dirty-gray layer. Anthrax precipitating sera react positively with both anthrax and pseudoan- thrax bacilli, consequently the test can be regarded only as a group test. An- thrax and pseudoanthrax antigens show positive by the complement fixation test with pseudoanthrax and anthrax sera. On blood medium the pseudoanthrax bacilli show a definite hemolysis while anthrax bacilli do not. Pseudoanthrax bacilli are not pathogenic except possibly for mice. Passage tests did not increase the virulence of the bacteria. A butcher slaughtering one of the hogs examined became infected and died, having all the symptoms of anthrax. The significance of pseudoanthrax bacil- lus infection in man is discussed. An unusual result following anthrax vaccination and a lesson, M. P. Ravenel (Amer. Vet. Rev., 46 (1915), No. 6, pp. 634-638).— An account of the death of 41 animals treated with anthrax vaccine. The courts decided that the manufacturers of the vaccine were not at fault. Eradication and treatment of the foot-and-mouth disease according to my system, IV, L. Hoffmann {Ileilung der Kranken unci Vertilgung der Maul und Klauenseuche nach meinem System, IV. Stuttgart: Stahle <£■ Friedel, 1914, PP- 409-502). — A description of the author's experience in treating and eradicating foot-and-mouth disease with euguform in the community of Zuoz (Graubiinden). Further observations on the effect of quinin in rabies, V. H. Moon (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 16 (1915), No. 1, pp. 58-62). — This is a report of experiments in continuation of those previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 883). It is concluded that quinin has failed to be regularly effective as a cure or preventive of rabies in animals. Given in the latter stages of hydrophobia in two human cases, it produced no significant results, but it appears to retard somewhat the development of street rabies if given in large doses during the incubation period. " The results indicate that the organism which causes rabies is influenced in some degree by quinin. This is significant as showing that the organism is susceptible to therapeutic measures, and gives reason to hope that some drug may be found which will be of value in the treatment of hydrophobia." Experimental study of the distribution and habitat of the tetanus bacillus, W. Noble (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 16 (1915), No. 2, pp. 132-141).— " The tetanus bacillus appears in the intestines of many normal animals, especially of the herbivora, but apparently it seems impossible, with the methods at our dis- posal, to detect it there unless it is present in relatively large numbers. Ex- l>erimental evidence shows that the tetanus bacillus may multiply in the intestines of such animals. The intestines, or rather the intestinal contents of certain individual animals, seem to offer especially favorable conditions for the growth of the tetanus bacillus ; such animals are ' tetanus carriers ' comparable, in regard to the distribution of the organism, with typhoid or cholera carriers among human beings. " The presence of tetanus spores in soils, street dust, fresh vegetables, and on clothing and the skin is undoubtedly due to fecal contamination." Some further investigations on hog cholera, K. Uhlenhuth, H. Gildemeis- TER, and K. Schern (Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., ^7 (1914), No. 2, pp. 145-239).— A continuation of investigations published in 1907, In the work previously reported no cognizance was taken of the fact that disinfectants act less effectively in solutions, etc., containing protein substances than they do in aqueous solutions. In these experiments phenol, corrosive sublimate, antiformin, ozone (all used in the previous experiments), and milk VETEEINARY MEDICINE. 581 of lime, calcium liypochlorite, cresol soap solution, Ij'sol, soda and soap solution were tested ou urine filtrates from diseased animals and serum (virus) filtrates. After the urine or virus AA-as kept in contact with the disinfectant for specified lengths of time, it was injected intramuscularly into shoats about eight weeks old. One per cent corrosive sublimate solution was not able to destroy the virus, a protein-containing fluid, with certainty by a three-day exposure. The virus in the urine, however, was considerably weakened on a 15-minute exposure and in one case was destroyed. Carbolic acid (5 per cent) did not affect the virus in urine on a 15-minute exposure. No tests were made with the virus serum because it had been previously found by Uhlenhuth and others that the virus is not killed after several days of exposure. A 2 per cent antiformin solution will kill the serum virus in two hours and a 5 and 10 per cent solution will kill after one hour. The urinary A-irus was killed within 15 minutes by 2 per cent antiformin, but with a 5 or 10-minute exposure it was still fully virulent. In one-half hour exposure to a 3 per cent solution of cresol soap solution, the serum virus filtrate was almost or entirely destroyed, while the urinary virus was regularly destroyed in 15 minutes. Three per cent lysol solution did not regularly kill the serum virus filtrate in one hour. Milk of lime, used in the same proportion as virus, killed the urinary virus in 15 minutes but gave irregu- lar results with the serum virus. Calcium hypochlorite (1:5 and 1:20) de- stroyed the virus from both sources in 15 minutes. Virus was not killed by either soda or soap solution. The findings as regards the value of G per cent cresol soap solution confirmed those of Dorset reported some time ago. The filtered urinary virus when kept outside of the animal body is much less stable than the serum virus. There are instances, however, where the serum virus, a protein-containing fluid, when kept in the ice box loses its virulence much sooner than the urinary virus. This may in part be due to the copresence of antibodies in the sei*um. The virus in urine filtrates was de- stroyed by heating to 65 and 58° C. for one hour, but heating one-half and two- thirds hour at 58° did not destroy its disease-producing power for shoats. The virus in both urine and serum was very labile toward putrefactive processes. Five and nine-hour exposures to sunlight had no noticeable effect on the virus. In the carcasses of pigs stored in a cool place the virus was still active after 33 days. Exposure of virus to an oxygen-free atmosphere (carbon dioxid, hydrogen, or illuminating gas) in most instances did not affect the potency of the virus. In experiments on the behavior of the virus in the body it was found that the urine of a pig collected five days postinfection was capable of infecting shoats. The purulent material from the skin lesions of experimentally infected shoats when transferred to healthy shoats produced the disease. This as well as the nasal secretion is deemed of particular importance as to contact infection. The development of the trachoma-like bodies was studied morphologically, and scrapings from the conjunctivas of affected pigs were implanted in the con- junctivas of healthy pigs and other animals, i. e., monkeys, rabbits, guinea pigs, goats, dogs, horses, bovines, and an ass. In all animals, with the exception of the pig, the results were negative. One hundred sound normal shoats were examined for the presence of trachoma bodies. Cellular inclosures were also found in 3 per cent of pigs free of hog cholera. The eye secretions as well as serum virus filtrates and fresh feces from cholera hogs when smeared on the conjunctivas of pigs apparently will produce the disease. No immunity could be produced by introducing vaseline virus ointment into the conjunctival sack of pigs or by rubbing it in the skin. Ununiform results were obtained by injecting virus in the ligated tail. Tests made for obtaining 582 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. an attenuated virus were tried on immune pigs, but the results were unsatis- factory. Somewhat better results for obtaining attenuated virus were given by the simultaneous method. The animals were infected by way of the con- junctiva with virus and were given immune serum intramuscularly. With the idea of preparing immune serum at lower cost the urinary filtrate of cholera hogs was tried. The results with horses were negative, but in the case of hogs antisera were obtained which were as potent as the ones produced with virus serum filtrates. Uremic symptoms were noted in some of the ani- mals treated with large amounts of urine filtrates. Organ extracts were also tried. The lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, lymphatic glands, mucosa of intestines, and intestinal contents of all hogs coming to autopsy were given bacteriological examination. The bacteria were studied in millc, litmus millf, Loffler's mala- chite green, Barsiekow's solution I and II, Hetsch's solution, glucose and lactose bouillon, and neutral red and orcein agar, and as regards their biological and serological behavior. Out of 90 animals segregated in special cages only 14 showed the Bacillus suvpestifer, while 15 out of 20 pigs which were allowed to run with other infected hogs showed it. The organisms at first did not agglutinate with pestifer and paratyphoid B sera. It seems possible that secondary bacteria present in hog cholera migrate into the blood stream of affected animals. In addition to the paratyphoid group of bacteria, the bacteria of the hemorrhagic septicemia group may also be present. The greatest percentage of B. suipestifcr, B. enteritidis (Giirtner), and B. siiisepticus were found in the stables where the animals were allowed to run together. The B. suisepticics isolated was virulent for mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and pigs. Variable results were obtained with B. suipestifer and B. enteritidis (Gartner) with shoats. In some cases the injection of B. suipestifer produced a disease similar to hog cholera, especially the intestinal changes. B. suipestifer (Voldagsen), according to Dammann and Stedefeder (E. S. R., 24, p. 390), and the Gliisser bacillus, i. e., B. typhi suis, do not produce indol, nor is litmusmannite-nutrose solution (Hetsch) affected. The organisms were pathogenic for pigs, but large doses were necessary. The best route of infection was per os. Shoats rendered immune against the filterable virus could only be infected (either by the intravenous or os route) in a few instances. Spontaneous infection tests showed that these bacteria are not in any way infectious, as one is led to believe from the work of Pfeiler and Kohlstock (E. S. R., 32, p. 378) and Weidlich (E. S. R., 32, p. 83). The bacteria isolated could be differentiated by culture studies and the agglutination tests. Notwithstanding this, some Voldagsen cultures were found labile in their behavior when examined culturally as well as serologically. In some cases Voldagsen strains were influenced soon after isolation by para- typhoid B and pestifer sera. The behavior of Gliisser bacteria with specific sera is also discussed. When to vaccinate ag'ainst hog cholera {California Sta. Circ. 132 (1915), pp. Jf, fig. 1). — This circular gives advice concerning the early recognition of hog cholera, the methods for immtinization, means of preventing the spread of the disease, and an announcement of the sale of antihog-cholera serum by the University of California. Some diseases of the respiratory tract of the horse which resemble glan- ders, E. JoEST {Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 16 (1915), No. 4, pp. 239-263, figs. 10). — The pathological changes in the upper respiratory tract dealt with include tuberculosis of the mucous membrane of the nares, cicatrices of the nasal mucous membrane, tumor-forming amyloidosis of the nasal vesti- BURAL ENGINEERING. 583 bule, tubercle-like lieruorrbagic centers of tbe nasal uiucous membrane in pur- pura bemorrbagica, and marantic ulcers caused by pressure in tbe larynx. Microfilariasis of the horse in Turkestan, W. L. Yakimow, N. I. Sciiochos, P. M. KosELKiN, W. W. WiNOGBADOVV, and A. P. Demidow (Ztschr. Jnfclc- tionskriink. u. Hug. dcr Uaustiere, 16 {1915), No. //, pp. 215-286, fig. 1).—An account of studies of tbe disease termed by tbe authors Turkestan microfilaria- sis, including its clinical appearance, hematological investigations, description of tbe microfilaria, and remedial measures. Tbe form occuring in Turkestan apparently represents a new species, to which the name Microfilaria ninw kohl- yakimovi is given. A list of 21 references to the literature is included. RTTKAL ENGINEERING. Tenth biennial report of the state engineer to the governor of Idaho ( Bicn. Rpt. State Engin. Idaho, 10 {1913-14), pp. Ji22, figs. 5). — Tbis report covers tbe operations of the state engineer's office for 1913 and 1914, paying special atten- tion to irrigation and measurement of stream flow and including a report on duty of water investigations by D. H. Bark, noted below. Irrigation investigations in Wyoming, 1913—14, Augusta F. Johnston {Cheyenne: State of Wyoming, 1915, pp. llf). — Tbis report, based on cooperative irrigation experiments carried on by the Office of Experiment Stations of tbis Department and tbe State of Wyoming, reviews the work at the experimental farms and discusses irrigation extension work in the State. Water conservation and irrigation {Rpt. Comr. Water Conserv. and Jrrig. [N. S. TFo/e.s], 1912-13, pp. 72, pis. 4)- — This report covers government work relating to irrigation and water conservation for tbe years 1912 and 1913. Duty of water investigations, D. H. Bark {Bien. Rpt. State Engin. Idaho, 10 {1913-14), pp. 63-177, figs. 5).— These investigations (E. S. R., 29, p. 180) have been continued and conducted in cooperation with the Office of Experiment Stations of tbe U. S. Department of Agriculutre, to cover four seasons. Points not brought out in tbe previous report are summarized as follows: Factors and conditions tending to decrease the duty are " porous soil, infer- tile soil, cheap water, careless use, poorly prepared land, small irrigation beads, poorly constructed leaky ditches, continuous-flow method of delivery, lack of cultivation, and large acreages of alfalfa and pasture and other crops with large water requirements." Factors and conditions tending to increase the duty are " deep soil of fine texture, an underlying strata of bardpan, expensive water, ca-reful, skillful use, well-leveled land, large irrigation beads, short runs, use of rotation systems, diversification of crops, well-constructed irrigation systems with small transmission losses, fall plowing and intensive surface cultivation, and large acreages of winter grain, cultivated crops, and orchard and other crops of low-water requirements. " The amount of water required by a project depends upon tbe duty of water at the land, losses in reservoirs where water is stored, transmission losses from the point of diversion to tbe land to be irrigated, and the proportion of a project that is ultimately irrigated. Tbe required duty for a crop on any soil can be roughly determined by ascertaining bow many irrigations tbe crop will require during tbe season and tbe amount of water tbe soil will require per irrigation. ... A sufficient quantity should be delivered to each individual over and above 2 acre-feet, so that be may, if unavoidable, waste not to exceed 12.5 per cent of tbe water delivered to him. . . . The light summer rainfall common to south Idaho has but little effect on tbe amount of irrigation re- quired. . . . Fall plowing tends to increase materially production and decrease 584 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. water requirements. Grains and cultivated crops in general require less irriga- tion water tlian the other common crops of south Idaho. . . . Grains require the largest amount of water at the flowering or soft-dough stages. . . . Alfalfa has a decided tendency to increase in yield as the amount applied is increased until at least as much as 4 acre-feet per acre have been applied. While some crops increase in yield as the amount of water applied is increased, the increase in yield is rarely proportional to the increase required in the amount of water. The average waste from grain fields has been 35.3 per cent and 19.1 per cent from alfalfa. . . . The average length of the irrigation season for alfalfa for the four years of the investigation was 97.6 days, and 42.5 days for grain. . . . " Sufficient water for the production of profitable and nearly maximum crops must be delivered to the individuals in order that a project may be successful, but a higher duty is justified in cases where water is very valuable and land comparatively cheap than where water is cheap and the land is valuable. . . . " Ninety per cent of a normal Idaho project is irrigated each year. The total waste and unirrigated areas seldom equal 10 per cent. Where rotation systems are used the interval between rotations should seldom exceed from ten to four- teen days. "There are now at least 163 electrically operated pumping plants in the vicinity of Weiser and Payette. The plants tested during 1913 pumped varying amounts of water, the amounts pumped per acre ranging from 0.4 to 5.99 acre- feet. The costs of the power for pumping varied from 54 cts. per acre-foot to $6.50, and per acre irrigated from $1.77 to $7. There is not sufficient incentive to save water where a flat season rate is paid for power. The investigation indicates that the cost of lifting water over 100 ft. with small plants is at pres- ent prohibitive. Serious loss and waste of power is now talking place in many instances due to faulty design and cheap, careless installation of the plants. Small and medium-sized plants should develop efficiencies of at least 50 per cent, and only such plants as can be guarantied to do this or better should be Installed. " Successful irrigation in Idaho under present economic conditions demands that at least 2 acre-feet per acre be supplied for, and retained upon, each irrigated acre." Irrigation works in Italy, L. Luiggi {Jo%ir. Dept. Agr. Yictoria, 12 {Wilt), No. 10, pp. 577-600, figs. 11; ads. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 1, pp. 43-45; Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts, 62 {1914), No. 8228, pp. 94O-943). — This article reviews the irrigation situation in Italy, with particular reference to the storage, distribution, and economic use of irrigation water. About 3,458,000 acres of land are under irrigation, derived from wells, streams, and stored rain water. Where land can be superirrigated, it is stated that about 2S4.210 to 355,263 cu. ft. of water are required per acre, at a cost of about $1.50 to $3.50. The water is applied in rotations every 15 to 20 days at the rate of from 11,368 to 14,210 cu. ft. per acre. Water is applied at the rate of about 213,158 cu. ft. per acre to irrigated meadows. In the Eoman Cam- pagna where the land is less permeable than in Lombardy the water neces- sary during the dry season for irrigated meadows varies from about 245.000 to 350,000 cu. ft. per acre, and is applied at the rate of about 17,500 to 21,000 eii. ft. every 10 to 12 days. In the southern Provinces which receive 7 to 8 in. of rain during the growing season between March 15 and May 15 it is stated that irrigation water may be profitably applied at the rate of about 28,000 to 35,000 cu. ft. per acre in four irrigations. The conclusion based on Italian experience is that irrigation prevents a complete loss of the crops in years of drought. " In normal years it affords a KURAL ENGINEERING. 585 very substantial profit to the farmers who cultivate meadow lands, and this increase of profit is certain, even if only grass can be grown, provided that the water can be got at the rate of $1.90 to $2.30 per acre per year, but where cereals can be cultivated, even with water at $5.40 to $7 per acre, there is still a good profit, besides the advantage of never completely losing a crop. On the other hand, irrigation works on a large scale are not profitable to the adminis- tration of the canals during at least the first thirty years, thus these undertak- ings require great help from the state during this trying period." Working data for irrigation enjgineers, E. A. Moritz (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1915, pp. XIII +395, figs. ^6).— This is a handbook of work- ing data, intended for the use of irrigation and hydraulic engineers. The major portion of the book consists of tables and diagrams. Before enter- ing into a detailed explanation of these, the various features of irrigation, engineering are briefly discussed, particularly with reference to gravity irriga- tion. " To this end, the usual steps in the development of an irrigation project are taken up in the order of their sequence, and data are presented that are of assistance in arriving at the proper conclusions." The subject matter is presented in the following chapters: Examination and reconnoissance, investigations and surveys, design of irrigation structures, hydraulic diagrams and tables, structural diagrams and tables, miscellaneous tables and data, and specifications. The author states that a considerable portion of the material is original and that most of the remainder was taken from the publications and records of the V. S. Reclamation Service. Some of the material has been noted from time to time in the Record from engineering periodicals. Land drainage, J. L. Pabsons (Chicago: The Myron C. Clark Publishing Co., 1915, pp. XI-\-165, figs. 36). — It is the author's purpose to cover the subjects connected with the successful drainage of agricultural lands by open and closed drains. The information is intended for both experienced and inexperienced drainage engineers, drainage contractors, landowners, and di'ainage district ofiicials. The subject matter is presented under the following chapter head- ings : Preliminary drainage surveys ; the design of tile drains ; tile drain outlet walls and inlets; design and maintenance of open drains; plans, reports, and records; the estimate of costs of drainage systems; the preparation and en- forcement of drainage specifications; the division of costs of drainage sys- tems ; and the quality and inspection of drain tile. Florida Everglades (U. 8. Senate, 63. Cong., 2. Sess., Doc. 379 (1914), pp. 148, pis. 7, figs. 63). — This is the report of the Florida Everglades engineering commission to the board of commissioners of the Everglades drainage district and the trustees of the internal improvement fund of the State of Florida. The commission's conclusion, based on its study of ascertained facts, is " that the drainage of the Florida Everglades is entirely practicable and can be ac- complished at a cost which the value of the reclaimed land will justify, the cost per acre being very small. The solution of the Everglades drainage problem is primarily dependent upon the disposition to be made of the flood waters enter- ing Lake Okeechobee from the north. These flood waters under present conditions pass over the south rim of the lake and spread over the Everglades, placing that great area under servitude of the surplus waters of the northern watershed. , . . The Everglades can best be relieved of this servitude by diverting the flood waters through a canal of adequate cnpacity occupying the shortest practicable route to the Atlantic Ocean or an inlet thereof. . . . With these extraneous flood waters diverted as indicated, the problem of draining the Everglades is reduced to proper provision for carrying off the precipitation 7700°— No. 6—15 7 586 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. upon them. This can be accomplished by adding to the main canals which now traverse this territory — canals now surcharged with waters flowing out of Lake Okeechobee." The suggested improvement includes 390 miles of canal draining 2,095 square miles. Maps, tables, and charts showing in detail the data obtained by the investiga- tion are also included. "Water conveyance and drainage works {Verslag Burgerl. Openb. Werken Nederland^ Indie, 1911, pt. 4, A, pp. VIII +279, pis. 32).— This report describes drainage works, including river improvements, and deals also with the con- veyance of water in channels, both for drainage and irrigation. Preliminary estimating of canal excavation, L. M. Hammond {Engin. Rec, 11 {1915), No. 5, pp. 146, 147, figs. 6). — Three typical prism sections are worked out in detail, formulas are derived, and tables and forms of notes are suggested to expedite the work. Rock-fill dam with some extraordinary foundation problems, M. 0. Hindeb- LiDER (Engin. News, 73 {1915), No. 14, pp. 660-664, flffs. 7).— The construction of a rock-fill irrigation dam across a narrow gorge in southern Colorado is described. As originally designed, the spillway was over an adjoining ridge which on investigation proved to be of porous formation with the bedrock sloping way from the dam. " For the purpose of intercepting the seepage from the reservoir through this material overlying bedrock, a concrete diaphragm 2 ft. thick at the base and 1 ft. thick at the top was carried from bedrock upward to a point 10 ft. below high-water line in the reservoir. . . . Above this concrete diaphragm the trench was filled to the surface with equal parts of clay and sand mixed in a concrete miser and run into the trench in the form of puddle." The spillway was transferred to the dam proper. Concrete chute drops water 130 feet from canal to reservoir, D. W. Cole {Engin. Rec, 71 {1915), No. 15, pp. 456, 4-57, figs. 6).— A lined channel of the Truckee-Carson project in Nevada has a cantilever upturn at the discharge end and a long weir at the head to regulate the water level in the main canal within the desired limits. A curious hydraulic phenomenon is the disappearance of the back-water wave when the chute begins to operate normally. New type of gate for regulating adjacent water levels operates automati- cally {Engin. Rec., 71 {1915), No. 10, pp. 304, 305, figs. ^).— A type of auto- matically operated regulating gate which has been used in drainage canals by the drainage department of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, is de- scribed and diagrammatically illustrated. " The design is based on the principle of momentary points of rotation, so that for each rise in water level, dli, above a predetermined elevation, the gate has a rotation dended. Agricultural training for women in Holland, S. R. von Ramult {Land u. Forstw. Unterrichts Ztg., 28 {1914), No. 3-4, pp. 225-233) .—This account is similar to but more extensive than the one previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 92). Education for efficiency, E. Davenport {Boston: D. C. Heath d Co., rev. ed., 1914, pp. Y+196).—ln this revision of this text (E. S. R., 22, p. 593) the author includes in the preface a series of propositions on vocational education pub- lished in a recent report of the Illinois Educational Commission. He also sub- stitutes for the proposed high-school course in the first edition a more modern course from the report just mentioned, and for the discussion of " agricultural development and public investment " a chapter on The Meaning of Agriculture, including its importance and evolution, the balance of trade, "the ultimate con- dition, the need for a rural credit system, the meaning of land tenure, and the people of the farm. The proper preparation and equipment, academic and professional, of teachers in schools of agriculture, C. G. Maphis {[University, Ya.: Author^, 1915, pp. 13). — The author discusses the need of properly trained agricultural teachers and their qualifications, and refers to the policy of teacher training for secondary schools in Germany and to the joint recommendations of the Committee of Seventeen on the professional preparation of high-school teach- ers. In his opinion teacher training involves broad academic knowledge as a basis, leadership, professional knowledge, and specialized knowledge of the particular subject to be taught. Academic training of teachers in the secondary schools of agriculture should not be less than four years of standard college AGEICULTURAL EDUCATION. 597 work, the group system should prevail, and several groups of subjects allied with agriculture should be extensively studied. English should not be neglected and a sufficient number of other courses of general culture should be pursued. The theoretical and practical professional training should not be less than si)eci- fied and in addition at least a year in practical experience on a farm should be insisted upon. School credit for home work, L. R. Axdebman (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1915, pp. X-\-181, pis. 8). — The author narrates the working out of the school credit for home work idea, including illustrative home credit plans in elemen- tary and high schools. An appendix contains the essential features of a bulletin of the Kansas State Agricultural College entitled, School Credit for Home Work, and a brief report by the California Teachers' Association on credit for work done outside of school. Teaching agriculture in rural and graded schools, E. C. Bishop, R. K. Fabear, and M. H. Hoffman (Off. Pub. Iowa State Col. Agr., 13 (1914), No. 20, pp. 175, figs. 30).— In this revision (E. S. R., 31, p. 298) references to literature, etc., have been brought up to date and poultry studies added. Lessons in elementary agriculture for Alabama schools, E. A. Miller (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 258 {1915), pp. 35).— This series of lessons adapteE. H. Jenkins.o Storrs Station: Storrs: I Delaware- iVf?«arft; H. Hayward.a FL0VI.1VX-— Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs." QEoriQiA—ExveTlment: R. J. H. De Loach.i Gv.KU— Island of Ouam: A. C. Hartent>ower.» Hawah— Federal Station: Honolulu; J. M. Westgate.!> Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; H. P. A gee." Idaho— Jiosrojc.' J. S. Jones.a Illinois— Urbana: E. Davenport." Indiana— Lo Fayette: A. Ooss.o Iowa— ^mei.' C. F. Curtiss.o Ka.V!Sa.s— Manhattan: \V. M. Jardtne.o KE^nvcKY— Lexington: J. H. Kastle.o Louisiana— State Station: Baton Rouge; > Sugar Station: Audubon Park], New Orleans; j North La. Station: Calhoun; ] MAurE— Orono.- C. D. Woods.o Maryland — College Park: H. J. Patterson." Massachusetts— ^wiTiersf.' W. P. Brooks." Michigan— i'asf Lansing: R. S. Shaw." Minnesota— ITmvemfy Farm, St. Paul: A. F. Woods." Mississippi— .4 {frimZfMToZ College: E. R. Lloyd." Missouri- College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford." Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans.o 'hV.R.Dodson." Montana— Bozemon.- F. B. Llnfield.o I^EBRASKA— XfncoZn/ E. A. Burnett." Nevada— iJeno.- S. B, Doten.o New Hampshire— i)«rftarn.' J. C. Kendall.o New Jersey— A^ew Brunswick: J. G. Llpmen.o New Mexico— 5/ North Carolina— College Station: West Raleigh;\y, ,,, ^,, „ State Station: Raleigh; P' ^' " ^'e""'" North Dakota — AgricuUural College: T. P. Cooper." Ohio— Wooster: C. E. Thome." Oklahoma— Safer.- W. L. Carlyle." Oregon— Cor»a?tts.- A. B. Cordley." PENNSTLVAJnA— Slate College: R. L. Watts." State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition; H. P. Armsby." Porto Rico— Federal Station: Mayaguez; D. W. May.* Insular Station: Eio Fiedras; W. V. Tower." Rhode IstAiw—E^ingston: B. L. Hartwell." South Cap.olina— CTomson College: J. N. Har- per." South DAKOTA-^Broofcin^j; J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— Knoxville: H. A. Morgan." Tex. KH— College Station: B. Youngblood." XJt.KB—Logcn: E. D. Ball." Vermont— Burlington: J. L. Hills." Virginia— Blacksburg: W.J. Schoene.c Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson." Washinoton— PwItTTwra; I. D. Carditl." West VmormA- Morgantown: J. L. Coulter. o Wisconsin— Af (Iff /son.* H. L, Russell." Wyomino— ioraTnie.* C. A. Duniway.c 0 Director. (> AKronoinlst in ohargs. « Aotipg director, EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment S tations. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., M. D. Meteorology, Soils, and FertilizersjW; H. |^^J;.^^^^^ Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologyj^y- ^- E^ans, Ph. D. Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. ... LI8|^A» Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Mn»» [C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. ^^^ ^«« Foods and Human NutritionJH. L. Lang. ^^TanICa [G. F. Walton, Jr. (Javi Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Webster. *<*-»t:iN Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hooker, D. V. M. Rural Engineering — R. W. Trullinger. Rural Economics — E. Merritt. Agricultural Education^ — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Moore. CONTENTS OF VOL XXXIII, NO. 7. Editorial notes: Page. The element of chance in agricultural experimentation and investigation. 601 Recent work in agricultural science 609 Notes 699 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry — agrotechny. The acids and colloids of humus, Fischer 609 A new reaction for clay, Rathgen 610 Some methods for the determination of alkali in soils, Hare 610 Comparative investigations of Thomas slag powders, Holle 610 Methods of bacterial analyses of air, Riiehle 610 Differentiation of yeast with aid of agglutinins, Lichtenstein-Rosenblat 611 Picric acid as a titrametric standard, I'feifl'er 611 The titrametric estimation of free sulphurous acid, Kedesdy 611 A new simple method for determining free sulphurous acid, Sander 611 Cause of loss of sulphuric anhydrid and chlorin by incinerating, O'Sullivan. . . 611 Volumetric determination of copper, Zuccari 612 Detection of vegetable fats in animal fats, Klostermann 612 Separation of sterins from fats with digitonin. Berg and Angerhausen 612 Methods for the quantitative estimation of mannit, Smit 612 Determination of amino acid and polypeptid nitrogen, Adler : 613 The presence of citric acid in natural wines, Blarez, Deniges, and Gayon 613 Analysis of milk, Meillere 613 Specific weight of milk serum in detection of water adulteration, Herramhof . . 613 Lime-sulphur sprays, their composition and analysis, Ramsay 613 Manufacturing dicyanamid from lime nitrogen, Grube and Nitsche 614 Formation of furfurol from wood during the steaming process, Heuser 614 Chemical utilization of southern pine waste, Whitaker and Bates 615 The possibilities of hardwood distillation on the Pacific coast. Palmer 615 Chemistry of the sugar industry, Wohryzek 615 Progress made in the manufacture of beet sugar in 1913, von Lippmann 615 I n CONTENTS. METEOROLOGY. Page. What the "Weather Bureau is doing in agricultural meteorology, Day 615 Drought frequency during crop-growing season 615 Meteorological reports, Georgeson 616 Australian rainfall, Hunt 616 The ten-inch line of rainfall, Cherry 616 Influence of weather on nitric and nitrous acids in rainfall, Anderson 617 Influence of weather on nitric and nitrous acids in rainfall, Anderson 617 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Thirty -nine experiments in soils, Quear 617 Surface formations of northwestern Minnesota, Leverett and Purssell 617 Fruit soils in the Sierra foothills. Nelson - 618 Atmosphere of the soil: Its composition and variation, Russell and Appleyard . . 618 A manometer method of determining the capillary pull of soils. Cannon 618 Losses of moisture and plant food by percolation, Fraps 619 Effect of moisture content on nitrogen fixing power, Lipman and Sharp 619 Effect of organic soil constituents on nitrogen fixation. Reed and Williams 620 Nitrogen fixation and nitrification in various soil types, Reed and Williams. . . 620 The organic nitrogen of Hawaiian soils, Kolley and Thompson 621 Notes on methods for examination of soil protozoa, Martin and Lewin 621 Studies on soil protozoa, Cunningham 621 Studies on lime requirements of certain soils, Hutchinson and MacLennan. . . 622 Probable combination of the chlorin ions in alkali salts, Hare 623 The effect of arsenite of soda on the soil, McGeorge. . . 623 The influence of zinc vessels in culture experiments, Ghedroiz 623 Effect of fertilizers and stimulants on Corchorus capsularis, Albano 624 Various forms of dung, Gilchrist 624 Green manuring table, Arndt 624 German nitrogen monopoly 624 Lime nitrogen , Kindler 624 Cyanamid in complete fertilizer mixtures, Pranke 624 Phosphates in Massachusetts agriculture: Selection and use. Brooks 624 Phosphoric acid and potash fertilization in the spring, Schneidewind 625 Potash salts, 1914, Phalen 625 Radium fertilizer in field tests, Hopkins and Sachs 625 A municipal fertilizer plant at Los Angeles, California, Heinly 625 The international movement of fertilizers 626 Importation of fertilizer materials, Ordonez 626 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Measurement of electrical conductivity, Stiles and Jorgensen 626 A new theory regarding the feeding power of plants, Truog 626 Inorganic iron compounds in the chloroplasts of the green cells, Moore 627 Nitrites in plants, Aso and Sekine 627 Free nitrogen and higher plants, Molliard 627 Studies on anthocyanin bodies, Gertz 627 A new method of so-called water culture, II, Hiltner 628 Antagonism and balanced solutions. True 628 The osmotic pressure of the juices of desert plants, Harris et al 628 Relations between osmotic pressure and regulation of stomata, Iljin 628 The problems in a comparative study of transpiration in plant.=, Iljin 628 Carbon dioxid concentration and transpiration and development, Kisselew 628 The effects of high temperatures on leguminous seeds, Neuberger 629 Death of young plants from heat, Schuster 629 The action of attenuated acid gases and smoke on plants, Wislicenus 629 Forest injury from coal smoke, Baltz 629 Physiological characters of plants, Ivanow 629 On the nature of mutations, Gates 630 Induced variations in chromogenesis, Smirnow 630 Influence of concentration of nutrient substrate on micro-organisms, Northrup. 630 Halophytic and lime-precipitating bacteria, Kellerman and Smith 630 Bacteria of the colon type occurring on grains, Rogers et al 631 Chondriosomes and their significance, Cavers 631 CONTENTS. m FIELD CROPS. Page. [Report of the] department of agronomy, Knight 631 Report of [field crops] work at Fairbanks Station, Neal 631 Report of [field crops] work at Rampart Station, Gasser 632 [Report of field crops work at Kodiak Station], Snodgrass 632 Crop-growing suggestions to dry land farmers, Atkinson 632 Crop production in the Great Plains area, Chilcott et al 632 Cereal experiments at the WilUston substation, Babcock 633 The effect of different methods of inoculation, Arny and Thatcher 633 Results of lucern tests, season 191-^15, Richardson 634 Alfalfa, Carver - 635 Suggestions to alfalfa growers, Atkinson and Wilson 635 Studies on bean breeding. — I, Types of yellow eye beans, Pearl and Surface. . 635 Seed values of maize kernels, butts, middles, and tips. Lacy 635 Flax for seed and oil. — Harvesting and storing the crop, Bolley 636 Flax crop conditions for 1915 636 The potato crop in Montana, Whipple 636 Potato spraying and dusting in New Jersey, U. S. A., Cameron 636 Experiments in covering cane by plow and by spade, Rosenfeld 636 Possibilities of the sweet potato in Macon County, Alabama, Carver 636 Notes on the germination of tobacco seed, II, Goodspeed 636 The chemical composition of the tobacco plant, Pannain 637 A study of Colorado wheat, Headden 637 HORTICULTURE. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], Georgeson 637 Biennial report State Horticultural Commission of Utah to November 30, 1914. 638 The determination of humidity in the greenhouse, Blake 638 The origin and history of some of our more common garden vegetables, Wliite. 638 Morphological and biological researches on radishes, Trouard RioUe. 638 The origin of the radish 639 Tomato culture in Montana, Schermerhorn 639 Fungicides, insecticides, and spraying calendar 639 Bordeaux mixture. Cook 639 An American fruit farm, its selection and management, Thorpe 639 Systematic cooperation in Nova Scotia, Adams 639 The blooming season of hardy fruits, Hediick 639 Ripening dates and length of season for hardy fruits, Hedrick 639 Dwarf apples, Hedrick 640 The apple in Biittany, Duplessix 640 Chemical and biological notes on cherry orchard soils, Harvey and Hooper 640 Bhght resistance in pears and pear stocks, Reimer 640 Peach growing in Virginia, Starcher 641 Inheritance of certain characters of grapes, Hedrick and Anthony 641 Spraying for the control of mildew and leafhoppers on grapevines, Foster 642 Factors governing successful shipment of red raspberries, Ramsey et al 642 Ettersbmg strawberries, Clausen 642 The citrus grove, its location and cultivation, Rolfs 642 The fertilizer requirements of citrus trees, Webber 642 Suggestions on coffee planting for Porto Rico, McClelland 643 Coffee: Its cultivation and manuring in South India, Anstead 643 Notes on the spraying of tea, Andrews and Tunstall 643 Bearing dates for grafted shagbark. — -A new method for grafting, Morris 643 Industrial cultivation of aromatic plants for essences and medicines, Craveri . . 643 Crossing experiments with canna varieties. Honing 644 Heredity of color in Phlox drummondii, Gilbert 644 The National Rose Society's rose annual for 1915, edited by Darlington 644 Italian gardens of the Rennaissance, Cartwright 64 FORESTRY. [Forestry report for 1914] ._ 644 Report on forest administration in Bengal, 191 3-1 4, Muriel 644 Report of forest administration in Coorg, 1913-14, Tireman 644 The State and forestry in Ireland, Forbes 645 The Tintern crown forests, Schlich 645 IV CONTENTS. Page Some developments in reforestation on the National Forests, Tillotson 645 The quadrat method as applied to investigations in forestry, Sampson 645 Harmful effects of grasses and weeds around young trees, Armstrong and Pratt. . 645 Some methods in the germination tests of coniferous tree seeds, Boyce 645 Variation in the size of ray pits of conifers, Brown 645 A new industry in Middle Park: Collection of lodgepole pine cones, Upson 645 The older forest plantations in Massachusetts. — Conifers, Simmons 645 Structure of the wood of Himalayan junipers, Rushton and Paddington 645 Relationships of the white oaks of eastern North America, Cobb 646 Discussion on the eucalypts and their i)roducts. Smith 646 Culture of Manihot glaziovii at Bokala, Middle Kongo, Jansseus 646 Treatment of the Para rubber trees of Botanic Gardens, Singapore 646 Rattan supply of the Philippines, Arnold 646 Wood-using industries of the Prairie Provinces, Lewis and Boyce 646 DISEASES OF PLANTS. The vegetable parasites of cultivated or useful plants, Ferraris 646 Fungus diseases, Anderson 646 Overwintering of parasitic funsi by means of mycelium, Treboux 647 A new North American Endophyllum, Arthur and Fromme 647 Rhizostilbella rubra, a by-fruit form of Ascobolus parasiticus, van der Wolk 647 Abnormal distribiltion of fruiting bodies in Ustilago tritici, Riehm 647 Mildew of the peach and rose, Woronichin 647 Deformation of oat leaves, Zade 647 Stagonospora cassavse. n. sp., van der Wolk 647 Two physiological affections of Sea Island cotton in the West Indies, Nowell. . 648 Cruciferous club root and gall weevil injury, Schlumberger 648 Rheosporangiurn aphanidermatus, parasitic on sugar beets and radishes, Edson.. 648 Apple spraying experiments in 1914, Morse and Shapovalov 648 Flectodiscella piri, representing a new Ascomycete group, Woronichin 649 Silver leaf, Schoevers ■ 649 Red raspberry injury caused by Sphserella rubina, Sackett 649 Bordeaux mixture as a citrus spray, Fawcett 649 Fungi parasitic on the tea plant in northeast India, III, IV, Tunstall 650 Ascochyta clematidina, cause of stem rot and leaf spot of clematis, Gloyer 650 Dying out of oaks in Westphalia, Baumgarten 650 Species of Loranthus on rubber trees. Brooks 651 Infection of wood by Coniophora, Trametes, and Polyporus, Wehmer 651 The chemical action of the dry rot fungus on the substance of wood, Wehmer.. 651 The toxicity to fungi of various oils and salts, Humphrey and Fleming 651 Toxicity of various wood preservatives, Humphrey and Fleming 651 Wallrothiella arceuthobii, Weir 651 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ■ENTOMOLOGY. Elementary text-book of economic zoology and entomology, Kellogg and Doane . 652 Studies in the longevity of insects, Baumberger 652 Key to the families of North American insects, Bues and Melander 652 Inj urious and beneficial insects of California, Essig 652 The injurious insects of the Government of Moscow, Korolkov 652 Fungus diseases and insect pests noticed in 1913, Tupizin 652 Deformed apples and the causes, Caesar 652 The control of insect enemies of the vine, Bernard 652 Hyponomeuta malinellus and Carpocapsa pomonella, Brunner 653 The tree crickets of New York: Life history and bionomics, Fulton 653 Destruction of Stauro7iot-us vinroccaniis by Coccobacillus acridiorum, l^eguet 653 Morphological studies on head and mouth parts of Thysanopteia, Peterson 653 Experiments in the control of Lecaniuvi cerasi, Oasipov 653 New species of Coccidse collected in Italy, Leonardi 653 Possible poisoning of insectivorous birds in war against gipsy moth, Howard... 653 Dispersion of gipsy moth larvae by the wind, Collins 653 The millet caterpillar, Hempel 654 Control of the army cutworm, Cooley 654 New pest of Egyptian cotton, the pink bollworm {Gelechia gossypiella), Gough.. 655 An enemy of cultivated carnations, Molinas 655 CONTENTS. V Page. Life history of Evcosma haracana, Busck 655 Leaf miner of citrus ( Phyllocnistis ciirella), Rutherford 655 Life histories of North American Tiueina, Brauu 655 Descriptions of new ]\Iicrolepi(loptera of forest trees, Busck 655 On Mnemonka auriqianea, Busck and Bo\'ing 655 On Acrocercops stringijinitclla, Heinrich and Degryse 656 The small winter moth ( Chcimatobm hrumata) " 656 Malaria: Lessons on its cause and prevention, Carter 656 Control of malaria: Oiling as aji antimosquito measure, Le Prince 656 New observations on life history of v.-arhle flies, Carpenter and Hewitt 656 Notes on pupation of house fly and its mode of overwintering, He%vitt 656 The larva and puparium of the frit fly, Hewatt 657 Fleas, Bishopp 657 The May beetle in Bukowina and its dissemination, Zweigelt 657 Occurrence and distribution of JMay beetle in lower Austria in 1913, Zweigelt.. 657 Laboulbeniales parasitic on Clu-ysomelidse, Thaxter 657 Borer pests of Fkus elastica, Dammerman 057 Some experiments on the control of -w-ireworms (Elateridse and Opatridaj) G57 The principal insects injurious to lucern. — II, A'assiliev 657 On some Curculionida) living in bamboo stems. Da Costa Lima 658 Inquiline bumblebees in British Colum])ia, Sladen 658 Description of a new seed chalcid from spruce, Rohwer 658 Asparagus beetle egg parasite, Johnston 658 Wasplike parasites of genus Leptomastix, parasitic on mealy bug, Viereck 658 Journey in Eritrea in search of olive fly parasites, Silvestri 658 Parasitic Hymenoptera new to the fauna of Turkestan, Kokuev 658 Injury caused by Janus biteipes in osiers, Baer 659 The yellow gooseberry sawfly, Fulmek 659 An imported red spider attacking fruit trees, Caesar 659 Four new tetranychids, McGregor 659 The beaver fluke (Amphistomiim subiriquetrum), Duff 659 Leeches: Exotic leeches, Shipley 659 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Milling and baking qualities of Victorian wheats, Richardson et al 659 The t'luten content of flours, Hitier 659 Brt ad, Scheringa G59 Studies of poultry from the farm to the consumer, Pennington 660 Cured fish, Buttenberg and von Noel 660 Some new constituents of milk.— I, The phosphatids, Osborne and Wakeman. 660 Human milk, Bosworth 660 Sov bean milk 660 Vegetable butters 660 Changes in potatoes during drying, "Waterman 661 Tomato cf/iiserve, Guarnieri 661 A tea from .Asia Minor, Hanausek 661 Tin in canned foods, Rossee and von Morgenstern 661 Methods of destroying vinegar eels, Sacher 661 Report of the department of food and drugs control, 191 4 661 Twenty -ninth annual report of the dairy and food division 661 [Food, drug, and paint laws], Ladd 662 State laws and regulations pertaining to public health, 1913 and 1914 662 The nutrition of a household, Brewster 662 How to cook and why, Condit and Long 662 Household accounting, Comstock 662 Nutrition of working men in cities with reference to protein, Hirschfeld 662 The diet of the herdsmen in the higher Alps, von Ceipek 662 Studies of the etiology of pellagra, Carbone and CazzamalU 662 The exclusive maize feeding of animals, Nitzesco 662 Influence of fat on the gastric digestion of milk, Riva Rocci 663 Effect of fats and carbohydrates upon nitrogen excretion, Zeller 663 The influence of starch on infant digestion, Southworth 663 The influence of lactose on the metabolism of an infant, Talbot and Elill 663 Creatinin and crearin in starvation, Graham and Poulton 663 Studies in endogenous uric acid metal)olism, Raiziss, Dubin, and Ringer 663 Lipins in nutrition, MacArthur and Luckett 663 VI CONTENTS. Page. The therai)eutic value of organic phosphorus compounds, Marshall, Jr 664 Studies of unbalanced diet. II, Addition of salts to the diet, Tachau 664 Effect on appetite of the air of occupied rooms, Winslow and Palmer 664 The respiratory exchange in fresh-water fi?h, II, Gardner and Leetham 664 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The stockfeeder's companion. Porter 664 The international movement of feeding stuffs 664 Result of official chemists' analyses of feed stuffs 665 Feeding stufis, Voelcker 865 Amino acid content of commercial feeding stuffs, NoUau 665 The distribution of cyanogen in grasses, Alsberg and Black 665 Bitter and sweet cassava, hydrocyanic acid contents, Collens 665 The composition and value of lupine seeds, Muenk. 665 Influence of the mineral content of the ration, McCollum and Davi« 666 [Animal husbandry work in Alaska], Georgeson et al 666 Chemistry of coat color in animals and of whiteness, Onslow 667 Case of Hunter's freemartin with reversion to wild park cattle type, Hart 668 German breeds of live slock 668 The vahie of German breeding cattle in German kSouthwest Africa, Neumann. . 668 Lincolnshire Red Shorthorns, Collins 668 Profits in southern cattle feeding, Curtis 668 Data on sex detennination in cattle. Pearl and Parshley 669 Study of the form and weight of young cattle, Indermiihle 669 The rearing of calves on substitutes for milk fat and milk. Wale 669 Blackface sheep, M'Millan 669 Border Leicester sheep. Smith 669 "Blanl:et" system of handling sheep on the Madison National Forest, Fleming. 669 Producing more and better sheep by improvements in handling, Jardine 670 The "bedding out" system of handling sheep, Wyoming, Douglo^ 670 Handling sheep on timber and brush ranges of Idaho, Martineau 670 The ])roperties of wool, Davis 670 Dried chicory roots as horse feed , Donegan 670 Alfalfa hay for hogs, Foster and Simpson 670 The use of the paunch contents of freshly slaughtered cattle as a pig feed 672 The Large White Yorkshire pig, Heaton 672 Poultry,' Rolf and Payne 672 Telling the sex of day-old chicks, Fry 672 Third annual international esrg laying contest, Kirkpatrick and Card 672 Report on the fourth egg-laying competition at Burnley, 1914-15, Hart 673 Parafield egg-laying competition, Laurie 673 Control of the marketing of eggs, Belire and Frerichs G73 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Progress in milk chemistry and dairying during 1913, Grimmer 673 The practicability of starch values in dairy cattle feeding, Sjollema 673 Feeding experiments with dairy cows, Fliickiger and Indermiihle 674 The effect of palm-oil cakes upon milk production in cows, Hansen 674 Influence of sugar beet feeding on composition of milk fats, Boes and Weyland. 674 Grass palatability tests, Breakwell _. 674 Reaction and calcium content of milk as factors in coagulation, Milroy 674 Relation of Streptococcus lacticvs to acid in milk and cream, Heinemann 675 The alkali-forming bacteria found in milk, Ayers and Rupp 675 The preservation of milk by freezing, Fascetti 675 The refrigeration of a city's milk supply. Bates 675 The resistance of lactic acid bacteria to pasteurization, Peiser 675 Silicic acid in milk from sterilization in glass bottles, Pfyl 675 [Waste in milk delivery] 675 Using the Babcock test, Fuller 676 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Department of veterinary science and bacteriology, Mack 676 The detection of anthrax bacilli in the bone marrow, Grabert 676 Foot-and-mouth disease in Denmark, Dunne - 676 Studies on the biochemistry and chemotherapy of tuberculosis, X, Hirsch 677 CONTENTS. 7n Page. Studies on the biochemistry and chemotherapy of tuberculosis, XI, Corper 677 Tubercle bacilli iu nontulierculous respiratory passasjes, Titze and Lindner 678 Hog tuberculosis and its significance for meat hygiene, Nieberle 678 Occurrence of antibodies against Bacillus abortus, lieinhardt and Gauss 679 Experiments in the preA-ention of bovine epizootic abortion, Buxton 679 The action of arsenical d ips in preventing tick infestation, Graybill 679 The chemical control of cattle d ipping tanks, Williams 680 [Disease of sheep at the Kodiak Station], Snodgrasa 680 Otacariasis in the Bighorn, Ward 680 Dipping vat for hogs and dips; hog worms, lice, and mange, Gary 680 Combating hog cholera, Nevermann ■ 680 The bacillaPv' pest, typhus, or paratyphus of shoats, Cominotti 680 Shoat typhoid with special regard to distribution, Pfeiler and Hurler 680 The cause of pernicious anemia of the liorse, Seyderhelm 681 Poultr^^ diseases, Wortley 681 Experiments on cysticerci of Txnia pisiformis and T. serialis, Ackert 681 Experimental ingestion by man of cysticerci of carnivore tapeworms, Hall 681 Obsen-ations on the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, Foster 681 Peculiar morphologic development of an egg of the genus Tropidocerca, Foster. 681 Bhabditin. — Contribution to a science of nematology , Cobb 681 RURAL ENGINEERING. Practical talks on farm engineering, Clarkson 681 Irrigation laws of the State of New Mexico 682 The Colorado statute inch and some miner's inch measuring devices, Cone 682 Sixth biennial report of the state engineer of North Dakota for 1913-14 683 Irrigation and water conveyance and diversion 683 The practical operation of irrigation works, Porter 683 Report on irrigation experiments at Rochester, N. Y., 1913. Fisher 683 [Irrigation experiments], Gerlach 683 Problems relating to the tile drainage of irrigated lands. Miller 683 Contributions of the chemist to the potable water industry. Mason 683 Treatment of waste waters from piggeries, Kershaw 684 Separation and removal of microbes suspended in water, Trillat and Fouassier. 684 Dynamite experiment. Spring 684 On the use of explosives and of the blow lamp in the garden, Durham 684 Blast furnace slag in concrete, Aiken 684 Oil-mixed Portland cement concrete, Page 685 Portland cement concrete pavements for country roads, Moorefield and Voshell. 685 Vitrified brick pavements for country roads, Peirce and Moorefield 686 Notes on width, alignment, grade, and draimige of country roads. Meeker 686 Progress of experiments in dust prevention and road preservation, 1914 686 Proceedings of good roads institute at University of North Carolina, 1914 688 Steam as tue by-product of internal combustion engines, Meriam 688 Increasing output of gas engines 688 Gas-engine valve setting, Muench 688 Oil engines for pump irrigation and the cost of pumping. Smith 688 Testing small centrifugal pumps, Blish 690 Sizes of motors driving centrifugal pumps, Marshall 690 A graphical process for choosing the electrical drive lor pumps. Gaze 690 Electricity for the farm, Anderson 690 Electro-culture 690 The silo and its use, Eckles 691 Hog, calf, sheep, and goat dipping vat, Car/ 691 Poultry house construction, Jones and Card 691 Advisory pamphlet on camp sanitation and housing 691 Domestic hygiene: The septic tank, Soufeges 691 RURAL ECONOMICS. Methods of sale for shippers of fruits and vegetables, Fisher, jr., et al 692 Methods of wholesale distribution of frmts and vegetables, Collins et al 692 Markets for potatoes 693 Suggestions from America for cooperative selling, Ashby 694 How farmers cooperate and double profits, Poe 694 Vm CONTENTS. Page. Report of committee on production of New York State Food Commission, 1913. . 694 Lower living costs in cities, King 694 Rise of prices in France on account of tlie war 694 Letters from settlers and reports from the seed distribution 694 Rural survey of Clarke County, Georgia, with special reference to negroes. Hill. . 694 Nineteenth biennial report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, 1913-14. . 694 [Agriculture and rural population in Roumania] 695 [Agriculture in Japan] 695 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATKiN. Agricultural education 695 Alberta schools of agriculture 695 [Reading courses in agriculture and home economics] 695 Elementary vocational agriculture for Maryland schools, Miller ._ 695 A uniform course of study in agriculture for the elementary schools of Ohio 696 Environment of plants. — II. Soils, Hotson 696 The home vegetable garden 696 [Tree study] 696 Productive feeding of farm animals, Woll, edited by Davis 696 Materials for a course in animal husbandry, Smith 696 Cattle husbandry in rural education for Georgia schools 696 Judging of draft'horses, Palmer _ 696 Outlines for work in domestic science and domestic arts in Illinois. 696 Home canning of fruits and vegetables, Hogenson 697 How to teach birds, Payne 697 Outlines in domestic science 697 A study of poultry. Abbey -.■---. ^^^ Food preparation for high-school classes in domestic science. Mull 697 Conducting a colt show, Buchanan 697 A successful corn growing contest in Black Hawk County, Burger 697 Profit competitions, Roadhouse _ 697 Field crop competitions and seed fairs 697 Uniform county fair premium lists, O'Donnell 697 Boys' and girls' agricultural clubs 697 Farmers' clubs 697 The county farm adviser, Crocheron 697 Annual report of director of extension for the year ending November 1, 1914... 698 Farmers' cooperative demonstration and extension work. Long 698 Farmers' institute work in the United States in 1914, Stedman 698 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Alaska Stations, 1914 698 Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1914 698 Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation 698 Program of work of United States Department of Agriculture for 1916, Bradley. . 698 Laws applicable to U. S. Department of Agriculture, compiled by Gatea 698 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Page. Alabama College Station: Bui. 185, July, 1915 680, 691 Alabama Tiiskegee Statiou: Bui. 29, 1915 635 Bnl. SO, 1915 636 Alaska Stations: An.Rpt. 1914 616,631, 632, 637,646,66(5, 6,S0, 694, 698 Arizona Station: Bil. 74, Feb. 1, 1915 688 Calil'ornia Station: Circ. 133, July, 1915 697 Colorado Station: B\il. 206, May, 1915 649 B-il. 207. May. 1915 682 Bui. 208, June, 1915 637 Connecticut Storrs Station: r.ul. 81, June, 1915 691 Bil. 82, July, 1915 672 Hawaii Station: Press Bui. 50, June 10, 1915 ... 623 Maine Station: Bnl. 239, Mav, 1915 635 Bui. 240, May, 1915 648 Massachusetts Station: Bui. 162, May, 1915. 624 Missouri Station: Bui. 133, July, 1915 691 Montana Station: Circ. 44, Feb., 1915 639 Circ. 45, Feb., 1915 632 Circ. 46, Feb., 1915 636 .Circ. 47, Apr., 1915 651 Circ. 48, Mav, 1915 636 Circ. 49, June, 1915 635 Nevada Station: Rpt. Dept. Food and Drugs Control, and "VVeii^lit ; and Measures, 1914 1 661 An. Rpt. 1914 631,676,698 New Jersey Stations: Circ. 47 638 Circ. 48 639 New Mexico Station: Bui. 95, Apr., 1915 r 0, 623 Bui. 96, June, 1915........... 670 New York State Station: Bui. 406, May, 1915 6.39 Bill. 407, May, 1915 639 Bui. 408, June, 1915 639 Tech. Bui. 42, May, 1915 653 Tech. Bui. 43, May, 1915 660 North Dakota Station: Spec. Bui. 6 (Reprint), May, 1915 662 Circ. 7, July, 1915 636 Stations in the United States — Con. Page. Oklahoma Station: Bui. 106, Dec, 1914 672 Bill. 107, June, 1915 676 Porto Rico Station: Circ. 15 (Spanish ed.), Jan. 3, 1915 643 Texa« Station: Bill. 171. Dec, 1914 619 Virginia Station: Tech. Bui. 3, Apr., 1915 620 Tech. Bill. 4, Apr., 1915 620 Washington Station: West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., vol.3— No. 4, Julv, 1915 698 No. 5, Aug., 1915 698 U. S. Department of Agrindiure. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 4, No. 4, July, 1915 610, 641,644,648,650,651,658 Bui. 227, Toxicity to Fungi of \&- rious Oils and Salts, Particularly Those Used in Wood Preserva- tion, C. J. Humphrey and Ruth M. Fleming 651 Bui. 230, Oil-mixed Portland Ce- ment Concrete, L. W. Page 685 Bui. 246, Vitrified Brick Pave- ments for Country Roads, V. M. Peirce and C. H. Moorefield 686 Bui. 248, Fleas, F. C. Birhopp 657 Bui. 249, Portland Cement Con- crete Pavements for Country Roads, C. H. Moorefield and J. T. ^ Voshell 685 Bui. 257, Progress Reports of Expe- riments in Dust Prevention and Road Preservation, 1914 686 Bui. 266, Outlets and Methods of Sale for SMppers of Fruits and Vegetables, J. W. Fisher, jr., J. H. Collins, and W. A. Sherman. . 692 Bui. 267, Methods of Wholesale Dis- tribution of Fruits and Vege- tables on Large Markets, J. H. Collins, J. W. Fisher, jr., and W. A. Sherman 692 Bui. 268, Crop Production in the Great Plains Area, E. C. Chilcott, J. S. Cole, and W. W. Burr 632 Bui. 269, Farmers' Institute Work in the United States in 1914, and Notes on Agricultural Extension Work in Foreign Countries, J. M. Stedman 698 IX LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Page. Bui. 270, Cereal Experiments at the Williston Station, F. R. Babcock 633 Bui. 273, Dispersion of Gipsy Moth Larvae by the Wind, C. W. Col- lins 653 Bui. 274, Factors Governing the Successful Shipment of Red Raspberries from the Puyallup Valley, H. J. Ramsey 642 Program of Work of the U.S. Dept. Agr. 1916 698 Weekly News Letter, vol. 2, No. 51 . 675 Bureau of Chemistry: Circ. 64 (Reprint), Studies of Poultry from the Farm to the Consumer, M. E. Pen- nington 660 OfRce of the Solicitor: Laws Applicable to the U. S. Dept. Agr., Third Supple- ment 698 Weather Bureau: Nat. ANeather and Crop Bui. 7. 615 Scientific Contributions: a The Distribution of Cyanogen in Grasses, C. L. Alsberg and O.F. Black 665 The Alkali-forming Bacteria Found in Milk, S. H. Ayers andP. Rupp 675 The Refrigeration of a City's MilkSupply, C.Bates...... 675 Some Methods in the Germina- tion Tests of Coniferous Tree Seeds, J. S. Boyce 645 Descriptions of New Micro- lepidoptera of Forest Trees, A. Busck 655 Life History of Eucosma hara- cana, A. Busck 655 On Mnemonica auricyanea, A. Busckand A. Boving 655 Rhabditin.— Contribution to a Science of Nematology, N.A. Cobb 681 What the Weather Bureau is Doing in Agricultural Mete- orology, P. C. Day 615 The "Bedding Out" System of Handling Sheep on Big Horn Forest, Wyoming, L.H.Douglas 670 Bordeaux Mixture as a Citrus Spray, G. L. Fawcett 649 "Blanket" System of Hand- ling Sheep on the Madison National Forest, C. E. Flem- ing 669 Observations on the Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, W. D. Foster 681 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Scientific Contributions — Contd. Peculiar Morphologic Devel- opment of an Egg of the Genus Tropidocerca, W. D. Foster 681 The Action of Arsenical Dips in Preventing Tick Infesta- tion, H. W. Graybill 679 Experimental Ingestion by Man of Cysticerci of Carni- vore Tapeworms, M. C. Hall 681 On Acrocercops strigifinitella, C. Heinrich and J. J. De- gryse ._ 656 Possible Poisoning of Insectiv- orous Birds in War Against Gipsy Moth, L. O. Howard . . 653 Toxicity of Various Wood Pre- servatives, C. J. Humphrey and Ruth M. Fleming 651 Producing More and Better Sheep by Improvement in Methods of Handling, J. T. Jardine 670 The Organic Nitrogen of Ha- waiian Soils, V\". P. Kelley and Alice R. Thompson 621 Seed Values of Maize Kernels, Butts, Middles, and Tips, Mary G. Lacy 635 Four New Tetranychids, E. A. McGregor 659 Handling Sheep on Timber and Brush Ranges of Idaho, B. S.Martineau 670 Elementary Vocational Agri- culture for Maryland Schools, E. A. Miller 695 The Possibilities of Hardwood Distillation on the Pacific Coast, R. C. Palmer 615 Bacteria of the Colon Type Occurring on Grains, L. A. Rogers, W. M. Clark, and Alice C.Evans 631 Description of a New Seed Chalcid from Spruce, S. A. Rohwer 658 The Quadrat Method as Ap- plied to Investigations in Forestry, A. V\'. Sampson. . . 645 Some Developments in Re- forestation on the National Forests, C. R. Tillotson 645 Antagonism and Balanced Solutions, R. H. True . . 628 A New Industry in Middle Park: The Collection of Lodgepole Pine Cones, A. T. Upson 645 • Printed in scientific and teclmical publications outside the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXIII. November, 1915. No. 7. The extent to which the element of chance figures in agricultural experimentation and investigation is a large one. It is at once the inspiration and the distraction of the seeker after new truth. It accounts for many efforts which are in part futile for the time being, and for frequent negative or unenlightening results, as well as for occasional findings of great significance. This recognition of the uncertainties in the situation is not op- posed to the idea that agricultural investigation is of an exact nature and is based on the best available light of the time, but it expresses the groping nature of the effort, the inadequacies of meth- ods, and the inability to control conditions which may be adverse to a conclusive result. While these difficulties are common to other branches of science, they are perhaps especially conspicuous in agri- cultural experimentation and investigation, owing to the very com- plex nature of the problems and the conditions under which they are studied. The acknowledgment of them is not a sign of weak- ness or of doubt, but rather of a clearer insight which has come with the extended experience of our stations in that field. The very nature of research and experimentation implies the ele- ment of doubt, the uncertainty as to the ultimate outcome. If there were no question there would be no need for experiment. While not a random effort, it involves novel and often abnormal factors and conditions which can not be fully depended upon and are in part undetermined. No one can predict the result of an experimental inquiry, or prophesy as to its success. It is an attempt to find out something that is not known. While it is not a leap in the dark it is an excur- sion into the unknown, and the paths are not clearly charted. The method of approach is suggested by analogies, but it requires some adaptation to each particular case and it may prove inadequate or present stumbling blocks. In that case it calls for ingenuity and a careful consideration of all known facts and factors. In many in- stances the successful attack of a class of problems calls for an origi- nal conception as to the nature of the project and the way in which it might be successfully attacked. In any event it requires close application. There is a difference between working upon a question 601 602 Experiment station record. and working at it. One has an objective, constructive aim, and a method which embodies all that the best knowledge and experience and ingenuity can suggest; the other works around the edges of the question, searching for a lead and waiting for something to turn up. While some of this uncertainty is manifestly unavoidable, and arises in a measure out of the general deficiencies of laiowledge, it is increased by haste, deficient preparation, insufficient attention to de- tails, and other matters which have a pronounced effect. It results from insufficient planning, from undertaking more than can be done thoroughly, and from failure to study the data as they need to be studied. In some cases it is a result of following the practical phase of the problem too closely and exclusively. A recent writer in commenting upon the experimental inquiry in a given line said : " Unfortunately the trail of the ' practical man ' was followed somewhat too closely in the investigations which were made before the end of last century, with the result that many field experiments have expressed the natural result of many conflicting factors, and have given but little indication as to the components." There is much truth in this statement, and it probably applies to considerable of the experimental work of the present. It results from the attempt to meet the expectations of the public by giving direct answers to practical questions as speedily as possible. But in this attempt it fails to realize that "the principle underlying an agricultural problem must first be studied before the problem itself can be solved." This is why at the outset close analysis of a prac- tical agricultural question is essential, and the devising of a plan which will give an intelligent and satisfying answer as far as it goes. The object of an experiment or an investigation is to secure defi- nite information — to establish a fact, to test a theory, or to deter- mine the application of certain results. The aim and the plan, -there- fore, should be to give as distinct and conclusive an ansAver as is pos- sible. It may not be complete but as far as it goes it ought to be authentic and reliable. It should not be forgotten that the genuine- ness of discovery is of first importance, and furthermore, that, as a great lawgiver has said, to know the law we must understand the law. Both are opposed to haste and superfi.ciality. In some of our undertakings the element of chance is at times un- necessarily large. It does not fully take account of the experience and the teachings of experimental work. Occasionally the prophecy might almost be made at the outset that neither final nor probably illuminating results would follow. The difficulty may be inherent in the subject, because of lack of insufficient information leading up to it; investigation may not have progressed far enough to enable con- structive and conclusive work. This accounted for much of the EDITOEIAL. 603 unproductive work on the biology of the soil in years past, and to some degree this general lack of information apparently still blocks progress. Science rarely progresses by leaps and bounds, but piece by piece. Chance discoveries of great moment are seldom made at random. Knowledge advances by a process of accumulation and through a deeper insight which suggests more effective methods of attack. In a certain class of station work there is considerable collection and accumulation of data merely on the chance or in the hope that it may develop something of interest, or shed light on the nature of some class of phenomena. It is rarely a promising method where a definite ultimate object is in view, and unless something definite is being looked for the point of importance may escape notice. Where the first essential step is to get a substantial basis of data or a record of natural phenomena the case is, of course, quite different. Some workers are more willing than others to take chances. They unnecessarily admit the element of doubt, partly because they may not be fully conscious of it, and partly because they are im- patient of slow methods. Inexperience and overconfidence in the capabilities of experiment are often responsible for this. Someone has said that a spirit of experiment and a contempt for the past "has made us credulous of quick improvement, hopeful of discov- ering panaceas, confident of success in every new thing." There is a kind of experiment which deals with matters super- ficially— which seeks only the answer without regard to how it is derived or how it may be limited — in fact, without determining just what it means. It does not aim at the real underlying question and go to the bottom of it, but it conducts hasty tests and trials which are incapable of giving more than a partial, superficial answer; it mis- takes a comparative result for an absolute answer, and rentures a deduction or generalization which later is found unwarranted. Happily this t5^pe of work has quite largely passed. It has been found inadequate and dangerous. It has no place in an enterprise which seeks illuminating and dependable facts. But there is still a considerable body of work which is superficial and incomplete in that it does not go to the kernel of the matter and contents itself with results which are at best temporary and tentative, without planning studies which will make them more logical and stable. Much of this work gives only comparative results, tentative and em- pirical at best, but the chance is taken of generalizing from it broadly. And there is some disposition to perpetuate work of this kind instead of engaging in a type which is more thorough and con- clusive. It is in part a matter of training and of insight, and to some extent it is because such grade of work meets with quick re- 604 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. sponse and appreciation. For this reason it is countenanced, al- though its limitations are not unknown, and the higher standards are not made a requirement. We realize, for example, that many of the field experiments so ex- tensively conducted are less accurate and dependable than such studies ought to be, because of their inherent crudeness and because of factors which are not checked or controlled. A considerable experimental error is recognized, dependent upon a variety of factors, and the limitations of such work have been widely demonstrated. Further- more, in outdoor experiments the chance factors of the season have a very large effect. But field experiments unsupported by more re- fined studies continue to form a large feature of the work in agron- omy. Considerable of our breeding work with plants rests on chance. It seeks the chance result, a product and not an idea, and contrives to increase the probability of its appearing. This is its primary object rather than an attempt to find out why, how, and under what condi- tions these exceptional things occur. Instead of studying correlations with a view to a greater elimination of chance in breeding, emphasis is placed first and foremost on the attempt to get something better, and there the undertaking often rests. Feeding experiments made from the commercial or economic view- point are subject to market fluctuations, and hence embody an addi- tional chance element. And it frequently happens in such experiments that untoward conditions or accidents occur which make a clear inter- pretation of results impracticable. Haste is responsible for another element of uncertainty in various kinds of experiment, which in the end is wasteful of time and energy. It is supposed to be a common attribute of Americans. The Englishman has accused us of acceleration as a national characteris- tic— of haste in all things, instead of inquiring whither. Scientific progress in agriculture has never been as rapid at any period as at the present, but this apparently has served to increase expectation and resulted in a speeding up. Rapid as the progress is, there are those who seem to feel that the great questions which have been be- fore the world for centuries should now be answered without much delay. Referring to the necessity for the exercise of patience in regard to research. Dr. D. P. Penhallow, in an address delivered several years ago, pointed out that nature's processes, although exceedingly certain of fulfillment, are nevertheless exceedingly slow. " If it has taken five hundred million years to shape this earth and render it a fit habitation for man, man himself must not be impatient if he is required to spend a few years of arduous toil that he may unlock some of the doors which so carefully guard nature's secrets. EDITORIAL. 605 Sixty-three years sped on their way from the time when Boussingault first endeavored to ascertain the source of nitrogen in plants, until a satisfactory explanation was reached through our knowledge of the action of root tubercles; and for more than sixty 3^ears Lawes and Gilbert sought the solution of plant nutrition without gaining the end in view. "The laws of nature are not kept on draught, as it were, to be drawn in large or small quantity, according to the demand. To present a problem to an investigator and expect an immediate solu- tion, or an immediate practical application, is to be prodigal of a costly equipment, to sacrifice unnecessarily the best and most care- fully trained intellectual strength, and to bring discouragement and invite failure. " It is, no doubt, true that when a commonwealth has invested a large amount of capital in specially trained men and expensive apparatus, it is reasonable to ask for results, and with this no fault can be found. The danger lies in the fact that sufficient opportu- nity is not allowed for the careful working out of a problem in all its scientific aspects. Under conditions of haste and undue pressure, the results, if worth anything, are very likely to be incomplete and unsatisfactory, and in too many cases they must be subject to costly revision." There is abundant confirmation of the truthfulness of these views in our own experiment station work. It is no disparagement but a note of caution. The necessity for less haste and for patience with the more thorough and leisurely methods ought to be understood. Most of the simpler things have been done. From now on the prog- ress may be more slow, but it ought to be more sure. The element of chance in a certain type of experiments is further increased and multiplied by a large amount of repetition, because of inadequacy of the methods or the means of attack. The error involved is not eliminated, and hence the chance of misinterpre- tation is accumulated and increased. Mere imitation will mark but little advance, for it lacks the critical attitude and the searching spirit essential to improvement and progress. What is most needed is new thought and ideas, and new insight, rather than more experi- ments which mark no special progress. These are now essential as a means of successfully attacking problems which, altliough much worked upon, have not yielded to the experimental method, or at least only in part. In some lines the attempt is still being made to work out through relatively crude experiments, unaided by more refined methods, problems which will require quite different treat- ment. One value of earlier experiments lies in disclosing the weak- 606 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. nesses and limitations of methods, which continued repetition and study from the same point of view serve mainly to confirm. Not all topics which it is desirable to know about are profitable ones for study at the present time. The element of uncertainty is too great; they wait on further advancement in the field of general science. How futile it now seems to have experimented on the control of a plant disease until we knew something of the history, habits, and manifestations of the organisms causing it. It was like prescribing remedies in human medicine before the real nature of the disease was known. In much the same way some of our work at present attempts to attack complex problems too directly. It seems unprom- ising, for example, to attempt a direct study of the effect of a course of soil treatment on the fertility of the soil until we can measure more accurately the different elements that go to constitute fertility and correlate them so as to trace a direct relation between the treat- ment and the complicated nature of the manifestation. It is obvious that in agricultural investigation, as in all kinds of research, the scientist should not compare effects without studjang causes or enlarge upon results without examining their origin and source. Our knowledge and our ability to conduct profitable researches go forward step by step, and agricultural research is so dependent on the advance of general science that it can rarely do more than keep pace with it. AVe should not, therefore, take unnecessary and unrea- sonable risk in selecting topics for study. This does not mean that the easy things should be selected, but those whose profitable study is practicable — the things it is feasible to do or which give promise of being solved. Such a selection implies close critical study of the station's program of work. The element of chance may be increased by the way in which the station program is made up. It seems at times to be itself something of a matter of chance. It lacks evidence of system or a general plan. It skips from one thing to another without continuity or visible con- necting link. The work in one department does not supplement that in another, much as the need for it may be. The program as a whole is to some extent a chance combination, growing out of contingency and of what the members of the staff, acting and thinking inde- pendently, decide they would like to take up. In other words, there is a suggestion of lack of coordination. The station program oiight not to be a heterogeneous admixture of independent, unrelated lines of work, without system or plan, but it ought to have regard to the efficiency of the station as a whole and to both the needs of agriculture in the State and the needs of agri- cultural science as a means of advancement. EDITORIAL. 607 It will have occurred to the reader that perhaps the largest ele- ment of chance lies in the human equipment. The ability of a sta- tion to enter upon a given piece of new work hangs on the chance of getting some one competent to take charge of it, and liis qualifica- tion can not alwaj^s be determined in advance. Even when such a worker is secured and is making encouraging progress, a successful issue is contingent on the ability to retain him. This is being con- tinually brought home to the stations. To provide the necessary men of proper equipment, special efforts are being put forth, and to insure the continuity of investigations, attempts are being made to link the leaders more closely to their special problems. In the past what the station was doing depended to no small ex- tent on what the men could manage to fit into their other duties, and what they were able to accomplish depended on their ability to adjust their studies to the opportunity which the year brought forth. It has not been unusual for men to explain that they did not take up certain exacting lines of stud}'^ because they knew their other duties would probably not permit them to follow these studies con- tinuously or to devote the necessary time to them. With the larger measure of relief of station investigators from other duties and from interruption, these elements of uncertainty are constantly growing smaller.* The station's program at the pres- ent time is, to a far less extent than formerly, contingent on circum- stances and other demands on its working staff. But the case of the supervising and coordinating head of the station, on whom general direction depends and to whom the men should look for stimulation and encouragement, is less favorable. He is often attempting to do too much and too great a variety of things, which leaves insuffi- cient time for consideration of the station's work and management. The effect of this is to increase the element of chance, because it is inadequately guarded against. A primary object of the experiment station is to remove the element of chance in farming — to make the art better understood and more certain in its results. The greater confidence of the public in experimenting and the extent to which the stations' teachings are now being incorporated into practice make it doubly necessary for the experimenter to be conscious of the elements of error, to make haste slowly, and to develop his studies along an orderly constructive program. It behooves us to make experiment and investigation in agricul- ture as secure and adequate as possible, both in method and result — to eliminate or reduce to the lowest practicable terms the chance of failure or ineffective effort. The means for this are a part of the 9635°— No. 7—15 2 608 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. general problem. The spirit of investigation involves the discovery and overcoming of obstacles. It is in this way, instead of by going around them or passing them on, that advancement is made. Some of the present micertainty is avoidable or capable of being brought more largely under control than it is in many cases, and supplemented by more exact studies. There is opportunity for searching inquiry as to the adequacy of plans and methods involved in new under- takings and in lines which have been under way for a period; and there is good opportunity for a larger measure of sympathetic, con- structive criticism. When everything is done that science and ex- perience suggest, there is a suiEcient chance element standing in the way of progress, and without progress our experiment stations would soon cease to be leaders in this great educational effort. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. The acids and colloids of humus, G. Fischke {Kilhn Arch., 4 {1014), PP- 1-136, figs. 4)- — In this work the colloids of humus were isolated by either the cold or hot water extraction metliods, with filtration through hardened quantita- tive filters, asbestos or Pukall's filters, and concentration in vacuum at 30° C. or at ordinary pressui'e. The concentrates were purified by either parchment paper or fish bladder, by ultrafiltration, precipitation with alcohol, acetone, etc. The method of preparing the humus did not seem to have any effect upon the reactions, but it has not been established whether the hot-water treatment can be used in other instances. On account of the higher concentrations of the Pukall filtrates of the hot-water extracts, the observations could be more easily made on these solutions. The colloids of the cold-water treatment of composts in some cases showed other reactions. Humus colloids passed through 7.5 per cent ultrafilters. The colloids remaining in the ultrafilter with one exception were irreversible, but the ultrafiltrates still contained typical colloids, as was proved by flocculation, cataphoresis, and ultramicroscopy. The hydrogen ion concentration of the various soils examined was determined by direct measurement of the electromotive power on the nonpurified and dialized solutions of humus. The crystalloid cations were removed from the colloid salt by dialysis. No illusion of an acid reaction with an indicator like litmus which depends on the absorption of the coloring matter cations could be noted. Migrating capacity and velocity were determined v/ith and without the addi- tion of acid or alkali in unpurified and dialyzed colloids. The electric charge was negative, and the migrating velocity was least in acid media. Black soils were not examined. The migrating velocity of the dispersive phase of the same solution was ununiform, and the electric potential of the colloid particles was not constant. By covering with water in the modified Coehn apparatus, partial coagulation occurred. This was irreversible in unpurified colloids, with one exception, but i-eversible after purification. Protective properties were not possessed by humus colloids against colloidal gold and clay. There was protection against iron oxid, but it was not identical with that of reversible colloids. Reduction of colloidal iron oxid by humus colloids was not observed. The precipitation optimums of humus sols and sesquioxids were, in some cases, established. The humus colloids were not sensitive toward electrolytes. Reduction of gold chlorid hydrochlorid in the presence of humus was not noted. The dry state of humus sols in soils in most cases was irreversible. A chemical analysis of the inner organic constituents of the soil in most cases gave no insight into the composition of colloids, but only emphasized the organic nature of humus colloids. Microscopically examined, the solutions of colloids were found homogeneous. Greenish-yellow and yellowish-red particles were visible with the ultramicroscope. Humus colloids were not found to be typical, 609 610 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. reversible hydrosols, but appear to be related to certain organic coloring matters. A new reaction for clay, F. Rathgen (Tonindus. Ztg., 38 {19 H), No. 3, pp. SO, 31, fig. 1; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 38 {19U), No. U, Repert., p. 57).— This is a microchemical reaction wbich will detect aluminum and aluminum compounds in all substances, even though they be present in traces, e. g., in green or brown bottle glass. To 1 gm. of the powdered substance under examination in a platinum dish is added a little ammonium fluorid and 4 to 5 drops of concen- trated sulphuric acid, and heated gently to dryness. As a result corundum is formed, which may be recognized under the microscope as six-sided colorless plates. When iron is present there are formed yellowish to brownish six- cornered crystals surrounded by a border of colorless corundum. Light-green (very small) and bluish six-cornered crystals point to the presence of cobaltic and chromium oxid, respectively. A review and discussion of some of the methods for the determination of alkali in soils, R. F. Hake (New Mexico 8ta. Bui. 95 (1915), pp. 7-i6).— This is the report of the associate referee on alkali soils to the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists at Washington, D. C, November, 1914 (E. S. R., 32, p. 296). It reviews and discusses methods used by the Bureau of Soils of this Department and by several of the state experiment stations for the determina- tion of alkali in soils. Comparative investigations of Thomas slag powders according to the Lorenz, Naumann, and Popp methods, W. Hoixe {Chem. Ztg. 38 {1914), Nos. 112-113, p. 1083). — In these investigations it was found that the Lorenz method gave lower results than the Popp and Naumann methods, the two last-named methods being considered about on a par. The best results can be obtained by the Lorenz method, but the procedure is cumbersome. See also the work of Haussding (E. S. R., 31, p. 410). Methods of bacterial analyses of air, G. L. A. Ruehle {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1915), No. 4, pp. 343-368, figs. 3).— This study was undertaken at the New York State Experiment. Station in connection with the relation of the bacterial content of stable air to the amount of bacterial con- tamination of milk. It is devoted especially to a detei'mination of the Altering efficiency of two aeroscopes and a modification of one of them. " It seems reasonable to conclude that the nature of the filters tested had little influence on the results secured in duplicate analyses, that is, those ob- tained where a sand and a liquid filter were used side by side agreed just as well as those where either two sand filters or two liquid filters were used side by side. It was found that the particular form of sand-filter aeroscope recom- mended by the committee on standard methods of bacterial air analysis ap- pointed by the American Public Health Association varied in its filtering effi- ciency from 50 to 100 per cent, with the average efficiency for two series of tests of 90 and 91.6 per cent. It is believed that the chief cause of error with this form of aeroscope arises from the fact that it is so constructed that it must be sterilized with steam, which causes caking of the sand-filtering layer." The modification of the standard aeroscope differs from the standard instru- ment in that the lower rubber stopper and the bolting cloth supports are elimi- nated and the small tube is fused into the larger one. The layer of sand is supported by a layer of cotton, resting on the shoulder at the junction of the large and small tubes. The upper stopper is replaced by a cork, which permits sterilization of the aeroscope by dry heat instead of steam. " The modified standard aeroscope was found to retain nearly 100 per cent of the bacteria, with little chance of error. It was also found to be cheaper. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 611 less breakable, easier to operate, and more adaptable to field work than either the standard sand aeroscope or the aeroscope recommended by Rettger. The latter can be made to yield excellent results, provided sufllcient care is exer- cised in handling it. Its use, however, is attended with a number of ditliculties, among which may be mentioned its tendency to leakage about the rubber stoppers after being sterilized, the foaming of the liquid during operation, and the tenacity with which the bacteria cling to the inner surface of the moist inlet tube. " The method of determining bacterial precipitation from air by means of exposed Petri plates has been found to be entirely unreliable, as it gives a measure of the number of bacteria-laden dust particles and not a measure of the number of bacteria present. The number of bacteria precipitating upon a given area has been determined by analyzing measured quantities of sterile water which had been exposed to the air for a given length of time in sterile pails. The numbers obtained in this way were from 2 to 32 times higher than those obtained with the plate-exposure method." A bibliography of cited literature is appended. The differentiation of various kinds of yeast with the aid of specific agglutinins, Lichtenstein-Kosenblat (Wchnschr. Brau., 31 (1914), pp. 293- 295; abs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 21 (1914), No. So, Referatenteil, p. 592). — Rabbits receiving intravenous injections of pure cultures of yeast yielded blood sera which could be used in the agglutination test for differentiating not only the various Saccharomycetes (top and bottom fermentation yeasts) but also for differentiating torulas from Saccharomycetes. Picric acid as a titrametric standard, O. Pfeiffeb {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 21 (1914), No. 50, Aufsatzteil, p. 383). — Picric acid is advocated as a substance for iodometry and acidimetry. For standardizing acid solutions, however, the author prefers measuring the strength of the original solution with alkali and dimethylamidazobenzol. The titrametric estimation of free sulphurous acid, E. Kedesdy {Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 51, pp. 601, 602; ahs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 21 {1914), No. 91, Referatenteil, p. 625). — The method in which sulphuric acid is titrated with methyl orange until the acid sulphite stage is reached and then with plienolphthalein until the neutral salt is obtained is deemed inexact, since the change in color with pheuolphthalein occurs before the formation of the neutral salt is complete. The transition from one stage to the other may be made sharper if one oxidizes the acid salt to the neutral salt with hydrogen peroxid. A new simple method for determining free sulphurous acid when thio- sulphate or sulphuric acid is present, A. Sander {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 21 {1914), No. 26, Aufsatzteil, pp. 194, 195).— In this method, which is a modifica- tion of Fold's, standardized iodiu solution is run in excess into the mixture of sulphurous acid and thiosulpliate, and the excess of iodin is determined with standardized thiosulphate solution. The colorless solution is then treated with an iodid-iodate mixture and the liberated iodin is titrated with thiosulphate as before. The method can be used for estimating bisulphates, and also sulphuric and sulphurous acid in admixture. The chief cause of the loss of sulphuric anhydrid and of chlorin by incinerating substances containing these constituents, J. O'Sullivan {Analyst, 39 {1914), No. 463, pp. 425-428) .—The conclusions arrived at are as follows: Although chlorids are decomposed and chlorin is lost on incinerating organic substances containing chlorids, the sulphates of calcium, potassium, and sodium are not appreciably reduced. Magnesium sulphate undergoes decomposition on ignition unless a carbonate is present. In the absence of a carbonate the ash 612 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. of substances containing magnesium sulphate will, when ignited, consist of magnesium osid. The quantity of magnesium sulphate in a substance^ con- taining chlorids may be sufficient to cause the total loss of the chlorin on incin- eration. Volumetric determination of copper, G. Zuccari (Ann. Chim. Appl. IRome], 2 (1914), Nos. 9-10, pp. 287-290) .—The solution of the salt is titrated with a solution of a sodium nitroprussid which contains 46.S66 gm. per liter until a filter paper moistened with ammonium sulphid becomes colored. One cc. of the sodium nitroprussid solution=0.01 gm. of copper. Free acids or salts of ferric iron, zinc (save in high concentration), tin, aluminum, lead, manganese, and certain other metals do not affect the results, and the method can be applied directly to solutions of copper which do not contain nickel or cadmium. Detection of vegetable fats in animal fats, M. Klostermann (Ztschr, Vntersuch. Nahr. n. Genussmtl., 26 (1913), No. 9, pp. 433-437; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 32 (1913), No. 23, p. 1118).— The Marcusson and Schilling method was not found always applicable, since digitonin precipitates only free cholesterol and phytosterol and not their esters. " Saponification is essential, and the following method is recommended : One hundred gm. of the fat is saponified with alcoholic potassium hydrosid, the soap solution diluted with water, and the fatty acids liberated by hydrochloric acid and extracted with 250 cc. of ether. The ethereal solution is washed with water and shaken with 250 cc. of petroleum spirit and about 25 gm. of sodium chlorid, which is subsequently separated by filtration through cotton wool. The filtrate is heated and treated with a solution of 1 gm. of digitonin in 20 cc. of 90 per cent alcohol, and the crystalline precipitate separated after 15 minutes and washed with ether until free from fat. It is then dried with filter paper and acetylated with 20 to 30 cc. of acetic anhydrid. The excess of acetic anhydrid is evaporated, the residue dissolved in 50 cc. of absolute alcohol, and the solution treated drop by drop with water until crystals begin to separate. More water, up to 25 cc. in all, is then added and the crystals filtered on cotton wool, washed with 70 per cent alcohol, and dissolved in ether. The solution is evaporated to dryness and the acetates are recrystallized from absolute alcohol and examined in the usual way." The separation of sterins from fats with digitonin, P. Berg and J. Angee- HAUSEN (Chem. Ztg., 38 (1914), No. 93, pp. 978, 979; abs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 91, Referatenteil, p. 6^^).— The value of the Windaus method for separating sterins with digitonin was studied. It was deemed especially desirable to know whether the method could be employed for food- control work, and, furthermore, whether the procedure could furnish new ways for investigating the unsaponifiable constituents of fats. A modification of the IMarcusson and Schilling, Klostermann, and Fritzsche methods (which utilize the Windaus principle) was finally decided upon. The solvent employed was chloroform saturated with digitonin at 60 to 70° C. Twice as much acetic acid anhydrid was employed for acetylation as is recom- mended by Marcusson and Schilling. For quantitative purposes the Kloster- mann procedure for separating the acetates is recommended. The sterin-free portion of animal fats does not seem to possess optical activity, but in plant fats and hardened animal fats optical activity of the sterin-free part is often observed. In hardened fats the optical activities are dextrorotary. It is thought that this optical property might eventually be employed for detecting hydrogenated fats. Methods for the quantitative estimation of mannit, J. Smit (Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 53 (1914), No. 8, pp. 473-490; abs. in Ztschr. Angetc. Chem., 27 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 613 (1914), ^0. 91, Rcfcratenteil, p. 625). — The methods worked out can be divided into three groups: (1) A modification of the Gayon and Dubourg metliod ; (2) separation of niannit compounds of definite composition, when appropriate com- pounds can be obtained with Ijetones and aldeliydes ; and (3) indirect methods which do not involve the separation of mannit. Determination of the amino acid and polypeptid nitrog-en in barley, malt, and beer by the formaldehyde titration method, L. Adleb (Ztschr. Oesam. Brauic, 37 (1914), Nos. 9, pp. 105-108, fig. 1; 10, pp. 117-121; U, pp. 129-133).— The method described is based on principles similar to those set down by Sorensen et al. (E. S. R., 19, p. 808; 23, p. 217). Phenolphthalein was used as an indicator. See also a note by Schjerning (E. S. R., 32, p. 23). The presence of citric acid in nntural wines, Blarez. Denig£s, and Gayon (Ann. Falsi/., 7 (1914), No. 63, pp. 9-11).— Certain countries do not admit wines which contain citric acid, and this study was made for the purpose of de- termining whether French wines, especially Sauternes, contain this acid naturally. The method used in the investigation was Denig6s. In 25 wines made in the years 1893, 1903, 1906, 1907, 1908, and 1912 the percentage varied from 0.01 to 0.045. Wines taken from Montbazillac, Anjou, and on the Rhine (1904 to 1911, 13 samples) contained from 0.005 to 0.03 per cent. The juices of 16 samples of red and white grapes were found to contain, before fermentation, from 0.012 to 0.05 per cent and after fermentation, from 0.008 to 0.05 per cent. Analysis of milk, G. MeillSre (Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 7. scr., 9 (1914), Nos. 10, pp. 489-493; 11, pp. 559-563, fig. 1). — ^After discussing in a general way the physical methods for density, freezing point, and electrical coaductivity, the methods for making quantitative determinations of the components of milk, especialy fat, are considered. A modification of Armand Adam's /uethod, which allows the determination of fat, dry matter, lactose, and casein, but not the salts, in the same sample, is proposed. This requires two hours at the longest for making a chemical examination of milk without special apparatus. It separates the milk by means of a mixture consisting of 1,000 cc. of 75 per cent alcohol and 1,100 cc. of ether into a layer of fat and a layer of nonfatty sub- stances. Ammonia is added in sufficient quantity to insure a good separation of liquids. The ethereal layer is drawn off and evaporated on the water bath. The specific weight of milk serum in the detection of water adulteration, Herramhof (Molk. Ztg. [Hildesheiin], 28 (1914), No. 7, pp. 115-118).— It was found that the specific weight of milk serum from different cows shows less variation than does that of the entire milk, that it is corre.spondingly lowered as the water content increases, and that it remains unchanged after three days' coagulation. It is stated that clouded milk serum may be made clear by filtering through bone charcoal. Lime-sulphur sprays, their composition and analysis, A. A. Ramsay (Jour, Agr. Sci. [Etwland], 6 (1914), No. 4, PP- 476-483).— In a previous paper (E. S. R., 31, p. 541) it was stated that the monosulphid sulphur present in lime-sulphur sprays appears to be essentially calcium hydroxy hydrosulphid (CaHSOH) with very minute quantities as calcium hydrosulphid (CaH2S2). "The solu- tion of lime sulphur then appears to consist of calcium hydroxyhydrosulphid, calcium thiosulphate, calcium sulphate with sulphur held in solution." This is now amended by adding calcium disulphid. The method of analysis is now as follows : Dilute 50 cc. of the concentrated lime sulphur to 500 cc. with water. (1) Titrate 25 cc. of the diluted mixture with decinormal iodin solution till the yellow color is discharged. The num- ber of cubic centimeters used multiplied by 0.0016=sulphur by 0.0028=lime. 614 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (2) Continue the addition of decinormal iodin solution till a tinge of yellow color obtains. The number of cubic centimeters decinormal iodin added mul- tiplied by 0.0064=sulphur as thiosulphate and by 0.0056=lime (CaO) in com- bination as thiosulphate. Starch paste or paper may be used in (1) and (2) but the addition of starch renders filtration of (2) difficult to proceed to (3). "(3) The fluid used in (2) is filtered through double filter paper and washed with cold water. To the filtrate barium chlorid and a few drops dilute hydro- chloric acid are added, and the whole allowed to stand all night in the cold. Barium sulphate is filtered off, washed, dried, ignited, and weighed. The weight obtained multiplied by 0.1373=sulphur present as sulphate and sulphite. The sulphur multiplied by 1.75=lime equivalent to sulphur as sulphate and sul- phite. "(4) Ten cc. of the diluted mixture is diluted with about 25 cc. water and is shaken up in a separating funnel with 10 cc. carbon bisulphid, and allowed to separate. The carbon bisulphid is drawn ofC into a tared Erlenmeyer flask. The diluted mixture in the funnel is again extracted with 10 cc. carbon bisulphid and finally with two lots of 5cc.each — the carbon bisulphid after extraction being added to that already in the tared flask. The carbon bisulphid is now removed by placing the flask in warm water, and the flask and contents dried to constant weight at a low temperature (not exceeding 70° C). The sulphur obtained is free sulphur. "(5) To 10 cc. of the diluted mixture, about 6 or 8 gm. sodium peroxid is added to oxidize the mixture, which is allowed to stand a few minutes. Fifty to 75 cc. water is added, and then hydrochloric acid, cautiously, till the solution clears up. Add a few drops of potassium iodid solution (15 gm. KI in 100 cc. water) to reduce the higher oxids (of chlorin) — boil off the excess of iodin — dilute with water to about 200 cc. and precipitate sulphur as BaSO^. Filter, dry, ignite, weigh, and calculate to sulphur by multiplying weight of precipi- tate by 0.1373. This gives total sulphur. "(6) To another 10 cc. aliquot of the diluted mixture, decinormal iodin solu- tion is added as previously described till sulphids and thiosulphates are decom- posed as at (1) and (2). Filter sulphur off through double-filter paper. Make filtrate ammoniacal, and determine the lime by precipitation with ammonium oxalate. This gives total lime. Calculations: (a) Sulphur obtained at (5) — [sulphur (4)+sulphur (3)+sulphur (2)]=sulphur as hydroxyhydrosulphid and disulphid=a. (b) Lime obtained at (6) — (lime calculated at (3)+lime calculated at 2 ) =lime as hydroxyhydrosulphid and disulphid= &. Let a?=lime in combination as hydroxyhydrosulphid then 6— d?=lime in combination as disulphid. Further, a- X 0.5714 will be the sulphur in combination with x lime as hydroxyhy- drosulphid and 6— a? X 1.1428 the sulphur with 6— a? lime as disulphid. Then xX0.5714+(6 -a;) X1.1428=a, z-(6X1.1428)-a 0.5714 from which h—x is found." The technical method for manufacturing dicyanamid from lime nitrogen from the standpoint of chemical kinetics, G. Grubk and P. Nitsche (Ztschr. Angew. Cliem., 21 {19U), No. 50, Aufsatsteil, pp. S68-S78, figs. 4).— A discussion of the methods and the results of some experimental work in this direction. Formation of furfurol from wood during the steaming process, E. Heuseb (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 {19H), No. 100, Aufsatzteil, pp. 654, 655).— All furfurol obtained from straw or wood which is undergoing a process of steaming at 4 atmospheres originates from the pentosans which the substance contains. si METEOROLOGY. 615 No furfurol results when wood or straw is steamed or boiled at atmospheric pressure. When xylose in water was heated in a closed tube at 135 to 140° C. for 8 hours 11.7 per cent of the weight of the pentose was converted into fur- furol. Xylose heated in a closed tube with 10 per cent acetic acid solution and 10 per cent formic acid showed a fufurol conversion of 31.32 per cent, and an increase in the temperature for the concentration of the acids resulted in further increasing the amount. Chemical utilization of southern pine waste, M. C Whitaker and J. S. Bates {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. 4, pp. 289-29S, figs. 4). — This is an investigation of methods of utilizing southern pine waste (not con- vertible into lumber) with regard to obtaining turpentine, rosin, and pulp In marketable form. The possibilities of hardwood distillation on the Pacific coast, R. 0. Palmer {Metallurg. and Chem. Engin., 12 {1914), No. 10, pp. 623-626).— A description of the hardwoods available on the Pacific coast for preparing tanning materials and the manufacture of products of destructive distillation (alcohol, acetate of lime, and charcoal). The cost of building a plant and the marketing of the products are considered. Chemistry of the sugar industry, O. Wohryzek {Chemie der Zuckerindustrie. Berlin, Julius Springer, 1914, pp. XVI +676, figs. iS).— This text and handbook is divided into three parts, viz, the chemistry of the beet, the chemistry of raw sugar manufacture, and the chemistry of sugar refining. It contains 159 tables and an appendix which deals with pure chemistry, especially with rela- tion to the interpretation of the contents of the book. Progress made in the manufacture of beet sugar in 1913, E. O. von Lippmann {Chem. Ztg., S8 {1914), No. 10, pp. 97-100).— A retrospect of the advances made in the agriculture, chemisti'y, and commerce of the beet-sugar industry in 1913. METEOROLOGY. What the Weather Bureau is doing in agricultural meteorology, P. C. Day {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 5, pp. 649-652). — ^After briefly defining "the new science of agri- cultural meteorology " and indicating its importance, this article notes the ways in which the Weather Bureau of the U. S. Department of Agriculture is endeav- oring to develop this field of investigation and what it is now doing to aid the agricultural interests of the country. It is stated that although the bureau's chief effort and success lie in the pre- vention of crop loss by timely warnings of adverse weather conditions, it has actively entered, in cooperation with other bureaus of the Department and the state agricultural colleges and experiment stations, into investigations having as their object " the complete correlation of climate and plant growth." Among the lines of work of direct value to the farmer in which the bureau is now engaged are the distribution of frost warnings in fruit growing and trucking regions, measurements of snow in the western mountain States as a basis for pre- dicting the probable water supply for irrigation, distribution of information regarding pasture conditions on the ranges with a view to bringing about a favorable distribution of cattle, warnings of adverse weather conditions in the great corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, sugar, rice, and truck-growing regions, and studies on the occurrence and distribution of frost in mountain regions, with particular reference to the location of orchards. Drought frequency during crop-growing season {U. S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Weather and Crop Bui. 7 {1915), p. 6). — A map is given showing the frequency of droughts (period of 30 consecutive days or more in which the precipitation 616 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. did not amount to 0.25 in. in any 24 hours) during the last 20 years, for the period from April to September, inclusive. The greatest frequency is recorded for the Great Plains area and the least in the southern Appalachians. Meteorolog-ical reports, C. C. Georgeson {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 89-96). — Tabiilar monthly summaries are given of observations on temperature, precipita- tion, and condition of the weather at 25 stations in different parts of Alaska during 1914. Australian rainfall, H. A. Hunt (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. 8ci., 1914, PP- 439-442). — This article deals with the controlling causes and distribution of rainfall in Australia. The relation of the southeast and westerly trade winds, the monsoonal and southern depressions, cyclones and anticyclones, and physical features of the country to the distribution of rainfall is considered in detail. It is shown that the isohyets describe somewhat concentric curves around the central dry area of Australia, such modifications as occur being due mainly to variations in elevation. During the hot season, from November to April, inclusive, the northern parts of Australia are wet and the southern dry, the reverse being true during the colder months, May to October. In the eastern areas of the continent, however, the rainfall is distributed fairly generally throughout the year. Occasionally there are heavy monsoonal rains in the interior, resulting in luxuriant growth of grass and herbage. The heaviest rainfall recorded occurs at Innisfail on the northeast coast of Queensland, where the avei-age annual rainfall is 145 in., the maximum being 211.24 in., and the minimum 69.87 in. The driest region for which records are available lies east and northeast from Lake Eyre, where the average annual rainfall is less than 5 in. This is also the region of lowest elevation, Lake Eyre being 39 ft. below sea level. The interior of Australia, which is usually considered the driest region, has, as far as available records show, an annual average rainfall of from 10 to 12 in. It is stated that wheat growing is safe with 10 in. of rainfall from April to October, inclusive. In general it appears that the rainfall of Australia is usually ample for pastoral and agricultural industries over two-thirds of its area. The dilferent regions have distinct seasonal dry and wet periods, and the country is subject in part, but never in whole, to prolonged periods when the rainfall is below the seasonal average, " There exists apparently an oscillatory movement of the seasonal rains throughout Australia about a center in the vicinity of Forbes, in New South Wales." Apparently the seasonal rains in Australia are more regular than has generally been supposed, and the alternating dry and wet seasons are quite definitely defined. The ten-inch line of rainfall, T. Cheeky (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1914, pp. 645, 646). — From a study of the rainfall and the practice of dry farming in the southern third of the continent of Australia the conclusion is reached that dry farming does not begin until the 15-in. line of rainfall is passed, the winter and the total rainfalls being nearly identical. It is stated that " the experience of the last 15 years has shown: (1) That with the assistance of small amounts of soluble phosphates profitable crops may be grown on less than 10 in. of winter rainfall. (2) Provided the land is fairly fertile rapid growth takes place in July and August, so that a considerable margin is available in autumn for early and late planting. (3) The dry weather toward harvest time mate- rially reduces the risk from all fungus diseases in cereals. (4) Wherever wheat can be grown peas may also be grown if necessary as an alternate crop. (5) Evaporation in winter is comparatively small, and consequently by fallow- SOILS — FEETILIZERS. 617 Ing and other modern methods a payable crop is obtained on a lower rainfall than is the case in any other part of the world. (6) The slight ground frosts which often occur in the winter nights appear to simulate the growth of the cereals when followed by 10 hours of bright sunshine. (7) The cliief problem which has now to be solved is to devise methods by which large numbers of sheep and cattle can be profitably kept on the wheat farms in the 10-in. rain- fall regions. (8) Lands originally covered with scrub and producing very little grass have been proved to be very suitable for wheat. With the gradual advances in the numbers of stock kept on these farms permanent agricultural settlement is likely to extend well beyond the 10-in. line of rainfall." The influence of weather conditions upon the amounts of nitric acid and of nitrous acid in the rainfall near Melbourne, Australia, V. G. Anderson (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Set., 1914, pp. 338, 339). — A previous article based upon the observations loere briefly reported has already been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 812). The influence of weather conditions upon the amounts of nitric acid and of nitrous acid in the rainfall at and near Melbourne, Australia, V. G. Anderson (Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc. [London'], 41 (1915), No. 174, PP- 99-122, figs. 11). — The amounts of nitrous and nitric acids were determined in the rainfall at the center of Melbourne and at the suburb of Canterbury six miles distant during 16 months beginning Noveml)er 1, 1912, as previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 812). The nitrous acid was determined by a modifica- tion of the method of Griess and the nitric acid by the salicylic acid method of Caron and Raquet (E. S. R., 25, p. 613). Correlation of the data with the meteorological elements of Melbourne and with the daily isobaric charts of Australia showed " the existence of a relation between weather conditions and the amounts of the nitrogen acids in the rainfall. ... A relation between atmospheric temperature and the ratio of nitric nitrogen to nitrous nitrogen was observed, and according to the results it seems probable that, in rain water, nitric and nitrous acids are formed in equal molecular proportions, and that the effect of variations in temperature is to change the velocity of transformation of nitrous acid into nitric acid, resulting in a high ratio in summer and a ratio approaching unity in winter. . . . For a given type of weather, and in samples of rain water collected dur- ing 24 hours (a) the concentration of oxidized nitrogen varies inversely as the rainfall, and therefore (b) the product of the concentration of oxidized nitrogen and the rainfall is constant. . . . Amounts (pounds per 1,000 acres) of oxidized nitrogen per day varying from 1.5 in the case of certain antarctic storms to 35 in the case of intense tropical storms " are reported. In the discussion following the paper especial emphasis was laid on the importance of determining the amounts of ammonia as well as of nitrous and nitric acids in, the rainfall. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Thirty-nine experiments in soils, C. L. Quear (Muncie, Ind.: Author, 1915, pp. 90, figs. 15). — In this publication 39 soil experiments and 13 supplementary experiments are outlined for the use of beginners in the study of agriculture. Surface formations and agricultural conditions of northwestern Minne seta, F. Leverett and U. G. Pukssell (Univ. Minn., Geoh Survey B (1915), pp. Yl+18, pis. 8, figs, i^).— This report describes the topogra geology, and climate of northwest jMinnesota, and deals at length with the soil and agricultural conditions and land classification by counties. [inne- ul. 12 / raphy, \/ 10 cr^il "^ 618 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Fruit soils in the Sierra foothills, J. W. Nelson (Mo. Bui. Com. Hart. Cal., 4 {1915), No. 3, pp. 134-139) .—This article deals briefly with the soils of an area of about 5,000,000 acres in the Sierra foothills of California, the topography of which consists of a series of low broken hills, small narrow valleys, rounded ridges, and moderate to steep slopes along the valley margin. The drainage is good except in small irrigated valleys. The soils are prevailingly red in color and have been derived mainly from igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is stated that they are generally fertile and their greatest requirement appears to be organic matter. They are all well supplied with mineral plant food, but the heavier types rank first and are the most durable soils. It is also stated that the marked variation in elevation, rainfall, temperature, and soils makes the gi-owth of a wide range of profitable fruits possible in this belt. The atmosphere of the soil: Its composition and the causes of variation, E. J. Russell and A. Applet abd {Jour. Agr. 8ci. [England], 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-45, Jigs. 17). — This article, the first of a series, reports investigations of the composition and characteristics of the soil air. It was found that the free air in the pores of the soil to a depth of 6 in. is very similar in -composition to the atmospheric air, but differs in that it shows greater fluctuations in composition and contains more carbon dioxid and corre- spondingly less oxygen, the average in 100 volumes being 0.25 volume of carbon dioxid and 20.6 volumes of oxygen against 0.03 volume of carbon dioxid and 20.96 volumes of oxygen in atmospheric air. " Usually the sum of the CO2 and oxygen is only slightly less than in atmospheric air, but at periods when nitrates rapidly increase there is a perceptible falling off of oxygen and a still greater one in waterlogged soils." In addition, there is another atmosphere dissolved in the water and colloids of soils which consists mainly of carbon dioxid and nitrogen and has practically no oxygen. " The fluctuations in composition of the free soil air are mainly due to fluctuations in the rate of biochemical change in the soil. . . , The rate of biochemical activity attains a maximum value in late spring and again in autumn and minimum values in summer and winter. In autumn the bacteria increase first, then the CO2 rises, and finally the nitrate increases. From November to May . . . the soil temperature . . . appears to be the dominating factor, from May to November . . . the rainfall and to a less extent the soil moisture. . . . " It is shown that the dissolved oxygen brought in [in rainfall] is probably a factor of considerable importance in renewing the dissolved soil atmosphere and facilitating biochemical change. ... No evidence could be obtained that the growing crop markedly increases the amount of CO2 in the soil air, and if it gives rise to any great evolution of CO2 in the soil. It apparently exercises a corresponding depressing effect in the activities of soil bacteria. ... As the soil differences are eliminated so the differences in composition of the soil air become less and less. . . . Such weather conditions as barometric pressure, wind velocity, variations in temperature from the mean, small rainfall, etc., seem to have but little effect on the soil atmosphere." A manometer method of determining' the capillary pull of soils, "W. A. Cannon {Plant World, 18 {1915), No. 1, pp. 11-13). — An apparatus for de- termining the capillary lift of soils is briefly described. It consists essentially of a U-shaped mercury manometer with open ends, a soil container of 500 cc. capacity, and a water reservoir of about 500 cc. ca- pacity. The water reservoir is connected by means of a T-shaped glass tube SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 619 and rubber tnblng to the manometer and the soil container. The flow of water from the reservoir to the soil container is regulated by stopcocks and the capillary lift of the soil is indicated by the rise of the mercury in the manometer. Losses of moisture and plant food by percolation, G. S. Fbaps (Texas Sta. Bid. 171 {lOl^t), pp. 5-51). — The results of three years' experiments made to ascertain the amount of percolation and evaporation from eight different soil types of Texas and the effect of cultivation, manure, and fertilizers upon the amount of water percolating and on the losses of plant food therein are re- ported. The soils used were Norfolk sand, Orangeburg fine sandy loam, Hous- ton loam, Houston black clay, Yazoo clay, Miller fine sandy loam, Crawford clay, and Lufkin fine sandy loam. Percolation was found to be greater through uncultivated clays and loams than through uncultivated sands and sandy loams. Cultivation increased per- colation through the latter, but had little effect upon the former. Potassium sulphate and manure increased percolation through sandy soils but the former decreased percolation through clay soils. The fall application of manure was more effective in increasing percolation than the spring application. The amount of nitrates in water percolating from uncultivated soils was related to a certain extent to the total nitrogen of soil and subsoil. More nitrate appeared in the percolates from manure applied in the fall than in the spring. An application of sodium nitrate increased the nitrates in the succeed- ing percolates of two of the soils, but with the other six no effect was observed until three or four weeks later. Only small quantities of potash appeared in the percolates from most of the soils, even after heavy applications of potash were made, the maximum loss being 12 per cent in three years from the Norfolk sand and the losses from the other soils varying from 0 to 4.5 per cent. From 9.7 to 66.6 lbs. of potash per acre per year were lost by percolation from un- cropped, uncultivated, and unfertilized soils, and the losses were to a certain extent related to the active potash of the soil. The losses of phosphoric acid in the percolates were very small, but the losses of lime were large, varying from 70 to 5S2 lbs. per acre from the uncropped, uncultivated soils. The lime losses were in a general way related to the quantity of lime soluble in strong hydro- chloric acid. Effect of moisture content of a sandy soil on its nitrog-en fixing power, C. B. LiPMAN and L. T. Shaep (Bot. Gaz., 59 (1915), No. 5, pp. 402-406).— Studies of the natural nitrogen fixing flora of a light sandy soil from a walnut grove with reference to moisture content are reported. The soil-culture method was used. It was found that nitrogen fixation in this soil by means of its natural flora and under optimum temperature conditions takes place most actively with a water content varying from 20 to 24 per cent, based on the air-dry weight of soil. "With 28 per cent of moisture there was a slight decline in nitrogen fixa- tion. With 32 per cent a marked decrease in nitrogen fixing power of the soil was evident, and a still gi-eater decrease was noted with 36 per cent. Almost no nitrogen fixation, or very little, took place with a moisture content of 4 per cent (air-dry basis), but a very marked increase occurred when 8 per cent was present, and amounts of moisture equivalent to 12 per cent (air-dry basis) gave about the same nitrogen fixation as 32 per cent moisture. It is concluded from these results that for the soil used the aerobic forms of nitrogen-fixing bacteria do best with a 20 per cent moisture content. At higher percentages of moisture up to 24 per cent the anaerobic forms become much more active, while the aerobic forms are depressed in their nitrogen-fixing powers. 620 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. The effect of some organic soil constituents upon nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter, H. S. Reed and B. Williams (Virginia 8ta. Tech. Bui. 4 (1915), pp. 81-96; Centbl. Balct. [eic], 2. AM., J,S (1915), No. 1-7, pp. 166-176; abs. in Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1079, pp. 320, 821).— The results of a study of the effect of various organic compounds likelj' to be constituents of the soil on the growth of Azotobacter are reported, which indicate that nitro- gen fixation by these organisms was only slightly influenced by most of the compounds tested. A depression was noted in a number of cases, but it was usually the result of a relatively high concentration of the compound used. Hydroquinone and salicylic aldehyde were the most toxic of any compounds studied, while esculin, quinic acid, and borneol afforded marked stimulation to the gi'owth of the organisms. In concentrations which are considered fatal to certain higher plants many of the compounds only slightly depressed fixation. Such nitrogenous compounds as nicotin, picolin, guanidin, and skatol showed toxic properties commensurate with those usually ascribed to these substances, while caffein appeared to stimulate the growth of the organism. " Many of the nitrogenous compounds used which have been reported as beneficial to higher plants exercised a marked depression on fixation. It appears that the simpler compounds were more pronounced in this respect than were the more complex ones. It is suggested that this condition is not one of toxicity, but that the nitrogen of the compounds was utilized by Azotobacter in preference to that of the atmosphere. Urea, glycocoU, formamid, and allantoin were espe- cially active in depressing fixation." A list of the organic compounds studied, showing their occurrence and pos- sible source in the soil, together with reports on their action toward higher plants and a list of references to literature bearing on the subject, are appended. Nitrogen fixation and nitrification in various soil types, H. S. Rekd and B. Williams (Virginia Sta. Tech. Bui. S (1915), pp. 59-80).— This bulletin reports in four papers experiments on the effect of mineral fertilizers on nitro- gen fixation and nitrification in soil, nitrogen fixation and nitrification in various soil types, and the effect of sand, and lime on nitrification. It was found that the various inorganic fertilizers did not cause marked stimulation of nitrogen fixation in truck soils. The maximum fixation was attained under the influence of stable manure with lime. Crimson clover increased the nitrifying power of the soil 83 per cent, crimson clover and lime 526 per cent, stable manure 120 per cent, and stable manure and lime 407 per cent. An examination of 93 soils, 88 of which were collected in pairs of virgin and cultivated samples, showed the superiority of cultivated soils for nitrogen fix- ation. Fixation by virgin clay soils was greater than by light virgin soils. The results of these studies are taken to indicate that, with the possible excep- tion of lime, the humus content of a soil and its cultivation are the only factors which materially affect nitrogen fixation. In nitrification studies of the 93 soils, using ammonium sulphate solution, it was found that cultivated soils showed decidedly higher nitrifying qualities than the virgin soils. The nitrifying power of light open sandy soils was strikingly low, that of loams and clay loams was the highest, and that of heavy clays was also low, but not so low as that of the light soils. It is thought, however, that the low nitrifying power of the heavy clays can be improved by proper tillage. Studies of the soils with reference to their accumulation of nitrates over a period of six months did not show the distinptive superiority of cultivated soils over virgin soils, as was evinced in the ammonium-sulphate tests. The clay SOILS FEETILIZEES. 621 loam failed to show nitrifying powers commensurate with those shown with ammonium sulphate, although the relationship as regarded other soil types was quite consistent in both series. In tests of the effect of sand and lime on nitrification in heavy clay soils, a sandy loam, and a light porous soil it was found that lime caused a marked increase in nitrates, while sand failed to stimulate nitrate formation, particu- larly in the clay soils. The org'anic nitrogen of Hawaiian soils, W. P. Keli.ey and Alice R. Thompson {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 36 (lOlIf), No. 2, pp. 42y-JfU) .—Brief technical accounts are given of investigations more fully reported elsewhere (E. S. R., 30. p. 419; .31, p. 11). Notes on some methods for the examination of soil protozoa, C. H. Martin and K. R. Lewin {Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 106-119, pis. 2). — The purpose of this paper is to outline the present knowledge of the life of the protozoa in the soil and to describe certain methods which have been found useful in work on the subject. The authors think it probable that there are always some free living pro- tozoa present in an active state in even relatively dry, poor soils. " In manur- ing on ordinary soil with farmyard manure a large number of protozoa are introduced into that soil, and if the conditions of culture are such as to necessitate a high water and a high manurial content the protozoa may well get the upper hand to such an extent as to produce a well-marked deleterious effect on the crop, resulting in the condition known as soil sickness. . . . The nature of the protozoan fauna seems to vary to a certain extent with the soil under examination. ... It is probably that the richer the soil and the higher the water content at the time of examination, the greater the probability of the dominant culture form being the dominant trophic form in the fresh soil. ... Up to the present the dominant active fauna of the soil, as shown by the fresh films, consists mostly of amoebfe, the camcebae, and small flagel- lates. ... In this connection one point which requires further investigation is the frequent prevalence of relatively large flagellates in soil culture (e. g., Prowazekia and Copromonas), whereas in fresh films the only flagellates found are very small monads. . . . "Another factor which must be reckoned with ... is the possibility that the present methods for the examination of fre.sh soil films do not give a fair account in regard to these large flagellates, which may be caught up by their flagella amongst the soil particles." It is stated in conclusion that there appear to be three categories under which the protozoan population of any soil at a given moment should be studied, i. e., (1) the active fauna, (2) the cysts, and (3) the cultural fauna. "In the immediate future better methods must be devised for the detection of the active fauna, a complete study is needed of the possible seasonal variations which might result in a transfer of certain forms from the resting fauna to the active fauna, and a more careful study mu.st be made of cultural conditions, so that it may be possible to cultivate at once any desired member of the active fauna of a soil." Studies on soil protozoa, A. Cunningham {Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 7 (1915), No. 1, pp. 49-74). — The work discussed in this paper is a continuation of that previously reported (B. S. R., 31, p. 2G) and deals with (1) the dilution method and its application to the enumeration of protozoa in soils, (2) the effect of protozoa on the numbers of bacteria in ammonifying solutions and on ammonification in solution tests, and (3) the effect of inoculations of protozoa on the bacterial content of partially sterilized soils. 622 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. It was found that the dilution method gives only relative, not absolute, re- sults, and that the whole of the protozoa in soils do not develop in soil extract. In connection with the dilution method, heating to 58° C. appeared to kill a number of the encysted protozoa in addition to active forms. Treatment with caustic potash killed all active protozoa, but left the encysted uninjured. " It is evident that it is impossible to fix upon a temperature which will destroy all active protozoa in soils and leave the cysts perfectly uninjured. ... As it is better to select a temperature which will kill all active forms even if it does injure some of the cysts, rather than one which will leave the cysts unharmed, and also probably some of the active forms alive, the continued use of 58° C. seems to be justified." Experiments on the effects of temperature and moisture on the soil protozoa brought out " that some, at least, of the protozoa in soils lead an active life and are capable of multiplying to quite a considerable extent when the conditions become favorable." It was also found that the soil protozoa, in solutions, ex- ercise a very decided limiting effect on the numbers of bacteria. The results obtained as regards the influence of protozoa on ammonification in solution tests were inconclusive. The reduction in bacterial numbers in the soils inoculated with protozoa was found to be very marked and to lie well outside the limits of experimental error. " The conclusion may safely be drawn, therefore, that the limiting factor, or at least one limiting factor (of Russell and Hutchinson) has been inoculated into the sterilized soils and has produced its effects on the numbers of bacteria. ... As it has been shown that the protozoa are capable of reduc- ing the numbers of bacteria in solutions, it appears justifiable to consider them as the limiting factor in soils." Studies on the lime requirements of certain soils, H. B. Hutchinson and K. MacLennan {Jour. Acjr. 8ci. [England], 7 {1915), No. 1, pp. 15-105, pi. 1, figs. 4)- — In continuation of work along the same general lines as that previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 32), investigations are reported dealing with the deter- mination of the amount of lime (CaO) necessary to induce partial sterilization changes in soils and the amount of lime (CaO) or chalk (CaCOa) required for soil neutralization. It was found that calcium oxid is capable of producing partial sterilization effects but that calcium carbonate is not. The amounts of lime necessary to produce specific effects in dilferent soils varied greatly, and the critical amount required was foimd to depend on the amount necessary for the production of an alkaline reaction of the soil water. The results obtained on this basis, cor- related with those of pot experiments, showed that the amount indicated coin- cides with that required for the maximum production of dry matter in the first crop following treatment and the maximum production of dry matter in the first four crops. Applications of lime double or treble the amount indicated by the method, although causing an increase in the ammonia and nitrates pro- duced, did not give corresponding increases in crop. Certain physical changes also occurred about the partial sterilization point. The determination of the lime requirements of the soil was found to depend on the absorptive capacity of the soil for calcium carbonate (present in solu- tion as bicarbonate). Comparative tests of various soils to which quantities of lime had been added previously showed a proportionate diminution of the lime requirements, and no absorption was indicated in the case of neutral soils. Soils showing a positive lime requirement according to this method were found to respond distinctly to the application of carbonate by increased ammonia and nitrate production in laboratory experiments and by greater plant growth in SOILS FERTILIZERS. 623 pot culture and field work. The application of lime to field soils was reflected in decreased lime requirements and increased crop production even after a pro- longed period (upwards of 17 years). The values of calcium oxid and car- bonate were found to be identical, provided the lime requirements (for neu- tralization purposes) were not fully satisfied. After the neutral point was reached calcium oxid exercised its specific effect. An application of carbonate to a soil accelerated the process of ammonification and nitrification to a lesser degree. " The results of an acidity, or lime requirement, test and not those of determinations of free carbonate should be taken into consideration when the needs of any particular soil are concerned. In the case of soils on the same geo- logical formation a definite relation between soil reaction and natural flora has been traced. The occurrence of certain plants on acid soils appears to be determined by their capacity of resistance to acidity." A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. Probable combination of the chlorin ions in alkali salts, R. F. Hare (iVeto Mexico Sta. Bid. 95 {1915), pp. 3-6). — Experiments showing the effect of heat on chlorids in the residue from some New Mexico irrigation waters and show- ing the loss of chlorids on heating 0..5 per cent solutions of magnesium chlorid, calcium chlorid, and sodium chlorid singly and in different mixtures are reported. The results are taken to indicate " that heating the . residue of chlorids from a water or soil solution at a low red heat for ten minutes might furnish a method for determining the chlorin in mixed alkali salts that exist In combination with magnesium." The effect of arsenite of soda on the soil, W. T. McGeorge (Haicaii Sta. Press Bui. 50 {1915), pp. 16, figs. 3). — Investigations on the effect of sodium ar.senite on the growth of millet, cowpeas, and buckwheat and on the physical, chemical, and biological activities in heavy red clay, brown clay, and highly organic silt soils are reported. It was found that the effect of sodium arsenite on plant growth depends upon the resisting power of the plant and upon the chemical and physical nature of the soil. In small quantities plant growth was stimulated in most instances, but when added at the rate of 0.1 to 0.2.5 per cent plant growth was made prac- tically impossible. Sodium arsenite materially altered the mechanical condi- tion of the soil, its action being primarily that of a deflocculating agent, thus checking the movement of the water. The influence of sodium arsenite on ammonification and nitrification varied considerably in the different soil types, and no general rule applicable within reasonable limits was established. Sodium arsenite was strongly fixed by the soil, even resisting the M'ashing of heavy rains, and accumulated in the top layer. An analysis of a sample of soil from a tract of land sprayed three times a year for five years at the rate of 5 lbs. of sodium arsenite per acre per application showed all the arsenic to be present in the top 4 in. of soil. The influence of zinc vessels in culture experiments, K. Ghedkoiz {Selsk. Khos. i Liesov., 3^5 {191-i), July, pp. 625-627; abs. in Tntcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 1, pp. 57, 58). — Pot experiments during three years showed that the sulphate and chlorid of zinc had almost the same effect on the growth of mustard. The effect on barley differed from that observed in the case of mustard, as with 0.02 per cent of zinc the growth of mustard ceased, while barley gave a relatively good yield. Zinc in very small quantities, however, stimulated the growth of mustard, but had a depressing effect on barley. 9635°— No. 7—15 3 624 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Long-continued experiments with zinc pots showed that red clover grown in acid soils lost its germinating power and made feeble growth in the third year. The injurious effect of the zinc pots was apparent in the case of clover in the second j'ear. It was most pronounced in the case of acid soils. The effect of fertilizers and stimulants upon the growth and production of Corchorus capsularis, S. F. Albano (PhiJipjnne Agr. and Forester, S {1915), No. 9-10, pp. 218-226). — Experiments on jute with cow manure, kainit, and tankage, with or without the addition of potassium sulphate, are reported. A beneficial effect from the use of fertilizer was observed in the growth of the plant and in the yield of fiber. The best results were obtained with mixtures containing nitrogen. In comparative tests of the effect of dilute solutions of borax and salts of manganese, mercury, iron, calcium, nickel, zinc, fluorin, and iodin it was found that jute " is decidedly less subject to stimulation with various chemicals than are some of the other crops with which experiments have been carried on, most notably, for instance, potatoes and radishes. The only chemicals whose use can be recommended as very likely to be profitable as a result of these tests are iron and vei'y dilute nickel." Various forms of dung, D. A. Gilchrist (Armstrong Col. Newcastle-upon- Tyne, Agr. Dept. Bui. 10 {1914), pp. 10, 11; ahs. in Nature [London'], 94 {1915), No. 2363, p. 651). — Fresh dung, dung kept just long enough to be in good con- dition for application, and old dung stored in the heap for some months were applied at the rate of 12 tons per acre in five 4-course rotations of swedes, barley, hay, and oats. The manure which had been kept just long enough to be in good condition gave the best results. Green manuring table, F. Arndt {Deut. Landio. Presse, 42 {1915), No. 29, p 255). — A table is given showing for German conditions the quantities needed for different purposes and the cost of different green manures. German nitrogen monopoly {Chem. Ztschr., 14 {1915), No. 5-6, pp. 11, 18). — The terms of the German Imperial monopoly on nitrogenous materials used for fertilizing purposes, which is to be effective until March 31, 1922, are ex- plained. Lime nitrogen, R. Kindler {Illus. Landw. Ztg., 35 {1915), No. 3, pp. 11, 12). — This is a concise summary of present knowledge regarding the nature and value of lime nitrogen as a fertilizer. Cyanamid in complete fertilizer mixtures, E. J. Pranke {Com. Pert., 10 {1915), No. 2, pp. 15, 16). — It is pointed out in this article that the quantities of cyanamid used by King in experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 25) were out of proportion to the amounts of fertilizer mixture and of acid phos- phate used. It is considered advisable to limit the use of cyanamid to 60 lbs. per ton of fertilizer mixture containing approximately 1,000 lbs. of acid phos- phate. Phosphates in Massachusetts agriculture: Importance, selection, and use, W. P. Brooks {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 162 {1915), pp. 130-167, pis. 2).— This bulletin reviews the Hopkins theory of permanent soil fertility and i-eports an extended study of the applicability of this theory, with particular reference to the use of phosphorus, to Massachusetts soils and agriculture. It is shown that phosphoric acid is not relatively deficient in Massachusetts soils and that under the systems of agriculture common in the State, which usually include the use of some phosphate, there is no reason to believe that it is generally becoming more so. It is shown in fact that, contrary to the Hopkins theory, for most of the leading crops of the State potash is far m<»re frequently the dominant food requirement than phosphoric acid. SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 625 The general results of two series of experiments comparing different phos- phates, one oxtonding over twelve and the other over eighteen years, are pre- sented to show that the application of at least a moderate amount of phospliate is usually profitable and that the more soluble and available materials give re- sults nuich superior to those obtained with the fine ground rock phosphates. The more solul)le phosphates were found to favor more rapid early growth, earlier and more perfect maturity, and larger yields than the rock phosphates and to be used with greater profit. On this basis Massachusetts farmers, gardeners, and orchardists are ad- vi.sed against the general use of raw rock phosphates. "The phosphates em- ployed should be the more soluble and available kinds, such as acid phosphate (dissolved rock), dissolved bone, basic slag meal, and bone meals." Phosphoric acid and potash fertilization in the spring', Schneidewind (Landw. Wchnschr. Snchscn, 17 {1915), No. 8, pp. 61, 62). — Seven years' fertilizer experiments witli potatoes and sugar beets, and with wheat and barley as second crops, with and without stable manure fertilization, are summarized to show that these crops, when growing on soil fertilized with stable manure, either need no additional phosphoric acid or much less than is needed when no stable manure is used. Also the after effects of stable manure fertilization are considerable, as is indicated by the superior yields and smaller additional phosphoric acid requirements of wheat and barley as second crops on soil fertilized with stable manure. A general statement is included as to the foixus of phosphoric acid and potash best adapted to different soils. Potash salts, 1914, W. C. Phalen (U. 8. Geol. Survey, Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1914, pt. 2, pp. 9-33, pi. 1; Press Bui. 215 (1915), p. 4). — This report gives statistics of potash salts and of materials entering into the fertilizer industry imported for consumption in the United States during 1914 and several preceding years, discusses briefly the work done in 1914 with a view to finding a domestic supply of potash, and gives data regarding foreign potash deposits, particularly those of Spain (E. S. R., 33, p. 26). It is stated that the potash salts imported for consumption in the United States in 1914 was 485,818,459 lbs., valued at $8,743,973, a decrease in quantity and value as compared with 1913 of 126,696,457 lbs. and $2,061,747, respectively, No especially notable developments in the discovery of new sources of potash with the object of establishing a domestic potash industry are reported. In addition to potash salts, bone dust, calcium cyanamid, guano, basic slag, and other materials used as fertilizer, including kainit and manure salts, were imported in 1914 to the extent of 761,896 long tons, valued at $9,921,439, and sodium nitrate valued at $15,204,539. A bibliography of papers on potash salts appearing during 1914 is given. Radium fertilizer in field tests, C. G. Hopkins and "W. H. Sachs (Science, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. 1063, pp. 732-735) .—This is a brief article based mainly upon experiments reported in more detail elsewhere (E. S. R., 32, p. 821), calling attention to the fact that the amount of radium which can be applied even at a cost of $100 per acre is so small that it does not and can hardly be expected to produce any effect upon crop yields. A municipal fertilizer plant at Los Angeles, California, B. A. Heinlt (Engin. News, 73 (1915), No. 22, pp. 1063, 1064).— Three plants built and operated by the park department of Los Angeles for the production of manure compost are described. 626 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. In these plants stable manure is allowed to ferment in a concrete-lined pit at a temperature of about 100° F. for from 20 to 30 days. It is then forked over, spread out in layers 1 ft. thick, to which 5 per cent by volume of wood ashes aud 2 per cent of slaked lime are added, and the mixture covered with a layer of loam soil ranging from 50 to 150 per cent of the total volume, depending upon whether the manure was pure or mixed with much straw. The heap is built up of alternate layers of this kind to a height of about 8 ft. and allowed to stand about 60 days to disintegrate. It is stated that at the end of this time about SO per cent of the material will pass through a i-in. mesh. Material coarser than this is returned to the manure heap for further disintegration. It is stated that from 8,000 to 10,000 cu. yds. of such fertilizer is now being manufactured per annum, at a factory cost of $1.38 per cubic yard, any surplus over the needs of the department finding a ready sale at $2 per cubic yard at the factory. The international movement of fertilizers (Intemat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and riant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 3, pp. 323-370).— This review issued in March, 1915. " contains, as far as possible, final figures for the ferti- lizer production and trade in 1912 and 1913, together with provisional figures for 1914, according to the scheme outlined in the first number of the review which was published in September, 1914" (E. S. R., 32, p. 425). Two new tables have been added to those appearing reg-ularly, one referring to the world's production of natural guano and the other to the production of superphosphate in the different countries. An estimate of the natural reserves of phosphates in the United States is also included. The report contains no figures relating to the production of potash salts in Germany. A bibliography of 178 references to recent literature on the subject of ferti- lizers is appended to the detailed tables of production, imports and exports, consumption, and prices. Importation of fertilizer materials, B. Y. Ordonez (Rev. Asoc. Rural Uruguay, 44 {1915), No. 3, pp. 173-186). — This article reviews the laws of Uruguay relating to trade in fertilizers and describes the official methods employed in inspection. AGRICTJLTTTRAL BOTANY. The measurement of electrical conductivity as a method of investigation in plant physiology, W. Stiles and I. Jorgensen {New Phytol., 13 {1914)," No. 6-7, pp. 226-242, figs. 5). — Giving a partial review of the work already done by others toward making use of electrical conductivity measurements in questions of plant physiologj', the authors report on the methods and results of their own studies in this direction. They hold it probable that (while use of these methods is still in its preliminary experimental stage) with further development of methods, electrical conductivity may afford a convenient and comparatively simple means of investigating certain classes of problems in p^ant physiology. A bibliography is appended. A new theory regarding the feeding power of plants, E. Truog (Science, n. ser., 41 (1015), No. 1060, pp. 616-618).— As a result of investigations on the feeding power of plants the author proposes the following hypothesis : " Plants containing a relative high calcium oxid content have a relatively high feeding power for the phosphorus in raw rock phosphate. For plants containing a relatively low calcium oxid content the converse of the above is AGBICULTURAL BOTANY. 627 true." A calcium oxld content of less than 1 per cent is considered relatively low, and corn, oats, rye, wheat, and millet belong to this class. A content of more than 1 per cent is consiilered high, and to this class belong peas, clover, alfalfa, buckwheat, and most of the species of Cruciferjp. The author considers that the feeding power of a plant for an insoluble substance depends primarily upon two conditions, (1) the solubility of that substance in carbonated water, antl (2) whether or not the plant removes from solution all tlie products of the solubility reaction in the proper proportion, so as to allow the solubility reaction to continue indefinitely. The presence of inorganic iron compounds in the chloroplasts of the green cells of plants, considered in relationship to natural photosynthesis and the origin of life, B. Moore (Proc. Roy. Soc. [Loudon^, Ser. B, 87 (1914), No. B 59S, pp. 556-570). — The ar.thor discusses experimentation designed to throw light upon the processes taking place and the substances occurring in the wide hiatus between the simple colloidal molecules of inorganic iron salts gr oxids in the solution or suspension, which, as shown by Moore and Webster (E. S. R., 30, p. 129), possess the power of synthesizing formaldehyde in the presence of carbon dioxid with sunlight as energ>' supply, on the one hand, and such a highly, complex organic substance as chlorophyll, on the other. It is stated that Inorganic iron salts and iron or aluminum hydrates in colloidal solution possess the power of transforming the energj' of the sunlight into the chemical energy of organic compounds. Inorganic iron in crystalloidal or colloidal form is thought to be present in the colorless part of the chloroplast of the green plant cell in many plants. In the absence of iron the green coloring matter can not de- velop in the leaf, although the green coloring matter itself contains no iron. In the presence of sunshine the iron-containing substance of the chloroplast de- velops the coloring matter, so that this itself is a product of photosynthesis induced by the iron-containing compound. It is held that these facts afford an explanation of chlorosis and of its cure by inorganic iron salts, and demonstrate that iron is a primary essential in photosynthesis and the production of chlorophyll. The iron-containing sub- stances of the colorless portion of the chloroplast and the clilorophyll produced by tliem thus become associated in the functions of photosynthesis as a com- plete mechanism for energy transformation. Nitrites in plants, K. Aso and T. Serine (Bot. CentN., Beihefte, 32 (1914), 1. AM., No. 1, pp. 146, 147). — The authors, noting the statement of Klein (E. S. R., 30, p. 30) regarding the absence of nitrites in underground portions of Sayittaria sagittifolia, report a study of cases in which nitrites were doubt- less present, though in slight concentrations, in the shoot-like buds of this plant. The nitrites were supposedly produced either by physiological oxidation of amido acids or by reduction from nitrates. Free nitrogen and higher plants, M. Molliard (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sot. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 9, pp. 310-313).— Repovtiug and discussing his own experimentation testing for an alleged capability of higher plants to utilize atmospheric nitrogen, as upheld by Mameli and PoUacci (E. S. R., 25, p. 633; 31, p. 223), the author concludes that Raphanus sativus does not utilize the free nitrogen of the air. Studies on anthocyanin bodies, O. Gertz {Svensk. Bot. Tidslcr., S (1914), No. 4< PP- 405-435, figs. 20). — The author gives an account of his observations on the various forms, structures, locations, arrangements, etc., of anthocyanin bodies as studied in more than 40 plant species belonging to almost as many genera, with a discussion thereof and of some related literature, which is listed in this connection. 628 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A new method of so-called water culture, II, L. Hiltnee (Prakt. Bl. Pflanzenhau u. Schutz, n. ser., 12 (1914), No. 5, pp. 40-55, figs. 2). — These ex- periments, continuing those previously reported with serradella (E. S. R., 28, p. 817), show the value of rock phosphate in nutritive solutions for use in growing oats as preventive of dry spot and tipburn and also as supplementary to or as replacing other nutritive components. Antagonism and balanced solutions, R. H. True [Science, n. ser., Jfl {1915), No. 1061, pp. 653-656). — The author discusses the terms antagonism and balanced solutions as used by a number of investigators aud claims that there appears to be no reason to limit the use of the term balanced solutions as is commonly done. On the osmotic pressure of the juices of desert plants, J. A. Harris, J. V. Lawrence, and R. A. Gortner (Science, n. ser., 4i (1915), No. 1061, pp. 656-658, fig. 1). — A series of cryoscopic determinations on the spring flora of the vicinity of Tucson, Ariz., with comparisons on species of spring and early sum- mer plants in the vicinity of the Station for Experimental Evolution on Long Island have been made to test the results given by E. and Hilda Drabble (E. S. R., 18, p. 824) and Fitting (E. S. R., 25, p. 430). The authors were unable to find pressures as high as those described by Fitting, but they do not claim that they do not occur. Pressures of 10.5 at- mosplieres or lower were obtained for about 50 per cent of the Cold Spring Harbor series, wliereas in the desert plants 50 per cent of the pressures were 15.7 atmospheres or hi?;her. Relations between osmotic pressure and regulation of stomata, W. S. iLJiN (Bot. CentU., Beihefte, 32 (1914), 1. AM., No. 1, pp. 15-35, figs. S).— Reporting details of experimentation on the behavior of leaf stomata under varying conditions the author claims that stomatal regulation, which is related to transpiration conditions, shows also a close relation to change in starch content, and this in itself shows a close relation witli variations in osmotic pressure. Regulation of the stomata is dependent directly upon physiological processes. Variation in total water content in a plant acts as a stimulating factor, condi- tioning the a,ctivation of certain enzyms which determine the state of the starch material. Alternations of osmotic properties and of turgor also result, the latter influencing the degree of stomatal opening. The changes ob.served are not purely mechanical, but dependent upon the activity of living protoplasts under the influence of external stimuli, for ex- ample, alterations or differences in intensity of illumination, which seem to affect the osmotically influential contents of the guard cells. The problems in a comparative study of transpiration in plants, W. S. Iljin (Bot. CentU., Beihefte, 32 (1914), 1. AU., No. 1, pp. 36-65, figs. 27).— Results of studies on various types of plants are given, but they are considered to show that it is not yet possible by a study of the transpiration curves alone to ascer- tain the degree of protection enjoyed by types biologically different. The pres- ent work aims not so much to give exact results for individual .species or plants as to mark out lines along which study may proceed in order to ascertain which plants may be expected to survive under given conditions or to win out in competition. Increased carbon dioxid concentration in relation to transpiration and development in plants, N. Kisselew (Bot. Centbl., Beihefte, 32 (1914), 1- AM., No. 1, pp. 86-96. pis. 2, figs. 3). — The author describes experimentation relative to the effects of increased carbon dioxid supply on plants somewhat similar to that reported by Brown and Escombe (E. S; R., 14, p. 546) and by Fischer (E. S. R., 28, p. 837). The results agreed with Fischer's conclusions, inasmuch AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 629 as a heightened content of carbon dioxul considerably accelerated and increased development in tlu- plants employed. The effects of high temperatures on leguminous seeds, F. NEunERGEB {Kiscrlel. Kozlcm., 17 (1914), No. J, jjp. 121-170).— The author exposed seeds of several leguminous plants in dry air at temperatures of 50 to 130° C. for i to 6 hours and in water at 45 to 100° C. for i to 2 hours, and then tested them for germinability under favorable conditions. It was found that in general the injurious effects of high temperature were increased by its elevation and its duration. Decrease of water content in seeds by artificial drying increased progressively the power of resistance to heat in dry air. This, however, ceased at 130° C, even for short exposures. Water at a temperature above the maximum point for germination remained harmless to seeds therein only until the germination changes were started. Resistance varied even within species and is considered as largely an indi- vidual character. High temperature is thought to break down the enzyms con- nectetl with activity of germination. A bibliography is given. Death of young plants from heat, L. Schusteh (Natunc. Ztschr. Foist u. Landw., 12 {li>14). No. 8, pp. 377-379, figs. 2). — Noting accounts of heat injury by von Tubeuf (E. S. R., 31, p. 343) and by Miinch (E. S. R., 31, p. 34S), the author describes the effects of heat combined with dryness of the soil on plant- lets of Cedrela odorata, Baphia kirlcii, and Afzeia euanzensis in the neighbor- hood of Morogoro, German East Africa. External and internal phases of the action of attenuated acid gases and smoke on plants, H. Wislicenus (.1/?^^ K. Sachs. Forstl. Vcrsuchsanst. Tharandt, 1 (1914), J^o. 3, jyp. S5-175, pis. 4, figs, ifl).— This is a somewhat extended account of the repetition of former work under improved conditions and of later work (E. S. R., 10, pp. 531, G 14 ; 32, p. 524), bearing upon the effects of atmospheric pollution with smoke and gases from industrial plants, particularly in high attenuation, upon development and functioning in plants. It is stated that highly attenuated sulphuric acid is markedly injurious to plants only when the leaves or needles are assimilating and in proportion to the intensity of that activity, this acid being then poisonous and a delicate indicator of photosyutbetic activity. Light intensity and assimilative activity are the principal conditions, but others are discussed as modifying factors. Forest injury from coal smoke, C. Baltz (Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdw., 46 (1914), No. 3, pp. 15S-174)- — Summing up a discussion of work reported by Wieler (E. S. R., 31, pp. 322, 521) and others, the author states that smoke injury to forest growth near furnaces is due largely to the direct action of the acids resulting from the oxidation of sulphur dioxid. The degree of injury depends largely upon the situation and configuration of the area affected. It is favored by the melting of snow, also by fog or slow falling rains, which absorb the acid and give it up to the foliage. The effect is greater in case of the younger parts. Conifers are more sensitive than de- ciduous trees. Good cultural conditions are considered the best means of protection against a tendency to injury through the soil. Physiological characters of plants, their variability and their relation to the theory of evolution, S. Ivanow (Bot. Centhh, Beihcfte, 82 (1914), 1- ^^t.. No. 1, pp. 66-SO). — From a study of the characters, particularly oil production, of several series of species, the author concludes that plant characters fall intc two categories, namely, morphological (which depend more upon externa] conditions and by modification form new species) and physiological (consisting 630 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. in the capacity to form certain substances and shiowing less dependence upon external conditions). At the limits of genera physiological characters are modified in a quantitative way, but slowly, probably not at all qualitatively. Species, as complex morpho- logical and physiological characters, are established through a slow process of evolution. Variation and evolution of physiological characters are easier to understand from the Darwinian standpoint than from that of De Vries, accord- ing to the author. It is held that a natural rather than a fortuitous systematic arrangement of vegetable oils should be recognized. On the nature of mutations, R. R. Gates (Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. S, pp. 99-108, figs. 7). — Noting views which have been advocated regarding the origin and fundamental nature of mutations, the author discusses some char- acters of (EnotJiera lata, CE. gigas, and CE. rutricalyx in connection with their behavior in regard to inheritance of chromosome numbers and other characters. It is claimed that any theory which will explain the origin of the (E. ruhricalyx character, which is claimed to be inherited in simple Mendelian fashion (unlike those of (E. lata or (E. gigas), will explain also the origin of all Mendelian differences It is held that, as a rule, simple Mendelian char- acters arise through alteration on the part of a chromosome analogous to the mutations known to occur in certain bacteria. This type of change is considered as sufficient to account for the origin of all mutations inherited in Mendelian fashion. The change is considered to be fundamentally chemical rather than morphological in its nature. The author concludes in general that mutations, which are of many kinds and tend in many directions, furnish the material for real evolution. The manner of inheritance of a character is determined, or at any rate limited, by the manner of its origin, that is, by the nature of the germinal change by which it occurred. Just as there are different types of discontinuity in variation, so there are various methods of inheritance of the differences which thus arise, these methods depending on the basic nature of the original change. Induced variations in chromogenesis, M. R. Smirnow {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 1060, pp. 621, 622).— The author states that chromogenesis may be increased not only by growing the bacteria on more favorable media and environment, but also by the process of selection, transplanting each time from the portion of the culture or from a colony that shows the most pro- nounced pigmentation. Chromogenesis is considered to be more or less closely associated with the metabolic activities of bacteria. It varies with the strain and is more or less dependent upon oxygen, temperature, and the medium used. An organism may produce more than one color at one and the same time, or it may produce different colors, depending upon the environment and the medium used, particu- larly the latter. Influence of the concentration of the nutrient substrate upon micro- organisms, Zae Northeup {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 4I {1915), No. 1060, pp. 620, 621). — The effect of liquefying and nonliquefying organisms on gelatin media containing different concentrations of gelatin was investigated. The size of the colonies was found to be inversely proportional to the concentration of the gelatin. This was especially marked in the case of the organisms which are most active in liquefying gelatin. Halophytic and lime-precipitating bacteria, K. F. Kkllerman and N. R. Smith {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 1060, p. 624). — The authors report that of approximately 70 cultures isolated from water from the Great Salt Lake and sea water from Florida and the Bahamas three types of organisms FIELD CROPS. 631 were secured. Pseudomonas calcis, a new spirillum, and a new bacterium were isolated from the sea water, and closely similar varieties of species of Spirillum and Pseudomonas were found in water from the Great Salt Lake. Both in sea water and in the water of the Great Salt Lake these bacteria were found associated with the precipitation of calcium carbonate. Bacteria of the colon type occurring on grains, L. A. Rogers, W. M. Clark, and A1.1CE C. Evans {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 11 (1915), No. 1, pp. 137-159, figs. •5; abs. in Science, n. scr., 41 (1915), No. 1060, p. 624).— A study was made of fjas production by 166 colon-like cultures from grains which showed that under controlled conditions these organisms could be divided into three physiological groups, cultures giving a low volume composed of carbon dioxid only, those giviug a low volume and a carbon diosid-hydrogen ratio of 1.06, and those having a high volume and a ratio varying from 1.9 to 2.9. Two other groups differing in their gas ratio and fermentation reaction were made, but they included a relatively small number of cultures. Chondriosomes and their significance, F. Cavers (New Phytol., 13 (1914), Nos. 3, pp. 96-106; 4-5, pp. 170-180).— The author gives a bibliographical review, from which it is evident that there is still difficulty in reaching safe conclusions regarding the nature of the so-called chondriosomes. The evi- dence as to the existence of true chromidia in plants is considered still some- what scanty and unconvincing. It is admitted that thus far the study of chrondriosomes has definitely solved few if any of the numerous questions it has raised, and that it still remains to be shown whether chondriosomes are really cell organs which, like the nucleus, persist from generation to gener- ation with certain definite functions, or are merely artifacts. ^ FIELD CROPS. [Report of the] department of agronomy, C. S. Knight (Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1914, PP- 30-33). — The results of experiments in testing different dates for planting sugar beets showed the period from April 20 to May 20 to be the most propitious. When planted on dates later than June 1 the yields decreased from 12.54 to 4.74 tons per acre. In variety tests with potatoes the yields ranged fi'om 2.67 to 9.81 tons of marketable tubers per acre. The results favored home- grown seed. In variety tests with mangels the yields ranged from 18.5 to 27.8 tons per acre, swedes from 20.6 to 26.5 tons, corn for silage 16,170 to 25,795 lbs., wheat 1,980 to 2,520 lbs., oats from 1,780 to 2,430 lbs., barley 2,200 to 2,250 lbs., irri- gated Siberian oats from 46.4 to 61.45 bu. per acre, and irrigated White Aus- tralian wheat 30.38 to 43.22 bu. The results of the irrigation experiment with oats " indicate that the greatest production was received with two irrigations before and three after heading, while the heaviest yield per acre-foot of water was obtained with one irriga- tion before and one after heading. The yields per acre of oats of over 56 bu. with one irrigation before and two or three after heading also indicate that the oat crop can better withstand a slight shortage of water before than after head- ing." The results of the irrigation experiment with wheat show that " the greatest production was received with two irrigations before and two after heading. The heaviest yield per acre-foot of water was obtained with one irrigation before and one after heading." Report of [field crops] work at Fairbanks Station, J. W. Neal (Alaska 8tas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 44-4S, 48-51, 52-54, vis. 3). — The performance of several 632 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. varieties of barley, oats, spring rye, spring wheat, and of buckwheat, winter rye, winter wheat, alfalfa, and red clover that seem to be suitable as grain and forage crops for that region is given. The cultivation of potatoes and general methods of cultivation employed at this station are described and the success- ful production of potatoes and turnips noted. Report of [field crops] work at Rampart Station, G. W. Gasser {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 56-64, P^s. 2). — The successful season's growth of Grimm alfalfa, sand lucern. and Mongolian and Cherno alfalfas; Medicago falcata and Vicia. cracca; Semipalatinsk and Disco alfalfas; Trifolmm hipinaster ; and Gobi Desert and Obb alfalfas is noted. Descriptions of varieties of spring wheat, spring rye, winter wheat, winter rye. barley, oats, and potatoes are .i;iven. [Report of field crops work at Kodiak Station], M. D. Snodgrass (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 68-74, pi. 1). — It is noted that on the ash-covered soils wheat and barley when seeded with oats made better growth than when seeded alone. Nitrate of lime and nitrate of soda showed marked gains with oats, fair gains with wheat, and little effect on barley. Fish guano, muriate of potash, fish and bone, bone meal, double-manure salts, and sulphate of potash had little effect on any of these grains. In testing cow kale as a crop for cattle feed it was shown that plants must be started in hotbeds and transplanted to heavily manured soil to be .successful. Turnips and rutabagas are noted as making a fair growth. The slow, unsat- isfactory growth and yield of several varieties of potatoes is noted. The season is stated as being favorable for general garden vegetables. The making of hay and silage from native bluetop grass and from oats is mentioned. The restoration of vegetation on the volcanic ash-covered lands (E. S. R., 32, p. 31) was slowly secured by seeding grasses. The wild rye grass (Elymus mollis) and bluetop came up through the ash and provided excellent growth. Crop-growing' sug'gestions to dry land farmers, A. Atkinson (Montana Sta. Circ. 45 (1915), pp. 12I-I4O, figs. 10). — The author discusses breaking the sod, tillage following breaking, tillage after the first year, and crops for the dry land farm, and suggests methods of production for spring and fall cereals, flax, corn, alfalfa, sweet clover, brome grass, timothy, and clover. An article on potatoes by O. B. Whipple and notes regarding crop rotation for dry-land farming are included. Crop production in the Great Plains area: Relation of cultural methods to yields, E. C. Chilcott, J. S. Cole, and W. W. Burr (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 26S (1915), pp. 28, figs. 2). — This bulletin presents a summary of the data given in detail in six buleltins already noted (E. S. R., 33. pp. 137, 230, 231, 232, and 332), and discusses the value of the methods of tillage employed with the dif- ferent crops, upon which the following conclusions were based : " Under the normal conditions prevailing in any part of the Great Plains for a term of 10 years on any type of soil represented at any of the stations, some crops can be produced at a profit when proper cultural methods are prac- ticed, provided that the prices of labor and of farm produce bear the same rela- tion to each other as those which have prevailed there during the last ]0 years. No single crop tested in these investigations can be raised profitably in all parts of the Great Plains area on any type of soil by any cultural method so far tested. As forage crops of some kind can profitably be grown at all stations, they must occupy an important place in any system of farming adapted to the Great Plains. Sufficient live stock must be kept to convert these crops into finished products on the farm, and sufficient forage must be produced and stored during favorable seasons to carry the live stock through specially unfavorable seasons." FIELD CROPS. 633 Cereal experiments at the "Williston substation, F. R. Babcock (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bui. 270 (1915), pp. 36, figs, il).— Descriptions of the soil, weather con- ditions with meteorological data, and the experimental methods employed are given, followed by detailed results of experiments conducted in cooperation with the North Dakota Experiment Station with spring and winter wheat and with oats, barley, flax, and minor cereals, and including tabulated data on yields of the varieties used, in some cases additional data being given on growth and weight per bushel. " Spring wheats have given better results than winter wheats. Except in the dry years, 1910 and 1911, the durum wheats have produced higlier yields than the common spring wheats. Kubanka durum wheat (C. I. No. 1440) gave the highest average yield of all of the spring wheats tested from 1908 to 1914, inclusive, 29.9 bu. per acre. Power fife wheat (C. I. No. 3697) stood second for the same period, producing 2S.6 bu. per acre. The bluestem group has not yielded as well as the durums and fifes, and the average weight per bushel has also been lower. Rate-of-seeding tests with bluestem spring wheat have indicated tiuit the highest yields are obtained from sowing 4 pk. to the acre. The average yields from winter wheat are lower than those from the spring wheats, for winter wheat frequently winterkills. Sowing winter wheat in grain stubble or stand- ing corn gives protection to the plants and reduces the loss from winterkilling. " The best three varieties of oats for the seven years 1908 to 1914 are Abun- dance, with an average yield of 66.4 bu. per acre ; Lincoln, 65.9 bu. ; and Si- berian, 64.5 bu. These are all midseason varieties. The late-maturing varieties, such as White Russian, and the very early varieties, Sixty-Day and Kherson, have yielded much less than the midseason varieties. Rate-of-seeding tests with Swedish Select oats indicate that the best yields are obtained by sowing from 4 to 6 pk. per acre. " The 6-rowed group of barley has yielded better than the 2-rowed group. The highest average yield for the seven years (1908 to 1914), 39.9 bu., has been produced by the Williston No. 170 (C. I. No. 882), a strain of Manchuria barley. " Flax is grown with some difBculty on ground that is infested with weeds. In the seven years that tests were made only four crops were harvested. The average yield of the highest producing varietj' for these four years was 16.2 bu. per acre from the North Dakota No, 1221 (G. I. No. 16). Emmer and spring rye have not given as high average yields as oats, barley, or wheat. Proso, grown in field plats from 1912 to 1914, inclusive, gave an average yield of seed per acre of 25 bu. Kursk millet, grown in a plat test in 1914, yielded 38 bu. of seed per acre." The effect of different methods of inoculation on the yield and protein content of alfalfa and sweet clover, A. C. Aeny and R. W. Thatcher {Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7 {1915), No. 4, pp. 172-185). — This article gives results of the effect of different methods of inoculation on the crop as shown in the harvest two years after seeding. The methods include no inoculation, commer- 'III "^ i.i-,^..i.i.A'.»j,«t--— ^■"•■"^^ cial culture applied to the seed, commercial culture applied to the soil, soil from an old alfalfa field, soil from an old alfalfa field plus two tons of limestone per acre, and no inoculation but two tons of limestone. The yields of dry matter per acre in three cuttings by the different methods were, respectively, 7,343, 7,750, 7,533, 7,969, 7,969, and 7,934 lbs., and the average protein content as 16.34, 16.4, 16.97, 17, 18,02, and 16.67 per cent. The effect of inoculation of alfalfa with soil from a sweet-clover field is shown in yields per acre as follows: No inoculation 1.3 plats), 1,277, 1,683, and 1,293 lbs.; with sweet-clover soil, 3,028 lbs.; and with alfalfa soil, 3,022 lbs. 634 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. 1 \ The protein contents were 12.6, 12.6, 12.73, 15.79, and 15.55 per cent, respec- tively. The effect of inoculation of sweet clover with soil from alfalfa and sweet- clover fields was to produce enormous increases in the yield of dry matter and to reduce slightly the percentage of protein. There was a large increase in the yield of both tops and roots of alfalfa and sweet clover as a result of inocula- tion, and the gain in weight was an actual increase in dry matter per plant and not an increase in theLpumher of plants growing upon a given area of soil. In each individual case, with both alfalfa and sweet clover, the ratio of tops to roots was greater in the inoculated plat than in the untreated check plat. Determinations were made of the percentage of total ash and of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the dry matter. The figures for total ash show a very remarkable effect of the inoculation in increasing the ash content of the roots and decreasing it in the tops of the plants. Other results are given below. Effect of inoculation upon quantity of plant-food constituents in crops of sweet clover and alfalfa. Treatment. Part of plants. Plant-food constituents present in crop. Crop. Nitro- gen per square yard. P2O6 per square yard. KjO per square yard. Nitro- gen per acre. P2O5 per acre. KsO per acre. Inoculated Not inoculated.. Inoculated Not inoculated.. Gm. 10. 05 i 1.46 11.51 .86 .13 .99 8.25 2.73 10. 98 .99 .31 1.30 Gm. 5.15 1.17 6.32 .40 .14 .54 3.34 2.03 5.37 .67 .36 1.03 Gm. 2.98 .45 3.43 .39 .11 .50 3.27 1.10 4.37 .56 .20 .78 Lhs. Lhs. Lhi. Roots Do Whole plant Tops 128 70 38 Alfalfa Whole plant Tops 11 6 5 Roots Do Whole plant Tops 122 60 49 Whole plant .... 14 11 9 Results of lucern tests, season 1914-15, A. E. V. Richardson (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, IS {1915), No. 7, pp. 417-436, pi. 1, figs. 10).— The results of tests in both pot and field experiments as carried on at Werribee are given as follows : "A lucern crop transpired approximately 681 tons of water to produceJl_ton of dry matter at Werribee for the season 1914-15. By giving a lucern crop as much water as it would use up during the season 1914-15 an equivalent of 8 tons of 16i cwt. of dry lucern was produced per acre. To produce this quantity, however, no less than 72 acre-inches of water were required, of which 61 acre- inches had to pass through the crop, and 11 acre-inches were dissipated from the soil by evaporation. In field tests the water requirements of lucern were even greater, on account of the impossibility of obtaining a perfect mulch and thus keeping down the loss by evaporation from the soil. On a block of 15 acres, sown in October, 1912, 12.3 tons of commercial hay, containing 10.45 tons of dry matter, were produced in 2i years. During this period 9.1 acre-feet of water were supplied as rain and irrigation water. Consequently, under field conditions, for every ton of dry hay produced 10^ in. of water were required, 3i in. of which was lost from the soil by evaporation and 7 in. by transpira- tion. Ad acre of lucern in full growth will use up considerably more water FIELD CROPS. 635 _tbaiL would be. lost by evaporation from a free water surface of equal area. The presence of a sufficiency of soluble phosphates helps to reduce the trans- piration ratio, and this makes the crop more economical of water, "A 15-acre block of lucern yielded 6.5 tons of commercial hay during the second season of growth, and 4.3 tons during the third season, though receiving only three irrigations during the past season. Tamworth lucern has given the best average yield during the past two years, averaging 22i cwt. per acre for ten cuts. The heaviest seedings of lucern gave the best returns, but there appears to be no material benefit in sowing more than 18 lbs. of seed per acre. Sixteen lbs. is the seeding adopted at Werribee. " The application of artificial fertilizers gave decided and profitable increases over the unmauured plats. Nitrogenous manures, though not generally used to fertilize leguminous crops, gave the most marked crop increa.ses. Superphos- phate proved to be the most efficient of the artificial phosphates. An application of 2 cwt. at seeding, costing 9s., gave an increase of a ton of lucern hay to the acre in the second season of growth, and this in spite of the dryness of the season. Lime has given an increase in crop yields, but the increase was barely sufficient to cover the cost of the application. Heavier dressings than 20 cwt. appear to depress the yield. The effect of these manures will probably be felt next season. Lime has given greater crop increases than an equivalent value of ground limestone, though the effect of the latter manure may be expected to persist longer. In view of the heavy demands made on the mineral constituents of the soil by good lucern crops, top-dressings, applied every winter, of phos- phates at the rate of 1^ to 2 cwt. per acre are recommended. On soils similar to Werribee dressings of lime or ground limestone applied every two years at the rate of 10 to 12 cwt. lime and 20 to 25 cwt. ground limestone are likely to prove profitable." Alfalfa, G. W. Carver (Alabama Tuskcgee Sta. Bui. 29 (1915), pp. 1-7).— This bulletin notes the great value of alfalfa as a hay and forage crop as indi- cated by tests from 1912 to 1915, and gives directions for its production. Sug'g'estions to alfalfa growers, A. Atkinson and M. L. Wilson (Montana 8ta. Circ. 49 (1915), pp. 9-42, figs. SI). — In this circular are discussed the types of alfalfa, methods of production of hay and seed under irrigated and dry- land conditions, and the value of alfalfa as a pasture crop. Studies on bean breeding. — I, Standard types of yellow eye beans, R, Peabl and F. M. Surface (Maine Sta. Bui. 239 (1915), pp. 161-176, pis. 6).— It is here stated that observations have shown that the bean, usually a self-fertilized plant, may be cross-pollinated by the action of the large bumblebee, so that for breeding purposes it has been found necessary to erect bean cages inclosed with screen wire. The commercial importance of the Maine bean crop and of the two types of yellow eye beans are discussed. Standards of types, including the characters of sizes and shape, ground color, and eye pattern and color, are suggested for the Improved Yellow Eye and the Old Fashioned Yellow Eye, followed by comments of leading Boston dealers. Seed values of maize kernels, butts, middles, and tips, Mary G. Lacy (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7 (1915), No. Jf, pp. 159-171). — This article reviews the work of experimenters along this line with a view to determining how far the apparently contradictory results of different experiments could be reconciled by taking into account the fact that the silks of the kernels from the tip end of the ear are the last to appear, and hence are more likely to escape self-fertiliza- tion than other kernels. The experiments from which these data are compiled cover a period of 45 years, and show that " the average yield of seed from the butt is 103 per cent of that 636 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD. from the middle seed and the yield of seed from the tips is 105 per cent of that from seed from the middle of the ear. In the case of the tips this is 5 times the probable error for the series, and in the case of the butts, 3J times. These percentages, though small, must be considered significant in a table of 81 instances. ... In 4 out of the 81 cases reported we may be sure that the yield has been increased by the use of tip seed, and in the other cases there is no evidence that the use of top seed has decreased the yield. In four cases the Increased yield from butt seed is more than four times the probable error. " The conclusion of the matter seems to be that the tips and butts are cer- tainly not inferior for seed purposes, and there seems little justification for the practice, prevalent in some sections, of discarding them for seed." A bibliography of 25 titles is appended. Flax for seed and oil. — Harvesting and storing the crop for seed and oil purposes, H. L. Bolley {North Dakota 8ta. Girc. 7 {1915), pp. ^).— Practical suggestions for the harvesting and storing of flax for seed and oil purposes are given. Flax crop conditions for 1915 {Montana Sta. Circ. 48 {1915), pp. 5-8). — This circular discusses the methods of production and prices obtained for flax with reference to Montana conditions. The potato crop in Montana, O. B. Whipple {Montana Sta. Circ. 46 {1915), pp. 141-165, figs. 11). — In this circular the author discusses methods of produc- tion with special reference to the improvement of the potato crop and the growing of potatoes for seed purposes, and includes irrigation and marketing. Descriptions are given of the most important types of potatoes. Potato spraying and dusting in New Jersey, TJ. S. A., A. E. Cameron {Bui. Ent. Research, 6 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-21, pis. 3, figs. 2).— A report of work already noted from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 336). Experiments in covering cane by plow and by spade, A. H. Rosenfeld {Internat. Sugar Jour., 17 {1915), No. 200, p. 36//).— In tests conducted at the TucumSn Experiment Station cane covered in planting with a small share plow produced at the rate of 39,105 kg. per hectare (17.4 tons per acre) as compared with 35,254 kg. for that covered with a spade. Possibilities of the sweet potato in Macon County, Alabama, G. W. Carveb {Alabama Tuskegee Sta. Bui. 30 {1915), pp. 22, figs. S).— A revised and slightly enlarged reprint of Bulletin 17 already noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 729). Notes on the germination of tobacco seed, II, T. H. Goodspeed {Univ. Cal. Puh., Bot., 5 {1915), No. 7, pp. 233-248) .—This reports the continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 739), and presents further evidence regarding the relation between the age of the seed of certain pure-line cultures and of the seed of hybrids made between .them, and the viability of this seed. The data " concerning the germination of hybrid v. parental seed leave no doubt that different plants of F,, F2, and Fa produce seed the germination of which is significantly differentiated as to the total amount of the seed that will germinate, or as to the length of time during which germination takes place, or as to the period, during the extent of the test, within which the maximum amount of germination occurs. Further, there is evidence that among the seeds of a single F2 or F3 plant a portion have a characteristic period during which they germinate, which is distinct from the period characteristic of an- other group of the same seed. . . . Finally, the Fi seed from reciprocal crosses has been shown to differ with reference to its germination. In this connection, either the amount of total germination, or the extent of the germinating period, or the days of maximum germination peculiar to one parent have been shown also to be characteristic of the cross-pollinated seed which it bore." HOETICULTURE. 637 The chemical composition of the tobacco plant, E. Pannain (Staz. Sper. Agr. ItaL, JfS (1915). No. 1, pp. lS-43, fiys. Jt). — Previously notod from another source (E. S. R., 33, p. 43G). A study of Colorado wheat, W. P. Headden {Colorado Sta. Bui. 208 {1915), pp. S-.'fS). — This bulletin gives results of a study made during 1913 of some factors that may determine the quality of Colorado wheat, which is generally assumed to be inferior to the best bread-making wheat grown in other States. Wheat was grown on plats that received varying quantities of nitrogen, phos- phoric acid, and potash. From the chemical analyses of the soils at various depths before and after fertilization, the analyses of different parts of the wheat plants at several stages of growth, and a study of the bacterial content of the soil, the author is led to believe that there exists a definite relation between the available supply of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, and moisture in the soil and the quality, or nitrogen content, of the wheat produced thereon. The application of sodium nitrate increased the total amount of ash. It depressed the amount of silica and increased the amounts of potash and cal- cium, while it did not seem to affect that of phosphorus. The application of phosphorus and potash to the soil seemed uniformly to lower the amount of phosphorus in the plant. The amount of potash in the plant did not seem to have been influenced by the application of either phosphorus or potash. The application of nitrogen to the soil increased the nitrogen in the plant quite materially over that present in the plants grown on the check plats. This was true for each of the different applications made. Tabulated data show the chemical analyses of soil and subsoil used in these experiments ; the variation of total nitrogen, nitric nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in consecutive areas ; the percentage of moisture, total nitrogen, and bacterial count of soils differently treated ; the effect of varying amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash on (1) the ratio of stems, leaves, and heads for Red Fife varieties of wheat, (2) the amount of dry matter in several varieties of wheat, (3) the total nitrogen, proteid nitrogen, ammonic nitrogen, and amid nitrogen in wheat plants at different stages of development, (4) the moisture and soluble and insoluble ash in air-dried wheat plants and in various parts of the plants, and (5) the amount of silicon in the different parts of the wheat straw; and the mineral constituents of air-dried wheat straw. HORTICULTURE. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], C. C. Geokgeson {AlasJca Stas. Rpt. 191Jf, pp. 11-26, pis. 2). — The investigations of the year were confined principally to the Sitka Station and consisted principally of breeding and cultural experiments with orchard fruits and variety tests with vegetables. The work of hybridizing strawberries (E. S. R., 32, p. 45) has been continued with success. Many crosses have been made between these hybrids, the best of which are being selected for further study. Notes are given on breeding work now under way with currants, gooseberries, raspberries, blueberries, and cranberries. Of 40 varieties of apples planted in the station's test orchard some years ago, those which are now left that give any promises of usefulness are the Yellow Transparent, Raspberry, Hyslop, Sylvan Sweet, Whitney, and an English variety, Keswick Codlin. The Yellow Transparent and Raspberry produced fruit last season. The apples were undersized for these varieties but were of very good flavor. The cherry trees at the station continue to make moderate growth and bloom profusely every spring. For some reason, however, possibly 638 EXPERIMEITT STATION RECOED. lack of insects to aid in fertilization, 90 per cent of the blossoms drop off with- out setting fruit. Many supposedly hardy varieties of plums have been grown during the past few years but none of them has produced a bloom. The usual variety tests with vegetables are reported. A list is given of the shrubs and vines that have proved to be adapted to southeastern Alaska con- ditions. A list supplementary to that in the 1911 report (E. S. R., 28, p. 436) is also given of hardy perennials, together with annuals or perennials that blossom the first year from seed which were found to do reasonably well last year. Biennial report State Horticultural Commission of the State of Utah from December 1, 1912, to November 30, 1914 {Bien Rpt. State Hort. Com. Utah, 1912-1914, pp. 68). — This report contains a statistical account of the nursery and fruit industry in Utah for 1913 and 1914, together with an account of nursery inspection and quarantine work, including a brief statement of quarantine measures in adjacent States. In addition to statistics on fruit trees planted in 1913 and 1914, data are given of an orchard survey including some 727 blocks of fruit on 357 farms. The various fruits are classified, both with reference to age and acreage and conditions with reference to spraying, cultivation, and pruning. A report is also included relative to the possibilities for fruit product factories in Utah, together with a paper on diversified fruit growing by W. W. Knudson, in which the author gives an account of the man- agement of a farm on which are grown small fruits, cherries, peaches, plums, and vegetables. The data given include the varieties of fruit grown, time of harvest, receipts, and expenses for the three years, 1912-1914. The report concludes with a list of nursery licenses and a financial statement for the biennial period. The determination of humidity in the greenhouse, M. A. Blake {New Jersey Stas. Circ. 47, pp. 3-7, fig. 1). — This circular contains directions and tables for the determination of humidity by means of a sling psychrometer. The origin and history of some of our more common garden vegetables, O. E. White {BrooJdyn Bot. Gard. Leaflets, 3. ser.. No. 6 (1915), pp. 7, pis. 3). — This comprises brief notes, together with a list showing the supposed origin of most of our common vegetables and the certain or probable date of earliest cultivation. Morphological and biological researches on the cultivated radishes, Yvonne Trouard Riolle (Ann. Sci. Agron., 4. ser., 3 (1914), No. 7-12, pp. 346- 550, figs. 135). — The first part of the work here reported includes a study of differences in color, as measured by the action of acids and bases on the an- thocyanin solutions of radishes and by the spectroscopic absorptions of the anthocyanin solutions treated with acids and bases; a study of difference in form of cultivated radishes ; a quantitative and qualitative study of carbo- hydrates in selected types among all the known European, Chinese, and Japa- nese radishes ; a morphological and botanical study of cultivated radishes, in- cluding the roots, foliage, flowers, and fruit ; and a comparative study of the wild species of Raphanus, with special reference to determining the origin of cultivated radishes. In part two of this work are grouped a number of bio- logical investigations, including experiments in the amelioration of forms of the wild radish Raphanus raphanistrum into forms of the cultivated radish R. sativus; a study of the natural hybrids between the two species; hybridization experiments between different genera of crucifers, different species of Raphanus, and crossing experiments between different varieties of R. sativus; and a study of the degeneration among cultivated radishes. Attempts to transform the wild radish R. raphanistrum into the cultivated form through cultivation and selection were unsuccessful, although hybrid forms HORTICULTURE. 639 were secured between the sper-ies and wore also found to occur naturally. At- tempts to cross the wild radish with Isatis, Brassica, and Sinapis were also un- successful. From the results of her experiments as a whole the author con- cludes that the cultivated radish has a dual origin. The .Tapanese radish (Dalkon) is descended from R. sutivus raphanistroidcs, a native of China and Japan. The European and Chinese radish appears to be derived from another wild type, native to central Asia, and rare or extinct at the present time. The greater number of cultivated radishes are descended from the latter type. The origin of the radish {Oard. Chron., 3. ser., 57 (1915), No. 1483, p. 296).— An abstract of the above-noted work. Tomato culture in Montana, L. G. Schermerhoen (Montana 8ta. Circ. 44 (1915), pp. 111-119, figs. 5).— A popular treatise on tomato culture discussing location and soils, varieties, planting and transplanting, sotting in the field, irrigation and cultivation, pruning and staking, and ripening tomatoes after frost. Fungicides, insecticides, and spraying calendar ( Fla. Quart. Bui. Agr. Dept., 25 (1915), No. 2, pp. 119-194). — This comprises directions for the preparation of fungicides and insecticides, including a spray calendar for both fruits and vegetables. Bordeaux mixture, M. T. Cook (Neiv Jersey Stas. Circ. 4S, pp. 5-7). — This circular discusses the preparation of Bordeaux mixture, its use for controlling diseases of various fruits and vegetables, and spraying machinery. An American fruit farm, its selection and management for profit and for pleasure, F. N. Thorpe (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1915, pp. XII +348, pis. 21). — A popular account of fruit farming based primarily on the record of a fruit farm on the southern shore of Lake Erie. The subject matter is treated under the following general headings : Time and the tree, selecting the fruit farm, the planting of the fruit farm, getting along with help, the culti- vation of the fruit farm, feeding the land, the fruit farm and the young folks, ten thousand a year, birds and the fruit farm, and the fruit farm and old age. Systematic cooperation in Nova Scotia, A. E. Adams (Proc. Conf. Fruit Growers Canada, 4 (1914), PP- 43-54). — In this article the author gives a brief history of the development of fruit cooperative companies in the Annapolis valley, with special attention to errors and necessary improvements. The blooming season of hardy fruits, U. P. Hedrick (New York State Sta. Bui. 401 (1915), pp. 567-39i).— Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 20, p. 41) the present bulletin, which has been prepared from data secured at the station by various members of the horticultural department, assigns a blooming season for all of the varieties of fruits commonly cultivated in New York. The obser- vations for most of the orchard fruits covered a period of five years, and for grapes and small fruits a period of three years, the blooming seasons given being based upon the opening of the flowers. The varieties are classed as very early, early, midseason, late, and very late. Ripening dates and length of season for hardy fruits, U. P. Hedrick (Nexo York State Sta. Bui. 408 (1915), pp. 393-418) .—This bulletin contains the ripening dates and length of season for the same varieties of fruits for which the blooming time is given in the above-noted bulletin. Dwarf apples, U. P. Hedrick (New York State Sta. Bui. 406 (1915), pp. 341- 368, pis. 7). — This bulletin comprises a final report of a comparative test of dwarf and standard apples which has been conducted at the station for a period. of ten years. French Crab stocks were used for the standard trees and Doucin and French Paradise stock for the dwarf trees. The sites for the tests were selected, with reference to climate and soil, in three widely separated parts of 9635'— No. 7—15 4 640 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. the States. The general plan of the test was to grow a permanent orchard of standard trees with fillers on Doucin stock and between these trees on Paradise stock. The orchards were set with 27 varieties represented by 1,193 trees. The results of the investigations show that the union between stock and scion is poorer with Doucin and French Paradise stocks than with the French Crab. Unions were better on Doucin stock than on French Paradise. French Crab was the hardiest stock and French Paradise the least hardy stock. The great- est weakness of the dwarfing stock for New York is the surface rooting habit, in which character the two stocks can not be distinguished. The evil results following surface rooting are winterkilling, uprooting the trees by wind, suckering, and injury in cultivation. Dwarf trees suckered much more than the standard trees. The trees on the three stocks attained the size commonly ascribed to them, those on French Crab being full-sized, those on Doucin medium-sized, and those on French Paradise true dwarfs. Trees on French Paradise came into bearing soonest, Doucin next, and French Crab last. There were no marked differences in size, color, and quality of the apples on the three stocks. The test has not been such that safe conclusions can be drawn as to which stock makes the most productive orchard. The varieties have not done equally well in the three orchards, and none of the trees are yet near their maximum usefulness. All things considered, however, the most satisfactory varieties on dwarfs have been Mcintosh, Wealthy, and Lady. Jonathan, Esopus, Grimes, Alexander, Wagener, Boiken, and Bismarck have been very satisfactory, while Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Rome, Ben Davis, Northern Spy, and Sutton have not been very satisfactory on dwarfing stocks. Twenty Ounce has been the most satisfactory. In this 10-year test no satisfactory time nor method could be found to prune dwarf trees which did not promote a weak, sickly growth. This invariably died back the next winter. The author concludes that the dwarf trees -appeal to amateur rather than to professional apple growex'S, as they take less space, and therefore permit a greater variety in orchard or garden and are handsomer ornamentals. The apple in Brittany, E. Duplessix {Trav. Set. Univ. Rennes, 10 {1911), No. 2, pp. 1-41, 191-232; 11 {1912), No. 2, pp. lS-23, Jfl-Sl, 126-167; 12 {1913), No. 2, pp. 1-29). — A treatise on apple growing in Brittany, including a discussion of varieties, methods of propagation, orchard management, diseases, and insect pests. Chemical and biological notes on cherry orchard soils, A. Harvey and C. H. Hooper {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 57 {1915), No. U84, pp. 308, 309).— Data secured by the authors relative to the chemical and physical composition of a number of cherry orchard soils indicate that neither the chemical nor mechani- cal anaylsis is a good index of the value of the soil for growing cherries. A favorable soil influences the actual growth of the tree but not necessarily its fruiting capacity. The failure of cherry trees to fruit year after year is apparently due to the lack of suitable cross pollination rather than to some fault in the soil. This may be true even when there are several varieties in the orchard, since they may not be good pollenizers for each other. Blight resistance in pears and pear stocks, F. C. Reimee {Better Fruit, 9 {1915), No. 12, pp. 5, 6). — In this paper the author advances the opinion that • the ultimate solution of the pear blight will be the growing of resistant varieties. Attention is called to a number of varieties of Pyrus communis which, although of poor quality, are blight resistant and superior to the Kieffer as stocks for top-working with our commercial varieties. It is recom- HORTICXTLTTTRE. 641 mended that such blight resistant varieties be grown In the orchard on re- sistant sinensis stocks for a period of two years and then top-worked with commercial varieties. Peach growing' in Virginia, G. C. Starcheb (Va. Polyiech. Inst. Ext. Bui. 1 {1915), pp. 32, figs. IS). — A popular discussion of some of the more important problems in peach growing with special i*eference to Virginia conditions. Con- sideration is given to selecting the location for the commercial peach orchard, soil and site, varieties, planting operations, selection of trees and time to plant, arranging varieties, tillage, pruning, thinning, picking, packing equipment, and insect and disease control. Inheritance of certain characters of grapes, U. P. Hedrick and R. D. A^'THONY {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, .) {1915), No. If, pp. 315-330). — This work discusses certain results of breeding experiments with grapes which were begun at the New York State Experiment Station by E. S. Goff in 1885 and have been continued and increased from year to year by subsequent investi- gators. The work is now proceeding mainly along two lines: The determina- tion of the breeding potentialities of a considerable number of varieties of grapes, especially with the view of finding unit characters ; and a review of all the station's breeding data on this fruit, the necessary crosses being made to throw further light upon doubtful points. Nearly 200 varieties of grapes have been used in the breeding work but much of the value of the eaiiy work was lost by gi'owing too few seedlings of each cross. Recently Vitis vinifera has been used to a considerable extent in hybridization. The results as a whole have compelled the belief that improved varieties of grapes will not be produced to any extent until the fundamental laws of heredity are understood. One of the surprises in the study of grape varieties was the failure of many commercial sorts to transmit desirable qualities. Nearly 3,000 selfed, or pure, seedlings have been grown. They are uniformly lacking in vigor. The work shows that reflexed stamens are correlated with complete or nearly complete self-sterility and upright stamens with self-fertility. Partial or com- plete self-sterility is probably caused by impotent pollen and depends to some extent upon the condition of the vine and environmental factors. Breeding from varieties with upright stamens decreases but does not eliminate the seedlings with reflexed stamens. Sex inheritance seems to be transmitted as follows: Hermaphrodite female X hermaphrodite ma]e=all hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodite female X pure male=2 hermaphrodites-|-i males. With reference to skin color, white is a pure color and is recessive to both black and red. No black or red varieties have proved pure for blackness or red- ness. The colors of pure seedlings of certain varieties show wide variation, even when derived from varieties of similar color. The most noticeable observation as to quality was the low percentage of seed- lings whose quality is good or above good. This is attributed to the leveling in- fluence of the wild ancestors, from which the seedlings are but a step removed. Most grapes of high quality possess some F. vinifera blood. This predominance of high quality is probably due to the intense selection to which the species has been subjected for centuries. Pure seedlings in this work have been lower in quality than crossed seedlings. Relative to the inheritance of size of berry, there was no indication of domi- nance of any size, thoxigh there is a tendency for a variety to produce seed- lings approaching its own size. It is suggested that the oval form of many F. vinifera hybrids is an intermediate between round and a more pronounced oval. Oblate may be a pure form recessive to round. The season of ripening of the parent influences to a considerable extent the season of the offspring. 642 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. A vineyard of 1,500 seedlings bred from 1898 to 1903 has by a process of vigorous selection decreased to less than 75 vines; but among this number are several that seem very promising. Five of these have been tested, named, and placed in the hands of nurserymen. A short bibliograpliy of cited literature is appended. Combination spraying experiment for the control of mildew and leaf- hoppers on grapevines, S. W. Foster (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4 (1915), No. 5-6, pp. 250-253). — Experiments conducted in 1914 by the author in cooperation with R. M. Roberts and F. P. Roullard indicate that in vineyards where mildew does not cause any injury until after the grapes are through blooming both vine hoppers and mildew can be effectively controlled by one application of the following formula : Atomic sulphur, 24 lbs., blackleaf 40 or sulphate of nicotin 1 pint, and water to make 200 gal. On varieties where the undersurfaces of the leaves are covered with excessive hairy pubescence or when many of the hoppers are more than half grown it is of advantage to add from 0.5 to 1 gal. of liquid whale-oil soap to each 200 gal. of spray. In those vineyards where mildew begins development early in the season the vines should be sprayed once before blooming for mildew control, although no good can be accomplished in vine-hopper control by spraying at this time. Factors governing the successful shipment of red raspberries from the Puyallup Valley, H. J. Ramsey et al. (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 27 Jf {1915), pp. 57, figs. 26). — This bulletin is based upon handling, storage, shipping, and precooling experiments with red raspberries conducted by the Office of Horti- cultural and Pomological Investigations during the seasons of 1911, 1912, and 1913. The subject matter is presented under the general headings of the berry Industry of the Puyallup Valley, methods of growing red raspberries, handling and shipping red raspberries, causes of decay of fruit in transit, frequency of picking, relation of rainfall to handling, relation of methods of growing to keep- ing quality, the labor problem, handling — an economic problem ; careful handling experiments, effect of delay in cooling or keeping quality, precooling experi- ments, decay in top and bottom crates, temperature conditions in an iced re- frigerator car, and the application of precooling. The results of these investigations demonstrate that care exercised in handling and the promptness with which the fruit is cooled are among the most important factors in determining the distance red raspberries can be successfully shipped. A number of recommendations are made with special reference to facilitating and improving methods of handling, shipping, and precooling. Ettersburg strawberries, R. E. Clausen (Jour. Heredity, 6 (1915), No. 7, pp. 324-331, figs. 3). — A popular account is given of the strawberry breeding work of A. F. Etter, of Briceland, Cal. The author concludes that the most important result of this work is the demonstration of the fact that further hybridization of the common garden varieties of the strawberry, supposedly largely Fragaria chiloensis derivatives, with wild forms of that species results in a notable increase in vigor and in the production of new varieties superior in every respect to the ones commonly cultivated. The citrus grove, its location and cultivation, P. H. Rolfs (Fla. Quart. Bui. Agr. Dept., 25 (1915), No. 2, pp. 135-154). — An account of citrus culture in Florida with special reference to the selection of location and site, preparation of land, cultural treatment, and building up a neglected grove. The fertilizer requirements of citru? trees, H. J. Webber (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4 (1915), No. 5-6, pp. 225-230; Proc. Fruit Growers' Conv. Cal., 45 (1914), pp. 101-107). — The results of the first five fruiting years are given HOETIOULTUBB. 643 of fertilizer experiments with oranges and lemons which were started by the California Citrus Station in 1907. The results thus far indicate very strongly the importance of nitrogen ferti- lization and the desirability of using nitrogen from organic sources. Potash appears to be unnecessary for the fertilization of young groves, and it is doubtful whether phosphoric acid is required in such large quantities as ordinarily are used. In lieu of further experimental results the author con- cludes that in general one of the factors of fundamental importance in citrus groves is to increase the amount of organic matter in the soil. This can prob- ably best be done by the regular use of a winter cover crop such as Melilotus or purple vetch and the application of manure, alfalfa hay, bean straw, and similar materials as fertilizers. Suggestions on coffee planting for Porto Rico, T. B. McClelland {Porto Rico Sta. Circ. 15 {1915), Spanish ed., pp. 23 pis. 4, fiff. 1). — A Spanish edition of the circular previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 237). Coffee: Its cultivation and manuring in South India, R. D. Anstead {Dept. Agr. Ml/sore, Gen. 8er. Bui. 6 {1915), pp. ^S, fig. 1). — A practical treatise on coffee culture, the introductory chapter of which discusses the botany of the coffee plant. The succeeding chapters deal with planting the estate, selection of seed, nurseries, planting out, supplies, cultivation and preparation of the soil, renovation of old coffee, draining, shade, regulation of shade, pruning, weeding, mulching, humus, manurial value of mulch, manuring of coffee, valuation of manures, mixing of fertilizers, the use of lime, green manuring, and handling the crop. Notes on the spraying of tea, E. A. Andrews and A. C. Tunstall {Indian Tea Assoc. [Pamphlet] 1 {1915), pp. iy+15, pis. 9). — This work discusses the more important insect pests and fungus diseases of the tea plant and gives directions for the preparation and use of sprays for their control. Bearing dates for grafted shagbark. — A new method for grafting nut trees, R. T. Moeeis {A^ner. Nut Jour., 2 {1915), No. 6, p. 87).— After briefly noting that Taylor grafts upou a top-worked shagbark stock came into flower the fourth year, the author describes a new method of grafting herbaceous grafts of shagbark hickory and English walnuts which has been used the present spring. The method consists in mixing one part of commercial grape juice with three parts of water and dipping the grafting knife into this solution just in advance of cutting the scions or stock. The solution bathes the cut surface and not only prevents instantaneous drying of the surface, but also inhibits the enzymic action which otherwise takes place very rapidly with the effect of discoloring the cut surfaces. The grafts were all made according to the side-cleft method. Al- though no conclusive results have been secured as yet, scions not more than 2 in. in length gave so much promise of living two weeks after the grafting period that the method is described with a view to encouraging further experi- ments along this line. The industrial cultivation of aromatic plants for essences and medicines, C. Craveri {Coltivazione Industriale delle Piante Aromatiche da Essenze e Medicinali. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli, 19U, pp. XIX+S07, pis. 24, figs. 71).— A practical manual on the culture of essential and medicinal plants. Part 1 contains general instructions relative to the selection and preparation of soils, nursery and seed-bed practices, methods of propagation, cultural opera- tions, harvesting, marketing, drying, etc. Part 2 takes up specifically the botanical characteristics, cultivation, method of harvesting, and preparation and uses of various plants. Part 3 treats of diseases and insect pests and 644 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. their control, and gives selections of plants suitable for growing in various situations and types of soil. Part 4 comprises a botanical glossary. The text is accompanied by a series of colored plates illustrating the more important plants discussed. Crossing experiments v/ith canna varieties, J. A. Honing {Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerland., 12 (1915), No. 1-2, pp. 1-26, figs. 2).— Data secured from a study of character inheritance in the joint progeny of tv^'o varieties of cannas are here presented in tabular form and discussed. The results secured from a study of the first two generations indicate that for Canna indica character transmission occurs not only according to Mendel's law, but there are three completely independent lines of inheritance. Heredity of color in Phlox drummondii, A. W. Gilbeet (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1915), No. 4, pp. 293-301, pis. 3).— A Mendelian study of color transmission in P. drummondii, conducted at the New Yorli Cornell Station, including a review of our knowledge relative to the nature of color in plants. Commercial seed was purchased and the different varieties grown and self-fertilized for three years so as to be sure of pure types. The varieties used in these experiments were found to breed true for three years and are assumed to be pure. The parents were self-fertilized each year and grown alongside of the Fi and F2 hybrids. The flowers of a number of the seed parents and hybrids are illustrated in color. The unit characters found in the four varieties of P. drummondii that were used in these experiments include (1) a dark eye factor producing a dense coloration at the center of the flower. This was dominant over its absence, the white eye, which was exhibited in more or less of a definite pattern. (2) A blue factor. (3) A red factor. (4) An intensifying factor which determines the degree of pigmentation of the reds. (5) A yellow factor v\rhich acts only in the presence of the eye factor. The reds and blues are cell-sap colors, and the yellow is due to the presence of yellow chromoplasts. The National Rose Society's rose annual for 1915, edited by H. R. Darlington {London: National Rose Society, 1915, pp. 164, pl^- 22). — This consists of several articles on various phases of rose culture, including also descriptions of new varieties of 1914. Italian gardens of the Renaissance, Julia Cartwright (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1914, XII-]-29S, pis. 16). — This work comprises sketches of a number of Italian gardens and their makers. FORESTRY. [Forestry report for 1914] (Rap. Dept. Suisse Int., 1914, PP- 1-9). — A report on forest legislation, management, felling, and planting operations for the year 1914. Annual progress report on forest administration in the Presidency of Bengal for the year 1913-14, C. E. Muriel (Ann. Rpt. Forest Admin. Bengal, 1913-14, pp. II-\-49-\-5). — ^A progress report on the constitution, management, and exploitation of the state forests of Bengal, including a financial statement for the year 1913-14. All important dnta relative to alterations in forest areas, forest surveys, working plans, forest protection, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. Annual progress report of the forest administration in Coorg for the year 1913-14, H. TiEEMAN (Rpt. Forest Admin. Coorg, 1913-14, pp. 4+11-^13).— X progress report on the administration and management of the state forests in Coorg, including a financial statement for the year 1913-14, with a review of the worli by the chief commissioner. All important data relative to alteration^ FORESTRY. 645 in forest areas, forest surveys, working' plans, forest protection, miscellaneous work, yields iu major and minor forest products, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. The State and forestry in Ireland, A. C. Forbks (Quart. Jour. Forestry, 9 (1915), No. S, pp. 214-225). — A short review of the history of forestry in Ireland with special reference to the development of state forestry in recent years. The Tintern crown forests, W. Schlich (Quart. Jour. Forestry, 9 (1915), No. 3, pp. 194-20Jf, pi. 1). — A descriptive account of these forests and the system of management applied to them during the last fourteen years. Some developments in reforestation on the National Forests, C. R. Tillot- SON (Forest Club Ann. [Univ. Nehr.'], 6 (1915), pp. 103-109).— An account of the more important developments in reforestation work, with special reference to nursery practice, sowing, and planting. The quadrat method as applied to investigations in forestry, A. W. Sampson (Forest Club Ann. [Univ. Nehr.], 6 (1915), pp. 11-31, pi. 1, figs. 6). — In this article the author explains the use of the quadrat method of study in forestry and gives some results obtained through the application of this method in growth and management studies undertaken at the Utah Forest Experiment Station on the Manti National Forest. On the harmful effects of the growth of certain grasses and weeds around the roots of young forest trees, S. F. Armstrong and E. R. Pratt (Quart. I Jour. Forestry, 9 (1915), No. 3, pp. 225-230, pi. i).— In the authors' experi- ments, which are being conducted at Ryston, a large number of grasses were grown at the base of young forest trees. The results for the 3-year period, 1912-1914, are in accord with those reported by the Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering for fruit trees^E. S. R;,t.,20.jg^639)^. They_also_in(3i'''ntP tji^tfh^ harmful effects of grass are the result of some soluble toxic substance produced by growing plants. The plats have been retained for further observation. Some methods in the germination tests of coniferous tree seeds, J. S. BoYCE (Forest Club Ann. [Univ. Nebr.], 6 (1915), pp. 71-88).— A resume of the literature on the subject, including also a description of methods of making germination tests and results secured by the au.thor. Variation in the size of ray pits of conifers, F. B. H. Brown (Ohio Nat., 15 (1915), No. 8, pp. 542-550, figs. 6).^A comparative study of variations in ray characters in Larix and Picea, including charts and tabular data showing variations in size and number of ray pits through one annual ring in Larix laricina, L. occidentalis, Picea sitchcnsis, and C. canadensis. A new industry in Middle Park: The collection of lodgepole pine cones, A. T. Upson (Forest Club Ann. [Univ. Nebr.l, 6 (1915), pp. 32-40).— A de- scriptive account of the methods of collecting lodgepole pine cones in Colorado and the extraction of seed by the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. See also a previous note by Farquhiar (E. S. R., 29, p. 444). The older forest plantations in Massachusetts. — Conifers, J. R. Simmons (Boston: State, 1915, pp. 38, pis. 11). — The author here presents data secured in 1914 on a number of forest plantings of coniferous trees which have reached an age when value can be measured in terms of lumber. The plantations are considered with reference to their history, objects, and treatment, and data are also given showing growth measurements, the number of trees, and estimated amouift of lumber in sample plats. Structure of the wood of Himalayan junipers, W. Rushton and W. Pad- DiNGTON (Jour. Linn. Soc. [Lo7idon], Bot., 43 (1915), No. 288, pp. 1-13, pi. 1).— A macroscopic and microscopic study of the wood structure of four species of 646 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. Himalayan junipers is reported. The chief points of interest brought out are the shortness of the tracheids of all species, the resinous nature of the medullary rays, the distribution of the resin cells in the annual ring, and the nature of the rims above and below the pit areas, these being shown to agree with those of the East Indian pines in being of the nature of pectin and not cellulose. Relationships of the white oaks of eastern North America, with an intro- ductory sketch of their phylogenetic history, Margaeet V. Cobb (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 54 (1915), No. 211, pp. 165-175, pis. 3, fig. i).— This article contains a reconstruction of tlie history of the Fagacese and of Quercus, together with a key showing the relationships of the white oaks of eastern North America. A bibliography of related literature is included. Discussion on the eucalypts and their products, H. G. Smith (Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., U {1913), pp. 116-125).— A discussion of the essential oil products of the eucalypts with reference to their tanning capabilities and other avenues of possible utilization. Culture of Manihot glaziovii at the State Agricultiiral Station at Bokala, Middle Kongo, Janssens (Bui. Agr. Congo Beige, 5 {1914), No. 3, pp. 416-456, figs. 17). — An account of cultural, tapping, and coagulation work with M. glaziovii rubber at the station, including estimates relative to the cost of estab- lishing a rubber plantation and the probable returns, and a discussion of the diseases and other enemies of Manihot. The treatment to which the Para rubber trees of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, have been subjected {Gard. Bui. Straits Settlements, 1 {1915), No. 8, pp. 247-295, pis. 4). — An account of the early distribution of Para rubber plants in the Tropics and their introduction and culture in Singapore, with special reference to tapping experiments. Data are given on various tapping experiments conducted in the Botanic Gardens, together with tabular data on seed-bearing trees in the garden and the seed crop over a long series of years. Battan supply of the Philippines, J. R. Abnold (f7. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Foreign and Dom. Com., Spec. Agents Ser., No. 95 {1915), pp. 40).—K statistical report on the supply of Philippine rattan and its suitability as to quality, cost of exploitation, etc., for placing in quantities on the export market. The data were collected principally by the Philippine Bureau of Forestry. Wood-using industries of the Prairie Provinces, R. G. Lewis ond W. G. H. BoYCE {Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Bui. 50 {1915), pp. 75, figs. 17). — This report contains an account of the quantity, value, and source of supply of the different kinds of wood used by the industries of the Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. It includes detailed descriptions of the different classes of industries and of the properties of the different woods used In these industries. A discussion of the possible uses of the native woods of these Provinces and a classified list of the commodities manufactured from different woods are appended. DISEASES OF PLANTS. The vegetable parasites of cultivated or useful plants, T. Ferraris (/ Parassiti Vegetali delle Piante Coltivate od TJtili. Milan: Ulrico Eoepli, 1915, pp. XII +1033, app. pp. XIX, pi. 1, figs. i85).— This edition differs from the first (E. S. R., 29, p. 644) chiefly in having an appendix dealing briefly with some recent articles on parasitic bacteria and fungi. Fungus diseases, J. P. Anderson {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 26, 27). — Notes are given on a number of diseases of economic crops observed during the year. The author states that the most injury is caused by Botrytis cinerea DISEASES OP PLANTS. 647 which is observed to attack at least 25 species of plants, Including ornamental plants and small fruits. In addition, the presence of Nectria cinnabarina is reported on currant canes as well as on a number of other woody plants. The gooseberry mildew (Sphcero- thcca mors-uvw) was observed on English gooseberries, and the gooseberry rust {Mcidium grossulariw) was found on gooseberries and currants. The apple scab (Ventura pomi) was common on a number of the more susceptible varieties of apples grown in the nursery, and was also found to attacli tlie wild crab apple. Club root of cabbage and other cruciferous plants is reported as common. In addition, a leaf spot of salmonberry due to Septoria rubi, a rust of thimble- berry due to Phragmidium rubi, and a pea disease probably caused by Ascochyta pisi are also reported as being observed. Overwintering of parasitic fungi by means of mycelium, O. Treboux (Mycol. CentbL, 5 (.1914), No. S, pp. 120-126).— The author reports in detail his observations on Puccinia dispersa, P. glumarum, P. obscura, P. arenarice, P. poarum, P. agropyrina, P. coronata, P. carduorum, Vredo airw, U. festucw, Thecopsora pirolce, Erysiplie graminis, and Melampsora lini on various hosts named in regard to their ability to survive the winter in the dry climate of the steppes, which is thought to be favorable to such overwintering. A new North American Endophyllum, J. C. Asthue and F. D. Frommk (Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 42 (1915), No. 2, pp. 55-61, pi. 1, figs. 2).— This is a detailed account of investigations noted elsewliere (E. S. R., 32, p. 749.) Rhizostilbella rubra, a by-fruit form of Ascobolus parasiticus, and its connection with the Sclerotium disease of certain tropical cultivated plants, P. C. VAN DER WoLK (Mycol. Ceutbl., 4 (1914), No. 5, pp. 236-241, pi. i).— The author has studied a fungus found growing on rotting fruits and stalks of Yoandzeia subterranea and has found that it exists in three forms or stages, which are designated as A. parasiticus n. sp., 8. omnivorum n. sp., and R. rubra n. g. and sp. Abnormal distribution of fruiting bodies in Ustilago tritici, E. Riehm (Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 32 (1914), No. 8, pp. 570-573, pi. 1).—The author has been able to confirm the statement made by Henniugs (E. S. R., 6, p. 147) to the effect that U. tritici may be found developing its spore masses on the axis of the ear, also inside and outside the blades and sheaths of the upper leaves of wheat as well as in the flowers of this plant. Cross sections showed the presence of the mycelium in the mesophyll, but not in the vascular bundles. Spore formation occurred between the latter, which accounts for the longitudinal streaking observed. The mycelium was inter- cellular in a majority of cases. Mildew of the peach and rose, N. Woronichin (Trudy Biuro Prild. Bot. (Bui. Angew. Bot.), 7 (1914), ^o. 7, pp. 441-450).— It is stated that inoculation of the peach with conida of Sphwrotheca pannosa from the rose gave negativie results and that a careful study of the perithecia, asci, and spores showed dif- ferences in their dimensions as found on these different hosts. It is thought that the biological and morphological differences noted are sufficient to separate the species into the varieties S. pannosa rosw and S. pannosa persicw. Deformation of oat leaves, Zade (Filhling's Landw. Ztg., 63 (1914), No. 18, pp. 593-595, fig. 1). — A deformation of the youngest leaf of oats with some dwarfing is discussed as related to growth while enrolled in the bud. Stagonospora cassavse n. sp., P. C. van deb Wolk (Mycol. CentbL, 5 (1914), No. 5, pp. 225-230, figs. 10). — A severe disease of cassava (Manihot utilissima) appeared very suddenly at Buitenzorg early in 1913 and threatened to become 648 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. a source of much loss. The causal fungus, S. cassavw, is a typical wound parasite, attacking only, so far as yet observed, the cut surface of the slip which is above ground. It is said to be controlled by an early application of tar to such portions. The description of the fungus shows an instance of spore formation within certain cells or sections of the mycelial threads. Such swollen and spore- bearing portions are regarded as asci, and several forms are noted. Pycnidia and pycnospores are also described. Two physiological affections of Sea Island cotton in the West Indies, W. NowELL {West Indian Bui., I4 (1914), No. 4, pp. S04-317, pis. S).— Descrip- tions are given of curly leaf and loggerhead of cotton in the West Indies. These are supposedly distinct physiological diseases, having been known in this region since about 1910. Curly leaf appears to be related in some way with rapid growth, resulting from abundant water supply in still, cloudy weather, shade, and crowding, in connection with certain soil conditions, including depth and easy permeability. Loggerhead disease is very erratic in its occurrence, and its relation to weather conditions is not quite clear. The incidence of either disease in any year is strictly local, cases of severe damage being rare and of limited extent. Neither disease appears to be increasing or to be connected with any particular kind of seed, and no remedial measures are known or suggested. A bibliography is given. Cruciferous club root and gall weevil injury, O. Schlumbeegeb {Deut. Lanclw. Presse, 4I il9U),No. 83, pp. 910, 911, pi. 1, figs. S).— This is a discussion of the appearance and effects df slime mold (Plasmodioplioru hrassicce) on crucifers as contrasted with injury due to gall weevils, which somewhat resem- bles it externally. Rheosporangium aphanidennatus, a new genus and species of fungus parasitic on sugar beets and radishes, H. A. Edson {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, J^ {1915), No. 4. PP- 279-291, pis. 5). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., 29, p. 646) tlie author called attention to this disease and later has given a description of its pathogenic properties (E. S. R., 33, p. 246). The present paper deals with studies on the morphology, cytology, and tax- onomy of the organism which has been described as R. aphanidermatus n. g., and n. sp. Apple spraying experiments in 1914, W. J. Morse and M. Shapovalov {Maine Sta. Bui. 24O {1915), pp. 177-196). — In continuation of experiments in apple spraying (E. S. R.. 31, p. 151), the authors give an account of the results of their investigations in 1914. A series of plats embracing 282 Ben Davis apple trees was sprayed with different fungicides to determine their relative eflBciency for the control of apple scab, and also for their effect upon the foliage and fruit of the trees. Different plats of trees were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, lime sulphur, " soluble sulphur," " atomic sulphur," copper lime sulphur, extra fine sulphur, and arsenate of lead, arsenate of lead being added as an insecticide to the different fungicides. Notes were taken of the effect of the various sprays on the foliage and fruit during the summer, and when the fruit was gathered the different lots were examined for the percentage of scabbed and russeted fruit. Bordeaux mixture showed the greatest efficiency in scab control, but it also resulted in the largest amount of russeted fruit. Different dilutious of lime sulphur proved satisfactory, and as a result of thiee seasons' work it is con- cluded that the strength of this solution can be increased about 20 per cent DISEASES OF PLANTS. 649 with comparative safety. " Soluble sulphur," even when reduced to f lb. in 50 gal. of water, caused serious defoliatiou of the trees, and as a result of this iercentage quantities of hydrocj-anic acid were found in (A) sweet and (B) bitter cassava plants, the determinations being made immediately after the plants had been dug up: Leaves, (A) 0.0162, (B) 0.041; peel of stem, (A) 0.043, (B) 0.113; pith of stem, (A) 0.019, (B) 0.07G; edible portion of root, (A) 0.0048, (B) 0.053. The hydrocyanic acid content of different parts of the freshly dug roots was the same, but after keeping for three days the upper part of the sweet roots contained about twice as much at the bottom portion ; loss of water during air drying also caused the hydrocyanic acid content to increase. "When sweet cassava was boiled with water for one hour, or roasted, no hydrocyanic acid was developed." The composition and value of lupine seeds, G. Muenx {Lnndic. Vers. Stat., 85 {1914), No. 6, pp. S93-416) .—The seeds of the blue, yellow, and white lupines are rich in ferments. In addition to a diastatic enzym and to others which split up glucosids and peptones and produce changes in urea, there is a ferment, heretofore overlooked, that forms lactic acid from amylum and many kinds of 666 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. sugar and is of technical and toxicological importance. Possibly it might be used in the preparation of alcoholic beverages. There also exists in the seeds of the blue lupine a nonpoisonous agglutinizing enzym, a " phasin," as defined by Wienhaus and Robert. On heating this enzym to from 70 to 75° C, it is rapidly destroyed. The enzym ricin, on the other hand, is not aifected by this temperature, and this distinction between the two ferments serves as a useful test for detecting an admixture of castor oil seeds with blue lupine seeds. Further investigations are necessary to determine what kind of substance takes the place of phasin in the white and yellov/ lupines. The influence of the composition and amount of the mineral content of the ration on growth and reproduction, E. V. McCollum and Marguerite Davis {Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 {1913), No. 3, pp. 615-643, figs. 11).— In these studies with rats, a ration was given the organic constituents of which were believed to be perfectly satisfactory for complete nutrition, but which was so low in mineral content that it would not suffice for gi-owth at the normal rate. A mix- ture of a small amount of milk powder with purified sucrose, casein, butter fat, agar-agar, and dextrin was used. By lowering the content of milk powder, the only ingredient which carried appreciable amounts of bases, it was possible to regulate the base content of the diet at will. The rations ranged from an acidity of 14.31 cc. to an alkalinity of 102.09 cc. normal solution per 100 gm. In modifying the balance between the acid and basic radicals, additions of a salt mixture were employed. liecords of the growth and reproduction of the 20 groups of rats, and records of reproduction and certain details regarding the hi.stories of the young were taken. A surprising uniformity of growth in all the animals of the various groups except the two receiving the highest additions of salts, which w^ere stunted by the high salt content, was found. It was demonstrated that, pro- vided the other factors in the ration are adequate, young rats can grow nor- mally and remain in apparent good health on rations whose base content varies widely in amount. Confirming the results of previous experin:ients, in which egg yolk as a re- stricted diet was found not to be deleterious as the result of its acid character, four of the rations employed in this work were highly acid, yet growth and well-being were not markedly interfered with. It was further found that growth to the normal adult size at the usual rate and a continued well-nourished appearance are not sufficient evidence that a ration is fully adequate. Only when normal reproduction and rearing of the young is repeated at normal inter- vals can a ration be said to be physiologically sufficient. The improvement in the growth of rats noted as the result of adding suitable salt mixtures to rations restricted to corn or wheat kernel, or to other rations made up of purified food substances, is attributed to the fact that there is a correction of the mineral content of the ration. On the other hand, the addi- tion of salts alone to a ration derived entirely from wheat or wheat and wheat gluten gives a diet which is a wonderful improvement over the grain alone, yet such rations give less than half normal growth and do not suffice for prolonged maintenance. The query is made whether there is an interdependence between an unfavor- able mineral content and other factors in the diet which causes the inorganic deficiencies to be more pronounced in some cases than in others. See also pre- vious notes (E. S. R., 26, p. 467; 29, p. 64). [Animal husbandry work in Alaska], C. C. Georgeson et al. {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1914, pp. 32-34, 40-42, 74, 75, 76-77).— It is noted that two dairy herds are being kept near Fairbanks. The cows are kept warm and comfortable in winter, while in summer they run at pasture for about three or four months. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 667 There are no herds of beef cnttle in the interior, owing to the cold winters, and the beef consumed consists almost wholly of cold-storage meat brought from the outside. It is thought that a hardy beef animal for the interior can be developed by making reciprocal crosses between the yak and the Galloway. While it is true that some of the hybrids are not fertile, there are others that are fertile, especially when the bull is crossed on the female yak. A letter from V. Pi.sareff, director of the experiment station in the Government of Irkutsk, Siberia, is given in which it is said that the yak is frequently crossed on common cattle in Mongolia, that both the yak and his hybrid offspring are exceedingly hardy, that they obtain their feed through the long and extremely cold winter practically without the aid of the owners, and that they are much used for beef and for milk, as well as for work animals. It is suggested that an experiment of this nature be conducted at the Fairbanks Station. At the Kodiak Station the herd has been reduced, the animals retained being mostly those proved to have some milking qualities. It is said that the Alaska settler needs milk quite as much as beef, and inquiries from prospec- tive buyers are mostly for family cows. The destruction of the greater part of the sheep flock by brown bears at Kodiak Station is reported. It is stated that so long as the brown bear is protected by law there can be little en- couragement for the live-stock industry. Galloway cattle at this station are doing well. The cattle are maintained on feed natural to the country, along with what can be grov.'n by cultivation. Experiments are being made with all kinds of promising fodder crops that can be grown in this country for winter feed for live stock. A contribution to our knowledg'e of the chemistry of coat color in animals and of dominant and recessive whiteness, H. Onslow (Proc. Roy. Soc. [Lojidon], Ser. li, 89 (1915), No. B 609, pp. 36-5S).— The author concludes from his studies that " the existence of a tyrosinase in the skins of vertebrates is inconclusive. A peroxidase can, however, be extracted from the skins of certain colored rabbits and mice, which behaves like a tyrosinase toward tyrosin in the presence of hydrogen peroxid. It can be precipitated from solution by satura- tion with ammonium sulphate or by an excess of alcohol. The peroxidase present in agouti, chocolate, and blue rabbits is indistinguishable in its reac- tions from that present in black rabbits ; but no peroxidase could be extracted from yellow and orange rabbits. " ' White melanin ' is not a pigment substance, nor is it the cause of dominant whiteness, which is due to the presence of an inhibitor or antityrosi- nase in the skin. Dominant whiteness in the English rabbit is due to the presence of a tyi'osinase inhibitor in the skin, which destroys the activity of tyrosinase; and the dominant white bellies of yellow and agouti rabbits are due to the same cause. The inhibitor can be precipitated by saturation with ammonium sulphate, and is destroyed by boiling or by standing for 48 hours. Recessive whiteness in rabbits and mice is due to the lack of the enzym unit of the pigment-producing system, for no tyrosinase or antityrosinase could be extracted from their .skin.s. " There is not sufficient evidence to decide whether a chromogen is present or not. The presence of an unoxidized chromogen might, however, serve to explain the occurrence of certain colorless granular particles which are found in the medullary ceils of the hairs of some white animals. These particles are microscopically visible when stained, and in appearance very closely resemble colored pigment granules. " The capacity of both white and colored skin extracts to oxidize dihydroxy- phenols, but not monophenols, is more probably due to the catalyzing effect 668 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. of organic colloidal material than to a true enzym. The extreme resistance to high temperatures shown by these extracts excludes the presence of an enzym as generally understood. Variations in coat color are due probably to a quan- titative rather than to a qualitative dilTerence in the pigment present, for the pigments isolated from black, chocolate, and yellow rabbits show very little difference either in the depth of their color or in their chemical behavior. Blue and the other dilute coat colors are not caused by a lack of pigment in the medulla, but by the absence of granules in the cortex, which, being present in the intense colors, absorb the light which in the dilute colors is reflected from the vacuoles." Note on a case of Hunter's freemartin, where there was reversion to the wild park cattle ty-pe, D. B, Hart (Edinb. Med. Jour., n. set:. Iff (1915), No. 3, pp. 194-198, pi. 1; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc, No. 3 (1915), p. 23S).—A free- martin is described " which resembled the wild park cattle in having a white hide, black muzzle, black hoofs, blackish spots on the legs, and gjeat timidity. The mother was a normal Shorthorn; the cotwin a normal bull. A. typical Hunter's freemartin is a sterile, genitally malformed bull, with small un- descended testes and rudimentary epididymes, vasa deferentia, and Miillerian elements. Vesiculse seminales are present. The external genitals consist of labia majora, clitoris, and the urinogenital sinus element (one in. in length) of the vagina. " The potent biill calf and the freemartin are produced from one fertilized ovum, but the freemartin has allotted to it the hydatid testis and prostatic utricle normally given to the single bull. This produces an exaggerated simula- crum of the female genital tract. " The thyroid, thymus, and suprarenals were found to be normal. The in- ternal genitalia showed fatty degeneration, and were represented only by the urinogenital sinus and the epididymes. The skull was normal. The chief point of interest was the (ectodermic) reversion to the wild park cattle type. A theoretical interpretation is given of the way in which this reversion might come about — by retention of certain ancestral chromosomes normally lost in polar body formation." German breeds of live stock (Arb. Deut. Landw. Gesell., No. 235 (1912), English ed., pp. 93, pis. 53, figs. 12). — Descriptions of the principal breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine of Germany are given. The book is profusely illustrated with photographs of the prize-winning animals of each breed. The value of German breeding cattle in German Southwest Africa, J. Neu- mann (Alhandl. Bamhnrg. KoJon. Inst. 26 (1914), Ser. E, pp. 35, pis. 16).— An account of the distribution of the various breeds of cattle in German South- west Africa, together with measurements of representative animals of each breed. Lincolnshire Red Shorthorns, G. E. Collins (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 75 (1914), pp. 33-40, pi. 1). — An account of the early history, development, and utility value of the Lincoln Red breed of cattle. Profits in southern cattle feeding, R, S. Cubtis (Breeders' Gaz., 67 (1915), No. 10, p. 510). — In order to obtain data on the beef cattle feeding industry members of the North Carolina Beef Breeders' and Feeders' Association pur- chased cooperatively, in 1914, 730 feeding cattle weighing from 900 to 1,100 lbs. from the western or mountainous portion of the State. These cattle were shipped to various farms throughout the State, where they were fed under ordinary farm conditions, the feeder placing his own valuation on the feed, bedding, manure, and other incidentals. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 669 The gain of the average steer was 1.03 lbs. per clay for the 121-day feeding period. The tons of umnure per steer totaled 3.98, valued at $2.44 per ton. The average profit per steer, including the value of the manure, was $6.99. These results are not taken as conclusive but merely as Indicative of the average profit which may be expected from the industry. Data on sex determination in cattle, R. Pearl and H. M. Parshley (Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lah. Woods Hole, 2^ (1913), No. 4, pp. 205-225).— In this paper statistics collected some years ago (E. S. R., 4, p. 359) at the Maine Experiment Station in regard to the relation between time of service in the astrous period and the sex of the subsequent offspring in domestic cattle are subjected to biometric analysis. It is stated that these statistics are much more extensive than any which have hitherto been collected for the study of this problem in cattle. It is shown *' that as the time of coitus approaches the end of the cestrous period there is a progressive increase in the proportion of male young born. In the extrt nie case this increase in the proportion of male births is probably statistically significant and not to be attributed to errors of random sampling. These modifications of the sex ratio can not be attributed to age differences or to any other factor yet suggested." It is thought that possibly " the observed .changes in the sex ratios are correlated with changes in the relative freshness (or staleness) of the ova at the time of fertilization." The facts set forth in this paper warrant the breeder in paying attention to the time of service in his cattle breeding operations, but he must not suppose that by so doing he can absolutely control the sex of the offspring, or even ap- proach measurably close to absolute control. He can at best merely modify, over a period of years, the sex ratio in greater or less degree, in the direction which he desires. Study of the form and weight of young cattle, K. Indermuhle (Jahresber. Landw. Schule Riitti, 1912-191.i, pp. 129, ISO).— The average weight and body measurements of cattle from six months to three years of age are given. The rearing of calves on substitutes for milk fat and milk, B. N. Wale {Jour. Brit. Dairy Farmers' Assoc, 29 (1915), pp. 110-119, pi. 1). — A resumg of English and American experiments along this line. Blackface sheep, R. M'Millan (Trans. Highland and Agr. 8oc. Scot., 5. ser., 27 (1915), pp. lJi2-158, figs. 8). — An account of the development and char- acteristics of this breed of 'sheep. Border Leicester sheep, J. R. C. Smith (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 21 (1915), pp. 159-167, figs. 5). — An account of the development and characteristics of this breed of sbeep. " Blanket " system of handling sheep on the Madison National Forest, C. E. Fleming (Nat. Wool Grower, 5 (1915), No. 5, pp. 7-10, figs. 2).— In an experiment conducted by the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture it was found that the sheep which were run under the old system of close herding and returning to a permanent camp ground each night used 47 per cent more range than the sheep that were allowed to graze quietly and openly and bedded where night overtook them, except when it was clearly impracticable to move the camp due to rainy weather or heavy fogs. The average gain per day of the lambs under the new system was 0.43 lb. compared with 0.3S lb. made iinder the old system. It is estimated that each lamb grazed under the blanket system made a gain of 22* cts. per head more for a period of 90 days than the lambs grazed under the old method. It is stated that any of the standard breeds of sheep adapted to western con- ditions may be economically handled under this new system. The fine-wooled 670 EXPEEIMENT STATION" RECORD. sheep are much more easily herded than either the medium-wool ed or coarse- vvooled breeds. By the use of a cross between the llambouillet, or one of the members of the fine-wooled breeds, with the Hampshire, Shropshire, Lincoln, or Cotswold, the weight and fineness of the fleece can be increased, the size of the carcass maintained, and the herding qualities improved. The blanket system is especially adapted to the production of an early maturing lamb. Possibility of producing more and better sheep by improvement in methods of handling on the range, J. T. Jardine (Nat. Wool Grower, 5 {1915), No 4. pp. 15-18, figs. 2). — Another description and account of "bedding out" or " blanketing " experiments with sheep on the range, as reported above. The " bedding out " system of handling sheep on Big Horn Forest, Wyo- ming, L. H. Douglas {Nat. Wool Grotver, 5 {1915), No. 6, pp. 13-16, figs. 2).— The results of the experiments here reported confirms those noted above. Handling sheep on timber and brush ranges of Idaho, B. S. Martineatt {Nat. V/ool Grower, 5 {1915), No. 7, pp. 7-11, figs. 2).— The "bedding out" method of handling sheep on the timber and brush ranges of Idaho proved to be satisfactory and in line with the results secured on other ranges (see above). The properties of wool, W. Davis {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 27 {1915), pp. 168-191, figs. 9). — The subjects discussed in this article are requirements of " liandle," wool varieties in a fleece, classing of fleeces, structure of the fiber, color, disposition of fiber, the Cheviot fleece, the Southdown fleece, the Blackface fleece, felting property, influence of crossing on the wool struc- ture, abnormal fibers, moisture in wool, and utility of the hygroscopic quality. Dried chicory roots as horse feed, A. W. Donegan (f7. /S. Dept. Com., Com. Rpts., No. 156 {1915), pp. 74, 75). — It is reported that chicory roots make an excellent substitute for oats, containing moisture 13.79, protein 4.85, fat 0.85, and nitrogen-free extract 69.73 per cent, with 4.85 per cent of sugar. There are estimated to be about 87 feed units as compared with 82 feed units in dried sugar beets. No digestive troubles have been noticed in feeding the chicory ; in fact it is thought to have a favorable influence on the digestion. The material is readily consumed by horses in quantities up to 10 lbs. daily per horse. It is thought that if the material could be ground up and sugar or molasses mixed in, an ideal feed could be made. Alfalfa hay for hogs, L. Foster and H. H. Simpson {New Mexico Sta. Bui. 96 {1915), pp. 32, figs. 3). — Supplementing previous work (E. S. R., 31, p. 470), two lots of three 125-lb. Tamworth barrows each were fed 63 days in winter as follows: Lot 1, 4.7 lbs. of grain (shelled corn and Kafir corn) per head daily, and lot 2, 6.9 lbs. of grain, both lots receiving what alfalfa hay they would consume. The respective lots made average daily gains of 1.13 and 1.61 lbs. per head, consuming 4.14 lbs. of grain and 0.92 lb. of alfalfa and 4.28 lbs. of grain and 0.554 lb. alfalfa per pound of gain, and costing 6.83 and 6.85 cts. per pound of gain. The results of this experiment indicate that about 15 per cent more profit can be 'made by feeding a heavy grain ration, at least 2 lbs. per 100 lbs. live weight, with alfalfa hay than by feeding a medium grain ration. The largest returns per ton for the alfalfa, after paying for the grain consumed, were made by lot 2. However, the small amount of roughage that the hog will economically use when being fattened makes this a secondary consideration. The desirability of the bacon breeds of hogs for New Mexico conditions is noted. Four lots of three or four 8-months-old Duroc-Jersey and Tamworth pigs each were fed 135 days as follows : Lot 1, skim milk and alfalfa hay ; lot 2, skim milk, a grain mixture of shorts and bran, and alfalfa hay ; lot 3, shelled corn and alfalfa hay ; and lot 4, skim milk, ground corn, and alfalfa hay. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. f57l The alfalfa hay was fed in racks, and just as much as they would clean up without waste. The anwunt of skim milk and grain fed was regulated by the size of the pigs, and increased as the pigs gained. It was considered that 6 lbs. of skim milk was equal to 1 lb. of grain as a feed, and that the most economical proportion to feed it in conjunction v, ith grain was 4: 1. The respective lots made average daily gains per head of 0.33, 0.43, 0.54, and 0.54 lb., consuming per pound of gain 3.92, 3.99, 3.52, and 3.32 lbs. of grain or equivalent, and co.sting 9.35, 8, 6.49, and 6.83 cts per pound of gain. The results of the experiment indicate that when skim milk is fed with alfalfa hay it should be supplemented with one of the concentrated carbohydrate grains, .such as corn, barley, or milo maize, rather than with either a concentrated nitroge- nous or a bulky grain. It was noted that the Duroc- Jersey pigs gaineii more than the Tamworths on all foeds except shelled corn and alfalfa. Considering the two breeds regard- less of the rations fed, the Durocs made an average gain of 66 lbs. per head and the Tamworths 60 lbs. Four lots of eight S-month-old Duroc-Jersey and Tamworth pigs each were fed 90 days as follows: Lot ], soaked barley and alfalfa hay; lot 2, soaked wheat and alfalfa hay; lot 3, ground wheat, wet with water, and alfalfa hay; and lot 4, ground wheat and skim milk 1 : 4, and alfalfa hay. The respective lots made average daily gains per head of 0.718, 0.8, 0.958, and 0.899 lb., con- suming 4.48, 4.02, 3.35, and 2.61 lbs. of grain and 0.99, 0.66, 0.98, and 1.17 lbs. of alfalfa hay per pound of gain, costing 6.82, 4.99, 4.63, and 5.29 cts. per pound of gain, and returning a profit of $0,856, $2,215, $2,865, and $2,205 per head. The Durocs in every lot but one (lot 4) made the larger gains, but the Tam- worths seemed better able to utilize the bulky skim milk plus wheat ration. Both breeds gained more on wet ground wheat than on soaked, and the Tam- worths seemed to relish it more than did the Durocs. Four lots of eight pigs each were fed 36 days as follows : Lot 1, ground barley and silage; lot 2, ground barley and shorts, 2: 1, and silage; lot 3, ground barley and alfalfa hay ; lot 4, ground barley and shorts, 2 : 1, and alfalfa hay. The respective lots made average daily gains per head of 0.48, 0.5, 0.68, and 0.7 lb., lots 1 and 2 consuming 10.33 and 9.8 lbs. of silage and 6.7 and 6.04 lbs. of grain per pound of gain and lots 3 and 4 consuming 4.72 and 4.27 lbs. of alfalfa hay and 4.7 and 4.45 lbs. of grain per pound of gain, and costing, respectively, 12.94, 11.74, 10.36, and 9.7 cts. per pound of gain. As between silage and alfalfa the average total gain per head was 17.6 lbs. and 24.8 lbs., the average cost per pound of gain 12.34 and 10.02 cts., and the average profit by carload $9.55 and $38.37. As between the barley and the barley and shorts rations the average total gain per head was 20.7 and 21.6 lbs., the average cost per pound of gain 11.65 and 10.72 cts., and the average profit per carload $15.43 and $32.67. It is estimated that 585 lbs. of alfalfa hay replaced 500 lbs. of concentrate of the kinds used in these experiments, and that the hay has a value of $25.64 per ton. Ground corn gave better results than skim milk supplemented with shorts and bran or skim milk supplemented with ground corn, though when a portion of the ground corn was replaced by skim milk the gains were as high but made at a greater cost. Taking the average results of three experiments in which Tamworths were used, including 26 hogs, and comparing with the results of two experiments in which Duroc-Jerseys were used, including 27 hogs, the average daily gain of the Tamworths per head was 31 per cent greater than that of the Duroc-Jerseys, 9635°— No. 7—15 6 gY2 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. but it required 3.5 per cent more feed to make 100 lbs. of gain with Tamworths than with Duroc-Jerseys. In prolificacy both breeds stood high, the Tamworths averaging in 15 litters 3.S pigs to the litter and the Duroc-Jerseys in 21 lit- ters 9.1 pigs per litter. The general av«-age of the several lots of the four experiments shows that alfalfa "hay constituted 31.9 per cent of the feed eaten. The quantity ranged from 11.4 per cent with a heavy concentrate ration to 51 per cent with a ration of skim milk. In general, the percentage was high with a light or medium concentrate ration and lower with the heavier concentrate rations. The use of the paunch contents of freshly slaughtered cattle as a pig feed {Dent. Landio. Fresse, ^2 (1915), No. 12, pp. 90, 91).— The paunch contents of freshly slaughtered animals is being used as a pig feed in Germany, 100 lbs. of this ruaterial being mixed with 10 liters of blood, 20 lbs. of molasses peat meal, 3^ lbs. of salt, and a little whiting. This has about one-fourth the feed- ing value of an equal quantity of potatoes. The Large White Yorkshire pig, S. Heaton {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 75 {191Ji), pp. 40-50, pi. 1, fig. 1). — A discussion of the breeding, feeding, care, and management of the Large White Yorkshire breed of hogs. Poultry, A. F. Eolf and L. F. Payne {OkJalwma Sta. Bui. 106 {19U), pp. SI, pi. 1, figs. 8). — Part 1 of this bulletin deals with breeds and breeding, poultry diseases, and farm poultry housing. Part 2 discusses incubation, brood- ing, and feeding. Telling the sex of day-old chicks, W. F. Fry {Rel. Poultry Jour., 22 {1915), No. 5, pp. 593-595, 629, figs. 4)-— It is said that the sex of day-old Barred Plymouth Rock chicks can be determined without difficulty. The male charac- teristics are the coarser appearance of the chick's head, the greater admixture of white with black in the plumage, which gives a lighter-gray effect, and the clear yellow color of leg and beak. The female characteristics are a neater head, stronger-black coloring, and dark beak and legs. Third annual international egg-laying contest, W. F. Kirkpatrick and L. E. Card {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 82 {1915), pp. 57-99, figs. 21).— In experimental pens in connection with this contest it was demonstrated that milk may be substituted for green feed or for meat but not for both when the reg- ular contest ration was fed. Birds supplied with a prepared feed for which they did not have to scratch did not do so well as those receiving the ordinary contest ration. It was found that the weight of eggs from the different breeds varied con- siderably. The Leghorn eggs averaged about 1.5 lbs. to the dozen, the Wyan- dotte eggs 1.483 lbs., the Plymouth Rock eggs 1.588 lbs., and the Rhode Island Reds 1.602 lbs. The average for all breeds was 1.537 lbs. The highest percentage of broody birds was found in the Rhode Island Reds and the lowest in the Leghorns, the average number of days lost for all breeds being 20.9 days per hen per year, while each broody hen lost 56 days. The average for the heavy breeds was 34.3 days. At the close of the contest the Leghorns averaged in weight 3.51 lbs. per bird, the Wyandottes and Rliode Island Reds 5.45 and 5.59 lbs., and the Plymouth Rocks 5.94 lbs. The Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Rhode Island Reds, and the miscellaneous group all reached their highest production in the month of April, while for the Leghorns May was the best month. The cost of feed to produce a dozen of eggs was in the case of the Plymouth Rocks 16.1 cts.. the Wyandottes 14.3 cts., the Rhode Island Reds 15.8 cts, and the Leghorns 12.4 cts. Yield data, etc., are also Included. DAIBY FARMING DAJRTniQ. 673 Report on the fourth eg-g-laying competition at Burnley, 1914-15, A. Hart (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Yktoria, IS (1915), ^'o. 6, pp. S21-S5U, figs. 13).— In this competition six White Leghorn hens ou dry niasli feed laid during the 12-nionth period 1,699 eggs, six Rhick Orpingtons on wet mash feed l,r)G2 eggs, six Wliite Leghorns on wet mash feed during a 4-month winter test of the light breeds 565 eggs, and six Black Orpingtons on a wet mash feed during a 4-month winter test of the heavy breeds 502 eggs. These are said to be world records. Parafield egg-laying competition, D. F. Laurie {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 18 (1915), Nos. 9, pp. 741-747; 10, pp. 870-SS8; Dept. Agr. So. Aust. Bui. 9S (1915), pp. 23). — A report of the Parafield egg-laying competitions of 1914-15. Control of the marketing of eggs, A. Behre and K. Fberichs (Zischr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenuHsmtl., 27 (1914), No. 1-3, pp. 3S-59). — In these studies It was found that the specific weight of absolutely fresh eggs varied between 1.068 and 1.1, wliile general market eggs varied between 1.073 and 1.094, only 6 per cent being above that and 5 per cent below these figures. The absolute weight of the eggs ranged from 44.5 to 69.5 gm. apiece, but there appeared to be no relation between absolute and specific weights. Under storage there was a decrease in absolute weight of from 0.054 to 0.167 gm., with an average of 0.0S6 gm., per day, and a decrease in specific weight of from 0.001 to 0.0034, with an average of 0.0017, per day. DAIEY FARMING— DAIRYING. Report of the progress made in the field of milk chemistry and dairying during the year 1913, W. Grimmer (Milchtv. ZentbJ., 43 (1014), Nos. 19, pp. 481-4S6: 20, pp. 497-503; 21, pp. 513-517; 22, pp. 530-535; 23, pp. 551-556; 24, pp. 569-572; 44 (1915), Nos. 1, pp. 3-8; 2, pp. 17-23; 3, pp. 33-40).— The subject is dealt with iinder the following headings: Keeping of animals and milk pro- duction: various kinds of milk; milk constituents; changes in milk and its con- stituents ; bacteria ; enzyms ; immune bodies ; milk as antigen ; rennet and rennet coagulation; milk as food; dairy products; dairy apparatus; milk distribution; and investigational methods. The practicability of starch values in dairy cattle feeding, B. Sjollema (Jour. Landw., 62 (1914), A'o- 4, PP- 345-375).— The author concludes that Kellner's starch values are not a safe measure in the feeding of dairy cows. The quantity of protein necessary to produce the unit of milk (10 kg.) can not be exactly determined ; it is, hov\'ever, not far fi-om 0.4 kg., assuming that out of 100 parts of digestible protein in the ration 88 parts are transformed into milk protein. For the formation of milk sugar probably 0.5 kg. of carbohydrates is necessary for 10 kg. of milk, assuming that 90 parts out of 100 are converted into sugar. In practice, taking into account individual differences, etc., it will be better to feed a little more protein and carbohydrates, that is, from 0.45 to 0.6 kg., respectively. The milk fat will be formed, as a rule, partly from the fat and partly from the carbohydrates of the food. In establishing the rations of milch cows which have reached full growth the author considers that provisionally the following quantities may be accepted, taking into account individual conditions : Three-tenths kg. of protein and 3 kg. of starch value for the maintenance ration per 500 kg. live weight ; 0.45 kg. of protein for the formation of the protein for 10 kg. of milk ; and 0.6 kg. of carbohydrates for the formation of the milk sugar in 10 kg. of milk. Besides these, there are the carbohydrates and fats required for the production of milk fat 674 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Feeding: experiments with dairy cows, A. Fluckigeb and K. Indeemuhle (Jahresber. Landw. kichule Riitti, 1912-1914, PP- 105-111). — In experiments to determine the amount of grain to feed cows yielding various amounts of milli it was concluded tliat cows giving ]5 lig. of milk daily should receive 2 kg. of grain mixture per head per day ; cows giving 12 kg. of milk, 1.5 kg. of grain ; and cows giving 10 kg. of milk, 1 kg. of grain. Cows giving more than 15 kg. of milk demand a correspondingly richer feed. The effect of palm-oil cakes upon milk production in cows, J. Hansen {Landw. Jahrb., ^7 (1914), No. 1, pp. 1-10). — The author concludes from a critical review of the experiments made by other workers and from the results of his own experiments that palm-oil cake does not affect the milk yield, but increases its fat content. This specific action increases with the increase of the amount of cake in the ration and with the quantity of fat in the palm- oil cake itself. In order to obtain a perceptible specific effect, at least from 2.5 to 3 lbs. per 1,000 lbs. of live weight should be used if the cake is somewhat deficient in fats, or 2 lbs. per 1,000 lbs. live weight if it is rich in fats. The effect of the palm-oil cake varies with the individual cows, but is In every case perceptible when the cake is fed in sufficient quantities. Neither the milk yield nor the period of lactation, when the palm-oil cake is introduced into the rations, seems to have any influence upon its action. It is thought that an increase of from 0 to 0.14 per cent in the fat content of the milk is small ; from 0.14 to 0.2 per cent, average ; and above 0.2 per cent, large. The influence of sugar beet feeding on the composition of the milk fats, J. BoEs and H. V\'^eyland (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Geiiiissmtl., 29 (1915), No. 12, pp. Ji.13-.li.15). — A r$sum§ of investigations on this subject. In general there is an increase in the Reichert-Meissl, Polenske, and saponification num- bers, a lowering of th€ ash content, and an increase in the volatile soluble and insoluble fatty awte 9l the milk fat with the feeding of sugar beets to cows. Grass palatability tcets, E. Breakwell {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 26 (1915), No. 6, pp. 4S5, 486). — In feeding trials with Jersey cows, in which records were kept of the time taken to consume a given amount of the different grasses, it was found that prairie, Paspalum, and Hungarian brome grasses were easily the most palatable species in the young stages, and Paspalum and Hungarian brome grass in the seediai; stages. Contrary to expectations, the Paspalum was eaten very readily, even in its mature stages. In both cases Rhodes grass was only eaten on compulsion. The native grasses were disregarded in favor of the cultivated. This happened at both stages of gi'owth. The results of the experiments are deemed only suggestive, as it is thought that several factors, such as the chemical and physical texture of the soils, climatic conditions, and individual variation among the animals, must be taken into account as affecting the palatability of grasses. The reaction and calcium content of milk as factors in the coagulation process, T. H. Milroy (Biochem. Jour., 9 (1915), No. 2, pp. 215-22S) .—The author concludes from his studies that " during the course of rennin action there is no change in the hydrogen ion concentration of milk, either in the earlier stage or in the actual separation of the clot. The addition of an alkaline oxalate to milk lowers, while that of CaCh raises, the hydrogen ion concentration. Fresh milk which has been subjected to a temperature slightly below boiling point for one hour shows a rise in the hydrogen ion concentration, and a fall in the calcium content. Such milk is only very slowly acted upon by rennin. " The coagulability of heated milk may be raised either by the addition of CaCl» or by raising the hydrogen ion concentration. The former does not DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 675 act simply by raising the hydrogen ion concentration nor the latter from its effect upon the soluble calcium content. The acid precipitation zone of caseinogen lies on tlie acid side of the rennin zone of action, but the latter gradually approaches the former as the calcium content of the mixture is lowered, so that in all probability the latter is an extension of the former toward tlie neutral point. Calcium chlorid, apart from its effect upon the hydrogen ion concentration, increases tlie activity of tlie rennin ferment from the beginning of the digestion process." Relation of numbers of Streptococcus lacticus to amount of acid formed in milk and cream, P. G. Heinemann {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., J^2 {1915), No. 1079, p. 321). — Flasks of both sterilized and raw milk and cream inoculated with S. lacticus were incubated at temperatures of 37, 20, and 7° C. and the bacteriological results compared with flasks left to sour spontaneously. It was found that " the amount of acid formed during the souring process of milk or cream is not solely dependent upon the number of bacteria present of the S. lacticus group. Temperature and the presence of other bacteria may influence the result. In raw milk or cream or in raw milk or cream inocu- lated with cultures of er discusses the causes leading to altered valve timing and gives simple directions for the proper resetting of the valve gear. Oil engines for pump irrigation and the cost of pumping, G. E. P. Smith (Arizona Sta. Bui. 74 (1915), pp. 379-450, pis. 4, figs. i6).— This bulletin de- scribes fuel oils and their tests and oil engines of the Diesel, modified gasoline engine, and hot-ball groups, reports tests of the last two types as to fuel economy, capacity, speed regulation, and power development, discusses oil engine charac- teristics based on the tests reported, and gives data on the cost of pumping for irrigation. It is pointed out that ga.soline is too expensive a fuel for pumping engines in Arizona. Cheap distillates of from 39 to 44° Baume with low flash point are deemed the most advisable to use at the present time, these being preferably purchased in carload lots. It is thought that Diesel engines are not adapted to farm conditions. " Pour- cycle gasoline engines with electric ignition and suction fuel feed can be modified to burn heavier distillates successfully by feeding water with the charge. EUEAL ENGINEERING. 689 Preheating of the charge, also, is necessary in cold weather, and the heavier distillates require hi;:lior compression and earlier ignition than gasoline in order to give the best results. The water feed is the most important factor. . . . Gasoline engines already in service can be altered by replacing the fuel mixer and the exhaust block with specially designed ones, or by adding a homemade device for feeding water into the air inlet pipe. . . . The effects of the water in the charge are softened explosions, more complete combustion of the fuel, a cleaner cylinder, cleaner valves, uniform temperature with reduced loss of power in the jacket water, and no preignition. Despite the loss of power in the heat of vaporization of the feed water, the fuel economy of the engine is not lowered. " Two-cycle engines with hot-ball ignition and fuel injection at the end of the compression stroke can be operated on low gravity distillate, even down to 30° Baumg for small engines, and to 24° Baum6 for large engines, provided the compression pressure is increased to 180 lbs. per square inch. As in the case of 4-cycle engines, water feed is essential except perhaps when the engine is car- rying less than one-third of its full load. . . . Forced-feed lubrication is nec- essary for hot-ball engines and is desirable for large 4-cycle engines. Pump circulation gives much better results than the thermosiphon system for hot-ball engines. " Fuel economy of 9 or 10 brake horsepower-hours per gallon of fuel oil is possible with farm engines of either type, assuming the engine to be in good condition. In the average ranch pumping plant the fuel economy is about 6 or 7 horsepower-hours per gallon. The determining factor of fuel economy is the adjustment of the fuel valves. . . . Nearly all oil engines are operated with the fuel valves opened wider than is necessary. . . . Mechanical losses of power in an engine are most important when the engine is only partly loaded. An engine should be run at from three-quarters to full load. A purchaser should compute his power requirements carefully and then add about 15 per cent to determine the size to buy. At altitudes of from 3,000 to 5,000 ft. from 25 to 30 per cent should be added to the computed capacity. . . . The piston displace- ment per minute per horsepower is the best indication of the capacity of an engine. . . . The quantity of humidifying water should be controlled by the governor. ... " Four-cycle oil engines with electric ignition are proving to be quite as re- liable as gasoline engines. The combustion of the fuel oil is perfect and there is no exhaust smoke. The explosions can be timed perfectly and they occur with great regularity. Compared with gasoline, the only disadvantage in burn- ing tops is with respect to starting in cold weather, when it is necessary to run for from one to five minutes on gasoline and then change over to tops. " The experience had with hot-ball engines in Arizona to date has been unsat- isfactory. The combustion is imperfect, usually bad. Hot-ball ignition has serious disadvantages. The evil effects of leaky compression are very great. Pump lubricators, water-circulating pumps, and friction-clutch pulleys are required even on small engines. On careful analysis the hot-ball engines do not have any advantage in simplicity. Their useful life will be less than that of 4-cycle engines. . . . " The use of tops in place of engine distillate decreases the cost of pumping from 20 to 40 per cent. The cost of pumping on a 40-ft. lift with 4 ft. depth of application varies from $8 to $20 per acre, according to whether the plant is used much or little. Under the most favorable conditions the cost of pumped water is no greater than the cost of river water. The cost of pumping on a 100-ft. lift with 4 ft. depth of application varies from ?20 to $40 per acre. 690 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECOED. Rancbes dependent upon so high a lift should be devoted to high-priced crops, such as orchard fruits and vegetables, or to crops whose water requirements are low, such as millet, sorghums, corn, and sugar beets. Not over one-fourth of the acreage should be used for alfalfa. Electric power at the rates pre- scribed by the Arizona Corporation Commission is much more costly than the use of oil engines. The largest item of cost is the fixed charges. In order to reduce these charges the plant should be used all possible. Never shut down at noon or at night through the irrigating season from March to July. One pumping plant should serve two or more ranches." Testing small centrifugal pumps, M. R. Blish {Power, 41 (1915), No. 11, pp. 370-373, figs. 7). — Methods and apparatus for making capacity tests of centrifugal pumps are described find the apparatus is illustrated. Sizes of motors driving centrifugal pumps, E. M. Marshall {Power, 40 (1914), A'o. 11, pp. 383, 384, fig- 1)- — The calculations necessary for determining the proper size of motor to drive a centrifugal pump under given conditions of delivery and head are outlined and a chart for simplifying these calculations is given. A graphical process for choosing the electrical drive for pumps, M. Gaze (Jour. Gasheleucht., 51 (1914), pp. 726-730, figs. 11; abs. in Wasser u. Abwasser, 9 (1914), No. 2, p. 44). — A graphical process for facilitating the choice of electrical driving equipment for pumping machinery is described. Electricity for the farm, F. I. Anderson (Netc York: The Macmillan Co., 1915, pp. XXIII +265, pis. 8, figs. 42). — This book is intended primarily to give the farmer a practical working knowledge of electricity for use as light, heat, and power on the farm. It is divided into three parts with reference to power sources, namely, water power; electricity; and gasoline engines, windmills, etc. The following chapters are included: A working plant; a little prospecting; how to measure water power; the water wheel and how to install it; the dynamo, what it does, and how ; what size plant to install ; transmission lines ; wiring the house; the electric plant at work ; gasoline-engine plants; the storage battery ; and battery-charging devices. Electro-culture {Set. Anier. Sup., 79 (1915), No. 2051, pp. 258, 259).— This is a resume of the literature and a summary of facts from scattered sources. It has been found that the experiments of the past fall naturally into five classes, differing principally in the method of application of electrical energy. These are (1) illumination by electric light, (2) conduction of atmospheric electricity from an elevated collector to an electrode in the soil or to discharge points above the plants, (3) constituting the soil the electrolyte of a voltaic cell by burying in it two plates of dissimilar metal connected by a conductor, (4) passing current from an external source through the soil between elec- trodes buried therein, and (5) production of a silent or glow discharge through the air from overhead antennae to the soil. " The impression gained from the literature of electro-culture is that the last word is by no means said. From the nature of the publications it would appear that the individual investigations have been too cursory. There has been too little systematic variation of conditions, and especially of the elec- trical conditions. It seems highly desirable that a much more extensive investigation, providing the possibilitiy of trying different intensities of elec- trification under various conditions of cultivation, irrigation, etc., all during the same season, should be carried out. It is significant that the only investi- gator to attempt an extended examination of the field was able to locate and eliminate many faults in his method, and thus obtain good results in the end in almost every case, often reversing his previous experience." EUEAL ENGINEERING. 691 The silo and its use, C. H. Eckles (Missouri Sta. Bui. 133 (1915), pp. S-19, figs. 5). — This bulletin gives general information regarding silos and silage and briefly describes the stave, concrete, plastered, and tile silo types. Hog, calf, sheep, and goat dipping vat, C. A. Gary (Alabama Col. Sta. Bui. 185 (1915), pp. 3S-41, fig. 1). — Directions, with a plan, for constructing a concrete dipping v;it are given. Poultry house construction, R. E. Jones and L. E. Card (Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 81 (1915), pp. 31-55, figs. i6).— The purpose of this bulletin is to present in concise form some of the essential points to be considered in poultry house construction and to give plans and specifications for some of the houses that have given good results at the station, including the so-called con- test house, the Gilbert farm poultry house, and the colony brooder house. The Connecticut trap nest and dry mash hopper are also described. Features of construction that are especially emphasized are proper window space, ventilation, and floors. "All windows or openings should be so located that the sun may reach every part of the interior of the house as many hours fls possible during each day. A safe proportion of glass to use is 1 sq. ft. of glass to each 12 sq. ft. of floor space. ... A curtain made of very thin unbleached muslin will allow fresh air to pass in and the moist, foul air to pass out, thus furnishing plenty of ventilation without drafts These curtains are for use only during cold weather and should always be open during the day except when it is necessary to close them for protection against storm. Win- dows may be placed either in the front or ends as best suits the type of house, but the curtain area should be as near the center of the front as possible in order to prevent the wind blowing in one end of the house, sweeping across the floor, and out at the other end. A safe rule to follow in estimating the curtain area is to allow 1 sq. ft. of cloth to each 6 sq. ft. of floor space. . . . The hens seem to prefer a dirt floor and it provides a natural dust bath at all seasons of the year. ... It is best to put a layer of sand 5 or 6 in. deep over the dirt as this will help to keep the house dry and at the same time will prevent excessive cTust. For a permanent, moisture-proof and rat-proof floor, concrete well insu- lated with a layer of tarred paper is best. All concrete floors should be cov- ered with a layer of sand and a thick layer of litter to make the birds more comfortable and to facilitate cleaning. A board floor can be used to best advan- tage in a portable house that is likely to be moved at any season of the year. The main consideration in the selection of material for a poultry house is that the house must be tight on three sides. Advisory pamphlet on camp sanitation and housing (San Francisco: Com. Immigr. and Housing Cal., 1914, PP- 54, figs. 43)- — Tliis pamphlet prepared for owners and superintendents of labor camps on hop and other ranches, con- tains specific suggestions pertaining to the housing of men in camps, with par- ticular reference to sanitation. The main points covered are location, size and area of sleeping, cooking, and eating quarters, water supply, garbage and refuse disposal, toilet and bathing facilities, flies and manure, and mosquitoes and malaria. Domestic hygiene: The septic tank, R. Soueges (Bui. Sci. Pharmacol., 21 (1914), Nos. 8-9, pp. 470-476; 10-12, pp. 510-539, figs. 4).— The first part of this article discusses physical, chemical, and biological methods for the purification of dometic sewage, taking up particularly the biological action v.-hich is gener- ally supposed to occur in septic tanks and filters. The second part deals more Ifarticularly with the disposal of residential sewage and sketches the history of small septic tank systems for this purpose. 692 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD. RURAL ECONOMICS. Outlets and methods of sale for shippers of fruits and vegetables, J. W. Fisher, Jr., J. H. Collins, and W. A. Sherman {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 266 {1915), pp. 28). — This bulletin attempts to show the available outlets for the individual producer in marketing his fruits and vegetables and how he can get in touch with these outlets. The authors call attention to the following points in summarizing: " Cooperation is desirable betn^een grower and grower, and grower and con- sumer, but is needed especially between the producer and the distributor. The grower must realize the necessity of living up to an agreement and doing business on a businesslike basis. " The grower should keep in constant touch with the market, either through the newspapers, trade papers, private firms, auction reports, or by telephone, telegraph, or mail. In offering goods for sale, shippers should give definite and detailed information regarding the prospective shipments, such as the probable date of shipment, the commodity, number of packages, kind and size of package, quantity and quality of each variety, whether freight or express shipment, and the road and route. . , . " Personal visits to the market patronized will enable the grower to obtain the pi'oper market perspective. He will see the difficulties under which the distributors work, he will see his products in competition with those from the most highly specialized districts, and he will learn the necessity of good quality, honest packing, and standardization. " Before establishing market connections, the dealer's commercial standing should be studied very carefully. Commercial credit agencies, trade papers, chambers of commerce, and local bankers all can be of assistance in this respect. " The producer can sell either individually or cooperatively. Cooperative associations assume all marketing responsibilities for the individual shipper and are in a much better position to keep in touch with the market and to secure an equitable distribution. " Sales direct to the consumer are not always advisable owing to the diffi- culties of transportation and the problems of collections and bad accounts. Direct-to-the-consunicr sales are usually possible only with highly specialized commodities of small bulk. . . . " Under present methods of distribution most car-lot shipments must be sold through wholesale distributing agencies. " Sales to country merchants, country collecting agents, country buyers of special products, and traveling buyers are desirable in that the grower deals with the buyer in person and receives cash at the time of sale. . . . " One advantage of selling goods f. o. b. destination is that although they are liable to rejection in case of damage in transit or a decline in the market, there is at least the prospect of a buyer, and, with rea.sonable allowances made, the car usual y will return a greater profit than if it had been shipped to the market unordered." Methods of wholesale distribution of fruits and vegetables on large markets, J. H. Collins, J. W. Fisher, .Jr., and W. A. Sherman (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 267 {1915), pp. 28, figs. 2),— The authors of this bulletin attempt to explain certain general practices at large distribution centers which receive fruit and vegetables in car-lot quantities. " The widening distance between producer and consumer has called into ex- istence the middleman of to-day. The fact that the middleman has certain useful functions to perform makes it inadvisable to eliminate him without arranging for some other agency to assume his duties. RURAL ECONOMICS. g93 " The shipper who starts a car toward market should notify the consignee in such detail that prompt disposition of the goods may be made after the arrival of the car. ... As perishables .should always be inspected promptly on arrival at destination, the shipper should give shipping instructions which permit in- spection witJiout unnecessary delay at destination. . . . " In case a buy(T rejects a car the shipper has the option of selling elsewhere or making an allowance to the original purchaser in order to close the transac- tion inmiediately. Claims against railroads should be filed in proper form and supported by a presentation of the facts in the case. . . . " Brokers act as shippers' or buyers' agents. They handle car lots only and offer their services at very low rates. While many brokers are charged with abusing their privileges, they often save the shipper several times the brokerage fee by insuring the acceptance of goods at destination. " Fruit auctions sell goods for shippers, dealers, and others who have local representatives to withdraw offerings if prices are unsatisfactory. They secure their revenue by levying definite assessments against each package sold, and by attracting buyers and stimulating competition often expand the market for par- ticular commodities. . . . "The commission merchant receive goods on consignment and acts as the shipper's agent in disposing of these products to the jobbing and retail trade. While the commission merchant is viewed with much suspicion by many ship- pers, he nevertheless is a very important factor in that he furnishes to shippers the services of a skilled specialist in salesmanship. "The jobber acts as a secondary distributor, buying from car-lot receivers and selling largely to the retail trade. His chief usefulness lies in facilitating rapid distribution of highly perishable products and in preventing a congestion of business on large wholesale markets. " Public markets are not important in distributing fruits and vegetables arriving at market in car lots, but do offer direct outlets for neighboring pro- ducers. . . . " Losses and wastes are a very heavy tax on food distribution. The preven- tion of much needless waste would reduce present marketing costs very mate- rially. " One of the most practical steps the shipper can take to better his condition is to familiarize himself with business practices and to secure a better knowl- edge of the way his produce is handled on the market." A glossary of trade terms is included. Markets for potatoes (Univ. Oreg. Bui., n. ser., 12 {1915), No. 5, pp. 41). — This study was made in an effort to determine possible markets and methods for making the production of potatoes in Oregon more profitable. The author concludes his discussion with the following suggestions : "A solution of the problem of profitable potato growing and marketing might be found in a cooperative plan that would assure the farmer of his full share of every cent of profit there might be extracted from the business. To this end it might be advisable to establish a central depot at a convenient shipping point readily accessible to the growers of the district in which the association is formed. To this depot all of the growers would ship all of their potatoes, where they would be inspected and sorted. " Only those of the very highest quality in every respect would be marketed for seed and table use. and these carefully packed and sold under a name or brand that would establish their reputation. . . . All culls and surplus then could be worked up for industrial purposes, and the volume of supply probably would warrant the erection, and operation of the necessary plants for drying, starch manufacturing, and alcohoj distilling. The peelings from the dryer 694 EXPEEIMEXr STATIOX RECORD. and the residue from it and rlie starch factory, including the water from the latter, could be used by tlie distilleiy for the extraction of all remaining ferment- able values. Pulp mash from the distillery and the ' slop ' could be returned to the growers for stock food in proportion to their contribution of potatoes or their needs, and all that finally remained returned to the ground for fertilizer. " In every stage of the operation every pound of potatoes raised might be made to yield a profit to the growers. This presupposes and includes mutual efforts for the improvement in quality and quantity of potatoes grown and for the combating and eradicating of disease. It might be advi&ible to grow dif- ferent varieties especially adapted for baking, frying, boiling, and for high starch content." Suggestions from America for cooperative selling. A. W. Ashby (Jour. Bd. Agr. ILondon], 22 {1915), Xo. 3, pp. 201-210. pi. 1. figs. 2).— This article con- tains suggestions for British farmers as to methods of marketing their products, and describes successful American cooperative associations, methods of packing and marketing, the use of brands, and advertising. How farmers cooperate and double profi.ts, C. Poe {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1915, pp. 24-J. pi. 1. fig. 1). — This book discusses cooperation as found in the United States and European countries, describing typical cooperative organ- izations. The author believes that the success of cooperation depends upon local leadership and loyalty of the cooperators to their organization, and advo- cates having a farmers' organization in every rural community. Report of the committee on production of the New York State Food Investigating Commission, 1913 {Rpt. Com. Prod. y. Y. State Food Invest. Com., 1913, Apr. 18, pp. 31). — This report gives detailed statistics concerning the number of farms reporting 1 acre or more of vegetables, with their acreage and value, the cost of producing important vegetables and fruits, and the cost of producing milk in Delaware County for the year 1911-12. For this county it is reported that on 165 farms with 5.164 cows the average cost of keeping a cow was S122.13, and the average returns $90.89, making a loss per cow of $31.24. The report shows details for the different items of expense. Lower living costs in cities, C. L. Kiyo {Xew York and London: D. Appleton d Co., 1915, pp. yiII+355). — This book discusses the problem of food distribu- tion from the point of view of the city consumer, and points out defects in the present system and methods that may be us-ed to bring about a more effective i?nd cheaper distribution. He states that the urban prosperity of the future will be dependent upon paying equal heed to the needs, conveniences, and living costs of the urban worker, and that the city should be planned for economic and .social efliciency. £ise of prices in France on account of the war {Econ. Franc., -iS (1915), I, No. 23, pp. 723-725). — In this article is discussed the influence of the war on the price of broad, meat, and otlu-i- provisions. Letters from settlers and reports from the seed distribution (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1914, PP- 7S-89). — The usual extracts from letters of settlers and other persons, telling of their success with various crops and live stock and describing the pos-sibilities and drawbacks in Alaska, are presenter!. Bural survey of Clarke County, Georgia, with special reference to the negroes, W. B. Hill (Bui. Univ. Ga., No. 236 (1915), pp. 63, figs. 19).— There are outlined in this report the physical characteristics of the county, and the economic, etlucational, religious, and social conditions of its rural population. Nineteenth biennial report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, 1913-14 [Bien. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Ayr.. 19 (101.3-14). pp. Vn+1024. Pls. 2, figs. 325). — This report contains a number of articles relating to rural schools. churches, social centers, cooperative organizations, farm management, public AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 695 I'ljrlnvays, and a^icultural education, and statistics relating to crop produc- tion and the number of animals by counties. [Apiculture and rural population in Roumania] (Bui. Statis. Romaniei, S. ser, 12 (1915), Xo. 36-37, pp. 429-5.'fO).— This report shows that of the total population of 7,234.019, 5,904,787 were living in "communes rurales " on De- cember 19, 1912. The increase in the rural population since 1899 amounted to 22.3 per cent. The total area u.sed for agricultural purposes during the crop season 1913-14 was 6,779,609 hectares (16,745,634 acres), of which 4..'iS9.521 hectares were cultivated by farmers with small acreage. The report gives com- parative data for earlier years and for minor subdivisions, and for the area devoted to specific crops by the large and small farmers. [A^culture in Japan] (R^sum4 Statis. Empire Japon, 29 (191S), pp. 21-32 ) .—These pages of the report give the area cultivated, average and total yield for the principal crops grown in 1913, and comparative data for earlier years. AGRICUITTJEAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education {Landic. Jahrb. Schtceiz, 28 (1914), ^o. 5, pp. 235- 248). — The development of agricultural educ-ation in Switzerland is shown by a historical review beginning with the work of Emanuel v. Fellenberg (1771- 1844) and by statistical data. The statistics show that from 1S85 to 1912 the theoretical-practical farm schools with 1-year courses have increased from 3 schools with a total of 130 students and a total state appropriation of $4,988 to 4 schools with 196 students and $10.667 ; the agi-icultural winter schools, from 1886 to 1912, from 3 schools with 96 students and S1.507 to 15 schools with 940 students and S23.916; and 2 dairy schools with 18 students and $1-986 to 3 schools with 109 students and $6,506; and the pomological, viticultural, and horticultural schools, from 1887 to 1912, from 1 school with 27 students and $1,790 to 2 schools with 56 students and $4,904. The state aid for itinerant lecturers and si)ecial courses increased from SI. 603 to $8,202, and the total state aid for the promotion of agricultural education from $4,558 to $56,392. Alberta schools of agriculture (Rpt. Demonstr. Farms and Schools Agr. Alberta 11915], pp. 63-87, figs. 16). — This report outlines the work for the first term just closed of the three schools of agriculture opened in 1913 on demonstration farms at Claresholm, Olds, and Vermilion, and gives a general statement of the results. The attendance for the three schools was 166 boys and 102 girls. [Reading courses in agriciilture and home economics] (Cornell Reading Courses, 4 (1914),' Xos. 73, pp. 20; 74, pp. 16. figs. 9; 75, pp. 21-44; ~6, PP- 11-56, pi. 1, figs. 35; 77, pp. 4o-73; 78, pp. 57-72, figs. 7; 4 (1915), Xos. 79, pp. 77-100; SO, pp. 73-100, figs. 27; 81, pp. 101-115; 82, pp. 101-120, figs. 16; 83, pp. 117-139, figs. 4; 84, PP- 121-144, figs. 5-J).— These reading courses treat of the following subjects : Making cake, introduction to the principles of soil fertility, birds in their relation to agriculture in New York State, songs that live, land drainage and soil efficiency, programs for use in study clubs, incuba- tion, potatoes in the dietary, cream separation, raising vegetables for canning, and insects injurious to the fruit of the apple. Elementary vocational agriculture for Maryland schools, E. A. Mn.r.KB (Md. Agr. Col.. El. Vocational Agr. for ild. Schools, 1 (1915). Xo. 1, pp. 24, figs. 7). — This is the first of a series of publications to be issued, one for each school month, setting forth lessons in elementary vocational agriculture, out- lined after a monthly sequence plan and adapted to the seasonal, agricultural, and school conditions of Maryland. This number is devoted to soil, green feed, crops, hog, orchard, vegetable, fruit and flower gardening, and poultry topics. y J: 696 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. and management suggestions for September, mcluding in addition to the class- room instruction in underlying principles practical exercises consisting largely of club activities and home projects, suggested correlations, and references to literature. A unifonn course of study in agriculture for the elementary schools of Ohio {Ohio Dept. Puh. Instr. Bui. 5 {1915), pp. 65). — This is a suggestive outline of a course in elementary agriculture, arranged in seasonal sequence, for grades 1, 2-4, inclusive, 5 and 6, and 7 and 8, including laboratory and field work, correlations, and references to literature. A price list of agricultural apparatus for a first grade one-room rural elementary school is appended. Environment of plants. — II, Soils, J. W. Hotson {Wash. {State) Dept. Ed. Bui. 24 {1914), pp. 62, figs. 9). — This bulletin for high schools contains exercises intended to illustrate certain phenomena that have been or are occurring in the soil, and is based on 12 years' experience in agricultural teaching. The home vegetable garden {Cornell Rural School Leaflet, 8 {1915), No. 4, pp. S31-844i fiffs. 2). — This article offers suggestions to the older boys and girls for planning and conducting a home vegetable garden to provide food for the home table. [Tree study] {Davey Inst. Tree Survey Instr. Book, 1914, Nos. 1, pp. 16, figs. 7; 2, pp. 16, figs. 5; 3, pp. 16, figs. 11; 4, pp. 24, figs. 18; 5, pp. 31, figs. 18; 6, pp. 19, figs. 26; 7, pp. 24, figs. 17; 8, pp. 28; 9, pp. 24, figs. 2; 10, pp. 32, figs. 12; 11, pp. 40, figs. 13; 12, pp. 24, figs. 19). — This is a series of lessons devoted to a study of the structure of the tree, agencies which destroy trees, including insects, fungi, and bacteria, and other agencies, with the remedies and pre- ventives, pruning, the use of dynamite in tree culture, correct tree planting, spraying materials and machinery, proper treatment of tree diseases, shade tree insects, and city forestry. Productive feeding of farm animals, F. W. Woll, edited by K. C. Davis {Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1915, pp. XI +362, pi. 1, figs. 96).— This text, prepared for use of agricultural schools and colleges as well as practical farmers, is a systematic treatment of the main principles relating to the feeding of farm animals, and of various feeding stuffs available to stockmen. Materials for a course in animal husbandry, W. H. Smith {School Sci. and Math., 15 {1915), No. 2, pp. 100-104). — l^his article contains an outline and a discussion of subject matter and of the use of supplementary materials for a course in animal husbandry in the secondary schools. The author deems it " more advisable to make a detailed study of a few classes of animals common to the community than to touch lightly on many with which the student, per- haps in the course of a lifetime, would never come in contact," Cattle husbandry in rural education for Georgia schools {Btil. Univ. Ga., No. 218 {1914), PP- 30, figs. 24). — This bulletin is not intended as a manual for a detailed course of study, but as an appeal to the historical and economic interests of the pupils and to the home and farm interests centering around cattle husbandi'y. It discusses the educational, social, and economic Importance of the subject, the field and the need of cattle husbandry in Georgia, possibilities for progress, types and breeds of cattle, and Georgia boys' cattle clubs, including score cards for beef and dairy cattle. Judging of draft horses, W. H. Palmer {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.], 10 {1915), No. 8, pp. 24, figs. 37). — A study of requirements and relative values for judging draft horses. Outlines for work in domestic science and domestic arts for the elementary schools in Illinois {Univ. III. Bid., 12 {1915), No. 18, pp. i6).— These outlines are given for fifth and sixth grade sewing requiring 60 minutes a week and seventh and eighth grade cooking requiring one double period a week. They are AGRICULTUEAL EDUCATION. 697 the result of several years of work by the committee of the domestic science section of the Illinois High School Conference. Home canning of fruits and vegetables, J. C. Hogenson {Utah Agr. Col., Ext. Div. Circ, 2 {1914), No. 25, pp. iO).— Instructions to girls for the home canning of fruits and vegetables are given. How to teach birds, F. O. Payne {Chicago: A Flanagan Co., 1913, pp. 57, figs. 16). — The author gives an outline of subject matter for the study of birds as a branch of nature study. A list of boolvS helpful to beginners is added. Outlines in domestic science {Iowa State Col., Teachers' Short Course Class Notes, 1914-15, pp. 13). — Lessons in eggs and milk, cereals, meat and meat substitutes, and bread and bread making, are outlined for the use of teachers. A study of poultry, M. J. Abbey {W. Va. School Agr., 5 {1914), No. 3, pp. 28, figs. 16). — This bulletin is a guide for the study of poultry raising in the months of November to February, inclusive. A laboratory giiide and notebook for use in the study of food preparation for high-school classes in domestic science, Beth W. Mull {Toijcka Katis.: Domestic Science Publishing Co., 1914, pp. 160). — The material in this note- book is suggested as the result of several years of experience in teaching and supervising secondary domestic science and each experiment has been tried out in both upper-grade and high-school classes. Only a few recipes are given in the practical application of each experiment to illustrate the possibilities of discoveries made. Conducting a colt show, W. A. Buchanan {loica State Col. Agr. Ext. But. 21 {1914), PP- 12, figs. 4)- — The author gives directions for organizing and con- ducting colt shows. A successful corn growing contest in Black Hawk County, A. A. Burger {loica State Col. Agr. Ext. Bui. 2S {1915), pp. S, figs. 5).— This bulletin contains an account of the rules, conduct, arrangement of exhibit, judging, and results of an acre-yield corn contest open to every corn grower in Black Hawk County, Iowa. Profit competitions, W. B. Eoadhouse {Agr. Gaz. Canada, 2 {1915), No. 2, pp. 145-I49). — Tables are given showing the results of the acre profit com- petition and the hog feeding competition carried on by the Ontario Department of Agriculture during the past season. These competitions were open to boys who had taken the six weeks' short course with the district representatives who conducted the contests. Field crop competitions and seed fairs {Agr. Qaz. Canada, 2 {1915), No. 1, pp. 62-72, figs. 3). — This article contains reports of progress of the field crop competition aud seed fair movement in Prince Edward Island, New Bruuswick, Quebec, Ontario. Manitoba. S.Tskatchewan, and British Columbia. Uniform county fair premium lists, R. F. O'Donnell {Iowa State Col. Agr. Ext. Bui. 30 {1915), pp. 12, fig. 1). — The author suggests a uniform classifica- tion of horses, cattle, swine, and sheep which can be used in exhibits at all fairs. Boys' and girls' agricult\iral clubs {Timely Helps for Farmers [Col. Agr. Univ. Mainel, 8 {1915), No. 7, pp. 49-56. fig. i).— This circular outlines the purpose and results of boys' and girls' club work in Maine, together with the organization of local, general, and state clubs and the county association of agricultural clubs. Farmers' clubs {Univ. Minn., Dept. Agr., Ext. Bui. 56 {1915), pp. 18, figs. 5). — This bulletin reports the progress made by the farmers' club movement in Minnesota and suggests programs for 1915. The county farm adviser, B. H. Crocheron {California Sta. Circ. 133 {1915), pp. 8, figs. 7).— A revision of Circular 112 (E. S. R., 30, p. 695), describing the work of the farm adviser aud how it is organized and conducted. 698 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Annual report of director of extension for ttie year ending November 1, 1914 (N. J. Agr. Col. Ext. Bui., 1 {1915), No. 1, pp. i6).— Tliis report deals with the farm demonstrations, county work, lectures, correspondence, publica- tions, farmers' week. etc. * Farmers' cooperative demonstration and extension work, W. W. Long (Glcmson Agr. Col. S. C, Ann. Rpt. Demon, and Ext. Work, 1914, PP- 63). — This report includes a review of an experiment conducted by J. M. Napier, demon- strator in agricultural education, in teaching agriculture in five rural con- solidated schools in Darlington County. Each school was visited twice a week by the demonstrator and has 3 acres devoted to soil-building demonstrations by means of a 3-year rotation and 1 acre to orchard. Farmers' institute work in the United States in 1914, and notes on agricultural extension work in foreign countries, J. M. Stedman ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bid. 269 (1915), pp. 21). — This is the annual report of the Farmers' Institute Specialist of the Office of Experiment Stations on the progress of the farmers' institute movement in the various States and Territories for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, including a list of the officials in charge of farmers' institute work in the United States arid the usual statistical tables covering various lines of institute effort. Notes on agricultural extension work in foreign countries are also given. MISCEILANEOTJS. Annual Beport of Alaska Stations, 1914 (Alaska Stats. Rpt. 1914, pp. 96, pis. 12). — This contains the organization list and a report of the several lines of work carried on during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914. Meteorological data and accounts of the extensive tests with field and garden crops, live-stock operations, and of other lines of work are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1914 (Nevada Sta. Rpt. 1914. PP- 55, pis. 2). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director on the work of the station and including a discussion of a number of problems of experiment station organization and policy, departmental reports, the experi- mental work in which is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, and a list of the publications of the year. Monthly bulletin of the "Western Washington Substation (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui, 3 (1915), Nos. 4, pp. S; 5, pp. i6).— These numbers contain brief articles on the following subjects : Vol. 3, No. 4. — Managing the Bull, by H. L. Blanchard ; Summer Care of Strawberries, by J. L. Stahl ; Plant Diseases are Prevalent, by H. L. Rees ; Late Sown Feed Crops, by E. B. Stookey ; and Care of Moulting Hens, by V. R. McBride. Vol. 3, No. 5.— Agricultural Fairs ; Always Hill Select Potato Seed, by H. L. Rees ; Preparing for Fall Planting, by E. B. Stookey ; Common Errors in Poultry Keeping, by V. R. McBride; The Queen Bee, by J. W. Ware; and A Remedy for Clover Bloat. Program of work of the United States Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year 1916, E. H. Bradley (Washington: Govt., 1915, pp. XXVI+447).— The proposed activities of this Department are set forth in project form. Laws applicable to the United States Department of Agriculture, compiled by O. H. Gates (Washington: U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Solicitor, 1915, 3. Sup., pp. 11). — This publication represents a revision of that previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. G93), embracing legislation enacted from October 25, 1914. to March 4, 1915, inclusive. NOTES. Arizona TTniversity and Station. — Director 11. H. Forbes has been granted a year's leave of absence, a part of which will be spent in research at the Gradu- ate School of Agriculture at Riverside, California. During his absence G. F. Freeman, head of the department of plant breeding, has been designated acting dean of the college of agriculture and acting director of the station. Connecticut College. — Dr. Edmund W. Sinnott, of the Bussey Institution of Harvard University, has been appointed professor of botany and genetics, vice Dr. A. F. Blakeslee whose resignation has been previously noted. Georgia College. — L. M. Roderick, D. V. M. (Obio State University, 1915), has been appointed instructor in veterinary morlicine. Hawaii Station. — D. T. Fullaway resigned as entomologist June 30 to become field entomologist of the territorial board of agriculture and forestry. W. T. McGeorge, chemist, was transferred July 7 to the San Francisco branch of the food and drug division of this Department and was succeeded July 2.5 by Max- well. O. Johnson, transferred from the meat inspection division of the Bureau of Animal Industry. J. B. Thompson, formerly in charge of the Guam Station, was appointed assistant agronomist in charge of the Glenwood substation July 5, succeeding F. A. Clowes, resigned to take charge of the agricultural work at the Lahainaluna School at Lahaina. Massachusetts College and Station. — Stockbridge Hall, the new agricultural building, is nearing completion. This will be the largest and finest building on the campus, costing with equipment $210,000. It is a three-story and base- ment structure, with a fourth floor attic containing a cereal and crop storage room constructed as a mouse-proof vault. The basement contains soil labora- tories, a cement laboratory, and several offices, dark rooms, storage rooms, etc. The first floor is largely devoted to offices and lecture rooms and to the audi- torium. This auditorium seats about 900, and is bowl-shaped with a stage 22 by 36 feet. The second and third floors contain laboratories, offices, a library, the agricultural museum, etc. The entering class numbers over 200 and the entire enrollment over 650. Recent appointments include the following: John Phelan, professor of rural sociology; Andrew S. Thomson, assistant professor of market gardening; Charles H. Thompson, assistant professor of horticulture ; Earl Jones, assistant professor of agronomy ; O. A. Jamison, assistant professor of dairying ; Eric N. Boland, in charge of boys' and girls' pig club work ; Paul Serex, Jr., instructor in chemistry, vice Robert H. Bogue, appointed assistant professor of agricul- tural chemistry in the Montana College ; Alfred G. Lunn, extension assistant in poultry husbandry; Arnold P. Sturtevant, assistant in veterinary science in the station for work in bee diseases ; F. G. Merkle, assistant in agronomy ; R. P. Armstrong, graduate assistant in pomology, vice John B. Norton, resigned July 1 ; Donald White, graduate assistant in poultry husbandry beginning Sep- tember 1; and Harold F. Tompson for station work in market gardening. George F. Story has resigned as extension instructor in animal husbandry to become professor of animal and dairy husbandry in the Vermont University and Station, and J. A. McLean as associate professor of animal husbandry to 699 700 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. engage in commercial work. R. W. Ruprecht, assistant chemist, has been given a year's leave of absence for graduate vv'ork at Cornell University. The veterinary and poultry departments of the station are cooperating with the college extension service in a campaign to eliminate bacillary white diarrhea from the State. Michigan College and Station. — President J. L. Snyder has been appointed president emeritus, and Dr. F. S. Kedzie acting president. O. F. Jensen has resigned as assistant chemist to pursue graduate studies at the Iowa College. E. J. Miller and E. F. Berger have been appointed assistant chemists. New Hampshire College and Station. — Charles H. Otis, Ph. D., instructor in botany in the college of arts and sciences of Cornell University, has been appointed assistant in botany and assistant botanist. Oklahoma College. — Dr. L. Charles Raiford of the department of chemistry of the University of Chicago has been appointed professor of chemistry. Pennsylvania College and Station. — Work has been started by the experiment station to determine the fertilizer needs of the Dekalb soils, which comprise 43 per cent of the area of the State. A preliminary test, made near Snow Shoe, indicates that abandoned land, as well as virgin soil, responds well to the application of lime. Pot experiments with this soil at the college show that the prime needs are lime and phosphorus. The experiment will be continued and field plats laid off on a larger scale next spring. R. U. Blasingame resigned August 1 as instructor in agronomy, and A. R, Bechtel as instructor and assistant botanist, September 1. Recent appoint- ments include the following: A. A. Borland as professor of daii-y husbandry extension, beginning October 1 ; Miss M. Jane Newcomb as instructor in home economics extension, beginning September 1 ; and beginning July 1 A. F. JIason, instructor in horticultural extension, C. W. Clemmer, assistant in agricultural extension, W. D. Swope, assistant in dairy husbandry, F. P. Weaver, trans- ferred from instructor in agricultural chemistry to instructor in farm organi- zation, H. D. Edmiston, transferred from assistant in experimental agricultural chemistry to assistant in agricultural extension, and H. II. Kraybill, trans- ferred from assistant in experimental agricultural chemistry to instructor in agricultural chemistry. Texas College and Station. — Wilmon Newell, professor of entomology in the college, entomologist in charge of the division of entomology in the station, and ex-otiicio state entomologist, resigned October 1 to accept a position in Flor- ida under the State Plant Act. The college and station work in entomology have now been separated, and F. B. Paddock has been appointed entomologist in charge of the division of entomology and state entomologist. O. K. Court- ney, formerly assistant entomologist in the college, has been appointed as- sistant entomologist in the station and assistant state entomologist. Louis Wermelskirschen, of the Office of Cereal Investigations of this Department, has been appointed agronomist beginning October 15. H. H. Jobson has been granted two years' leave of absence, beginning November 1, to accept a position as cotton expert with the Chinese Government. Washington College and Station. — H. W. Reough has been appointed agricul- turist of Grant County with headquarters at Ephrata. R. L. Buchanan, as- sistant in farm crops, has resigned to become county agent with headquarters at Parkersburg, W. Va. The station has received a donation of $1,000 from William Anderson, of Winthrop, for use in the investigation of the diseases of domestic animals. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PtTBLICATION MAY BE PROCUKED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASUINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Sdbsckiption Price, per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, il (o U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. XXXIII DECEMBER, 1915 No. 8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFnCE 1915 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Wbathee Bureau — C. F. Marvin, Chuf. Bureau of Animal Industry — ^A. D. Melvin, Ckkf. Bureau op Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, CAic/. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau of Crop Estimates — L. M. Estabrook, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology— L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey — ^H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — ^A. C. True, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama — CoUege Station: Avbum; J. F. Duggar.o Canebrake Station: Vhiontown; lb. H. Moore.o Tuskegee Station: TusUgee InstituU; Q. W. Carver.o Alaska— S<r-June, 1915. 715, 716 Scientific Contributions: o Toxicity and Malnutrition, R. H.True 725 Flora of New Mexico, E. O. Wooton and P. C. Stand ley. 727 Tropical North American Species of Panicum, A. S. Hitchcock and Agnes Chase . 727 Utilization of Peat Land for Cranberry Culture, C. L. Shear 736 Improvement of Lemon Varie- ties by Bud Selection, A. D. Shamel 737 " Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department. VIII LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. IX TJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Page. Scientific Contributions — Contd. Forest Administration in the Southern Appalachians, K. W.Woodward 738 Notes on the Relation of Planting Methods to Survi- val, E. E. Carter 738 Formula for Normal Growing Stock in Selection System Forests, T. T. Hunger 738 Possible Measure of Light Re- quirements of Trees, W. W. Ashe 738 The Construction of a Set of Taper Curves, W. B. Bar- rows 739 Reading and Replotting Curves by the Strip Method, W. B. Ban-ows 739 Study of Douglas Fir Seed, C. P. Willis and J. V. Hofmann 739 Douglas Fir and Fire, C. S. Judd 739 The Management of Engel- mann Spruce-Alpine Fir Stands, J. W. Spencer 739 Eysenhardtia poly stachya, Source of True Ligniun Ne- phriticum Mexicanum, W. E. Safford 740 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Contd. Page. Scienitfic Contributions — Contd. Dibtribution and Prevalence of Three Important Sweet Po- tato Diseases, L. L. Harter. . 743 Catalogue of Recently De- ■Scribed Coccidae, V, E. R. Sasscer 748 Occurrence of an Intermediate in Aphis pomi, W. F. Turner and A. C.Baker 748 Descriptions of New North American Microlepidoptera, A. Buack 748 The Losses to Rural Industries from Malarial Mosquitoes, J. K. Thibault, jr 749 Notes on Two Parabitic Diptera, A.B.Gahan 749 Descriptions of Braconidse, S. A. Rohwer 749 Bacteria in Preserved Eggs, MaudM. Obst 764 Agricultural Education and Agricultural Prosperity, A. C.True 789 How Can the Teacher Make Bee Culture a School Sub- ject, E. F. PhilUps 791 The Small Field Laboratory and Its Atmosphere of Re- search, D . Fairchild 793 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXIII. December, 1915. No. 8. The recent convention of the International Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors in Washington, D. C, has directed attention anew to the systematic efforts being made to safeguard on a scientific basis the milk supply of the Nation, and to the remarkable progress achieved in ideals and methods of carrying on this important func- tion. This association, it may be recalled, was organized in 1912 " to develop uniform and efficient inspection of dairy farms, milk estab- lishments, milk, and milk products," but its program has a much wider significance and interest than is attached to technical details of de- tecting violations of law and conducting prosecutions. Milk inspection, as was pointed out by a number of speakers at this meeting, has come to be far more than a matter of routine police work. It rests upon a foundation of scientific research in such branches as chemistry, bacteriology, human and veterinary medicine, sanitary science, rural engineering, and economics, as well as of dairying and dairy-farm management. Its aim, also, is not merely regulatory but constructive and educational. This is exemplified in the program of its meetings, the range of subjects including scientific, technical, economic, and educational papers, as well as those dealing with admin- istrative details. Its meetings, therefore, partake of the nature of a national conference of all who are interested in the milk question. Thus, at the recent Washington meeting, an entire session was de- voted to a discussion by Drs. Melvin, Mohler, and Schroeder, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, of problems related to tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, and contagious abortion in dairy cattle. Dr. J. W. Kerr, of the United States Public Health Service, took up the control of milk-borne diseases of man, and Ernest Kelly, of the Dairy Division, the need of medical inspection of employees engaged in the production and handling of milk. There was a technical discussion of the significance of bacteriology in milk by L. A. Eogers, also of the Dairy Division, and a, popular address on inspection from the stand- point of the milk und cream producer by Dr. H. W. Wiley, formerly chief of the Bureau of Chemistry. 701 702 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. The work of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in re- lation to a better milk supply was a topic assigned to Prof. W. A. Stocking, of the Cornell University and Station. The relations of milk inspection to other forms of food control were outlined by Dr. C. L. Alsberg, chief of the Bureau of Chemistry, who spoke with special reference to the policy of that Bureau in dairy and milk in- spection under the Food and Drugs Act ; and Dr. John F. Anderson, president of the American Public Health Association, discussed milk standards or grades. The committee reports likewise covered a wide range of subjects, such as bovine and human diseases in their rela- tion to the milk supply and to the public health, dairy farm and city milk plant inspection, the chemical examination of milk and milk products, methods of appointment and compensation of inspec- tors, and legislation and legislative limits for the control of milk and cream. This program amply indicates the manifold phases and breadth which this subject has assumed within recent years. From being primarily an examination by rather crude methods to detect watering or skimming, milk inspection has become a far-reaching and many- sided function, involving the health of the animals producing the milk, the sanitary conditions under which it is produced and handled, and the large question of disease transmission, quite as much as the strictly chemical control. All this has developed through and along with investigation, much of it in the field of agricultural investiga- tion. The response of dairying to the progress of investigation has per- haps been more rapid than that in almost any other branch of agri- culture. Here, to a very notable extent, the rule of thumb has given way to the rule of reason, and the progress of the industry has been with and as a result of a clearer understanding. As it has become a more intelligent industry, so it has likewise become a more technical and complicated one, success requiring higher skill and superior judgment, and more attention to the ultimate use of the product. The relations of the producer and consumer have become increas- ingly evident as investigation has developed, and this has led to larger reliance upon the inspection service to look after the consum- ers' interests, and at the same time to instruct the producers. As- sistance to the producer has not been overlooked, for success does not flourish under an attitude of antagonism growing out of compulsion, but under one of cooperation. The inspection agencies have thus been a medium of instruction, and the experiment stations and this Department, in their investigations, have had the producer in mind quite as much as the consumer, in order that he might improve his business in producing a better quality of product. This dual rela- EDITORIAL. 703 tionship gives to the meeting general agricultural interest, which takes account of the progress in the production of a safe milk supply. How large and important the question of milk supply has become may be seen from a recent estimate that in 1909 4,2G0,324:,206 gallons of milk were consumed as such in this country. This represented an estimated value to the producer of $647,569,279, and to the con- sumer of $1,463,847,397. The perishable nature of this food and its peculiar susceptibility to contamination and the transmission of infectious diseases, coupled with its extensive use in the feeding of infants and invalids, make manifest the need of adequate systems of inspection. Efforts to safeguard the milk supply against adulteration began in this country many years ago. In fact, many communities had laws or ordinances for the prevention of milk adulteration long before making any attempt at general regulation of the entire food supply. Probably the first dairy laws were those enacted in Massa- chusetts in 1856 against the adulteration of milk by adding water, and in 1859 prohibiting the feeding of brewery waste to cattle. Dur- ing the latter year the appointment of dairy inspectors was author- ized, and in 1880 a minimum standard was fixed for total solids in milk. Much of the earlier legislation, as already pointed out, was directed against the deliberate adulteration of milk, as by watering, skimming, and the addition of preservatives, artificial color, or thickening agents, and was based upon a more or less crude examina- tion of the milk as it appeared in the market. The necessity for inspection of the dairies and of the cattle producing the milk became apparent with the increased knowledge of the sources of milk infec- tion and its dangers, and the sanitary side assumed a prominence fully equal to the chemical and physical. In 1895, a milk law was enacted for the District of Columbia under which permits were re- quired for the sale of milk, and one condition for granting these permits was the maintenance in a sanitary condition of the cattle producing the milk wherever located, as well as of the premises where it was produced and handled. In 1898, the city of Boston adopted somewhat similar ordinances governing the sanitary condi- tion of its milk supply, and since then regulation along these lines has become quite general. The first attempt to rate conditions on dairy farms in terms of figures was in the District of Columbia in 1904, when Dr. Woodward, of the Health Department, originated a score card for this pur- pose. In 1905, K. A. Pearson evolved the Cornell score card, and in 1906 a modified score card was issued by the Dairy Division of this Department. In 1907, the Association of Official Dairy In- 704 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. structors prepared a card, which has been revised in succeeding years and is now in extensive use. Practically contemporaneous with the development of the inspec- tion movement has been that of the medical milk commission, which started as a professional crusade in 1889 of the Medical Society of New Jersey, but which united with it sanitarians, health authorities, and other agencies striving for pure milk. The purpose of these commissions, which numbered in 1914 about 75, was primarily the production of what came to be known as " certified milk," but with the organization of the American Association of Medical Milk Com- missions in 1907, it took on a wider scope and included an educa- tional propaganda looking toward the betterment of all milk sup- plies. This movement has had considerable influence in improving the general milk supplies of cities where such commissions exist, by setting a higher standard of quality and by creating a public sentiment in favor of pure milk. In 1910 a conunission appointed by the New York Milk Committee advised the establishment of milk standards, with proper labeling. The State of New York subse- quently defined grades of milk for sale in cities and villages, and many communities throughout the country have taken similar action. The change in spirit manifested in the administration of milk inspection regulations was a theme referred to by many of the speakers. Thus, Professor Stocking declared that " formerly the prime object of the inspector was to bring legal action against and impose a penalty upon every man who did not conform to the estab- lished ideals. Fortunately, this spirit has given place to one of helpfulness, and the prime object of the inspector now is to assist the producer and handler in so conducting his business that his product will be of the best quality." Similarly, Dr. Alsberg referred to the present day ideal, not of mere prosecution of offenders but of cooper- ation and constructive work with all concerned. The inspection of milk and dairies has come to be looked upon as less a police than as an educational duty, and the inspector, so far as possible, as an edu- cator and advisor to both producer and consumer. One result of this change in attitude has been the increased weight attached to the qualifications of the inspector. Whereas a few years ago appointing officials did not always appreciate the importance of this factor, the need of selecting men with thorough scientific train- ing and experience, so far as available, is now becoming more gen- erally recognized. It was pointed out by Professor Stocking that one function of the agricultural colleges is to train men for this line of work. Even more fundamental is the establishment of a body of scientific knowledge as the foundation for a sound practice. If regulations, EDITORIAL. 705 however salutary in purpose, are promulgated without sufficient con- sideration as to their necessity or practicability, friction in their en- forcement is well-nigh inevitable. It is the function of science to forestall the possibility, in the zeal for improvement, of arbitrary re- quirements and consequent injustice by providing a definite answer as to what conditions are fair and essential. The experiment stations and the Dairy Division of this Depart- ment, as was frequently pointed out at the meeting, have been promi- nent among the many agencies instrumental in supplying informa- tion along these lines. A resolution was adopted by the association endorsing the work of the Dairy Division, and especially that per- taining to its market milk investigations. The stations have not, of course, been directly engaged in enforcing inspection laws, but mat- ters relating to inspection problems have received careful attention, and much of their work has been fundamental. The composition and properties of milk, its cost of production, the effect of various dairy practices on its quality, and many other factors have been studied, and knowledge acquired which has been useful in the drafting and administration of fair and adequate regulations and also in many other ways. For instance, early in the history of the stations, the invention of the Babcock test at the Wisconsin Station in 1890 pro- vided a means of rapidly ascertaining the fat content of milk and cream in place of the former cumbersome and time-consuming extrac- tion methods, and its adoption not only facilitated the campaign against adulteration by skimming but led to far-reaching changes in the whole dairy industry by its intimate relations to herd improve- ment and similar phases. It is probable that the stations have also rendered much useful service by dispelling popular prejudice against certain dairy methods and showing that these were unobjectionabje. As an example, the in- troduction of the silo has revolutionized dairy practice in this coun- try, yet for many years there was a strong prejudice on the part of some consumers against milk from cows fed corn silage. The studies of the Wisconsin Station, reported in 1897, and of the Illinois Station reported in 1905 demonstrated that corn silage, fed under proper pre- cautions, did not produce objectionable flavors in milk and its use in high-grade dairies is to-day well-nigh universal. Another early popular fallacy was that yellow color in milk and cream is indicative of richness in butter fat. Palmer, of the Dairy Division, and Eckles, of the Missouri Station, however, have demon- strated that very little relation exists between the two characteristics, the color being identified as mainly the substance carotin found in certain feeds which, when consumed by cows, imparts its shade to the milk and cream. 706 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The readiness with which milk absorbs odors from the air was early demonstrated by station workers and led to radical reforms in methods of milk production and care. The discovery of the value of the covered and the small-topped milk pail was a consequence of the experiments at the Connecticut Storrs Station and elsewhere, demonstrating that dirt particles and bacteria from the cow's body and the air found their way into the milk. That feeding after milk- ing, washing and clipping the cow's udder and flank, and other aseptic measures all aided in the production of a cleaner and more sanitary milk, was also indicated. The accumulated results of such studies as these pointed to the cow as a leading source of infection and logically led to effective and practical remedies. The importance of prompt and efficient cooling of milk followed studies of the tempera- ture relations of dairy bacteria, and has become a part of good prac- tice. The effect of milking machines on the germ content of the milk has been studied by various institutions, and the necessity of exer- cising proper precautions, especially in washing and cleansing all parts, has been amply demonstrated through practical trials. The subject of pasteurization has received no little attention from the Dairy Division and from many station workers. The pasteuriza- tion of milk in the bottle has recently been found to be entirely feasi- ble and to be even more efficient in reducing the bacterial content of milk than the customary " holder " sj'^stem of pasteurizing. The rela- tion of proper pasteurization as an efficient safeguard against the spread of communicable diseases has likewise been shown in both a scientific and a practical way. Aside from the effects of pasteuriza- tion in reducing the bacterial content of milk, the influence of heat upon the composition and properties of milk has received attention, notably that upon the viscosity of milk and the proteids and fat globules. The sources of bacteria in milk have been studied as well as the fermentations produced by various species. Particular attention has been paid to the prevention of bacterial contamint^tion, and methods of destroying or delaying the development of the organisms that do gain access to milk have been repeatedly tested. Much valuable in- formation has been acquired, but as was pointed out by Rogers at this meeting, bacteriology is still a young science with a constantly chang- ing technique and frequent discoveries of unexplored fields. This is illustrated by the experience with the bacterial count as an indicator of pollution. For some years, it has been generally assumed that the bacterial content is a measure of the sanitary quality of milk, and the plate method a measure of the bacteria. Recent tests, how- ever, have indicated in the opinion of Professor Stocking, that " ex- treme liberality must be used in the interpretation of the plate count, EDITORIAL. 707 and that it can be depended on only between wide limits for setting definite bacterial standards until we have a means of determining the germ content of milk with greater accuracy. We look to the experiment stations for help in this problem." A factor of increasing importance to inspection work considered at the meeting of the association is the medical inspection of dairy employees. In reply to questions sent out by the Bureau of Animal Industry to health officials of cities of populations of 5,000 or over, it was found that cities generally have maintained a very incom- plete supervision over the health of employees in places where dairy products are handled. Less than one-half of the 560 cities replying claimed to have laws concerning the control of communicable dis- eases among employees of places where dairy products were pro- duced, and only 10 per cent required reports from milk producers in the event of the occurrence of disease among these families and em- ployees. It was suggested by speakers at the meeting that if munici- palities were to require certificates of inspection from the health authorities of counties from which their milk supply came, and regular reports of the health of all dairy employees, a powerful impetus would be given toward the reduction of milk-borne diseases. An entire session of the meeting, as already stated, was very prop- erly given to the question of diseases of dairy animals. Ever since the discovery of the relation of human and bovine tuberculosis, this subject, in particular, has been one to which much persistent study has been devoted. It has escaped the consideration of neither the inspector nor the health official, as well as the veterinarian and scien- tific investigator. In 1907, the Bureau of Animal Industry began its first systematic cooperation with cattle owners looking toward the eradication of bovine tuberculosis by an educational campaign in and around the District of Columbia. The tuberculin test was made compulsory in the District of Columbia in 1909. At that time 18.87 per cent of the cattle were found tuberculous; the following year 3.2 per cent; and in January, 1915, 1.75 per cent. The results in connection with tests conducted in 1913 revealed the interesting facts in that out of 203 herds of cattle in Virginia and Maryland, under continuous supervision by the Bureau of Animal Industry, 69 formerly tubercu- lous herds were free from the disease and that in 56 herds where cooperation had been effective during the period of five years, no case of tuberculosis had been found during that period. As outlined by Dr. Melvin at the meeting of the association, it is now purposed to establish a system of cooperation between the Bureau and breeders of pure-bred cattle, state live-stock authorities, and breed-record associations, it being the intention to maintain an official public 12146°— No. 8—15 2 708 EXPERIMENT STATIOISr EECOED. record for all pure-bred herds which can be certified as safe herds from which tuberculosis-free cattle may be purchased. It was an- nounced that this proposal has met with favorable replies from cattle breeders and if put in operation will mark a material advance in the campaign for better milk. In what has been said no attempt has been made to present a comprehensive review of either the history and present status of milk inspection or of the scientific work related thereto. The aim has been rather to indicate some of the principal lines toward which attention is being directed and to point out the dependence of the inspection service on scientific work for the solution of many of its unsolved problems. Some of these problem.s are, of course, outside the field of experiment station activity, but others appear both ap- propriate and feasible, and it is thought that their consideration may prove suggestive of opportunities for research at once funda- mental and of immediate application. There are several lessons to be drawn from the history of milk and dairy inspection as developed in the last quarter of a century. One is that safe progress in defining methods and standards must rest upon investigation, which must often be thorough and far- reaching in order to serve as an intelligent basis for action. Nowhere is the danger of imperfect information and too broad generalization more strikingly enforced by possible consequences. The investiga- tion can not safely stop with the empirical fact but needs to disclose the cause and the relationships. Nor can it be restricted to the laboratory and to laboratory condi- tions. It is when laboratory studies have been supported by studies and trials on a practical scale and under practical conditions that the results have been most convincing and have proved most dependable. And finally, the investigator must take full account of the producer, in the effort to help him to make his practice more scientific and the science of production more practical. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTimAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. A study of the soft resins in sulphured and unsulphured hops in cold and in open storage, G. A. Russell {U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 282 (1915), pp. 19, figs. 10). — The commercial value of hops is almost entirely contingent upon two considerations, viz, the nature and quantity of the soft resins and the aroma. In order to get additional data (E. S. R., 29, p. 13) regarding the effect of vari- ous storage conditions upon the soft resins of sulphured and unsulphured hops, a quantity of material obtained from Perkins, Cal., was prepared and held under observation for several years. "Although sulphuring and cold storage are efficient factors in retarding the diminution of the quantity of soft resins in hops, they do not prevent chemical changes from taking place therein. Nevertheless, the data obtained by the study of these changes indicate that they are influenced to a considerable degree by both sulphuring and cold storage. . . . " Determinations were made of the moisture, the percentage of soft resins, hard resins, and total resins, of the color, odor, and taste of the soft resins, and of the acid, ester, saponification, and iodin values of the soft resins. The mois- ture content in the sulphured and unsulphured hops held in cold storage in- creased during the first year and then remained practically constant in all the samples throughout the period of storage. The moisture content of the sul- phured and unsulphured hops in open storage varied from year to year, accord- ing to existing weather conditions. " The percentage of soft resins in all the samples decreased with each year of storage, becoming very pronounced In the third year. The percentage of hard resins in all the samples increased with each year of storage, approaching a uniform figure at the close of the third year. Both sulphuring and cold storage retarded the decrease in the percentage of soft resins and increased the per- centage of hard resins. A combination of the two factors was more effective in retarding these changes than either factor alone. " The percentage of total resins in all the samples varied from year to year, and in the third year it became materially less than that of the original sample. The low total is probably due to the formation of products insoluble in the sol- vents used. "The color, odor, and taste of the soft resins are of very little value in de- termining quality and are not indicative of any changes that may have taken place therein. " The acid value in general decreased in the sulphured hops in cold and in open storage, and increased in the unsulphured hops in cold and in open storage. Sulphuring apparently retards the formation of free acids, and a combination of sulphuring and cold storage is most effective in retarding changes in free acidity. " The ester value in general increased in all the samples of hops. Sulphuring apparently favors the formation of esters, and this factor in combination with 709 710 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. open storage appears to be the least effective in retarding the formation of esters. Nonsulphuring and open storage appears to be the most effective in re- tarding the formation of esters. "The saponification value in general increased in all the samples of hops. The imsulphured hops showed the least change, and of these, the ones held in open storage were the least affected. "The iodin value in general increased in all the samples. It was most pro- nounced in the second year of storage and in the third j^ear was uniform in all the samples. Sulphuring in combination with open storage appears to cause a uniform rate of increase in the iodin value from year to year. The sulphured hops in open storage showed the least variation in changes in the chemical values of the soft resins. " During the period of storage, at least some of the components of the soft resins underwent rearrangement. This rearrangement was most marljed dur- ing the first year, after which it decreased to such an extent that thereafter comparable values for the chemical constants were readily obtained." The amount of arsenic in solution when lead arsenate is added to different spray solutions, W. B. Ellett and J. T. Grissom {yirginia Sta. Tech. Bui. 8 (1915), pp. 160-164; lipts. 1913-14, pp. 160-164).— '' Sodinm and potassium sulphids dissolve more arsenic when mixed with lead arsenate than the com- mercial lime and barium sulphur spray solutions. When arsenate of lead is added to either the sunnner strength of sodium sulphur or potassium sulphur, a large percentage of arsenic goes into solution. Barium chlorid retards the solu- bility of the arsenic when added to sodium and potassium sulphids. When lead arsenate is added to the different sulphur spray solutions, the amount of arsenic in solution is increased. This accounts for the burning effect when used together as a spray. ... If mixtures with arsenic are desired for spraying, lead arsenate is less harmful than Paris green, " With calcium and barium the arsenic is less soluble than with sodium and potassium. . . . Barium arsenate, when used with the different sulphur sprays, indicates that slight burning would take place with lime and barium sulphur, and that the amount of arsenic in solution is less than \vhen used with water. With sodium and potassium sulphids this substance would be harmful." Two rapid methods for determining potassium, F. Ckotogino (Kali, 8 (1914), pp. 332-334; «^s- 'i'^ Ztschi: Angeic. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 99, Referatenteil, p. 697). — The first method is approximate and consists of adding dropwise sodium perchlorate to the potassium cidorid solution until no further precipita- tion is obtained. A more exact method is as follows: To 5 cc. of the solution (3.395 gm. in 50 (cc.) add 4 cc. sodium perclilorate solution (2,100 gm. in 2,110 cc. of water), rotate, and filter through a weighed filter paper with the aid of the air pump ; then wash with alcohol, dry the filter paper and contents at from 135 to 140° C, and weigh. The method requires 15 minutes to carry out. The variation in the results of 35 determinations was 0.23 per cent. Greeff's method for the volumetric estimation of fluorin, I. Bellucci (Ann. Chem. Appl. [Rome], 1 (1914), No. 9-10, pp. 44I-446; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 (1914), No. 621, II, p. 57^).— Tests were made with varying amounts of sodium fluorid in order to ascertain the accuracy and limits of applicability of the method.*^ " The conditions given by this method yield accurate results only when the amount of alkali fluorid does not differ greatly from 0.2 gm. ; thus 0.05, 0.04, and 0.02 gm. taken gave, respectively, 0.0449, 0.0336, and 0.0078 gm. found. With •Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 46 (1918), No. 12, pp. 2511-2513. AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGBOTECHNY. 711 these smaller quantities of fluorids approximate estimations may be effected if the titrations are carried out in the presence of proportionately small amounts of sodium chlorid." Carbon dioxid apparatus III. — Another special apparatus for the estima- tion of very minute quantities of carbon dioxid, S. Tashiro {Jour. Biol. Chem., 16 (1914), No. 4, pp. 485-494, figs. 2).— Althougli the apparatus previ- ously mentioned (B. S. R., 28, p. 410) is deemed satisfactory for almost all micrometabolic problems, it is sometimes inconvenient for the complete deter- mination of the carbon dioxid production of a single tissue, the metabolic rate of which is constantly changing and the available amount of which is not very great. The device described in this paper was constructed for satisfying this need. The estimation of nitrogen in Norwegian saltpeter, N. Busvold {Chem. Ztg., S8 {1914), No. 75, pp. 799, 800, fig. 1; ahs. in Ztschr. Angeic. Chem., 27 (1914), ^^o. 75, Referatenteil, p. 545).— It has been found that analyses of Norwegian saltpeter made with the ordinary Kjeldahl apparatus give low results for nitrogen, and a study was therefore made of various other methods. The method finally decided upon was the one utilizing the principle of converting nitrate into ammonia reported by Treadwell and Wegelin.<» Determination of nitrogen in mixtures of calcium nitrate and cyanamid, A. Stutzer (Chem. Ztg., 38 {1914), No. 56, p. 597; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 33 {1914), A^o. 11, p. 606).— In the method nitrite and nitrate are de- termined first by Schlosing's method (reaction with ferrous chlorid). Then an aliquot made free from nitrate is treated by Kjeldahl's method. " By heating 1 gm, with 5 gm. of dry ferrous chlorid and 25 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, under slight pressure (in a flask fitted with a Bunsen valve), the nitrate may be completely eliminated on the water bath in half an hour. In preparing a mixture of calcium nitrate and cyanamid for use as a fertilizer, loss of nitro- gen is liable to occur if the temperature be raised above 60° C." The vegetation test as a basis for fertilizer analysis, Mitscheblich {Landtv. Vers. Stat., 85 {1914), No. 3-5, pp. 202-218, figs. 2).— A discussion of the methods for making vegetation tests and their interpretation on a mathe- matical basis. The estimation of silicic acid in natural waters, L. W. Winklek {Ztschr. Angeic. Chem., ^7 {1914), No. 66-69, Aufsatzteil, pp. 511, 512).— The method is based on the yellow color produced when ammonium molybdate is added to a water containing silicic acid and then acidified with hydrochloric acid. The intensity of the color is proportional to the amount of silicic acid present. A solution of potassium dichromate is used as the colorimetric standard. Note on a new apparatus for use with the Winkler method for dissolved oxygen in water, H. L. Shoub {Pub. Health Surv. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 96 {1914), pp. 83-85, fig. 1). — A description with illustrations of the apparatus. Nitrogen -protein table, R. S. Callaway {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chetn., 7 {1915), No. 2, p. 161). — A table for chemists making analyses of feeding stuffs using the factors 5.7 and 6.25. Apparatus for the determination of fat by the Roese-Gottlieb method, W. Bbinsmaid {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 {1914), No. 4, pp. 324, S25, figs. 4). — ^A modified Roese-Gottlieb tube differing somewhat from the Patrick modification of the apparatus. The unsaponifi.able constituents of natural and hardened fats, J. Mabcusson and G. Meyeeheim {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 {1914), No. '28, " Kritische Priifung der wichtigsten Metliodeii zur Bestimmung der Salpetersaure. Zurich, 1907, pp. 135. 712 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Aufsatzteil, pp. 201-203). — Phytosterol is far more resistant to catalytic reduc- tion tlian ctiolesterol. At 200° C. 75 per cent of the latter becomes resinified while phytosterol is hardly affected at this temperature by the catalyst. Hydro- genation at 250° of cholesterol no longer yields crystalline products, whex'eas appreciable amounts can be obtained from phytosterol under the same condi- tions. This explains why some of the transformation products of stearins in lard oil are not detected by the examination of the fat. Cholesterol is evi- dently transformed in a way that will not allow its detection by the digitonin method. The detection of plant fats in animal fats, H. Spbinkmeyer and A. DiEDBicHs {Ztschr. Vntersuch. Nalir. u. Genussmtl., 28 (1914), No. 5, pp. 236- 244)- — The Fritzsche procedure was so modified as to eliminate any possibility of digitonin decomposition products interfering with the melting point deter- mination. When this is not taken into consideration erroneous results may be obtained in regard to the presence of phytosterol in animal fat. The modifi- cation was tested on oleomargarin, butter, lard, " premier jus," cotton-seed oil, sesame oil, coconut fat, oleomargarin with 2, 5, and 10 per cent cotton-seed oil, and butter with 10 and 15 per cent coconut fat. The third crystallization usually gave the desired results. Unsatisfactory results were obtained with the method for the detection of 2 per cent cotton-seed oil in oleomargarin, and 10 per cent coconut fat in butter. The Klostermann method, a modification of the Marcusson and Schilling method (see abstract above), is not deemed as simple nor as cheap to conduct as the Fritzsche modification. A modification of the Klostermann method was studied with lard, *' premier jus," oleomargarin, goat tallow, wild hog lard, horse fat, wool fat, whale oil, cotton-seed oil, peanut oil, olive oil, soy-bean oil, linseed oil, poppy-seed oil, corn-seed oil, tea oil, rape-seed oil, niger oil from Ouizota oleifera, mustard oil, coconut fat, hydrogenated linseed oil, palm fat, cacao butter, Chinese vegetable tallow, Enkabang (Borneo), mowrah butter, shea butter, and mixtures of lard and cotton-seed oil, oleomargarin and cotton- seed oil, wool fat and cotton-seed oil, wool fat and soy-bean oil, wool fat and peanut oil, and oleomargarin and mowrah butter. By this work it was estab- lished that cholesterol in animal fats is in the free state, whereas the phytosterol present in plant fats seems to be an ester combination. The lowest melting point was found with the esters of olive oil. The detection of the 2 per cent cotton-seed oil in lard was easily accomplished by this method, but 10 per cent could not be noted, nor could 10 to 15 per cent of peanut oil in wool fat. Ten per cent of soy-bean oil was noted, however. Ten per cent of mowrah fat could not be discovered in oleomargarin. It is concluded that the Klostermann method can in some instances be used in place of the Fritzsche test. The estimation of carbohydrates. — IV, The presence of free pentoses in plant extracts and the influence of other sugars on their estimation, W. A. Davis and G. C. Sawyer (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 6 {1914), No. 4, PP- 406- 412). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 32, p. 314), the present paper brings forth evidence that free pentoses are usually present in alcoholic extracts of plants and have to be taken into consideration in the scheme of analysis. " Their amount can be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy by the ordinary distillation process or by the reducing power of the purified liquor after other sugars have been fermented away. When, however, small amounts of pentose have to be estimated accurately in presence of large quantities of other sugars, it is advisable, as suggested by Kluyver," to ferment away these sugars before applying Krober's process" (E. S. R., 13, p. 320). ° Biochemische Suikerbepalingen. Leyden : E. J. Brill, 1914, pp. XI + 223. AGRICULTUEAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 713 A large number of estimations made with the leaves of different plants (man- golds, turnips, Tropwolum majns, Helianthus, carrot, potato, etc.) showed the percentage of pentose obtained by the distillation method, when applied to the alcoholic extract treated according to the author's scheme of analysis, to range from 0.3 to 1 per cent, calculated on the total vacuum-dried matter. Tests were also carried out with sugars. In reg'ard to the utility of the Tollens-Kriiger method for estimating pentosans, O. Fallada, E. Stein, and J. Ravnikak (Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zxiekerindus. u. Landio., 43 (1914), No. 3, pp. 425-432). — Crystalline sucrose submitted to test by the phloroglucin method yielded a higher amount of furfurol than previously reported by Andrlik.** This is probably due to the fact that an oil bath with a higher temperature (155° C.) was used in the op- eration. When the distillations were conducted under uniform conditions, con- trary to Andrlik's opinion uniform results could be obtained if amounts of 5 gm. sucrose were used for the determination. Above this point ununiformity of results began. Dextrose and levulose when used in the proportion yielded when 10 gm. of sucrose is hydrolyzed gave 107.4 mg. of phloroglucin, and about the same amounts when treated separately. Another precipitation method, that of Jager and linger with babiturenic acid,* was also studied. Babiturenic acid in warm 12 per cent hydrochloric acid yields a condensation pi-oduct with furfurol. In this method the pentosan determination is carried on as in the phloroglucin procedure save that the dis- tillation should be carried quickly to a point of 400 cc. of distillate. The babiturenic acid yielded lower results for furfurol than the phloroglucin method, but it is thought that it should be studied further, as the results obtained with it are deemed more exact. The present position of the chemistry of starch, H. Pkingsheim {Landw. Yers. Stat., 84 {1914), No. 3-4, pp. 267-282).— A digest of the literature. Determination of calcium in solid substances and fluids derived from the animal organism, S. Gutmann {Biochem. Ztschr., 58 {1914), No. 6, pp. 4^0, 471). — In Aron's method (E. S. R., 19, p. 1009) in which the calcium salts are precipitated by alcohol after destruction of the organic matter by a nitric- sulphuric acid mixture, some of the calcium sulphate adheres to the walls of the flask. This error may be obviated if alcohol is added after eliminating the excess of nitric acid and the precipitate is filtered off after standing until the next day. The precipitate thus obtained is returned to the flask and dis- solved in a 10 per cent sodium carbonate solution and heated for one-half hour. The carbonate formed is dissolved in acetic acid and the excess of acid neutral- ized with ammonia, when the calcium is precipitated in the usual manner as calcium oxalate. A method for determining small amounts of boron in organic materials, G. Berteand and H. Agulhon {Ann. Falsif., 7 {1914), No. 67, p. 223).— A cor- rection to the work previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 206). Bapid detection for quantitative estimation of small amounts of esterase, A. Bach {Fermentforsch., 1 {1915), No. 2, pp. i5i-J54).— Tyrosinase is a mixture of amino acidase and ordinary phenolase. The latter does not oxidize tyrosin as such, but only after it has been converted by amino acidase into paraoxyphenyl acetaldehyde, ammonia, and carbon dioxid. As phenol esters o Zeitschr f. Zuckerinclustrie in Pohmen. XXXIII, 1898-99, p. 314. "Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 35 (1902), No. 20, pp. 4440-4447; 36 (1903), No. 6, pp. 1222-1229. 714 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. are not destroyed by phenolase or by peroxidase plus hydrogen peroxid, the following method is employed for noting esterase activity : One gm. of the material to be tested is rubbed up with quartz sand, and 5 drops of glycerol are incorporated with 500 cc. of lukewarm water and strained through a cloth. Ten cc. of the emulsion-like cloudy fluid is mixed in a test tube with 0.1 gm. of guaiacol carbonate and a few drops of toluol and placed in an incubator at 40° 0. At the same time a control test is made under similar conditions but the emulsion added is previously heated to the boiling point. After 5 to 30 minutes both samples are heated rapidly to the boiling point for the purpose of destroying catalase and perhydrase, then cooled, and 1 drop of peroxidase and 1 drop of a 3 per cent solution of hydrogen peroxid are added. According to the quantity of esterases present a more or less brownish red coloration ensues. The control remains colorless. A method is also given wherewith one can follow the quantitative cleavage of guaiacol carbonate. International review of the literature of food, its composition, analysis, and adulteration, for the year 1911, A. J. J. Vande\'elde {Repert. Internat. Comp., Anal, et Falsif. Denrees Aliment., 12 (1911), pp. 88-\-10). — ^A con- tinuation of the woi-k previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 360). The decomposition of protein substances of milk through, the action of lactic ferments, W. C. De Gbaaff and Mlle. A. Schaap {Ann. Falsif., 6 (191S), No. 62, pp. 639-645). — With the aid of the method previously noted (E. S. R.., 31, p. 413) it was found that the aldehyde index of buttermilk was much greater than that of fresh milk. This is due to the decomposition of the protein substances of milk by the microscopic flora which develop and cause proteolysis. The cocci and bacilli producing lactic acid are not the only micro- organisms which peptonize. A rapid method for casein in milk, W. O. Walker (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 6 (1914), No. //, p. 356).— An addition to the article noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 413). " Since the above work was completed it has been found that beechwood creosote serves as an admirable preservative for milk. When added in the proportion of 5 cc. to 1 pt. of milk, the latter keeps in good condition for several months if placed in the dark. The preservative does not interfere with the casein test, nor the Babcock fat test, provided only one-half the usual amount of sulphuric acid is used. The judgment of adulterated milk, R. Eichloff and H. Bleckmann (Milchiv. Zenibl., 43 (1914), A^o. 24, pp. 561-569, fig. i).— This investigation was conducted for the purpose of determining to what extent the addition of potas- sium bichromate employed for preserving milk samples affects the specific gravity, total solids, fat-free solids, and percentage of fat. It is concluded that with milk samples preserved with 0.1 per cent of potas- sium bichromate the total solids and fat can be determined with accuracy by the gravimetric method. The results obtained with Fleishmann's formula were unsatisfactory, but incorrect results were also obtained in the case of an unpreserved sample. A balance with which one can make a rapid estimation of total solids is shown and described. Detecting milk adulteration by the removal of cream, L. Van Dam (Ann. Falsif., 7 (1914), No. 66, pp. 187-195; abs. in Ztschr. Angcw. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 53, Referatenteil, p. 417). — It is deemed possible to detect skimmed milk by determining the ratio of casein to fat in the sample. The casein can be deter- mined according to Cornalba's method and the fats according to the Rose- Gottlieb method. In the 144 samples of milk examined the ratio of casein to METEOROLOGY. 715 fat varied from 0.53 to 0.98, with an average of 0 74. The removal of the cream increased tlie ratio above 1. A new constant for detecting partial skimming of milk, R. Ledent {Bui. ^oc. Chim. Bely., 28 (19U), No. 7, pp. 229-234; abs. in Ztschr. Angeio. Chem., 27 {lOlIf), No. 99, Referatenteil, p. 699). — In this work an attempt was made to bring the ratio of casein to fat as determined by Van Dam (see above) into relation with Cornalba's figures. The value of the refractometric examination of calcium chlorid serum of milk for the detection of added water, E. Ackeemann and C. Valencien {Milchiv. Zentbl., JfS (JOlJf), No. 13, pp. 3J,5-349).— The views expressed by others as to the value of this method (E. S. R., 18, p. 811) are presented and discussed, and results with 108 samples of composite milk are reported. The data include the fat-free dry substance and refraction. By adding 7 per cent of water to each of the samples the fat-free dry substance was found to vary between 9.19 and 8.63 per cent and the refraction from 38.2 to 37.3 per cent (11 samples 38.2 to 38, and 97 samples 37.9 to 37.3 per cent). The Swiss food book calls for 8.5 per cent fat-free substance. The refraction of milk serum, L. Kiss (Kis^rlet. Kozlem., 17 (1914), No. 1, pp. 24-34; abs. in Milchw. Zentbl., 43 {1914), No. 18, p. 475).— The refraction of the calcium chlorid serum of milk diluted with water and preserved with formaldehyde or bichromate of potash was studied. It was found that the refraction of the calcium chlorid serum falls after the milk is diluted with water. For each 1 per cent of water added up to 10 per cent the refraction drops approximately 0.25°. Of the preservatives recom- mended for keeping milk samples only formaldehyde has an inappreciable influence on the refraction. On the other hand if 0.1 per cent potassium bichromate is employed the refraction rises from 0.3 to 1.1° and with 0.05 per cent potassium bichromate from 0.1 to 0.65°. The calculation of the specific gravity with Wiegner's formula from the refraction of the calcium chlorid serum yielded very good results. Quevenne's lacto-densimeter and the calculated extract in milk, E. Isnaed {Ann. Falsif., 7 {1914), ^'o. 68, pp. 327, 3.28).— It is claimed that milk sold as whole milk whose density is less than 1.030 and a skim milk with a density of less than 1.032 must be considered watered. Society of German Potato Driers {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 {1914), No. 30, Aufsatzteil, pp. 278, 279). — This is principally the yearly report of the society, but gives an account of the status of the industry. METEOROLOGY. Rainfall and agriculture in the United States, B. C. Wallis {Mo. Weather Revieic, 43 {1915), No. 6, pp. 267-274, fig. i).— Continuing studies noted in a previous article (E. S. R., 33, p. 318), the author attempts to correlate rain- fall conditions and the growth of various crops, particularly wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn, tobacco, and cotton, in the United States. The results show that the sequence of crops tends to be consistent through- out the country and further indicates that "(1) the wettest month is usually avoided for harvesting operations ; generally the harvest is taken in the period following the rainfall maximum. The rainfall maximum of sections G and H [including mainly the east Central States] falls early, so that harvesting may begin in June. In the central Eastern States, however, the harvest tends to be completed before the rainfall maximum occur,s. This circumstance is strikingly illustrated in the cotton States, where the cereal harvests are gathered before the heavy rains and the maize and cotton crops after the maximum has passed. 716 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. (2) Generally the summer crops are sown almost immediately before the rains commence and the winter and fall crops immediately the heaviest rains are over ; the fast-gi'owing crops are well watered at once and the slow-growing seeds lie during a long period which is dry and cold. (3) The variations in the dates of spring sowings are governed by the dates on which the last killing frosts of spring fall due ; this is remarkably shown in connection with the sowing of maize (Indian corn). It becomes, therefore, obvious that, while sowing is related to frost as well as to rainfall, there is a definite adjustment of harvest- ing operations to the rainfall conditions." It is pointed out that the discussion in this paper is based almost entirely upon average values, and hence the general conclusions are valid only in a broad way. It is stated that attention is concentrated upon rainfall "for the definite purpose of determining the importance of the rainfall factor in the complex conditions of the environment of the agriculturist. In itself the rain- fall regime of an area is typical of its latitude, its situation both on the con- tinent and in relation to the ocean. Therefore, a close relationship between successful agriculture and definite rainfall conditions might have been assumed." The effect of weather upon the yield of potatoes, J. W. Smith (Mo. Weather Rev., 43 (1915), No. 5, pp. 222-236, figs. 23).— This article discusses the tem- perature and moisture requirements of potatoes and attempts to correlate the rainfall and temperature of periods of varying lengths during the growing season with the yield of potatoes in central Ohio. Among the conclusions reached are " that cool and wet weather during the first 10 days of July is quite essential as far as central Ohio is concerned, and that the weather of this sliort period has a large influence upon the final yield of potatoes." The hottest region in the United States, G. H. Willson (Mo. Weather Rev., 43 {1915), No. 6, pp. 278-280).— It is stated "that not only the highest temperature in this country occurred in Death Valley, but that the highest shade temperature ever recorded in the open air with standard instruments and under approved methods of exposure in any portion of the world was re- corded at Greenland ranch, on the edge of Death Valley, Inyo County, Cal., on July 10, 1913, when the thermometer registered 134° F." The region of greatest snowfall in the United States, A. H. Palmer (Mo. Weather Rev., 43 (1915), No. 5, pp. 211-221, pis. 2, fig. l^.—It is shown that the region of greatest snowfall in the United States is that surrounding Tama- rack, Alpine County, Cal., where an average season snowfall of 521.3 in. is recorded. Data for distribution of rainfall and snowfall for other places in California are given. Methods and apparatus used in the measurement of snow are described and conditions accompanying heavy snowfall, pressure from snowfall, the economic importance of deep snows, especially with regard to railway traflic, and historical influences of snowfall are discussed. It is shown that up to a certain height there is an increase in the total annual precipitation with increase of elevation. Forty years' observations along the Southern Pacific Railvvay show that up to a height of 6,500 ft. there is an aver- age increase of 0.9 in. of rainfall with every 100 ft. increase of elevation, the rate of increase being greatest between the 3,000 and 4,000 ft. levels. Beyond the 6,500-ft. level the precipitation decreases. The fertilizing value of rain and snow, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, pp. 89, 127-129). — The studies here reported have already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 615). Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 43 (1915), Nos. 5, pp. 211-260, pis. 11, figs. 25; 6, pp. 261-310, pis. 12, figs. 7).— In addition to weather fore- ca.sts, river and flood observations and seismological reports for May and June, 1915, lists of additions to the Weather Bureau library and of recent papers SOILS FERTILIZERS. 717 on meteorology and seismology, notes on the weatber of the months, a condensed climatological summary, ami the usual climatulogiral tables aiul charts, those numbers contain the following articles : No. 5. — Solar and Sky Kadiation Measured at Washington, D. C, during May, 1915, by H. H. Kimball ; Confirmatory Experiments on the Value of the Solar Constant of Radiation, by C. G. Abbot, F. E. Fowle, and L. B. Aldrich ; Solar Halo of May 11, 1915, at Sand Key, Fla. (illus.), by C. G. Andrus ; Solar Halo of May 20, 1915, at Philadelphia (illus.) ; Halo of May 20, 1915, at New Haven, Conn., by C. S. Hastings; The Region of Greatest Snowfall in the United States (illus.), by A. H. Talmer (see p. 716) ; The Effect of Weather upon the Yield of Potatoes (illus.), by J. W. Smith (see p. 716) ; and Ice Condi- tions in Danish Waters, A. D. 690-1860. No. 6. — Solar and Sljy Radiation Measured at Washington, D. C, during June, 1915, by H. H. Kimball; Systematic Observation of Meteors, by S. A. Mitchell ; Internal Reflection as a Source of Error in the Callendar Bolometric Sunshine Receiver (illus.), by E. R. INIiller ; Rainfall and Agriculture in the United States (illus.), by B. C. Wallis (see p. 715) ; A Revolving Cloud Camera (illus.), O. L. Fassig; A Test for Personal Error in Meteorological Observations (illus.), by E. R. Miller; Tlie Hottest Region in the United States, by G. H. Willson (see p. 716) ; Summer Temperatures at Paris and at Reno, Nov., by H. F. Alciatore ; Weather and Radium Emanation at Manila, P. I. ; Meteorolog- ical Papers Presented at the Havre Meeting of the French Association ; The Green Flash at Sunset, by A. W. Porter ; and Pernter and Exner on the Green Flash. Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, J. E. Ostkander and D. Potter (Mnssachusetts Sta. Met. Buls. 319, 320 {1915), pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during July and August, 1915, are presented. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Meteorological records for 1913 and 1914, H. L. Price {Virginia Sta. Tech. Bill. 8 {1915), pp. 165-169; Rpts. 1913-U, pp. 165-169) .—Detailed records of tridaily thermometer readings and summaries of observations on temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind for each month of 1913 and 1914 are given. The United States Weather Bureau, H. E. Williams {U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bur. IPamphlet], 1915, pp. 58, figs. 10). — A brief historical account of the Weather Bureau is given and the nature and value of its work are con- cisely explained. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The development of the study of soils from its beginning to the twentieth century, O. Neuss {Internat. Mitt. Bodenk., ^ {1914), No. 6, pp. 453-495) .—The author presents a brief historical review covering certain of the more important phases of the development of the study of soils from the time of the early Greeks and Romans. McLean County soils, C. G. Hopkins, J. G. Mosier, E. Van Alstine, and F. W. Gakkett {Illinois Sta. Soil Rpt. 10 {1915), pp. 52, pis. 4, figs. 8).— This is the tenth of the series of the Illinois county soil reports. McLean County lies in central Illinois in the early Wisconsin glaciation. The general topogi-aphy is undulating to slightly rolling. The soils of the county are divided into four classes as follows : (1) Upland prairie soils, rich in organic matter, (2) upland timber soils containing much less organic matter, (3) terrace soils, and (4) swamp and bottom lands. The brown silt loam of the upland 718 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. prairie soil occupies 72.6 per cent of the area of tlie county, the black clay loam of the same class 14.5 per cent, and the yellow-gray silt loam of the upland .timber soils 6.2 per cent. It is emphasized that the supplies of plant food in these soils are extremely limited when measured by the needs of large crop yields. " The most significant facts revealed by the investigation of the McLean County soils are the lack of limestone and the low phosphorous content of the common prairie soil and of the most extensive timber type." Nova Scotia soils, F, T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, PP- 91-96). — Physical and chemical analyses of eleven samples of typical soils of Nova Scotia are reported. The distribution of the climatic soil types in Germany, H. Stkemme (In Branca Festschrift. Berlin: Borntrdger Bros., 1914, p. 16; abs. in Zenthl. Agr. CTiem., 44 {1915) , No. 1, p. 6) . — Comparative studies of the existing soil types of Germany are reported. There occur in Germany, in addition to the excessively wet swamp and moor soils, podzol and related soils of medium dampness and black soils of only moderate dampness. The swampy soils generally occur where the annual rain- fall exceeds 23 or 24 in., while the podzol and black soils occur in regions having an annual rainfall of less than about 20 in. Chernozem soils occur in the far inland regions south of Breslau and Halle and podzol and related types in Pomerania in the neighborhood of the Baltic. In the podzol soil regions the humus lime soils (rendzine) from the limestone mountains are known to be endodynamorphic soils, as noted by Glinka (E. S. R., 31, p. 719). Such soils with the iron horizon very evident, just beginning, and entirely absent are de- scribed. Certain so-called black soils in East and West Prussia and other localities, which occur as moor marl in basin formations, are said to be partly humus lime soils. In Schleswig and west and south Germany the character- istic formation of the present soil types is obliterated by fossil soils. The m^aterial carried by the streams of the Alps and the Pyrenees, A. MtJNTz and E. Laine (Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 156 (1913), No. 11, pp. 848-851). — In connection with investigations of the water resources of the Alps and Pyrenees mountains with reference to the possibilities for irrigation and water power development, studies were made of the silt carried by the streams and of their silt transporting capacities to determine the possibilities of silting of canals and reservoirs. Fifteen observation stations were established in the Alps and eight in the Pyrenees. The results show that the streams of the Alps carry much more silt and matter in solution than the Pyrenees' streams. The Alps' streams, while rela- tively clear in the winter, are subject to extreme floods during the spring and summer, at which times they carry enormous quantities of silt. They also carry large and variable amounts of lime in solution at different seasons, these being greatest in the winter when the water is low and clear and least in spring and summer. The streams of the Pyrenees, in which glaciers are practically absent, are relatively clear the year around and carry silt in appreciable quan- tities only during occasional floods due to heavy rains. The proportion of dis- solved matter, principally lime, is much less in these waters than in the Alps' waters and is not subject to such wide variations. The abundant carrying of material by the streams of the Alps is attributed to the comparatively recent formation of these mountains. The Pyrenees, on the other hand, are of much more ancient formation and have undergone wash- ing an infinitely longer time, so that their streams are clearer. The importance of the results from the standpoint of the construction of dams, caiials, and reservoirs is pointed out. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 719 Studies on the formation of silt and its transportation by streams in the Alps and Pyrenees, A. Muntz and E. Lain^ {Compt. Rend. Acad. t^ci. [Puris], 160 {1915), Ko. 15, pp. 462-467). — Further studies on the character and amount of the silty material carried bj' streams in the Alps and Pyrenees confirmed the results noted in the above report. It was found that the quantities of soluble matter and matter carried in sus- pension by the streams are extremely variable according to the geological origin of the formations which are drained by them. Ancient formations, consisting mostly of rocks, yield little silt, while recent formations yield relatively more silt. Erosion is, therefore, greater in the Alps than in the Pyrenees. Analyses of water from the more important streams witli reference to the content of suspended matter and matter in solution showed that where the latter is large the former is frequently much larger. ^Mechanical analyses of silts showed the close relation of the physical composition of the suspended and deposited silt to the velocity of the stream. Observations on irrigation canals in the Alps region showed that at a ve- locity of about 5 ft. per second, the sand grains deposited were between about 0.0039 and 0.0097 in. in diameter. With a velocity of about 2i ft. per second the sand grains were between about 0.0019.5 and 0.003 in. in diameter, while with a current about IJ ft. per second, the diameter of the silt particles de- posited was less than 0.001 in. The matter remaining in suspension consists, therefore, of the finest particles. It is pointed out from these results that the mountain waters, particularly those of the Alps, when used for irrigation will deposit an appreciable layer of silt on the land, the grains of which will varj- in size from coarse to fine as the streams approach the plains and the grades and velocities diminish. Studies as to the agricultural value of these deposits are in progress. Physical and chemical conditions of cultivated and forest soils, A. Pab- KOzzAxi {A7in. R. Sta.::. Sper. Affrum. e Friitticol. Acireale, 2 (1914), PP- 23-46). — The views of others with reference to the physical and chemical properties of forest soils are briefly presented, and studies of the changes produced in the physical and chemical properties of forest soils by deforestation and cultivation are reported. Little difference was, on the whole, observed between the nitrogen content of the forested and deforested soils. The total nitrogen content of forested soils was highest in soils partially cultivated and supporting olive and chestnut trees, and lowest in typical forest soils supporting oak and beech trees. In the oak soils the total nitrogen increased in the surface soil as the closeness of texture decreased, while the opposite was true for the subsoil. In the deforested soils the total nitrogen content was always high in those lying fallow, and especially low in those planted to beans. The ammonia content of dense cork-oak soils was greater and the nitrate content less than in medium or loose soils of the same type. Of the deforested soils, those lying fallow contained the most ammonia. The deforested soils, in general, contained more nitrate than the forested soils, although the sub- soil of olive soils contained more nitrate than deforested cultivated soils. There were more nitrates in the surface soil of the forested soils than in the subsoiL The cultivated soils had a greater absorbing power, especially for potash, than the forested soils. The water-soluble matter in the cork-oak soils de- creased as the looseness in texture increased. The total soluble matter in forested soils, especially in the surface soil, was increased after oxidation with hydrogen peroxid. The same was true for the subsoil of recently deforested soils, except fallow soil. 720 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. It is concluded that as regards the difference between forested and cultivated soils in absorbing power, concentration of soil solution, and content of easily oxidizable organic matter, the forested soil represents a state of continuous chemical and physical evolution and is profoundly modified when it reaches the cultivated condition. A list of references to related literature is appended. Nitrogen in forest soils, A. Pakeozzani (Ann. R. Staz. Sper. Agrum. e Frutticol. Acireale, 2 (1914), pp. 14-22) .—After presenting the views of others as to the forms of nitrogen occurring in forest soils, the results of mechanical and chemical analyses of soils from two forests growing beech, common and cork oak, and chestnut trees and broom {Genista aetnensis) are reported. Nitrates were found in all of the soils, except those growing broom, and showed no relation to lime content. Deep soils contained more nitrates than shallow soils. More nitrates were found in the oak soils than in the soils growing other trees and were more evident in the surface than in the subsoil, especially in soils of medium and loose texture. Five soils were rich in nitrates and two were not. Under identical conditions the nitrite content of the oak soils was superior to that of the chestnut and beech soils. A list of references to literature bearing on the subject is appended. Correlation between humus and mineral matter in dark colored soils, A. A. Blagonkavov (Abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landiv.), 14 (1913), No. 5, pp. 457, 458). — Assuming that degraded dark colored soils have been at one time less degraded and comparing their chemical composition by calculating the percentage composition of the zeolitic portion, the author finds that the changes in the mineral part of these soils correspond with the changes of the humus content. On this basis, and assuming that the lime is carried from the higher horizons downward in the form of calcium crenate, he calculates a series of " simple correlations " between the lime and crenic acid, for which he takes Mulder's formula C24H24O16. With the aid of these correlations it is considered possible, from the differ- ence in the humus of any two soils and the amount of lime in one, to calculate the contents of the zeolitic lime in the other. The values so calculated differ from those found by actual analysis only in hundredths of one per cent. Other constituents of the zeolitic portion are also found by means of calculations from a whole series of ratios. On the basis of correlations between different elements so obtained the difference in the composition of two soils is expressed in the form of formulas by the aid of which, having previously determined the lime percentage, the contents of all the other constituents are calculated. Then accepting for humic acid Detmer's formula CooHmOzt, the ratios to humic acid of the various bases soluble in 10 per cent hydrochloric acid are found and from these ratios, guided again by the relation between humus and lime (1:4), a formula is deduced for the composition of the mineral constituents of a given soil. In conclusion, the author reduces the soils of different regions to a small number of groups, being guided by the ratio of the amount of carbon in the humus to the sum of mineral substances (from 10 per cent hydrochloric acid solution). Bacteria of frozen soil, III, H. J. Conn (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.'], 2. Abt, 42 {1914), No. 11-18, pp. 510-519, figs. S).— Further studies on the subject (E. S. R., 26, p. 520) confirm the former conclusion that the number of bacteria in frozen soil is generally higher than in unfrozen soil. This was true not only of cropped soil but also of sod and fallow soil. Other results of these studies have been reported by the author in bulletin form (E. S. R., 32, p. 33). SOILS FERTILIZERS. 721 The effect of green manuring on soil nitrates under greenhouse condi- tions, H. H. Hill et al. (Virginia Sta. Tech. Bui. 6 (1915), pp. 121-153; Rpts. 1913-14, pp. 121-153). — Pot and laboratory experiments to determine the effect of green manures on nitrate accumulation and plant growth in 5 types of Vir- ginia soils are reported. Preliminary experiments on the effect of vegetable matter on nitrate formation in partially sterilized and unsterilized silt loam showed that organic matter such as blue grass, clover, and alfalfa when turned under in the soil appeared to pass over into nitrates, more especially in sterilized soil. In further experiments with soils ranging in texture from sandy loams to heavy clays to which green manures and organic matter were added in the following proportions : 0.3 per cent Swedish filter paper, 0.6 per cent straw, 0.44 per cent clover, 0.44 per cent soy beans, and 0.22 per cent blue grass, it was found that the total number of bacteria in soils treated with green manures was much greater than in soils receiving no green-manure treatment. Legumes gave in most cases the highest bacterial count. The rate of nitrate formation and plant growth in every case was greatly improved by the addition of green manures. There was a smaller amount of nitrogen in plants grown in pots treated with paper than with those grown on untreated soil. Paper in each soil type caused a depression in the number of bacteria, nitrate formation, and in plant growth, and produced a yellow appearance in the plants. " Soils vary in their power to accumulate nitrogen. Soils, from the same field, when taken at different times, show a variation in nitrogen-accumulating power." " It is believed from the results of this paper that the open soils have a natural tendency toward nitrate accumulation and that this may be stimu- lated by applications of green materials." A bibliography is appended. Some common misconceptions with respect to soils and soil fertility, O. B. LiPMAN {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4 (1915), No. 5-6, pp. 23i-239).— In an attempt to correct certain of what are considered to be misconceptions with reference to soils and soil fertility, it is pointed out that in the light of present knowledge overirrigation is injurious to crop growth, that analysis of soils is not a criterion for their adaptability to crops or fertilizer needs, and that plant- food elements in fertilizers do not have many of the specific effects on plant growth commonly attributed to them. The teachings of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station relative to soil fertility, G. Robekts (Kentucky Sta. Bui. 191 (1915), pp. 31-66).— This bulletin, with an introduction by J. H. Kastle, is a general statement of the principles of soil fex'tility as taught by the station. These are based in part on a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 21, p. 316) and in part on the general results of two, four, and six year series of plat and field experiments in different parts of the State with various field crops to determine the fertility requirements of representative soil types, with particular reference to phosphorus, nitrogen, and potash, and the most effective and economical methods of supplying these when needed. The detailed results of these experiments are to be published in a later publication. It is the belief that practically all the soils of Kentucky contain inexhaustible supplies of potash, which can be made available with sufficient rapidity through maintenance of the humus content. With the exception of the soils of the blue- grass regions, the soils of the State are considered to be deficient in phosphorus, which usually can be most advantageously supplied as acid phosphate until organic matter is restored to the soil, after which rock phosphate may be used. The purchase of nitrogenous fertilizers is considered uneconomical, nitrogen 722 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. being best returned to the soil as farm manure and by the cultivation of legumes and the use of catch crops, cover crops, and crop residues. Tlie general use of complete fertilizers is not considered economical or conducive to a condition of permanent soil fertility. It is recommended that systems of cropping be followed v.'hereby plant food is returned to the soil through crop residues and manures, that rotations containing leguminous and cover crops be used, and that de- ficiencies in any plant-food element, as indicated by field experiments or chemical analyses, be supplied in the cheapest available form and in quantities sufficient to meet the requirements of a number of crops. Barnyard manure, P. H. Moore {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, pp. 291, 292). — Comparative tests of a mixture of commercial fertilizer alone and the same mixture together with 16 tons of barnyard manure per acre for mangels showed that the plat receiving the second mixture yielded over 3 tons per acre more than the plat receiving the first mixture. Experiments comparing spring application with winter application of fresh manure, and spring application of manure staclied in the field during the winter with winter application of fresh manure, favored the spring application in both cases. The losses and preservation of barnyard ananure, O. B. Winter {Michigan Sta. Circ. 26 {1915), pp. 2-8). — This circular calls attention to the losses of plant food in barnyard manure under present systems of farm management and describes methods for its preservation. The effect of fineness of peat litter on its absorptive power for water, H. VON Feilitzen {Mitt. Yer. Ford. Moorkulttir Deut. Reiche, 33 {1915), No. 6, pp. 85-91, fig. 1). — The work of others bearing on the subject is briefly reviewed and experiments with peat litter and peat dust of various kinds, with reference to their absorptive power for water, are reported. In addition to measuring the size of grains the different samples were subjected to botanical analysis. It was found that the absorptive power for water increased with fineness of grain until a fineness of from 1 to 2 mm. was reached, after which the absorptive power gradually decreased until a fineness of 0.5 mm. was reached, and then rapidly decreased. The botanical investigation showed that the accessory plant constituents other than sphagnum, which has a much greater absorptive pov,'er for water than the others, tend to collect in the finest grains. It is concluded, therefore, that the different absorptive powers for water of the different fine particles of peat dust depend not only on the degree of fine- ness but perhaps more on the frequent occurrence of accessory plant con- stituents and humus particles. The importance of micaceous minerals in agriculture, E. Blanck {FuJiUng's Landio. Ztg., 64 {1915), No. 1, pp. 2JD-2S). — The author briefly reviews recent work by himself (E. S. R., 27, p. 520; 29, p. 215) and others which shows that the potassium of biotite is more available as plant food than that of feldspar and much more available than that of muscovite. Experiments by Atterberg (E. S. R., 30, p. 214) are referred to as indicating also that biotite plays a special role in connection with the physical properties of certain stiff clays, particularly in increasing their plasticity. The comparative value of different sources of phosphorus, B. L. Hartwell and S. C. Damon {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 163 {1915), pp. 515-560, pis. 2).— This bulletin reports the unpublished results and a summary of published results of twenty years' continuous field experiments on silt-loam soil composed of glacial drift of granitic origin to compare different phosphatic materials. Three experiments were conducted. The first was a six-year comparison of Chincha and Lobos guanos, ground bone, and dissolved phosphate rock so applied as to furnish the same amount of phosphorus, the nitrogen and potas- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 723 sium of the guanos being matched by using nitrate of soda and muriate of potash to supplement the bone and dissolved phosphate rock. The soil was acid. It was found under these conditions that the phosphorus of ground bone was the most available, followed in order by that of guanos and the dissolved phosphate rock. In the second experiment the results of a seven-year com- parison of Thomas slag phosphate, Lobos guano, ground bone, and dissolved phosphate rock on an equal phosphorus basis in the presence of liberal amounts of nitrogen and potassium M-ere inconclusive. The third experiment covered twenty years, the purpose being to determine the relative availability of the phosphorus in dissolved boneblack, dissolved bone, dissolved phosphate rock, fine ground bone, Thomas slag phosphate, raw rock phosphate, raw Redonda phosphate, roasted Redonda phosphate, and double superphosphate applied during the first half of the experiment, with liberal amounts of nitrate of soda and muriate of potash, to limed and unlimed land. In the first five years of the experiment, during which the phosphates were added on the basis of equal cost, it was found that Thomas slag phosphate and ground bone were superior even to dissolved boneblack and dissolved bone on unlimed soil, the reverse being true on limed soil. Dissolved phosphate rock ranked fifth in both the limed and unlimed soil, being markedly superior to the raw phosphate rock. In the following ten years, during which the combined phosphatic applications were adjusted to an equal phosphorus basis, it was found that the most available phosphorus for both limed and unlimed soils was apparently that in Thomas slag phosphate, ground bone, and dissolved bone. The dissolved boneblack and dissolved phosphate rock ranked next and were considerably superior to raw rock phosphate. The final summary of the entire 20 years' work shows that the after effects of the phosphates were very marked and indicate the importance of continued tenure of the land. The rank of the different phosphates was left practically unchanged with the unlimed plats. With the limed plats the main change was that the dissolved boneblack was placed among those of first rank. Dissolved phosphate rock held an intermediate place, being decidedly superior to double superphosphate, raw rock phosphate, and Redonda phosphate on both limed and unlimed soil. The double superphosphate needed considerable lime for its greatest efliciency, for only on the limed soil did it rank next to the dissolved phosphate rock, being decidedly inferior even to the raw phosphate rock in case of the unlimed soil. With the limed soil roasted Redonda phosphate was somewhat superior to the raw phosphate rock, although decidedly inferior with the unlimed soil. The raw Redonda phosphate was practically valueless. In connection with this experiment a comparison of the effect of 3 tons of slaked lime per acre applied to the limed phosphate plats with the effect on limed plats receiving no phosphorus showed that in the latter case the increase in the value of the crop during the twenty years, due to the lime, was about $400 per acre. With the insoluble phosphates, ground bone, Thomas slag phos- phate, raw phosphate rock, and raw Redonda phosphate it was $330 and less, and with the other phosphates the increase ranged from $442 with the dis- solved phosphate rock to $590 with the double superphosphate. Use of lime on the farm, C. B. Williams (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 28 (1915), pp. 7). — This circular gives instructions as to the proper use of lime on North Carolina soils and a brief resume of results securetl with lime when used on various crops at the different experimental farms in the State. Fertilizing materials, F. T. Shutt (CavMda Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, PP- 96-104). — Chemical analyses of 25 samples of marl and limestone, super- phosphate of lime, w^ood ashes, sewage sludge, flue ashes, and pulp mill refuse are reported. 12146°— No. S—1 5 3 724 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOED. Commercial fertilizers, J. T. Willard et al. (Kansas Sta. Bui. 204 (1915), pp. S-JfO). — This bulletin contains actual and guarantied analyses of 105 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials offered for sale in Kansas and a state- ment of receipts and expenditures from January 1, 1913, to June 30, 1914. On the basis of this inspection the fertilizer business of the State is considered to be in good condition. There is also a special article by C. O. Swanson on the value and use of fertilizers designed to assist the farmers of Kansas in the intelligent use of fertilizers. It is thought probable that owing to the uncertainty regarding the climate, the tendency in Kansas will be toward the use of more slowly avail- able plant food rather than that which is more quickly available. A list of Kansas dealers in fertilizers is appended. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, P. H. Wessels et al. (Rhode Island Sta. Insp. Bui., 1915, July, pp. 8). — This contains actual and guarantied analyses and valuations of 45 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials for sale in Rhode Island in the spring of 1915. AGRICULTURAL 30TANY. Plant anatomy, W. I. Palladin, trans, by S. Tschulok (Pflansenanatomie. Leipsic: B. G. Teubner, 191^, pp. IV -\- 195, figs. 174). — This is a translation of the fifth Russian edition. The three main divisions deal in more or less detail with the anatomy of plant cells, tissues, and organs, and modifications thereof by various agencies. It is designed for use by students of pharmacy, forestry, agriculture, and natural science. Anatomical relations of some variegated foliage leaves, R. Koketsu (Bot. Mag. [Tokyo], 28 (1914), No. 336, pp. 323-32.5) .—The author gives briefly the results of studies carried out with several species of variegated plants. Green coloring matter is deficient or absent in all or certain layers of varie- gated leaf parts. The color of such portions depends more or less upon the subepidermal air bubbles or spaces. Cells of such tissue are usually tenderer and smaller than in tissue of normal color, the colorless portions of leaves being also abnormally thin. Tissue differentiation in the mesophyll is usually indis- tinct or abnormal, intercellular spaces being often abnormally large or small. Starch is absent in the colorless cells. Colorless leaf cells usually contain con- siderable calcium oxalate, but no oil droplets. Cuticle develops in these cells much as in normal leaves. Stomata are usually about as numerous in these areas as elsewhere, but Quercus glauca monstrosa appears to have no stomata in the white portions. Nitrogen and fats are only sparingly present, but sugar is often plentiful. Oxidation enzyms are not abundant. Some observations are also given in regard to coloration and anatomical cor- relations in these variegated portions. Structure and function in contractile roots, G. Catalano (Nuovo Gior. Bot. iff/7., 22 (1915), No. 1, pp. 148-114, figs. 6). — This is an account of anatomical and morphological studies on several plants whose roots show a tendency to more or less persistent shortening and thickening, as related to the storing of reserve material, to moisture as causing more or less temporary turgor, and to other conditions. The track of stimulus in Mimosa pudica, K. Linsbaueb (Ber. Deut. Bot. Gcscll., 32 (1914), No. 9, pp. 609-621, figs. 3). — The author cites experiments and observations which are considered to show that the conduction of wound stimu- lus in M. pudica may occur in connection with considerable tracts of the woody I>ortions of the stem, without reference to the presence or absence of the cortex. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 725 Recent studies on mitochondria in vegetable cells, E. Cabano (Ann. Bot. lRo7ne], 12 (1914), No. 2, pp. 209-217).— This is a synthetic review of recent articles by several authors, appearing from 1011 to 1913. The role of chlorin in plant nutrition, W. E. Tottingham (Abs. in Science, n. ser., J,2 {1915), Ko. 1071, p. 68).— As the result of investigations the author reports that -uater cultures of various plants have shown marked stimulative effects of chlorids on root development. Sand cultures of mangels, supplied sodium and chlorin separately and in combination, have developed most favor- ably in the latter case. Soil cultures of sugar beets in the greenhouse, where sodium chlorid was supplied, have exceeded ia yield the control unfertilized cultures. The percentage of sucrose in the dry matter has also increased where the chlorin was added. Plat experiments in the field with sugar beets at Madi- son, "Wis., are said to show increased yields due to the application of sodium chlorid, the increase amounting to as much as 500 lbs. per acre. The experiments are to be continued, a variety of plants being tested, in the belief that in some plants at least chlorin may be found to function in specific nutrient effects. Localization of manganese ions in roots as related to the formation of proteid substance, G. D'Ippolito and A. Pxtgliese (Sfaz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 47 {1914), No. S, pp. 231-240, pis. 3). — The authors present some results of experi- ments with wheat grown in aqueous or nutritive solutions containing man- ganese compounds. The claims of Acqua (E. S. R, 31, p. 325) regarding colora- tion as indicating and locating the utilization of such compounds are also re- viewed in this connection. The localization of manganese in plants, C. Acqtja (Ann. Bot. IRomel, 12 {1914), No. 3, pp. 361-368) .—This is a reply to the above note. Toxicity and malnutrition, R. H. Tkue {Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1075, pp. 195, 196). — The author discusses the terms "toxicity" and "poison" in relation to their physiological significance, and attempts to arrive at a more definite understanding regarding their use. The most satisfactory solution of the problem seems to lie in the supposed relation existing between ions and the protein of the living organism. The action of potassium cyanid when introduced into tissues of a plant, W. MooEB and A. G. Ruggles {Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1070, pp. 33-36). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., 32, p. 152) an account is given of experi- ments by Sanford on the destruction of Icerya purcJiasi by the use of potassium cyanid placed in the tissues of the tree. The authors have carried on experi- ments with potassium cyanid placed in the stems of geranium plants and also in apple trees to determine the path of translocation of the introduced substance. As a result of their investigations they conclude that the treatment would have little or no value for the larger number of wood-boring insects, as the hydrocyanic acid does not travel in the cambium of the trees, but only through the old trachea). For the herbaceous and semiv>'oody plants the presence of the chemical, it is believed, woiild endanger the life of the plant. The amount of creatinin in plants, M. X. Sullivan (Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1071, p. 69). — Investigations of the author have shown the occurrence of creatinin in plants, the quantity having been determined in recent experiments. Only from 1 to 6 parts per million were found in ungerminated seed of wheat and soy bean. The amount increased during germination, and in wheat seedlings 10 to 12 days old, from 40 to 65 parts per million of creatinin were found. The formation of creatinin by bacteria, M. X. Sullr^an {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1071, p. 69). — In experiments by the author it was found 726 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOED. that a trace of soil added to a protein-free synthetic culture medium, with am- monium sulphate as the source of nitrogen, led to the development of a strong growth of bacteria. Analysis made six months after inoculation of the soil showed the presence of creatinin, as indicated by color reactions and by the formation of creatinin zinc chlorid. The assimilation of carbon and nitrogen compounds by mold fungi, A. Kossowicz (Biochem. Ztschr., 67 {1914), ^o. 4-5, pp. 391-399). — More recent study (E. S. R., 32, p, 728) of the nutritional relations between ten widely divergent and common mold fungi named, and several carbon and nitrogen compounds is claimed to have §hown that in pure cultures these fungi were each able to utilize as the sole nitrogen source, uric acid, hippuric acid, glycocoll, guanin or its compounds, calcium cyanamid, nitrites, or nitrates, and urea, and as a carbon source any of the first four above-named substances. The relation of yeasts and molds to nitrates, A. Kossowicz (Biochem. Zischr., 67 (1914), No. 4-5, pp. 400-419). — Results are detailed of several series of experiments in which some or all of the ten fungi employed in the studies above noted were found to reduce nitrate in the nutritive medium to nitrite. Results with yeasts were either less definite or else negative. The nitrate ferment and the formation of physiological species, M. W. Beijerinck (Folia Microbiol. [Delft], S (1914), No. 2, pp. 91-113, pi. i).— Dis- cussing results of further investigations (E. S. R., 32, p. 523), the author con- trasts these ferments with some related kinds and discusses the difficulty or imposibility here illustrated of distinguishing sharply between mutations and hereditarily stable modifications. The two kinds of nitrate ferment are claimed to be clearly distinguishable. Influence of hybridization and cross-pollination on the water requirement of plants, L. J. Bkiggs and H. L. Shantz (JJ. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 (1915), No. 5, pp. 391-402, pi. 1, fig. 1). — It having been suggested by Collins (E. S. R., 24, p. 236) that hybridization might result in increased drought resistance, the authors report on a study of the water requirements of 8 first generation maize hybrids and 1 wheat hybrid (a cross between Triticum durum and T. cestivum). The measurements were made at Akron, Colo., from 1912 to 1914, the methods previously described (E. S. R., 29, p. 825) being employed. From the data presented, it appears that "the hybrids ranged in water re- quirement from 10 per cent below to 10 per cent above the parental mean. On the basis of the results so far obtained, the chances are even that a maize hybrid will not depart in its water requii-ement more than ^^6 per cent from the parental mean. Cross-pollination between individual plants of maize leads to results similar to hybridization of different strains, so far as water require- ment and yield are concerned. A wheat hybrid which had been grown for several generations gave a water requirement 14 per cent above the mean water requirement of the parental strains." The relation between light intensity and the formation of essential oil, V. LuBiMENKO and M. Novikov (Trudy Biuro Prikl. Bot. (Bui. Appl. Bot.), 7 (1914), No. 11, pp. 697-727). — In studies carried out with Ocimum hasilicum under illumination of" different intensities, the author claims to have shown that the development of plant organs and production of essential oil bear a relation to the intensity of illumination to which the plant is subjected. A gradual decrease of intensity leads to a preponderance of development of the vegetative portions over that of both flowers and fruits. The stems attain their maximum weight under stronger illumination than that requii-ed for such attainment in case of the leaves. Production of dry substance in this plant as a whole attains its maximum in somewhat attenuated daylight, diminishing rapidly with departure in either direction from this point. Light seems to act FIELD CROPS. 727 directly upon the formation of essential oil in the leaves, flowers, and fruits, such production being retarded by an increase of illumination, and the optimum being reached in subdued daylight. The optimum light intensity for oil pro- duction is, moreover, below that for production of dry matter. Some bearings of these facts are discussed. Artificial photosynthesis by means of dxlorophyll, W. J. V. Ostebhout {Abs. in Science, n. scr., Ji2 {1915), No 1011, p. 68).— The author states that if Schryver's test for formaldehyde is specific, experiments show that formalde- hyde produced from chlorophyll acting in the presence of carbonic acid in sun- light is due to the decomposition of the chlorophyll and not to photosynthesis, as has been supposed to be proved. Other pigments, as methyl green, iodia green, and a variety of other stains, exposed to sunlight under the same con- ditions as chlorophyll, also give the test for formaldehyde. From this it is considered that artificial photosynthesis by means of sunlight has not yet been accomplished. The efEects of electrolytes on oat seeds, F. Plate (Ann. Bot. [Romel, 12 {1914) r No. 3, pp. 261-34S). — After a review of reports by others on related studies, the author gives in considerable detail the results of his own more recent work (E. S. R., 30, p. 228; 33, p. 521). The numerous organic and inor- ganic compounds employed arc arranged in seven general groups according to their observed relations as noted in regard to their absorption and their efEects on the germination and development of the seeds. A new device for sterile preservation of seeds, M. Plaut {Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell., 32 {1914), No. 7, pp. 466-411, figs. 3). — A description is given of a com- bination cap of wire gauze and cotton wool for closing vessels intended to con- tain seeds for preservation, experimentation, etc. This is expected to give at low cost complete protection with safety, convenience, and ease of manipulation. The heredity of fasciation in Bunias orientalis, R. Pieotta and M. Puglisi {Ann. Bot. [Rome], 12 {1914), No. 3, pp. 345-360, pis. 6).— As a result of the preliminary study here described, the authors consider the tendency to fascia- tion in B. orientalis {Lwlia orientalis) to be hereditary. Flora of New Mexico, E. O. Wooton and P. C. Standlet {JJ. S. Nat. Mus., Contrib. Nat. Herbarium, 19 {1915), pp. 75^).— This flora of New Mexico is based largely upon the authors' collections, supplemented by all the available material to be found in the principal herbariums of the world. Both the authors were for a time connected with the New Mexico Experiment Station, from which point their collecting work was largely done. About 3,000 species of flowering plants and vascular cryptogams are included in the publication. Keys are given to the genera and species so that this flora may be used as a field manual in the region covered. Tropical North. American species of Panicum, A. S. Hitchcock and Agnes Chase {TJ. S. Nat. Mus., Contrib. Nat. Herbarium, 17 {1915), pt. 6, pp. XII + 459-539, figs. 139).— In a preceding paper (E. S. R., 24, p. 432) the authors presented a revision of the North American species of Panicum. The present contribution is the result of further studies of the tropical species which were not fully treated in the previous publication. Keys are given for all the tropical species, although descriptions are not always included. The authors list 116 species and 3 subspecies, 9 of which are described as new. FIELD CROPS. On a criterion of substratum homogeneity (or heterogeneity) in field ex- periments, J. A. Harris {Amer. Nat., 49 {1915), No. 583, pp. 430-454, figs. S).— In this article the author points out the need of some generally applicable meas- 728 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. ure of the degree of homogeneity of the soil of an experimental field, and pro- poses as a scientific criterion the coefficient of correlation between neighboring plats of the field. An exceedingly simple formula for the calculation of such coefficients has been deduced. " Let S indicate a summation for all the ultimate or combination plats of the field under consideration, as may be indicated by the capital Cp or lower case p. Then in our present notation, v\'hich is as much simplified as possible for the special purposes of this discussion, {[S(Cp')-S(p^)]lm[n(n-l)]}-p-^ rpiP2= ^2 where P is the average yield of the ultimate plats and ap their variability, and n is constant throughout the m combination plats." The method of application of this coefficient is illustrated by the use of published records of several investigators, involving experiments with mangolds, wheat, and timothy hay. " The remarkable thing about the results of these tests is that in every case the coefficient of correlation has the positive sign and that in some instances it is of even more than a medium value. In short, in every one of these experi- mental series the irregularities of the substratum have been sufficient to influ- ence, and often profoundly, the experimental results." It is noted that nothing could " emphasize more emphatically the need of a scientific criterion for substratum homogeneity than the facts that correlations between the yields of adjacent plats ranging from r=0.115 to r=0.609 can be deduced from the data of fields which have passed the trained eyes of agri- cultural experimentei's as satisfactorily uniform." [Field crops] work of the Truckee-Carson reclamation project experiment farm in 1914, F. B. Headley (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Tuckee-Carson Expt. Farm, 1914, PP- 1-9). — This reports the progress of work at the experiment farm near Fallon, Nev. (E. S. R., 31, p. 828), and near-by farms. Weather records are given and data as to agricultural conditions, which include acreage, yields, and farm values of the main money-producing crops in 1914 and a comparison of the data with those of 1912 and 1913. Yields in variety tests with 11 varieties of alfalfa ranged from 72 to 134 lbs. per 100-ft. row , with four varieties of fodder corn, from 13.53 to 19.85 tons per acre of green weight ; with six varieties of wheat, from 16.3 to 31.8 bu. per acre ; with six varieties of oats, from 16.6 to 24.5 bu. per acre; with 24 varieties of corn, from 554 to 1,390 lbs. per acre; and with 22 varieties of potatoes, from 4 to 61 lbs. of marketable tubers per 100-ft. row. [Field crops work at tlie Canadian stations and farms in 1913], J. H. Geisdale et al. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, PP- 3, 4, 15-19, 22-24, 28, 29, 88-40, 41, 42, 45, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 67, 68, 12, 13, 11, 18, 80, 81, 83, 104-109, 119-123, I4I-I8O, 183-291, 510, 511, 557-559, 560, 563-566, 515, 516, 580-582, 587, 588, 608-613, 643-646, 670, 683, 684, 686, 695, 698, 118, 119, 125, 126, 143, 152-828, 881-940, 941-950, 995-1022, pis. iS).— This reports the continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 431) and is a detailed account of the work already mentioned (E. S. R., 30, p. 829; 32, pp. 530, 532), with meteorological data and additional data on variety and manurial tests with potatoes, tobacco, and sugar beets. Experiments with spring grain in 1914, P. R. Fedoeov (Besenchuk. Selsk. KTioz. Opytn. Stantsiia, No. 58 {1914), PP- ^3). — In a 4-field rotation system the crops preceding wheat were peas, corn, sunflowers, millet, potatoes, carrots, and wheat. The greatest yields were after potatoes and carrots, the smallest after wheat and sunflowers. FIELD CROPS. 729 In a depth-of -plowing test for seeding wlieat, 4 verchol« (7 in.) gave better results than 2^ or 5* verchok depths. August proved a better time to plow than July or September. Heavy seeding, 9 poods per dessyatina (120.2 lbs. per acre), gave better results than light seeding. In fertilizer tests barnyard manure gave the best results. Phosphates seemed to reduce the yield. Native varieties gave the largest yields and Egyptian the smallest. There were no parasites on oats during the year. A large number of empty gi-ains resulted from the drought. The depth of plowing best suited was found to be 4 verchoks for the crop preceding the oats and 5 verchoks for the oats. In fertilizer tests barnyard manure, manure combined with Thomas slag, and Thomas slag alone were used. The manure, either alone or in combination, apparently did not increase the yield of oats, though somewhat improving the quality of the grain, while Thomas slag alone increased the yield by 11.4 per cent. Of oats sown broadcast, 5 to 7 poods per dessyatina, in rows with from 4 to 7 poods per dessyatina, in wide single and double row^ with from 3 to 5 poods per dessyatina, and at distances varying from C to 8 verchoks, the best method proved to be sowing in wide single rows at a distance of 8 verchoks. Wild white clover, A. N. M'Alpine {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 27 {1915), pp. 238-256). — This article treats of wild sweet clover {Trifolium repens sylvestrc), discussing its distinguishing characters, agricultural value, ecology, characteristics of the commercial seed, and its growth and development. Corn, C. P. Bull {Minnesota Sta. Bui. U9 {1915), pp. 5-23, figs. 7).— This bulletin gives a detailed report of work previously noted (E. S. II., 28, p. 233) and additional results on corn cultural experiments. As the result of different methods of cultivation for three years, it is con- cluded that " to a certain degree the lack of cultivation is attended with an in- creased percentage of barren stalks. Though the ' twice-cultivated ' plat is an exception, the increase in the number of cultivations seems to have a tendency to lower the percentage of stand. The difference in the plats is, however, not sufficient to warrant a definite conclusion. The height of the stalks and of the ears on the stalk does not appear to be influenced by the cultivations, except that with no cultivation they are considerably lower. The yield per acre of corn is the important item in the results of this experiment. The averages for the plats show conclusively that the number of cultivations materially affects the yield per acre. The yield of stover also increases regularly with the num- ber of cultivations. It is plain that two cultivations are not sufficient to subdue the weeds and give the proper start to the vegetative growth of the plants. It is quite likely that the relative time of cultivation has something to do with the value, but that was not considered in this experiment. "Another important fact shown is that it is not necessary to practice deep tillage when once the soil has been properly prepared before planting. The average yield of the hoed plat exceeded the highest yield obtained from any other. It exceeded that of the plat cultivated six times by 1.46 bu. per acre. " The data show that the large profit from cultivation comes from the fourth cultivation and that there is but slight gain from three cultivations over two cultivations, the profit amounting to but 53.2 cts. more than the cost of the operation." In a study covering five seasons of the relation of the number of stalks per hill to yield, where the hills were spaced 44 by 44 in., the results show that not only the number but also the percentage of barren stalks increased as the number of stalks per hill increased, but that the difference in percentage stand In check rows was not sufficient to be regarded as significant. The percentage 730 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD. Stand in the drill row was nearly perfect, thus indicating that the chances of securing a perfect stand are about 5 per cent better by planting in drills. A large number of stalks per hill (6, 7, or 8) impaired the growth, as shown by the short plants and low ears in these hills. The percentage of marketable ears decreased as the number of stalks per hill increased. The maximum yield per acre was reached with four stalks per hill, with three stalks per hill yielding only a fraction of a bushel less, followed by five stalks per hill. Six stalks per hill yielded higher than two stalks. The percentage of marketable ears harvested from corn planted 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 stalks per hill were 81.4, 66.37, 54.45, 38.75, and 30.37, respectively, while that of corn planted 18 in. apart in drills 44 in. apart was 82.07. Single-stalk cotton culture at San Antonio, R. M. IMeade (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 279 (1915), pp. 20, pis. 6, figs. 3). — This bulletin gives results of trials in 1914 of the single-stalk cotton culture method (E. S. R., 32, p. 434) in compari- son with the usual wide-spacing method. Data show the average number of vegetative branches on plants in wide-spaced and in single-stalk rows, the daily flower census of single-stalk and wide-spaced plants, the number of bolls matured on wide-spaced and single-stalk rows, the ratio of 3, 4, and 5 locked bolls, and the yields by the two methods of culture. " The single-stalk and wide-spaced systems of culture were compared in alternate single rows and alternate 4-row blocks in rows 4 ft. apart and again in alternating rows 3, 4, 5, and 6 ft. apart. In one instance plants were thinned early, late, and very late to 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 in. apart. The stand was satisfactory in all cases. . . . " More flowers were produced daily on the single-stalk rows than on the adjoining wide-spaced rows. At the end of 40 days single-stalk rows alternating with wide-spaced rows had produced 84 per cent more flowers than the latter. In alternating blocks single-stalk rows had produced 78 per cent more flowers than wide-spaced rows in the adjoining block. •' Single-stalk rows produced an average of 5.5 bolls per plant and wide-spaced rows 8.6 bolls per plant. The difference in the number of bolls per plant was much more than offset by the greater number of plants in the single-stalk rows, so that the single-stalk rows set from 50 to 150 per cent more bolls in the same row space. A larger percentage of 4-locked bolls was produced in single- stalk rows and in rows close together than in wide-spaced I'ows where the plants were set either close together or far apart. The bolls in the single-stalk rows were slightly smaller than those in the wide-spaced rows. Nineteen 4-locked bolls from single-stalk rows were required to equal the weight of 18 4-locked bolls from wide-spaced plants. The ratio of weight for 5-locked bolls is 11 : 10 for single-stalk and wide-spaced rows, respectively. " Tlie plants in single-stalk rows were taller than those in wide-spaced rows. The single-stalk rows were spreading at the top, while the wide-spaced rows were broader near the ground. In all cases single-stalk rows yielded more than the adjoining wide-spaced rows, regardless of the distance between the rows. An examination of the fiber in the field showed that there was no perceptible difference in the quality or quantity of lint produced in single-stalk and in wide- spaced rows. " Plants thinned to a few inches apart in the row had fewer vegetative branches than plants spaced farther apart, the thinning having been done at the same time in each case. Late-thinned plants had fewer vegetative branches than plants thinned earlier to the same distance. Early thinning and late thinning gave higher yields than very late thinning." Improvement of cotton in the Bombay Presidency (except Sind), K. D. KuLKAENi and G. L. Kottuk (Dept. Agr. Bombay Bui. 10 {1915), pp. ^3).— This bulletin gives lists and descriptions of some 300 varieties of native and 300 FIELD CROPS. 731 varieties of introiluced cotton and their liybriils grown in various parts of tlie Bombaj' Presidency since 1905, witli brief notes regarding tlie performances of some of tlie selections and hybrids. Flax culture, R. Kuhnekt (Dcr Flachshau. Berlin: Dcut. Landw. OcscU., 1915, S. ed., pp. XV-\-34). — A revised and enlarged third edition of a book previously noted (E. S. R., 14, p. 960). Experiments on the development of oats under the influence of irrigation and root pruning, B. Schulze {Landic. Vers. Stat., 86 {1915), Ko. 1-2, pp. 63-74). — Oats grown in a series of six concrete pots and receiving during the growing period, aside from the seasonal precipitation, no water and 1.3, 1.G9, 1.91, 2.11, and 2.34 times as much water as the seasonal precipitation, produced, respectively, 132.5, 160.7, 176.1, 191, 178.7, and 187.4 gm. of grain per pot. For each 100 liters of water the amount of dry matter produced per pot was 621, 580, 504, 472, 421, and 377 gm. The ratios of grain to straw were for each pot 1 : 1.9, 1 : 1.91, 1 : 1.99, 1 : 1.91, 1 : 2.08, and 1 : 1.91 ; and the ratios of tops to roots, 100:14.8, 100:12.4, 100:11.9, 100:9.8, 100:11.7, and 100:12.9, respec- tively. For the study of root pruning, oats were grown in concrete pots that per- mitted of the introduction of an iron plate so as to cut horizontally the contents of the pot at a required depth. Oats planted on March 20 were pruned on May 2 at a depth of 30 cm., and on May 16 and 30, June 15, and July 1 at 40 cm., respectively. The harvest of grain from each of these pots in August was 148, 117.5, 85.9, 67.3, and 158.4 gm., respectively, and 161.9 gm. from the pot not pruned. The ratios by weights of the tops to the roots were 100 : 10.4, 100:10.1, 100:11.1, 100:10.7, 100:6.8, and 100:9.9. It is noted that a shortening of the roots during the period of shooting and blossoming of the plant was the most injurious, and that this injury seemed to lie in a reduction of the food supply rather than a cutting off of the water supply. Oats for North. Carolina, C. B. Williams {North Carolina Sta. Circ. 30 {1915), pp. 8, figs. 2). — This circular gives cultural suggestions for the oat crop when grown alone and in combination with crimson clover, vetch, and rape. Rotations, including oats, for the various sections are suggested. Experiments with potatoes, P. R. Fedorov {Besenchuk. Selsk. Klioz. Opytn. Stants'ita, No. 59 {1914), PP- 9). — ^This report shows that deep plowing, 5i verchoks (9.62 in.), gave better results than shallow depths, and large seed tubers planted whole better results than small, medium, or cut pieces. In a spacing test 12 verchoks (21 in.) square gave the best results. In manurial tests Thomas slag alone gave higher yields than barnyard manure, either alone or with Thomas slag. The potatoes from the unfertilized soil gave the highest percentage of starch, 17.6 per cent, but the lowest yield. Soy bean growing' in North Carolina, C. B. Williams {North Carolina Sta. Circ. 31 {1915), pp. 8, figs. 3). — This circular gives instructions for the pi'oduc- tion of the soy bean crop in North Carolina. Brief notes discuss the crop as grown for hay, seed, soil improvement, soiling, and pasture. Experiments with fertilizers and manure on tobacco grown continuously and in rotation with wheat and clover, C. E. Thorne {Ohio Sta. Bid. 285 {1915), pp. 210-221, figs. 2). — This reports the continuation of work begun in 1903 and previously noted (E. S. R., 22, p. 23). Data show the yield and in- crease of tobacco grown continuously and of that grown in rotation with wheat and clover, with various fertilizer treatments of the soil, covering 6, 5, and 4 year periods. In the rotations the fertilizer applications were made to the tobacco crop only. 732 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Yields from soils that received a complete fertilizer consisting of 320 lbs. of acid phosphate, 60 lbs. of muriate of potash, and 320 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre were much more profitable than those from any form of partial fertilizer. When the amount of potash in the complete fertilizer was increased the yield was not increased and the quality was reduced. The substitution of either nitrate or sulphate of potash for the muriate showed a reduction in yield. When the phosphorus in the rotation experiment was increased there was a marked gain in the yield, a gi-eater total yield, and a greater net profit than with any other in the series. The omission of phosphorus reduced tbe increase to the lowest point in the series. The next highest total yield and net profit was by the increased amount of nitrogen. Comparing nitrate of soda with sulphate of ammonia as carriers of nitrogen, and again with lime, there was an apparent loss for the sulphate of ammonia in the absence of lime and a gain when lime was added. Nitrogen and phos- phorus were applied as tankage at a disadvantage to both yield and net profit. Barnyard manure used at the rate of 10 tons per acre produced yields to an average value of $5 per ton of manure. Reinforcing the manure with phos- phorus (40 lbs. of floats to the ton of manure) materially increased its effective- ness. The data show that lime was apparently not needed on this soil, as the only plat which showed any decided benefit from lime was the one receiving its nitrogen in sulphate of ammonia. A general comparison of the continuous and rotative cropping of tobacco shows that the annual value of all the crops has been smaller in the rotative than in the continuous cropping, because of the much higher acre-value of tobacco than of wheat or clover. " On the unfertilized land the average annual total yields for the two 6-year periods of the test have been 399 and 319 lbs. for the continuously grown tobacco and 576 and 536 lbs. for that grown in rotation, thus showing that a clover sod has produced 177 and 217 lbs. of tobacco per acre during the two periods in excess of that grown on tobacco stubble." Tobacco: Influence of fertilizers on composition and quality, J. W. Ames and G. E. Boltz {Ohio Sta. Bui. 285 {1915), pp. 173-209, figs. 6).— This gives lesults of experiments conducted at Germantown, Ohio, on light clay loam in which organic and mineral fertilizers were used in varying combinations and quantities to determine their influence on the composition and quality of the tobacco grown. Data show the amounts of fertilizers used and the resulting yields in wrapper, filler, and trash for 1912, the total average annual yields for a period of six years, the percentage content of carbon-free ash, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, total N, nitrate N, nicotin, total S, S as sulphates, and 01 of the resulting crop, and the results of smoking tests in regard to fire-holding capacity, flavor, and aroma. The methods which were used in collecting and preparing the samples and in making the chemical determinations are described. " The results show that the composition has been modified to a greater or less extent by different fertilizer treatments. The several lots of tobacco have a high ash content. When sodium nitrate is applied there has been, in most in- stances, a decrease in total ash, phosphorus, sulphur, and chlorin. Of the essential elements present, calcium is found in largest amount, followed by nitrogen, potassium, magnesium sulphur, and phosphorus. The addition of lime to the soil has decreased the calcium and increased the magnesium in the tobacco. A complementary relation is found to exist between the calcium and magnesium, when the one is high and the other is low. Tobacco from limed plats, as a rule, contains less phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur than that from unlimed plats. Relatively small amounts of phosphorus are removed by the crop, as compared with other constituents which are regarded as less essential FIELD CROPS. Y33 for plant growth. The highest percentage of nitrogen is found in tobacco from unfertilized soil. Where organic carriers of nitrogen were applied the percent- age of nitrogen in tobacco leaves is higher than where inorganic materials sup- plied the nitrogen. Tobacco from plats to which organic carriers of nitrogen, shed manure, and tankage were applied have a higher nitrate nitrogen and nico- tin content. " While tobaccos from plats treated with potassium salts contain more potas- sium than where none was applied, the amount present is influenced by the car- rier of this element. Tobacco from sulphate or nitrate of potash plats contains larger amounts of potassium than that from muriate of potash treated plats, fer- tilized with like carriers and quantities of phosphorus and nitrogen. Sodium nitrate has tended to increase the potassium content. The smallest amount of potassium is found in case of untreated land, and the largest amount in tobacco from the manure-treated plat, which is in accord with the large amount of potassium furnished by 20 tons of manure. The carrier of potassium used has decidedly influenced the amounts of chlorin and sulphur in the tobacco leaf, but certain conditions of fertilization have so modified the amounts of potassium and chlorin or sulphate present that no direct relation exists between them. The chlorin content is in close agreement with the excess of chlorin supplied to the soil by muriate of potash, the largest amount being present in tobacco from soil receiving the heaviest application of muriate. "Tobacco from the manure-treated plat contains more chlorin than any of the other tobaccos not fertilized with muriate of potash. This is in agreement with the amount of chlorin furnished by 20 tons of manure. The amount of chlorin present in this case, 1.32 per cent, has not impaired the quality of the tobacco. Acid phosphate, when used in combination with muriate of potash, tends to increase the chlorin content, while nitrate of soda decreases it. While the sulphur content of tobacco is normally greater than the chlorin, when no excessive amount of chlorin has been furnished, the addition of sulphates in the fertilizing material has modified the sulphur content in a much less degree than has been found with regard to the chlorin following treatment with muriate of potash. " Smoking tests of cigars from the several lots of tobacco show that the quality of tobacco is impaired where muriate of potash is used in the fertilizer. Tobaccos with a low chlorin content have a good fire-holding capacity in con- trast v/ith the tobacco containing excessive amounts of chlorin, due to the fertilizer treatment. All the tobaccos with a high chlorin content had a black, charred ash, which in some instances did not cohere with the ash of the binder and wrapper, with the result that the ash of the binder and wrapper shattered easily. The average length of time the cigars made from tobacco from the muriate-treated plats held fire was approximately half that for tobacco from plats treated with sulphate or nitrate of potash. Muriate of potash was in- cluded with varied combinations of phosphorus and nitrogen, so that differences observed in burning quality are due in part to other influences. Although muriate of potash when used with acid phosphate and nitrate of soda in- creased the yield above that obtained by the use of other forms of potash, any improvement in this respect has been more than offset by poor quality of the tobacco. " Potassium when used in other combinations than the chlorid improved the quality of the tobacco. The quantity of sulphur as sulphates present in the tobacco exerted very little, if any, influence on the burning quality. Acid phosphate alone improves the quality of the tobacco ; when applied in combina- tion with muriate of potash, any favorable effect produced appears to be coun- teracted. Variations in flavor, aroma, and fire-holding capacity are not due 734 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. entirely to the presence or absence of any one compound, but are more or less dependent upon the total constituents of the tobacco." Tobacco growing in Minnesota, C. P. Btjll (Minnesota Sta. Bill. 150 {1915), pp. l-Jil, figs. 26) . — This gives a survey of the progress of the tobacco industry for the period from 1909 to 1914, inclusive, together with cultural, harvesting, and curing directions for Minnesota growers. Cost accounts show the total cost to range from $25 to $45 per acre and the yields from 755 to 2,100 lbs. per acre. Hairy vetcli, V, M. Shoesmith (Michigan Sta. Circ. 27 (1915), pp. 3-8, figs. 2). — This deals with cultural methods and the uses of vetch as a green manure, forage, or seed crop, and in rotation with wheat. Spacing and depth of planting for spring wheat, A. D. Bochkova (Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), U (1913), No. 2, pp. 43-63). — In experiments in spacing wheat so as to allow 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 187, 225, 300, and 400 sq. cm. per plant, it was found that the total yield per plant in- creased with the increase of area per plant. The closer the spacing the better was the quality of the grain, the greater the weight of 1,000 kernels, and the higher the yield per unit of area. In tests of depth of planting a difference between 6 and 7 days was observed in the appearance of the seedling when planted at depths of 2, 4, 5, 8, and 10 cm. The germinative ability was noted to decrease with the increase in depth of planting. Tillering and shooting occurred at the same tirne for all depths, but the degree of tillering decreased with the depth of the seed. After the shooting the higher temperature seemed to hasten the development of the plants from the deep-planted seeds so that the spike matured two or three days earlier than those from the shallow-planted seeds. The length of spike and number of kernels per spike increased with the depth of planting, while the weight of the kernels diminished. The total yield and yield of grain increased with the depth of seed, while the proportion of straw decreased. Some quantitative data from laboratory investigations of seeds of rye and oats, N. Leontevskii (Abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. (Russ. Jour. Expt. Landic), 15 (1914), No. 2, pp. 184, 185). — This gives results of seed examinations and chemical analyses of rye and oats grown in various parts of the Government of Vologda. Weediness of fields and influence thereon of various methods of husbandry, P. I. Leshchenko (Trudy Poltav. Selsk. Khoz. Opytn. StantsU, No. 25 (1914), pp. VIII +79, figs. 8). — ^At the Poltava Experiment Station the following ob- servations were made : For each cultivated plant there were one, two, or more weeds, and for each unit of the green weight of grain from one to two units of weeds. Both in winter and spring cereals annual weeds were in greater number than the perennials. The winter cereals had a larger quantity of weeds than the spring, and also, according to the weight of grain, more annual and biennial weeds, while in the spring cereals there were more perennial weeds. The predominant annuals and biennials in winter cereals were Viola tricolor, Sclerantus annuus, Capsclla bursa pastoris, and Tlaspi, which are typical for a 3-course crop rotation with later fertilization. All these developed completely and produced seed. For spring cereals with a 3-course crop rotation the typical weeds were Setaria glauca, Stachys, Polygonum aviculare, several species of Vicia, and P. convolvulus. Experiments covering a period of 19 years showed that in a 3-course crop rotation of late fertilization caused Avena fatua and Centaurea cyamis to dis- appear entirely, while Matricaria and Triticum repens occurred very seldom. "Where early fertilization had been practiced, annual and biennial weeds char- HORTICULTURE. 735 acteristic for the same fields with late fertilization were entirely eliminated. Winter cereal fields produced at harvest time young shoots of annual weeds typical for spring cereals. Early fertilization in the rotation, however, increased the weediness of spring cereals, these being covered with annuals typical for this field with seeds which were large, covered with a hard envelope, and ripened either at the time of harvesting the grain or after it. Early fertilization did not crowd out the seeds of such weeds nor entirely eliminate the number of perennial weeds, although that of thick-stemmed weeds was decreased. HORTICULTURE. Report from the division of horticulture for the year ended March 31, 1914, W. T. Macotjn et al. (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 191 Jf, pp. Jt92-510, 512-552, 553-557, 559, 561, 562, 566-57^, 577-580, 582-586, 588-602, 603-608, 614-642, 647-669, 670-682, 685, 686-692, 696, 697, 698-718, 719-725, 727-743, 744-748, pis. 9). — A detailed report on results secured in 1913 in the breeding and cultural experiments with fruits, vegetables, forest and ornamental trees, and herbaceous plants conducted at the Central Farm, Ottawa, and at the various branch experimental farms and stations in Canada. A summary of these re- sults has appeared previously in bulletin form (E. S. R., 32, p. 539). [Variety tests with vegetables], F. B. Headley (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Truckee-Carson Expt. Farm, 1914, pp. 9, 10). — Ripening dates and yields are given for varieties of tomatoes tested on the Truckee- Carson farm in 1914, together with yields of onion varieties grown on a farm at Fallon, Nev., in 1914. The five highest-yielding tomato varieties in the test were the Perfection, Ponderosa, Globe, Acme, and Beauty. Of the onions, Prizetaker, Ohio Yellow Globe, and Red Wethersfield appeared to be the most desirable varieties for commercial purposes. Insecticides and fungicides, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, pp. 123-126). — Analyses are reported of arsenate of lead, formaldehyde, pine spray insecticide, worm killer, Velvas lawn sandweed killer and fertilizer, and tobacco decoction. Orchard spraying, D. E. Lewis {Kansas Sfa. Bui. 203 {1915), pp. 5-44, fiffs. 15). — In this bulletin consideration is given to spray materials and machinery, mixing and testing the common orchard spray solutions, the method of applying each, and the acreage which each type of spray machine may be expected to protect. A spraying outline is also given shov\'ing the dates and kind of material to use in protecting the fruit crop from the common orchard pests. Some effects of pruning, root pruning, ringing, and stripping on the formation of fruit buds on dwarf apple trees, A. W. Drinkaed, .Jr. {Virginia Sta. Tech. Bui. 5 {1915), pp. 96-120, figs. 9; Rpts. 1913-14, pp. 96-120, figs. .9).— An account is given of experiments begun in the spring of 1913 for the purpose of determining the effects of root pruning, ringing, and stripping at different seasons on the formation of fruit buds on apple trees. The observations and results here reported cover a period of two years and include only full dwarf apple trees of the English variety King of Pippins. The work has now been ex- tended to include half dwarf and standard apple trees growing under a variety of conditions. The results thus far secured with dwarf trees show that spring pruning of the branches of the trees at the. time of growth resumption had a tendency to discourage the formation of fruit buds, but appeared to stimulate the wood growth. Summer pruning of the branches during the latter part of June, when fruit buds normally begin to show differentiation, checked wood growth for the 736 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. year and greatly stimulated the formation of fruit buds. Fall pruning of the branches in November did not materially influence the crop of fruit buds, but caused vigorous wood growth the following year. Severe root pruning in the spring, whether at the time of growth resumption, when the leaves were well developed, or at the beginning of fruit bud differentia- tion, when accompanied by or preceded by spring pruning of the branches pro- duced some stimulation in fruit bud formation. Root pruning retarded growth in the current and succeeding year, the leaf area of the trees being reduced and the trees showing injury from the treatment. The earlier the root pruning was done the greater was the injury. Root pruning without branch pruning at the resumption of growth did not give as much stimulation to fruit bud formation as the same treatment applied at later dates. Ringing at different seasons when accompanied by or preceded by spring pruning of the branches produced no noticeable stimulation of fruit buds. Ringing alone early in the season did not stimulate fruit bud formation. Ring- ing alone at the time the leaves were fully developed gave the best results, although some stimulation to fruit bud development was observed when the ring- ing was done at the time of differentiation of the fruit buds. The effects of stripping the trees were offset by spring branch pruning. Stripping at the three seasons already mentioned without branch pruning stimulated fruit bud formation uniformly. Thus far our knowledge of special practices, such as root pruning, ringing, and stripping, is deemed too meager to formulate rules for their use in orchard- ing. Cranberry growing, H. J. Franklin (Mass. Bd. Agr. Circ. 41 {1915), pp. 31, pi. 1). — In this paper the author gives a brief discussion of the important essentials for the growing of cranberries, their handling for market, and their preparation for the table, together with an itemized estimate of the present cost of preparing a bog. Utilization of peat land for cranberry culture, C. L. Sheab {Joicr. Canad. Peat Soc, 4 {1915), No. 1, pp. 15-18). — In this paper the author gives the essentials for successful and profitable cranberry culture, with special reference to the utilization of peat land. Contribution to the history of the vine and its culture in the Lorraine region, J. Riston (Contrilmtion a I'Histoire de la Tigne et de sa Culture dans la Region Lorraine. Nancy: Librairie Sidot Frires, 1914, i-'oZs. 1, pp. 596; 2, pis. 33). — In the introductory chapter of this two-volume work the author summarizes the characteristics and delimits the Lorraine region. Part one comprises a his- torical account of grapes and the grape industry in this region. Part two con- sists of a study of the cultivated grapes in Lorraine. Part three reviews the knowledge relative to the climate of the region. Part four treats of the culture of the vine, and part five comprises a study of the decadence of the Lorraine grape industry. Volume two comprises photographic illustrations of the foliage of the principal grapes, together with maps of the regions studied. The results of experiments with citrus stocks. — The first five year average, W. W. BoNNS {Proc. Fruit Growers' Conv. Cal., 45 {1914), PP- 114-118).— -l^ progress report on a long-continued experiment being conducted at the Cali- fornia Citrus Substation with the view of determining the value of sweet, sour, and trifoliata orange stocks for the navel and Valencia oranges and the Eureka lemon. The Valencia orange and Eureka lemon are also being tested on pomelo stocks. The tests are being conducted on different types of soil. No definite conclusions are drawn from the results to date. Attention is called to the fact, however, that the reputation of trifoliata stock for dwarfing trees does not hold good for all soils or all varieties. The behavior of the same HOETICULTURE. 737 stock and variety varies on the liglit and the lieavy soils. Trifoliata roots dwarf the lemon to an undesirahle degree. In all cases there is a decided in- crease of the stock above ground when trifoliata has been used. Improvement of lemon varieties by bud selection, A. D. Shamel (Proc. Fruit Growers' Conv. Cal, 45 (1914), pp. 257-266, figs. 5).— A progress report on the author's work in bud selection (E. S. R., 32, p. 439). As to the results secured in improving lemon trees, the author concludes in brief that in the experimental work and in the practical rebudding work carried out by cooperators " we have as yet to find a single exception to the rule that Ihe unproductive and undesirable types of healthy trees can be successfully top-worked and replaced with productive and desirable types of lemon trees by rebudding." The relation of washing to decay in "Washington navel oranges ; season of 1914-15, C. W. ]Mann {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Relation of Wash- ing to Decay in WasJiington Naval Oranges, 1915, pp. 4)- — The results of previous investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry (E. S. It., 20, p. 43) have shown that washing even under the most favorable conditions is followed by an increase in the decay in the packed fruit. In the present paper the author describes an investigation conducted by the Bureau during the orange sliipping season of 1914-15 to determine the relation of handling to the occurrence of decay resulting from the methods used in the washing and subsequent drying of the fruit. A comparison was made between fruit very carefully picked by the Bureau men with the same kind of fruit handled under ordinary commercial conditions. All of the fruit was washed in the ordinary machinery, a part being packed while still moist and wet and an equal amount of fruit thoroughly dried before packing. A part of the same fruit was packed without washing or brushing. The data secured from these tests show that the percentage of decay in care- fully handled fruit was increased from 1.8 per cent in the unwashed fruit to 3.4 per cent in the washed and thoroughly dried fruit and to 3.9 per cent in the washed fruit packed wet. In the ordinary commercially handled lots the aver- age percentage of decay in the unwashed fruit was 8.3 per cent. Washing fol- lowed by thorough drying increased the decay to 11.4 per cent, and in the same fruit packed wet the average decay was 13.9 per cent. The difference in the percentages of decay developing in the wet and dry packed fruit was consider- ably greater during the period of cloudy or wet weather early in the season. The figures given are the averages for the whole season. The work in general indicates that the looses from decay resulting from packing improperly dried oranges are directly in proportion to the care exer- cised in the methods of handling. Experiments were made to determine the time required to dry the fruit under different conditions of temperature and humidity. The most rapid evaporation of the moisture of the fruit took place with dry air at a temperature of 130° F. The time varied approximately 11 minutes with an air blast having a tempera- ture of 55° and a relative humidity of 70 per cent to about one minute with air at a temperature of 130° and a humidity of 14 per cent. In experiments con- ducted with two types of driers it was found that infection with blue mold may be increased if the dusty air from the packing house is blown on the fruit in the air blast. In an efficient system of drying the cost of heating air to a temperature of 130° should not exceed $1 per car of packed fruit. Some experiments in pineapple planting, S. M. Capistrano (Philippine Agr. and Forester, 4 (1915). No. 2, pp. 45-50).— A number of cultural experiments and a variety test conducted by the author at the College of Agriculture are reported. 738 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. [Cacao experiments, 1913-14], J. de Verteuil {Bill. Dept. Agr. Trinidad and Tobago, U {1915), No. 3, pp. 14-97, pis. 6).— A progress report for the year ended August 31, 1914, relative to manurial, shade, pruning, and natural yield experiments being conducted in a number of plantations in Trinidad (E. S. R., 30, p. 444), including also data on manurial experiments with cacao and rubber in Tobago. The flower garden, T. W. Sandeks (London: W. H. d L. ColUngridge [1915], 2. ed., pp. 472, pis. 56, figs. 40). — ^A revised and enlarged edition of the author's work which treats of the designing, formation, planting, and management of flower gardens, including the description and cultivation of all hardy and half hardy plants, trees, and shrubs adapted for outdoor culture in the British Isles. FORESTRY. Forest administration in the southern Appalachians, K. W. Woodwabd {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 2, pp. 130-140). — A discussion of forest conditions in the southern Appalachians with special reference to modifi- cations which will be necessary in order to make the forest policy which has been worked out for western conditions fit in the East. Present condition of applied forestry in Canada, H. R. MacMillan (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 2, pp. 115-129). — A review of forest activities and conditions in Canada with special reference to the work of administration, protection, reforestation, and other activities leading to forest conservation. Sand dune reclamation on the coast of northern California and southern Oregon, F. B. Kellogg (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 1, pp. 41-^4^ figs. 2). — An account of methods employed in sand dune reclamation as carried out on an extensive scale for over 15 years near the Oregon line in California, with special reference to the application of the methods in similar sand dune areas situated on the Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon. Notes on the relation of planting methods to survival, E. E. Carter (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 1, pp. 9-17). — The author here presents the results of a study of planting methods started in 1913 on the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. The three methods employed consisted in brief of planting in a mattock hole, planting in a slit with the sod previously removed, and planting in a slit without removing the sod. The experiment has not been conducted sufficiently long to arrive at any con- clusion. The data thus far secured, however, show that the hardier species as a group are less affected by the different methods of planting than the more tender species. A formula for normal growing stock in selection system forests, T. T. Munger (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 1, pp. 18-21, figs. 2). — The author here presents a formula which is believed to be thoroughly applicable in preparing preliminary working plans for virgin forests where adequate yield tables can not be prepared. A possible measure of light requirements of trees, W. W. Ashe (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 (1915), No. 2, pp. 199, 200). — The author is of the opinion that the relation between the cambium surface of the stem and the surface of the crown of dominant trees affords a reliable basis for measuring the light requirements of trees. By establishing this ratio between cambium surface and surface of the crown in stands at different ages and on different quality sites, either for the dominant trees or for the crown classes which receive direct light, series are obtained which, it is believed, should express the relative demands on light for a species at different ages. FOEESTBY. 739 A table is given showing the variation in this relation with age and quality site for dominant trees of Pinus tceda. The constniction of a set of taper curves, W. B. Barrows (Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 1, pp. S2-40, figs. 5).— A discussion of methods in vogue in preparing tabulations and curves showing the taper of trees for a given species. Reading and replotting curves by the strip method, W. B. Baebows {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 1, pp. 65-67, figs. 9).— A method of reading and replotting curves representing graphically values used in forest measure- ments is here described. The clinometer on fire lookouts, D. Bruce {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 2, pp. 201-206, figs. 4).— The application of the clinometer to the location of forest fires from lookout points is described. The invasion of a planted prairie grove, R, J. Pool {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-8, pi. 1).—A discussion of changes in the flora in the prairie region of Nebraska as brought about by the establishment of forest plantations of considerable size. Investigation into the retarding effect of lime on the growth of conifers, A. D. HoPKiNSON and H. D. Elkington {Agr. Students' Gaz., n. ser., 17 {1915), No. 4, PP- 176-178). — ^An investigation was started at the Royal Agricultural College in 1914 to ascertain the effect of varying quantities of calcium carbonate on the growth and development of Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga douglasii). The data thus far secured indicate that Douglas fir grows well in sandy soils with small amounts of calcium carbonate. Increasing quantities of calcium carbonate up to 8 per cent have a distinct retarding effect on its growth. Above 8 per cent of calcium carbonate some counteracting factor, whose influence has not yet been established, dominates this retarding effect of the lime. A study of Douglas fir seed, C. P. Willis and J. V. Hofmann {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 2, pp. 141-164). — This comprises a progress report on a study of Douglas fir seed which is being carried out at the Wind River Experiment Station, Carson, Wash., with special reference to securing the best type of seed for artificial reforestation, and to determine what class of seed trees are satisfactory for the natural restocking of timber-sale areas. As a result of the data secured in 1913 and in 1914 from planting tests of seed of varying sizes and secured from various sources, a number of suggestions and rules are given for application to cone collecting and in the selection of seed trees for reforesting cut-over areas. Douglas fir and fire, C. S. Judd {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 2, pp. 186-191). — This paper shows the influence of forest fires in creating favorable conditions for the development of Douglas fir stands. The most favorable effect of forest fires in this respect is the burning off of the humus so that the mineral soil is exposed. In this soil Douglas fir, with its vigorous reproductive capacity, regenerates itself to the almost complete exclusion of other competitive and dominating species. The management of Engelmann spruce-alpine fir stands, J. W. Spenceb {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 2, pp. 192-198). — An account of the plan of management of mixed stands of Engelmann spruce and alpine fir at the Battlement National Forest, Colorado. Monterey pine, L. T. Larsen {Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 10 {1915), No. 1, pp. 68-74). — An account of Monterey pine with reference to its range and occurrence ; climatic, soil, and moisture requirements ; associated species ; habit of growth ; tolerance ; rate of growth and longevity ; yield ; susceptibility to injury ; reproduction ; and management. 12146°— No. 8—15 4 740 EXPEEIMENT STATIOIT RECOED. Eysenhardtia polystachya, the source of the true lignum nephriticum mexicanum, W. E. Saffoed {Jo%ir. Wash. Acad. ScL, 5 {1915), No. llf, pp. 503- 517, flffs. 2). — In this article, which is based on a paper read before the Botanical Society of Washington, the author establishes the identity of lignum nephriti- cum^exicanum, a nephritic wood remarkable for the blue fluorescence of its infusion in spring water, and which was celebrated throughout Europe in the sixteenth century as a diuretic. It proves to be the wood of a leguminous tree (E. polystachya) occupying an extensive range in the interior of Mexico. The species is described in detail. -l. DISEASES OF PLANTS. The investigation of physiological plant diseases, R. E. Smith (Phytopath- ology, 6 (1915), No. 2, pp. 83-93). — According to the author the term "physi- ological " or " nonparasitic " disease has come into use to describe troubles due to an autogenous functional disturbance rather than to the presence of a foreign organism. The information regarding a number of these diseases is reviewed and the author concludes that there is no such thing as an established group of physiological or nonparasitic plant diseases for the kind of troubles which have been described. They are all considered more or less obscure dis- eases of unknown etiology as yet unaccounted for. He claims that the only positively known inciting factors in plant diseases, excluding direct trauma- tisms, are parasites. A suggestion of a new phase of the problem of physiological diseases of plants, C. B. Lipman (Phytopathology, 5 (1915), No. 2, pp. 111-116). — Largely upon the basis of the author's Investigations on mottled leaf of citrus trees (E. S. R., 31, p. 4.50), he proposes as a justified theoretical consideration to connect certain functional troubles in plants known as malnutrition or as physiological diseases with a definite lack of the specific plant food element, nitrogen, in available or usable form. Bactericidal products in healthy and diseased plants. — I, Healthy plants, R. J. Wagner (Centbl. Bait, [etc.], 2. Abt., 42 (1914), No. 21-22, pp. 613-624, figs. 5). — This first report deals with the natural immunity of plants, detailing studies made with three different bacteria named. It is stated that in healthy plants three classes of antibacterial products may be found, namely, agglutinin, tending to limit bacterial movement, lysin, tending to dissolve bacterial membranes, and substances limiting multiplication of spores and of bacteria possessed of resistant membranes. To these may be added as a possible factor a heightened acidity of the cell sap. [Adaptive specialization of vegetable parasites], F. Heske (Centbl. Gesam. Forstiv., 40 (1914), Nos. 7-8, pp. 272-278; 9-10, pp. 369-375).— The author reviews recent developments regarding biochemical phenomena noted in plants, and discusses, in connection with the probable activities of ferments as related to the specialization of certain parasitic organisms, the apparent j)ossibilities as regards the gradual production of ferments adapted to this work. Disease resistance in plants, O. Appel (Science, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. 1065, pp. 773-782). — In this paper, which was presented as a lecture before a number of agricultural colleges in this country, the author points out various problems in connection with resistance to plant diseases, and states that while the present ^ methods of combating diseases should not be abandoned, efforts should be made to, find the causes of immunity, and after solving this question to deter- mine without infection the disease resistant qualities in different varieties and individuals in order to establish the desired resistance and at the same time eliminate undesirable qualities. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 741 It is believed tliat in working along this line the breeding of disease-resistant varieties can be best accomplished. Some problems of plant pathology in reference to transportation, F. L. Stevens {Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 2, pp. 108-110) .—Attention is called to a number of questions relating to the development of diseases in fruits in trans- portation. Of some of these troubles considerable information is at hand, but It is stated that there is necessity for further investigations on those which rapidly develop on wilting or old products under unsuitable conditions of tem- perature and humidity. Report of the division of botany, H. T. GiJssow {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, pp. 831-849, pi. 1). — This report contains an account of adminis- trative work in connection with the destructive insect and pest act and various specific diseases, experimental work in plant-disease control, notes on investi- gations in economic botany, and a report of St. Catharines field laboratory for 1913 (pp. 845-849), in which notes are given of a number of the more im- portant diseases of apples, pears, quinces, cherries, peaches, and plums observed during the season. Among the plant diseases investigated, considerable attention was paid to those attacking the potato, and a description is given of a black heart of pota- toes, which resembles that described by Bartholomew (E. S. R., 30, p. 149), but which, in the present case, is attributed to frost injury. An account is also given of apple canker and silver leaf of fruit trees. [Plant diseases in Southern Nigeria], C. O. Farquhaeson {Ann. Rpt. Agr. Dept. South. Nigeria, 1913, pp. 41-55). — A presumably new root disease of Para rubber trees at Calabar was said to be distinct from each of two others due, respectively, to Polyporus lignosus {Fomes semitostus) and to Hymen- ochwte noxia. Cocoa trees are affected near the forks by a trouble described as of unknown causation. A pathogenic but undetermined fungus attacks also the maturing pods. Thyridaria tarda is a very common saprophyte. Cotton leaf curl has been studied and the main conclusions therefrom are given. The first-year hybrids of native American cotton were immune, resem- bling in this the American parents. The disease is suspected to be identical with mosaic disease of tobacco. An enzym may be the cause of the trouble. Cotton anthracnose {Colletotrichum gossypii) attacks most severely the native cotton, American cotton and hybrids being almost entirely immune. A spotting disease of bolls was ascribed to cool nights. A stem blackening disease is men- tioned as of obscure origin. Ramularia areola and Vredo gossypii were very common on American cotton, but neither afCected seriously native plants. Spraying for the control of cotton diseases is impracticable, and careful selec- tion of seed from immune plants and government seed control are suggested. Fungus disease of peanuts {Cercospora personata) was somewhat serious. Its severity depended apparently upon the kind of weather prevalent during the given season, possibly being conditioned by another disease of unknown but probably physiological causation, which is described as suggesting cotton leaf curl. Two rust fungi from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, M. Wilson {Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb., 8 {1914), No. 38, pp. 219-221, pis. 2).— The author notes the discovery of Puccinia prostii attacking a bed of Tulipa sylves- tris and doing considerable damage, the plants affected producing but few flowers. The rust was probably present on the plants in 1913 or even earlier. Uromyccs scillarnm was found on leaves of Muscari polyanthum, which has not hitherto been recorded as attacked by this rust. Both fungi are briefly discussed in these connections. 742 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. ITstilago vaillantii on Chionodoxa luciliae, R. C. Davie and M. Wilson (Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb., 8 (1914), No. 38, pp. 227, 228, fig. 1).—In March, 1913, U. vaillantii was found in the anthers of C. luciliw in the Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh. The fungus was studied in this connection, but no infor- mation is yet available regarding the method of infection in case of this plant, or whether this may be brought about by use of spores of this fungus from anthers of Scilla UfoUa, in v/hich it commonly occurs. The crown gall of alfalfa, O. T. Wilson {Science, n. ser., ^1 {1915), No. 1065, p. 797). — The author gives a brief account of certain facts observed in the life history of the organism Urophlyctis alfalfas, the cause of crown gall of alfalfa. The presence of a Plasmodium as the vegetative stage of the parasite and the entire absence of mycelium at any stage is said to suggest that possibly the organism should be removed from the genus Urophlyctis. Gummosis of beets, G. Arkaud {Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 160 {1915), No. 11, pp. 350-352). — A gumming disease of beet roots is described. The causative organism, which is an intercellular bacterium, is said to be closely allied morphologically to Bacterium mori. The attack appears to be conditioned or favored by injury to the roots from cold, though several fungi are found on the exterior portions of diseased roots. The financial loss is due largely to the transformation of saccharose and the production of a gum which is difficult to eliminate. Late blight of celery, H. L. Rees {Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta., Mo. Bui., 2 {1915), No. 11, pp. 11-18, figs. 4)- — A description is given of the late blight of celery, due to Septoria pctroselini apii, and notes are given on its life history. In an account of spraying experiments it is stated that two applications of Bordeaux mixture completely protected the crop. However, as the season was considered exceptionally unfavorable to the blight, it was not concluded that two sprayings will always control the disease. The effect of planting in single and double rows and of board v. dirt blanch- ing was tested. Single rows and board blanching, by reason of securing greater aeration, reduced the amount of disease. Eight varieties of celery were tested, and marked differences found in their susceptibility to disease. For the control of this disease the author recommends transplanting of only healtliy pltints, frequent rotation of crops, spraying with Bordeaux mixture, and planting the least susceptible varieties. In addition to the above, attention is called to a physiological disease of celery, said to be due to an excess of moisture. A bacterial disease of lettuce, Nellie A. Beown {U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 {1915), No. 5, pp. 475-478). — A preliminary report is given of a bacterial disease of lettuce plants, which was tirst determined from diseased lettuce plants received in this Department in January, 1915, from Nairn, La. When received the plants were full grown, with some of the outer leaves shriveled and dried, while others were in a soft-rotted condition. The centers of the heads were sound, but between the center and these dead outer leaves were others affected in varying degrees. A study of the diseased material showed the presence of bacteria in and between the cells. These have been studied and compared with various known organisms, and the author suggests the name Bacterium viridilividum n. sp. for this form, owing to its peculiar appearance when grown on steamed potato. A review is made of the rather brief literature of the bacterial diseases of lettuce, none of which seem to be the same as that here described. Some diseases of the potato. — IV, Late blight or Irish potato blight, Ethel M. DoiDGE {Agr. Jour. Union So. Africa, 8 {1914), No. 2, pp. 205-211, figs. 6).— DISEASES OP PLANTS. 743 Continuing previous work (E. S. 11., 32, p. 3-12), Bordeaux mixture is found to be protective and to increase the yield of tubers if sprayed on when the plants are 6 in. high and two or more times thereafter at intervals of from 10 to 14 days. This, however, delays the ripening of the tubers. Protective measures available include careful selection and handling of seed potatoes, burning of haulms, rotation of crops, and isolation from solanaceous crops which are susceptible to Phytoiihthora infestans. If the tops are attacked, fallen spores may be killed by spraying the ground. Notes on tlie distribution and prevalence of three important sweet potato diseases, L. L. Harter (Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 2, pp. 124-126) .—Accord- ing to the author the stem rot of sweet potatoes, due to Fusarmm hyperoxy- sporum and F. batatatis, is known to occur in New Jersey, Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia, Alabama, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi. The black rot, caused by Sphceronema flmbriatum, is reported as occurring in New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. The foot rot, a compara- tively new disease due to Plenodoinus destruens, is reported from Virginia, Mis- souri, Iowa, and Ohio. New lig-ht on curly top of the sugar beet, R. E. Smith and A. Boncqtjet {Phytopathology, 5 {1915), No. 2, pp. 103-107, figs. ^).— The authors record certain facts which recently came to liglit in the study of the cuily top of the sugar beet. They have confirmed the investigations of Ball (E. S. R., 20, p. 954) and Shaw (E. S. R., 23, p. 557) regarding the relationship between the leaf hopper, Eutettix tenella, and the occurrence of the disease. A study of affected plants has shown definite lesions accompanied by an organism which agrees fairly well with Bacillus dianthi, previously described as the cause of the carnation disease (E, S. R., 8, p. 235). The authors have not succeeded in producing the disease by inoculating plants with this organism, and it is not known whether or not it is the inciting factor causing and inhabiting the lesions. Further study on this disease is said to be necessary. Sugar beet mosaic, C. O. Townsend {Science, n. ser., ^2 {1915), No. 1076, pp. 219, 220). — The author states that while this disease has been observed for a number of years, it has not hitherto been described. It is known to occur in the middle and western portions of the United States and appears to be increas- ing from year to year. In some commercial fields it is said to affect from 10 to 20 per cent of the stand and threatens to become a limiting factor in sugar beet culture in some areas. The leaves of the affected plants are said to be mottled yellow and green. The spots are not always sharply defined, but usually shade into each other, giving the affected leaves a yellowish appearance. Only a part of the leaves on a beet are diseased, at least during the early stages of development. Affected leaves, if numerous, generally occupy only one side of the beet crown, normal leaves occupying the opposite side, giving the beet top a one-sided appearance. The shortened petioles give the leaves a dwarfed appearance, as in the case of curly top. The roots are said to be dwarfed and often hairy, further resembling curly top. While the two diseases are somewhat similar, they are easily distinguished from one another. Tobacco root rot observations, W. A. Barnet {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, pp. 1022, 1023). — In connection with investigations of tobacco growing, the author reports plats of Burley tobacco in which certain rows or portions of the field seemed to have their growth completely arrested. This dwarfed appear- ance of the plants was prevalent in the field, and, it is said, was produced by Y44 EXPEKIMENT STATION" EECOED. a disease whicjt had affected previous crops, but had not been definitely recog- nized. The disease is considered as having been caused by Thielavia basicola, and cooperative experiments will be made with the Wisconsin Experiment Sta- tion in trying to breed a disease-resistant strain of Burley tobacco. A serious new wheat rust in th.is country, M. A. Cakleton (Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1011, pp. 58, 59).— The author reports the discovery of Puccinia gluiiiarum, the yellow leaf rust of wheat, in a field of wheat at Sacaton, Ariz., by a party representing the Office of Cereal Investigations of this Department. About the same time the rust was reported on Hordeum niurmum in southern California, and later was found in considerable abun- dance in various parts of Oregon and Washington and to some extent in Idaho, and a few specimens were taken at Bozeman, Mont., and Logan, Utah. Control of stinking' smut of winter wheat with formaldehyde, H. C. MiJLLEB and E. Molz (FiihUng's LandiD. Ztg., 63 (1914), No. 24, pp. 7^2-752).— Detailed results are given of several series of more recent tests (E. S. R., 32, p. 341) with formaldehyde alone and with copper sulphate in solutions for steeping seed wheat for protection against stinking smut, also regarding the value, in this connection, of paraformaldehyde, which proved to be injurious and not protective. The role of sucking insects in the dissemination of fire-blight bacteria, V. B. Stewakt and M. D. Leonard (Phytopaihology, 5 (1915), No. 2, pp. 117- 123). — In a previous publication (E. S. R., 30, p. 650) the relation of the tarnished plant bug as a carrier of the causal organism of fire blight was pointed out. In the present paper an account is given of experimental work on young apple seedlings under cages, to which the following species of sucking bugs were transferred from near-by weeds : AdclpJiocoris rapidus, Campylomma ver- tasci, Orthotylus flavosparsus, and Pceciloscytus basalis. From the results of the experiments it appeared that all of the above-named species are capable of producing fire-blight inoculations when the causal organ- ism is present, and that they are undoubtedly instrumental in spreading the disease. Three strawberry fungi which cause fruit rots, F. L. Stevens (Science, n. ser., 41 (1915), No. 1068, pp. 912, 913).— In a previous publication (E. S. R., 31, p. 645) the author called attention to the presence of a number of rots on strawberries in shipment. In the present paper descriptions are given of a fruit rot due to PatelUna sp., and another rot caused by Splicer onemella sp., both of which have been found on market berries. The frequency of their presence is believed to render them of considerable economic significance. In addition, a black rot due to Sphceropsis sp. is described. A nasturtium wilt caused by Bacterium solanacearum, Maky K. Bkyan (U. S. Dept. Ayr., Jour. Agr. Research, 4 (1915), No. 5, pp. 451-458, pis. 4, figs. 3). — A description is given of a bacterial wilt disease of nasturtium, first observed in the summer of 1914. The disease prevents blossoming, stunts the plants, and finally kills them. It is caused by B. solanacearum,, and a cross- inoculation with a virulent strain from tobacco produced typical nasturtium wilt. Cultivated ageratums and verbenas were also found susceptible to infection by this organism, the author having thus added another family of plants to those already known to be subject to attack. Oak fungus or Armillaria niellea in connection with nursery stock, W. T. HoKNE (Mo. Bui. Com. Ilort. Cal., 4 (1915), No. 4, pp. 179-184, figs. S).—In continuance of previous contributions (E. S. R., 27, p. 450; 32, p. 241), the author states that Armillaria spots have come to be of exceedingly frequent occurrence ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 745 throughout the best fruit-growing sections of California, especi^fty in,J:he cen- tral and northern valleys, probably averaging at least one such s'pot tor every ]0 acres of mature bearing orchard. Small nurseries seem particjilarly liable to Armillaria trouble. Young trees may carry the fungus undetected in spite of the utmost vigilance, on account of the detachment of the rhizomorphs, or these may be hidden within the ball of dirt left on the roots. When an infected tree is planted it is thought the fungus will so far resist any hardship as to outlive the tree. It is considered unsafe to use soil or plants not known to be absolutely free from this fungus. .- Oak mildew, F. W. Negee {Naturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landio., 13 {1915}, N^. 1, pp. 1-30, figs. 6). — This is a discussion of oak mildew {Alicrosphoera aJni quercina) since its sudden appearance in western Europe in 1907, including its development, systematic position, morphology, physiology, pathology, hosts, winter habits, and means of control, concluding with an extensive bibliography. Dry rot of telegraph poles, K. HAVELfK {Centbl. Gesam. Forstw., 40 {19U), No. 7-8, pp. 278-295, figs. 7). — Investigation of an extensive and often rapd decay of telegraph poles showed Merulius lacrymans to be the chief cause of the injury. This was more frequent and severe in case of double than of single uprights, and more particularly in case of the A form as compared with the H form poles. This is thought to be owing to the looser texture of the soil around the double poles, due to the larger holes necessary an{^,to the greater diffi- culty and supposedly less need of thoroughly packing The soil around these poles. Compactness and moistui-e of the soil seems to be unfavorable to rapidity of underground extension in case of M. lacrymans. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. A preliminary note on the food habits and distribution of the Texas horned lizards, W. M. Winton {Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 1065, pp. 797, 798). ^The author reports upon studies conducted with a view to determining the economic status of Flirynosoma cornutum, during the course of which 485 stomachs h-ave been examined. It is pointed out that while the area of distribution of this species extends from Kansas southward far into the Mexican table-land and westward into Arizona its area of greatest abundance is the north and south strip of Texas known as the Black and Grand prairies. It is stated that within this area, where conditions are at all favorable, the average number of horned toads is at least 30 to the acre. The stomach examinations show that the noxious insects consumed overwhelmingly outnumber the beneficial species. Entomolog'ical yearbook. — Calendar for all insect colleetorSj edited by O. Keancher {Entomologisches Jahrbt^ch. Kalender fiir alle Insekten-Satnmler. Leipsic: Frankenstein & Wagner, vols. 19 {1910), pp. 208, pi. 1; 20 {1911), pp. 196, pi. 1; 21 {1912), pp. 200, pi. 1; 22 {1913), pp. 195, pi. 1, figs. 5; 23 {1911,), pp. 211, pi. 1. figs. 8; 24 {1915), pp. 224, pl- 1, figs. 8).— These handbooks contain much information of interest to the entomologist, particularly as relates to the collection of insects during the different months of the year. Report to the entomologist of the Arizona Commission of Agriculture and Horticulture for the year ending June 30, 1914, A. W. Moerill {Ariz. Com. Agr. and Hort. Ann. Rpt., 6 {1914), pp. 9-47, figs. 16).— The first part of this report (pp. 9-26) deals with the inspection of plant, fruit, and seed importa- tions ; inspection of orchards and nurseries ; insect control and eradication ; interstate movement toward the standardization of nursery inspection certi- ficates, entomological investigations, etc. 746 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. The second part (pp. 27-47) consists of notes on the important insects of the year. The deciduous fruit and vine pests mentioned are the soutliwestern green flea-beetle {Haltica folicea) which was the most notable through its in- jury to apple trees and grapevines; the western rose chafer {Macrodactylis iiniformis) ; the flower thrips, which was unusually destructive to late bloom- ing varieties of peas, etc. The citrus pests briefly mentioned are the soft brown scale {Lecanium Jiesperidum) , citrus thrips, and a species of cicada. The field crop pests mentioned include the western army cutworm (Choriza- grotis agrestis) ; a species of blister beetle {Tegrodera erosa), which ap- peared in alfalfa fields; the corn flea-beetle {Ch(Btocnema ectypa) ; and a species of bill bug {Spenophorus callosus) which attacked corn. Among the pests mentioned as attacking vegetable crops are the melon aphis, grasshop- pers, the harlequin cabbage bug, and a small black beetle {Blapstinus pimalis), previously unknown as a crop pest. The cotton or melon aphis was the most destructive cotton pest of the year. A species of Goldsmith beetle {Cotalpa consoJjrina) was notably abundant in southern Arizona and did much damage by stripping the leaves from Cottonwood trees. B-eport from, the division of entomology for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1914, O. G. Hewitt (Caiwda Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, pp. 853-816).— The first part of this report deals with the administration of the Destructive Insect and Pest Act under the headings of the new plant quarantine or fumigation stations, inspection and fumigation of imported nursery stock, field work against the brown-tail moth, 1912-13, importation of parasites of the brown-tail and gipsy moths, collection of parasites, colonization of parasites, Apanteles in Nova Scotia, and parasites of native insects. The parts which follow report upon the occurrence of and work of the year with the insects affecting cereals and field crops, fruit crops, forest and shade trees, domestic animals and man, and the garden and greenhouse, and with apiculture. Observations on the biology of Nematus erichsonii, Athalia spinarum, and Hylemyia (Anthomyia) antiqua, V. A. Levtejev {Mat. po Isuch. Vredn. Nastek. Moskov. Gub., 5 (1914), pp. 94-111; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 6, pp. 312-374) • — A report of two years' observations of these pests in Petrovo-Razumovskoje, near Moscow. Insect enemies of Sudan grass, W. Newell (Texas Sta. Circ. 7, n. ser. (1915), pp. 5-18, figs. 6). — A number of native insects have found Sudan grass (Andropogon sorghum sudanensis) , a forage plant introduced into the United States by Piper from Khartum, Sudan, in 1909, to their liking. One class attacks the seeds during their development or after harvest, while another class attacks the growing crop and reduces the yield of forage. Those belonging to the first-mentioned class are the sorghum midge (Con- tarinia [Diplosis] sorghicola), which is the most important enemy of the plant, due to its destruction of the seed before maturity, and the Angoumois grain moth. A i-eport of studies of the sorghum midge, a pest which has for many years been familiar to growers of sorghum, milo maize, and all other crops of this family, by Dean, has been previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 364). The destruction of Johnson grass, which affords a constant breeding place for the pest, is thought to be the most vital step in the control of this midge. The Angoumois grain moth does not prevent the Sudan grass from making seed, but the adult moths deposit their eggs in the seed heads before the harvest, the seed thus becoming infested with larvae, and the moths continuing to breed in the stored seed. It can be destroyed by fumigation, experiments having shown that carbon bisulphid used at the rate of 15 lbs. to 1,000 cu. ft. of space with an exposure of 12 hours did not affejat the germination of the seed. The author emphasizes ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 747 the Importance of immediately sacking up tlie seed, preferably in sacks of lieavy ,cloth such as canvas, free from holes, so that moths can not get to the seed to start another infestation. The insects mentioned as belonging to the second class include tli£ conchuela {Pentatoma ligata) and grasshoppers. The conchuela, an account of which by Morrill has been previously noted (E. S. R., 23, p. 461), has become a pest in the area in which the sorghum midge is scarce or absent on account of insufli- cient moisture. Its sucking of the sap from either the stem or seed head results in a rapid wilting or burning of the infested plants and their heads. As yet large areas of Sudan grass have not been grown in the localities where the conchuela is at present abundant. Where grasshoppers appear in sufficient numbers to cause injury, the weed patches should be sprayed with a sweetened arsenical, care being taken to keep all stock from grazing on these patches until after several hard rains. The insect enemies of the fig, F. Picard {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. I'Est- Centre), 35 {1914), KTo. S6, pp. 279-286, pi. 1; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 {1915), Ser. A, No. 1, pp. 10, 11). — A general account of eight of the more important enemies of the fig illustrated by a colored plate. Notes on the development of Bacillus pestis in bugs (Cimex lectularius) and their power to convey infection, A. W. Bacot {Jour. Hyg. [Camhridge'i Plague Sup. 4 {1915), pp. 1177-792, pis. 2, fig. 1). — ^The author's conclusions are "that for a percentage of bugs {C. lectularius) and probably all newly hatched ones a meal of septicemic blood from a mouse dying of plague is fatal. Bugs which are not killed by the infecting meal are capable of carrying B. pestis and reinfecting mice after a period of 48 days' starvation. The development of B. pestis within the crop of bugs differs generally from that which takes place in the stomach of the flea in respect of its slower and looser growth, this limi- tation of activity being accompanied by and possibly due to the preservation of the structural character of the blood for many days after its ingestion into the crop. " The absence of any definite valve between the pump and the crop, together with the looser nature of the growth within the bug, preclude the idea of such mechanical blockage as causes regurgitation and mouth infection by fleas. It may be surmised, however, that mouth infection, when not caused by accidental or other injury to the bug while feeding, may be due to interruption followed by a second attempt." Natural enemies of the sugar beet leafhoppers in California, W. J. Hartung and H. H. P. Severin {Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4 {1915), No. 5-6, pp. 277^ 279). — In order to determine the percentage of parasitized leafhoppers {Eutettix tenella) 500 specimens, collected at King City on September 2, 1913, by sweep- ing with an insect net beet leaves showing a severe condition of " curly top," were placed in breeding jars and vials containing beet leaves and stems which served as food material. During the following three weeks twelve puparia of dipterous parasites which represent two new species described by F. Knab as Pipunculus industrius and P. vagabundus were found at the bottom of the breeding jars and vials, together with twelve dead leafhoppers; four jassids were parasitized by a dryinid. At least 3.2 per cent of the leafhoppers were parasitized during the season of 1913 by dryinids, which have been determined by Rohrer as Gonatopus con- tortulus and Labeo n. sp. Data relating to the parasitism of leafhoppers during 1914 are presented in tabular form. It appears that 33.6 per cent of leafhoppers were parasitized and in addition a fungus disease was observed. A bibliography of seven titles relating to the subject is included. 748 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Catalogue of recently described Coccidse, V, E. R. Sasscer (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 (1915), No. 1, pp. 25-S8).— This fifth part of the catalogue previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 754) is thought to be fairly complete to November, 1914. On the occui-rence of an intermediate in Aphis pomi, W. F. Tukneb and A. C. Baker (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 11 (1915), No. 1, pp. 42-52, figs. 18).— A discussion of aphidid forms. The authors conclude that " in these intermediates we have to do solely with transitional forms between more primitive conditions on one hand and more advanced conditions on the other. We feel confident also that all these inter- mediates are of equal value. The very fact that variants have been discovered in so many different species, having such diverse habits, seems to us to preclude the possibility that these arise from different fundamental causes. The only difference is that the forms in A. pomi and similar species and the intermediate sesuparge of various Phylloxera are varying in one characteristic, the elimina- tion of wings, while the virginoparous forms in Phylloxera vastatrix and in the Chermesiuse are varying in two characters, the elimination of wings and the elimination of sexes." Further studies of the embryology of Toxoptera graminum, W. J. Phillips (U. S. Dept. Agr., Jour. Agr. Research, Jf (1915), No. 5, pp. 403, 404, pls. 2).— This paper supplements the general account of the development of the winter eggs of T. graminum given in the bulletin by Webster and Phillips, previously noted (E. S. R., 27, p. 859). A catalogue of Portuguese aphidids, J. S. Tavabes (Broteria, Ser. Zool., 12 (1914), No. 3, pp. 177-193, figs. 8; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 2, p. 90). — Eighty-nine species are recorded together with their food plants and the localities in which they have been collected. Ravages of the forleule (Panolis piniperda) in the Wolesclina woods in 1913, Nechleba (Vereinsschr. Forst, Jagd, u. Naturlc, Prague, No. 11-12 (1914), pp. 614-633, fig. 1; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent, 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 7, pp. 483, 484)- — The author discusses the ravages of the forleule or pine moth in the pine woods of Woleschna, in Bohemia. Combating Euxoa segetum, Enikiev (Zeml. Ohaz., No. 31 (1914), PP- 1026, 1027; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 12, p. 655).— This cutworm was the source of great injury to winter-sown crops in the district of Boi'o- vitchee in the Government of Novgorod in 1913. The morphology and biology of Carpocapsa ponionella and C. funebrana (Trudy Bessarabsk. Obshch. Estest. i Liubit. Estest., 3 (1911-12), pp. 129-134, pi. 1). — It is shown that the larvae of these pests may be distinguished by their structure, color, and size. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 33, p. 155). Descriptions of new North American Microlepidoptera, A. Busck (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 (1915), No. 2, pp. 79-94) .—Among the species described that are of economic importance are the following: Memythrus perlucida reared from Populus trichocapa; Psacaphora cambiella reared from the cambium of Salix at Evaro, Mont.; Recurvaria alnifructeUa feeding on the catkins of alder and hazel at Falls Church, Va. ; Dichomeris vacciniella from cranberry at Pemberton, N. J. ; Sparganothis albicaudana reared from leaf tying larvse on maple at Notch, Pa.; Tortrix (Cacwcia) lambertiana on Pinus lambertiana at Oakland, Oreg. ; Marmara pomonella reared from larva mining just under the skin of apple at Corvallis, Oreg.; M. serotinella reared from Prunus serotina at Falls Church, Va. ; Argyrcsthia castanecUa reared from the bark of chest- nuts infested with Sesia casianew at Falls Church, Va. ; A. francisceUa from tips of cypress at San Francisco ; Zelleria haimbachi reared from short needle pine at Wenonah, N. J. ; Bucculatrix ilecella reared from Ilex sp., at Victoria, Tex. ; and Prodoxus barberella from Agave palmeri at Ray, Ariz. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 749 A comparative study on the losses to rural industries from malarial mosquitoes, J. K. Thibault, Jr. (Reprint from South. Med. Jour., 8 {1915), No. 3, pp. 195, 196). — A supplement to the paper previously noted (E. S. R., 33, p. 255), in which the author reports upon studies made at Scott, Ark. It is stated that Anopheles quadrimaculatus was taken in every house in which malarial cases were visited and that in every case a breeding place was found within 50 yds. of the dwelling. Anopheles were not found breeding in either foul or very muddy water. On the occurrence of Aedes calopus (Stegomyia fasciata) in Russia, E. J. Mabzinowsky {Bid. Soc. Path. Exot., 7 (1914), No. 1, pp. 590-593; abs. in Rev. Bact., 4 (1914), No. 5, p. 70). — The yellow fever mosquito is recorded by the author as occurring at Batum, where the winter temperature falls to as low as 6.6° C, and on the Caucasian coast, where it appears at the beginning of the summer and disappears in October. It appears that this mosquito passes the v.'inter in the larval stage, living larvae having been found in water at a temperature of about 5°. Notes on two parasitic Diptera, A. B. Gahan (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 (1915), No. 1, pp. 24, 25). — The author records the parasitism of a mantid (Stagmomantis Carolina) by Sarcophaga (HelicoMa) helicis, and the army worm (Ueliophila unipuncta) by a tachinid, Metachceta helymus. Medullary spots and their cause, J. G. Geossenbacheb (Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 42 (1915), No. 4, pp. 227-239, pis. 2).— This paper I'eports upon studies of cambium miners carried on in continuation of those previously noted (E. S. R., 24, p. 501). In comparing the life history and morphologj' of the Prunus miner with that of Agromyza carbonaria recorded by Nielsen " and that of A. pruinosa as described by Greene (E. S. R., 30, p. 855), the author finds that it represents a different species to which he gives the name A. pruni n. sp. " Tlie egg stage of these cambium miners is very short, apparently less than three days, while the larval stage lasts at least eleven months. The pupal stage lasts perhaps about three weeks, and the flies apparently oviposit within two days after emerging from the puparia." Observations on the length of time that fleas (Ceratophyllus fasciatus) carrying Bacillus pestis in their alimentary canals are able to survive in the absence of a host and retain the power to reinfect with plague, A. W. Bacot (Jour. Hyg. iCambridge^ Plague Suj). 4 (1915), pp. 770-775).— " Fleas (C. fasciatus) are able to carry B. pestis for periods up to 47 days in the absence of any host and subsequently to infect a mouse. Infected fleas, starved for 47 days and then placed upon a mouse, may not infect it for a further period of about 20 days. There is no reason to suppose that the positive results obtained in these few experiments represent the limit of time after which infection may take place, but indicate that plague infection may persist in fleas for one or two months in cool weather and, subsequently, give rise to an epizootic." The fleas found on rats and other rodents, living in association with man, and trapped in the towns, villages, and Nile boats of Upper Egypt, A. Bacot, G. F. Peteie, and R. E. Todd (Jour. Hyg. [Cambridge^, 14 (1914), No. 4, pp. 498-508, fig. 1). — This is a report on collections of fleas made during an investigation of plague conditions in Upper Egj^pt in 1912 and 1918. Descriptions of Braconidae, S. A. Rohwer (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 17 (1915), No. 1, pp. 55, 56). — AUodorus tomoxiw, a parasite of Tomoxia lineella at Falls Church, Va., and Macrocentrus wgeriw, parasitic on (Sesia) ^geria castanece at Greenville, S. C, are described as new to science. "Zool. Anz., 29 (1906), No. 7, pp. 221, 222. 750 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Preliminary note on Bracon sp., a parasite of the cotton bollworm, F. C. WiLLCOCKS (Bnl. Soc. Ent. Egypte, 6 (1913), No. 2, pp. 56-67; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), 8er. A, No. 8, pp. 507, 508).— An undetermined parasite of Earias insulana has been found by lal)oratory experiments to breed equally well on the pink bollworm (GelecMa gossypieUa) . The white grubs of sugar cane in Queensland, A. A. Gieault (Bur. Sugar Expt. Stas. Queensland, Div. Ent. Bui. 1 (1914), PP- H)- — ^ popular account prepared for cane growers, and based upon work during a period of three years at the Sugar Experiment Stations in Queensland. A technical report will follow. The date stone beetle, F. C. Willcocks (Bui. Soc. Ent. Egypte, 6 (1913), No. 1, pp. 37-39; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 8, p. 506).— The author has found a small scolytid beetle, thought to be Coccotrypcs dactyliperda, in dates from Sharkieh Province. "An infested stone is perforted by a small circular hole and a quantity of pale- colored dust, composed of excrement and matter excavated from the stone, may be observed inside the date itself. . . . One date stone was found to contain 9 beetles, 6 pupfe, and 24 larvae of different sizes, besides ova. Of 244 stones from the 'Amry ' dates only 3, or 1.2 per cent, harbored the beetle, while of the 398 'Agla^\T ' dfite stones examined 47, or 11.8 per cent, were infested." On parasitic and other nematodes biologically associated with bark beetles, G. Fuchs (Verhandl. Gesell. Deut. Naturf. u. Aerzte, 85 (1914), II, pt. 1, pp. 688-692; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 6, p. 375).— This paper deals with nematodes that are found associated with bark beetles, par- ticularly with Ips typographus and the weevil Hylobius abietis. Some of the nematodes are true parasites. Two blossom weevils (Anthonomus pomorum and A. rubi), A. Tullgben (Meddel. Centralanst. Fiirsoksv. Jordbruksomrddet, No. 93 (1914), PP- 12, pi. 1; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 3, pp. 106, 107). — ^A popular treatise on A. pomorum and A. rubi, their biology and remedial measures. A hymenopteran parasitizing the oothecae of a blattid, A. Alfiebi (Bui. Soc. Ent. Egypte, 6 (1913), No. 1, pp. 14, 15; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 8, pp. 504^ 505). — ^Two species of Evania, E. laevigata and E. abyssinica, are said to have been reared from Stylopyga orientalis that were kept under observation. The North American fever tick: Notes on life history, E. C. Cotton (Tennessee Sta. Bui. 113 (1915), pp. 31-77, figs. 15).— A report of biological studies of the cattle tick conducted at Knoxville, Tenn., earlier reports relating to which have been noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 1054; 26, p. 458). Recent studies of the biology of this tick by other authors, including Newell and Dougherty in Louisiana (E. S. R., 18, p. 987), Hunter and Hooker in Texas (E. S. R., 19, p. 664), Graybill in Alabama (E. S. R., 28, p. 63), and Hooker, Bishopp, and Wood in Texas (E. S. R., 27, p. 865) have been noted. The report is presented under the headings of life history, the engorged adult, preoviposition period, the female reproductive organs, rate of oviposition, fatal temperatures, the egg stage, the incubation period, overwintering eggs, the seed tick, longevity of seed ticks from overwintering eggs, and mortality of seed ticks from extreme cold. The following is a summary of the more important results of these investi- gations, which, it should be pointed out, are based upon and apply particularly to conditions in Tennessee, which State lies on the northern border of the tick belt. " The parasitic stages of ticks are little affected by changes in air tempera- ture. These require, respectively, 7 to 9 days for seed-tick engorgement, 5 to. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 751 10 days for nymphal engorgement, and 4 to 14 days for the final, or adult, engorgement. The nonparasitic stages vary greatly with the season and tem- perature. The preoviposition period may last but 2 days in midsummer or it may be prolonged to 56 days in winter and spring. The oviposition period varies from 9 to 122 days under similar conditions. . . . " The alimentary system of the tick consists of from 10 to 12 c£eca, or blind sacs, which provide large storage capacity. Movement of the food particles within these caeca is accomplished by peristalsis. No waste materials are ex- creted by the adult tick after final engorgement. Such materials are stored in the renal sac and the Malpighian tubes, mostly in the form of crystals of uric acid, which remain there after death. . . . " The rate of oviposition varies with temperature. The average daily rate for 26 engorged ticks kept in the incubator at 85° was 285 eggs, the extremes being 156.8 and 407.1 eggs, respectively. The average number of eggs produced by each individual tick was 2,113, varying from 967 to 4,071 eggs. The largest number produced within any 24-hour period by a single tick was 1,006 eggs. " Engorged adult ticks exposed to temperatures of 24° or lower may be killed by freezing. Those under dry conditions will survive temperatures fatal to those under moist conditions, while partly spent females are more easily killed by cold than those that have not yet begun egg laying. Ticks protected by a covering of dry litter will survive very much more cold than those not so pro- tected, but moist litter offers no protection at all. "Eggs protected by the viscid secretion from the shell glands retain their moisture very much longer than those without it. Those eggs from which this coating has been washed are liable to absorb sufficient water to destroy the embryos, if they remain submerged. " The incubation period of the eggs varies from 24 days, the record of a lot of eggs laid by ticks dropping from the host on July 5, to 252 days for eggs laid by ticks maturing September 20. Eggs laid by ticks dropping from the host before August 28 will hatch before winter, while of those laid by ticks dropping after this date a few may hatch the same season, the remainder going over until the following spring. Whether they will hatch then depends upon the effectiveness of the viscid coating of the eggs in preventing excessive loss of moisture. Probably many of the eggs exposed to extreme cold are destroyed. In our experiments all eggs exposed to 2° F. were killed. It is very difficult, however, to dissociate this effect from that of excessive drying during the long dormant season. . . . " The six-legged seed ticks immediately after emergence are able, if necessary, to fast for several months while awaiting a host animal. Our record of great- est seed-tick longevity is 298 days. . . . Seed ticks hatching from eggs laid by engorged ticks dropping during July live longest, while those from September- maturing ticks are the shortest lived, the longevity in this case being about one-third that of those from July ticks. . . . The average longevity of seed ticks hatching from overwintering eggs is 94 days, while that of seed ticks from eggs hatching before winter is 176 days. This indicates a debilitating effect on the developing embryos, due to cold and drying during the long dormant season. Seed ticks are able to survive the ordinary winter temperature of the tick area, except along the northern border. A temperature of 4° F., however, is fatal to all seed ticks." A table is appended which gives detailed information concerning the 2,315 engorged female ticks kept under outdoor conditions at Knoxviile, on which the facts and conclusions reached in this bulletin are based. A list of 15 titles of the literature referred to is appended. 752 EXPEEIMENT STATION" EECOED. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Refrigerated meat, E. Peekoncito (Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 57 (1914), pp. 214-217). — Information is given regarding the extent to whicli refrigerated meat has been used in Europe, and especially Italy, during the years 1907 to 1912. Whey in infant feeding, A. W. Boswoeth, H. I. Bowditch and B. H. Ragle (Amer. Jour. Diseases Children, 9 (1915), No. 2, pp. 120-125). — Feeding experi- ments with an infant are described in which the child received an abundance of fat, sugar, and protein, the whey constituents being the only variable. The results of these experiments are in agreement with those of other investi- gators, and indicate that a ration composed of pure materials — fat, carbo- hydrate, and protein — needs the addition of substances such as whey salts to promote the growth of the young. The work also seems to bear out the theory that creatin excretion is in some way related to growth, and to offer an explana- tion of the fact that the creatin excretion of growing infants varies from day to day. The phosphoric oxid content of maize flour, J. McCBiCE (Jour. Eyg. [CambridgG], I4 (1914), No. S, pp. 395-398). — To ascertain the loss of vitamin in the usual milling of maize meal or flour a number of milled samples of different grades of fineness were analyzed. The vitamin loss (assumed to be parallel to that of phosphoric oxid) was found considerable, though not so great as that resulting from the polishing of rice. For experimental purposes the milling process was so altered that 96 per cent of the original grain (instead of from 84 to 89 per cent) was converted into fine meal passing a 30-mesh sieve. This meal was found to contain nearly as much phosphoric acid as the original grain. Feeding experiments with 6,000 laborers are in progress to determine the relative merits of the flours prepared ])y the new and old style methods of milling. No intestinal disturbances due to the use of the new type of meal have been observed thus far. The author concludes that " fine white meal, produced after removal of the husk and a considerable proportion of the germinal portion of maize, is a de- fective foodstuff which may give rise to some form of deficiency disease; by grinding the maize in such a way that practically the whole of the grain is con- verted into fine meal this defect is remedied." Atmospheric conditions in relation to bread making, J. E. Wihlfahrt (Neto York: The Fleischmann Co., 1915, pp. 15, figs. 4).— This pamphlet, which is intended for commercial bakers, discusses the importance of and gives hints regarding the control of temperature and humidity to secure the best results in baking. An inexpensive moisture generator is described, as well as some measur- ing instruments. War bread, E. Fleurent (Compt. Rend. Acnd. Set. [Paris], 161 (1915), No. 3, pp. 55, 56). — The author describes a method for improving the keeping quality of bread, the essential features of which are as follov.^s : A dough is prepared as usual, but the baking is prolonged to insure steriliza- tion of the loaf. On removal from the oven the bread while still hot is wrapped in two thicknesses of paper and the wrapper sealed. The wrapped bread is then submitted to a second baking at a temperature of 120 to 130° C. for 15 to 20 minutes. It is said that bread thus prepared has been kept for a month and longer in damp cellars without deterioration. The bread of the Kaingang Indians of Brazil, R. Lieske (Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. [Pringshcim], 53 (1914), No. 4, pp. 516-526).— The author reports a bacteriologi- cal and chemical examination of bread prepared by these Indians from matured and unripe corn by an acid fermentation process. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 753 Honey as a food, B. C. Aston {Jour. Agr. [Neio Zeal.l, 11 (1915), No. 1, pp. 48-52, fig. 1). — Data are given regarding the composition of honey. Honey is compared with other foods as to its fuel value, the ash it supplies to the diet, and its price per pound. Note on vineg'ar, J. S. Jamieson (Analyst, 40 (1915), No. 468, pp. 106, 107).— Comparative analyses are given of a vinegar prepared from malted barley and one prepared from malted maize. A vinegar prepared from germinated maize and pasteurized, the same vinegar before pasteurization, and an ordinary barley malt vinegar were also studied. The author concludes that the proteins and phosphates from malted maize are not so readily extracted by an aqueous infu- sion as in the case of malted barley. [Food inspection and analysis and other topics], E. F. Ladd and Aljia K. Johnson (North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui, 3 (1915), No. 19, pp. 305-336) .—This bulletin contains the results of the sanitary inspection of dairies, balieries, restaurants, and other places where food is prepared or sold; together with popular information regarding various pure-food topics. Data are given regarding the examination of a number of samples of foods, drugs, proprietary medicines, and toilet preparations. A report of the analysis of toilet soaps, by R. Hulbert, is included. Principles of food preparation, Mary D. Chambees (Boston: The Boston Cooking-School Magazine Co., 1914, pp. XX+251, pi. 1, figs. 33).— A text-book of cookery in which the fundamental principles presented are illustrated by a large number of simple experiments as well as by recipes recommended for classroom work. Analysis and cost of ready-to-serve foods, P. C. Gephart and G. Lusk (Chicago: Amer. Med. Assoc, 1915, pp. 83). — This publication reports a study of approximately 350 different portions or " orders " of food as served to patrons in a chain of restaurants operated in several large cities of the country. The bulk of the publication consists of tabulated data regarding each order. The figures given show the cost of each order ; the weight of its food constituents ; the total number of calories of energy furnished ; the actual amounts and pro- portion of this energy supplied by the protein, carbohydrate, and fat con- stituents ; the number of calories obtained for 5 cts. ; and the cost of 2,500 calories of energy furnished by the portion. The tabulated data are discussed, and the introduction by G. Lusk considers somewhat at length the results of the investigations in their relation to some fundamental principles in nutrition. An educational lunch room (Houseicives League Mag., 6 (1915), No. 3, pp. 13-11, figs. 3). — A description is given of a lunch room conducted by the Board of Health of New York City, for city employees. Menus and food costs are discussed. Fitting out the fleet — provisions, S. McGowan (Navy Depf., Bur. Supplies and Accts., [Lcafiefl, 1915, June 22, p. 1). — Estimates are given of the amounts of different foods required to feed for 30 days from 1,000 to 9,000 men. The values for foods are in all cases " practically in agreement with the quantities actually expended during 10 months of the battleship cruise around the world." The leaflet bears the date June 22, 1915. Mutual service, Carolyn P. Webber (Bedford, Mass.: Author, 1915, pp. 112, figs. 33). — This book, which has been prepared for distribution by gas com- panies to consumers, describes various forms of gas cooking, heating, and lighting apparatus, and gives instructions for their care and operation. The influence of food on metabolism, G. Lttsk (Jour. Biol. Cheni., 20 (1915), No. 4, Proc, pp. TIII+XVII). — In this address the author reviews the results of a number of his experiments which have been noted from other sources, and coordinates these results with those obtained by a number of experimenters. 754 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. On the cholesterol content of the tissues of growing rats when under various diets, P. E. Lander {Biochem. Jour., 9 {1915), No. 1, pp. 78-96, figs. XI), — Feeding experiments with laboratory animals (rats) are described, which were conducted to determine the normal cbolesterol content of the tissues of growing rats, and to obtain information as to whether the growing organism can manufacture cholesterol when deprived of that substance in the food. The normal standard quantity of cholesterol contained in the bodies of rats which were just beginning to feed themselves M^as 0.1467 per cent. From the results obtained the following general conclusions are drawn : "A pure synthetic dietary is insufficient to enable ' growth processes ' to go on in young rats, in other words the rats are starved on such a diet and neither cholesterol, cholesterol esters, nor lecithin appears to supply the deficiency. [A commercial meat extract which was tested], however, appears to have a beneficial effect in some cases, rats fed on a diet with this addition showing no eagerness to nibble their dead comrades. " There is no evidence that the living organism can manufacture cholesterol, but on the other hand it is a substance which is strictly conserved and readily picked out from a diet in which it is present in only small quantities. When, however, it is present in large quantities in the food then the percentage in the body goes up considerably, but only a small quantity of that ingested is actually stored up." Contributions to the physiology of the stomach. — XIX, Reflexes from the intestinal mucosa to the stomach, E. H. Brunemeier and A. J. C^vrlson (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 36 {1915), No. 2, pp. 191-195, figs. 2). — Experiments with dogs having intestinal and gastric fistulae are described, from which the fol- lowing conclusions are drawn: " Gastric juice, chyme, acids, alkalis, water, milk, and oil introduced into the small intestine inhibit gastric hunger contractions and gastric tonus for varying periods. This inhibition of these gastric hunger contractions and tonus is due partly to mechanical, partly to chemical stimulations of the intestinal mucosa. The chemical stimulation produces the greatest effect. Animal calorimetry. — VII, The metabolism of a dwarf, F. H. McCrtjddeb and G. Lusk {Jour. Biol. Chem., 13 {1913), No. 4, pp. 447-454)-— The results are reported of a metabolism experiment made with a dwarf 17 years old suffer- ing from infantilism : " The basal metabolism was increased 6.6 per cent as a result of the ingestion of food, and this again was increased by 14.7 per cent when the boy was reading illustrated periodicals in bed. The protein metabolism yielded the normal pro- portion of 15 per cent of the total calories of heat production. Nothing abnor- mal could be detected in the metabolic processes of the individual, as determined from these calorimetric observations." Earlier experiments have been noted (E. S. R., 28, pp. 865-868). Animal calorimetry. — VIII, The alleged influence of the adrenals on diabetic metabolism, G. Lusk and J. A. Riche {Arch. Int. Med., 13 {1914), No. 5, pp. 573-681, fig. 1). — Experiments with laboratory animals (dogs) are reported in which the total metabolism and the respiratory quotient were deter- mined during the period of absorption of 50 gm. of glucose from the alimentary tract and also between 18 to 21 hours after this was administered. Administration of epinephrine during these periods did not interfere with the metabolism of carbohydrates, and during the period of its administration the fraction of the total heat output furnished by carbohydrates was increased. From these experiments the conclusion is drawn that " the theory that epine- phrine causes a production of sugar from fat, decreases the power of the organism to oxidize glucose thx'ough inhibition of pancreatic function, and FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 755 stimulates the thyroid so that protein metabolism is increased, is untenable in any of its particulars." Animal calorimetry. — IX, The influence of meat ingestion on the amino acid content of blood and muscle, Mary B. Wish art {Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 {1915), No. 4, PP- 535-537). — A large number of feeding experiments with laboratory animals (dogs) are reported which substantiate the conclusions of the author that amino acids do not accumulate in the muscular tissues, but are either immediately destroyed or else synthesized into new (body) protein. Animal calorimetry. — ^X, The rate at which ingested glycocoU and alanin are metabolized, F. A. Csonka {Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 {1915), No. Jf, pp. 539- 554, figs. 3). — This paper reports the results of further feeding experiments with phlorizinized dogs. Using the amount of extra sugar eliminated in phlorizin glycosuria as an index to the rate of metabolism of amino acids, the results obtained indicate that the rates of absorption of iso-glycogenic quantities of glycocoll and alanin are practically identical with the rate of absorption and elimination of ingested glucose. Animal calorimetry. — XI, An investigation into the causes of the specific dynamic action of the foodstuffs, G. Lusk and J. A. Riche {Jour. Biol. Chem., 20 {1915), No. 4, pp. 555-617, pis. 15). — Previous experiments by the authors are reviewed somewhat at length and a large amount of additional experi- mental data are included, which may be briefly summarized as follows : "A dog, after undergoing prolonged confinement in a cage without loss of body weight, manifested a marked reduction in basal metabolism, recovery from this condition being brought about by exercise. After the ingestion of a cold solu- tion of 70 gm. of glucose in 210 cc. of water a discrepancy was noted between the heat production as measured by the direct and indirect methods, this dis- crepancy extending over 3 or 4 hours after ingesting the material. The same phenomenon was noted when cold water was ingested, although to a lesser extent. "After prolonged confinement in a cage without loss of body weight, a dog may manifest a marked reduction in basal metabolism. Recovery from this condition is achieved through exercise. " Ingestion of a cold solution of 70 gra. of glucose in 210 cc. of water causes a discrepancy between the measurement of heat by the direct and indirect methods which may extend over 3 or 4 hours after taking the material. The heat production is increased in order to replace the heat abstracted by the cold solution. To a lesser extent the same phenomenon occurs when cold water is ingested. This explains the disparity between heat found and calculated after meat ingestion noticed in the second paper [E. S. R., 28, p. 866]. " Glycocoll 5.5 gm. increased metabolism 7.3 per cent at a time when alanin 5.5 gm. increased it 7 per cent, and when the two mixed together increased it 18 per cent. Therefore, when two amino acids are given together there is a summation of effect. Eleven gm. of the mixed acids caused the same increase in metabolism as did 50 gm. of glucose. " Glycocoll 20 gm., containing 42 nutritional calories, increased the metabo- lism by 33.75 calories, or 33.7 per cent above the basal level ; while 10 gm., con- taining 21 nutritional calories, increased metabolism by 16.7 calories, or 16.7 per cent. The increase is therefore proportional to the quantity ingested. The extra heat production after giving glycocoll is nearly equal to the energy con- tent of the glycocoll administered. "After giving 20 and 30 gm. of alanin the heat production rose in proportion to the quantity ingested. Extra heat was produced to an extent of 53 per cent of the energy content of the ingested alanin. 12146°— No. 8—15 5 756 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " When the action of glycocoll and alanin is compared, the quantity of extra heat produced is not found to be proportional to the quantity of sugar formed, but there is some evidence to indicate that one molecule of glycolic acid liber- ated from glycocoll has the same power to increase heat production as one molecule of lactic acid derived from alanin. "When carbohydrate is transformed into fat there is a small exothermic elimination of heat, for which due allowance may be made by calculation, "After giving glucose 50 gra. with glycocoll 20 gni., the increase in the metabo- lism was almost as great as the sum of the increases induced when each sub- stance was given alone. Alanin 20 gm. followed the same law when given with glucose 50 gm. (This nullifies the authors' former opinion.) " The influence upon heat production of 50 gm. of glucose, sucrose, and fruc- tose increases in the order named, which accords with [other investigators]. . . . The increases in single hours may be over 30 per cent above the basal level. "After giving 50 gm. of lacto.-^e to the dog there was no increase in metabolism or in the respiratory quotient. "After giving 50 gm. of galactose there was little increase in metabolism or in the respiratory quotient. " Ethyl glycolate is a poison. "Ethyl alcohol in .small amounts (5.8 and 9.4 gm.) increases the level of the basal metabolism and does not merely replace an isodynamic quantity of fat. " The resultant of the effect on heat production of ingesting glucose and alco- hol together is nearly equal to the sum of the effects which each would have produced alone. The carbohydrate respiratory quotient is greatly reduced. "After giving ethyl lactate it is probable, though not certain, that lactic acid acts as a stimulus to higher metabolism. "Administration of phlorizin to a fasting dog may cause an increase in meta- bolism of as high as 70 per cent above the basal value. " Glucose 10 gm. or 70 gm. and fructose 10 gm. have no influence upon the level of heat production in phlorizin glycosuria. " Glycocoll 12.5 gm. and alanin 20 gm. increase metabolism when they are given to a phlorizinized dog, though they are not oxidized and their energy con- tent is eliminated in the form of sugar and urea in the urine. Since the maxi- mal effect upon heat production coincides with the period of their maximal metabolism, and since evidence exists to show that amino acids themselves do not stimulate metabolism (nullifies former opinion) one may conclude that inter- mediary products such as glycolic acid or lactic acid provide the stimulus. These experiments afford conclusive proof of a true chemical stimulation of protoplasm within the mammalian organism, and offer a logical explanation of the specific dynamic actitjn of protein." Calorimetric observations on man, J. S. Macdonald, F. A. Duffield, and K. Lucas {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1914, pp. 238-241). — ^The experimental work done by the committee in continuation of that previously reported (E. S. R., 32, p. 257) is reviewed briefly. Employing the respiration calorimeter, the authors have studied the heat production and re-spiratory exchange of a man performing different amounts of work upon a bicycle ergometer. The energy metabolism of 10 hospital children, J. R. Mxjblin and B. R. HooBLER (Amer. Jour. Diseases Children, 9 {1915), No. 2, pp. 81-119, figs. 10). — Using the respiration incubator previously described (E. S. R., 32, p. 860), the authors conducted a series of experiments to study the energy metabolism of 10 hospital children of from 2 to 12 months of age, of which the nutritive condi- tion varied from that of the last stage of marasmus to one of considerable over- weight. The heat production was calculated both on the basis of weight and of surface area, and the approximate specific gravity was determined in an at- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 757 tempt to secure a measure of the proportion of fat to active tissue. Full experi- mental data are reported from which the authors draw in part the following conclusions : " The specific gravity, even if accurately measured, can not serve as a measure of the proportion of fat to active tissue. . . . "The heat production for the sleeping period averages for the 10 children 2.7 calories per kilogram and hour. It is highest on this basis for the atrophic and underweight children and lowest for the fattest child. On the basis of a square meter of surface the heat production of normal children shows a decided increase from the early months (2 to 4) to the later mouths (6 to 12) of the first year. The average of all the 10 children is 39.7 calories. The average deviation from the mean heat production in all sleeping periods is about ±10 per cent for each of the several formulas expressing the relation of surface area to weight." Practically the same average heat production per unit of weight and per unit of surface was obtained when all the infants between 2 months and 12 months in this series and in the experiments of others (61 in all) were compared, i. e., 2.7 calories per kilogram and hour, 39.3 calories per square meter and hour. " On the unit of weight all but 3 of the atrophic and underweight children (48 in all) lie above the line represented by 2.5 calories per kilogram and hour; all the normals (18) lie near this line; and all but 1 of the overweight infants (5) lie below the line. Two and one-half calories per kilogram and hour or 60 calories per kilogram and 24 hours may therefore be called tentatively the ' nor- mal heat production ' of recently fed, sleeping infants between 2 months and 1 year of age. Included in this figure is whatever dynamic action the foods them- selves may have; otherwise the figure is minimal. Hard crying may increase the metabolism as much as 40 per cent ; the requirement for growth and allow- ance for nonabsorption must be added. . . . " There seems to be no sufficient reason . . . for estimating the food require- ments of infants on the basis of surface area rather than on the basis of weight." A calorimetric calibration of the Krogh, bicycle ergometer, F. G. Benedict and L. E. Emmes (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 38 {1915), No. 1, pp. 52-61, figs. 2). — ^A report of the calibration of an electric brake bicycle ergometer, which has pre- viously been described by Krogh (E. S. R., 30, p. 767). The ergometer, placed in a calorimeter, was rotated ftom the outside by a motor. The heat developed, as measured by the calorimeter, was compared with the computed work done in sustaining various loads on a suspended bal- ance pan. Tests were made at different rates of speed and with different weights on the balance pan. " These experiments showed that friction and other extraneous factors may be entirely neglected in using the Krogh bicycle ergometer and that the results obtained by calibration were within 0.5 per cent of theory." ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Further experiments on the inheritance of coat color in rabbits, R. C. PuNNETT (Jour. Genetics, 5 (1915), No 1, pp. 31-50). — Continuing work previ- ously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 768), the author reports further experiments with rabbits showing the unexpected appearance of agoutis in litters from black parents. He also gives results of experiments showing that chocolate in the rabbit, as in the mouse, behaves as a simple recessive to black and that the chocolate series of colors runs strictly parallel with the black series. These data are interpreted on both the " presence and absence " and the " multiple allelomorph " hypotheses, but reasoning is advanced to show that it would ap- 758 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. pear premature to reject the former hypothesis for the latter until the posses- sion of facts compels. A bibliography of the literature cited is appended. Studies on inbreeding. — VI, Some further considerations regarding cousin and related kinds of mating, R. Pearl (Amer. Nat., 49 {1915), No. 585, pp. 570-575, fig. 1). — Cotitinning this series of studies (E. S. R., 32, p. 665), the author gives coefficients of inbreeding for continued single and double cousin mating and uncle and niece mating, with hypothetical pedigree tables illus- trating these kinds of breeding. Illustrating graphically these coefficients of inbreeding, together with those from the continued inbreeding of brother X sis- ter and parent X offspring, it is seen that the curves fall into two pairs alike for brother X sister and the double cousins, and for parent X offspring and single cousin, except that the cousin curves lag one generation behind the others. The uncle X niece curve is the same as the single cousin curve. From data pre- sented in this and former papers, it is seen that inbreeding of any type when continuously followed for about 10 generations results in within 1 or 2 per cent of complete *' concentration of blood." The author extends the table of general equations given by Jennings (E. S. R., 32, p. 665) for coefficients of inbreeding after n generations of each particular type of mating. An attempt to produce mutations through hybridization, F. N. Duncan (Amer. Nat, 49 (1915), No. 585, pp. 575-582, fig. 1). — Crosses were made with mutant stocks of Drosophila with wild stock from many localities in the United States, from the West Indies, France, and Australia in order to discover, if possible, whether hybridization is an essential factor in the formation of mutant races. From 16,637 flies of the Fa generation, 7 flies arose which varied from the normal type and bred true. Four of these soven cases arose from wild stock just received from Illinois, so it is thought that the characters found to be in- herited were recessive in the wild stock and not due solely to the cross. This narrows the results to one mutant to every 5,545 flies, a ratio too wide to at- tribute hybridization as its cause. In the light of these results, the author considers that mutations arise only through chance. The nitrogenous metabolism products and their value in determining the digestibility of the proteins of feed stuffs, A. Mokgen, C. Beger, and F. West- HAUSSEB (Landw. Vers. Stat, 85 {1914), No. 1-2, pp. 1-104). — From their studies with sheep and swine to determine the magnitude of the error oc- casioned by the excretion into the alimentary tract and the voiding with the undigested food of certain nitrogenous products of metabolism consisting of the secretions of the gastroenteric canal (including the bile), together with epithelial cells with some proteins and some other nitrogenous compounds of a nonproteid nature, the authors conclude that a correction previously made, which amounted to 0.4 gm. of nitrogen per 100 gm. of digested organic matter, was not sufficient and that the figure should be increased to 0.85 gm. per 100 gm. of digested organic matter. Importance of calcium and phosphoric acid in the animal organism. — IH, Value of the principal phosphorus compounds to the ruminant, G. Fingee- xiNG {Landw. Vers. Stat, 86 {1915), No. 1-2, pp. 75-114) .—Results of experi- ments in the feeding of casein, phytin, lecithin, nuclein, sodium nucleinate, and disodium phosphate in rations to lambs indicated that an average of 89.2, 90.83, 92.72, 90.92, 93.62, and 90.53 per cent of the P2O5 in the respective phosphorus- containing materials was retained by the animal body, while with goats the percentages were 89.46, 96.81, 84.64, 88.54, 90.18, and 90.23. Previous work has been noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 71). ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 759 Feeding of potato foliage, L. Meyek {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell, 30 {1915), No. 32, pp. 472-474)- — An account of the use of potato foliage liay for cattle and sheep feeding in Germany. It is said to compare favorably with meadow- hay, having a composition as follows: Dry matter 85.7 per cent, protein 11.8, fat 2.8, nitrogen-free extract 35.1, crude fiber 23, and ash 13. The starch value of meadow hay is given as 34.3 and of potato foliage hay as 34.2. [Analyses of feeding- stuffs], .F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, pp. 109-119).— Analyaes are given of the following feeding stuffs: Cotton- seed meal, distillery and brewers' grains, dried distillery slop, oil cake, gluten meal, barley germ meal, veiny pea hay, vetch hay, cacao bean husks, wheat middlings, golden flax, bran, hull-less oats, molasses, molasses feed, molassine meal, corn fodder, and corn silage, and of mangels and carrots of various varieties. [Animal husbandry work], E. S. Abchibaxd et al. {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1914, pp. 297-328, 4OO-4O8, 41O, 41I, 4I6-454, 457-472, pis i6).— Steers of various breeds and types were fed from 80 to 151 days, it being found that steers fed quickly gave a good margin of profit, that the dairy type of feeder may be profitably finished in from three to five months according to age, and that many steers slaughtered in November and December would pay profitable returns if fed a few months longer. In steer-feeding experiments to determine the effect of heavy and light feeding it was found that while the daily rate of gain was greater in the heavy-fed lots, yet their average cost per pound of gain was considerably higher and the greater profit was realized from the light-fed lots. Grain was profitably replaced by molasses when used in only a limited amount. Molasses appeared to have a more beneficial effect when fed to good stocker than to good butcher cattle getting the same amount of grain. Molasses showed a profit over a full-grain ration. Eight steers fed 140 days and given freedom in box stalls made a gain of $56.17 as compared with $3.23 from eight steers tied. In a comparison of corn silage and dry corn fodder as roughage for fattening steers fed five months, the former made an average daily gain per steer of 1.86 lbs., the latter of 1.5 lbs. Four lots of steers fed 140 days, lot 1 receiving oat straw, mixed hay, oats, and barley, fed outside; lot 2 the same as lot 1, but fed inside; lot 3 the same as lot 1 with the addition of silage, and fed inside and tied; and lot 4 fed mixed hay, silage, roots, and grain (bran, peas, oats, and barley), fed inside, made average daily gains per head of 1.95, 1.93, 2.47, and 2.82 lbs., respectively. In feeding steers outside during the winter it was found that 77.31 lbs. of dry matter was required to produce 1 lb. of gain, the steers making 0.29 lb. of gain per head per day. Three lots of steers fed 85 days, lot 1 outdoors with free run, lot 2 in a corral, and lot 3 in box stalls, made daily gains per head of 1.73, 1.55, and 2.67 lbs. at a cost of 9.47, 10.48, and 6.15 cts. per pound of gain for the respective lots. In another experiment it was found that corral steer feeding, even in spite of severe weather, may be profitable. Steers of good beef type made rapid and economical gains and good profits, but steers of dairy type made slower gains, costing more to produce, and were fed at a loss. Three lots of steers fed 135 days, lot 1 receiving alfalfa, roots, and grain, and lots 2 and 3, green oat fodder in addition, made average daily gains per head of 1.6, 1.5, and 1.6 lbs. for the respective lots. Methods of feeding the work horse, brood mare, and young colt are reported. In an experiment to determine the most economical means of handling and feed- ing the work horse in winter, four lots were fed as follows : Lot 1, oat straw, oat fodder, oats, and bran; lot 2, oat straw, mixed hay, oats, and ground flax- seed ; lot 3, oat straw, mixed hay, oats, and bran ; and lot 4, oat straw, alfalfa 760 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOBD. hay, oats, and bran. The cost per horse per day was 16, 18, 15, and 17 cts. for the respective lots. The cost of growing a horse from weaning at five months to two years of age was $33.17 and that of wintering an idle horse, $9.17. Four lots of 9 lambs each were fed 97 days as follows : Lot 1, clover hay and alfalfa; lot 2, mixed hay and corn stover; lot 3, timothy hay and roots; and lot 4, mixed hay, roots, and extra grain. They made average daily gains per head of 0.085, 0.065, 0.037, and 0.106 lb., costing 22.7, 29.6. 47.7, and 16.6 cts. to produce a pound of grain. Three lots of 31 lambs each fed 92 days, lot 1 receiv- ing alfalfa hay ; lot 2, mixed hay and corn stover ; and lot 3, timothy hay and roots, made average daily gains per head of 0.2, 0.054, and 0.068 lb., costing per pound of gain 14*, 28, and 22 cts., respectively. In two years' lamb-feeding experiments four lots of lambs were fed 118 days as follows : Lot 1, clover hay, roots, and grain ; lot 2, clover hay and grain ; lot 3, timothy hay, roots, and grain ; and lot 4. timothy hay and grain. They made average daily gains per liead of 0.24, 0.21, 0.24, and 0.2 lb., costing per pound of gain 11.4, 11.15, 11.7, and 11.82 cts. for the respective lots. Clover hay sur- passed timothy hay in economy of production. When I'oots are used a better daily gain is obtained, but not quite sufficient to produce any appreciable profit by using them. In an experiment in wintering a breeding Hock, three lots of ewes were fed as follows : Lot 1, alfalfa in an open shed ; lot 2, alfalfa in the sheep barn ; and lot 3, hay in the sheep barn. They made average total gains per ewe during the 81-day period of 26.88, 27.42, and 22.06 lbs., respectively. Four lots of 25 lambs each were fed 112 days as follows: Lot 1, oat straw and grain (oats and barley 1:1) ; lot 2, oat straw, mixed hay, and grain; lot 3, oat straw, mixed hay, grain, and turnips ; and lot 4, oat straw, alfalfa, hay, grain, and turnips. They made average daily gains per head of 0.19, 0.26, 0.25, and 0.27 lb., costing per pound of gain 8.3, 6.75, 7.4, and 6.9 cts,, respectively. In a three years' experiment six lots of about 50 lambs each were fed as fol- lows : Lots 1 and 2, alfalfa, grain, and roots ; lot 3, alfalfa and roots ; lot 4, alfalfa and grain ; lot 5, alfalfa and screenings ; and lot 6, alfalfa alone, lot 1 being composed of yearlings and the remaining five lots of lambs. They made average daily gains per head of 0.23, 0.29, 0.19, 0.24, 0.23. and 0.17 lb., costing per pound of gain 10.71, 7.58, 9.34, 8.32, 6.11, and 9.8 cts., respectively. Two lots of eight sows each were fed during the winter season, lot 1 receiv- ing a mixture of wheat bran and shorts and lot 2 the same, with th eexception that one-third of this mixture was replaced by tankage. The tankage-fe-£4^) .— This article gives data as to the foreign trade in, and rhe quantity available for consumption of, grain and meat for France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Austria-Hungary, for 1914, with comparisons for 1913. Monthly crop report (U. S. Dept. Agr., Mo. Crop Rpt., 1 (1915), No. 4, pp. 29-40, fig. 1). — This number gives the usual monthly estimates of the acreage, condition, and yield of the more important agricultural crops, the farm prices of important products, and the range of prices at important markets, with miscel- laneous data. The estimated percentage of the 1914 cotton crop sold monthly by producers was as follows : August 1.2 per cent, September 6.8, October 14.8, November 18.0, December 16.1, January 11.0, February 8.3, March 7.7, April 6.1, May 2.5, leav- ing 7.5 unsold on June 1. The exports of durum wheat for the year ended June 30, 1915, amounted to 15,231,000 bu., as compared with 11,785,000 for the previous year. The receipts at five leading primary markets were 21,356,000 and 20,625,000 bu., respectively. Statistical information is given concerning the production of grain and pota- toes in Germany for 1912-1914, the percentage of the winter wheat crop thrashed by August 1, the commercial bean production, and the per capita value of the exports and imports of the United States from 1855-1859 to 1910-1914. Moisture determinations made by the Office of Grain Standardization of 678 samples of hard and soft red winter wheats show an average of 14.2 per cent, 10 per cent of the samples exceeding 16 per cent. This is attributed to the fre- quent rains, and the need of careful handling is pointed out. Statistical report of the California State Board of Agriculture, 1914 (Statis. Rpt. Cal. Bd. Agr., 1914, pp. XXIV +365, pi. i).— This report contains a number of statistical tables showing, for a series of years and by counties, the area and production of the principal agricultural crops and facts concerning irrigation enterprises. The agriculture of Pike County, Illinois, J. Main (Ithaca, N. Y.: Author, 1915, pp. 25, figs. 4)- — This pamphlet describes the climate, topography, soil, market facilities, population, and tj^pes of farms and farming, and indicates how the agricultural conditions of the county may be improved. Studies in the industrial resources of Texas, edited by L. H. Haney (Bui. Univ. Tex., No. 3 (1915), pp. 105, figs. 21).— This bulletin contains the following articles concerning the industrial resources of Texas : Economic Comparison of Texas Soil Belts, by L. H. Haney; The Climate of Texas in Relation to its Crops, by A. Deussen; Maps Showing Seasonal Distribution of Temperature and Rainfall, by W. T. Donaldson ; The Population of Texas and Its Potentiali- ties as a Labor Force, by W. E. Leonard; The Principal Crops of Texas, by A. B. Cox; Cotton Seed Products, by W. D. Wright; The Lumber Industry of Texas, by C. Lohman ; Irrigation in Texas, by B. L. Parten ; The Railway Serv- ice in Texas, by R. Randolph; A Summary of the Banks of Texas, by F. L. Vaughan ; and The Wealth of Texas, by R. Myers. Agriculture in Argentina — national wealth prostituted, G. T. Holm (Buenos Aires: G. Krieger, 1914, pp. SO, fig. i).— The author believes that the introduction into Argentina of grain elevators would bring about more eco- nomical methods of handling their grain, provide the farmer with better credit, and improve the quality of the grain. This publication is written as an argu- ment in favor of their Introduction. AGKICULTURAL EDUCATION. 789 Acreage and live stock returns of England and Wales (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries ILondon], Agr. Statis., 49 (1914), No. 1, pp. 115).— This report points out the changes in the number of farms by sizes and the areas devoted to specific crops, and gives detailed statistics by counties for 1913 and 1914 for the total acreage under crops and grass, arable land, and permanent grass, and the number of live stock. Comparative data are given for earlier years for the major subdivisions. Statistical yearbook of the Union of South Africa, 1912-13 (Statis. Year Book Union So. Africa, No. 1 {1913), pp. XI +383) .—Amons tlie data included in this yearbook are those relating to the population of the urban and rural districts, number of persons employed in agricultural pursuits, extent of land under cultivation, yield of the principal crops, number of live stock, and number of agricultural implements and machines, according to the census of 1911. Agricultural statistics of India, 1912-13 (Agr. Statis. India, 29 (1912-13), I, pp. IX +4^5, pis. 4). — This report contains the same items as previously noted (E, S. R., 31, p. 191), and adds data for the 1912-13 crop year. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education and agricultural prosperity, A. C. True (Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. and Soc. Sci., 59 (1915), No. 148, pp. 51-64). — The author discusses the economic and social conditions of farm life in this country, points out as the fundamental need for their improvement a better system of educa- tion, including industrial and vocational instruction, and briefly surveys the history and pi-esent status of agricultiiral education in this country. At this present stage of development he recommends that special stress be laid on " the provision of suitable means for the scientific and practical training of teachers of agriculture and home economics for the elementary and secondary schools and of the county agents and other extension workers ; adequate super- vision of the teaching of agriculture and home economics in the rural elementary and secondary schools by trained experts connected with the state departments of education who thoroughly understand the problems of country life ; the en- couragement of the consolidation and grading of rural elementary schools with a view to the more efiicient organization and equipment of practical instruction in agriculture and home economics, as well as their general improvement as educational agencies . . . and the use of state funds to aid in the establishment of high schools in rural regions, in which agriculture and home economics shall be taught by teachers trained along these lines, or the introduction of efficient courses in these subjects in general high schools frequented by country boys and girls." In his opinion this system of agricultural education will do much toward making farming more profitable and will also greatly increase agricultural production. Requirements for standardized elementary schools (Columbus, Ohio: State Supt. Pub. Instr., 1914, pp- 14)- — This bulletin, which has been prepared by the supervisors of agricultural education of Ohio, contains the recent law on the standardization of elementary schools in Ohio which includes re- quirements for agricultural apparatus to the value of at least $15 for one- room rural schools of the first grade; at least 2 acres of land for play and agricultural experiment, one teacher employed for 10 months a year, giving a part of his time to the teaching of agriculture or domestic science, or both, and to the supervision of agricultural and domestic art work during part of the vacation, and agricultural apparatus to the value of at least $25, for con- solidated elementary schools of the second gi-ade; buildings hereafter con- structed to have at least one acre of land for agricultural and school garden- 790 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. ing purposes, a course in domestic science, two teachers employed for 10 months each, teaching, respectively, agriculture and domestic science during the term and supervising it during part of the vacation, and agricultural and domestic science apparatus to the value of at least $100, for consolidated ele- mentary schools of the first grade. Price lists of agricultural apparatus are included. The nature-study situation in the elementary schools of Illinois for 1914- 1915, Florence G. Billig {Nature-Study Rev., 11 {1915), No. 5, pp. 255-259).— Data received from 99 schools are summarized and show that 83 of the schools reporting are teaching nature study. Of these 49 pursue organized courses, 10 have nature study supervisors, 49 teach nature study throughout the year, 43 teach it in grades 1-8, 9 in grades 1-6, and 14 in grades 1-4, the average time devoted to the subject being 50 minutes a week. Twenty-six schools include physiology in the nature study course. The author concludes, in so far as these schools are representative of the work done in Illinois, that nature study has a definite place in the curricula of the elementary schools of Illinois, that there is uniformity in the courses of study, and that physiology is considered a part of the nature-study course. Sectional report of commissioner regarding agricultural schools and their place in a coordinated system of education in Great Britain, the Continent of Europe, etc., A. C. Cabmichael {Sydney, N. S. W.: Min. Pub. Instr., 1915, pp. 19). — This is a report by the minister of public instruction of New South Wales on the agricultural schools and their place in a coordinated system of education, based upon personal observations, in Switzerland, Gennany, France, and Great Britain ; on features of agricultural instruction in Denmark, Ireland, Canada, and the United States; and on the agricultural education require- ments of New South Wales comprising (1) nature study and school gardening in the elementary schools for children up to their thirteenth year; (2) the rural consolidated day schools with an agricultural " top," for pupils from 14 to 17 years of age, and possessing about 5 acres of land, to serve as the ele- mentai-y school and the social center for the district and to give instruction in home economics and the elements of agricultural science with a certain amount of practical work, each pupil working a portion of his father's farm; (3) the agricultural high school, outside of town areas, with from 80 to 100 acres of land, mainly for residential pupils from 14 to 17 years of age, offering a 2-year course in agriculture leading to the agricultural college, one-third of the time being devoted to science with special reference to farm needs and one-third to field work; (4) the agricultural college; and (5) the university school of agriculture. Tourteenth annual general report of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland {Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Ann. Gen. Rpt., U {1913-14), pp. VI +182+3^8). —This is a report on the depart- ment's administration and funds and on details of its work during 1913-14, including agricultural and technical instruction. Agricultural education and research {Rpt. Bd. Agr. Scot., 3 {1914), PP- XXIV-XXXII). — This is a report on progress in 1914 in agricultural education and research work under the control of the Board of Agriculture of Scotland. A list of agricultural and horticultural oflacials, institutions, and asso- ciations {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Netherlands}, Verslag. en Meded. Dir. Landb. No. 2 {1915), pp. 125). — This list contains the organization and person- nel of the Direction of Agriculture of the Department of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, including agricultural education and research institutions, agri- cultural and horticultural winter schools, itinerant instructors, and associations in The Netherlands. AGKICULtURAL EDUCATIOl^. Y91 Instruction in moor culture at the agricultural and technical high schools and universities in Prussia, H. Wolff (Mitt. Vcr. Fiird. Moorknltur Dent. Reiche, 33 {1015), No. 9, pp. 243-246} .—The author briefly reviews the lectures and exercises given in rural engineering, including moor culture, together with the number of hours devoted to it in the high schools and universities of Prussia. Only the agricultural high school of Berlin and the University of Halle offer special lectures in moor culture, the other institutions giving only a brief survey of it as a bi'anch of rural engineering. The essentials of agriculture, H. J. Waters (Boston: Oinn and Co., 1915, pp. X-\-455+XXXVI, pis. 3, figs. 226).— This test presents the principles under- lying successful farm practice in all sections of the United States, the arrange- ment of the subject matter being based on experience in teaching agriculture in secondary schools and the courses of study adopted by various state depart- ments of education. The author has been assisted by experts in each branch of the subject, which comprises a study of plant production in general and of individual farm crops, care and management of soils, live-stock production, business aspects of farming, and mechanical power for the farm. Each chapter concludes with a list of review questions and problems, practical exercises, and references to literature. Appendixes include score cards, data as to quantity of seed to sow per acre, and similar useful information. Correlating agriculture with the puhlic school subjects in the Northern States, C. H. Lane and F. E. Heald (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bid. 281 (1915), pp. 42, figs. 6). — This bulletin gives detailed .suggestions to public school teachers on utilizing home projects in correlating agriculture and farm problems with the regular school work, the material being arranged according to a monthly sequence plan. Directions for organizing a club, awarding prizes, and con- ducting a school-exhibit day are included. Agronomy, II, Field crops for New Hampshire, G. H. Whitcher (N. H. Dept. Pub. Instr., Inst. Circ. 21 (1914-15), pp. 22, figs. 4). — Directions are given for conducting a 7-year practical crop rotation, suited to the needs of a large majority of New Hampshire farmers, as a high-school project. The material is so arranged that each crop in the series may be taken up by itself apart from its relation to the rotation as a whole. Soil bacteriology laboratory manual, P. S. Burgess (Easton, Pa.: Chemical Publishing Co., 1914, PP- YIlI+123, figs. 3). — This series of exercises, as used in the College of Agriculture of the University of California, is designed to cover one semester's work of 9 to 10 hours a week, references being appended to each exercise. Appendixes contain general information on subsidiary methods in con- nection with the exercises. How can the teacher make bee culture a school subject, training in habits of investigation and arousing an interest in the insect world, E. F. Phillips (Better Schools, 1 (1915), No. 6, pp. 96-98).— The author discusses the avail- ability of bees for school purposes and the value of the subject of bee keeping as an introduction to entomology. Productive swine husbandry, G. E. Day (Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1915, pp. XIII +363, pi. 1, figs. 95). — This text which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 872), has been brought up to date and widened in scope to adapt it also to Southern conditions. Pig club manual, J. D. McVean (North Carolina Sta. Circ. 26 (1915), pp. 31, figs. 10). — This manual for pig club members contains a brief history of the pig club movement, the aims and duties of pig club members, rules and regula- tions for club contests, instruction in raising pigs, a pattern and directions for making a bulletin case, and duplicate record blanks which are to be filled in and the completed records sent to the state agent at the close of the year. After the ^92 EXPEEIMENT STATIOIST KECORt). records have been inspected, graded, recorded, and corrected they are returned to the club members submitting them. Farm shop work, G. M. Brace and D. D. Mayne {New York: American Book Co., 1915, pp. XII+291, figs. 251).— Projects in woodworliing, blacksmith- ing, cement and concrete work, and harness making, including the care and use of tools, are outlined for pupils in practical art classes in rural elementary and secondary schools. The work deals in a very practical way with the repair and construction of things used in actual farm work. Home economics in the public schools of Louisiana, R. Myktelle Billings {Univ. Bui. La. State Univ., n. ser., 5 (1914), No. 9, pt. 1, pp. 60, pis. 2, figs. 7).— This bulletin contains a statement of the practical value of home economics; rules governing approved departments of home economics receiving $400 state aid ; requirements as to qualifications and duties of teachers ; a course of study, outlined by months, for approved departments of home economics for grades 8 to 11, inclusive, and equipment ; a suggestive course of study for the sixth and seventh grades of rural schools, together with equipment at a minimum cost of $100 ; and lists of publications for reference and supplementary reading and of educational exhibits furnished free by commercial firms. Practical application of cooking lessons given in the running of a regular cafeteria with report of social work in cbnnection with continuation school work in Kenosha, Lauea E. Hahn {Bui. ^Vis. Bd. Indus. Ed., No. 9 {1914), pp. 17, figs. 6). — An account is given of the preparation and serving of the noonday lunch by the cooking class of the Kenosha continuation school and of the social work in connection with the school. Outline of home economics for club study {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.], 10 {1915), No. 9, pp. 44). — This outline consists of four parts, viz, food, shelter, clothing, and management, including suggestive topics and references to literature. Material supplied to boys' and girls' clubs and rural schools {Agr. Gas. Canada, 2 {1915), No. 7, pp. 669-677).— This is a series of sunmiarized state- ments of material supplied this season to the rural schools, to boys' and girls' clubs, to junior farmers' institutes, etc., by various agencies in Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia. Twelve projects for Michigan clubs and a short primer on club work, E. C. T;iNDEMANN {Mick. Afff. Col., Ext. Div. CUT) Bui. 1 {1915), pp. 7, fi,g. 1).— Cfeneral information is given to club leaders on methods of conducting corn, potato, apple, live stock, poultry, and market gardening projects for boys' clubs, and housekeeping, garment making, canning and marketing, gardening and canning, poultry, and market gardening projects for girls for 1915. How to carry out the bean-growing project, J. F. Cox {Mich. Agr. Col., Ext. Div. Club Bui. 3 {1915), pp. 7, fig. 1). — This bulletin contains the requirements for the bean-growing project, instructions for the growing and care of beans, and a brief discussion of bean diseases, field selection of seed beans, and varieties. Girls' club work in Georgia, 1915, Lois Dowdle {Bui. Ga. State Col. Agr., No. 86 {1915), pp. 16, figs. 6). — This bulletin contains information concerning the organization and rules for conducting girls' club work, some results of the work in 1914, and suggestions for making booklets. Proceedings of the eighteenth annual meeting of the American Associa- tion of Farmers' Institute Workers, edited by L. R. Taft {Proc. Anier. Assoc. Farmers' Inst. Workers, 18 {1913), pp. 99). — ^A detailed report of the proceedinsg of the meeting hold at Washington, D. C, November 10-12, 1913. Among the papers presented are the follov.'ing: The Organization of the Institute by the Federal Government in Cooperation With the States for MISCELLANEOUS. 793 Demonstration of Improved INIethods, by T. A. Hoverstad (pp. 40-42) ; The Local Unit for Institute Orf,'anization, by E. C. Johnson (pp. 44-48) ; The Obligation of the Farmers' Institute to the Country Woman, the Country Boy, and the Country Girl, by W. J. Kennedy (pp. 49-52) ; Tlie Obligation of tlie Farmers' Institute to the Farm Laborer and Tenant Farmer, by E. Van Alstyne (pp. 55-57) ; The Proportion of State Institute Funds That Should Go to the Sup- port of Institutes for Women, by Mrs. W. N. Hutt (pp. 61-G3) ; Model Equip- ment for a Local Institute for Women, with a Model Program, by Helen L. Johnson (pp. 63-68) ; How the Organizing of Local Institutes for Women Can Best Be Effected, by Mrs. H. M. Dunlap (pp. 71-74) ; The Advisability of the Organization of a Section for Women in the American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers, by Ida S. Harrington (pp. 75-78) ; and How Can Greater Local Self-Dependence be Secured in Institute Work? by W. D, Hurd, pp. 83-85). Proceeding's of the nineteenth annual meeting' of the American Associa- tion of Farmers' Institute Workers, edited by L. II. Taft {Froc. Aiiicr. Assoc. Farmers' Inst. Workers, 19 (1914), pp. 123). — ^A detailed report of the proceedings of the meeting held at Washington, D. C, November 9-11, 1914, and previously noted (E. S. R., 32, pp. 14, 97). MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Reports of Virginia Station, 1913 and 1914 (Virginia Sta. Rpts. 1913-14, pp. i69, figs. 34)- — This contains the organization list, a report of the acting director as to the organization, publications, finances, work, and other data pertaining to the station, financial statements for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1913, and June 30, 1914, departmeneal reports, and reprints of Tech- nical Bulletins 1-4, previously noted, and of Technical Bulletins 5-8, abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Monthly bulletin of the Western Washington Substation (Washington Sta., West. Wash. Sta. Mo. Bui., 2 (1915), No. 11, pp. 20, figs. S).— This number contains brief articles on the following subjects : Celery Culture in Western Washington, by J. L. Stahl ; Late Blight of Celery, by H. L. Rees" (see p. 742) ; and Concerning Abnormal Eggs, The Development of an Egg, and The Feed Requirements of a Laying Hen, by V. R. McBride. Experiment station research as seen from within and without, H. J. Wheeler (Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 35 (1914), pp. 38-46).— This article has been previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 97). The small field laboratory and its atmosphere of research, D. Faikchild (Proc. Soc. Prom.. Agr. Sci., 35 (1914), PP- 62-71). — This article has been previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 308). Agricultural encyclopedia, compiled by K. zu Putlitz and L. Meyeb (Landlexikon. Stuttgart: Deut. Verlags Anst., 1911, vols. 1, pp. VIII+800; 2, pp. 800; 1912, vol. 3, pp. 800; 1913, vols. 4, pp. 800; 5, pp. 800; 1914, vol. 6, pp. 918, pis. 232, figs. 1221). — This is a general reference work, with .special prominence given to subjects pertaining to agricultui'e, forestry, horticulture, agricultural industries, agricultural laws and their administration, etc. NOTES. California University and Station. — Construction is being begun on the labora- tory building to cost $100,000 which is to be erected on the new 465-acre tract at Riverside for the use of the Citrus Substation and Graduate School of Agriculture. Donald Bruce, formerly supervisor of the Flathead National Forest of Mon- tana, has been appointed assistant professor of forestry and assistant forester in the station. Walter C. Dean, a 1915 graduate of the college of agriculture, has been appointed assistant in the department of soil technology of the station, vice Robert Pendleton, resigned September 1. Delaware College. — The college has recently received $500,000 from a donor who wishes his name withheld. Of this sum $225,000 will be used for a build- ing to house the entire activities of the departments of agriculture, general chem- istry, and biology ; $75,000 to remodel the old main building, which will house the social activities of the college; and the remainder will be invested as an endowment fund. The men's college opened in September with 232 students in attendance, 75 of whom are in agriculture. The women's college, which has just received its second class, has 90 students in attendance. Kansas College and Station. — Edward C. Johnson, superintendent of institutes and demonstrations, has been appointed dean of the division of college exten- sion. M. G. Burton has succeeded J. C. Werner, resigned, as director of corre- spondence work. Theodore Macklin has succeeded E. D. Baker, resigned, as instructor in rural economics. W. A. Etherton, specialist in rural architecture in this Department, has been appointed professor of rural architecture, and Miss Nola Treat assistant professor of domestic science. Other appointments include M. F. Ahearn as professor of landscape garden- ing ; David Gray, assistant animal husbandman ; Helen Hahn, assistant pro- fessor of home economics and education ; Carl S. Hoar, instructor in botany ; A. E. McClymonds, assistant instructor in agronomy and superintendent of the agronomy farm; Frank E. Mussehl, assistant in poultry husbandry; N. E. Olson, assistant in dairy husbandry ; Kurt Peiser, assistant in bacteriology ; Dr. C. A. Pyle and Carl Thompson, lecturers in animal husbandry extension; M. C. Tanqiiary, instructor and assistant in entomologj' ; J. ^Y. Zahnley, as- sistant in agronomy ; and L. C. Williams, assistant to the superintendent of institutes and demonstrations. Maryland College. — The total enrollment is 310, with a Freshman class of 91. The college has established a correspondence study department with courses in farm soils, fertilizers and fertility, corn, soy beans and cowpeas, horses and mules, dairy farming, farm poultry, the apple, vegetable gardening, farm bee keeping, food principles and food values, grounds of the farm home, farm sanitation, rural economics, farm accounts, farm dwelling construction, gas, oil, and hot-air engines, and pipe and pipe fittings. 794 NOTES. 795 Minnesota University and Station.— John D. Schofielrl, one of the committoe of three members of the Pomona Grange of Hennepin County largely responsible for the establishment of the school of agriculture, died September 18 at the age of 87 years. Recent appointments include the following: Alice M. Blister as assistant professor of nutrition ; Philip S. .Jordan as instructor in animal hus- bandry at Morris ; J. T. E. Dinwoodie, as assistant veterinarian ; L. V. France as instructor in bee keeping; D. O. Spriestersbach, as research assistant in agricultural chemistry; D. D. Valleau as research assistant in horticulture; Frank J. Piemeisel as research assistant in cereal rust studies; Roswell P. Ingram as seed inspector ; and Anna S. Olsen as assistant in homo economics at Crookston. W. P. Kirkwood, editor in the station, has also been appointed associate professor of journalism. Nebraska University. — Contracts have been awarded for the new biology building, which will house the departments of botany and zoology and will bear the name of Bessey Hall. The structure will consist of a 3-story and basement main building, 235 by 75 feet, with a short wing at each end and attached greenhouse and vivaria, and will cost approximately $200,000. The new agricultural engineering building is to be a two-3tory and basement structure, 180 by 70 feet, with a one-story annex 140 by 90 feet. C. L. Burlingham, extension specialist in dairying has resigned to accept a position with the Dairy Division of this Department, and has been succeeded by D. H. Propps as extension a«>sistant professor of dairy husbandry. L. M. Gates has resignetl as field expert in entomology to engage in farming. Other appointments include the following: JM. E. Dickson as assistant professor of poultry husbandry, beginning November 1 ; P. L. Gaddts. as assistant professor in agronomy : R. E. Holland, assistant in instructional agronomy ; K. F. Warner as extension specialist in animal husbandi-y ; Miss Emma Ort as extension specialist in home economics; and E. G. Maxwell as extension instructor in dairy manufactures. Nevada University and Station. — The state hygienic laboratory has been separated from the department of bacteriology and veterinary science of the station and now occupies quarters in another building. Sheds and a corral have been erected on the waste land at the north end of the station farm for the study of the possibility of developing an anthrax serum. Plans are being drawn for a field hospital for the study of animal diseases, to be constructed on the station farm. G. G. Schweis, assistant in entomology, resigned August 1, and August Holmes, assistant in chemistry, about September 15, the latter to complete post-graduate work at .Johns Hopkins University. New Mexico Colleg^e and Station. — Fred C. Werkenthin has been appointed professor of botany and station botanist, vice J. M. Mann, resigned. Dr. I^ouis Allen Higley has been appointed station chemist and professor of chemistry, vice Dr. R. F. Hare, who.se resignation has been previously noted. L. R. McNeely, assistant agronomist, resigned .July 1 and was succeeded August 20 by James T. Barlow. R. L. Stewart, assistant animal husbandman in the station, has been transferred entirely to instruction work. George W. Kable, assistant irrigation engineer, resigned July 1. Cornell University. — The registration in the college of agriculture is over 1.600, an increase of more than 50 over the previous year. Arrangements have been completed whereby five members of the 1916 class may obtain experience in teaching agriculture by serving for one term as assistants to teachers of agriculture in the high schools of the State. They will receive a compensation sufficient for expenses and will be given three credit hours for the work. Alice Gertrude McCloskey, a 1908 graduate and assistant profes.5or of rural education, died October 19. Recent appointments include the following: Albert ^96 EXiPEMMENT STATION- EECOBD. R. Bechtel, whose resignation from the Pennsylvania College and Station has been previously noted, and J. Marshall Brannon, as instructors in botany; Wallace R. Chandler as instructor in parasitology; Dr. W. T. M. Forbes as instructor in entomology ; C. H. Guise as instructor in forestry ; Edward Riley King as assistant professor of bee culture; J. O. McCurdy as instructor in farm engineering ; William E. Mordoff as instructor in farm mechanics ; Gilbert W. Peck as instructor in pomologj^ ; J. R. Schramm as assistant professor in botany; and Roy Glenn Wiggans as instructor in farm crops. C. E. Ladd, of the department of farm management, has been appointed director of the New York State School of Agriculture at Delhi. Ohio State University and Station. — Correspondence courses in agi-iculture are being offered for the first time, 22 of these courses being announced. The registration numbers over 150. John F. Cunningham, of Cleveland, and John Kaiser, of Marietta, have been appointed to the governing board of the university. Dr. Alfred Vivian has been appointed dean of the college of agriculture, Clark S. Wheeler, director of agri- cultural extension, and George W. Bush, state leader of county agents with headquarters at the college of agriculture. Other appointments include Dr. Paul L. Vogt, professor of sociology at Miami University, as professor of rural economics ; IMilligan C. Kilpatrick as instructor in poultry in the extension department beginning October 1 ; Ivan McKellip as field agent in cow testing ; S. M. Salesbury, instructor in animal husbandry and dairying in the North Carolina College, as assistant professor of animal husbandry ; P. H. Elwood, of the Massachusetts College, as assistant in horticulture ; and Virgil Overholt as instructor in agricultural engineering in the extension service. N. R. Elliott, assistant in horticulture, has accepted an appointment as assistant horticulturist in the Kentucky University and Station. In the station, B. S. Davtsson has been appointed assistant in soil biology and W. C. Boardman assistant in the soil survey. Oregon College and Station.^ — The Withycombe Animal Husbandry Club, named in honor of Governor James Withycombe, formerly director of the /station, has been organized by the students of the animal husbandry depart- ment to establish closer relations with their instructors and the practical live- stock men of the State. Recent appointments include the following: W. J. Gilmore, of the Manitoba College, as assistant professor of farm mechanics, vice E. M. D. Bracker, resigned to engage in farming in Illinois; A. C. McCulloch, instructor in animal husbandry at the Ontario College, as instructor of poultry husbandry, vice A. G. Lunn ; Roy E. Marshall as instructor in horticulture ; L. Eugene Robin- son, a graduate in architecture in the University of Pennsylvania, as instructor in rural architecture ; and H. A. Vickers as secretary of college extension, vice Paul INI. Collins. A. L. Lovett, associate professor of entomology, has been appointed acting head of the department of entomology of the college and station, vice H. F. Wilson, whose resignation is noted elsewhere. Wisconsin University and Station. — A special field course in farm manage- ment was offered at the college of agriculture from June 21 to July 30. The class of about 12 students was quartered in tents pitched in successful farming regions, and gave considerable time to observing the farm practice in the vicinity. Under a new law, the state department of agriculture has been reorganized with C. P. Norgord, superintendent of farmers' institutes, at its head. It now consolidates the former department of agriculture, which had under its control the management of the state fair; the state board of immigration; the state live stock sanitary board, which had control of infectious animal diseases ; and NOTES. 797 the state apiary inspection ; and by transfer from the College of Agriculture the nursery and orchard inspection, as well as the inspection of insecticides and fungicides. J. G. Sanders has resigned as head of the department of entomology to become state entomologist; Dr. S. B. Fracker, instructor in entomology, to become deputy nursery inspector ; and C. E. Lee, as assistant professor of dairy husbandry and dairy husbandman, to become dairy specialist for the state dairy and food commission. H. F. Wilson, entomologist at the Oregon College and Station has succeeded Professor Sanders, and G. H. Benkendorf, I'rofcssor Lee. F. B. Morrison, assistant to the dean, has been made assistant director of the station. W. A. Sumner, assistant in agricultural journalism at the Kansas Col- lege, has been appointed editor of station publications. The last legislature re- duced the annual appropriation for station publications from $17,000 to .$10,000. Prospective Agricultural Meetings. — The sixty-eighth meeting of the Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science will be held in Columbus, Ohio, from December 27, 1915, to .January 1, 1916. Section M (Agriculture) will be addressed by its vice-president, L. H. Bailey, on The Forthcoming Situation in Agricultural Work, part 2. The section has also arranged a symposium on The Relation of Science to Meat Production. The American Association of Economic Entomologists, the Entomological Society of America, the Botanical Society of America, the American Phytopatho- logical Society, the Society for Horticultural Science, and the Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America are among the affiliated societies which are to meet with the association. The seventh annual meeting of the American Association of Agricultural En- gineers will be held in Chicago, December 28-30. American Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Teaching. — The sixth annual meeting of this association was held in Berkeley, Cal., August 10. A report of the standing committee on The Use of Land in Connection With Agricultural Teaching, prepared by the States Relations Service of this De- partment, was based upon a study of the home-project method as followed in teaching agriculture in the secondary schools of New York. In this method each pupil chooses a project for home study before March 1, and after this date most of the time set aside for laboratory work is devoted to the projects. Part of the time is spent in school in reference reading, the drawing of plans, and such other work as may be done to advantage, and as the summer ap- proaches the project work gradually replaces class work. The home-project plan is so new in agricultural instruction that many phases of its application are still in process of development. Among these are its relations to the school course in agriculture, the basis iipon which credit should be given, and the relation of the home project to club work. The home-project plan is considered a promising means of bringing the home and school together in educational problems. To be effective, however, hearty cooperation should exist between parents and teachers ; just how to secure this cooperation is still a problem. Projects may be gi-ouped according to their chief aim, as production projects, the chief purpose of which is to produce an agricultural product at a profit; demonstration projects, where the chief aim is to demonstrate improved methods or materials; experimental projects, where there is uncertainty as to results; or improvement projects, where students may undertake the improvement of plants and aniiuals, the home grounds, or the farm in general with little hope of immediate returns. There is thus a distinction between a project, the principal aim of v.-hich is profit, and those having other aims predominating, and the question arises as to which class of projects are most desirable from an educational point of view. 798 EXPEKIMENf SfAttOK EECOKD. Inasmuch as proper supervision is admitted to be one of tlie most important factors in a successful project, and tlie critical time for most projects comes in the summer, high schools that do not employ teachers of agriculture for the full year are placed at a disadvantage. Lack of training on the part of teachers is another obstacle and brings up the question as to whether college courses in agricultural education should give special training for project work. W. G. Hummel, in a paper on Greater Uniformity in High School Agricul- ture, enumerated the following advantages: (1) The eliminating of "freak" courses and valueless exercises and the inclusion of essentials duly propor- tioned; (2) the betterment of the science courses, making possible organized correlation of agricultural topics with the other branches of study, as for example, between farm mechanics and physics in the last high school year; (3) state aid can be allotted with greater fairness and effectiveness; (4) agri- cultural colleges can better define and grant adequate credits for high school agi-icultural work; and (5) students can more readily transfer from one school to another. In summing up his paper Professor Hummel declared that " there is no reason why agricultural work in the high school can not make better men and better citizens as well as better farmers and better farming." Supervised Observation and Experience in the Preparation of Secondary Agricultural Teachers was the subject of a paper by K. L. Hatch. In this he discussed the academic, technical, and professional training of the prospec- tive teacher of agriculture in high schools, favoring as requirements gradua- tion from a standard college and a professional preparation equivalent to fifteen semester hours credit which should include three semester hours credit in special method and three in practice teaching. Three methods of giving practice teaching are being utilized by agricultural colleges: (1) The moot court, (2) the use of nearby schools, and (3) practice in teaching short courses in secondary and collegiate institutions. In the moot court and nearby school methods of practice teaching, however, the work is too limited, impossible to supervise properly, difficult of administration, disruptive of regular classes, and is artificial. The paper therefore held that the most satisfactory method of giving supervised practice teaching in departments of agricultural educa- tion in land-grant colleges is through secondary schools connected with the colleges and teaching in college short courses. In a paper entitled Some Difficulties and Failures in Teaching Agriculture in Secondary Schools, Milo N. Wood pointed out that the school board of the community often expects too much in the way of immediate results or demands that the work show a handsome financial profit. Frequently the difficulty lies with the unpreparedness of the teacher for his work. Agricultural teachers are sometimes expected to teach too many side lines, such as arith- metic, chemistry, physics, music, drawing, and athletics, and time , may be wasted in nonessentials, particularly in laboratory and school farm work. G. A. Bricker discussed The Content of the Course in Special Methods of Teaching Public School Agriculture. In his opinion, standardization with reference to the content of these courses should now be possible, although there will be variations such as those due to the character of the local agriculture, the educational laws of the State, the scheme of scholastic organi- zation within the institution offering the course, and the personality of the educator who is charged with its administration. By common consent, how- ever, the course should include class room, laboratory, and field methods, the literature of the subject, including reference matter and school texts, the adaptation of special methods that are used in other school subjects, and an outline of definite and concrete topics showing their proper sequence of presenta- tion and their relative importance to each other and to the course as a whole. NOTES. 799 There is now believed to be material of sufficient importance to justify a course of at least two collegiate hours' value. The officers elected for the ensuing year are A. V. Storm, University of Minnesota, president; W. H, French, Michigan Agricultural College, vice president; and A. C. Monahan, U. S. Bureau of Education, secretary. Agriculture at the National Education Association. — Rural and agricultural education received unusual attention at the meeting at Oakland, Cal., August 16-28. In a paper before the Department of Rural and Agricultural Education, C. H. Lane defined the meaning of high school extension work in agriculture. This comprises all educational efforts at the homes and on the farms of the people and also such work at the school itself as centers directly in interests away from the school. Community work in agriculture is, he deemed, a necessary part of the school that is maintained by the people for the service of the people. He maintained that before attempting extension work, however, the teacher should study the agriculture of the community, the character of the soil and improvements, systems of fai-ming, the class of farmers, and the condition of the rural one-teacher schools and of the churches. The teacher may then extend his work by supervising the home project work with his pupils, directing agri- cultural instruction in the grades, organizing and following up boys' and girls' clubs, acting as organizer for the one-week short course for farmers, offering personal counsel and advice on certain days to farmers of the community, assisting and organizing farmers' reading courses, directing school agricultural exhibits locally and at the county fair, and through Saturday meetings vvith farmers and by farm visitation. He should also have an office in the high school in which facts pertaining to the agriculture of the community may be assembled and where they will be available for the use of any person who desires them. The agricultural teacher would thus be an organizer of information and of movements and a director of agricultural enterprises within his school com- munity. How Boys and Girls Respond to Home Work in a Large City was the title of a paper bj' George L. Farley, in which he showed the surprising amount of growth and interest in school and home gardening in the city of Brockton, Mass. Four years ago a citizen of the city offered $25 to start the work and in the fall some 30 children had carried the work to successful completion. This year $300 was given by citizens in addition to about $1,000 furnished by the city and over 2,700 pupils carried on gardens. In addition to garden work the work has extended to the forming of poultry clubs, the keeping of bees, and canning clubs. N. H. Forman read a paper on Gardening and Farming in the Philippine schools, this consisting largely of a review of the progress made in the Philip- pines along industrial lines since the requiring of industrial work in the public schools in 1905. More than 100,000 pupils were engaged in gardening during the school year of 1914-15 and more than 43,000 pupils had home gardens which were kept producing throughout the year as required school work. Other papers read before this department were Educational Values of School Credit for Home, Vacation, and Other Out-of-School Work; Boys' and Girls' Demonstration Club Work as Units of Value in School Credit; Agricultural Education in Australia, which consisted largely of a historical review of the development of agricultural education in Australia; Means Now Employed in the United States for the Training of Rural Teachers and the Extent of Such Preparation for Work in Agriculture ; and The Preparation of Rural Teachers Through State Colleges of Agriculture for Work in Agriculture, by President H. J. Waters. President Waters maintained that this duty is the function of the 300 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. State normal schools, teacher training departments in high schools, and county normal training schools, but that the agricultural colleges can participate through summer schools. As an argument in favor of bringing rural school teachers in contact with the college, he cited the sympathetic atmosphere of the college toward rural life. He presented an adapted secondary vocational course in an agricultural college for the training of rural teachers, in which special attention is given to academic preparation for teaching. Several years ago a commission of the association on the reorganization of secondary education was established to help bring about a satisfactory articu- lation of high school and college. This commission contains ten subcommittees, one of which is on agriculture. It has for its aim the working out of the proper kind of high school extension work in agriculture, the general aim of secondary agriculture, the high school agi'icultural library, and aims, mate- rials, and methods in agriculture below the high school, as well as in poultry husbandry, horticulture, and other lines of secondary agricultural instruction. A round-table conference was held under the direction of the chairman, A. V. Storm, and dealt with the following topics : The High School Extension Work, presented by C. H. Lane; Aims, Materials, and Methods in Agriculture Below the High School, by E. C. Bishop; and The General Aim of Secondary Agricul- ture, by W. G. Hummel. It is expected that a final report of this subcommittee will be submitted to the full committee at the regular session of the Depart- ment of Superintendents in February, 1916. Agricultural Work in China. — The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Com- merce was granted last spring over .$100,000 for the establishment of demonstra- tion farms and now has in operation three cotton farms, one sugar plantation, two forestry estates, and three farms devoted to pasturage tests. There is also a model ranch at Chu Chow at North Anhui. A system of extension teaching Is also projected, starting with the establishment of an extension school for training traveling lecturers and demonstrators. The employees must be men of practical farm experience in their respective districts and are to work in cooperation with the staffs of the demonstration farms. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, $1 Issued December 29, 1915. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. XXXIII ABSTRACT NUMBER No. 9 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Scientific Bureaus. Weather Bukeatj — C. F. Marvin, Chief. BuKBAU OF Animal Industey — A. D. Melvin, Chief. BuHEAU OF Plant Industry— W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service — H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils — ^Milton WMtney, Chief. Bureau op Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau op Crop Estimates — L. M. 'E&iahToo'k, Statistician. Bureau op Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau op Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Office op Public Roads and Rural Engineering — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Markets and Rura,l Organization — C. J, Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, Chief. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.a Canebrake Station: Uniontoum; L. H. Moore.o Taskegee Station: Tusktgee Ifuttiute; G. W Carver.a Alaska— 5tt)feo.- C. C. Georgeson.* Aeizona— rwcion.- G. F. Freeman, c ARKJisSK^—Fayetteville: M. Nelson.o Californu— ^erkeky.- T. F. Ilunt.o CoLOBADO— JPorf Collins: G. P. Gillette.e COOTreCTICUT— State Station: New naven;\„ -rr t i . . o. o* t! o, 7E. H. Jenkins.* Storrs Station: Storrs; > Delawabe— TVfwart.- H. Hayward.o Florida.— Gainesville: P. H. BoUs.o G'EOROii.—ETperiTnent: R. J. H. De Loach." Guam — Island of Guam: A. C. Hartenbower.* II AW An— Federal Station: Htmo^Miw; J. M. Westgat6.6 Sugar Planters'^ Station: HoiuAulu; H. P Agee.o Idaho — Moscow: 1. 8. Joncs.o Illinois— Urbana: E, Davenport.* Indiana— ia Fayette: A. Goss.a Iowa— ^ mes: C. F. Curtiss.o KmsAS— Manhattan: W. M. Jardlne.o KZKTVCKY— Lexington: J. H. Kastle.o Louisiana— BtatQ Statiov. Baton Rotu/e; ) Sugar Station: Audubon Parli, New Orleans; North La. Station: CWftoun; 7 Mainb— Orono; G. D. Woods.o UAKYiAmy— College Parle H. J. Patterson.o Massachusetts— .A mfeersf.' W. P. Brooks.o Michigan- i^s( Lansing: R. S. Shaw.o MiNNEseTA— DniperiJty Farm, St. Paul: A Woods.* Mississippi— j4^ric««ara{ College: E. R. Lloyd.o Missouri— College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mumford.o Fruit Station: Mountain Orwe: Paul Evans.o m. R.Dodson.o F. Montana— Bozeman." F. B. Linfield.o NEBEASKji.— iincoJn.- E. A. Bumett.a Nevada.— iJeno.* S. B. Doten.o New Hampshire— Dwrftom/ J. C. Kendall.o New Jebset— JVcu) Brunswick: 3. G. Lipman.o New Mexico— iSte(« College: Fabian Garcia.« New Yoek— State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.o Cornell Station: lihaca; B. T. Galloway .o NoBTK Caeolina— College Station: We^ UoZe^M^ „. „., o* » C4. ..• r> 7 • I. fB. W. Rilgore.o State Station: Raleigh; ) NoETH J) AKQ^k— Agricultural College: T. P. Cooper.o Ohio— Woostei^. E. Thome.o Oklaboha.— Stillwater: W. L. Carlyle.o Okeqon— forvoZZw.* A. B. Cordley.a Pknnsylvanu— Slate College: R. L. Watts.a State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition; H. P. Armsby.o PoETO Rico — Federal Station: Mayaguez; D.. W. May.6 Insular Station: Rio Piedras; W. V. Tower .xkot:a.— Brookings: J. W. "Wilson.a Tennessee— £noiytZZe.- H. A. Morgan.o Texa-S— College Station: B. Youngblood.o VTxn— Logan: E. D. Ball.o Vep.siont— JSwrZiTi^n.- J. L. HiUs.o VlSGINIA- Blacksburg: W. J. Schbene.e Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnson.o Washington— PuZZm^in; I. D. Cardifl.o West ViuoiNiA—Morgantowiu- J. L. Coulter. o Wisconsin— J/adwon.- H. L. Russell." Wyoming — Laramie: C. A. Duniway.c o Director. & Agronomist in charge. c Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor : E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Chief, Office of Experiment Stations. Assistant Editor : H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPABTMENTS. Agricultural Chemistry and Agroteclmy — L. W. Fetzeb, Ph. D., M. D, Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers 1 37' , ^" ^^^^• IR. W. Teullingek. Agricultural Botany, Bacteriology, and Plant Pathologj' |)X* ^' ^^^'^^' ^^^- ^• I W. Jcj. rJOYD. Field Crops— G. M. Tucker, Ph. D. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. fC. F. Langwobthy, Ph. D., D. Sc. Foods and Human Nutrition | H. L. Lang. [C, F. Walton, Jr. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — H. Websteb. Economic Zoology and Entomology — W. A. Hookeb, D. "V. M. Veterinary Medicine {J:-,^:H»ke«- Rural Engineering — R. W. Tbullingeb. Rural Economics — E. Meebitt. Agricultural Education — C. H. Lane. Indexes — M. D. Mooee. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXXIII, NO. 9. Page. Recent work in agricultural science 801 Notes - 900 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — ^AGROTECHNY. Progress in agricultin-al chemistry in the years 1912 and 1913, Ehrenberg 801 Francis Humphi-eys Storer, Fetzer; v. . . 801 Publications of Francis Humphreys Storer, Fetzer 801 The chemistry of colloids and some technical applications, Taylor 801 The arsenates of lead, Robinson and Tartar 801 Plant pigments, West 802 The organic phosphorus compounds of wheat bran, Robinson and Mueller. . . . 802 Some observations on phytin, Heubner 803 The hydrolysis of maltose by hydrochloric acid, Davis 803 The influence of low temperatures on enzynis, Hepburn 803 Habituation of lactic ferments to poisons, Richet 803 Significance of low molecular glycerids of fatty acids in milk fat, Gutzeit 803 The estimation of inorganic phosphoric acid, Heubner 803 Factor used in determining phosphorus by the Neumann method, Heubner. . . 803 Factor used for phosphoric acid in Neumann's method, Jodidi 803 Colorimetric method for nitrates and nitrites, Letts and. Rea 804 Fat analysis in fat chemistry in 1913, Fahiion 804 Determination of formic and acetic acids, Heuser 804 The estimation of boric acid in substances, alimentary or otherwise. Jay 804 I n CONTENTS. Page. Method for the examination of meat extracts, Smorodinzew 804 Quantitative determination of amino acids of feeding stuffs, Grindley et al 805 Changes in the fat content of feces preserved by freezing, Smith et al 805 Food chemistry in the year 1913, Riihle 805 Tamarind sirup, Taber _. 805 Home canning of fruits and vegetables, Crider 805 Progress in chemistry of fermentation industry in 1913, Mohr 806 METEOROLOGY. A study of the radiation of the atmosphere. Angstrom 806 The humidity of the air, Marr 806 May frosts in'Eberswalde and their prediction by the psychrometer, Schubert. 806 The influence of volcanic dust veils on climatic variations, Arctowski 806 Ground water level, rainfall, and soil texture, Krebs 806 Dew ponds: History, observation, and experiment, Martin 806 The weather element in American climates. Ward 807 Cyclones and anticyclones in United States and accompanying weather, Harm. . 807 CUmate and meteorology. Bates 807 The climate of west Africa, Hubert 807 The climate of Abyssinia, Addis Abeba, Hann 807 Meteorological records, Smith 807 Amount and composition of the rainfall at Annas Hope, St. Croix, Smith 807 The rainfall regime of Australia, WalUs 807 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The biochemical decomposition of nitrogenous substances in soils, Kelley 808 The loss of nitrogen and organic matter in cultivated Kansas soils, Swanson. . 809 Protozoology applied to the soil, Kopeloff, Lint, and Coleman 809 Radio-acti^-ity of soils and waters, Gockel 809 Studies in the drying of soils, Klein 810 A study of the Atterberg plasticity method, Kinnison 811 Soil analysis, Russell 811 Soils of Pennsylvania, Menges 812 The soils of the Hawaiian Islands, Kelley, McGeorge, and Thompson 812 Van Bemmelen's method in the study of lateritic soils, De Dominicis 813 Soils, Vipond 813 Experimental data on podzol formation, Smimov 814 Formation of secondary minerals in ortstein-producing horizons, Polynov 814 Alkali or kalar experiments of Daulatpur reclamation station, Sind, Henderson. 814 Technical means of improving alkali soils, Kirillov 815 Transformation of sulphur in agricultural soil, Kappen and Quensell 815 Rich harvests on poor sand soil, Koch 815 Unfavorable influence of too close a stand of trees on water economy, Albert. . 816 A note on relative saturation. Brown 816 Pot tests with fertilizers compared with field trials, Coffey and Tuttle 817 General notes on manures, their value and use, McCall 817 Illustration of important properties of peat litter, Keppeler 817 Investigations on the absorptive power of peat dust for water, Minssen 817 Peat litter and nitrogen deficiency, Bersch 818 Influence of lime nitrogen on germination, Trnka and Mygdk 818 Action of nitrogen of molasses-sludge fertilizer, Pfeiffer and Simmermacher. . 818 The production of phosphate rock in 1914, Phalen 819 Potash production in California, Norton 819 The waste from sawmills as a source of potash, Gimingham 819 Cultivation of seaweed in Ireland, Pethyb ridge 819 Experiments with a kieselguhr-sulphite fertilizer, Kern 820 Agricultural lime analyses 820 Favoralile action of manganese on the bacteria of leguminous plants, Olaru . . . 820 Mussels as manure 820 Soot as manure 821 Analyses of fertilizers — fall season, 1914, Kilgore et al 821 Commercial fertilizers, Cady 821 Analysis of fertilizers by the Virginia Department of Agriculture for 1915 821 [Fertilizer analyses], Vipond 821 The commercial fertilizer industry in Austria-Hungary, Dafert and Miklauz. . . 821 CONTENTS. ni AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Page. Studies on variation and selection, Hagedoorn 822 Graphic representation of Mendelian inheritance, Wagner 822 Inheritance of the capacity for production, Roemer 822 Morphology as a factor in determining relationships, Greenman 822 The experimental study of genetic relationships, Bartlett 822 The genetic relationship of parasites, Kern 823 Systematic relationships among the nodule bacteria of some legumes, Kriiger. . 823 Problems in soil bacteriologj-, Lipman 823 Effect of certain organic soil constituents on fixation of nitrogen, Williams 823 Selection of nitrogen compounds by Aspergillus, Zaleski and Pjiikow 824 Formation of albumin in yeast, Zaleski and IsrailskA'- 824 Theories of fermentation, Alsberg " 824 Albuminous crystalloids in potato leaves, Hubert 824 Anthocyanin in plants, Grafe 824 A studj^ of chloroplasts, Ponomarew 824 A contribution to the physiological theory regarding chlorophyll, Iwanowski. . 824 Substances separated by plants in arid regions of Argentina, Spegazzini 825 Changes due to climate and soil in cultivated crops, Bukovanskj' 825 Phenological dates and meteorological data at Wauseon, Ohio, Smith 825 Studies on the physiology- of germination, Heilpern 825 The action of plant metabolism products on plants, I. II, Sigmund 825 Light intensity and substratum as related to germination, Ottenwalder 826 Influence of light on germination and early growth of plants, Carl 826 The influence of light on etiolated leaves, Schonf eld 826 Influence of humiditj' and illumination on length of seedlings, Jacobi 826 The influence of air movements on illumination of foliage, von Wiesner 826 Effect of high frequency currents on plants, Homberger 827 The influence of chloroform on assimilation by chlorophyll, von Korosy 827 Internal factors regulating plant growth, Dostil ' 827 Cell adjustment following decapitation and inversion of shoot, Neefli 827 The rise of sap m trees, Farenholtz 827 Inventory of seeds and plants imported from January 1 to March 31, 1913 827 FIELD CROPS. Management of irrigated land, Knorr 827 Countj' experiment farms in Ohio. — Annual reports for 1914, Thorne 828 [Field crops] work at Belle Fourche in 1914, Aune 829 The work of the San Antonio experiment farm in 1914, Hastings 830 Division of field husbandry'. — Summary of results. 1914, Graham et al 830 Report of the Bavarian Cereal Breeding Station, 1912-13, Kiessling 831 Results of variety tests"of wheat, oats, and rv'e, Garren 831 Storing the grain crop, Hoffmann 831 Zeller's hay and coal table 831 Stacks, Rabate 831 Selection of yellow alfalfa at Krasnokutsk Experimental Station, Konstantinov. 831 A cage for isolation of flower stalk of mother beels. Munerati 832 Red clover seed production : Pollination studies, Westgate and Coe 832 Custom ginning as a factor in cotton-seed deterioration, Saimders and Cardon . . 833 Inheritance in the cotton hybrid, Sea Island and native of St. Croix, Harland. 834 Experiments with cotton in Sicily in 1914, Borzi 834 Variation in the male hop, Hionulus lupulus, Wormald 834 Classification of broom millets, Striusov 834 Observations on potato culture, KotehiLkov 834 Prairie erass, Hill 834 The culture of rice in California, Chambliss and Adams 834 Rye grass culture, Mayer Gmelin 835 Uses of sorghum grain. Ball and Rothgeb 835 Studies in Indian sugar canes. — I, Pimjab canes. Barber 835 Morphological stud j' "of variation in wheats, Detzel 835 Inheritance of awn'color in wheats, Kiessling et al 836 Report of the diA-ision of agronomy and botany for 1915, Burgess 836 A oeAice for sampling grain, seeds, and other material, Boerner 836 Eradioation of ferns from pasture lands in the eastern United States, Cox 836 IV CONTEl^TS. HORTICULTURE. Page. eleport on horticultural investigations], Aune 837 nions, Jordan 837 Onion cultivation, Watts 837 Some test of tomatoes, Uichanco 837 Rail shipments and distribution of fresh tomatoes, 1914, Sherman et al 837 Pruning , 837 A complete work on the pruning of fruit trees, Moody 838 New dosage tables, Woodworth 838 The fruits of Germany 838 Recent progress in fruit production in Hungary, Angyal, and Gyory 838 Fruit packing and the marketing and exporting of fruit. Moody and Ramage 838 Pollination of pomaceous fruits. — II, Fruit bud development of apple, Bradford. 838 An apple orchard survey of Berkeley County, Auchter 839 The fertilization of peach orchards. Alderman _ ._ 840 Experiments in fertilizing with catalytic substances of vine ash, Cettolini 841 Citrus culture, Allen. 841 The mangosteen, Fairchild _. 841 The palms of British India and Ceylon, indigenous and introduced. Blatter 841 Experiments in germination of coffee in Brazil, Navarro de Andrade 841 Tea culture in Persia and Trans-Caucasian Russia, Hope, trans, by Bernard 841 The most suitable distance for planting in nurseries, Hope and Cooper 842 Suggestions for the manurial treatment of tea soils, Hope and Carpenter 842 The effect of Ume on the growth of tea seedlings, Hope and Cooper 842 Summary of investigations of van Romburgh, Lohmann, and Nanninga, Deuss. . 842 Medicinal plants and their cultivation in Canada, Adams 842 Field book of western wild flowers, Armstrong 842 New Zealand plants suitable for North American gardens, Cockayne 842 FORESTRY. Annual report of the forestry bureau, Pettis 843 Report of the director of forestry for the year 1914, Campbell et al , 843 Report of director of forestry of Philippine Islands for 1914, Sherfesee 843 Report of forest administration in the Andamans for 1913-14, Baker 843 Reforestation on the Black Hills National Forest, Smith 843 Range reconnaissance on the Wallowa National Forest, Steffen 843 The Abney hand level and the chain on intensive forest surveys, Anderson 843 Rules of thumb for volume determination, Mason 843 A windfall problem. Baker 844 Leafing, flowering, and seeding of common trees of eastern United States, Lamb . 844 The progress of wood identification in the Philippine Islands, Schneider 844 Seed data on some secondary tree species, Ziegler : 844 The maximum growth of Japanese timber species, Honda 844 Loblolly or North Carolina pine, Ashe 844 Longleaf pine distinguished visually from loblolly or shortleaf , Koehler 844 Tests of timbers treated by wood-preserving processes, Betts and Newlin 845 The artificial preservation of mine timbers, Moll 845 Study on vegetable ivory, Vignolo-Lutati 845 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Annual report of the botanist and plant pathologist, Steward 845 Mycology ,_ Shaw 846 The more important plant enemies and their control, Andersen 846 The control of plant diseases in Sweden, Eriksson 846 Mercmy chlorophenol as a fungicide, Remy and Vasters 846 Infection experiments with parasitic fungi, IV, Treboux 847 The 1914 outbreak of rust on winter grain in Bavaria, Hiltner 847 The cause and prevention of dry spot of oats, Kriiger and Wimmer 847 Causes predisposing wheat to attack by Erysiphe graminis, Rivera 847 A new disease of germinating wheat, O'Gara 847 A new alfalfa leaf spot in America, Melchers 848 Treatment of beet seed for control of root scab, Ivruger and Wimmer 848 Celery diseases 848 Diseases of crucifers 848 Root nodosities of crosses between swedes and turnips, Hedweg 848 CONTENTS. V Page. Peppermint rust, Grof 848 Potato diseases, Henning 849 Potato diseases 849 Blight resistance in potatoes, Hill 849 Fusaria of potatoes, Sherbakoff 849 The transmission of potato mosaic through the tuber, Wortley 850 Powdery scab of potatoes in Oregon, Bailey 850 Wart disease of potatoes, Eriksson 850 Withering of the panicle in rice, Poli 850 A disease affecting the sisal hemp plant, Bancroft 850 Leaf spot disease of sisal in German East Africa, Braun 851 Occurrence of the bacterial disease of Sudan grass in Utah, O'Gara 851 Diseases and enemies of sugar beets and alternating crops in Bohemia, TJzel 851 Control of beet nematodes, Muller and Molz 851 Sugar cane gummosis, Groenewege 851 The new disease or dry disease of the sugar cane, Bancroft 852 Thielavia badcola as a root parasite of watermelons in Utah, O'Gara 852 Bitter pit, its cause and cure, McAlpine 852 The control of bitter pit in the growing fruit, McAlpine 852 Canker of fruit trees 85.3 Conditions determining the outbreakof vine mildew in Hungary, von IstvanfTi . . 853 Resistance of hybrid direct-bearer "\dnes to mildew, P^e-Laby 854 Rose diseases 854 Disseroination and growth of chestnut blight fungus, Anderson and Babcock 854 Conditions of chestnut attacked by ink disease, Petri 854 Forest botany, Parker 855 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Economic entomology in the United States of America, Emelianov 855 Some present needs in economic entomology, Femald 855 A new air-conditioning apparatus, Dean and Nabours 855 Cages and methods of studying underground insects, Davis 855 Resistance of internal parasitic insects in organism of their hosts, Thompson 855 The toxicity of insecticides, Woodworth 855 Some recent insect importations into New Jersey, Weiaa. 855 Review of spread in Russia of chief injurious animals in 1913, Portchinsky. . 856 [Philippine insects] 856 Annual report of the insectary for 1914, Newman 856 Division of entomology, annual report, 1913-14, Lounsbury 856 The enemies of the Jerusalem artichoke, Noel 856 The principal enemies of rice in Indo-China, Duport 856 A short text-book on the control of insect pests of orchai'da, Tseshevskago 856 Insects and man, Ealand 856 A preliminary Ust of insects which have wilt. Chapman and Glaser 856 An illustrated catalogue of American insect galls, Thompson 957 Transmission of exanthematous typhus by Uce, Sergent et al 857 The application of iron sulphate in orchards 857 Notes on Colorado aphids having alternate fqod habits, Gillette and Bragg 857 The brown grape aphid. Baker and Turner 857 Emergence from soil of first young of grape phylloxera in Italy, Grassi 858 Use of the fungus Isaria for control of the black scale, Quayle and Tylor 858 Scuiiy scale on Norway maple (Levxaspis japonica), Felt 858 The crisis in Italian sericulture and measures for averting it, Bordiga 858 State moth work, plan of progress of work, 1913-14, O' Kane 858 On the biology of Bupal-us piniarius and some of its parasites, Plotnikov 858 A mechanical protector for preventing injiu-y by the peach borer, Blakeslec. . . 858 Experiments with lime-sulphiir spray against the larch moth, Tragardh 859 The burdock gelechiid, an insect seed -destroyer, Gibson 859 Fumigation for the box leaf miner. Felt 859 Oria musculosa and methods of combating it, Vitkovsky 859 The question of fighting Oria musculosa, Fabrikant 869 Oria musculosa in the Government of Ekaterinoslaf , Vitkovsky 859 Mycodiplosis macgregori n. sp. , Felt - - ■ • - ■ - • - - 859 Experiments on the transmission of malaria with Anopheles, Walker and iJarber. »oy The life history of the pipuncuUds, Keilin and Thompson 8bO VI CONTENTS. Page. A new Sarcophaga parasitic on Allorhina nitida, Aldrich 860 Points of economic importance in tlie biology of the house fly, Biahopp et al . . 860 The use of poisoned bait for controlling the house fly, Mally 860 Effect of temperature on Musca domestica and Culex pipiens, Kramer 860 The celery fly (Acidia heraclei), Feytaud 860 A new species of UUdinae from Tucuman, Br^thes. 860 [Cycloneda (Neda) sanguinea, an important coccinelUd in Brazil], Iglesias 860 Life history of Oberea tripunctata, Rugglea 861 Life history of Aleochara bilineata, Wadsworth 861 Parasites from Chortophila brassicae and Acidia heraclei, Wadsworth 862 A simple record system for apiary inspection, Britton 862 The spotted fever tick and its control in Montana, Cooley 862 Some insect flagellates introduced into vertebrates, Fantham and Porter 862 Insect flagellates introduced into vertebrates, Fantham and Porter 862 Parasites of the American muskrat (Fiber zibethicus), Barker 863 Sarcosporidia encountered in Panama, Darling 863 Larval trematodes from North American fresh water snails, Cort 863 Some North American larval trematodes, Cort 863 Trematode parasites and their hosts, Johnston 863 Studies on the cestode family Anoplocephalidae, Douthitt 863 Taenia saginata associated with spurious parasitism in an infant. Hall 864 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. The feeding of school children, Bulkley 864 Economy in food during war, Chalmers 864 Sprouted wheat, Harcourt 864 Commercial value of flour, Jacobs 864 Better breads by means of natural lactic acid, Wahl 864 Westphalian blood bread, Rammstedt 865 Blood bread, Kobert 865 The use of potato products in bread 865 The use of sugar beets for food, Herzfeld 866 Chemical examination of ghee, Vakil 866 Heather tea, a substitute for black tea 866 The nutritive value of wood, Rasch 866 Hydrocyanic acid from haricot beans, Blair 866 Botulism, an experimental study, Dickson 866 A case of fatal poisoning by the American water hemlock 867 The harmful effect of a vegetable diet, VoegtUn 867 Hydrolysis of gliadin, lactalbumin, and protein of rice kernel, Osborne et al. . 867 Protein minima for maintenance, Osborne, Mendel, et al 868 The need of protein under different conditions, Abderhalden et al 868 Metabolic relationship of the proteins to glucose, II, Janney and Csonka 868 Animal calorimetry. — XII, Influence of ingestion of fat, Murlin et al 869 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The mechanism of Mendelian heredity, Morgan et al 869 The fundamentals of live stock judging and selection, Curtis 870 The value of broom millet seed compared with sorghum 870 Report of analyses of commercial feed stuffs 870 Feeding stuffs 870 The starch equivalent theory, Murray 870 The maintenance ration of oxen and the starch equivalent theory, Hainan 870 The mineral content of feed stuffs, Kunze 870 The improvement of native cattle in Jamaica, Cousins 870 Caracul sheep, Wallace - - 871 On ovariotomy in sows, IV, MacKenzie and Marshall 871 Harvesting crops with swine, Thome 871 [Report on animal husbandry work], Aune 871 Pi'obable error in pig feeding trials, Crowther 871 Missouri poultry snows and associations, Quisenberry and Patterson 872 Egg-laying contests, Purvis 872 The production and handling of market eggs, Quisenberry 872 Squab raising, Lee 872 CONTENTS. Vn DAIKY FARMING — DAIRYING. _, Page. Economic feeding for milk production in New Mexico, Foster and Latta 872 Black and white Ayrshires, Kuhlman 873 On the inheritance of an aural abnormality in the Ayrshire cattle, Yamane. ' . 873 Report on legislation and control of milk and cream, Henderson 874 The iron content of cow milk, Nottbohm and Dorr 875 The presence of Bacillus abortus in milk, Evans ..........] 875 A simple test for Bacillus sporogencs in milk and water, Weinzirl '. . . . 875 Efficiency of Bacillus bulgaricus in commercial preparations, Greathouse 875 The determination of bacteria in milk, Ayers 876 Utensils as a source of bacterial contamination of milk, Prucha et al 876 Bottle washing costs -. 876 The Grana cheese-making society, Monrad 876 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Animal experimentation and medical progress. Keen 876 The hygiene and diseases of live stock, Cagny and Gouin 876 Biological therapeutics, Eichhorn 876 A chapter in applied chemistry. Boon 876 The mnhydrin reaction in relation to age and habits, Takamine, jr 876 Duration of infectiveness of rinderpest blood in water leech, Boyntou 876 The action of sodium sulphocyanate in tuberculosis, Corper 877 Sodium tellurite as a rapid test for viability of tubercle bacilli, Corper 877 The tuberculin reaction in the pig, Lindner 877 An attempt to immunize calves against tuberculosis. Moss 878 The presence of so-called "complement" in milk, Hewlett and Revis 878 Warble fly experiments, Hadwen 878 Hog cholera and the veterinarian's relation to same, Whitfield 878 Some observations on hog cholera and the use of serum, Hoskins 878 Inoculation experiment with pure culture of Spirochxta hyos, King and Drake 879 Protective and curative vaccination tests for hog cholera with shoats, Pfeiler. . 879 Report on equine abortion in Ontario, Schofield 879 Mixed infection vaccine in 170 cases of joint ill, Schofi.eld 879 Forage poisoning in horses and mules, Graham et al 880 Diseases of poultry, Kaupp 880 RURAL ENGINEERING. The place and field of the agricultural engineer, Shaw 880 The place and field of the agricultural engineer, Marston 880 Surface water supply of Snake River basin, 1912 880 Surface water supply of lower Columbia River, etc., 1913 880 Deschutes project, Whistler, Hopson, and Lewis 880 Geology of the ground waters of the Island of Antigua, Vaughan 881 The ground waters of Antigua, Tempany 882 Measurement of the flow of streams by approved forms of weirs, Lyman 882 Stream-gaging and publications on water resources, compiled by Wood 882 Experiments with the divining rod, Metzger 882 The filtration of drinking water. — I, Theory of slow sand filtration, Kisskalt. . . 883 Sterilization of water by chlorin, Nelson 883 Pmification of drinking water by calcium hypochlorite, Vincent and Gaillard . 883 Sterilization of drinking water with chlorid of lime in the field, Wesenberg 883 Practical irrigation and pumping, Fleming 884 Irrigation pumping in the coast States 884 Experiments with machine irrigation at Bezenchuk and Kostyched, Bfellaev. 884 Conservation of water by storage, Swain 885 Hints on irrigation : Small earthen storage reservoirs. Watt 885 Multiple-arch diversion dam at Three Miles Falls, Oregon Newell 885 Best practice in irrigation and power canal design, Farwell 885 Transmission losses m unlined irrigation channels, Fortier 885 How to express seepage losses from irrigation canals, Fortier 886 Methods of plaster lining irrigation canals and laterals, Okanogan project 886 Use, construction, cost, and durability of wooden stave pipe, Swickard 886 Tests of submei^ed orifice head gates for measurement of water, Bixby 886 Irrigation in Nebraska, Diesem 888 Report of state boax'd of irrigation, highways, and drainage of Nebraska 888 Vni CONTEJrTS. Page. Fifth biennial report of the state engineer, Lewis 888 Report of the Desert Land Board :•-.-■■: 889 Report of commissioner for water conservation and irrigation, Wade 889 Notes on the design of drainage ditches, with diagrams, Pee 889 Construction and maintenance of roads and bridges, 1914 889 First annual report of the State Highway Commission of the State of Maine 889 Economical highway design, Harger .' 889 Some maintenance costs, Macy 890 Treated wood-block paving, Mitchell 890 Concrete highways, Myers 890 Economy of small farm gas engines, Davies 890 Internar-combustion engine dimensions, Watson 890 Electricity as a factor in progressive agriculture, Edwards 890 Draft of wagons, McCormick 890 Plowing investigations by the West of Scotland Agricultiu-al College 891 The rotary tiller or soil milling machine, Patitz 891 Practical implements and machines for potato cultivation, Strecker 891 Experiments with steel wires, Werth 891 A comparison of the King and Rutherford systems of barn ventilation, Smith.. 891 A plan for a small dairy house, Kelly and Parks 892 Concrete silos 892 Architectural problems of the farmhouse, Etherton 892 Homemade septic tank for the disposal of farm sewage, Stark 892 Remodeling of septic tanks into Imhoff tanks eliminates odors 892 Practical cold storage, Cooper 892 EURAL ECONOMICS. The rm-al-credits movement — danger of drifting, Herrick 893 A mai'keting organization and rm-al cred its system for the United States 893 Organization of cooperative marketing associations. Hart 893 The agricultural bank, Frers 893 Some experiences in farm accounting, Goddard 893 Farm accounts simplified, Otis 893 The use of land in common in the Daun and Pnim districts of Eifel, Bertram. 893 Overcrowding and defective housing in the rural districts, Bashore 893 [Trade in agncultiiral products] 894 California resom-ces and possibilities 894 Returns of produce of crops in England and Wales 894 Acreage and live stock returns of Scotland 894 Returns of produce of crops in Scotland 894 Return of prices of crops, live stock, and other Irish agricultural products 894 [Agricultural statistics for the Netherlands] 894 The agricultural industry in Russia 895 General agricultural conditions in Algeria for the crop year 1913-14 895 Live stock and agriculture 895 British India, with notes on Ceylon, Afghanistan, and Tibet, Baker et al 895 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The relation of the college curriculum to human life and work, Trae 895 The importance of agricultural education to the Commonwealth, Pye 895 Memorandum on the curricula of rm-alized secondary schools, Bruce 896 Elementaiy school education as affecting the rural Life problem, Carney 896 Educational development in agriculture, Hawkins 896 Requirements in United States in nature study and agriculture, Downing 896 Agiiculture in the schools of Mansfield and Lebanon, Brimdage 896 What public schools of Indiana are doing in pre- vocational agricultural work. . 897 Vocational agriculture, Works 897 Domestic science in the schools 897 Credit for home work, Whaley 897 The model school garden 897 Why school gardens fail 897 Boys' and girls' clubs, Emberson and Reavis 898 Boys' and girls' club work in New Mexico, Conway and Ross 898 Boys' an.d girls' industrial clubs of Oregon, Carleton 898 CONTENTS. IX Page. Industrial club work of Oregon boys and girls, Maria and Harrington 898 Organization of boys' pig clubs, Balis 898 The farm in the work of the primai-y grades, Kait 898 Soila and plant life as related to agiicuiture, Cunningham and Lancelot 898 A coui'se of practical work in the chemistry of the garden, Edwardes-Ker 898 Com: A guide for judging adapted to Oklahoma, Daane and Ferguson 898 Seed com testing, Hopt and Keim 898 Laboratory maniial of liorticulture. Hood 899 A vegetable garden syllabus for teachers, Gowans 899 The principles of floriculture, ^Vhite 899 Judging dairy cattle, Gusler 899 Milk and milk products in the home, Michels 899 Farm-business arithmetic, Lewis 899 Agricultiu"al collections for school laboratories 899 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. California Station: Page. Bill. 257, July, 1915 838 Hawaii Station: Bui. 39, Aug. 3, 1915 808 Bui. 40, Aug. 26, 1915 812 Nebraska Station: Bui. 152, June, 1915 827 New Mexico Station: Bui. 97, June, 1915 886 Bui. 98, June, 1915 872 New York Cornell Station: Memoir 6, May, 1915 849 North Carolina Station : Bui. 232, July, 1915 831 Bui. 233, Sept., 1915 880 Ohio Station: Bui. 286, May, 1915 828, 871 Oregon Station: Bui. 128, May, 1915 801 Bui. 129, May, 1915 838 Bui. 130, May, 1915 837 Porto Rico Board of Agriculture Station: Bui. 13 (English ed.), 1915 821 Bui. 13 (Spanish ed.), 1915. ... 821 South Carolina Station: Circ. 27, July, 1915 805 West Virginia Station: Bui. 150, May, 1915 840 Bui. 151, June, 1915 839 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Bui. 284, Construction and Main- tenance of Roads and Bridges from July 1,1913 to Dec. 31, 1914. 889 Bui. 286, Strength Tests of Struc- tural Timbers Treated by Com- mercial Wood-preserving Pro- cesses, H. S. Betts and J. A. Newlin 845 Bui. 287, Device for Sampling Grain, Seeds, and Other Mate- rial, E. G. Boerner 836 Bui. 288, Custom Ginning as a Factor in Cotton-Seed Deteriora- tion, D. A. Saundera and P. V. Cardon 833 Bui. 289, Red-clover Seed Produc- tion: Pollination Studies, J. M. We8to:ate et al 832 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Page. Bui. 290, Rail Shipments and Dis- tribution of Fresh Tomatoes 1914, W. A. Sherman, P. Froeh- lich, and H. F. Walker 837 Farmers' Bui. 684, Squab Raising, A. R. Lee 872 Farmers' Bui. 686, Uses of Sorghum Grain, C. R. Ball and B. E. Rothgeb 835 Farmers' Bui. 687, Eradication of Ferns from Pasture Lands in the Eastern United States, H.R. Cox. 836 Farmers' Bui. 688, The Culture of Rice in California, C. E. Cham- bliss and E. L. Adams 834 Farmers' Bui. 689, A Plan for a Small Dairy House, E. Kelly and K. E. Parks 892 Bureau of Plant Industry: Inventory 34, Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported from January I to March 31, 1913 827 Work of Belle Fourche Recla- mation Project Experiment Farm, 1914, B.Aune.. 829,837,871 Work of the San Antonio Ex- periment Farm, 1914, S. H. Hastings 830 Weather Bureau : Mo. Weather Rev., vol. 43, Sup. 2 825, 844 Scientific Contributions :<» Francis Humphreys Storer, L. W. Fetzer 801 Publications of Francis Humphreys Storer, L. W. Fetzer 801 Factor Used for Phosphoric Acid in Neumann's Method, S. L. Jodidi 803 Tamarind Sirup, W. C. Taber . 805 The Experimental Study of Genetic Relationships, H. H. Bartlett 822 The Mangosteen, D. Fair- child 841 Reforestation on the Black Hills National Forest, P. T. Smith 843 a Printed in scientific and technical publications outside the Department. LIST OF PUBLTCATIOXS. XI JJ. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Scientific Contributions — Con. Page. Range Reconnaissance on the Wallowa National Forest, E. H. Steffen 843 Loblolly or North Carolina Pine, W. W. Ashe 844 Longleaf Pine Distinguished Visually from Loblolly or Shortleaf , A . Koehler 844 Cages and Methods of Studying Underground Insects, J. J. Davis 855 A Preliminary List of Insects Which Have Wilt, J. W. Chapman and R. W. Glaser . 856 The Brown Grape Aphid, A. C. Baker and W. F. Turner 857 A Mechanical Protector for Preventing Injury by the Peach Borer, E. B. Blakes- lee. 858 A New Sarcophaga Parasitic on Allorhina nitida, J. M. Aldrich 860 Points of Economic Impor- tance in the Biology of the House Fly, F. C. Bishopp, W. E. Dove, and D. C. Par- man 860 U. S. Department of Agriculture — Con. Scientific Contributions — Con. Page. Taenia saginata Associated with Spurious Parasitism in an Infant, M. C. Hall 864 The Presence of Bacillus ahor- tusin Milk, Alice C. Evans. . 875 The Determination of Bacteria in Milk, S. H. Ayers 876 Bottle Washing Costs 876 Biological Therapeutics, A. Eichhorn 876 Transmission Losses in Un- lined Irrigation Channels, S. Fortier 885 How to Express Seepage Losses from Irrigation Ca- nals, S. Fortier 886 Irrigation in Nebraska, H. C. Diesem 888 Draft of Wagons, E. B. Mc- Cormick 890 Architectural Problems of the Farmhouse, W. A. Etherton . 892 The Relation of the College Curriculum to Human Life and Work, A. C. True 895 ADDITIONAL COFIES OF THIS PUBUCATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ■WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PER COPY Subscription Price, Per Volume OF Nine Numbers AND Index, $1 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXXIII. Abstract Number. No. 9. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGKICULTTJRAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY." Progress made in the field of agricultural chemistry in the years 1912 and 1913, P. Ehrenberg {Chein. Ztg., 3S (1914), Xos. 99, pp. 1022, 1023; 102-103, pp. 1038, 1039).— A retrospect. Francis Humphreys Storer, L, W. Fetzeb (Biochem. Bui., 4 {1915), No. 13, pp. 1-9, pi. 1). — A tribute to the services of Francis Humphreys Storer in the advancement of agricultural chemistrj-. Publications of Prancis Humphreys Storer, L. W. Fetzeb {Biochem. Bui., 4 {1914), No. 13, pp. 9-11). — A comparatively complete bibliography of the contributions of Francis Humphreys Storer to the literature on general, tech- nical, and agricultural chemistry. The chemistry of colloids and some technical applications, W. W. Taylor (London: Edward Arnold, 1915, pp. VIII-{-328, figs. 22). — After a general con- sideration of the topic, the methods of preparation, absorption, and tlie applica- tions of colloid chemistry to dyeing, tanning, the soil, purification of sewage, and biologj' are gone into. The arsenates of lead, R. H. Robinson and H. V. Tartar {Oregon Sta. Bui. 128 {1915), pp. 3-32, figs. 3). — After considerable worlv was done, the Holland and Reed method (E, S. R., 28, p. 308) was not regarded as a safe one to use for the preparation of pure lead hydrogen arsenates, but it was found that fairly pure hydrogen arsenates can be prepared by the use of the reaction be- tween lead nitrate and di-sodium hydrogen arsenate. All attempts to prepare pure lead ortho-arsenate were unsuccessful. " Lead ortho-arsenate is not formed under the ordinary aqueous conditions employed in the manufacture of commercial lead arsenate, and it is not a component of the commercial material as has been formerly supposed." Lead pyro-arsenate was prepared by heating lead hydrogen arsenate to a temperature slightly higher than 200° C. As the lead hydrogen arsenate has to be heated to a comparatively high temperature before loss of water occurs, it seemed evident that lead pyro-arsenate is not a constituent of commercial lead arsenate. Basic lead arsenate is much less bulky than lead hydrogen arsenate. The latter has a very fluffy appearance, similar to that of wheat flour. The basic compound, owing to a tendency of its particles to collect together and settle out more rapidly from suspension, "perhaps prevents its being spread so evenly over the foliage of fruit trees by the usual methods of spraying as can be accom- plished with the lead hydrogen arsenate." The specific gi-avity of lead hydro- gen arsenate at from 4 to 20° C. is 5.7S6 and of basic arsenate is 7.105. Both of the compounds were found to be very insoluble. 801 802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " Field tests made by using the pure arsenates at strengths as high as 8 lbs. to each 100 gal. of water were tried for two consecutive seasons with no injury to foliage. The lead hydrogen arsenate was found to react very easily with a number of different substances, especially those of an alkaline nature. On the other hand, the basic arsenate is a comparatively inert material. Tests made with tent caterpillars showed the acid salt to be a much quicker acting poison. " The necessity of more complete methods for the true valuation of com- mercial lead arsenates is pointed out. Satisfactory methods have been devised for, and applied to, commercial samples as follows: (a) The estimation of lead hydrogen arsenate in the presence of mixed salts, (b) the determination of lead carbonate, (c) new methods for water-soluble arsenic oxid and water- soluble impurities, (d) a method for acid insoluble impurities, and (e) the detection of acetates and the quantitative estimation of chlorin. The appli- cation of these methods shows a wide variation in the composition of the com- mercial arsenates and gives a better valuation of them than the methods now in use. " The precipitates obtained from the reactions of lead acetate and lead nitrate with di-sodium hydrogen arsenate under certain conditions are mix- tures of lead hydrogen arsenate and the basic lead arsenate. When hydrogen arsenate is mixed with lime-sulphur in the proportions used in field practice, a reaction takes place in which considerable quantities of lead sulphid and calcium arsenate are formed, accompanied by the deposition of free sulphur. Appreciable quantities of arsenic pass into solution due to the solubility of the calcium arsenate. The reaction between lime-sulphur and the basic arsenate is comparatively slight." Plant pigments, C. J. West {Biochem. Bui, i (1915), No. 13, pp. 151-160).— A review of the chemistry of plant pigments other than chlorophyll. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 31, p. 427). The organic phosphorus compounds of wheat bran, C. J. Robinson and J. H. MxjELLEE (Biochem. Bui., 4 (1915), No. IS, pp. 100-117) .—The work is divided into three parts. The first section deals with the results of a study of the precipitate obtained by adding copper acetate to an extract of wheat bran; the second, with the material resulting from the alcoholic precipitation of bran extracts ; and the third describes a combination of the copper acetate and alcohol precipitation methods. With Anderson's method (E. S. R., 33, p. 11) a tri-barium salt of phytin was obtained crystalline in structure and identical in properties with that of Anderson, but it corresponded more closely to the formula CoHi8024PeBa3. Both in the case of the barium salt and the free acid the compounds obtained appeared to contain six more hydrogen atoms to the molecule ; while in carbon, barium, and phosphorus contents, they agreed very well with Anderson's compounds. " There is in addition, a considerable amount of another substance, very similar in composition, the barium salt of which contains only 34 per cent of barium, instead of 38 per cent in barium phytate. The fact that this sub- stance does not dialyze indicates that its molecule is larger than that of barium phytate. " There is, finally, a compound differing widely from phytin in having more carbon and less phosphorus in the molecule, which by hydrolysis splits off a reducing sugar (pentose), and whose barium salt contains only about 31 per cent of barium. We do not believe the composition of this substance has been definitely fixed. It has not been obtained in crystalline form, the analogous crystalline brucln salt prepared by Anderson probably being simply brucin phosphate." AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 803 Some observations on phytin, W. Heubner {Biochem. Ztschr., 64 (1914), No. 4^-6, pp. 409-421) .—The author finds that phytic acid is only gradually cleaved in a 1.5 normal acid solution at 37" C. Less than 1 per cent of the amount present is cleaved per day. Light accelerated the cleavage through acid very much. The hydrolysis of maltose by hydrochloric acid under the Herzfeld con- ditions of inversion. A reply to A. J. Kluyver, W. A. Davis (Joxir. Agr. Sci. [England}, 6 (1914), No. 4, pp. 413-416) .—" It is shown that contrary to the statements of Kluyver and otliors, maltose undergoes slight hydrolysis (to the extent of about 2 per cent when 1 per cent solutions of maltose are used) when heated with hydrochloric acid under Herzfeld conditions. It is prefer- able, therefore, to adopt 10 per cent citric acid, under the conditions formerly laid down, in estimating cane sugar in plant extracts when maltose is likely to be present." The influence of low temperatures on enzyms, J. S. Hepburn (Biochem. Bui., 4 (1915), No. 13, pp. 136-150).— A review. Habituation of lactic ferments to poisons, C. Richet (Rev. G4n. Bot., 25 bis (1914), pp. 583-587). — The lactic ferment is found able to accustom itself progressively (as shown by increased acid formation) to solutions of potassium bromid. The optimum of adaptation was obtained at relatively high concentra- tions of the toxic salt, but if returned to the nonpoisonous mixture it recovered its normal powers in one or two days. The significance of the amount of low molecular glycerids of fatty acids in milk fat of various animals, E. Gutzeit (Kiihn. Arch., 5 (1914), pp. 127-^ 138). — The Reichert-Meissl number of woman's milk fat was found to be 2.03. This is in agreement with the findings of Laves (2.5) and Pizi (1.42), but not with Sauvaitre (15.8). The Reichert-Meissl mtmber of the fat in cow's, sheep's, and goat's milk is two or two and one-half times greater than the fat in asses' and mare's milk, and in the latter the Reichert-Meissl number is six times as great as in human milk. Pig's and dog's milk contains still less of these volatile fatty acids. Accordingly, it is concluded that herbivorous animals require milk with fat which contains a high water-soluble volatile fatty acid content and the omniverous and carnivorous animals a milk fat with a low one. The relation of the excessive amount of fatty acids of cow's milk fat to in- fantile gastrointestinal disorders is discussed. The estimation of inorganic phosphoric acid in the presence of phosphoric acid esters, W. Hextbner (Biochem. Ztschr., 64 (1914), No. 4-^, PP- 401-408). — Inorganic phosphoric acid in the presence of 4 per cent by volume of concen- trated sulphuric acid and 15 per cent of ammonium nitrate can be precipitated quantitatively at a temperature of 37° C. within 6 hours as ammonium phospho- molybdate. The presence of small quantities of phytin does not influence the results, but increasing amounts of this substance do. Glycero-phosphoric acid affects the results much less than phytin. About the calculation factor used in determining phosphorus according to the Neumann method, W. Heubner (Biochem. Ztschr., 64 (1914), No. 4-6, pp. S93-400). — Neumann states that 1 cc. of serai-normal sodium hydroxid is equivalent to 1.268 mg. of phosphorus. This factor (0.553) was found too low, 0.57 giving figures more nearly correct. The specifications set down by Neu- mann and Gregersen must be observed. On the factor to be used for the calculation of the phosphoric acid in Neumann's method, S. L. Jodidi (Jour. Amer. Cheni. Soc, 37 (1915), No. 7, pp. 1708-1710). — In connection with an investigation on the chestnut bark disease, a careful redetermination of the factor employed in the Neumann 804 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. method was made. The results obtained are essentially in agreement with those of Heubner, noted above. " Gregersen's modification [K. S. R., 20, p. Ill] to overtitrate the dissolved yellow precipitate with 0.5 normal H2SO4, with a view to remove the carbon dioxid present by boiling, and then titrate back with 0.5 normal NaOH, while in principle correct, is inconvenient, since it increased the time required for each individual analysis. Instead of Gregersen's modification, it is best to run a blank analysis — or, better, several blank analyses — ^which compensates the errors due (a) to impurities (phosphorus) present in the reagents employed, (b) to carbon dioxid contained in the liquids to be titrated, and (c) to the acidity caused by the action of the boiling standard alkali on the filter paper. The figure secured for the blank analysis is to be subtracted from the acidi- metric analysis proper. With uniform work the same blank may be applied to one or even several series of phosphoric-acid estimations." An extremely delicate colorimetric method for detecting and estimating nitrates and nitrites, E. A. Letts and Florence W. Kea (Jour. Chem. Hoc. [London], 105 (1914), No. 618, pp. 1151-1161). — For detecting nitrates and nitrites 0.5 cc. of the solution under examination is mixed with 1.3 cc. of sulphuric acid in a small porcelain crucible, and, after mixing with a glass rod, 0.5 cc. of diphenylbenzidin (0.01 gm. in 50 cc. of sulphuric acid) is added. A blue color indicates either form of oxidized nitrogen. Details for the quantita- tive determination are given. In the method the depth of color produced is compared with that resulting in a nitrate solution of known strength. When nitrites are in admixture with nitrates it becomes necessary to oxidize the nitrous acid to nitric acid with potassium permanganate. Fat analysis in fat chemistry in 1913, W. Fahrion (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 (1014), No. 40, Aufsatsteil, pp. 273-290). — An extensive review of the literature on this subject. Determination of formic and acetic acids, E. Heuser (Chem. Ztg., 39 (1915), No. 10-11, pp. 57-59, fig. 1). — The usual method of determining formic and acetic acids by acidifying with sulphuric acid and distilling with steam requires too much time for its execution. Furthermore if phosphoric acid is substituted for sulphuric acids the results are influenced, since the former passes over into the distillate. If, however, the vapors are passed through a llask filled with glass beads and heated on a water bath satisfactory results can be obtained. The method proposed consists of mixing the sample with 50 cc. of water and 50 cc. of phosphoric acid (specific gravity 1.2) and distilling at 44° C. and 56 mm. pressure until a volume of 500 cc. remains in the distillation flask. Then 50 cc. more of water is added to the flask, and distillation is conducted as before. Carbon dioxid is passed through the flask during the distillation. A flask with glass beads is also necessary when acetic acid is being determined in a solution containing both acetic and formic acids. Formic acid is oxidized with potassium dichromate. The estimation of boric acid in substances, alimentary or otherwise, Jay (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. IParis'], 158 (1914), No. 5, pp. 357, 358; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 106 (1914), No. 617, II, p. 217).— A claim for priority over the Bertrand and Agulhon methods. See also work previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 206). Method for the exarhination of meat extracts, J. Smorodinzew (Hoppe- Seylcr's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 92 (1914), No. 2, pp. 214-220; obs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 91, Refer at enteil, p. 629).— The highest yield of purins and carnosin was obtained by precipitating with mercuric sulphate. Precipitating with phosphotungstic acid with an addition of sulphuric acid AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 805 caused a loss in carnosin, and the use of lead salts involved a decrease in carnitiu and had very little effect on increasing the yield of niethylguanidin. The quantitative determination of the amino acids of feeding stuffs by the Van Slyke method, H. S. Grindley et al. {Jour. Amer. Clicm. Soc, 37 (1915), No. 7, pp. 177S-1781).—The object of this work was to determine quantitatively the amino acid content of feeding stuffs, those used being cotton-seed meal, tankage, and alfalfa hay. Consistently low percentages of amino acid nitrogen were found as compared with the results obtained by Van Slyke (E. S. It., 31, p. 610) with isolated proteins. "A study is also being made of the free amid and the free amino acids of feeding stuffs, with the object of determining to what extent, if any, the so- called nonprotein nitrogenous substances affect the quantitative determination of the amino acids of feeding stuffs by the Van Slyke method. "It is evident from the results given that there are marked differences in the amino acid content of the three feeding stuffs here reported. Hence, it is logical to suppose that the feeds would have a widely different nutritive value, particularly as supplements to such feeds as corn. "The quantitative determination of the amino acids of feeding stuffs, to- gether with the aid of the rapidly increasing evidence on the nutritive functions of the amino acids, will make it possible to extend our present knowledge of feeding stuffs." Changes in the fat content of feces preserved by freezing without the addition of a preservative, C. A. Smith, R. J. Miller, and P. B. Hawk (Jour. Biol. Chem., 21 (1915), No. 2, pp. 395-401) .—Analyses of feces before and after freezing at —12° C, it is concluded, show that simple freezing without the addi- tion of a preservative is not applicable to the preservation of feces in which fat is to be determined. The fat of feces kept at a temperature of —12° C. under- goes both hydrolysis (shown by increase in fatty acid) and actual destruction (shown by decrease in total fat). Food chemistry in the year 1913, J. RIjhle (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 (1914), No. 92-93, Aufsatzteil, pp. 617-624; 94-95, pp. 625-630).— A retrospect of work done during 1913, dealing with methods of food analysis and the com- position of foods. Tamarind sirup, W. C. Taber (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 7, pp. 607-609). — The published analyses of tamarinds agree fairly well as to the amount of tartaric acid present. Fruit examined in the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department which was purchased in the New York market had an acidity of 10 per cent calculated as tartaric acid. A large quantity of the acidity was due to tartaric acid and the rest to undetermined acids. No citric acid was found in the sirups made from the fruit. " The manufacturing process employed in making [true] commercial tamarind sirups consists simply in making a water extract of the tamarinds by adding water to the fruit, heating the mixture for a few hours, filtering it, and adding sugar until a solid content of approximately 60 per cent is obtained. . . . " The formulas used for making the true tamarind sirup vary somewhat in the amount of fruit used, some manufacturers using as much as 30 to 35 per cent." The results of an examination (chemical and organoleptic) of six samples of tamarind sirup prepared in the Bureau of Chemistry are given. Home canning of fruits and vegetables, F. J. Ceider (South Carolina Sta. Circ. 27 (1915), PP- 15). — This publication gives specific directions for home canning of fruits and vegetables by fractional sterilization, open kettle, and steam pressure methods. Canning recipes are included. 18522°— No. 9—15 2 gQ6 EXPEKIMEXT STATIOIST KECOED. Progress made in the chemistry of the fermentation industry in the year 1913, O. MoHR (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 27 {1914), ^^o. 50, Aufsatzteil, pp. S61- 3S8). — This deals with the chemistry and utilization of the raw materials, fermentation organisms, and processes, and fermented products. METEOROLOaY. A study of the radiation of the atmosphere, A. Angstrom (Smithsn. Misc. Collect, 65 (1915), No. 3, pp. V-\-159, figs. 45).— This report is based upon observations on nocturnal radiation made during expeditions to Algeria and to California. The report is accompanied by records of observations on temperature, pressure, and humidity of the air up to great elevations, made by means of balloon observations from points at or near the observing stations in southern California, as well as of pyrheliometric observations on Mount Whitney. The more important conclusions reached are that at low altitude (less than 4,500 meters) the total temperature radiation increases with the water-vapor content of the air. An increase in the water-vapor pressure causes a decrease in the effective radiation from the earth to every point of the sky. " The total radiation which would be received from a perfectly dry atmosphere would be cal. about 0.28 — 2-^- with a temperature of 20° C. at the place of observation. The radiation of the upper, dry atmosphere would be about 50 per cent of that of a black body at the temperature of the place of observation." There are indications that the radiation during the daytime is controlled by the same laws that hold for radiation at night. The effect of altitude on radia- tion is masked by the temperature and humidity gradients of the air. Under normal conditions the effective radiation generally reaches a maximum at an altitude of 3,000 meters, but an increase of the humidity or a decrease of the temperature gradient of the air tend to shift this maximum to higher altitudes. Clouds reduce radiation in dependence upon their altitude and density, while the effect of haze is almost inappreciable when no clouds or real fog are formed. It is further stated that it is probable that radiation from large water sur- faces is almost constant at different temperatures as well as in different lati- tudes. The humidity of the air, O. Maes (Gsndhts. Ingen., 88 {1915), Nos. 7, pp. 73-80; 8, pp. 90-93).— This article reports in detail results of studies of the moisture content of the air at different temperatures with constant pressure. May frosts in Eberswalde and their prediction by means of the psy- chrometer, J. Schubert {Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdw., 47 {1915), No. 2, pp. 84-92, figs. 4).— Observations on the relation of atmospheric humidity to the formation of frost are reported and discussed. The influence of volcanic dust veils on climatic variations, H. Aectowski (Met. Ztschr., 32 {1915), No. 5, pp. 195-199).— A discussion of this subject has already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 32, p. 509). Ground water level, rainfall, and soil texture, W. Keebs (Met. Ztschr., S2 (1915), No. 1, pp. ////, 45).— As the result of extensive investigations it is thought that the soil moisture content very materially influences the amount of rainfall in a district, and that in intensely cultivated districts the amount of water held by the soil decreases. A permanent drying out of the soil accompanied by the gradual receding of ponds and lakes in a district was found to be accompanied by a gradual decrease in rainfall. Dew ponds: History, observation, and experiment, E. A. Martin (London: T. Werner Laurie, Ltd. [1915], pp. 208, pis. 7, figs. 2; rev. in Amer. Jour. Sd., METEOROLOGY. 807 4. ser., 39 {1915), No. 234, P- 683).— This book embodies the results of previous observations by the author on dew ponds (E. S. R., 25, p. 719; 30, p. 118), as well as of more recent investigations made under the auspices of the Royal Society of England. The author states that when he commenced his investigations he had a strong leaning in favor of the theory of the replacement of these ponds by dew, but was soon led to abandon this idea, and now believes that, although there is evidence to show that considerable condensation takes place and high-level ponds derive considerable water from condensation of atmospheric moisture other than rain, dew has little or nothing to do with it. He defines a dew pond as " one situated on the higher grounds, generally on the chalkdowns of the south of England, which retains by some means or other a supply of water throughout all but the most prolonged droughts, while those ponds situated on the lower lands have consistently dried up." He explains at length the con- struction of such ponds and discusses the popular notions in regard to their replenishment. He suggests that the terms mist pond, fog pond, or cloud pond might be more appropriately applied than the term dew pond, since the evidence collected indicates that the condensation of mist furnishes the clue to the peren- nial nature of these ponds. The weather element in American climates, R. De C. Ward (Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geogr., 4 (1914), PP- 3-54, fiffs. 42). — This is a monographic discussion of this subject under the headings of the weather element in the study of climate, paths of cyclones and anticyclones in the United States, and regional and sea- sonal weather types of the United States. The most important paths of cyclones and anticyclones in the United States and their accompanying weather, J. V. Hann (Met. Ztschr., 32 (1915), yo. 5, pp. 216-222, figs. 4)- — This article is based upon that of Ward noted above. Climate and meteorology, D. C. Bates (Neio Zeal. Off. Yearbook 1914, pp. 69-90, figs. 6). — This report reviews in some detail the main characteristics of the climate and meteorology of New Zealand, giving summaries of the available data regarding sunshine, temperature, rainfall, and other meteorological factors. The climate of west Africa, H. Hubert (Compt. Rend. Acad. ScL [Paris], 161 (1915), No. 6, pp. 142-144)- — The main characteristics of temperature, rain- fall, and winds are briefly summarized. The climate of Abyssinia, Addis Abeba, J. V. Hann (Met. Ztschr., 31 (1914), No. 12, pp. 561-566). — The main characteristics of pressure, temperature, and rainfall are briefly discussed on the basis of the available records. Meteorological records, L. Smith (Rpt. Agr. Expt. Sta. St. Croix, 1913-14, pp. 38-49, pis. 6). — Tables show the distribution of rainfall at the experiment station of St. Croix during the year ended June 30, 1914, and in different parts of the island in 1913. Temperature, pressure, and humidity records at the experiment station are also given. Amount and composition of the rainfall at Annas Hope, St. Croix, L. Smith (Rpt. Agr. Expt. Sta. St. Croix, 1913-14, p. 37).— The monthly rainfall and its content of chlorin, total nitrogen, nitrogen as ammonia, and nitrogen as nitrates from July 1, 1913, to June 30, 1914, are reported. The rainfall regime of Australia, B. C. Wallis (Scot. Geogr. Mag., 30 (1914), No. 10, pp. 527-532, figs. 2). — The main conclusions of this article are sum- marized as follows : "(1) Australian rainfall swings with the sun. (2) The heavy rainfall of the north coast at midsummer is similar in intensity to that of Africa near the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn whenever the sun is vertically overhead. The quantity of the annual rainfall of this section of Australia differs from that of Africa because of the presence of the sea to the north. (3) Australian rain- 808 EXPEBIMENT STATION BECORD. fall covers three periods in the year: (a) Mid-December to mid-April, great rainfall intensity in the north becoming less marked in higher latitudes, maxi- mum effect in February; (b) Mid- April to mid-August, winter rains especially in the southwest, maximum in June; (c) Mid- August to mid-December, rela- tive dryness throughout the continent, maximum dryness in November, (4) The heavy summer rains accompanying falling temperatures and the northward swing of the sum. (5) The absence of rain accompanies rising temperatures when the land air is relatively much warmer than the sea air. (6) The heavy winter rains are most intense during the coldest months. (7) The rainfall regime of Australia is essentially similar to that of Africa and is associated with the similarity of air movements south of the equator." SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The biochemical decomposition of nitrogenous substances in soils, W. P. Keixey (Hatcaii Sta. Bui. 39 {1915), pp. 25, fig. 1). — Ammonification experi- ments in silica sand and fresh heavy clay soil from a citrus orchard to deter- mine under different conditions the percentage, of ammonia derived from the bacterial decomposition of casein, dried blood, soy-bean cake meal, cotton-seed meal, and linseed meal are reported, together with a study of the effects of bacterial action on different groups of nitrogen compounds. It was found that ammonification of casein in both silica sand and soil was much more rapid during the first two days than that of dried blood, soy-bean cake meal, cotton-seed meal, or linseed meal, while soy-bean cake meal was second in the order of decomposition. A much higher percentage of the total nitrogen in casein was ammonified in soil than of the other materials. When equal amounts of nitrogen were added, casein was still more rapidly ammoni- fied than the other materials and cotton-seed meal and soy-bean cake meal were more completely ammonified than dried blood or linseed meal. Later the yield of ammonia from dried blood exceeded that from cotton-seed meal. Under anaerobic cenditions all of the materials were ammonified very slowly during the first two days, after which the casein was converted into ammonia ap- proximately to the same extent as under aerobic conditions, but the other ma- terials were decomposed much less vigorously. With equal amounts of both nitrogenous and nonnitrogenous matter present the final yields of ammonia from the different materials, with the exception of dried blood, agreed closely, but the initial decomposition of casein was still greater than that of the other substances. By adding 1.586 gm. of starch to 1.072 gm. of casein ammonification was reduced practically 50 per cent throughout nine days, and effects on the ammonification of dried blood were still more marked. With varying amounts of casein the yields of ammonia in four days increased as the amounts of casein present increased. Extending the incubation period beyond four days did not materially increase the yield of ammonia, and the decomposition of the second and third gram added after 1 gm. had been acted upon four and eight days, respectively, was slightly more vigorous than that of the first gram. Casein when mixed with silica sand or in solution was completely hydrolyzed by the action of bacteria in seven days. In solution the rate of hydrolysis exceeded that of ammonification, but the latter was not so active during the first five days as when mixed with soil. The determination of the different groups of nitrogen compounds before and after bacterial action in casein, dried blood, soy-bean cake meal, cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, coconut meal, globulin from cotton-seed meal, and zein from maize showed that, with the exception of linseed meal and zein, the basic SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 809 diaraino acid nitrogen was converted into ammonia more rapidly than tlie nitrogen of other groups. With casein, soy-bean cake meal, and cotton-seed meal the more rapid ammonification of the basic nitrogen was especially noticeable. These results are taken to indicate that all portions of the organic nitrogen in the different materials used as fertilizers and green manures are not equally susceptible to ammonification. Further investigations, including a study of the decomposition of individual amino acids and acid amids, are in progress. The loss of nitrogen and organic matter in cultivated Kansas soils and the effect of this loss on the crop-producing power of the soil, C. O. Swanson (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 7 (1915), No. 6, pp. 529-532).— With reference to the average decrease in crop-producing power shown by Kansas soils in spite of improved seeding and tillage methods, data previously reported by the author on the chemical composition of representative Kansas soils (E. S. R., 32, p. 26) are cited to show that the elements nitrogen and carbon have disappeared from the cultivated soils in proportionately larger quantities than the other essential elements. These soils have lost in round numbers from one-fifth to two-fifths of the nitrogen and from nearly one-fourth to one-half of the organic matter. This loss of organic matter and nitrogen is considered to be the most important cause of the decreased crop-producing power of the soils. Protozoology applied to the soil, N. Kopeloff, H. C. LI^'T, and D. A. Coleman (Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc, 34 (1915), No. 2, pp. 149-154). — A new method for counting protozoa, consisting of an adaptation of the blood-counting apparatus (Blutkorperziihlapparat) whereby the organisms may be counted directly, rap- idly, and accurately is described, and experiments to determine the medium best adapted for the large and rapid multiplication of the various kinds of protozoa are reported. Ten per cent hay infusion proved to be the most favorable medium for the development of large numbers of small flagellates, as well as small and large ciliates. Hay infusion in various concentrations, with and without the addi- tion of egg albumin, was well adapted to the development of the organisms. Hay infusion plus 5 per cent egg albumin proved superior to all other media for the development of ciliates. Soil extract was an excellent medium, though somewhat inferior to hay infusion plus 5 per cent egg albumin, and. with the soil used in the experiment lower concentrations than those recommended by Cunningham and Lohnis (E. S. R., 31, p. 26) developed protozoa in a shorter period of time. Three per cent chicken manure was an excellent medium for the development of small ciliates. The general order of appearance of protozoa was as follows: Small flagellates, small ciliates, large flagellates, and finally large ciliates. " The numbers and species of protozoa which can be obtained from a given soil are largely dependent upon the media employed [and] time of incubation, as well as the kind of soil used." Radio-activity of soils and waters, A. Gockel (Die Radioaktivitdt von Boden und Quellen. Brunsicick: Friedr. Vieweg d Son, 1914, PP- V+IOS, figs. 10; rev. in Wasser u. Abwasser, 9 (1915), No. 5, p. 135). — This book summarizes the present knowledge of the radio-activity of soils and waters and contains the following chapters : The radio-activity of the rocks forming the earth's crust, radio-active minerals, the radio-activity of the soil air, soil emanations, the radio-activity of waters, radio-activity and soil heat, and methods of measure- ment. Methods of procedure in studies of radio-activity are given particular attention throughout the book. It is stated that so far as is now known most soils show radium and thorium emanations. A bibliography is appended. 810 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Studies in the drying of soils, M. A. Klein {Jour. Amer. Soo. Agron., 7 (1915), No. 2, pp. 49-77, fig. 1). — In this article the work of other's bearing on the subject is reviewed, and two experiments made to determine the efEect of drying the soil on its chemical and biological condition and on plant growth are reported. The object of the first experiment was to determine, under controlled condi- tions, the effect of drying the soil to different moisture contents on plant food in the soil and on plant growth. Two heavy clay-loam soils, differing only in content of organic matter, were placed in 3-gal. pots, saturated, and then al- lowed to dry until they reached their permanent moisture content, which varied from 15 to 30 per cent in the soil containing little organic matter and from 15 to 40 per cent in the other, the highest figTires indicating saturation. They were then divided into two series, one being planted to wheat at 25 per cent moisture content and the other kept bare at the different moisture con- tents. The wheat, after being harvested, was followed by millet and buck- wheat in turn. It was found in this experiment that the drying of soil previous to planting had a beneficial effect on plant growth. In the clay loam with little organic matter, which had been previously held at saturation, the yield of dry matter was smallest, while in the clay loam containing considerable organic matter and which had been held at saturation the yield was as large as in those with the lowest moisture content. The factor causing the beneficial effect due to drying is, therefore, considered to be affected by the organic matter in the soil. Previous drying of the soil had no effect on the total nitrogen in the dry matter of the crop. The water-soluble matter in the clay loam containing little organic matter was increased by drying, while in the same soil with a high content of organic matter the opposite occurred. In the planted series of both soils drying resulted in a decrease in the nitrates in the soil, but no effect was observed in the unplanted series. Denitrification occurred in the soil samples when incubated at 30° C. for seven days. Drying had little effect on the avail- able potassium, calcium, or phosphorus in the soil. The object of the second experiment was to determine the effect of drying a soil on its physiological condition as measured by carbon dioxid production and nitrification. The clay loam soil was transferred to new pots and kept at an optimum moisture content for 14 months, after which different pots were sub- mitted to from one to three wettings and dryings in a drying room at 30° before determinations of carbon dioxid production and nitrification were made. It was found that bacterial activity as measured by the carbon dioxid pro- duction was greatly increased by a previous drying of the soil. In the soil that was not wet again after drying the bacterial activity was greatly inhibited and the cai-bon dioxid production ceased after seven days. One drying of the soil greatly increased the activity over the original soil. In the soil kept at an optimum moisture content for 35 days after drying the production of carbon dioxid became normal again. A soil dried twice did not show a much greater activity than when dried once, while three dryings showed no increase over two dryings. Drying the soil greatly reduced the nitrates, and rewetting of the dry soil for a period of 16 days further decreased nitrification. In the soil held moist for 35 days after one drying and in those previously dried twice and three times, an increase in nitrification was found over that in the sample dried once. The maximum was, however, reached at two dryings. " These results show that the activity of the nitrifying organisms is increased by a previous drying of the soil, but reaches a maximum at two dryings." Adding organic or inorganic SOILS FERTILIZERS. 811 nitrogen to the soil was accompanied by a marked increase in nitrate pro- duction. " From the results obtained in this investigation and by other worlsers it would seem that the increase in bacterial activity on drying a soil is not a question of bacterial numbers, but depends upon the relative resistance of the important soil organisms. In a consideration of the effect of drying a soil on the physiological condition of the soil no definite conclusions can be drawn until more knowledge is obtained relating to the effect on the different groups of organisms. . . . " The results of these studies show that the drying of soil affects the physical, chemical, and biological factors, resulting in an increased plant growth. The Increased crop growth on a soil that has been previously dried is of importance to the practical question of soil management, more especially in the arid regions where the soil is often air-dried." A biblography of related literature is appended. A study of the Atterberg- plasticity method, C. S. Kinnison (U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Standards Technol. Paper 46 {1915), pp. 18, figs. 3). — In this paper Atterberg's method of measuring the plasticity of clays (E. S. R., 32, p. 617) is briefly described, results obtained by him are reviewed and discussed, and experiments with twenty different clays are reported in which this method of measuring plasticity was compared with some of the present methods. " Atterberg classifies the condition of a clay with varying amounts of water into five states, as follows: (1) The upper limit of fluidity or the point where the clay slip flows as water; (2) the lower limit of fluidity or flow where two portions of the clay mass can be made to barely flow together, when placed in a shallow dish which is sharply rapped with the hand; (3) the normal con- sistency, or sticky limit, being the condition in which the clay is most workable, is no longer sticky and will not adhere to metal; (4) the rolling limit, or the condition in which the clay can no longer be rolled into so-called threads be- tween the hand and the surface on which it may rest (this is the lower limit of tiie workable condition) ; (5) the condition in which the damp clay will no longer hold together when subjected to pressure." The plasticity of 20 different clays was measured by Atterberg's method and their water of plasticity and volume shrinkage determined, together with the amount of water which the dry powdered clay would absorb when allowed to stand over a dilute sulphuric acid solution. Classification according to the Atterberg method and that based on the percentage of water of plasticity were found to agree more closely than those obtained by any two other methods used. The disagreement in the different evaluations was, however, such as to indicate that neither of these methods used alone will suffice, as each produced results which contradict facts observed in every-day experience with the clays. Since Atterberg's rating was nearest the mean, it is considered preferable to either of the ratings based on shrinkage or water of plasticity. It was found further that Atterberg's plasticity number can not be satisfactorily used alone to evaluate clays with reference to their plasticities unless they are all of one type, and will not, therefore, accurately classify a large number of clays of various types. From these results it is thought that Atterberg's factor should be coordinated with the water of plasticity, this scheme, it is stated, giving promise of separat- ing the nonsticky and safe working clays from the sticky varieties dlfllcult to work. Soil analysis, E. J. Russell (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'], 22 (1915), No. 2, pp. 116-119).— It is pointed out in this article that to 'derive the maximum as- sistance from soil analysis the farmer must bear in mind that " the simplest 812 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. problem for the expert is to compare soils and, therefore, the chances of success are greatest when a soil survey has been made or when some similar soil has been under proper field experiment. . . . The farmer must . . . arrange to go over the land with the expert and discuss on the spot the various points on which information is desired ; the necessary samples can then be drawn with the proper tools and with all due precautions. . . . When no satisfactory standards exist and where the expert has not made a personal inspection, so much balancing of probabilities has to be done that no expert can give more than a general opinion." Soils of Pennsylvania, F. Menges {Penn. Dept. Agr. Buls. 250 (1914), pp. II-\-Jt81, pis. 8; 251 (1914), pp. 285, pis. 8). — This is a popular report on the soils of Pennsylvania, consisting chiefly of a discussion by townships of the origin and capacity of the soils in the State, together with suggestions as to their adapta- tion to different crops. It was thought advisable to undertake the general sur- vey upon which this report is based because of the great variety and wide diver- sity of the soil formations of the State and the necessarily limited extent of the surveys made by the Bureau of Soils of this Department. The soils of the Hawaiian Islands, W. P. Kelley, W. McGeoege, and Alice R. Thompson {Hatvaii Sta. Bui. 40 {1915), pp. 35). — This bulletin discusses briefly the general properties of the soils of the Hawaiian Islands and points out the practical bearings of the investigations (E. S. R., 27, pp. 118, 842; 30, pp. 419, 420; 31, pp. 11, 723; 32, p. 719; 33, p. 122) that have been made on them, especially on the upland soils above the sugar belt. Hawaii is characterized by a rolling topography, and in almost every section the arable land is broken up by gulches or deep ravines. Owing to the very diverse character of the soils, " the methods of classification and mapping usu- ally employed in soil surveys are not adapted to Hawaiian conditions, and noth- ing less than a systematic sampling of almost every acre will suffice to give an accurate idea of the location of all soil types." The soils are lateritic in nature, range from 6 in. to many feet in depth, and, with the exception of small areas near the sea, have been formed from the dis- integration products of basaltic lava. They are, therefore, highly ferruginous and basic. Unusual types of soil also occur on the islands, there being on Oahu highly manganiferous and titaniferous soils. Much of the soil at lower eleva- tions has been formed by sedimentation and erosion from higher elevations. "After a few years of cultivation, but little demarcation between the soil and the subsoil is left except in locations of heavy rainfall. The humus content in passing downward decreases slowly, but the fertility in the drier sections is not greatly different for many feet below the surface. ... No injurious effects, such as commonly follow the turning up of inert subsoil, are produced in the drier sections by plowing to the depth of 30 in." The soils, in general, are divided, as regards mechanical composition, into clay, silt, sandy, and humus soils, the clay type predominating. The predominant color is red. " The potash content, on the whole, is rather below the average, but frequently it is relatively more soluble than usual and consequently more avail- able. • It is also more constant in different sections of the islands than any other of the so-called plant-food constituents. Phosphoric acid is comparatively abun- dant, but there is a wide range of variation in the percentages present. . . . Notwithstanding the high percentages of phosphoric acid in Hawaiian soils, the availability is, on the whole, rather low, and phosphate fertilization is neces- sary in most instances except where the humus content is high. . . . The humus content is high as compared with mainland .soils, and consequently the nitrogen is also high, but its availability Is low, due to poor aeration. . . . Not- withstanding the highly basic character of Hawaiian soils, they generally give SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 815 nn acid reaction toward litmus. . . . The amount of water-soluble ferrous iron ... is extremely small, except where there is insufilcient aeration. ... In general the aeration of Hawaiian soils is not sufficient for the best development of beneficial bacteria. . . . The results of experiments indicate that the iron and alumina present may partially take the place of lime in maintaining the necessary neutral condition. On the other hand, experiments show that mag- nesium carbonate seems to be distinctly detrimental to nitrification, while the magnesia naturally present in the soils does not seem to interfere. . . . Ammo- nification is more active in Hawaiian soils than nitrification, and investigations show that aeration is not as essental to this process as it is to nitrification." Proper drainage, frequent deep plowing, and proper rotation of crops to maintain the humus supply are considered to be essential in the proper man- agement of the soils. The application of lime for the improvement of heavy clays has been of doubtful effect. " With the exception of phosphoric acid, all the mineral elements of plant food in Hawaiian soils are soluble in water to a considerable extent, and if suitable physical conditions be main- tained, and the humus content kept up, the need for mineral fertilizers will be greatly reduced. The solubility of the mineral constituents can also be con- siderably increased by soil heating." Tables of mechanical and chemical analyses of a large number of soils and subsoils taken from different parts of all of the principal islands are also given. Van Bemmelen's method in the study of lateritic soils and the process of laterization in Italian soils, A. de Dominicis (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., Jfl {191.'f), Ko. 4, pp. 282-296; abs. in Chem. Abs., 9 {1915), No. 5, pp. 680, 6Si).— The work of others bearing on the subject is briefly reviewed, and experiments with soils from northern and southern Italy, using van Bemmelen's method for studying lateritic soils, are reported, from which it is concluded that even though van Bemmelen's method gives no quantitative results it does give infor- mation regarding the nature of the soil colloids. Of the two classes of col- loids, the first includes those soluble in hydrochloric acid in which the ratio of alumina to silica is not less than 1 : 3, and the second class consists of compounds of alumina and silica in the ratio of less than 1 : 3 and which are soluble only in sulphuric acid. The results of these studies appear to be in accord with those of Barnardini and Mazzone (E. S. R., 30, p. 320) with reference to the lateritic nature of the soils of southern Italy. Soils, H. J. ViPOND (Union So. Africa Dept. Apr. Rpt. 1913-U, pp. 218-230, pis. 10). — Chemical and mechanical analyses of various types of Transvaal soils are reported and discussed. Chemical analyses of a number of soils and subsoils from the different forest stations showed them to be of five classes, namely, soils with good percentages of nitrogen, soils well supplied with lime, heavy soils, medium to sandy loams, and sandy soils. There appeared to be a regular decrease in the percentages of lime, magnesia, potash, and phosphoric acid soluble in strong hydrochloric acid as the soils varied from heavy to light. There was, however, little differ- ence between the heavy and light soils with reference to available phosphoric acid and potash. "All five groups appear to contain adequate amounts of available potash for cereal production, but very inadequate amounts of avail- able phosphates," while the heavy soils, medium to sandy loams, and sandy soils "also appear to be deficient in nitrogen and are certainly deficient In lime." Mechanical and chemical analyses of a number of soils belonging to six typical groups, namely. (1) black turf soils, (2) red and brown heavy loams or clay loams, (3) gray and brownish gray heavy loams to clay loams, (4) red 814 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and brown medium to sandy loams, (5) gray and brownish gray medium to sandy loams, and (6) sandy soils and a number of miscellaneous soils, are also reported. " One feature of these soils is their poverty in the silt, fine silt, and very fine silt fractions. In this respect the typical gray soils are better supplied than the typical red sedentary soils, but even they show comparatively small per- centages of the finer silts. The gray soils also contain less fine gravel and ' sand ' and more ' fine sand ' than the corresponding red and brown soils." The important cementing material of the soils was found to be iron oxid. Data on the relation between the color of soils and their iron oxid content in- dicate that " the gray soils are very much poorer in iron oxid than the red and brown soils, and the brown soils are as a rule poorer than the red soils except where the humus content is high. The brown in any case is to be re- garded as a mixture of red due to iron oxid, and black due to humus. The percentages of iron oxid in the clay fraction would probably be a better guide, as the iron oxid locked up in the ironstone grains (which are abundant in many soils) can not have much coloring effect." Studies of two soils showed that in one case a third and in the other case a quarter of the total phosphoric oxid in the soil was locked up in the ironstone grain. Experimental data on podzol formation, V. P. Smirnov {Ezheg. Oeol. i Min. RossU, 14 {1912), No. 7-8, pp. 206-210, fig. 1; abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Rtiss. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 (1914), No. 3, jjp. 228, 229).— In experiments with a sandy podzol soil two glass tubes 5 cm. in diameter were filled with the soil in its natural stratification, and distilled water, distilled water containing carbon dioxid, and a solution of ammonia were allowed to percolate thi-ough the soil for twenty-four hours. The filtrates contained different amounts of leached-out organic and inorganic constituents, the smallest amount being in the distilled water containing carbon dioxid and the most in the ammonia solution. These results, together with preliminary analyses of the soil layers, led to the conclusion that the cementing material of the subhorizons of podzol soil consists of organic matter and colloidal silica. In the tube treated with am- monia a brown ring appeared between the lower subhorizon and the subsoil, which is thought to be an ortstein formation. The question of the formation of secondary minerals in the ortstein- producing horizons of soils, B. B. Polynov {Ezheg. Oeol. i Min. RossU, IJf {1912), No. 9, pp. 273-280; abs. in Zhur. Opytn. Agron. {Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.), 15 {1914), No. 3, p. 228). — A brief morphological description and mechanical and chemical analyses of each layer of two podzol soils are re- ported, together with experiments on the absorptive power of each layer for ammonia. A marked increase in absorptive power and in amount of sesquioxids, chemi- cally combined water, alkaline earths, potassium, and mechanical clay (less than 0.01 mm.) was observed in the ortstein-producing subhorizons as com- pared with the upper horizons. The increase in absorptive power for am- monia is attributed to the presence in the ortstein-producing layers of " sec- ondary soil minerals," such as the collodial hydrates of silica and ferric oxid, which have a high absorptive power for ammonia, and also to accumulations in these layers of zeolite-like secondary hydrous aluminum silicates of mag- nesium, potassium, and calcium. Alkali or kalar experiments and completion report of the Daulatpur recla- mation station, Sind, G. S. Henderson {Dept. Agr. Bombay Bui. 64 {1914), pp. 34, pis. 6, figs. 2). — In this report experience in the United States and in SOILS — FERTILIZERS. g]5 ith loference to alkali .u the provlnro of Slml are .loscrihod. a.ul re<-lama- lon expeniucuts extending from 1908 to 1913. inclusive, on 400 aortas of l„an. to sandy loam soil which was typical of the worst areas of kalar (alkali) land In Sind are reportetl. It is stated that the alkali problem in Sind is not a difllcult one. "None of the lands so far examined in use for agricultural purposes contain very high percentages of alkali, hut a numher of these contain Just sulllch^nt kalar t.. have an injurious elTect on the yields „f th,. crops." The reclamation experiments included leveling, flooding, and draining of the land, and cropping to hers^vm (Egj-ptian white clover), sorghum, and cotton. Considering the cost of reclamation and the crop returns. It is stated that the experimental farm has not paid. The berseem demonstrate PP- 2^1-248, figs. 2). — Investigations on the effect of thinning out the stand of pine trees on the moisture content of light sand soil of relatively low fertility are reported. A pine tree thicket 20 to 25 years old was divided into three plats. The num- ber of trees on two of the plats was reduced and the resulting brushw^ood removed from one and allowed to remain on the other. Soil moisture observa- tions made during two growing seasons thereafter show^ed that in the soil of the thinned-out plats there was a noticeable and permanent increase in the moisture content. The increase was greater for the plat on which the brush- wood covering was allowed to remain. This is attributed to the decrease in evaporation caused by the covering. It is also thought that the brush in- creased the fertility of the soil. It is concluded that a proper thinning-out of pine tree growths on poor sand soils, but allowing the brush to remain, is beneficial not only to the trees but to the soil. A note on relative saturation, G. Brown {Jour. Ecology, 3 {1915), No. 1, pp. SO, 31). — The author discusses and proposes as a general expression for the condition of a soil with regard to its relative saturation, the formula {w-ni)/W, in which w— the mass of a given quantity of soil with its contained moisture, m = the mass, of same soil wiieu air dry, and W the maximum water capacity, all being expressed in grams. For each natural habitat there will be a minimum, an optimum, and a maxi- mum value of the ratio, the optimum indicating those edaphic conditions under which the association or formation remains stable, the maximum and mini- mum indicating the limiting conditions beyond which it can no longer be main- tained as such, but will be replaced by a drier or wetter type. Relative satura- tion as here indicated would, it is claimed, prove an efficient measure of the soil water without taking into consideration the physical condition of the soil, and would serve to differentiate edaphic conditions and to distinguish natural habitats. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 817 Pot tests with fertilizers compared with field trials, G. N. Coffey and H. F. TuTTLE (Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 7 {1915), No. 3, pp. 129-139, fig. i).— Pot fertilizer experiments with wheat on different soil types are reported, the purpose of which -was to determine the value of pot tests for indicating the fertilizer requirements of a given soil. The pot tests were made with soils as similar as possible to those upon which field trials are being conducted and the results compared with those secured in the field, the idea being to duplicate field conditions and fertilizer treatments as nearly as possible. Five-gallon glazed clay pots about lOi in. in diameter and 12 in. deep were used. The surface soil and the first 6 in. of subsoil from dilferent fields were used, and equal weights (about 10 kg.) of both soil and subsoil were used in each pot. It was found that the results of pot tests and field trials made as indicated agreed on the whole very closely. Data on the experience with fertilizer pot tests at other experiment stations were also obtained, the consensus of opinion of those reporting success being that if one element is needed the pot test is quite reliable in indicating it, while if two or more elements are lacking the pots may differ from field indications. It is concluded from the results of these experiments and the experience of other stations that pot tests may be made of very great value in determining the relative need of the soil for different plant food elements. To secure the best results the soil should be placed in the pots in as nearly the same position and condition as in the field and receive the same fertilizer treatment as in field practice. "Both soil and subsoil should be used, the surface soil being taken to the depth at which the most marked change takes place, usually about the depth to which it is plowed. Air drying and excessive handling should be avoided. . . . "A somewhat larger quantity of seed per acre should be sown and the plants thinned to about the same number per acre as in the field and to an equal num- ber per pot. While most stations have grown the plants to maturity, the results secured here seem to show that with wheat a period of one month to six weeks is sufficient to indicate the relative fertilizer need of the soils studied. The dry weight is considered most reliable. The tests should be made in not less than triplicates and statistical methods should be applied." General notes on manures, their value and use, J. S. J. McCall (Nyasaland Dept. Agr, [Pt<&.], 2 {1915), pp. 8). — General information on the subject, includ- ing brief instructions as to the purchase of fertilizers, is given with particular reference to the tobacco-raising localities of Nyasaland. Illustration of important properties of peat litter, G. Keppeler {Mitt. Ver. Ford. Moorkultur Deut Reiehe, S3 {1915), No. 3, pp. U-H, P^s. 2). — Comparative experiments on the properties of peat litter and straw with reference to their values when used in stable manure are reported. It was found that 300 gm. of peat litter absorbed 4,500 gm. of water as against 800 gm, of water absorbed by 300 gm. of straw. Two gm. of peat litter absorbed approximately 1 liter of ammonia in the same time that 2 gm. of straw absorbed only 0.2 liter of ammonia. It was also found that pulverized straw molded much more quickly than pulverized peat with the same content of water and nutritive solution. These results are taken to indicate that peat litter is much more valuable than straw for use in stable manure, inasmuch as its superior absorptive power for water and ammonia and its inhibitive action toward bacterial decomposition will prevent the loss of ammonia from animal excrement. Investigations on the absorptive power of peat dust for water, H. Minssen {Mitt. Ver. Ford. Moorkultur Dent. Reiehe. 33 {1915), No. 3, pp. 4//-52).— Ex- periments with eight samples of four different kinds of peat are reported, the 313 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. purpose of which wus to determine tlieir absorptive powers for water when pulverized to the following different degrees of fineness : Ten to 20 mm., 4 to 6 mm., 3 to 4 mm., 2 to 3 mm., 1 to 2 mm., 0.4 to 1 mm., 0.2 to 0.4 mm., 0.1 to 0.2 mm., and less than 0.1 mm. From the results obtained, the peat dust made from pure kinds of peat having grains 0.2 to 2 mm. in diameter is considered to have on the average the gi-eatest absorptive pov/er for water. Peat litter and nitrogen deficiency, W, Beesch {Ztschr. MoorkuUur u. Torfvertoert, 13 (1915), No. 1, pp. SS-^S).— Data from various sources are reviewed which, talien as a whole, indicate that peat litter, owing to its greater absorptive power, when used in the handling of animal excrement permits less loss of nitrogen by leaching and evaporation than straw litter and produces a stable manure much richer in available nitrogen. The influence of lime nitrogen on the germination of barley and wheat, R. Trnka and B. Mysik [Ztschr. Landio. Versuchsw. Osterr., 18 {1915), No. 3, pp. 58-63). — Experiments with a sandy loam soil well stocked with humus and plant food to determine the effect of additions of 200, 600, and 1,200 kg. per hectare (178, 534, and 1,068 lbs. per acre) of lime nitrogen on the germination of wheat and barley, when planted at the same time as and 4, 8, 13, 17, and 26 days after treatment with lime nitrogen, are reported. The smallest addition of lime nitrogen retarded the germination of wheat and barley planted at the time of treatment. The retardation with wheat was, however, greater than with barley. The medium application of lime nitrogen retarded the germination of both wheat and barley planted at the same time as and 4 days after treatment, but the recovery of the barley was rapid while the wheat recovered more gradually. With the largest lime nitrogen addition the barley planted at the time of treatment and 4 days later was retarded strongly, and the effect was noticeable in barley planted 8 days later. The recovery was also very gradual. The germination of wheat planted at the time of treatment and 4 days later was almost completely inhibited, no germination taking place until after the seventh day in the second case. In wheat planted 8 days after treatment only slightly unfavorable effects were noticeable. The transformation of the lime nitrogen into urea, ammonia, and nitric acid oc- curred very rapidly. The action of the nitrogen of a new molasses-sludge fertilizer, T. Pfeiffeb and AV. Simmermacheb (FilhUng's Landw. Ztg., 64 {1915), No. 7-8, pp. 177-187).— The worii of others on the fertilizing value of molasses sludge in different com- binations is briefly reviewed, and pot experiments with oats and mustard on a sand soil mixed with loam, comparing ammonium sulphate and a so-called superphosphate molasses sludge fertilizer as sources of nitrogen, are reported. This fertilizer contained 1.87 per cent total nitrogen, 0.08 per cent ammonia nitrogen, 9.21 per cent water-soluble phosphoric acid, and 4.44 per cent potash. Sufficient superphosphate was added with the ammonium sul- phate to place the ammonium sulphate pots on the same basis as the molasses sludge pots with reference to phosphoric acid. Greater yields of oats were obtained with the ammonium sulphate than with the molasses-sludge fertilizer, but in both cases the increase in yield decreased as the nitrogen additions increased. This result is attributed in both cases to the presence of an excess of phosphoric acid, it being found that in pots receiving no nitrogen fertilization the yield of dry matter was greater with low than with high pho.sphoric acid fertilization. After harvesting the oats, mustard was planted in the pots to determine the after effect of the two fertilizers. It was found that the molasses-sludge fertilizer had a better after effect than the ammonium sulphate. The increase in the SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 819 combined yields of oats and mustard increased in amount as tlio nitrogen ad- ditions increased. It is tliought, tlierefore, tliat at least in the case of the molasses fertilizer tlie excess of phosphoric add favored tlic utilization of the nitrogen by the plants. In consideration of these results and of those ol)taine PP- 313-318, figs. 4)- — This notes the improvement by selection of Bromus unioloides at the Moumahaki Experimental Farm. The yield has been increased from 100 to 183, or nearly doubled. The culture of rice in California, C. E. Chambliss and E. L. Adams {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 688 {1915), pp. 20, figs. 7). — This contains recom- mendations based upon the results obtained at the Biggs Rice Field Station and a study of the conditions under which rice has been grown in California. It covers preparation of the seed bed and of the seed, manner of seeding, irri- gation and drainage, methods of harvesting and thrashing, cost of production, varieties (including variety tests), methods of improvement of the crop, notes on rice products, aod eradication of weeds. FIELD CROPS. 835 Rye grass culture, H. Mayee Gmelin (Meded. Rijks Hoogere Land, Tuin en Boschbouivsch. [Wageningen], 8 (.1915), No. 4, pp. 161-195) .— Results are given of cooperative experiments Avith several farmers to demonstrate the relative values of ordinary English rye grass, Improved English rye grass, and Italian rye grass. The average yields of hay for 1914 were, respectively, 295.25 kg. (3 cuttings), 318.25 kg. (3 cuttings), and 365.8 kg. (2 cuttings) per 100 square meters (119.6 sq. yds.). Uses of sorghum grain, C. R. Ball and B. E. Rothgeb (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 6S6 (1915), pp. 16, figs. 12). — This discusses the uses of sorghum grain as a feedstuff and as a food, with data as to the digestibility, preparation, and storage of the grain. Statistical data also show the value and acreage of gi-ain sorghums in parts of Kansas and Oklahoma in comparison with the corn crop. Chemical analyses of air-dry samples of various grain-sorghum varieties grown at the Amarillo Cereal Field Station, Amarillo, Tex., from 1908 to 1912, inclusive, are reported and summarized below : Composition of various grain sorghums. Num- ber of analy- ses^ Water. Protein (NX6.20). Fat. Carbo- hy- drates. Fiber. Ash. "Weight. Kind of sorghum. 1,000 kernels. Bushel. 67 55 Per ct. 9.32 9.38 Per ct. 12.54 12.16 Per ct. 3.15 3.27 Per ct. 71.89 72.09 Per ct. 1.48 1.47 Per ct. 1.62 1.63 Grams. 36.1 31.4 Lhs. 58.1 Dwarf milo maize 58.2 Average of milo maize . . . 122 9.35 12.37 3.21 71.97 1.48 1.62 34.0 58.1 Feterita 8 9.58 14.00 2.90 70.32 1.48 1.72 32.2 55.9 Blackhull kafir com Dwarf blackhull kafir 78 13 37 9.58 9.95 9.56 14.10 13.09 12.01 3.47 3.25 3.16 69.49 70.49 72.03 1.58 1.52 1.51 L78 L70 1.73 21.6 16.6 18.5 58.0 58.7 Red kafir. 58.3 Average of kafir com 128 9.61 13.39 3.35 70.33 1.55 1.76 20.1 58.2 Shallu 10 10.38 15.17 3.69 66.86 1.92 1.98 15.1 57.9 Grand average of all va- 268 9.52 13.01 3.29 70.95 1.53 1.70 26.6 58.1 Studies in Indian sugar canes. — I, Punjab canes, C. A. Barber (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Bat. Ser., 7 (1915), No. 1, pp. 112, pis. 19, fig. i).— The classes of cane found in the Punjab are given. The morphological characters used in the description of the classes of cane are cane measurements, color of cane, and characters of the joint, bud, leafy shoot, leaf sheath, and lamina. Morphological study of variation in wheats with, special reference to spike form, L. Detzel (Landio. Jahrb. Bayern, ^ (19U), No. 10, pp. 839-902, pis. 27, figg^ 5). — This gives data secured by measurements of the length, thickness, and weight of internodes of stems of wheat plants, and discusses the tillering and the relation of parts of the plants to the structure of the spike. An apparatus for measuring the internodes of the spike is described, also ten types of spikes on the basis of the structure and form of the spike. "A close relationship exists between the general morphological structure of the plant and the minor forms of the plant parts,, which relationship can be slightly modified by certain influences." 836 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. Inheritance of awn color in wheats, L. Kiessling et al. (Landw. Jahrb. Bayern, ^ {191ft), No. 2, pp. 102-170). — This work reviews previous investiga- tions along this line and gives the results of studying the inheritance of the white, yellow, light brown, and brown colors in the awns of wheats hybridized primarily for other purposes, since 1908. These colors or the factors producing them seem to have followed the theoretical ratios very closely, i. e., 1 : 3, l:3:3:9andl:3(X3) :9(X3) : 27. Report of the division of agronomy and botany for 1915, J. L. Burgess {Bui. N. C. Dept. Acjr., 36 {1915), No. 9, pp. 4-82) .—'Results are given of the examination and testing of 1,011 samples of farm seeds and 445 samples of vegetable seeds during 1915 according to the North Carolina Pure Seed Act. : A device for sampling grain, seeds, and other material, E. G. Boeknek (Z7. /Sf. Dept. Agr. Bui. 287 {1915), pp. 4, figs. 6).— This bulletin gives a descrip- tion of the mechanical structure and method of operation of a device " de- veloped primarily to meet the demands of grain and seed dealers and laboratory workers for securing a reliable sample of grain or seed from a larger portion of the material to be examined, graded, or analyzed. It can also be used for sampling flour, meal, feeds, coal, ore, or any other material of like kind for examination or analysis and to mix or blend and divide two or more streams of unlike material of the kind specified, so that tlie two resulting streams will be a thorough mixture of the original two or more kinds of material. Anotlier application of the device which should be of special interest to the grain trade is that a sample can be divided so that one-half can be used for testing and grading and the duplicate half either turned over to the seller or to the buyer of the grain or retained for future reference." The operation of the device does not require power of any kind, gravity being all that is necessary to make the material pass through it. Eradication of ferns from pasture lands in the eastern United States, H. R. Cox {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 687 {1915), pp. 12, figs. 8).— This gives results of experiments conducted in southern New York to eradicate the hay- scented fern {Dennstcedtia ptmctilobula) . It was found that cutting off the tops close to the surface of the ground twice a year for two years would kill out nearly all of the ferns. Experiments were made in 1912 and 1913 to test the efficacy of spraying as compared with cutting and to learn the best method of obtaining a stand of grass and clover on the fern-infested areas. The spray materials used were solutions of salt, arsenite of soda, and iron sulphate. These materials were used in quantities of equal value. The results of these tests showed the follow- ing facts: " Salt is the best spray material of the three. With ferns at an average degi'ee of thickness on the land, 150 lbs. of salt dissolved in 60 gal. or more of water to the acre for each application are sufficient. Two sprayings a year are about as effective as four, and are to be recommended. Cutting is some- what cheaper than spraying. Furthermore, the cutting does not interfere with young clover and grass coming in on the infested patches after the first treat- ment. This method, therefore, is to be recommended in preference to spraying in most situations. In some places the land is so stony as to interfere with cutting, in which case spraying may be the best method. It was found that scattering seed on the patches where ferns had grown was the most important means of getting a stand of grass and clover, and that liming and fertilizing in addition to the seeding were of considerable benefit." It is noted that similar methods would probably be equally effective in eradi- cating the brake {Pteris aquilina). EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOBD. 837 HORTICULTURE. [Report on horticultural investigations], B. Aune {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur Plant Indus., Work Belle Fourche Expt. Farm, 19U, pp. 14, 15).— A variety list is given of orchard and small fruits and ornamental trees and shrubs planted on the Belle Fourche Experiment Farm in 1914, together with a brief note on the condition of trees and shrubs previously planted. Onions, R. W. Jordan (St. Paul, 3Iin7i.: Webb Publishing Co., 1915, pp. 95, figs. 41).—A practical treatise on onion culture which discusses the onion with reference to its history, botany, importance, climatic and soil requirements, varieties, importance of good seed, fertilizers preparation of seed bed and seed planting, different types of onion growing, care and management of the crop, harvesting storing marketing yield and cost of growing and onion pests. Onion cultivation, F. Watts (hnp. Dept. Agr. West Indies Pamphlet 78 (1915), pp. 30).— A concise treatise on the growing, harvesting, and marketing of onions. Some tests of tomatoes, L. B. Uichanco {Philippine Agr. and Forester, 4 (1915), No. 3, pp. 59-68, 70-80). — An account is given of tomato growing in the Philippine Islands, including a discussion of insect pests and diseases, and data on variety, pruning, training, fertilizer, irrigation, and transplanting tests. A bibliography on tomatoes and tomato culture is appended. Rail sMpments and distribution of fresh tomatoes, 1914, W. A. Sherman, P. Fkoehlich, and H. F, Walker (U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 290 (1915), pp. 12, pi. 1, fig. 1 ) . — In this bulletin an effort has been made to list largely by railroad stations the actual shipments of tomatoes for table use in 1914, the returns being incomplete in some cases owing to the failure to receive reports from certain shipping agents. In addition to tabular data for the various States, the data are also presented in the form of a map and charts, all of the areas shipping at a given period being grouped in a zone and thus showing the various competing areas as well as the dates of heaviest crop movement. The total reported shipments of table stock for 1914 was 11,995 carloads, nearly one-half of the entire crop being shipped from the State of Florida. The States next in importance are Mississippi, New Jersey, and Texas, each shipping from 1,100 to 1,500 cars. It has been estimated that a somewhat greater number of tomatoes is grown for canneries, catsup factories, etc., than for table use. Pruning (Oregon Sta. Bui. 130 (1915), pp. 72, figs. 58).— This bulletin is comprised of five separate articles, as follows : Plant Physiology as Related to Pruning, by W. M. Atwood (pp. 4-11), in M^hich the author calls attention to the various conditions which surround the tree and which are often sufficiently effective to modify or do away entirely with the beneficial effects of thorough pruning practiced without regard to the other conditions; The Study of Fruit Buds, by E. J. Kraus (pp. 12-21), in which a discussion is given of the nature of fruit-bud development and location of buds on different classes of orchard trees, and a table is included showing the relation of position of bloom to bearing in the commoner varieties of Oregon apples and pears ; Pruning Young Trees, by C. I. Lewis (pp. 22-47), in which consideration is given to the principles of pruning and their application to young nonbearing and bear- ing trees of various orchard fruits ; and Pruning the Bearing Apple and Pear Tree (pp. 48-60) and Pruning the Bearing Prune Tree (pp. 61-72), both by V. R. Gardner. 13522°— No. 9—15 4 838 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. A complete work on the pruning of fruit trees, J. F. Moody (Perth, Western Australia: Govt., 1912, pp. 135, figs. 175). — A treatise on the pruning of all kinds of fruits and nuts grown in Western Australia. ITew dosage tables, C. W. Woodwoeth (California Sta. Bui. 257 (1915), pp. 3-16, figs. S). — A new principle applicable to the construction of dosage tables was discovered while making a careful comparison of the rate of charge in the dose necessary to compensate for the differences in leakage. The prin- ciple is that an arithmetical series of leakages is related to a geometrical series of dosages and both correspond to the same complex series of sizes of tents. This bulletin discusses the application of the above principle to the construc- tion of dosage tables and points out the errors in the tables commonly used. A set of tables based on the new principle is given and discussed. The fruits of Germany (DeutsclilancVs Obfttsorten, 7 (1911), I, Nos. 19, pis. 8, figs. 4; 20, pis. 8, figs. 5; 21, pis. 8, figs. 5; II, Nos. 22, pis. 4, figs. 3; 23, pis. 4, fig. 1; 24, pis. 8, figs. 4; 8 (1912), I, Nos. 25, pis. 8, figs. 4; 26, pis. 8, figs. 4; 27, pis. 8, figs., 3; II, Nos. 28, pis. 12, figs. 6; 29, pis. 12, figs. 4; 30, 2Jls. 12, figs. 5; (1913), I, Nos. 31, pis. 8, figs. 5; 32, pis. 8, figs. 6; 33, pis. 8, figs. 6; 12 [1913], Nos. 34-S6, pis. 36, figs. 14; with descriptive text). — A continua- tion of serial accounts of German fruits started in 1905 and consisting of sets of three parts with descriptions of four varieties of fruit in each part (E. S. R., 24, p. 641). The annual sets of the years noted continue descriptions of pear and apple varieties and also describe a number of currants, gooseberries, and cherries. The descriptions and illustrations follow the arrangement in the sets previously noted. Recent progress in fruit production in Hungary, D. Angyal and J. Gyoky (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 (1915), No. 5, pp. 652-657). — A short account of the fruit industry in Hungary with reference to climatic conditions, distribution of the chief species of fruit trees, native and foreign varieties, area of orchard lands and estimated yields, re- search work and education, state encouragement of the fruit industry, and associations. Fruit packing and the marketing and exporting of fruit, J. F. Moody and J. Ramage (West. Aust. Dept. Agr. Bui. 46 (1915), pp. 77, figs. 108). — A treatise on the packing and marketing of citrus and deciduous fruits with special refer- ence to the preparation of fruit for the export trade. The pollination of the pomaceous fruits. — II, Fruit bud development of the apple, F. C. Bradford (Oregon Sta. Bui. 129 (1915), pp. 10, pis. 6).— This is the second of a series of studies of the pollination of pomaceous fruit (E. S. R, 29, p. 541). In the present bulletin the author describes and illustrates with a series of plates the development of fruit buds of the Yellow Newtown apple. Buds were gathered throughout the v/ork in six separate classes as follows : Axillary buds on the newest wood ; terminal buds on the newest wood ; buds from young spurs on second-year wood which had not borne fruit but seemed likely to bear in the following year; buds from spurs which were bearing in the current year; buds from spurs which had borne previously but had not blossomed in the current season, in other words, were " resting a year ; " and buds from spurs which had blossomed but which had not set fruit, or having set fruit, had lost it early through dropping or thinning. Consideration is given to fruit bud differentiation in these various classes. A bibliography of literature cited is appended. The earliest differentiation in fruit buds was visible during the first ten days of July, there being possibly a slight variation from year to year. Samples HORTICULTUKE. 839 from material gathered throughout a period of three years show very little, if any, difference between the stages reached at a given date in different years until well toward blossoming time, when the buds apparently become more responsive to external conditions. In the buds under observation the sepals, petals, and outermost cycle of stamens were easily recognizable by the fiftli of August. By the middle of September the petals have become longer and wider, the stamens show frequently the bi-lobed appearance, the other two cycles of stamens have appeared and are well differentiated, and in many cases the carpels are already of fair size. Between this time and the last of No- vember the most striking change is in the carpels, which by the latter date have enlarged considerably. Carpels are also beginning at this time in the side buds. Material gathered the middle of February showed little or no change in the terminal blossoms but pollen mother-cell formation in the side buds is evident. During February and March the pistils begin to push up rapidly and the ovules appear. The petals and stamens appear to have completed their development and to be awaiting the expanding of the blossoms. A partial attempt was made to ascertain whether there is any difference among varieties in the time of fruit bud formation. The buds were examined from a number of different varieties on August 7, 1913. Although no con- clusion can be drawn from this study the work as far as it went showed be- yond probability that there is some little difference between varieties in their respective times of fruit bud formation, or at least as manifested in the de- velopment of the bud at the time wdien the samples were taken. In relation to the periods of ripening or to the times of blossoming the relative develop- ment in August has no exact correspondence. There is, however, more agree- ment with times of blossoming than with the period of ripening. A hasty examination of material gathered from the same trees in December, 1913, indicated an approach to a uniform winter stage for the different varieties. An apple orchard survey of Berkeley County, E. C. Atjchtek (West Vir- ginia Sta. Bui. 151 (1915), pp. 3-75, pi. 1, figs. 25).— This bulletin presents the results of a survey of the commercial apple orchards in Berkeley County, made during the summers of 1912 and 1913. Information is also given relative to the importance and distribution of the other fruit industries in Berkeley County, together with statistics on the fruit industries of West Virginia as a whole. The survey included a total of 217 orchards of 5 acres or more and compris- ing 11,204.6 acres. Sixty per cent of these trees had not reached bearing age. Only 6 per cent of the total apple trees in the county were over 18 years of age. The largest yields and incomes were obtained from those orchards between 19 and 22 years of age. Only a limited amount of data was secured on orchards older than this. The commercial orchards varied in size from 1 to 487 acres. The typical orchard is about 15 acres in area, although the average-sized orchard due to so many large company orchards is 45 acres. Although sufficient data could not be obtained to warrant conclusions as to the relation of size of orchard to yield and income, the survey indicates that the largest orchards are not the most profitable. The exposure or slope of the orchards is not an important factor in Berkeley County, since the sites are not steep or hilly. Eighty and five-tenths per cent of the orchards were planted by the square system, usually 30 by 30 ft. apart, although the tendency in later years was to plant 33 by 33 or 36 by 36 ft. apart. Generally only 3 or 4 varieties were found in a commercial orchard. Most of the bearing trees are Ben Davis, York Imperial, Grimes, and Arkansas (^Nlam- moth Black Twig). In recent planting there is a tendency to eliminate Ben Davis and cut down the number of York Imperials, substituting such varieties as Stayman, Winesap, Jonathan, and Delicious. 840 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECORD. Only a limited amount of data was obtained from company and rented orchards, but the survey indicates that those orchards managed by the owners themselves are giving the largest yields and incomes. The largest yields and incomes are being obtained on the average from soils of limestone origin. Clean cultivation with cover crops is the popular method of handling orchard soils. The 3-year-average income for orchards that have been cultivated 5 years or more since bearing is 108.3 per cent greater than for those orchards which have been in sod continually for the same length of time. The nonbearing orchards are generally intercropped with corn, although in many a 3-year rotation of corn, wheat, and hay is used. Stable manure on sod orchards gave the highest yield, while in cultivated orchards about the same yields were obtained from the use of either manure or commercial fertilizer. The greatest yields were obtained when both were used. Although about 80 per cent of the orchards are pruned in the spring, pruning has not been practiced systematically and in most cases is poorly done. The most common insects found are San Jos§ scale, codling moth, green aphis, and woolly aphis, all being well controlled except the woolly aphis on the roots. The most troublesome diseases are collar blight, apple or cedar rust, and leaf spot. Black rot and twig blight are serious in some orchards. The collar blight is especially bad on the Grimes. Practically every orchardist in the country sprays. Lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead is the mixture generally used. Data are given on the cost of labor and various orchard operations. The cost of producing a barrel of apples was $1.25. The 3-year-average gross price per barrel was $2.25, leaving a net profit of $1 per barrel, and with a 3-year average yield of 40.2 bbls. per acre the net profit per acre was $40.20. About 50 per cent of the orchards in the county are producing below the average in yield and income, others are yielding twice as much as the average. The fertilization of peach orchards, W. H. Axdebman (West Virginia 8ta, Bui. 150 {1915), pp. 3-39, figs. 10). — This bulletin describes three cooperative fertilizer experiments with peaches. The first was started by L. 0. Oorbett in 1899 in the Miller orchards at Paw Paw and continued through 1904. The second was started by A. L. Dacy under the direction of the author in 1911 in a 7-year-old orchard on the property of the Sleepy Creek Orchard Company, and the third was started in 1911 in a young orchard at Cherry Run, W. Va. The results of the three experiments are presented and discussed and a brief review is given of fertilizer experiments with peaches conducted at other stations. In the earlier work in West Virginia better results were secured from com- plete fertilizers than from incomplete fertilizers. Of the separate elements, nitrogen gave the best results. Potash checked development and in some cases killed the trees and phosphoric acid exerted no influence on vigor or pro- ductiveness. The experiments at Sleepy Creek and Cherry Run were both conducted on a shale loam soil, low in fertility. In the Sleepy Creek test the yearly growth of trees treated with nitrate of soda has been double that of plats receiving no nitrogen. The bearing surface of nitrogen-fertilized trees was two and one- half times that of the nonnitrogen-fed trees at the end of the second year and there was a still greater difference at the end of the fourth year. The leaves of the nitrogen blocks were healthier and larger in size and about two and one- half times as numerous. The nitrogen plats set an average of 76 per cent fruit buds each year against 60 per cent on the nonnitrogen plats. The yield of fruit was nearly doubled by the use of nitrogen. The fruit was not so highly colored on the nitrogen blocks and maturity was delayed several days. The high color of the fruit on the nonnitrogen plats is attributed to the extra sunshine that HORTICULTURE. 841 penetrated the sparse sickly foliage rather thau to the influence of potash or any other fertilizer. Nitrogen and potash in combination produced slightly larger fruit. The average gross income per acre from all nitrogen plats was $468.85 and from the nonnitrogen plats $275.43. The influence of lime appears to have been largely negative, although the production was somewhat increased. In the experiment on young trees at Cherry Run, there was no appreciable influence of any fertilizer the first year. After the first year nitrogen produced a strong growth of wood and foliage while potash apparently weakened the vigor of the tree. Practically all of the small crop of fruit produced the fourth year was from nitrogen-fed trees. The author concludes that the theory that heavy fertilizing with nitrogen is injurious to tlie peach is shattered by these experiments, as is also the former conception of the value of potash. Recommendations for shale and other soils low in fertility are 200 to 250 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre for bearing trees and 0.5 lb. per tree for young trees after the first year. It is suggested that the necessary nitrogen may be advantageously supplied by means of leguminous cover crops, but this point has not been clearly demonstrated. Experiments in fertilizing with catalytic substances of vine ash, S. Cetto- LiNi {Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital, 20 {1915), No. 13, pp. J,31-/{S8) .—Data, are given and discussed showing the effect on the quantity and composition of the must and wine of grapes fertilized with the following substances : Calcium sul- phate, aluminum sulphate, magnesium sulphate, potassium permanganate, iron sulphate, sodium chlorid, and sulphur. Citrus culture, W. J. Allen (Dept. Agr. N. S. Wales Farmers' Bui. 90 (1914), pp. 96, pis. 5, figs. 108). — A treatise on the culture, harvesting, marketing, and diseases of citrus fruits, with special reference to conditions in New South Wales. The mangosteen, D. Fatrchild (Jour. Heredity, 6 {1915), No. 8, pp. 339- S4T, figs. Ii). — A discussion of the mangosteen with reference to its distinguish- ing characteristics, edible qualities, and the possibility of its successful culture in tropical North America, together with notes on attempts to cultivate the mangosteen in other tropical countries and its adaptability for grafting on related species. The palms of British India and Ceylon, indigenous and introduced, E. Blattek {Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, 22 {1913), No. S, pp. U4-463, pis. 8, fig. 1; 22 {1914), No. 4, PP- 665-681, pis. 7, fig. 1; 23 {1914), No. 2, pp. 269-281, pis. 5). — In continuation of previous articles (E. S. R., 30, p. 444) a descriptive account is given of a number of additional native and introduced palms of British India and Ceylon. Experiments in the germination of coffee carried out in Brazil, E. Navaeeo DE Andrade {Fazendeiro, Sao Paulo, 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. 3-8; ahs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 6 {1915), No. 5, pp. 110, 711). — The results are given of a comparative germination test of whole fruit, of seed without pulp, and of decorticated seed freed also from the parch- ment-like membrane. Generally speaking, the best germination was secured by planting whole fi-uits. Tea culture in the Caspian Provinces of Persia and in Trans-Caucasian Russia, G. D. Hope, trans, by C. Bernard (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 36 {1915), pp. 27, pis. 2).— This comprises Dutch translations of descriptive accounts dealing with the cul- ture and preparation of tea in the Caspian Provinces of Persia and Trans- Caucasian Russia. 842 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Experiment to determine the most suitable distance apart for planting in nurseries, G. D. Hope and H. R, Coopek (Indian Tea Assoc, Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 2 (1915), pp. 36-^8). — The results of this experiment, which was conducted at the Tocklai Experimental Station, indicate that the width of planting tea seed best suited for nurseries is not less than 9 in. and not more than 12 in. Between these limits the choice would be dependent on the kind of seed and soil. Suggestions for the manurial treatment of tea soils, G. D. Hope and P. H. Caepenter (Indian Tea Assoc. [Pamphlet], 1915, pp. II-\-88, pi. 1). — A discus- sion of the principles and practice of manuring tea, including a classification of the tea soils of Northeast India with special reference to their manurial treatment. Experiment to determine the effect of lime on the growth of tea seedlings, G. D. Hope and H. R. Cooper (Indian Tea Assoc., Sci. Dept. Quart. Jour., No. 2 (1915), pp. 39, 40). — In this experiment, which was conducted at the Tocklai Experimental Station, the soil was known to require lime. Both the check plat and limed plat were given cattle manure at the rate of 20 tons per acre, the limed plats receiving slaked lime containing 51 per cent calcium oxid at the rate of 1 ton per acre. As compared with the check plat there was a 49 per cent increase in weight of 100 plants, a 28 per cent increase in average height, and a 9 per cent increase in average circumference of the tea seedlings on the limed plat. * A summary of the investigations of Dr. P. van Romburgh, C. E. J. Lohmann, and Dr. A. W. Nanninga (1892-1906), J. J. B. Deuss (Dept. Landb., Nijv. en Handel [Dutch East Indies'], Meded. Proefstat. Thee, No. 31 (1914), pp. 58). — The investigations here summarized consist largely of chemical studies of the volatile products of fresh fermented tea, the content in caffein and other alkaloids in different cultivated teas, fermentation and fertilization studies, investigations of changes taking place in the tea leaf, manufacturing tests, etc. Medicinal plants and their cultivation in Canada, J. Adams (Canada Expt. Farms Bui. 23, 2. ser. (1915), pp. 60, figs. 36).— This bulletin deals with the medicinal properties of certain plants and discusses the possibility of growing these plants in certain parts of Canada. Consideration is given to soil, climate, and cultivation ; collection and drying ; imports and exports of medicinal plants ; medicinal plants for which there is a considerable demand; medicinal plants used in moderate or small quantities ; and foreign medicinal plants which might grow in Canada. A bibliogi"aphy dealing with the various medicinal plants is included. An appendix contains a note with reference to changes in medicinal plants made in the 1914 edition of the British Pharmacopoeia. Eield book of western wild flowers, Margaret Armstrong (Nero York and London: C. P. Putnam's Sons, 1915, pp. XX-]-596, pis. 48, figs. 500).— A popular field book illustrating and describing a large number of the commoner wild flowers growing in Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. The flowers found only in the Rocky Mountains are not included. Attention is called to the fact that exceedingly few of the western flowers cross the Rockies and are found in the East. New Zealand plants suitable for North American gardens, L. Cockayne (Wellington: Govt., 1914, pp. 35). — A descriptive list is given of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, climbing plants, herbaceous and semiwoody plants, and ferns believed to be suitable for open air culture in the Pacific coast region, where there is little danger of severe frosts. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 843 FORESTRY. Annual report of the forestry bureau, C. R. Pettis (Ann. Rpt. Cmscrv. Com. N. Y., 4 (WU), pp. 65-179, pJ.^. i5).— This comprises a report of the activities of the New York State Forestry Bureau for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1914. The report deals with the administration of the forest preserve, forest fire protective work, forest legislation, forest products, forest extension, and reforestation. Appended to the report is an account of a forest survey of a parcel of state land by A. B. Recknagel and B. II. Paul (pp. HO- IST), and a report upon the resources of the forest preserve by C. R. Pettis (pp. 139-179). Report of the director of forestry for the year 1914, R. H. Campbell et al. {Dept. Int. Canada, Rpt. Dir. Forestry, 1914, pp. 133, figs. 29).— A report of the work of the forestry branch for the year 1913-14, to which are attached the reports of the officers in charge of the various subdivisions, including the tree- planting division, the forest reserves in the various Provinces, fire ranging, and the forest products laboratories of Canada. A report on wood bison is also included. Annual report of the director of forestry of the Philippine Islands for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1914, W. F. Shekfesee (Ann. Rpt. Dir. Forestry P. I., 1914, PP- 7S). — The usual progress report on the administration, investigation, and reconnaissance work in the Philippines for the fiscal year ended December 31, 1914. Data showing applications for the homestead purchase and lease of the public lands, timber cut by species, revenues, timber licenses, utilization of forest products from public and private forests, exix>rts and imports of forest products, etc., are appended. Progress report of forest administration in the Andamans for the year 1913-14, J. L. Baker {Rpt. Forest Admin. Andamans, 1913-14, pp. 3+VI+35, pi. 1). — ^This is the customary report on the administration of the state forests of the Andamans, including a financial statement for the year ended June 30, 1914. The more important data relative to forest areas, working plans, forest protection, miscellaneous work, revenues, yields, etc., are appended in tabular form. Reforestation on the Black Hills National Forest, P. T. Smith {Ames Forester, S (1915), pp. 5-9). — A summary of progress made in reforestation work on the Black Hills National Forest during the last ten years. Range reconnaissance on the Wallowa National Forest, E. H. Steffen (Ames Forester, 3 (1915), pp. 10-28, pis. 2, figs. 2). — An account of the system- atic examination and study of the range on the Wallowa National Forest. The Abney hand level and the chain on intensive forest surveys, C. R. Anderson (Forestry Quart., 13 (1915), No. 3, pp. 338-343) .—The author calls attention to the poor results secured with the aneroid barometer in mapping on intensive surveys and gives directions and data for the use of the xVbney hand level and the chain, which equipment has given rather general satisfaction in mapping forest surveys. Rules of thumb for volume determination, F. R. Mason (Forestry Quart, 13 (1915), No. 3, pp. 333-337). — The author here presents some rules of thumb for volume determination which are believed to be applicable for trees of vari- ous species. A windfall problem, G. T. Baker (Forestry Qtiart., IS (1915), No. 3, pp. 317-324, fig. 1). — The study here reported was conducted to ascertain if possible the cause of the considerable windfall occurring in the virgin woods on the Snow Creek watershed of the Olympic National Forest. 844 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The results in general indicate that the danger of windfall is little affected by exposure or topography, except in the case of very steep exposed localities. Tall dominant trees with well-formed crowns are more liable to be wind-thrown than others. Much of the windfall among the shorter trees is due to opening up the stand or a disturbance of root systems by the falling of the larger trees. A calendar of the leafing-, flowering, and seeding of the common trees of the eastern United States, G. N. Lamb {Mo. Weather Rev. Sup. 2 {1915), pp. 5-19, figs. 4). — The preliminary chart or calendar here given has been formulated from data on the flowering, leafing, seed ripening, seed falling, and leaf falling of the common trees, which have been collected for a number of years, both by observers under the direction of the Forest Service and by individuals working alone. The calendar includes some 72 species. In view of the lack of uniformity and incompleteness of observations in many cases, the chart is tentative in nature, but it is believed it will serve as a general guide to the seasonal func- tions of the different species. The use of the chart is explained and directions are given for making phenological observations, together with brief descriptions of the general range of each species. A bibliography of literature used in compiling the chart is included. The progress of wood identification in the Philippine Islands, E. E. Schneider {Forestry Quart, 13 {1915), No. 3, pp. 325-332).— A short review of investigations having to do with the identification of Philippine woods. See data on some secondary tree species, E. A. Ziegler {Forestry Quart., 13 {1915), No. 3, pp. 361-364). — Data are given on some seed experiments carried on by A. B. Wells in the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy nursery in 1910 and 1911. The maximum growth of Japanese timber species, S. Honda {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 6 {1915), No. 1, pp. 1-6, pis. 4). — A list is given of Japanese trees according to their size and the largest existing specimen trees, together with tabular data showing the average maximum growth of some 49 species. Loblolly or North Carolina pine, W. W. Ashe {N. C. Geol. and Econ. Survey Bui. 24 {1915), pp. XVI -{-169, pis 21, figs. 5).— A report on the loblolly or North Carolina pine {Pinus tceda), prepared under the direction of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey in cooperation with the Forest Service of the U, S. Department of Agriculture, with reference to its use by landowners, lumbermen, and others interested in timber. The subject matter is presented under the following general headings : The tree and how to identify it, economic status of loblolly pine, physiography of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Plateau regions, commercial distribution, asso- ciated species, forest characteristics, silvical requirements, the wood and its uses, commercial use for turpentine, growth, volume tables, graded volume tables, increase in the value of the trees, and management. Under forest management is taken up the determination of the best age at which to cut for saw timber or cordwood in order to utilize most profitably the forest crop. The best methods of cutting in order that the forests may be perpetuated are discussed for the different types. Protection from fire, especially for the young growth, is advocated and the advisability of artificial restocking by seed- ing or planting is considered. Accompanying the text are over 80 tables presenting data on various phases of the subject. Longleaf pine distinguished visually from loblolly .or shortleaf, A. Koehleb {Engin. Rec., 12 {1915), No. 11, pp. 319, 320, figs. 5).— A detailed study of the wood of longleaf, loblolly, and shortleaf pines, recently made at the DISEASES OF PLANTS. 845 Forest Products Laboratory of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has shown that the size of the pith in conjunction with the diameter of the second annual ring furnislies a reliable guide for determining the above species of wood without the aid of a microscope. This method of identification is described and a chart is given showing the relation of tlie pith diameter to the diameter of the second annual ring. Strength tests of structural timbers treated by commercial wood-preserv- ing' processes, H. S. Betts and J. A. Newlin (L^ .S'. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 286 (1915), pp. 15, figs. 7). — This bulletin describes experimental tests made by the Forest Service in cooperation with the Illinois Central Railway and one eastern and two western wood-preserving companies to determine how the strength of bridge stringers is affected by commercial creosote treatment. An account is given of the materials tested, methods of treatment, method of testing, and the results of tests. A bibliography of publications relating to strength tests of various woods is also given. The tests have shown in general that timber may be very materially weakened by preservative processes, although creosote in itself does not appear to weaken the timber. A preservative process which may seriously injure one timber may have little or no effect on the strength of another. A fair comparison of the effect of a preservative process on the strength of different species can not be made unless it is the common or best adapted process for all the species com- pared. The same treatment given to a timber of a particular species may have a different effect upon different species of that species, depending upon the form of the timber used, its size, and its condition when treated. The artificial preservation of mine timbers, F. Moll {Forestry Quart., 13 {1915), No. 3, pp. 308-316). — An account of various European methods of preserving mine timbers, abstracted from the German by F. W. Haasis. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 30, p. 647). Study on vegetable ivory, F. Vignolo-Lutati {Ann. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, 57 {1914), pp. 137-U8, pi. i).— A short comparative study of vegetable ivory derived from different plants. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Annual report of the botanist and plant pathologist, F. Stowaed {Dept Agr. and Ifulus. West. Aust. Ann. Rpt. 1914, PP- 2i-^2) .—Sprain, a potato disease thought to be of physiological nature and not hereditary, appears to be accentuated by dry-soil conditions. Heterodera radicicola has been discovered attacking potatoes for the first time in this region. Potato blight {Phytophthora infestans) reappeared after the lapse of a year, being reported from numerous points in several districts. Premature shedding of blooms by tomato, which could not be associated with any organism, was ascribed to conditions of cultivation and season. Tomato wilt was almost invariably associated with Fusarium spp., which may constitute normally a portion of the fungus flora of the soil in this region. No case of tomato blight could be ascribed to P. infestans, and if such a disease is present it is thought to be rare. Studies on cereals are briefly reported. Copper sulphate used alone for wheat smut was shown to cause loss, or more particularly abnormality in germination, in a large percentage of wheat seed tested. Vine mildew {Oidium tuckeri) and anthracnose {Olwosporium ampeloph- agum) were the most prevalent of the vine diseases noted. The former was controlled by several dressings of finely powdered sulphur, beginning as soon as the foliage is formed. The latter yielded to preventive treatment, a precaution 846 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. recommended being early destruction of all infected prunings. An unusual case of root rot may have been connected with a fungus rot of a neighboring fence. Diseases of alfalfa included rust {Uromyces striatiis), leaf spot {Pseud- opeziza medicaginis) , and European I'oot disease (Rhizoctonia medicaginis) , but none of these appears to amount to an epidemic. The most common citrus disease was that due to Armillaria mellea, which is frequently traceable to residues of stumps or of other timber. A preliminary Investigation of a rind disease of obscure origin has been commenced. Studies with poisonous plants, seed investigations, etc., are also reported in this connection. Mycology, F. J. F. Shaw (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Sci. Advice India, 1913-14, pp. 99-105) . — This is largely a summary of material in articles most of which have already been noted from other sources. A note is also given on systematic mycology, with a list of articles published during 1913-14. Among the diseases dealt with are some affecting rice, sugar cane, palms, cotton, and sesame. The more important plant enemies and their control, H. K. Andeksen (De vigtigste Plant esygdonime og deres Bekwinpclse. Hasley, Denmark: R. Torkildsens Bogtr. 1913, pp. 82, figs. 49)- — Some common diseases and disorders of cultivated plants are discussed, with control measures appropriate thereto, after which some animal enemies of economic plants are discussed on the same general plan. The control of plant diseases in Sweden, J. Eriksson (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome^, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 12, pp. 1546- 1553). — This is a brief review of researches, publications, and other steps taken looking to the control of plant diseases in Sweden since the beginning of work in 1876, also an account of the appearance, progress, and effects of some im- portant diseases in that country. Among these are American gooseberry mildew {Sphcerotlieca mors-uvw), which appeared in 1905 and is now present in most of the Swedish gardens; potato canker {Synchytrium endobioticum or Chrys- ophlyctis endoMotica) , observed in 1912 and soon brought under control; about a dozen rusts named of cultivated cereals or of allied grasses, also other kinds of rusts, as those on white pine and on hollyhock, and other plant dis- eases, as Moniiia fructigena and M. cinera on fruit trees, and Podosplicera leucotricha, causing apple mildew. Mention is also made of articles reporting investigations on various diseases. Recent efforts for the establishment of in- ternational collaboration for the control of plant diseases are also noted, but it is thought that the most important diseases causing about 90 per cent of the annual losses can not be advantageously controlled by legislative measures. Some work of official botanical institutions is also briefly noted. Mercury chlorophenol as a fungicide, T. Remy and J. Vasteks {Illus. Landio. Ztg., 34 {1914), Nos. 91, pp. 769-771; 92, pp. 776-778, fig. 1).—A report is given of tests employing low percentages of mercury chlorophenol, a com- mercial preparation, against certain plant diseases. In case of stinking smut of wheat it appears to be safe and at least as effec- tive as others in use. Results with wheat and barley treated for loose smut were less conclusive, but no injury resulted from its use, and the same facts are noted in regard to oats treated for low germinability. Leaf spot of peas, while not entirely prevented, was lessened by this treatment. Gloeosporium lindemutJiianum on garden beans was decreased without injury to the crop. Beet rot was decreased by treatment of the seed balls. Seed treatment of barley reduced leaf stripe. The remedy appears especially beneficial in treat- ing a combination of stinking smut, Fusarium, and leaf stripe of grains. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 847 Infection experiments with parasitic fungi, IV, O. Treboux (Ann. My col., 12 (1914), No. 5, pp. 4S0-483) .—This is a continuation of studies previously noted (E. S. R., 28, p. 844) regarding tlie habits and tendencies of several rust fungi in connection with host plants. The 1914 outbreak of rust on winter grain in Bavaria, L. Hiltneb (V/chnbl. Landw. Ycr. Bayern, 1914, No. 25; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rorne^, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 8, p. 1091). — In parts of Bavaria alarm was caused by rust on wheat and rye, due generally to Puccinia glumarum, occasionally associated with P. triticina. The features of the out- break are compared with those of a previous one. It is thought that the rust is less severe on fields properly nianurod, also on thosg having a good even stand as compared with those having a thin stand. The true cause of severe outbreaks is held to be the weather, the outbreak occurring after a number of hot days followed by frosts or heavy dews and cool weather. Local quick-growing varieties were most severely attacked, other varieties, especially pedigreed ones, remaining nearly free. Mist seems very favorable to the spread of rust. The first reports of attack came from the same place each year, confirming, it is held, the importance of atmospheric factors. The cause and prevention of dry spot of oats, W. Kruger and G. Wimmer {Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckerindus., No. 704 (1914), II, pp. 707-758, pi. 1, figs. 12). — ^A description is given of this trouble, with an account of an extended study thereon. It is claimed to be primarily physiological, due to the injurious influence of residues of physiologically alkaline salts (in particular sodium nitrate), and avoidable by altering the character of the soil as regards alka- linity. This may have been increased in soils at first only slightly alkaline by reactioas occurring in connection with commercial fertilizers employed, calcium carbonate being significant in this connection. Suggestions made regarding the treatment of excessively limy soils include the employment of iron chlorid, iron sulphate, or powdered sulphur, and the use of green manure crops or stable manure. Experimental studies on the causes predisposing wheat to attack by Erysiphe graminis, V.Rivera (RicercJie Sperimentali sulle Cause Predisponcnti il Frumento alia " Nebbia.". Rome: R. Staz. Patol. Veg., 1915, pp. 42, figs. 4)- — An account is given of studies on the germinability of the conidia of E. graminis and the receptivity of wheat plants for the fungus as influenced by various factors. It is stated that a condition predisposing the host to attack is diminution of turgor, which may be due to dryness of the soil or to elevation of the temper- ature of the air. Germination of the conidia, on the ther hand, is favored by a state of moderate humidity and temperature. These facts may help to ex- plain the contradictions in the claims made by investigators. The question of susceptibility may reduce itself to a consideration of the relation between cellular turgor in case of the fungus and epidermal tension on the part of the host. The constitution of the cell sap and membranes as determined by nutri- tional supply may be a further factor. A bibliography is appended. A new disease of germinating wheat, P. J. O'Gara (Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1079, pp. 313, 314).— The author reports having observed consider- able unevenness of the stand in Utah wheat fields in April, 1915, there being a large proportion of very weak plants. The fields were known to have been infested in the previous year by the wheat straw worm, but a careful exami- nation of the infected plants did not reveal the presence of the larv£E of this insect. 848 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. An examination of the plants in the laboratory showed that the wheat kernels were infected with a fungus which is believed to be an uudescribed species of Podosporiella, a description of which is promised later. A new alfalfa leaf spot in America, L. E. Melchees (Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1085, pp. 536, 537). — The author reports having observed in the vicinity of Manhattan, Kans., alfalfa plants which were not producing a normal amount of foliage, the stems being sparsely set with spotted leaves, which were affected with a singular leaf spot. The diseased plants all presented an un- thrifty appearance and were also somewhat smaller than normal. The spots, which were generally circular or elliptical, were scattered irregu- larly over the entire surface, frequently occurring along the margins. During the earliest stages the spots were small and dark reddish-brown. They soon increased in size and had a dark-brown margin bounding the ashen-gray center. The diseased tissue did not fall out and the leaves remained intact. The spots were confined almost exclusively to the leaflets, but they have been observed on tlie petioles. Material has been studied in the laboratory, and experiments show the pathogenicity of the fungus, which is said to belong to the genus Pleosphoeru- lina. The species has not been definitely determined. Ti-eatment of beet seed for control of root scab, W. Kexjger and G. Wimmee (Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckerinclus., No. 705 (1914), II, pp. S45-S^7).— Comparative tests with several fungicidal preparations for prevention of root scab showed little or no protective value except in case of carbolic acid of 0.5 per cent strength, which reduced attack to 5 or 10 per cent of the whole number of plants. Celery diseases (Im^t. Phytopath. Wageningen, Vlugschr. 9 (1914), PP- 3). — Leaf spot (Septoria apii) is reported as widely prevalent. An effective seed treatment is 0.25 per cent formalin. Only soil free from infection should be used, and Bordeaux mixture is advised if the disease appears on the plants. The same seed treatment is applicable to rust or scab (Phoma apiicola). Seed beds on infected soil require treatment with strong formalin. A bacterial rot for which no effective treatment is yet available is also noted on ground having deficient drainage. Diseases of crucifers (Inst. Phytopath. Wageningen, Ylugschr. 10 (1914), pp. 4, fig. I). — Finger-and-toe of crucifers (Plasmodiophora brassicce) is controlled by repeated applications of lime. Notes are given on Phoma oleracea, which is controlled by measures effective as against the cabbage fly (Anthomyia hrassicw), carrying the infection, also on P. apiicola, which is controlled by ti'eating the seed and seed bed with formalin. Root nodosities of crosses between swedes and turnips, L. Hedweg (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'i, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 7, pp. 833-836, pis. 4). — This is a short account of information obtained in Den- mark in researches on crosses between swedes and turnips and the nodosities occurring on their roots. These nodosities, which are of various forms accord- ing as the hybrid in question is rape-like, swede-like, or turnip-like, are de- scribed separately, and their characters are contrasted with those of the finger-and-toe swellings caused by Plasmodiophora brassicce. It is claimed that the constancy of the Danish strains of swedes and turnips resulting from years of selection may now be considered as thoroughly established. Peppermint rust, B. Gr6f (Kis6rlet. Kozlem.., 17 (1914), No. 4, pp. 657-^61, figs. 2). — The phases of attack by Puccinia menthce on Japanese peppermint are described. DISEASES OP PLANTS. 849 Collection and destruction of all fallen leaves in autumn and spraying with 2 per cent copper sulphate are recommended, as are also repetition of the spray- ing in early spring and removal of the crop early in June hefore development of the uredo stage is complete. Potato diseases, E. Henning (Kort oversikt over viktigarc smittosamma sjukdomar hos potatisen. Stockholm: Wilhclmssons Boktr., 1915, pp. 28, figs. 8). — ^A brief discussion is given of Hypochnus solani, Phytophthora infestans, Synchytrium endobioticum, Spongospora scabies, Fusarium, and such disorders as bacterial ring rot, scurf, and leaf roll. Potato diseases (Bol. Agr. T^c. y Econ., 6 (1914), No. 11, pp. lOSl-lO^O).— This is a brief discussion of direct and contributory local causes of potato dis- eases or disorders, including fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, also of some pro- tective measures as used in certain localities. Blight resistance in potatoes, W. S. Hill {Jour. Agr. [Nctc Zeal.], 8 (1914), No. 4, pp. 370, 371, fig. 1; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome]', Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 8, p. i088).— The author notes com- parative experiments showing the superiority of the variety Gamekeeper over Up-to-date, as regards resistance to late blight. He also discusses briefly some other qualities. Fusaria of potatoes, C. D. Sherbakoff {New York Cornell Sta. Mem. 6 {1915), pp. 87-270, pis. 7, figs. 51). — The results of a monographic study begun in 1911 of the species of Fusarium found on the potato are given. In this work the fungi were studied in their Fusarium stages, no attempt being made to determine their perfect forms. All the cultures were made from diseased parts of the potato plant received from nearly every experiment station in the United States, most of them isolated from tubers affected with dry or soft rots. In all the author recognizes 61 species and varieties of Fusarium, and In addition he gives descriptions of 3 species of Ramularia which are said to be often found on the potato and easily confused with species of Fusarium. The following new species and varieties are technically described: F. cimeiforme, F. udum solani, F. falcatum fuscum, F. caudatum solani, F. metacroum minus, F. subulatum brevius, F. effusum, F. truncatum, F. lucidum, F. diversisporum, F. biforme, F. anguioides, F. anguioides caudatum, F. arthrosporioides, F. arthrosporioidcs asporotrichius, F. sporotrichioides, F. arcuosporum, F. ferru- glnosum, F. sanguineum, F. sanguineum pallidium, F. bullatum, F. bullatum roseum, F. angustum., F. redolens solani, F. lutulatum, F. lutulatum zonatum, F. sclerotioidcs, F. sclerotioides brevius, F. oxysporum asclerotium, F. oxy- sporum longius, F. oxysporum resupinatum, F. subpallidum, F. subpallidum roseum, F. clavatum, F. discolor triseptatum, F. culmorum leteius, F. martii viride, F. martii minus, F. solani cyanum, F. solani suffuscum, F. striatum, and R. solani. In connection with the investigation, the author made some studies on en- vironmental conditions and also the pathogenicity of the fungi. Extensive inoculations of potato plants Avith all the Fusaria described in the memoir yielded negative results, and would indicate that they are not wilt producers. Several series of inoculations of potato tubers showed that a considerable num- ber of species of Fusarium can cause more or less rapid decay of the tubers, but that most of the species reported upon produced rot only after the tubers had begun to sprout. The most common rot-producing organism, at least in the eastern United States, is claimed to be F. coeruleum. The inoculation ex- periments carried on with tubers seem to indicate that some species of the fungi, while differing morphologically, may act very similarly so far as their pathological conditions are concerned, and that others closely related from the morphological standpoint differ widely in their pathogenicity. 850 EXPEEIMEXT STATION EECOED. The transmission of potato mosaic througli the tuber, E. J. Wobtley {Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), Xo. 10S3, pp. 460, 46i).— The author states that the mosaic disease of potato is very prevalent in Bermuda on the variety BUss Triumph, the yiekl of affected plants being reduced from 10 to 75 per cent. An inspection of the fields on Long Island in which stock was being grown for shipment to Bermuda for seed purposes showed the general presence of mosaic on this variety. The same conditions existed in Maine, where stock for Long Island had been obtained. Tubers from healthy and mosaic plants were obtained in Maine and later planted in Bermuda, with the result that diseased plants were produced through planting tubers from mosaic parent plants. The yield was greatly re- duced due to the presence of the disease, but the experiments indicate that the trouble may be controlled by field selection of stock intended for planting. It is believed that these experiments are the first to show definitely that the potato mosaic disease is transmitted through the tubers. Powdery scab of potatoes in Oregon, F. D. Baixey (Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1082, pp. 424, 425). — The occurrence of potato scab due to Spongospora subterranea is reported. The lot of potatoes in which the disease was first found is said to have been raised on a farm in the isolated district of Tilla- mook Coimty, Oreg., where, according to the grower's statement, seed of the variety was introduced from an eastern State some 12 or 15 years ago, and no seed had been introduced since that time. A hasty survey of the county did not show the presence of the disease on any other farm, but one diseased speci- men was discovered at a store from which there was no possibility of tracing it to the grower. The fact that the district is isolated and that potatoes are not raised in suf- ficient quantity for export is believed to be the reason why the disease has not been more generally disseminated. "Wart disease of potatoes, J. Eriksson {Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 2, pp. 276-278).— Inquiry and research in England since 1909 have shown that black scab of potato, caused by Chrysophlyctis enrlohiotica {Simchytrium endohioticum), tends to spread slowly but steadily, the organism retaining its virulence in the soil for years and re- sisting all the ordinary fungicides but affecting different varieties of potato unequally. Common English varieties are divided into three groups with refer- ence to the resistance that they have shown to this disease. The formalin treatment tested recently iu Sweden has already been noted. (E. S. R., 31, p. S42). Withering of the panicle in rice, P. Poli {Gior. Risicolt., 4 {1914), Xo. 14 pp. 206-209, figs. 2; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 10, p. 1365). — Colatura, a disease of rice, is described. It consists in a form of abortion of some flowers, which reduces the yield. Certain Japanese varieties are more resistant than those native to Italy. The disease is said to be entirely distinct from a somewhat similar injury to the emerging panicle, which is caused by hail. As the result of researches carried out in different seasons, the disease is considered due to excessive fertility combined with a period of intense cold during the last phase of flower formation, while the panicle is still inclosed. A disease affecting- the sisal hemp plant, C. K. Banceoft {Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit. Guiana, 7 {1914), No. 4, pp. 181, 182; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. IRome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 9, pp. 1246, 1247).— Examination of material collected locally has confirmed the conclusions of Shaw (E. S. R., 29, p. 346) regarding the identity and mode of attack of the DISEASES OF PLANTS. 851 organism, CoUetotrichum agaves, which is shown to be a wound i>;irasi(c on the sisal plant in British Guiana since 1!)0S or earlier. The disease affects first the older leaves, frequently near the tips, spreading to young leaves and finally to all parts of the plant and to neighboring plants, and causing the appearance of yellow patches. Careful supervision with immediate destruction of affected leaves and the application of such fungicides as Bordeaux mixture are suggested. Leaf spot disease of sisal in German East Africa, K. Braun {Pflanzcr, 10 {1911,) No. J,, PI). lSS-191, pi. 1; abs in Intcniat. Just. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 8, p. 1085).— A leaf spot disease of sisal, which has been noted previously (E. S. R., 20, p. 155), was more than usually noticeable in 1913. Investigations have shown that this appearance, which is described, may be produced experimentally by even short exposures to temperatures which frequently occur in this region in sunuuer. It is not known whether other unfavorable factors may not increase the susceptibility of the plant in this respect. Occurrence of the bacterial disease of Sudan grass in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, P. J. O'Gaea (Science, n. set:, 42 (,1915), No. 1079, pp. 314, 315).— It is claimed that a bacterial disease of Sudan grass has been recently observed in Utah. The specimens exhibited elongated reddish-brown blotches on the leaves, many of the lower leaves being entirely dead. On the under surface of the spots were found characteristic reddish crusts or scabs consisting of dry bac- terial ooze, which had come from the interior of the leaves. An examination showed the presence of bacteria, and the author thinks there is little doubt that the disease is due to the broom corn bacterial organism {liacillus sorghi) first studied by Burrill, whose conclusions were later confirmed by Kellerman and Swingle.<^ Diseases and enemies of sugar beets and alternating crops in Bohemia, H. UzEL (Ztschr. Zuckerindus. Bolimen, 38 (1914), No. 11, pp. 571-578).— This is a condensed report, dealing with nematodes and other animal parasites of sugar beets, with the leaf fungi Sporidesmium putrcfaciens, PhijUosticta beta', and Cercospora beticola, and with such bacteria as those causing root rot and scab. As regards alternating crops notes are given of Tilletia tritici on wheat, Urocystis oceiclta on rye, Ustilago jensenii on barley, and Phytophthora in- festans on potato. Control of beet nematodes, H. C. Mtjlleb and E. Molz (Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckerindus., No. 707, 1914, IT, pp. 959-1050, figs. 3).— This is an account of studies bearing upon the control of Heterodera schachtii in relation to sugar beets, including experiments with chemical, physical, and other means. Both potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate seemed to favor an in- creased nematode attack. Results were not favorable to the use of sulphur or sodium chlorid. Carbon bisulphid at 3 cm. depth in the soil gave better results than at 20 cm. Formaldehyde gave as good results with employment of a smaller quantity. Allyl alcohol was effective whether used pure or di- luted with water. Several other treatments increased more or less the severity of attack. A modification of the Kiihn method of trap plants is recommendep. 176, pis. 7/3).— This is the third progress report on bitter pit (see above). The investigation, which is still in progress, has now been extended to influences of many kinds affecting the trees and the fruit both before and after it is gathered, as related to bitter pit injury. The question as to whether bitter pit originates only while the fruit is yet on the tree is still unsettled. It has been found that the increase of transpiration in the growing fruit is referable to the increase of its transpiring surface and the decrease in humidity of the air at this season of the year in this region. Fruit borne on laterals remained free from the disease even when the rest of the fruit on the tree was badly pitted. Biochemical tests of growing fruit and X-ray studies of stored apples are being made to determine the inception and developmental conditions of bitter pit. It has been established that an excessive flow of sap toward the fruit causes a tendency to pit. This is lessened or neutralized by checking the sap flow, for which purpose constriction is being tested. Severe cutting back for grafting purposes resulted in one case in the pitting of 92 per cent of the apples borne on the remaining branches, while neighboring trees on which only DISEASES OF PLANTS. 853 the leaders were shortened, the laterals being left untouched, showed no bitter pit of the ordinary type. At a temperature of 31 to 32° F. in storage, the development of bitter pit and the ripening process were both arrested. Canker of fruit trees (Inst. Phytopath. Wageningen, Vlugschr. 13 (1914), pp. 4)- — Nectria ditissi7na is discussed as a wound parasite of fruit trees (apple and pear), also of several forest trees, into wliich it finds entrance only at points of injury from hail, insects, etc. It is controlled by the employment of tree surgery after the cankers have developed, fungicidal sprays, as Bordeaux mixture, being of use only to prevent development from the spore stage. The conditions determining- the outbreak of vine mildew in Hungary, G. voN IsTVANFFi (Intcrnat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and riant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 9, pp. 1242-1245). — A summary is given of studies on downy mildew conducted by F. Savoly under the author's direction, and pub- lished in the fifth volume of the publications of the Royal Hungarian Central Ampelological Institute of Budapest. It is believed that adequate study of the climatic conditions favorable to mildew will require investigations covering an extensive and varied territory for several years. Satisfactory results require a study of the weather before the first appearance of the mildew, at least as regards temperature and quan- tity and frequency of rainfall. Curves called isophanes have been mapped connecting points of simultaneous appearance of the disease. The successive isophanic belts between these show an increase in breadth, each being about 1.55 times as wide as the preceding one. During 1910 to 1912 tlie earliest appearance in Hungary was on May 21, most appearances being between June 5 and 15 during the flowering period of the vines, and the infection occurring especially within the last ten days of May. Comparison of the mildew maps during four years shows that the mil- dew occurs in the same locality each year, and its spread follows usually the same routes, this constancy depending more upon orographic and soil relations than upon weather. The mildew generally proceeded more or less continuously from one locality to another, the speed being unequal in different directions, but the same in given directions every year. The mildew starts from a definite area described as of triangular form, and advances for a time in approximately the direction of the angles. Independ- ently of this first area, and one or two isophanes later, secondary centers are observed, one of which becomes the point of departure of an independent in- vasion. The temperature of the month of April appears to have an influence on the outbreak of mildew. Regularity of temperature changes (with sufiicient mois- ture in winter and spring) favors its early appearance, but repeated relapses in the normal rise of temperature may bring about a retardation of the appear- ance, both frequency and duration of the temperature relapses being apparently influential in this regard. An attempt has been made to obtain and express in an equation a " bios " or biological value of the weather as related to mildew outbreak, and the calcu- lated and actual appearance dates as given herein from 1910 to 1913 show a fair degree of correspondence, especially in case of the inner isophanes. A chief condition of complete success for the method is a network of stations in tele- graphic communication. According to these researches the districts in which mildew makes its first appearance in Hungary are determined by orogi-aphic and climatic conditions and especially by the nature of the soil and of the conditions of superficial 13522°— No. 9—15 5 854 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. hydrography. The weather influences only the date of the appearance. The disease appears first not in regions of greatest warmtli and heaviest rainfall, but in those of extensive sandy areas and tracts liable to flooding. The disease appears later, however, on cold soils, despite abundance of superficial water and favorable weather. After an April with regular temperature and without white frosts the first outbreak occurs about IMay 15. Besistance of hybrid direct-bearer vines to mildew, E. Pee-Laby (Vie Agr. et Riirale, 3 (.1914), No. 22, pp. 603-605; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 7, p. 962). — Lists are given, bused upon tests made, of grape hybrids which require for safety in moderate mildew years no spraying with copper sulphate. Mention is made of other de- sirable hybrids not yet conclusively tested but probably resistant to mildew. Rose diseases (Inst. Phytopath. Wageningen, Ylugsclir. 12 (1914), PP- 1-3). — In addition to some animal parasites, mildew (SphwrotUcca pannosa), rust (Phragmidiiim subcorticlum), and false mildew (Peronospora sparsa) of rose are discussed, with treatments as recommended. Field studies on the dissemination and growth of the chestnut blight fungus, P. J. Anderson and D. C. Babcock (Penn. Chestnut Tree Blight Com. Bui. 3 (1912), pp. 45, pis. 14). — This report refers to work carried out chiefly at Charter Oak and Mt. Gretna, Pa. Tests for infection gave positive results in all but three of eleven kinds of wounds. Inoculation of natural insect holes in no case to date produced a canker, but it is believed that any wound in the bark may furnish an entrance for the fungus. Among the known or suspected means of dissemination are nursery ship- ments, grafts, shipments of timber and fire wood (moisture and shade assist- ing), dead leaves, burs, bark, tools, wind, and rain. The agency of birds has not been established. Ants may possibly carry the spores. Experiments in- dicate that a beetle (Leptostylus maculata) eats the spores, and that it may be really beneficial. The fungus grows much more rapidly in dead than in living tissue. Spores are very long lived and quickly become active upon being wetted. Conidia can produce infection after being kept dry in the spore-horn stage for 19 weeks. The greatest rate of spread in the cankered spots was obtained during July and August. A fungus, in all outward appearance the same as Endothia parasitica, is re- ported on Quercus velutina, Q. alba, Q. primis, Rhus tijphina, Acer rubrimi, and Carya ovata, and it was isolated from all but Q. prinus. The chestnut blight fungus was repeatedly grown on sterilized twigs of all of the above and on Castanea dentata, Q. macrocarpa, Q. rtihra, Q. coccinea, Nyssa sylvatica, Lirio- dcndron tuUpifera, and Juglans nigra, producing pycnidia regardless of the mode of inoculation. The growth on all oaks, on sour gum, and on sumac was as rapid and vigorous as on chestnut twigs. The fungus appears to be a M'eak parasite on white oak, chestnut oak, and sumac. The anatomical and physiological conditions of chestnut branches attacked by the ink disease, L. Petri (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 23 (1914), I, No. 5, pp. 363-369; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 7, p. 964). — The author has followed up previous observations on the part played by Coryneum modo- nium in producing black canker of chestnut (E. S. II., 29, p. 156; 30, p. 52). In branches three to nine years old collected at the end of November, 1913, various differences were found between the healthy and the diseased branches. It seems that the earliest and most serious irregularity takes place In the mia- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 855 eral food, the destruction of chlorophyll and the disorganization of the chloro- plasts in the cortical parenchyma being probably the consequences of as- similatory disturbances and reduced protoplasmic vitality, connected with lilgh acidity, absence or reduction of calcium oxalate, and increase of gallic acid, these conditions permitting attack by weak parasites some time before any diseased condition is apparent. Forest botany, R, N. Pabkek (Ann. Rpt. Bd. ScL Advice India, 191S-U, pp. 55-58).— Besides brief notes regarding the progress of work on floras in preparation and lists of recent papers on forest botany, the results are given, so far as obtained, from a study of the wood of Pinus excelsa attacked by Trametcs pini. Mycelium was present in heartwood and in sapwood next to the cambium, while this was to all appearances sound. Trees apparently sound showed, on microscopical examination, the presence of hyphse in the tracheids and the medullary raj'S. Roots, both small and large, also contained mycelium in wood otherwise free from rot. In case of natural root grafts, fungal hyphse were found in the grafted roots on both sides of the union, this fact showing the possibility of infection in this manner. The fungus appeared to cause little or no rot except in the heartwood of the stem and larger roots. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Economic entomology in the United. States of America, I. V. EMELflNov (Selskokhosi'Caistvennaia Entomologiia v Soedinennykh Shtatakh SQvemoi Ameriki. Petrograd: Govt., 1914, pp. 275, pis. 8, figs. 128; rev. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 {1915), Ser. A, No. 1, p. 42). — ^A report upon economic entomology in this country, based upon the author's visits during 1910-11 and 1912. Some present needs in economic entomology, H. T. Feknaxd {Jour. Econ. Ent., S {1915), No. 1, pp. 30^40). — In this paper the author points out some important phases of economic entomology that need investigation. A new air-conditioning apparatus, G. A. Dean and R. K. Nabouks {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. 101-113, pis. 3, fig. i).— The authors here de- scribe the general arrangement, principle of operation, and moisture and tem- perature records maintained in the breeding chamber by an air-conditioning machine which has been manufactured for and installed at the Kansas Experi- ment Station. Cages and methods of studying underground insects, J. J. Davis {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. 135-139, pis. 3). — The author here describes and illustrates the methods made use of in investigations carried on by agents of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department. The conditions of the resistance of internal parasitic insects in the organism of their hosts, W. R. Thompson {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 77 {1915), No. 33, pp. 562-564; o&s. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 {1915), Ser. A, No. 5, pp. 251, 252). — It is pointed out that the resistance offered by internal parasitic larvEe, both dipterous and hymenopterous, to the toxic and digestive diastases which the author here discusses is an aspect of the adaptation of parasite to host which entomologists appear to have hitherto neglected. The toxicity of insecticides, C. W. AVoodwoeth {Science, n. ser., 41 {1915), No. 1053, pp. 361-369). — The author describes the methods employed in deter- mining the effect of hydrocyanic acid gas on scale insect eggs in closed glass containers. The results of one series of tests with the European fruit scale on Christmas berry are presented in tabular form. Some recent insect importations into New Jersey, H. B. Weiss {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. 133-135) .—The author describes briefly the discovery 856 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. of numerous important insect pests from abroad which have been intercepted during the course of inspection work in New Jersey. A review of the spread in Russia of the chief injurious animals in 1913, I. A. PoRTCHiNSKY {Ezlicg. Dept. Zeml. [Russia'], 1913, pp. 14, figs. 4; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 {1915), Ser. A, No. 3, pp. Ill, 112).— Notes on the more important pests of the year. [Philippine insects] {Philippine Jour. Sci., Sect. D, 9 {1914), No. 5, pp. 409-464, pis. 2, figs. 11). — Tlie papers here presented deal with Studies in Philippine Jassoidea : I, Some Remarkable Tettigoniellidse, by C. F. Baker (pp. 409-421) ; Philippine Histeridse, by H. Bickhardt (pp. 423-431) ; New Ful- goridse of the Philippines, II, by L. Melichar (pp. 433-439) ; Elateridse of the Philippine Islands, by E. Fleutiaux (pp 441-449) ; Catalogue of the Pselaphidse (Coleoptera) of the Philippine Islands, by A. Raff ray (pp. 451-4.55) ; and New Philippine Hymenoptera, by J. C. Crav\'ford (pp. 4.57-^64). Annual report of the officer in charge of the insectary for the year ended June 30, 1914, L. J. Newman {Dept. Agr. and Indus. West. Ausf. Ann. Rpt. 1914, pp, 60-66). — An account is here given of the occurrence of and work with the more important insects of the year. Division of entomology, annual report, 1913-14, C. P. Lounsbuey {Union So. Africa Dept. Agr. Rpt., 1913-14, pp. 199-216) .—This, the usual annual report (E. S. R., 31, p. 548), deals with the work of the year, including nursery and port inspection; the work with locusts, to which a considerable part of the report is devoted ; investigations by the Cape entomologist, C. W. Mally ; wattle insect investigations, by C. B. Hardenberg; etc. The enemies of the Jerusalem artichoke, P. Noel {Bui. Trimest. Lab. Ent. Agr. Seine-Inf6r., No. 3 {1914), PP- 15, 16; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 {1915), Ser. A, No. 1, p. 33). — A list of the more important artichoke pests. The principal enemies of rice in Indo-Ctiina, L. Dupoet {Jour. Agr. Trop., 14 {1914), No. 157, pp. 204-207; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'}, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 {1914), No. 10, pp. 1380, 1381).— Among the more important insects mentioned are Sesamia inferens, Schcenobius bir punctiferus, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Artona walJceri, Sitotroga cerealella, and Leptocorisa varicornis. A short text-book on the control of insect pests of orchards, S. Tseshevskago {KratkoG Rukovodstvo po Bofhie s Yreditelmmi Plodovago Sada iz Klassa Nasiekomyhli. Petrograd: Imp. Russ. Obshch. Plodovodstva, 1914, PP- 44, fiffS- 61; rev. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 {1915), Ser. A, No. 4, P- 183). — ^A popular handbook arranged by seasons for the use of orchardists in Russia. Insects and man, C. A. Ealand {Neiv York: The Century Co., 1915, pp. 343, pis. 68). — An account of the more important harmful and beneficial insects, their habits and life laistories, etc. The subject is dealt with under the headings of insects and plants, insects and human disease, insect enemies of live stock, beneficial insects, household insects, some human parasites, and insect control. A classified bibliography covering ten pages, and subject and authorities indexes are included. A preliminary list of insects which have wilt, with a comparative study of their polyhedra, J. W. Chapman and R. W. Glaser {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. I4O-I49, fig. 1). — The summary and conclusions drawn from the investigations here reported are as follows: " Wilt occurs in many widely different species of insects. The clinical aspects of wilt are very similar in all the species of caterpillars studied by us. Wilt first appears in a chronic form, as conditions become more unfavorable it becomes acute, and finally terminates in a general epidemic. There is a striking similarity in shape between the polyhedra of the different species of ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 857 caterpillars given in Group A. The polyhedra in the different species vary greatly in size. The great difference in size whicli exists between polyhedra in the same caterpillar tends to strengthen our view that the polyhedra are reaction bodies." A bibliography of 11 titles is included. An illustrated catalogue of American insect galls, M. T. Thompson {Nassau, N. Y.: Rhode Island Hosintal Trust Co., WIS, pp. 12, pis. 2i).— The first part (pp. 5-46) of this posthumous work consists of a catalogue of the gall-making Cynipidre of North America, with the classification arranged by galls and by genera, and includes a bibliography of species descriptions (pp. 47-49). A sup- plemental list of American gall-making insects (pp. 50-CG), and an index to the genera and species are included. The fi.rst part of this catalogue is published practically as left by the late author, while the second part, or supplemental catalogue, was assembled from his original notes by the author's father, the late S. ]\I. Thompson, who is also responsible for the selection and grouping of the illustrations on the plates. The numerous plates, consisting of 246 separate figures, reproduce photographs of galls taken by the late author. The work as a whole is edited by E. P. Felt. The transmission of exanthematous typhus to man and monkey by lice, E. Sergent, H. Foley, and C. Vialatte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paiisl, 158 (1914), No. 13, pp. 964, 965). — This is a report of results obtained during the course of experiments with recurrent fever conducted in Algeria, in continua- tion of those previously noted (E, S. R., 24, p. 82). The authors call attention to the fact that Nicolle and his collaborators (E. S. R., 22, p. 552) succeeded in four cases in transmitting exanthematous typhus in monkeys through the bites of infected lice, and that Ricketts and Wilder (E. S. R., 23, p. 559) have furnished indirect proof of this role of lice. The authors' experiments confirm the above-mentioned results. They show that exanthematous typhus may be transmitted to man through the bite of adult infected lice and that lice taken from an individual thus infected may in turn transmit the disease to monkeys. In addition it was found that the infection acquired by a louse is hereditary and that individuals arising from eggs laid bj'' an infected louse may transmit the disease. The application of iron sulphate in orchards (Sad, Ogorod i Bakhcha, No. 5 {1914), pp. sot, SOS; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 {1914), Ser. A;No. 8, pp. 515, 516). — The application of iron sulphate is recommended to destroy moss and lichens on trees and as a remedy for Psylla mali. A 3 per cent solution should be applied before the buds sw^ell, but since it does not destroy all the eggs of this psyllid, a further spray consisting of 0.5 or 0.75 lb. of tobacco extract in 11 q.t. of water immediately after the larvae have hatched is recom- mended. Notes on some Colorado aphids having alternate food habits, C. P. Gillette and L. C. Bkagg {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. 97-i 03). —Notes are here presented on 31 species, among which mention may be made of Chermes cooleyi, Pemphigus hetce, Schizoneura americana, S. rilei/i, S. cratcegi, S. lani- gera, etc. The brown, grape aphid, A. C. Baker and W. F. Tlt?ner {Science, n. scr., 41 {1915), No. 1066, p. 834). — The authors report upon observations at Vienna, Va., of the life cycle of MacrosipJium viticola. The eggs are deposited in the axils of leaves of Viburnum prunifoUum in late October or November and the young hatch out in the spring before the leaves open and feed on the bursting flower buds. The second generation matures late in April or in early May and nearly all become alate. The alate forms are unable to subsist on Vi- burnum and migrate to the grape where they produce a third generation and 858 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. where the species lives throughout the summer, producing apterous and alate forms. The emergence from the soil of the first young of the grape phylloxera in Italy, B. Grassi {Atti. R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 23 (1914), II, No. 2, pp. 19-30; abs. in Internat. Inst. Agr. [Romel, Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, 5 (1914), No. 10, p. 1377). — The emergence of the young from the soil is more or less abundant throughout the year, except during hibernation and the period preceding the birth of the first daughter generation of the hibernating females. In southern Italy they do not appear so frequently from the second half of July to the end of August, the period corresponding with the partial estivation of the insect. The use of the fungus Isaria for the control of the black scale, H. J. QuAYLE and A. R. Tylor (Mo. Bui. Com. Hort. Cal., 4 {1915), No. 7, pp. 333- 338, figs. 2). — The experiments here outlined and the general observations made in the groves treated have been summarized by the authors as follows : " The Isaria fungus growing under suitable conditions in a moist chamber, either in the laboratory or the field, Was found to kill a fair percentage of the black scale. The results in attempting to disseminate the fungus artificially under natural conditions in the field, at least at the season indicated, have been wholly negative. From observations made in the various groves where the fungus has been disseminated commercially, there is absolutely no evidence, thus far, to show that the fungus has been of any importance whatever in check- ing the scales. Where natural conditions are favorable for the development of the fungus, as in the district contiguous to the coast in Santa Barbara County, the Isaria will kill more or less of the black scale, but the field where it would thrive can not be greatly enlarged, if at all, by attempts at artificial dissemina- tion. From our recent experiments and observations as well as general observa- tions made on this fungiis since 1908, the writers feel justified in extending to citrus growers no hope that this fungus will keep their trees free from the black scale." Scurfy scale on Norway maple (Leucaspis japonica), E. P. Felt (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 1, p. 160). — The author records a severe infestation of the twigs and leaves of Norway maple and privet at Stamford, Conn., by L. japonica. The crisis in Italian sericulture and the measures for averting it, O. BoRDiGA (Internat. Inst. Agr. [Rome'], Mo. Bui. Agr. Intel, and Plant Diseases, ,5 (19U), No. 10, pp. 1263-1270). — ^A discussion of the conditions that have brought about a crisis in sericulture in Italy. State moth work, plan and progress of work, 1913-14, W. C. O'Kane (N. H. Dept. Agr., State Moth Work Circ. 6 [1915], pp. 22, pis. 7).— A report of the status of the work carried on in New Hampshire. On the biology of Bupalus piniarius and some of its parasites, V. •pLOTNiKov (Reprint -from Rev. Russe Ent., 14 (1914), ^^0. 1, pp. 21, figs. 8; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent, 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 1, pp. 48, 49). — The author reports that among 372 caterpillars examined, 14 per cent were infested with Campoplex, 12 per cent with Lydella nigripes, 4 per cent with both of the above-mentioned parasites, and 2 per cent with Platylabus cothurnatus. A mechanical protector for preventing injury by the peach borer, E. B. Blaiceslee (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 1, pp. 103-107). — This abstract of a paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Economic Entomologists describes a cone-shaped tarred paper protector which, when placed at the crown of the tree, forms an impenetrable barrier, and not only prevents the deposition of eggs at that point but prevents the larvse from work- ing downward on the trunk and attacking the crown. When an impenetrable ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 859 barrier was placed at the crown of the tree, the larvie made no attempt to enter above it. Experiments with lime-sulphur spray against the larch moth (Coleophora laricella), I. Tkagardh {Centralanst. JordbniksfiJrsdlc Flyubl. 49 (PJl/f), pp. 3; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 8 (1915), Ser. A, No. J^, p. 191).— The author's experi- ments confirm the results obtained by Herrick (E. S. R., 28, p. 857), showing that lime-sulphur spray is an excellent remedy for the larch moth. The burdock gelechiid, an insect seed destroyer, A. Gibson (Ottawa Nat, 28 (1914), No. 7, p. 96; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Scr. A, No. 2, p. 72).— The author reports that nearly every seed head of the lesser burdock (Arctium minus) in the Ottawa district is found to harbor one or more larvrc of Mctz- neria lappeUa througli the autumn and winter. In this way the lepidopteran becomes a useful insect. So abundant has the insect become that it is the exception to find a seed head in which the small caterpillar is not wintering. Fumigation for the box leaf miner, E. P. Felt (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 1, pp. 94-96). — ^A brief report of experiments with Monarthropalpns buxi, wliich has become well established on Long Island, where it is seriously injuring ornamental box hedges. Preliminary experiments indicate that fumigation with one toaspoonful of carbon bisulphid to 5 qt. of space for a period of at least one hour will kill the larvffi without injury to the plant. Tests of carbon tetrachlorid, C. P. ammonia, and naphthalin flakes were made with less favorable results. Fumigation for 15 minutes with potassium cyanid at the rate of 1 dram to 27 cu. ft. of space or about one-half the strength recommended for fumigating nursery stock de- stroyed some of the larvae and did not injure the foliage. A caterpillar (Oria musculosa) injuring grain crops and methods of com- bating it, N. ViTKOvsKY (Abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 2 (1914), Ser. A, No. 12, p. 712). — A popular account of tliis most serious pest of grain crops in so\ith Russia and means for its control. In one district in the Province of Don 2,700 acres of crops were damaged, of which 810 acres were totally destroyed. The question of fighting Oria musculosa, A. O. Fabkikant (Zetnl. Ghaz., No. 35 (1914), pp. 1137, 1138; abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., S (1915), Ser. A, No. 1, p. 15). — The author reviews the work of a special conference on the control of O. (Tapinostola) musculosa. During 1912 its damage to crops in the Govern- ment of Ekaterinoslaf amounted to as high as $1,289,622.50, as many as 54,000 acres of crops being totally destroyed and 67,000 acres damaged in only five districts of the Government. Oria musculosa in the Government of Ekaterinoslaf according to the data for 1914. — Distribution, biology, and method of control, N. N. Vitkovsky (Abs. in Rev. Appl. Ent., 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 3, pp. 110, 111).— An account of the life history of this noctuid which was the source of considerable injury during 1914. See also notes above. Mycodiplosis macgregori n. sp., E. P. Felt (.Jour. Econ. Ent, 8 (191.5); No. 1, p^ 149). — This itonidid was reared from red spider on cotton at Batesburg, S. C. Malaria in the Philippine Islands.— I, Experiments on the transmission of malaria with Anopheles (Myzomyia) febrifer sp. nov., A. (Pseudomy- zomyia) rossii, A. (Myzorhynchus barbirostris, A. (Myzorhynchus) sinensis, and A. (Nyssorhynchus) maculatus, E. L. Walkek and M. A. Barber (Philip- pine Jour. Set., Sect B, 9 (1914), No. 5, pp. 381-439) .—The authors' experi- ments show that among the anopheline mosquitoes in the Philippine Islands A. febrifer is probably the most susceptible to infection with the parasites of sub- tertian malaria, and while the number of experiments with tertian and quartan malaria is insufficient to determine the fact, it is probable that this species is also an efficient carrier of these types of the disease. " This species is from 360 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. three to four times as susceptible as A. rossii, whicli has hitherto been consid- ered tlie malaria carrier of the Philippines, and eleven times as susceptible as A. barhirostris. The number of mosquitoes of the species A. sinensis and A. maculatus dissected, especially in the comparative experiments, is too small to give reliable percentages. It is possible that a larger series of experiments with A. sinensis would show that this species can be infected. . . . " The role plaj- ed by a species of Anopheles in the transmission of malaria in any country depends chiefly upon (1) its susceptibility and (2) its geographical distribution and prevalence; also, to some extent, upon (3) its avidity for human blood and (4) its domesticity." A list of 21 references to the literature is included. On the life history of the pipuncTilids, intracoelomic parasites of Typhlocyba, D. Keilin and W. Thompson {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris'\, 78 (1915), No. 1, pp. 9-12, figs. 11; ahs. in Rev. Appl. Ent, 3 {1915), Ser. A, No. 5, p. 252). — It is pointed out that, aside from the discovery by Boheman in 1854 of the parasitism of ciccadellids by a pipunculid larva, the discovery by Giard in 1889 of the parasitism of Typhlocyba by Atelenevra spuria, and the fact that they usually oviposit in the bodies of Homoptera and may be employed in controlling some species injurious to plants, such as sugar cane, very little is known of their bionomics. The authors report upon studies of Typhlocyha rosw, T. Mppocastani, and T. douglasi attacked by A. spuria and what is thought to be another pipunculid. A new Sarcophaga parasitic on Allorhina nitida, J. M. Aldeich (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 1, pp. 151, 152, fig. 1). — A new dipteran reared from pupae of A. nitida in Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Geox'gia, Florida, and Louisiana is described as Sarcopliaga utilis. Notes on certain points of economic importance in the biology of the house fly, F. 0. BisHOPP, W. E. Dove, and D, C. Paeman (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 (1915), No. 1, pp. 5ff-71). — This report of studies of the biology of the house fly con- ducted in Texas includes tables which show in detail the preoviposition period, developmental periods, and longevity of the house fly at Dallas. Note on the use of poisoned bait for controlling the house fly (Musca domestica), G. W. Mally (So. African Jour. Sci., 11 (1915), No. 9, pp. 321- 328). — The author concludes that from the standpoint of expense the poison bait method is very much cheaper than any other that has come to his attention. The effect of temperature on the life cycle of Musca dom.estica and Culex pipiens, S. D. Kramee (Science, n. ser., U (1915), No. 1067, pp. 87^-877).— The results of studies of the average duration of the egg, larval, and pupal stages of the house fly at 20, 30, and 35° C. are presented in tabular form, as are studies of the immature stages of mosquitoes (C. pipiens) at 20°, room tem- perature, and 30°. The celery fly (Acidia heraclei), J. Feytaxtd (Bui. Soc. Etude et Vulg. Zool. Agr., 13 (1914), No. 7, pp. 109-114, figs. 2; a1)S. in Rev. Appl. Ent, 3 (1915), Ser. A, No. 4, p. 188) . — This dipteran is a source of injury to celery in southwest France through its mining in the leaves. A new species of TJlidinae from Tucuman, J. Br£;thes (Bui. Soc. Ent. France, No. 2 (1914), PP- 87, 88, fig. 1). — The new dipteran here described as Euxesta chavannei is said to cause the decomposition of the young shoots of the sugar cane, and the canes are then invaded by Bacillus sacchari which causes a disease known as " polvillo." [Cycloneda (Neda) sanguinea, an important coccinellid in Brazil], F. Iglesias (Chacaras e Quintaes, 10 (1914), No. 6, pp. 434> 435, figs. 3; ahs. in Rev. Appl, Ent,, 3 (1915), Ser, A, No, 4> P- 169). — A brief account of a coccinellid ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ^ENTOMOLOGY. 861 which is of considerable importance through its clearing oranges and rose trees of aphids in Brazil. Life history of Oberea tripunctata, A. G. Ruggles (Jour. Econ. Ent, S {1915), No. 1, pp. 79S5, figs. 6). — The beetle here considered has become a pest in the parlis of St. Paul, Minn. In June, 1911, all the trees along one of the finest avenues of that city were found by the author with numerous dead leaves hanging from the terminal twigs and the ground strewn with loaves. Studies have since been made of its life history and are here reported. The eggs are inserted under the edge of the slit bark of twigs, below the completed girdles, many often being found in a single stem, although all be- tween the complete girdling next the main stem and the end of the twig soon perish. Five larval instars have been observed and are here described. Pupce were found only in the second year after the eggs, usually in May. It was estimated that in 1911-12 fi'om 50 to SO per cent of the larvre were parasitized. The cutting out and burning of infested twigs was recommended and appears to have given satisfactory results in the control of this borer. On the life history of Aleochara bilineata, a staphylinid parasite of Chortophila brassicae, J. T. Wadswokth (Jour. Econ. Biol., 10 (1915), No. 1-2, pp. 1-27, pis. 2, fig. 1). — An account is here given of the life history of a staphylinid beetle, the larvse of which parasitize the pupns of the cabbage root fly (C. brassicce), including technical descriptions of its stages. " It is shown that the larva of this insect hatch from the ova in the form of typical, free-living, campodeiform, staphylinid larvse. They enter the puparia of the cabbage fly, feed on the pupae contained therein, and at the first ecdysis emerge as eruciform larvae. They thus undergo a simple form of hypermeta- morphosis as the result of their parasitic mode of life. Three ecdyses occur during larval life. Previous observers believed that ova or larvse of the beetle enter the fly larvae; this view, however, is shown to be erroneous. After the first ecdysis the larvae feed rapidly ; pupation takes place within the puparium of the host, and the adult beetle, after gnawing a hole in the wall of the puparium, emerges therefrom. " Two generations of these staphylinids are produced annually in the Man- chester district, and it is suggested that in warmer climates three or more generations may be produced in a year. Adults of the first generation emerge in May and June ; as larvae they entered the host puparia in late autumn of the previous year. Apparently eight or nine months elapse while the individuals of this generation undergo their metamorphoses. Adults of the second generation emerge from the host puparia in August and September. Six or seven weeks only are occupied by this generation in completing the developmental cycle. The rate of development of larvae obtained in winter may be greatly increased by placing them in warm surroundings. Adults, which would normally emerge in May or June, may be thus obtained in midwinter. It is suggested that other members of the genus Aleochara will be found to have similar life histories, possibly with modifications. It is also probable that the larvae of A. Ulineata parasitize other dipterous hosts than C. hrassicw. « Two hundred, and thirty-nine cabbage fly puparia infested by staphylinid larvse were obtained from 2,189 puparia examined, equivalent to 10.9 per cent. The puparia collected during the summer months showed a higher percentage of pari'sites viz 26.9 per cent. It is estimated that at least 20 per cent of the nrv5fi 'and pupjB of C. hrassicce are destroyed by coleopterous and hymen- opterous parasites in the district where the material for this investigation was '"^'irview of the marked destructiveness of the cabbage fly and of the fact that practical methods of reducing it in numbers do not appear yet to have 862 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. been devised, it is suggested that the increase in numbers and utilization of its natural enemies is worthy of consideration." A bibliography of 21 titles is included. Notes on some hymenopterous parasites bred from the pupae of Cliortopliila brassicae and Acidia heraclei, J. T. Wadswoeth {Ann. Appl. Biol., 2 (1915), No. 2-3, pp. 158-161). — During, the course of an investigation of the life histories of parasites which attack soil insects, and particularly of the life history of a staphylinid (AleocJiara bilineaia) the larvse of which attack the pupse of the cabbage root fly (C brassicce), the author reared PJiygadeuon fumator, Atractodes tenebricosus, and Cothonaspis (Eucoila) rapce from pupse of C. brassicce, and Eemiteles crassicornis and Adelura apii from pupse of the celery fly {A. heraclei). A simple record system for apiary inspection, W. E. Beitton (Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. 121-123). — The author describes a system that has been used in Connecticut. The spotted fever tick (Dermacentor venustus) and its control in the Bitter Root Valley, Montana — a review, K.. A. Cooley {Jour. Econ. Ent., 8 {1915), No. 1, pp. Jfl-5Ji). — A review of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever situation in Montana, including control work now under way and a summary of the biology of the spotted fever tick. Some insect flagellates introduced into vertebrates, H. B. Fantham and Annie Poetee {Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc, 18 {1915), No. 2, pp. 39-50, pi. 1). — The investigations here reported have led to the following conclusions : " Insect flagellates, e. g., Herpetomonas jaculum from Ncpa cinerea and S. ctenocephali parasitic in the dog flea, Ctenocephalus canis, can live inside certain vertebrates (e. g., mouse and dog, respectively) and can multiply therein. This we have shown experimentally. " If such flagellates be inoculated intraperitoneally or are fed by the mouth in food, the flagellates can find their way into the blood stream and internal organs (e. g., liver, spleen, bone marrow) of the vertebrate host. The insect flagellates are pathogenic to the vertebrates experimented upon, producing symptoms like those of leishmaniasis (kala-azar). The oval post-flagellate forms appear to be more capable of developing in vertebrate hosts than are other stages of the herpetomonad parasite of the insect. It may be expected that the various leishmaniases, occurring in different parts of the world, will prove to be insect-borne herpetomoniases." A list of 15 references is included. Eurther experimental researches on insect flagellates introduced into vertebrates, H. B. Fantham and Annie Poetee {Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc, 18 {1915), No. 8, pp. 137-148). — " Herpetomoniasis can be induced in various warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates when the latter are inoculated or fed with herpetomonads occurring in the digestive tract of various insects. The in- fection produced and the protozoal parasites found in the vertebrates resemble those of human and canine leishmaniases. An infection can also be induced in certain vertebrates when they are fed or inoculated with Crithidia gerridis, and both flagellate and nonflagellate stages occur therein, but no transition to a trypanosome was found. " The following Flagellata have proved pathogenic to warm-blooded mammals when the latter have been fed, or inoculated subcutaneously or intraperitone- ally with them: Eerpetomonas jaculum, H. stratiomyice, H. pediculi, and C. gerridis. The hosts used were mice of various ages. That H. ctenocephali can infect dogs has already been shown by us. H. jaculum and C. gerridis have also been successfully fed or inoculated into cold-blooded hosts, namely, fishes ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 863 (Gastcrostcus aculcatus), frogs, toads, lizards (Laccrta vivipara), and ^rass snakes {Tropidonotns natrix). "As we have previously stated we believe that leishmaniases are artliropod- borne herpetomoniases, and that these maladies have been evolved from flagel- lates of invertebrates (especially herpetomonads of insects), which have been able to adopt themselves to life in vertebrates. " In areas where leishmaniases are endemic, an examination should be made of all insects and other invertebrates likely to come into contact with men or dogs or rats and mice, in order to ascertain if these invertebrates liarbor herpetomonads. Preventive measures should be directed against such inverte- brates, especially arthropods. Further, it is likely that certain vertebrates, such as reptiles and amphibia (especially those that are insectivorous), may serve as reservoirs for leishmaniases or, as they should preferably be termed, herpetomoniases. From such reservoirs the herpetomonads may reach man by the agency of ectoparasites or flies, especially such as are sanguivorous." A list of 18 references is included. Parasites of the American muskrat (Fiber zibethicus), F. D. Babker {Jour. Parasitology, 1 {1915), No. 4, pp. 184-197, pis. 2, figs. 4). — In continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 29, p. 484), the author describes a number of new parasites, including 8 trematodes, 2 cestodes, and 3 nematodes. Sarcosporidia encountered in Panama, S. T. Daelinq {Jour. Parasitology, 1 {1915), No. 3, pp. 113-120, pis. 4)- — During the routine examination of nearly 1,000 animals, sporidia were detected in three new hosts — namely, the opossum, hawk, and sloth. Larval trematodes from North. American fresh water snails, W. W. Cort {Jour. Parasitology, 1 {1914), No. 2, pp. 65-84, figs. 15). — This is a preliminary report which deals with 14 new cercarise found in 6 species of fresh-water snails obtained from 7 localities. A list of 8 references to the literature is in- cluded. Some North American larval trematodes, W. W. Cort {III. Biol. Monographs, 1 {1915), No. 4, pp. 86, pis. 8). — It is pointed out that practically nothing is known of the life history of the trematodes of North America, and even in Europe, where many new adults are being described each year, only a few de- velopmental cycles are completely known. A list of references given of litera- ture on larval trematodes from North American molluscs includes but 11 species. The present paper adds 14 new species of cercarise from North American fresh- water snails. A preliminary report, taking. up briefly the structure and activity of these cercarise, is noted above. A bibliography of 36 titles is included. Trematode parasites and the relationships and distribution of their hosts, S. J. Johnston {Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Scl, 14 {1913), pp. 272-278).— Thia paper is based upon studies conducted by the author in Australia. Studies on the cestode family Anoplocephalidae, H. Douthitt {III. Biol. Monographs, 1 {1915), No. 3, pp. 96, pis. 6).— A comparative anatomical study of this family, including a key to the known species and descriptions of 8 new species. " The cestodes of the subfamily Anoplocephalidse are in some way dependent upon rich soils for their existence, and they thrive best in wet lowlands. The evidence points to the conclusion that the intermediate hosts are some group of insects which is confined to such regions; and since the ho^ts of the Anoplocephalidffi are almost exclusively herbivorous, it would seem as if this host were a small, plant-feeding insect." A four-page bibliography is included. 864 EXPEKIMEMT STATION KECOED. Tsenia saginata. — A case presenting structural abnormalities and asso- ciated with spurious parasitism in an infant, M. C. Hall {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 64 {1915), No. 24, pp. 1972, 1973, fig. i).— The author records the occur- rence of the unarmed or beef tapeworm in a child said to be from 14 to 18 months old. POODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. The feeding of school children, Milbked Bulkley {London: O. Bell d Sons, Ltd., 1914, pp. XVI +278). — This book is based upon a study, carried out in the year 1913, of the practical workings of the Act of Parliament of 1906 pro- viding for the use of public funds, under certain restrictions, for the serving of meals in schools. Owing to discretionary powers vested in local authorities marked differences were found in the spirit with which the work was carried on in different dis- tricts, as well as in the method of supervision, the selection of beneficiaries, the time and place of serving meals, and the wholesomeness of the food provided. As a result of the investigation, the author suggests that the act should make it obligatory to provide for underfed children; that meals should not be discon- tinued during holidays ; that the half-penny limit should be removed ; that the meals should be a part of the regular school system ; and that they should be so prepared and served as to be of educational value. In rural schools, where, as a rule, the number of children is small, the serving of meals should be combined witli the teaching of home economics. The book considers the history of the movement for the provision of school meals, the extent and causes of malnutrition, and the effect of school meals upon the children and upon the parents. An appendix contains sample menus and information regarding the provision of meals in Scotland and abroad, this infor- mation being based on a review of the literature. Economy in food during war, A. K. Chalmees {Lancet [London^, 1915, II, No. 10, pp. 561-564). — Several ways in which economy in the use of food may be secured are considered. Sprouted wheat, R. Hakcoubt {Canad. Miller and Cerealist, 7 {1915), No. 10, pp. 239, 246). — The author reports baking tests to determine the usefulness of the sprouted wheat which resulted from the warm, wet weather at harvest time. His work indicates that a wheat containing 10 per cent of slightly sprouted grain may still produce a flour that will make good bread. Slightly sprouted grain is defined as that in which the sprout is from J to -J the length of the kernel. Badly sprouted wheats are considered practically useless for milling purposes. Commercial value of flour, B. R. Ja.cobs {Canad. Miller and Cerealist, 7 {1915), No. 10, pp. 245, 246). — ^A score-card system is described by which the commercial value of flour may be computed. Moisture, ash, gluten quality, acidity, color value, loaves per barrel, fermentation value, loaf volume, loaf color and texture, and the length of the fermentation period are the factors upon which the ratings are based. Better breads by means of natural lactic acid, A. Wahl {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cheni., 7 {1915), No. 9, pp. 773-775). — A preliminary report of an in- vestigation of the quality of bread as influenced by the addition to the dough of lactic acid produced by Bacillus delhrueclci (an organism found in germi- nated barley). The results of the investigation may be summarized briefly as follows: The addition of bacterial lactic acid to the dough resulted in an improved general appearance of the loaf and a larger loaf per weight of bread. The bloom and color of the crust were improved and a greater whiteness of crumb FOODS HUMAN NUTKITION. 865 resulted, with better texture, " consisting of a more uniform distribution of tlie fermentation gas cells wliicli are of smaller aize in augmentt'd number, M-ith avoidance of large holes, thus eliminating crumbliness and producing a more velvety crumb. . . . " Finer flavor and increased palatableness in the bread by virtue of a chem- ical combination with the pliosphates of the flour " resulted. "By using bacterial lactic acid produced by propagating B. delhruecki in a bran mash, all the highly nutritious extractive substances of the bran are thus incorporated into the dough, while tlie lactic acid renders soluble the proteins and basic phosphates of the flour, which results in a more wholesome product by reason of its increased digestibility." It is stated that " the ' microbi-cidal ' tendencies of lactic acid check the gi'owth of those undesirable micro-organisms which tend to cause a disagreeable taste, bad odor, ropiness, and other bread diseases. " Bacterial lactic acid extracts of malted cereals at low temperatures contain in addition the activated proteolytic and diastatic enzyms, peptase, and diastase, which act during dough fermentation to effect a partial digestion of the dough, the resulting soluble proteins, phosphates, and carbohydrates serving as a most desirable nourishment for the yeast. " Milk, whey, buttermillv, and similar milk products containing either added or developed bacterial lactic acid, when added to the dough, also effect- a similar improvement in the bread. "Commercial lactic acid may be used with improved results, but bacterial lactic acid is preferable, and that bacterial lactic acid which is produced by the organism B. delbrtiecki is the most desirable, since this lactic acid with the extractive substances in it contains a much gi-eater concentration of hydrogen ions upon which the effectiveness of this acid largely depends." ■Westphalian blood bread, O. Rammstedt (Ztsclir. Angeio. Chem., 2S {1915), No. 88, Aufsatsteil, pp. 236-238). — Analytical data are given showing the chemical composition of rye, wheat, and army breads, and Westphalian blood bread, which is prepared with the addition of blood obtained from slaughter- houses to increase the nutritive value of the bread and to save in the amount of flour used. Blood bread, R. Kobeet (Chem. Ztg., 39 (1915), No. 12, p. 69).— The author advocates the addition of 10 per cent of tlie blood of slaughtered animals to all flour used in bread making during the war, as this blood contains nearly 18 per cent of protein, some lecithin and cholesterin, and valuable inorganic salts. Bread prepared in this way, when freshly baked, has an agreeable taste. The danger from infectious diseases is held to be negligible, as any bacteria present are killed by the baking process. Decision of the German Imperial Health Bureau on the use of potato products in. bread (Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., JfS (1915), No. Jf, pp. 595-S06) .—Baking experiments are described in which various proportions of potato starch, potato flakes, and whole potato flour were used in admixture with rye flour and baked in the usual way. The bread was subsequently analyzed to determine prin- cipally the amounts of water and total nitrogen present. The total energy value of the potato bread was found to be only inconsider- ably less than that of pure rye bread. The products containing as much as 20 per cent of potato flour were judged not inferior to rye bread in general appear- ance, color, odor, and taste. The protein content of the potato bread is held to be the only quantity that varies considerably from that of pure rye bread, but when 20 per cent of potato starch or flour is used in the bread the percentage of protein present is much smaller than when only 5 per cent is used. It is maintained that sufficient 866 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. protein from other sources is supplied by the ordinary mixed diet, of which either pure rye or potato flour forms only a part. While the amount of water contained in the bread may be increased by the use of potatoes, this factor Is easily regulated. The proportions of potato products recommended for use are equal parts of flakes and starch, or of the whole potato flour and starch. The use of sugar beets for food, Hekzfeld (Deut. Zuckerindus., 39 {1914), No. 43, pp. 885, 886). — In studying methods of preparing sugar beets for human food, the author conducted experiments to reduce the excessive sweetness, to produce an easily digestible product, and to overcome the disagreeable flavor. The method recommended is as follows: Cut the beets into small pieces (size of a hazelnut), cover with water, add 1 gm. of crystallized sodium carbonate for each 100 gm. of beets, and boil from 20 to 30 minutes. (This treatment is said to soften the beets and to remove the biting taste.) Finally pour off half the water and acidify with vinegar. Chemical examination of ghee, K. H. Vakil (Jour. Soc. Chetn. Indus., 34 (1915), No. 7, p. 320). — The author defines Indian ghee as a form of clarified butter obtained from cow's milk or from buffalo's milk. Analytical data regard- ing a number of samples are given. Heather tea, a substitute for black tea (Schiceiz. Apoth. Ztg., 53 (1915), No. 12, pp. ms, 174)- — It is noted that the flowering sprigs of Calluna vulgaris furnish "a passable substitute for black tea, the infusion having a pale yellow color, a faint odor, and a weakly astringent taste. As the blossoms are visited by the honey-bee, the herb is best gathered after flowering. The nutritive value of wood, W. Rasch (Ztschr. Gesam. Oetreidew., 7 (1915), No. 5, pp. 130-135). — Comparative analytical data are given regarding beech and birch wood, and rye, wheat, and oat straw. The possibility of their use as food is also discussed somewhat at length. Hydrocyanic acid from haricot beans, H. Blair (Pharm. Jour. [London'l, 4. ser., 40 (1915), No. 2689, p. 586).— The presence of hydrocyanic acid in haricot beans was detected from the odor evident upon opening a covered pan in which the beans had been steeped overnight. Laboratory tests, in which 1 gm. of ground beans was macerated in water at 45° C. and the acid washed out by a current of hydrogen and absorbed in potassium hydroxid solution, showed for periods of 27, 49, 87, 117, 198, and 3.58 minutes 0.025, 0.050, 0.080, 0.100, 0.120, and 0.160 mg. of hydrocyanic acid, respectively. Botulism, an experimental study, E. C. Dickson (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 65 (1915), No. 6, pp. 492-496, figs. 2). — This is a preliminary report of a laboratory investigation which was suggested by an epidemic of botulism ap- parently caused by eating home-canned string beans. It was desired to determine experimentally whether a medium containing animal protein is necessary for the gi-owth of Bacillus hoUilinus and the development of its toxin (as is generally believed), and in addition to obtain more information regard- ing the lesions produced in the body by the toxin. Although botulism is gen- erally spoken of as a type of meat poisoning, the author cites a number of cases of this disease which were caused apparently by eating spoiled vegetables or fruits. To determine whether the toxin of B hotuUnus would be developed in a vege- table medium, about 1 cc. of a suspension of the organism in normal salt solu- tion was injected into a number of cans of high-grade commercial string beans. The cans were then resealed and allowed to incubate at room temperature for periods varying from 3 to 12 months. After incubation of the ?ans, aerobic and anaerobic cultures of their contents were made on various media and portions of the fluid contents M'ere injected into laboratory animals (guinea pigs, rabbits, and cats). Pure cultures of B. hotuUnus were obtained from 6 FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 867 of the 12 cans of beans inoculated. Of the 45 animals injected with the con- tents of the cans, 16 died and a number of others showed symptoms of botulism. Infusions of canned string beans, canned peas, pork, and beef were also in- oculated with the same strain of B. botuUnus and with another strain as a control and all incubated at 22 to 28° C. Inoculations of other animals wore made from these infusions and, although all the data of this series are not complete, 22 of the animals inoculated died. It is pointed out that since B. botulinus is an anaerobic organism which develops and produces its toxin best in the dark and at a temperature of 22 to 28°, canned goods afford a favorable medium for its growth. In view of the results of these experiments and the fact that spores of B. botulinus with- stand a temperature of 85° for nearly a half hour, the author emphasizes the fact that great pains should be taken to secure the sterilization of canned fruits and vegetables, as well as meats. This is especially true in home canning, as in commercial canning practice the high temperatures and times employed in processing are generally sufficient to kill these spores. The general conclusions drawn from the investigation are in part as follows : " The presence of animal protein is not essential for the development of the toxin of botulism. The toxin may be produced in a medium made from string beans or from peas. An acid reaction of as much as 3.2 per cent to phe- nolphthalein does not prevent the formation of the toxin." A case of fatal poisoning' by the Am^erican water hem.lock (Pub. Health Bui. [Alass.], 2 {1915), No. 2, pp. 50-52, fig. 1). — In one case death and in another case severe illness resulted from eating the roots of this plant which is often mistaken for parsnips, artichokes, sweet cicely, horse-radish, or other edible roots. Analyses of samples of the roots showed the presence of a poison of the picrotoxin or cicutoxin group. The harmful effect of a vegetable diet, C Voegtlin (Amer. Jour. Physiol., SO {1915), No. 4, p. 367). — In the experiments reported laboratory animals (monkeys, white mice and rats, hogs, and cows) were given exclusive diets of natural vegetable foods. The following conclusions are drawn : An exclusive diet of such cereals as wheat, corn, barley, oats, millet, etc., was injurious to some mammals and led eventually to death. This was also true of an exclusive diet of some fresh vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and Irish potatoes. When forming the only diet of mice and rats, legumes like beans and peas were insufficient for maintaining life. It was found that fresh beef, cow's liver, eggs, and milk, if added in sufficient quantities to vegetable food, would protect the health of the animals. It was also found that a mixed vegetable diet composed of cereals, legumes, and fresh vegetables was inade- quate for maintaining the life of mice and some other animals. Fowls lived in good health and for a long time when given an exclusive diet of corn, wheat, and other cereals. The addition of certain inorganic salts to the corn resulted in prolonging the life of mice. Some products of hydrolysis of gUadin, lactalbumin, and the protein of the rice kernel, T. B. Osbokne, D. D. Van Slyke, C. S. Lea\'enwoeth, and M. VmoGEAD {Jour. Biol. Chem., 22 {1915), No. 2, pp. 259-280). -Analytical methods are described for determining the quantity of amino acids in several protems which form important constituents of human food. The ivsin content of gliadin was found to be 0.93±0.28 per cent. The com- position of lactalbumin was as follows: Lysin, 9.16-0.68 per cent; histidin 2.06±0.54 per cent; arginin. 3.23±0.23 per cent. Lactalbumm ^^ f'^^^}^^^''^ rich in lysin. "This fact is particularly interesting in view of the ability of [^ctalbumin to stimulate the growth of rats when used to supplement a ration low in lysiu, , . . EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. " Compared with the endosperm proteins of wheat or maize, the protein of rice yields relatively much of each of the basic amino acids, arginin, histidin, and lysin, and comparatively little ammonia and nonamino nitrogen. In its general amino acid make-up it more nearly resembles the majority of the pro- teins of animal tissues than do the proteins of maize or v/heat. This may explain the extensive use of rice as an almost exclusive diet in spite of its low protein content." Protein minima for maintenance, T. B. Osboene, L. B. Mendel, et ax. iJour. Biol. Chem., 22 (1915), No. 2, pp. 241-257, fig. 1).—In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 33, p. 2G2), the authors report the results of feeding experiments with laboratory animals (rats) to determine the minimum amounts of protein required for maintenance. By altering the protein content of the food — including different proportions of lactalbumin, casein, edestin, milk pro- teins, and gliadin in a basal ration supplying an abundance of total calories — it was possible to note how the rats actually responded to the different diets. Additional experiments, as yet incomplete, are described in which a limited, weighed amount of food was supplied daily and eaten completely. The effect of the different proteins was studied comparatively by reducing the amount of protein in the ration until growth ceased, or a gradual decline in body weight occurred. The conclusions drawn are in part as follows : " Ranges of 7 to 15 mg. of lactalbumin per gram of rat per w^eek represent minima lower than those found for casein, edestin, milk proteins, or gliadin, not to mention the impossibility of maintenance with zein. . . . " The different proteins are, with a few exceptions, not so widely divergent in their general amino acid make-up as to lead us to expect wide differences of protein minimum requirement, aside from a few striking examples. In the case of growth with its greater need of protein units, the divergencies of the proteins may manifest themselves more conspicuously than in mere main- tenance. The apparently greater efficiency of lactalbumin, in contrast with the other proteins recorded above, is in harmony with the observation of the apparent economy of this protein as a supplement to deficient rations." The need of protein under different conditions, E. Ajbdeehalden, G. Ewaxd, A. FoDOR, and O. Rose {rfliigers Arch. Physiol., 160 (1915), No. 9-10, pp. 511- 521; abs. in ZentU. Physiol., 30 (1915), No. 4, p. 181). — Nitrogen metabolism experiments are described with diets consisting exclusively of potatoes or bread with the addition of fat or sugar. The experimental periods were of 5 to 8 days' duration. The apparent results of these tests were as follows : With a ration of potatoes an ingestion of 4.5 gm. of nitrogen sufficed to attain a nitrogen equilibrium. The consumption of 5.9 gm. of the nitrogen supplied by a ration of Swedish bread was necessary. The amount of available nitrogen thus required was approximately 4 gm. The metabolic relationship of the proteins to glucose. — II, Glucose forma- tion from body proteins, N. W. Janney and F. A. Csonka (Jour. Biol. Chem., 22 (1915), No. 1, pp. 203-213). — The experiments here reported, which are a continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 38, p. 261), deal with glucose originating in the metabolism of body protein with special reference to the relative amounts of glucose and nitrogen appearing in the urine of fasting diabetic laboratory animals, i. e., the G : N ratio. The results of the experimental data are sum- marized by the authors as follows: " The average urinary G : N ratio in the fasting phlorizin diabetic dog is found to be 3.4 : 1, rather than 3.67 : 1. The body proteins of the dog collectively yield in metabolism about 57.5 per cent of glucose corresponding to the protein G : N ratio 3.6 : 1 ; body proteins of the rabbit about 60 per cent glucose, protein ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 369 G : N ratio 3.8 : 1. Body proteins of tlie other higher animals, includins man, very probably yield nearly the same amounts of metabolic glucose as the dog and rabbit. " The calculated yield of 45 per cent glucose, as a maximum from body pro- tein, based on the urinary G:N ratio 2.8 : 1 in phlorizin and pancreas diabetes, is incorrect." Animal calorimetry.— XII, The influence of the ingestion of fat, J. R. MuELiN, G. LusK, and J. A. Riche {Jour. Biol. Chem., 22 {li)15), No. 1, pp. 15-29, figs. S).— The experiments reported in previous papers (E. S. R., 33, p. 755) have been extended to include a study of the metabolism of laboratory animals (dogs) after the ingestion of fat alone and combined with glucose and glyco- coll. The experimental procedure was essentially the same as that de.scriljed in the previous articles. The heat production of the dogs was observed after the ingestion of 75 gm. of emulsified fat, after the ingestion of 75 gm. of fat followed by 70 gm. of glucose, and after the ingestion of 50 gm. of glucose and 20 gm. of glycocoll 4 hours after 75 gm. of emulsified fat had been eaten. The fat emul- sion used consisted of 1 per cent lecithin, 37 per cent peanut oil, 37 per cent lard oil, and 25 per cent water. These experiments showd that " the administration of fat causes a relative increase in the metabolism of fat itself. . . . " The increase in heat production is derived from the increased oxidation of incoming fat." The respiratory quotient obtained in the animals to which glucose had been administered after the ingestion of fat showed that " with an ample influx of both fat and glucose at the same time, both food substances are simultaneously oxidized and with a large increase in the heat production." It was also found that " after giving 20 gm, of glycocoll +50 gm. of glucose during the height of the absorption of 75 gm. of fat, the increase in metabolism is nearly the sum of the increases brought about by giving each substance sepa- rately." In summarizing the results of these experiments the authors state that the influx of fat globules into the blood stream through the thoracic duct reaches its maximum during the sixth hour after the ingestion of fat. " The heat production of the organism may gradually rise, reach its maximum during the sixth hour, and may fall to the basal level 10 hours after fat has been ingested. It appears that the ingestion of fat does not change the quantity of heat produced from protein and glycogen, but that the increased metabolism is at the expense of the fat ingested. " If glucose be ingested at the time of the highest fat metabolism, the heat production undergoes a second increase by the same quota which glucose alone would have increased metabolism. At this level of higher metabolism the respiratory quotient is 0.93 or 0.94, instead of unity, which it would have been if glucose had been given alone." ANIMAL PRODrCTION. The mechanism of Mendelian heredity, T. H. Mokgan, A. H. Stuetevant, H. J. MuLLER, and C. B. Bkidges {New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1915, pp. XIII+262, pi. 1, figs. 64). — The chapters included in this book are Mendelian segregation and the chromosomes, types of Mendelian heredity, linkage, sex • inheritance, the chromosomes as bearers of hereditary material, the correspond- ence between the distribution of the chromosomes and of the genetic factors, 13522°— No. 9—15 6 870 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. multiple allelomorphs, multiple factors, and the factorial hypothesis. A bibliog- raphy relating to the literature is appended. The fundamentals of live stock judging and selection, R. S. Curtis (Phila- delphia: Lea & Febiger, 1915, pp. X +17-455, figs. 180).— A general treatise on methods of live stock judging. The value of broom millet seed compared with sorghum (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 26 {1915), No. 8, p. 698). — Analyses of mature sorghum seed and broom millet seed are given as moisture 12.42 and 12.71 per cent, protein 7.1 and 9.06, ether extract 3.13 and 2.6, nitrogen-free extract 71.34 and 61.84, crude fiber 3.6 and 8.53, ash 2.41 and 5.26, nutritive ratio 1 : 11.4 and 1 : 7.4, and nutritive value 85.5 and 76.7, respectively. Report of analyses of commercial feed stuffs (La. Dept. Agr. and Immigr. Feed Btufjs Rpt. 1913-1^, pp. 152). — Analyses made by the Louisiana State Experiment Station are reported of cotton-seed meal, rice bran, rice polish, wheat bran, shorts, middlings, screenings, corn chops, molasses feed, unbolted corn meal, hominy feed, brewers' grains, meat scrap, alfalfa meal, and various mixed and proprietary feeds. Feeding stuffs (Landw. Jahrh. Bayem, 4 (1914), pp. 425-436, 512-517, 534- 549, 783-791). — Analyses are given of rape seed, rape seed cake and meal, sesame cake and meal, peanut cake and meal, linseed cake and meal, sunflower seed meal, palm nut cake and meal, soy bean meal, coco cake and meal, rice feed meal, brewers' grains, malt sprouts, fish meal, blood meal, ground malt polish dust, germ oil meal, cacao shell, and turf molasses. The starch equivalent theory, J. A. Mubkay (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 7 (1915), No. 2, pp. 154-162, fig. 1). — In this article the author points out the imperfections of the starch equivalent theory and comments upon the efforts of Wood and Yule (E. S. R., 32, p. 166) to correct the Kellner standard. He proposes that the feeding standards be superseded by formulas. These should be in terms of " total digestible nutrients " with given protein ratios for main- tenance, growth, work, fattening, and milk production. The maintenance ration of oxen and the starch equivalent theory, E. T. Halnan (Jour. Agr. Sci. [England], 7 (1915), No. 2, pp. 163-174).— The author takes exception to the suggestions offered in the paper noted above and advo- cates the continued use of the Kellner system of starch equivalents. A very complete discussion is given of the development and application of the starch equivalent theory. The mineral content of feed stu:£Es in relation to the weather and the mineral requirements in cattle feeding, E. Kunze (Mitt. Landw. Inst. Leipzig, No. 12 (1914), PP- 61-96).— Analyses of the P2O5, CaO, and KaO contents of the grain, straw, and chaff of oats during different seasons of the year and under various methods of fertilization are reported. A resumg of literature on the subject of the effect of the mineral content of plants on the animal framework is also given. The improvement of native cattle in Jamaica, H. H. Cousins (Bui. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, n. ser., 2 (1915), No. 8, pp. 338-3Jf5, pis. 10).— It is stated that an element of zebu blood or of the Indian breeds of cattle is necessary if Euro- pean breeds are to be hardened sufficiently to do well under tropical conditions in Jamaica. The Shorthorn and the Hereford have a tender white skin which is very susceptible to the influence of the tropical sun. The zebus on the other hand, even when externally light colored or white, have a black sun-resistant skin. The influence of the zebu blood is so marked that one-eighth of it is enough to give a short-haired character and a darkening of the skin to a com- posite animal while preserving in a marked degree the beef qualities inherent in the other introduced breed. ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 87]^ Caracul sheep, R. Wallace {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 22 (1915), No. 5, pp. m-W, pis. k, figs. Jt).—An account of the origin, development, breed dmr- acteristics, and utility value of this breed of sheep, and of attempts in the United States and in Europe to introduce the breed. On ovariotomy in sows, with observations on the mammary glands and the internal genital organs, IV, L. J. J. Mackenzie and F. H. A. Maushall (Jour. Agr. ScL [England], 7 (1915), No. 2, pp. 243-245).— In continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 870) examinations were made of the mammary pigment of four sows of colored varieties, three being Large Blacks and one a Berkshire. It was clearly proved tliat the dark pigment which so frequently occurs in the mammary tissue in pigs of colored breeds, and which has been found to exist even in the embryo, may be no longer present in sows which have been bred from. It is thought that the removal of this pigment takes place either during the progress of lactation or in the period of preg- nancy when the mammary glands are being built up preparatory to the secre- tion of milk. Harvesting crops with swine, C. E. Thorne (OJuo Sta. Bui. 286 (1915), pp. 244, 245). — Three lots of pigs were fed 30 days as follows: Lot 1 ear corn and clover pasture, lot 2 allowed to hog down rye, and lot 8 ear corn and rape pasture. In addition all lots were fed approximately i lb, of tankage daily per pig. The respective lots made average daily gains of 0.82, 0.57, and 0.75 lb. per pig and consumed, aside from pasture, 2.66, 6.34, and 2.91 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. Lot 2 was then put in with lot 1 on clover and lot 3 remained on the rape, where the pigs were fed for 26 days. The pigs on clover made an average daily gain per pig of 0.75 lb., consuming 3.64 lbs. of feed aside from pasture per pound of gain, and the lot on clover, 0.87 lb. gain, consuming 3.16 lbs. of feed per pound of gain. Two 3-acre plats of corn were hogged down with 33 pigs, an average daily gain of 1.76 lbs. being made. The pigs showed a return of 77 ct^. per bushel, or $36.95 per acre for the standing corn, with hogs at 7 cts. per pound and no charge for labor. [Report on animal husbandry work], B. Aune (U. S. Dept, Agr., Bur. Plant Indus., Work Belle Fourche Expt. Farm, 1914, PP- 6-8, fig. 1). — In experiments conducted in 1914 it was demonstrated that in pasturing alfalfa with fall and spring pigs $11.23 per ton of alfalfa produced could be realized, whereas the market price of alfalfa hay was $4.50 per ton. The average live weight kept on the alfalfa pasture during the season wa^ at the rate of 1,815 lbs. per acre. In hogging down corn, pigs increased in value in 20 days at the rate of $40.72 per acre, bringing $1.17 per bushel of corn consumed. Probable error in pig feeding trials, C. Crowtheb (Jour. Agr. Sci. [Eng- land], 7 (1915), No. 2, pp. 137-141). — A pig-feeding experiment is reported in which ten 8- week-old pigs were fed for 24 weeks in identically the same man- ner a ration consisting of bran, middlings, pea meal, and barley meal. It was found that the probable error of one pig expressed as percentage of average gain was for 3-week periods, beginning with the fourth week, as follows : Seven and five-tenths per cent, 7.9, 5.8, 7.9, 5.4, 8.4, and 5.7, and the average for the whole period was about 3.5 per cent. Attention is called to the extremely low degree of variability between the individual records and the absence of any marked tendency for the probable error (relative to increase) to fall as the feeding progressed. These results are contrasted with those of other investigators (E. S. R., 30, p. 369), and the desirability of a closer study of the possibilities of the pig as an instrument for the measurement of small differences in nutritive value is suggested. 872 EXPEEIMEISTT STATIOIST EECOED. Missouri poultry shows and associations, T. W. Quisenberry and C. T. Patterson (Missouri Poultry Sta. Bui. 9 [1915], pp. 48, fig- i).— Suggestions are given for the organization of poultry shows and associations and their management. Egg-laying contests, M. Pxmvis {Breeder's Gaz., 68 (1915), No. 10, pp. 835, 336, figs. 3). — An account of recent egg-laying contests held in New South Wales and at various state experiment stations in this country. It is said that the most important thing learned from the results of these competitions is the fact that a large egg record does not always mean the greatest profit. Often the pens which led in egg production were fourth or fifth, or even lower in rank, when the value of the eggs produced was considered. The most profitable hen lays steadily at that time in the year when eggs are most valuable. It has also been found that, all things considered, there is actually very little difference in the egg-laying ability of different breeds. The production and handling of market eggs, T. E. Quisenberry (Missouri Poultry Sta. Bui. 5 [1915], pp. 1-69, figs. -J4).— Methods of handling eggs for market are described. An article on why the egg dealer should buy on a quality basis, by H. L. Kempster, is included. Squab raising, A. R. Lee (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 68^ (1915), pp. 16 figs. 9). — This discusses the general management of pigeons for the produc- tion of squabs and also contains a summary of data secured from pigeon breeders throughout the United States. DAIRY FARMIITG— DAIRYING. Economic feeding for milk production in New Mexico, L. Foster and R. W. I,ATTA (New Mexico Sta. Bui. 98 (1915), pp. 34, figs. 5). — In trials to determine whether it pays to feed grain to cows on good pasture in New Mexico, it was found that feeding 6 lbs. of grain (bran, cotton-seed meal, and corn meal in various proportions) daily to cows on good pasture increased the milk and milk- fat production 6.5 and 9 per cent, respectively, in two experiments. In a third experiment the average grain feed was 4 lbs., and this increased the milk and milk fat only 1.5 and 2 per cent. Averaging all three experiments, the lots fed grain produced milk at a cost for feed of 0.79 cts. per pound and milk fat at a cost of 18 cts. per pound. The lots on pasture alone produced milk at a cost of 0.41 cts. per pound and milk fat at 10 cts. per pound. In trials to determine whether it pays to feed grain in addition to first- class alfalfa hay it was found that feeding 6 to 8 lbs. of grain (corn meal and bran) per cow daily in addition to all the first-class alfalfa hay they would clean up, decreased the amount of alfalfa eaten, increased the milk and milk- fat production 12 per cent, increased the cost of milk production 25 per cent, and decreased the returns for the hay fed 20 per cent. Averaging the results of the two experiments the grain-fed cows consumed a daily average of 25.6 lbs. of alfalfa and 6.7 lbs. of grain, produced milk at 1.54 cts. per pound, and milk fat at 32.4 cts. per pound, and gained in weight 29 lbs. per month. The cows fed alfalfa alone consumed 31.2 lbs. of hay daily, produced milk at 1.195 cts. per pound and milk fat at 24.5 cts. per pound, and gained in weight 2 lbs. per month. In a comparison of different kinds and proportions of feeds to be fed with cotton-seed meal it was found in one experiment, where 1.5 lbs. of cotton-seed meal and 1 lb. of bran per day were compared with ^ lb. of cotton-seed meal and 3 lbs. of bran, with a basal ration of alfalfa hay and corn meal, that the ration Avith more cotton-seed meal and less bran produced 3 per cent more milk DAIEY FAKMING DAIRYING. 873 at 1 per cent less cost for feed. The cows receiving the hirgor amount of jrrani ate 2.4 lbs. less alfalfa per day. In a second experiment, cows on pasture receiving a daily grain food of 2 lbs. of cotton-seed meal and 1 lb. of bran produced 3 per cent more milk and 5 per cent more milk fat than cows receiving only the 2 lbs. of cotton-sood meal. Several of the cows were off feed considerable of the time when fed cotton-seed meal alone, but ate their feed more regularly when fed bran with the meal. When fed cotton-seed meal alone the cows produced milk at a cost for feed, Including a pasture charge of $2.50 per month, of 0.72 ct. per pound, and milk fat at 17.5 cts. per pound. When fed 1 lb. of bran daily with the cotton-seed meal they produced milk at O.Sl ct. per pound and milk fat at 19.2 cts. per pound. Cows on the bran ration gained 235 lbs. more in body weight than when on the cotton-seed meal alone. The cows which went off feed on the cotton-seed meal alone usually lost considerable weight, as well as falling off in milk. In a third experiment chopped alfalfa was compared with bran as a filler in a grain ration. Each mixture was fed at the rate of 1 lb. for 5 lbs. of milk. The mixture consisting of bran, cotton-seed meal, and ground Kafir corn 2:1:3, produced milk at a cost, for feed, of 0.665 ct. per pound and milk fat at 15.4 cts. per pound. The mixture consisting of alfalfa, cotton-seed meal, and ground Kafir corn 2:1:8 produced milk at 0.578 ct. and milk fat at 14.1 cts. The mix- ture composed of cotton-seed meal and ground Kafir corn 1 : 3, without any filler, produced milk at 0.635 ct. and milk fat at 16 cts. On the bran ration the cows gained 202 lbs. in weight and on the alfalfa ration 238 lbs., while on the cotton-seed meal and Kafir corn meal alone they lost 28 lbs. In an experiment to determine the value of silage in the ration it was found that cows fed a daily ration of 15 lbs. of alfalfa, 30 lbs. of silage, and 1 lb. of grain for each 5 lbs. of milk, produced $121.38 worth of milk from feed costing $69.72. Cows fed all the alfalfa they would clean up, amounting to 35 lbs. per day, and grain at the rate of 1 lb. for each 5 lbs. of milk, produced $119.34 worth of milk from feed costing $88.87. The silage ration produced milk at a feed cost of 0.931 ct. per pound and milk fat at 19.6 cts. per pound. The ration without silage produced milk at 1.178 cts. per pound and milk fat at 25.5 cts. per pound. Crediting all of the profit to the alfalfa used, the silage-fed cows returned $28.32 worth of milk for each ton of alfalfa, and the cows receiving no silage, $14.64 worth of milk for each ton of alfalfa. Black and white Ayrshires, A. H. Kuhlman (Jour. Heredity/, 6 (1915), No. 7. pp. 3Vf-322, figs. 4). — The author comments on the probable origin of the Ayrshire and its purity of breed. The black and white colors are said to be as old as the breed. A comparison of the registration in 1886 and in 1913 showed a decrease of about 10 per cent in the number of white and brown cows. In 1913 there was shown to be a remarkable similarity in the percentage of cows and bulls of the different colors, which was not the case in 1886. In 1913 there were only about one-half as many black and white cows as either red or white. There is at present a tendency to select sires with much white. Of almost 1,000 bulls registered in volume 36 of the Ayrshire Herd Book, published in 1913, 34 per cent were brown and white, 41.93 per cent were white and brown, and 12.64 per cent had the brown restricted to the head and neck. On the inheritance of an aural abnormality in the Ayrshire cattle, J. Yamane (Jour. Col. Agr. Tolxoku Imp. Univ., 6 (1915), No. 7, pp. 168-170. pi. 1, figg^ S). — The author gives an account of the abnormal peculiarity, nicked or notched ears, frequently found in some families of the Ayrshire breed of cattle. This peculiarity is said to have originated in Scotland over 50 years ago, and 374 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. can be clearly traced in the succeeding generations. This aiiral abnormality is transmitted in full accord with Mendelian principles, and is a pure dominant as to the well-nicked type but heterozygous as to the slightly nicked type. Report of committee on legislation and legal limits for the control of milk and cream, A, N, Hendekson (Ann. Rpt. Internat. Assoc. Dairy and Milk Insp., 3 (1914), PP' 85-94). — In a study of the ordinances of 32 cities of a population of 100,000 or more it was found that all these cities require certain milk fat standards, the standard varying considerably in different parts of the country. Twenty-eight of the cities require a minimum temperature standard ; 18 require that milk be stored and delivered in the country at the same tem- perature as in the city, while 10 allow a different temperature. A bacterial standard is specified by ordinance in 20 cities. These standards vary greatly. A separate standard in six of these cities is specified for pasteurized milk, one city specifying 100,000 and five 50,000 per cubic centi- meter. Of those ordinances examined 12 require that all milk sold in the city be produced by animals free from tuberculosis, while four of the cities require that the milk sold be produced from animals free from tuberculosis or the milk pasteurized in accordance with certain regulations. Eleven cities are regulating pasteurization by requiring certain degrees of temperature to which milk must be subjected and specifying the length of time and the degree of heat to be maintained. The period of heating in all but two ordinances is based upon a sliding scale of degrees of heat applied and length of heating period, this scale ranging from 160° F. and 2 minutes exposure to 145° and 30 minutes exposure. Of the other 2 ordinances, one requires a temperature of 145° for 20 minutes, the other of 145° for 30 minutes. Six cities require all pasteurizing apparatus to have attached a recording thermom- eter. Five cities require that pasteurized milk be delivered to the consumer within a specified time, one city allowing 36 hours and the remainder 24 hours within which to deliver. Eleven of the ordinances examined require all pasteurized milk to be labeled. Six cities prohibit repasteurization. One city requires that milk be put through a clarification process before pasteurization. Six cities specify a minimum score which a farm may receive and be allowed to dispose of milk, one city requiring a 65 per cent score, three 60 per cent, one 50 per cent, and one 40 per cent. Three of the cities are using the score card adopted by the Dairy Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, while three are using score cards presumably arranged in part by their re- spective departments. Four cities specify the lowest score a milk plant may receive, three taking 70 per cent as a minimum, and one 60 per cent. Seven cities require sediment tests, and state in the ordinance the amount of sedi- ment allowed upon a specific cotton disk. Seventeen cities prohibit the sale of dipped milk. Eighty per cent of the ordinances in cities which have made a reduction of over 40 per cent in the last two years in the death rate from diarrhea and enteritis among children under two years of age are regarded as clear, explicit, and in conformity with advanced methods of dairy sanitation, while only 54 per cent of the ordinances of cities which have made a reduction of less than 40 per cent in the death rate are of this kind. Twenty per cent of the cities in the first group and 31 per cent of those in the second group classify their milk supply. Eighty per cent of the cities in group 1 and 50 per cent in group 2 have a bacterial standard for raw milk, the prevailing standard in group 1 being 200,000 and in group 2 500,000. Forty per cent of the cities in gi-oup 1 have a bacterial standard for pasteurized milk, and 18 per cent in group 2, the prevailing standard in both being 50,000 per cubic centimeter. DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. 875 Sixty per cent of the cities in group 1 and 45 per cent in group 2 require the tuberculin testing of cows supplying milk, or tluit the milk shall either come from tuberculin tested animals or be pasteurized. Fifty per cent of the cities in group 1 control pasteurization by ordinance, while only 25 per cent of the cities in gi-oup 2 do so. Thirty per cent of the cities in group 1 and 4 per cent in group 2 require milk to be delivered within a specified time, the prevailing time limit in group 1 being 24 hours. Thirty per cent of the cities in group 1 and 9 per cent in group 2 prohibit repasteurization. Forty per cent of the cities in group 1 and 18 per cent in group 2 have a minimum score below which no dairy may sell milk. Eighty per cent of the cities in group 1 and 34 per cent in group 2 prohibit the sale of dipped milk. The iron content of cow milk, F. E. Nottbohm and G. Dorr {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Oenussmtl, 28 {lOU), No 9, pp. 4i7->J2//).— Analytical daUi are given which showed the iron content of the samples tested (determined as FesOs) to be from 0.03 to 0.13 mg. per 100 cc. The presence of Bacillus abortus in milk, Alice C. Evans {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No 1080, p. 352).— It has been found that the bacillus of contagious abortion occurs commonly in certified milk in the vicinity of Wash- ington, D. C, and Chicago, 111. The organism grows profusely on serum agar plates. About 30 per cent of the samples of milk from two certified dairies near Chicago which were plated on serum agar showed this organism to be present in milk at the time of drawing from the udder in numbers varying from 110 to 4,300 per cubic centimeter. In one sample taken from a herd which does not produce certified milk, 50,000 of the B. abortus were found per cubic centimeter. This organism grows abundantly in the cream layer, with the formation of acid, but sparingly in milk from which the cream has been removed. Four per cent of lactic acid in the milk does not check the multiplication of B. abortus in the cream layer. A simple test for Bacillus sporogenes in milk and water, J. Weinzirl {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1080, p. 353).— The sample of milk to be tested is placed in a sterile test tube, enough solid paraffin is added to make when melted a layer one-eighth of an inch in thickness, and the tubes are heated at 80° C. for ten minutes. After heating, they are cooled rapidly ; this causes the melted paraffin to solidify and form a cover which effectively ex- cludes atmospheric oxygen. Tlie cultures are then incubated at 37° for 24 hours. If B. sporogenes is present, it digests the lactose and forms a gas which lifts the paraffin plug. The test is deemed simple, cheap, and easy of application. When applied to market milk it gave the following results : Ninety samples of 5 cc. of milk each gave 28 per cent positive ; 112 samples of 10 cc. of milk each gave 37.5 per cent positive ; and 34 samples of 15 cc. of milk each gave 50 per cent positive. ISTvimbers and efficiency of Bacillus bulgaricus organisms in commercial preparations examined during" the period January to June, 1914, Rutu C. Greathouse {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 42 {1915), No. 1080, p. 352).— Samples of commercial preparations of B. bulgaricus, containing in the case of dry cultures from none to 250,000 living B. bulgaricus per gram, in the case of liquid cul- tures from 2,800 to 320,000,000 per cubic centimeter, and in the case of sour milk drinks from 800 to 790,000,000, were examined. The maximum acidity produced in milk by the B. bulgaricus in these prep- arations varied from 1.2 to 3.41 per cent of acid, calculated as lactic. The ability of the B. bulgaricus to produce acid was decreased in the old prepara- tions The amount of decreases averaged 38.5 per cent in the case of dry cul- tures kept on ice for two months and 26.4 per cent in the case of liquid prep- arations kept on Ice for two weeks. 376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tlie determination of bacteria in milk, S. H. Ayees (Ann. Rpt. Internat. AssoG. Dairy and 2Iilk Insp., 3 (1914), PP- 137-143). "Utensils as a source of bacterial contamination of milk, M. J. Prucha, H. A. Hakding, and H. M. Weetek (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 42 (1915), No. 1080, p. 353). — In studies to determine the amount of bacterial contamination received by the milk from the utensils in which it was handled between the cow and the milk bottle, the utensils being carefully washed in the ordinary way, it was found that where all the utensils were sterile, the milk leaving the barn con- tained 2,588 bacteria per cubic centimeter and the bottled milk 3,875. Where the utensils were washed and only the bottles were sterile there were increases due to pails of 57,077, up to the clarifier of 15,353, due to the clarifier of 172,763, due to the cooler of 19,841, and due to the bottler 247,611. Bottle washing costs {Cream, and Milk Plant Mo., 3 {1915), No. 12, pp. 31, 32). — From visits to 91 milk plants in five cities, the Dairy Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture found that the cost of labor of washing bottles was on the average 1.9 cts. per 100 bottles for the automatic washing, 4.9 cts. for brush washing, and 9.7 cts. for hand washing. The number of bot- tles washed per man per hour was 1,044, 342, and 199, and the number of bottles washed per hour 4,196, 1,061, and 433 for the respective methods. The Grana cheese-making society, J. H. Monead {N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 40 {1915), No. 13, p. 546). — ^The methods of making Grana cheese prescribed by this society are given. VETEEINARY MEDICINE. Animal experimentation and medical progress, W. W. Keen {Boston: Hotighton Mifflin Co., 1914, pp. XXVI +312, figs. 12).— The author here reviews the great advance in the knowledge of diseases of domestic animals and of man and means for their prevention and cure resulting from animal experi- mentation. The hygiene and diseases of live stock, P. Cagny and R. Goitin {Hygiene et Maladies du Bdtail. Paris: J. B. Baillidre d Sons, 1915, 2. ed., pp. 528, figs. ^87). — This semipopular work deals with the hygiene and diseases of the horse, ass, mule, ox, goat, sheep, hog, and dog. Biological therapeutics, A. Eichhoen {Amer. Vet. Rev., 47 {1915), No. 2, pp. 214-224). — A succinct discussion of the topic. A chapter in applied chemistry, A. A. Boon {Pharm. Jour. [Lo^idonl, 4- ser., 39 {1914), No. 2670, pp. 836-838; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., S3 {1914), No. 24, pp. 1187-1190). — A brief sketch of the manner in which the application of chemical science to the alilin-dye industry has opened up the way which led to the production of certain arsenicals, as salvarsan, of highly potent and thera- peutic properties. A study of the ninhydrin reaction in relation to the age and liabits of individuals, J. Takamine, Jk. {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 37 {1915), No. ^, pp. 946-949). — Numerous tests with the blood sera of human beings and animals showed the presence of a ferment which is in direct quantitative relation to the age and habits of individuals. The procedure employed was Abderhalden's protective ferment reaction, previously noted (E. S. R., 31, p. 278). Duration of the iniectiveness of virulent rinderpest blood in the water leech, Hirudo boyntoni, W. H. Boynton {Philippine Bur. Agr. Bui. 29 {1914), pp. 14)- — The experiments here reported have shown that the large water leech (H. boyrtoni) can retain the virus of rinderpest alive in its body for at least 25 days in £i virulent condition. It was found that water in which leeches VETERINARY MEDICINE. 877 have disgorged blood by mechanical stimulation or other means, after holding it for a period of five days, will cause rinderpest when drunk by a susceptible animal. Leeches which have died from mechanical or other cause after holding virulent blood for five days are able to transmit the disease when the blood is ingested by a susceptible animal. It was also found that leeches can not transmit the disease to a susceptible animal by feeding on it after they have fed upon an animal suffering from rinderpest. The trypanosome of surra does not remain alive for any length of time in the ingested blood of a leech, and the leech can not transmit the disease by biting. Thus it appears that a leech may be responsible for the appearance of recognizable rinderpest 40 days after imbibing virulent blood. In this period the leech can hold the blood 25 days, to which an inculcation period of 10 days may l>e added. The action of sodium sulphocyanate in tuberculosis. — XII, Studies on the biochemistry and chemotherapy of tuberculosis, H. J. Corper (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 16 {1915), No. 1, pp. 5S-y;6).—" Sodium sulphocyanate is lethal to rabbits when given intravenously in amounts of 0.4-0.6 gm. per kilogram. Delayed death may occur even from smaller amounts. "When injected intravenously (about 0.4 gm, per kilogram), it is found in the tuberculous tissues in concentration about equal to that in the blood (0.06-O.OS per cent). The concentration in the lungs, heart, kidneys, and testes is not far from that in the blood, the concentration in the liver is less, while it is practically absent from the muscles. It disappears from the tissues (nor- mal and tuberculous) as speedily as it does from the blood (being absent about 5 days after injection). No evidence of a chemical affinity of the sodium sul- phocyanate for any of the normal or tuberculous tissues was obtained. Tuber- cle bacilli, exposed to concentrations of sodium sulphocyanate up to 1 per cent for 48 hours at 37° C. and up to 0.1 per cent for 7 days at 37° were not killed. Xo evidence even of attenuation was observed." Sodium tellurite as a rapid test for the viability of tubercle bacilli. — XIII, Studies ou the biochemistry and chem.otherapy of tuberculosis, H. J, Corpek {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 16 {1915), No. 1, pp. ^7-53). — "As a result of an attempt to use the Gosio vital reaction (sodium tellurite) as an index of life of virulent human tubercle bacilli in bactericidal experiments in connection with chemo- therapeutic work, it may be stated that it was not found to be an available general reagent for this purpose, at least by the methods tested. Nevertheless, by its use a simple, rapid test was developed for determining the viability of cultures of tubercle bacilli, of value especially in eliminating such loss of time as may be occasioned by working with dead instead of viable cultures. "A small lumr) of the culture to be tested is placed in the cup of a sterile, hollow glass slide and one or two small drops of sterile 0.2 per cent sodium tellurite in distilled water are added; it is covered with a sterile glass cover slip bordered with sterile vaseline and placed in the incubator at 37° C. Life of the organism is indicated by the blackening of the lump of culture, which occurs in from thirty minutes to two hours. " Sodium tellurite is lethal to rabbits when it is given intravenously in amounts of about 0.8 mg. per kilogram. It does not kill the tubercle bacillus even when in 0.01 per cent concentration in salt solution or glycerol broth for forty-eight hours at 37° C, nor does it inhibit the growth in 0.001 per cent concentration on glycerol agar." The tuberculin reaction in the pig, Lindner {Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 48 (19U), No. 2, pp. 293-302; ahs. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 31 {1915), No. 14, pp. 162, 163). — The body temperature of healthy pigs two to three months old is very irregular. Generally speaking, it is said to vary between 39 and g78 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 40° C, but at times it is some tenths over this flj^ure. From the fourth month on the temperature gets more regular. It may be between 38.7 and 39.5°, but it never goes over 40° at this time. Healthy pigs reacted to an injection of 0.1 and 0.8 cc. of old tuberculin (in 10 cc. of physiological salt solution). In 9 out of 48 animals the rise in tem- perature Vi'as more than 1°, but the temperature in no case went over 41°. Sixteen 4 to 6 months' old animals were given 0.02 to 0.05 mg. of the bovine tubercle bacillus culture, and after a lapse of 4 to 8 Aveeks the animals received either 0.15 cc. of human tuberculin or 0.3 cc. of bovine tuberculin. The animals showed a rise in temperature of 1.1°, and the increased temperature limit vacillated between 40.6 and 42°. Consequently, a temperature which goes over 41°, that is, a temperature of 1° over that which was observed the night previous, is to be regarded as evi- dence of tuberculosis in 2 to 4 months' old pigs. In older animals (with a low normal temperature) a temperature over 40.5° is considered positive. The intracutaneous test was tried on 20 tubercular and 37 nontubercular animals. These v.-ere given 0.2 to 0.4 cc. of tuberculin in salt solution, and on the opposite flank 0.2 to 0.4 cc. of glycerol in salt solution. The reaction was positive with 15 out of 20 tubercular animals and in 1 of 37 healthy pigs. The epicutaneous test was positive with 10 tubercular pigs. The ophthalmic test was negative in 16 tubercular pigs. An attempt to immunize calves against tuberculosis by feeding them the milk of vaccinated cows, W. L. Moss {Bid. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 26 {1915), No. 293, pp. 241-245; ahs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 65 (1915), No. 1^, pp. 360, 361). — The author concludes that a relative degree of immunity against tuberculosis may be conferred on calves by feeding the milk of immunized cows. The presence of so-called " complement " in milk, H. T. Hewlett and C. Revis (Jour. Hyy. [Camhridge^, 14 (1914), No. 4, pp. 481-497; a^s. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 108 (1915), No. 628, I, p. 70).— Milk always contains complementary substance, but this is especially true of colostral and mastitis milks. In the latter amboceptor is also present. No relation between the amount of complementary substance and cellular elements in milk could be found. The hemolytic system is very delicate. "Warble fly experiments, S. Hadwen (Amer. Vet. Rev., 4^ (1915), No. 4. PP- 453-457). — The author corroborates the observations of Carpenter et al. (E. S. R., 32, p. 680) in finding that the warble-fly larva penetrates the skin of its host. Mention is made of a rash or eruption which is apparently caused by the pene- tration of the larva, for which the term " hypodermal rash " is proposed. " The eruption begins by an escape of serum which sticks the hair together, then the patch of hair dies and can be pulled off, leaving a raw spot usually about the size of a 10-cent piece, but often larger. In other cases a little pus can be seen in the superficial layers of the skin ; again in other cases, edematous swelling occur as large as one's fist, sometimes hard, sometimes soft and diffuse." Hog cholera and the veterinarian's relation to same, F. B. Whitfield (Amer. Vet. Rev., 47 (1915), No. 2, pp. 203-213) .—After discussing the channels whereby hog cholera is disseminated, the symptoms of and the methods in vogue for preventing and curing hog cholera are considered. The dosages em- ployed in the simultaneous method are stated. Some observations on hog cholera and the use of serum, H. P. Hoskins (Amer. Vet. Rev., 47 (1915), Nos. 1, pp. 46-56; 2, pp. 188-196).— A discussion of mooted questions in regard to hog cholera and its treatment by the single, double, and follow-up methods. The procedure employed at the Minnesota Experiment Station is described in detail. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 879 Inoculation experiment with pure culture of SpirochEeta hyos: Studies on hog- cholera, W. E. King and R. H. Drake {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 16 (1015), No. 1, pp. 54-57, figs. 4). — As a continuation of previous work (E. S. K., 32, p. 378) it is now reported tliat some of tlie difficulties encountered in attempt- ing to obtain pure culture of S. hyos have been overcome. By painstaking efforts a pure culture of the Spirochceta was obtained, and when injected into hogs produced typical hog cholera of the acute type. Protective and curative vaccination tests for hog cholera with shoats, and utilizing the vaccine of Dr. Doyen of Paris, "\V. Pfkiler {Mitt. Ver. Deut. Scfitveinezilchter, 22 {1915), Nos. 1, pp. 2-5; 2, pp. 14-16; abs. in Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 31 {1915), No. 8, pp. 91, 92).— According to Doyen, his vaccine can be used for treating " pneumoenterite " (a disease affecting 2 to 3 months' old pigs in France), hog erysipelas, and hog cholera, as well as other infectious diseases. The vaccine was administered in laboratory tests to 8 pigs affected with hog cholera or shoat typhoid, but in no case did it alter the course of the disease, and all the animals died. In addition 54 swine of different sexes and kinds were treated in practice, and here also the results were unsatisfac- tory. A number (53) of the slaughtered animals showed abscesses at the site of injection. A preliminary report on the investigation into equine abortion existing in the Province of Ontario, F. W. Schofield {Amer. Yet. Rev., 41 {1915), Nos. 3, pp. 310-^24; 5, pp. 547-557). — The objects of this investigation were to determine whether the abortion occurring among the mares in certain parts of Ontario is true contagious abortion, the result of an infection with a specific organism ; if contagious abortion, what were the factors involved in the spread- ing of it from one district to another ; and how the disease, when once estab- lished, can be controlled and finally eradicated. BaciUus ahortivus eqniniis was isolated from the uterine discharge of aborting animals. Fixation of complement occurred with B. abortiviis equimis but not with allied strains, as B. coli communis or B. cholerw suis. In all districts where abortions have occurred the blood samples indicate that in the majority of cases they were due to B. ahortivus equinus. Between 70 and 80 per cent of the abortions occurred during the last month of pregnancy. Thei'e were five cases in which positive fixation reactions were obtained but in which no abor- tions occurred. "The agglutination and complement-fixation reactions parallel each other with great accuracy. In almost all cases of fixation the agglutination titer is high and vice versa. However, a combination of both should be employed to insure greater accuracy. In most cases where the reaction failed to show up the abortion had occurred many weeks and occasionally months previously. . . . Antibodies may still be found in the blood serum of a mare as late as seven months after the abortion. " Investigation of the outbreaks in this Province seems to indicate that the stallion plays an important part in the spread of the disease. However, further research is necessary in order to justify any of the existing theories of natural infection." Mixed infection vaccine in one hundred and seventy cases of joint ill, F. W. Schofield {Amer. Vet. Rev., 47 {1915), No. 3, pp. 348, 345).— Bacterio- logical examinations were made at the Ontario Veterinary College of the syno- vial fluid of 23 cases of joint ill. From five, all of which occurred in an abor- tion-infected district, a pure culture of BacilUis ahortivus equinns was obtained. Ten others gave an almost pure culture of a Gram positive hemolytic strepto- coccus, while the remaining eight were mixed infections of B. coli, Staphylo- coccus aureus, and S. alhus. 880 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " From these organisms a mixed infection vaccine was made containing ap- proximately the following dosage per cubic centimeter : Streptococcus 50,000,000, 8. aureus 100,000,000, and B. ahortivus equinus 100,000,000. The initial dose varied from 0.5 to 1 cc. according to the age and condition of the foal. The dosage rarely produced any local and never any general reaction. The results obtained were very satisfactory." The vaccine was distributed free to veterinarians, and a total of 170 case reports were received. The mortality in this group was 25 per cent, whereas the average mortality in the Province of Ontario is 66 per cent. Porage poisoning' in horses and mules, R. Geaham, L. R. Himmelbergeb, and R. L. Pontins (Wallaces' Farmer, JfO {1915), No. 36, p. 1147, figs. ^).— The authors report upon investigations conducted during the course of a serious outbreak of forage poisoning in Kentucky. Experimental animals were placed upon a farm where a total loss of $2,000 in horses and mules that had fed on corn and oat hay had occurred. One of two horses was fed upon nothing but suspected corn, the other nothing but suspected oat hay. The horse which was fed upon oat hay contracted and died from the disease. The disease was also produced by feeding oat grain from the oat hay in question and by feed- ing the oat straw. The authors state that they have been unable to transmit the disease from sick to healthy animals by blood injections, but they were able to produce it at will by feeding the oat hay. Diseases of poultry, B. F. Katopp {North Carolina Sta. Bui. 233 {1915), pp. 3-27, figs. 9). — A popular discussion in which the subject is dealt with under the headings of external parasites, internal parasites, and contagious diseases. This is followed by an account of the internal anatomy of. the fowl, including a description of the proper way to open and examine the fowl after death. RURAL ENGINEERING. The place and field of the agricultural engineer, R. S. Shaw ( Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., 8 {1914), PP- 11-18). — The author is of the opinion that the agricultural engineer should be in close cooperation with the agriculturist so that the engineering principles involved in the work of the former may be made of practical value to the latter. "Agriculture and engineering have always been interdependent, the latter paving the way for the development of the former, which in turn continues to stimulate and sustain the development of the latter." The place and field of the agricult^^ral engineer, A. Maeston {Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., 8 {1914), pp. 19-26). — The author feels that in addition to the fields of salaried and consulting agricultural engineering there is a broader field for the agricultural engineer in contracting for agricultural structures and in the invention, manufacture, and sale of farm machinery and general agricul- tural equipment. Surface water supply of Snake River basin, 1912 (Z7. S. Oeol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 332-B {1915), pp. 278). — This report, prepared in coopera- tion with the States of Idaho and Oregon, presents the results of measurements of flow made on streams in the Snake River basin in 1912. Surface water supply of lower Columbia River and Rogue, Umpqua, Wilson, and Nehalem rivers, 1913 {U. 8. Oeol. Survey Water-Supply Paper S62-C {1915), pp. 246). — This report, prepared in cooperation with the States of Oregon and Washington, presents the results of measurements of flow made on these rivers in 1913. Deschutes project, J. T. Whistler, E. G. Hopson, and J. H. Lewis {Oreg. Cooper. Worlc, Dept. Int, U, 8, Reclamation Serv., 1914, Dec, pp. 147, pis. 69).^ EURAL ENGINEERING. 881 This report deals with cooperative worlc by the U. S. Reclamation Service and the State of Oregon, the purpose of which was to provide detailed surveys and investigations of the water resources of the State, with particular reference to irrigation and power possibilities. The report deals only with the upper Des- chutes River basin. The normal summer minimum flow of the Deschutes River at Bend is ap- proximately 1,600 second-feet. The mean annual run-off at Benham Falls for a period of ten years is 1,210,000 acre-feet, of which approximately 20 per cent is from Crane Prairie. The area now irrigated, or to be irrigated under the Carey Act, north of Benham Falls is approximately 115,000 acres, for which there is available from the summer flow of the Deschutes River, without stor- age, not to exceed 450,000 acre-feet of water. In addition it is proposed to irrigate under the Carey Act about 30,000 acres of land south of Benham Falls for which storage is planned in Crescent Lake. It is stated that full irriga- tion development in this basin will require storage of the greater part of the entire remaining supply of over 750,000 acre-feet. Further irrigable areas considered in this investigation are a west side unit of approximately 20,000 acres north of the present State Tumalo project, with an alternative area of approximately 15,000 acres; a north unit of approximately 100,000 acres east of Deschutes River and north of Crooked River ; a south unit of approximately 48,000 acres south of the present Central Oregon canal and extending north to Powell Buttes ; and an east side unit of 35,000 acres, consisting of the north canal unit of the Central Oregon Irrigation Company. The duty of water is estimated at from 2 to 21 acre-feet per acre at the land, and the irrigation season has been estimated to be from early May to early September, with a maximum use of water during July. Storage is proposed of approximately 100,000 acre-feet in Crane Prairie and 400,000 acre-feet in Benham Falls reservoir. A survey of the soils of the irrigable areas showed them to be generally 16 in. or more in depth. Their physical character with reference to irrigation and cultivation is generally good, but it is stated that their plant food content, particularly with reference to nitrogen, is frequently small. It is estimated that the water supply is adequate for the irrigable areas in question. It is stated in conclusion that there is a fall in the river between Benham Falls and Bend of nearly 400 ft. available for power develop- ment in four separate falls of from 65 to 110 ft. each ; that with the domestic water supply of 330 second-feet estimated, it is feasible to develop at these falls 20,000 horsepower continuously throughout the year, with a load factor of 50 per cent ; and that with the full irrigation development it will be possible to develop approximately 100,000 horsepower, limited to the period of the irrigating season. A number of maps and charts accompany the report. Memorandum on the geology of the ground waters of the island of Antigua, British V/est Indies, T. W. Vaughan (West Indian Bui, H (WW, No. 4, pp. 276-2119). — The geology of the island with reference to the ground- water resources is outlined, and it is concluded that the geologic conditions do not satisfy the requisites for procuring an artesian water supply. It is stated that the only water-bearing formation of importance is the limestone of the limestone district. " The development of an adequate supply may be expected from three sources, viz, (1) shallow wells in the limestone district, (2) shal- low wells in the alluvial fillings along stream ways and at the foot of talus slopes in the southwest volcanic district, [and] (3) impounding water, espe- cially in the volcanic district, where it appears there are valleys adapted for damming." 882 expeeimejStt station kecoed. The ground waters of Antigua, H. A. Tempany (West Indian Bui., 14 (1914), No. 4, pp. 2S0-303, fig. 1). — This article summarizes the existing infor- mation regarding tlie chemical and other characteristics of waters from tlie various sources on the island of Antigua. It is stated that in the limestone district there are good prospects. of obtain- ing supplies of underground water at suitable points. " The localities at which wells are sunk should be selected with due regard to the following points: (1) They should be situated at not too great a height above sea level so as to avoid having to penetrate unnecessary thickness of rock, (2) they should be situated a sufficient distance within the limestone outcrop to insure that at the point selected the rocks to be penetrated are of adequate thickness and afford a large enough gathering ground, [and] (3) they should be situated at a suffi- cient distance from the sea to obviate the risk of the supply being contaminated by percolation of sea water. In addition care must be exercised in conducting boring operations to avoid passing through the limestone strata and penetrating the underlying rocks which contain the saliniferous deposits. " In the southern district of the island there is good prospect of obtaining moderate supplies of water from wells sunk in the alluvial fillings of the valley bottoms, but in choosing sites for such wells it is advisable to avoid approach- ing too near to the bases of the surrounding hills. In the central plain it is inadvisable to look for a supply of water either by wells or by means of dams erected for the purpose of impounding surface flood water in the region covered by the saline deposits. To the south of this region, however, there appear to be prospects of obtaining satisfactory supplies of water by the sinking of wells, or preferably by the erection of dams." Measurement of the fiow of streams by approved forms of weirs with new formulas and diagrams, R. R. Lyman {Trans. Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin., 77 U9U), No. 1304, PP- 1189-1281, pis. 11, figs. 53).— This paper gives the details and summaries of the results of experiments by Francis, Bazin, Fteley, and Stearns, and of experiments at the hydraulic laboratories of Cornell University and the University of Utah. The purpose of the report is " to present a more accurate method of measuring water than those generally used and to give formulas and diagrams for determining the discharge over the weirs recommended." It is the author's opinion " that the sharp-crested weir without end con- tractions can certainly be used to best advantage in all irrigation projects, great and small, of the West." Formulas of the form Q = m Ji^ were prepared for four different classes of weirs without end contractions as follows: Sharp-crested weirs, broad-crested weirs, irregular weirs with cross sections of right lines, and irregular weirs with cross sections of right lines and curves. In this formula Q designates the quantity discharged over a weir in cubic feet per second per foot of length of weir, and h designates the observed head of water on a weir in feet. The values of the constants m and n as obtained by experiment are given in tabular form. A large amount of other related data are also giv-en. Stream-gaging stations and publications relating to water resources, 1885-1913, Parts XI-XII, compiled by B. D. Wood (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water- Supphj Paper S40 (1915), K, pp. XXIV +131-146 ; L, pp. XVIII +147-195).— These are the last two numbers of this series (E. S. R., 33, p. 89). Part XI deals with Pacific coast basins in California and Part XII with the north Pacific slope drainage basins. Experiments with the divining rod, H. Metzgeb (Osndhts. Ingen., 38 (1915), No. 2, pp. 13-15). — A test of the use of the divining rod for determining the location and depth of underground water supplies is described. Seven EURAL ENGINEERING. 883 wells were located, and the depths predicted by the operator of the divining rod varied only slightly from the actual depths to water. The operator was the only one who was able to obtain results with the rod, and while the autlior admits that in this case its use was not only successful but economical he expresses some doubt as to the safety of depending in general upon such means for locating M^ater. Investigations on the filtration of drinking water.— I, On the theory of slow sand filtration, K. Kisskalt (Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektionskrank., 80 (1915), No. 1, pp. 57-64, fig- i).— Experiments to determine the cause of the purifying effect of slow sand filtration on water are reported. The results indicate that this effect can not be entirely attributed to the mechanical removal of dangerous organisms and contaminating matter by the filter and the surface scum. The use of disinfectants, such as potassium cyanid, which destroy protozoa and do not injure tlie bacteria almost com- pletely destroyed the effect of a filter. It is thought, therefore, that much of the purifying effect of slow sand filtration can be attributed to the protozoa. Sterilization of water by chlorin, J. J. H. Nelson {Brit. Med. Joun, No. 2836 {1915), pp. 789-793, figs. 2).— The methods and apparatus used for the sterilization of small drinking water supplies by the use of chlorin are de- scribed and experiments with this method using artificially contaminated water and natural water are reported. The chlorin was obtained from potassium chlorate and concentrated hydro- chloric acid and was used in the experiments in the strengths of 1 part chlorin solution to about 500,000 parts water. It was found that water artificially contaminated with Bacillus typhosus, B. paratyphosus A, and B. cholerce was rendered safe by this treatment after a contact of one-half hour. Natural waters were also successfully treated. The author advocates the use of the chlorin in a strength of, roughly, 1 in 500,000 parts of water and states that chlorin used in this strength does not impart any objectionable taste to the water. This method is considered to be particularly adapted for domestic use and for camps and troops in the field. An apparatus for domestic use is described and illustrated. Purification of drinking water by calcium hypochlorite, H. Vincent and Gaillard (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 160 (1915), No. 15, pp. 4S3-4S6). — This article states that calcium hypochlorite is effective, rapid, and safe for the purification of driaking water. Active chlorin to the amount of 3 mg. per liter of water is considered sufficient. This may be given in a mixture of 0.015 gm. of hypochlorite of calcium and 0.08 gm. of pure sodium chlorid. Tlie addition of the sodium chlorid, it is stated, favors the rapid diffusion and dissolution of the active chlorin in the water to be purified. Sterilization of drinking' water with chlorid of lime in the field, G. Wesen- BERG (Hyg. Rundschau, 25 (1915), No. 8, pp. 273-286, fig. 1). — Experiments on the sterilization of drinking water in the field are reported. It was found that chlorid of lime added in a quantity corresponding to 0.15 gm. of active chlorin per liter of water is sufficient to kill infectious organisms within ten minutes. The use of increased quantities of chlorid of lime is rec- ommended for water with a high content of contaminating organic matter, but it is considered necessary in such cases to filter the water before treatment to remove the coarsest matter. The addition of substances setting free hydro- gen peroxid was found to form harmless combinations with the chlorid of lime and to remove any disagreeable taste. The composition of the water, aside from a slight increase in turbidity and hardness, was not influenced by such treatment. 884 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. In chemical studies of the fixation of chlorin by mud in water, it was found that tliis power differed with different mud samples, but was mainlj^ dependent on the concentration of the chlorid of lime solution. Large increases in the amounts of chlorid of lime used only slightly increased the fixation, and in greater dilutions the same quantity of mud fixed a smaller amount of chlorin from the same quantity of chlorid of lime. The soluble parts of the mud were as active in chlorin fixation as the insoluble parts. Practical irrigation and pumping, B. P. Fleming {New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1915, pp. XM+226, figs. 62). — This is a semitechnical treatise on irriga- tion pumping, it being the author's purpose " to consider the irrigation problem chiefly from the pumping standpoint, treating of those matters which interest the man considering the installation of a small pumping plant from both the standpoints of design and operation." Beginning with estimates of the water requirements of different crops on different soils and in different localities, the author takes up in turn the matter of wells and well sinking; pumps and pumping machinery suitable for dif- ferent depths and volumes, together with typical designs for certain assumed conditions; prime movers, including a discussion of oil engines, gas pro- ducers, etc. ; windmill irrigation, chiefly from the standpont of the co-relation between wind velocities and pump size; the question of cost and profit in pumping and a method of estimating the latter for certain conditions; and, finally, the central station plant and its possibilities. Irrigation pumping in the coast States {Elect. World, 65 {1915), No. 22, pp. 1399-1408, figs. 30). — This article summarizes the progress made on the Pacific coast in the use of electricity for irrigation pumping. Results of experiments with, machine irrigation at the Bezenchuk and Kostychev experiment stations, I. Bieliaev {Selsk. Khoz. i Liesov., 245 {1914), June, pp. 241-260, figs. 2). — Experiments with so-called machine irrigation in arid portions of southeast Russia are reported. Two so-called irrigation wagons were used. The first consists of a pipe 6 meters long supported by two wheels which may be moved and fastened along the pipe according to the crop to be irrigated. At each side of the pipe are l)ranches fitted with spray nozzles. As many as fifteen such wagons may be joined into one chain. The second device consists of a four-wheeled iron wagon with the water pipe fastened onto a platform. It branches into three pipes of smaller diameter which slant upward and are connected to a horizontal pipe 14 meters long. These pipes carry five spraying lidiHiles which irrigate about 200 square meters (about 2,153 square feet) from" one position of the machine. At the Bezenchuk experiment station spring wheat and alfalfa were irrigated. The wheat was given 10 and 20 irrigations of 5 mm. each at intervals of 8 and 4 days, respectively. The alfalfa was given 20 and 15 irrigations of 10 and 20 mm. of water at intervals of 4 and 6 days, respectively. At the Kostychev experiment station the crops irrigated were wheat, oats, millet, flax, and potatoes. The first three crops received 16 and 8 irrigations at intervals of 5 and 10 days, respectively, the wheat receiving 5 mm., the oats 10 mm., and the millet 10 and 5 mm. of water at an irrigation. The flax re- ceived 16 irrigations of 10 and 5 mm. at intervals of 5 days, and the potatoes 16 and 8 irrigations of 10 and 5 mm. at intervals of 5 and 10 days, respectively. The results of the experiments were positive in all cases, but it was shown that the application of small individual amounts of water (5 mm.) gave negligible increases in crop even at frequent intervals, while larger amounts of water (10 mm.) increased the yield of oats 22 per cent and millet 21 per cent. RURAL ENGINEERING. 885 It is Stated with reference to tills method of irrigation thiit the manipulation of movable irrigators requires much time, care, and power. This method of so-called " rain pouring " encounters a great obstacle in the wind, it being found that to limit irrigation to nonwindy days gives poor results, while on windy days the loss of water is about 30 per cent. Conservation of water by storage, G. F. Swain (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1915, pp. XVII+SSJf, pis. 2, figs. 8fl).— This book presents a course of lectures on water conservation by storage. The first chapter Is de- voted to the general subject of conservation. The next four chapters are devoted to the relation of the conservation of water to the conservation of other resources and to a somewhat lengthy discussion of the water-power question, reference being made to questions of federal control of water powers. Suc- ceeding chapters deal with the technical aspects of water power development, the relation of forests to stream flow, and floods and their prevention. With reference to the relation between forests and stream flow, the author is of the opinion that forests act as equalizers of the flow of streams by diminishing in general the frequency and violence of the freshets and increasing the low-water flow. " We should exercise discrimination in the utilization of our lands, cultivating for growing crops those which are best suited therefor, and reserving for forests the steep slopes and mountain sides and other areas uusuited for cultivation of crops. . . . There seems no question that foi-ests do regulate flow, and that upon steep mountain sides especially they exercise a restraining efi'ect upon run-off, and that they also in such locations are of Inestimable benefit in preventing erosion of the soil. . . . Forests un- doubtedly do something in this direction, but even if the entire country were covered with forests, it is probable that at times there would be extreme floods which would do great damage." Hints on irrigation: Small earthen storage reservoirs, W. M. Watt (Rhodesia Agr. Jour., 12 (1915), No. 2, pp. 172-185, fig. i).— The author de- scribes reservoir and dam construction and the use of weirs under Rhodesia conditions for the benefit of irrigation farmers. Multiple-arch diversion dam at Three Miles Falls, Oregon, H. D. Newell {Engin. News, 73 (1915), No. 21, pp. 1009-1012, figs. .}).— This article describes the construction of a long, low multiple-arch reinforced concrete dam on the Umatilla Project of the U. S. Reclamation Service. Tour of West discloses best practice in irrigation and power canal design, C. A. Farwell (Engin. Rec, 71 (1915), No. 20, pp. 623, 624).— This article reports an extended study of a number of irrigation and power projects In the West to learn costs and to determine the best practice in the design and con- struction of concrete linings for large canals. It is pointed out that slopes and lining thicknesses should depend on the nature of local conditions and material encountered. Small deviations in align- ment and cross section are considered Immaterial. See also a previous note by Fortler (E. S. R., 32, p. 380). Transmission losses in unlined irrigation channels, S. Foetieb (Engin. News, 73 (1915), No. 22, pp. 1060-1063, figs. S).— The author discusses the various factors Influencing seepage, referring particularly to capillarity, depth of water in the canal, velocity, sedimentation, and temperature of soil and water. He disagrees with the opinion of Morltz (E. S. R., 30, p. 288) that the rate of percolation of water through canal banks varies directly as the depth of water In the canal, and briefly summarizes the results of a large number of seepage measurements on canals to substantiate his argument. Capillarity is considered to be an important factor In connection with seepage, and the gradual deposition of silt is thought to reduce seepage materially. 18522°— No. 9—15 7 886 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. " The influence of velocity is relatively small. This is chiefly due to the fact that sediment can not be deposited \A'hen the mean velocity exceeds a rather low limit. Of the two factors, sedimentation and velocity, the former exerts the greater influence in lessening seepage losses, so that any increase in velocity which tends to prevent sedimentation is detrimental rather than beneficial." A report along similar lines by the author has been previously noted (E. S. R., 32, p. 380). How to express seepag-e losses from irrigation cana?s, S. Foktieb (Engin. News, 73 (1915), Uo. 23, pp. 1128, 1129).— The author contends that seepage losses expressed in feet-depth over the Vv'etted area in a given time should be confined to flooded areas on irrigated fields, reservoirs, checked-up water courses, and, in general, to water surfaces v/here the loss can be measured di- recently, and not to water in motion. Instead, he advocates that seepage losses be expressed as percentage loss of flow. In pursuing this course, it is stated that the engineer should carefully study all conditions which are likely to affect the escape of water from the canal. " These should include the amount of sedimentation per season and its effect on the character of the material, the tfTidency to scour under high velocities, fluc- tuations in depth, velocity and extent of wetted surface, inflow of seepage water from higher irrigated lands, evaporation from wet banks and water surfaces, transpiration from tree growths, leaks from structures, aquatic vegetation, the temperature of the water carried as well as that of the soil, and the location of the water table either beneath or adjacent to the canal. After a comprehensive study of existing and possible future conditions, together with all of the avail- able data pertaining to the seepage losses from canals of like capacity traversing materials of like character as regards porosity, he will be in a position to estimate with reasonable accuracy the percentage of loss due to seepage, which may be expressed either in second-feet per mile or in percentage of the flow per mile." Methods of plaster lining irrigation canals and laterals, Okanogan project, IT. S. Reclamation Service (Engin. and Contract., Jf3 (1915), No. 20, pp. 4^1- 41)3). — This paper discusses • methods of construction, cost, and efficiency of plaster lining for irrigation canals and laterals. From observations of the lining done on the Okanogan project, it is stated that the seepage loss in lined sections has been very small. The lining has cost from 5.1 to 6.4 cts. per square foot. The use, design, construction, cost, and durability of wooden stave pipe, A. SwiCKAED (Engin. and Contract., 42 (1914), N'os. 19, pp. 422-424, figs. 2; 23, pp. 516-519; 43 (1915), Nos. 1, pp. IO-I4. fig.'>. 2: 7, pp. 146-I48, figs. 4; 22, pp. 483-486, figs. 9). — This article, in five parts, deals with the uses and misuses, durability, design, and cost of wooden .stave pipe, and with construction, or- ganization, and methods. Considerable working data for use in design and con- struction are given. Tests of submerged orifice head gates for the measurement of irrigation water, F. L. Bixby (New Mexico Sta. Bui. 97 (1915), pp. 3-55, figs. i2).— This bulletin, based on worli done under a cooperative agreement between the station and the Office of Experiment Stations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, reports investigations the main purpose of which was to calibrate a submerged orifice and prepare tables for its use in measuring water for irrigation. The submerged orifice used in the tests was an ordinary sliding head gate, the opening of which was entirely submerged. The orifice box consisted of a wooden flume 7 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 2.5 ft. deep, with one side so con- structed as to be readily moved, thus facilitating the regulation of the width of orifice. The gate was located 2.5 ft. from the upstream end of the flume. RURAL ENGINEERING. 887 The orifice opening: had the contraction suppressed on three sides, the l)ottom edge of the gate giving complete contraction. Two sets of tests were conducted, one in which there was velocity of approach and another in wliich the velocity of approach was eliminated. Three hook gages were used. In the first series of tests gage G, was placed 1.75 ft. up- stream from the plane of the orifice gate. The second gage, 0,, was placetl on the downstream side of the gate, but outside of the flume. In the second series of tests the velocity of approach was eliminated from the observation by plac- ing a third gage, Gi, in a stilling ba?in attached to the side of the flume. Three widths of opening, 1.5, 2, and 3 ft., were tested, and the height of opening varied for each width from 0.1 to 0.5 ft. From the data obtained in the first series the following standard equations were deduced for velocity of approach : Equations for velocity of approach, series 0~0z. 1.6 ft. orifice Do Do Do Do 2ft. orifice. . Do...... Do Do Do 3 ft. orifice.. Do « Do Opening, 0. 1 ft. .2 ft. .3 ft. .4 ft. .5 ft. .1ft. .2 ft. .3 ft. .4 ft. .5 ft. .1ft. .2 ft. .3 ft. Equations as obtained. 1.9992 fl'= 1.5910 Q S.0I77 n== .3557 Q 1.0217 J7= . 1332 Q S.I688 i7= ,0569 Q 2.1874 S= .0310 Q S.OIOO £f=. .8512 Q 2.DS8S 27= .1941 Q 2.1370 E= ,0771 Q 2.:900 n= .0293 Q 2.3)40 E= .0157 Q 1.9S7S £r= . 42,tO Q 2.0347 n=' .0925 Q 2.0824 n= .0350 Q Standard form. Q=0.6584V2ffA" 2027T Q- .712A-j2gh' 2-0217 Q- .76SA-j2gh 21888 Q^ .916^V^ 2-l87« 2010O Q- .GS2A-^f2gh t-mm Q- .7Z3A-j2gh 2-137> Q= .■mA^/2Qh 2.a)o» Q= .947^V^ 2-204* Q-= .996A-y/2gh I ■937» Q= .631^Vi^ 2 0,-!47 Q= .694^V2pA 2 MM Q- .lh2A^[2gh From the data obtained in the second series of tests the following standard equations of flow were deduced : Equations for no velocity of approach, series Ch-Gz. 1.5 ft. orifice Do Do Do Do 2 ft. orifice. . Do Do Do Do 3 ft. orifice. . Do Do Opening. 0. 1 ft. .2ft. .3 ft. .4 ft. .5 ft. .1ft. .211. .3 ft. .4 ft. .5 ft. .1ft. .2 ft. .3 ft. Equation as obtained. B-1.5911Q2. B= .3630Q2. i7=- .1412Q!. i7=. .0715Q2. ^= .0434QS. n= .8400Q2. n= .2I0SQ5. H== .a'^77Q». //= . 03S9Q2 . H=. .02a3Q2. H^' . 4260Q2 . H= .0948Q«. H^. .0380Q». Standard form. •0. 659.4 V^'i ■ .690AV^ • . 738.4 V2^ft ' .7S0A-/$h . .79S^V^ • .6.80.1 -v^ . .079^V^ . . 702^ ^f2gh < . 805.4 V^ . . 875^ ^2eh • .638^V^ ■ .67G.^V^ i .710A^2oh ggg EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A value of ■)f2g=8.02 was used in all computations. Q=discharge in cubic feet per second, 7i=effectlve head in feet, and A— area, of opening in square feet. Discharge tables for both conditions computed from these formulas are in- cluded and a working drawing with bills of materials for the submerged orifice adapted to field use is given. " In order tliat the results derived from this investigation, however, be put into practical use it is necessary to follow instructions as to proper installa- tion of the orifice head gate or erroneous results will be obtained. ... In making a field installation the head gate must be installed in such a manner as to provide a stilling pond above the flume. This can be best accomplished by making the ditch wider at this point and the bottom of the ditch slightly below grade. The orifice flume must be leveled in both directions and it should be well puddled into place to prevent leakages along the sides of the flume and consequent washouts. Cut-off walls are placed on the upstream end of the flume and an apron placed on the downstream end to assist in preventing the under- mining of the flume." In-igation in Nebraska, H. G. Diesem (Bien. Rpt. Bd. Irrig. Nehr., 10 (1913-14), pp. 24-204). — This report deals with the present status of irrigation in Nebraska, discussing particularly the physical and financial condition of the various irrigation enterprises in the State. Topographically the State is divided into three regions, namely, the loess, sand hill, and high plains regions. Most of the irrigation practice occurs in the high plains region. "The rainfall in the eastern half of the State is usually sufficient to produce crops and irrigation is not practiced, but in the western third or possibly half of the State, farming without irrigation is a hazardous undertaking. Generally the direct flow during the spring and early summer months of the streams located in the western part of the State greatly exceeds the demand for irrigation, but in the later summer months it rapidly dimin- ishes and is inadequate for the acreage now under irrigation canals. . . . "Approximately 2,000,000 acre-feet of water flow from the semiarid portions of the State each year as follows : Hat Creek 50,000, White River 100,000, Nio- brara River 500,000, Plate River, less 1,070,000 acre-feet stored in Pathfinder dam, 930,000, [and] Republican River 400,000 acre-feet. . . . "A good water supply can be obtained in all of the valleys of the different streams in the western portion of the State at depths ranging from a few feet to about 40 feet. The depth of the water is fairly uniform in each valley, but increases rapidly upon ascending the table lands, where it may be found to vary in the same locality. . . . " There is no Carey Act project within the State, and with the exception of the Interstate Canal, built and operated by the U. S. Reclamation Service, all the canals in the State are operated under the following organizations: (1) Individual or partnership ownership. (2) mutual irrigation companies, . . . (3) stock companies, . . . [and] (4) irrigation districts." Tenth biennial report of the state board of irrigation, highways, and drainage to the governor of Nebraska (Bien. Rpt. Bd. Irrig. Nebr., 10 (1913-14), pp. 356, pis. 34, fig. i).— This report covers the operations of the board for the two years ended September 1, 1914. The section on irrigation In Nebraska, by H. C. Diesem, is noted above. Fifth biennial report of the state engineer, J. H. Lewis (Bien. Rpt. State Engin. Oreg., 5 (1913-14), PP- S8, pis. 5, figs. 16).— This report deals with the activities of the state engineer's office during the biennial period ended with November, 1914, which consisted, among other things, of water power and irriga- tion development. RURAL ENGINEERING. 889 Beport of the Desert Land Board {Bien. Rpt. Desert TAind Bd. [Oreg.], S (191S-U), pp. 43, figs, li).— This report covers the reclamation of arid lands granted to the State of Oregon under the Carey Act, and includes a brief account of the activities of the board, together with a statement of th«; progress and condition of each project segregated by the State. Report of commissioner for water conservation and irrigation, L. A. B. Wa.db (Rpt. Comr. Water Conserv. and Irrig. [N. S. Wales], 1913-H, pp. 188, pis. IS).— The work and expenditures on water conservation and irrigation during the year ended June 30, 1914, are reported. Notes on the design of drainage ditches, with diagrams, W. H. Pob {Engin. and Contract., 43 (1915), No. 20, pp. 439-^1, figs. 2).— The author outlines the method used by him in the design of open ditches and gives several related suggestions gained from personal experience. Construction and maintenance of roads and bridges from July 1, 1913, to December 31, 1914 (V. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. 284 {1915), pp. 6^).— This bulletla reports in detail the field work of the divisions of construction, maintenance, and national park and forest roads of the Office of Public Roads for the past fiscal year, and is a continuation of the report for the previous year (E. S. R., 30, p. 386). The first section reports on the construction of sections of cement concrete, bituminous macadam, bituminous resurfaced, macadam, chert macadam, gravel, sand, clay, topsoil, and earth roads, and on the superintendence of construction of brick, gravel, earth, bituminous concrete, macadam with bituminous surface, macadam, and gravel roads. This section also Includes brief reports on ex- perimental work with limestone macadam resurfacing, post-road work, and bridge work. The second section reports on road survey and construction work in national parks and forests done in cooperation with the Forest Service of this Depart- ment and with the Department of the Interior. The third section reports projects for the study of the details of road main- tenance as carried out by state authorities in representative States and of county maintenance in selected counties, the inauguration of mainenance of post I'oads constructed under the act of Congress of Augiist 24, 1912, and the supervision of maintenance on a road from Washington, D. C, to Atlanta, Ga., in Alexandria County, Va., and on the United States experimental roads in Montgomery County, Md. First annual report of the State Highway Commission of the State of Maine {Ann. Rpt. Hightcay Com. Mame, 1913, pp. 138, pis. 13, figs. 5). — This contains a report of the work of the commission during 1913 in addition to the ninth annual report of the commissioner of highways from January 1 to July 12, 1913. Economical highway design, W. G. Haeger {Engin. News, 73 {1915), No. 24, pp. 1156-1158). — Data on the first cost and maintenance of 600 miles of New York State roads are given. Conclusions based on these data with reference to economy in highway design are as follows : "Justifiable economy in grading is limited to the treatment of intermediate grades and to variations in cross section to fit local conditions. Economy in foundation is properly secured by a variation in design utilizing the local sources of supply with short hauls. Economy in widths of hard paving is attained by the selection of varying widths that will serve each road or part of a road satisfactorily, and by special shoulder treatment. Economy in top courses re- sults from a selection of the minimum thickness and the type of surface that will serve satisfactorily the class of traffic to which it is subjected. Economy 890 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. of maintenance is attained oy preventing damage rather than repairing damage." Some maintenance costs, P. Macy {Cornell Civ. Engin., 23 {1915), No, 8, pp. 506-512). — This article gives maintenance cost data for several types of roads in New York, Treated wood-block paving, W. G. Mitchell {Dept. Int. Canada, Forestry Branch Btil. 49 {1915), pp. 40, pis. 2, figs. 18). — ^This is a compilation of the information at present available from researches made in different countries in regard to the use of wood for paving. A bibliography is appended. Concrete hig-hways, G. W. Mtees {Cornell Civ. Engin., 23 {1915), No. 8, pp. 486-492). — The author presents certain observations based upon recently acquired personal experience in the construction of concrete roads. A table giving comparative cost data on the construction and maintenance of concrete and macadam roads shows the concrete to be considerably the cheaper. Economy of small farm gas engines, D. P. Davies {Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., 8 {1914), pp. 73-80, figs. 7). — Experiments with three farm internal combustion engines, fated at 1^, 6, and 10 horsepower, with reference to fuel consumption at varying loads, are reported. All three engines were horizontal hopper-cooled, the two larger sizes being identical in design, while the smaller differed in form of combustion chamber and location and type of ignition. It was found that all the engines developed the best fuel economy not at maximum load, but at a load approximately 67 per cent of the maximum. All the engines carried the maximum load without signs of distress. The point of greatest fuel economy coincided with the load where the governor cut out every other explosion stroke. " It is possible that this condition has a scavenging effect on every explosion stroke taking place, resulting in a higher mean effective pressure for a given amount of fuel." Internal-combustion engine dimensions, H. L. Watson {Power, 41 (1915), No. 20, pp. 672-674, fig. !)• — A chart for graphically determining the speed, bore, and stroke for a given type and size of internal-combustion engine accord- ing to American practice is given. Electricity as a factor in progressive agriculture, E. P. Edwaeds {Trans. N. T. Elect. Soc, No 14 {1912), pp. 24, figs. 51).— The object of this paper Is " to point out the possible, as well as the probable, advantages that will accrue to the farmer and the country at large through the comprehensive use of electricity by the agrlcultixral community." Tabular data are given of tests on electrically operated farm machines, showing, among other things, the operating cost, including interest, deprecia- tion, and labor, with the cost of electricity at from 1 to 10 cents per kilowatt- hour. Draft of wagons, E. B. McCormick {Trans. Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin., 8 {1914), pp. 84-110, figs. 28; Engin. Rec., 71 {1915), No. 9, pp. 265, 266).— In this article the traction dynamometer designed by the author for the Office of Public Roads of this Department is described and illustrated, and results and conclu- sions drawn from data obtained fi'om its experimental use are reported. A brief description of the instrument and its operation is as follows: The Instrument Is attached to a standard city dray equipped with eight sets of wheels having tires varying from If to 6 in. in width. The frame of the instru- ment is suspended rigidly from the bed of the wagon. Two coil springs, through which the power is transmitted, are in the line of draft from the tongue. The tongue slides freely in its guides and is attached to the traction rod of the dynamometer. As this traction rod is moved forward by the pull on the tongue, the springs are compressed an amount corresponding to the draft exerted. TMs RURAL ENGINEERING. 891 compression is transmitted tlirougli a rack and gear to a ribbon wheel, wliich through a -steel ribbon, permits the record point to be moved by a coil spring which is in tension and which is attached to the other end of the guide carrying the needle point. A roll of sensitized paper 10 in. wide and some 100 yds. in length is led through rolls which derive their motion from a sprocl]. pis. 7, figs. 234).— TMh book contains a description of tlie population, soil, niolhotl.s of cultivation, crops raised, and agricultural instruction and experimentation In Russia. The description is amplified by a large number of graphic representations. A statement of the general agricultural conditions in Algeria for the crop year 1913-14 (Bui. Agr. Alg6rie, Tunisir., Maror, 21 (1915), No. 6, pp. 1SS-157).—A suumiary is given of the general crop conditions, the extent of the harvest, the foreign trade in the principal agricultural products, the condition of agricultural credit and cooperative associations, and experiments demonstra- tions, and regulations tending toward the improvement of agricultural con- ditions in Algeria. Live stock and agriculture {Cetisus Union iS'o, Africa, 1911, pt. 9, pp. 1208- 136S).— Thin part of the 1911 Census of the Union of South Africa gives returns regarding live stock, agriculture, and irrigation. It was found that there were 5.796,949 head of cattle, of which 1,620.376 were oxen; 719,444 horses; 430,641 mules and asses; 746,736 ostriches; 30,656,659 sheep ; 11,763,979 goats ; 1,081,600 pigs ; and 10,533,909 poultry. The land under cultivation was 3,282,071 morgen (about 7,124,047 acres), that lying fallow 892,929, and that used for grazing 89,945,238, and of the above, 34,132.230 morgen were fencetl in. Additional data are given concerning the extent of irrigation, production of various crops, the number of workers, and the different types of agricultural machines and implements used. British India, with notes on Ceylon, Afghanistan, and Tibet, H. D. Bakkb ET Ai., {U. S. Dept. Com., Spec. Cons. Rpts., No. 12 {1915), pp. 318-408, figs. 2).— Among the subjects treated in this report are acreage and production of the principal crops; production and trade in dairy products, vegetable oils, fruits, nuts, and forest products ; trade customs and conditions ; and irrigation methods. AGEICTJLTTJEAL EDUCATION. The relation of the college curriculum to human life and work, A. C. Tbub {Educational Mo. [Ga.1, 1 {1915), No. 5, pp. 157-162; Better Schools, 1 {1915), No. 8, pp. 132-135). — The author pleads for a broader consideration of the industrial element, i. e., agriculture and mechanic arts, commerce, and house- hold arts, in the educational system of this country from the primary school to the university, not for vocational purpose but for general or cultural edu- cation. He suggests that the general college curriculum "be perfectefl not so much by the addition of subjects to give the student a broader range of choice pjs by the reorganization and redirecting of a limited number of fundamental sub- jects to make him a well-educated man prepared to live in tlie day of his own generation." See also a previous note (E. S. R., 32, p. 799). The importance of agricultural education to the Commonwealth, H. Pns {Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 14 {1913), pp. 675-694).— In this address the author discusses the importance of agricultural education to the social, eco- nomic, and political welfare of the people of Australia, the metamorphoses and education of the farmer, the itinerant school of agriculture, the contrast be- tween American and Australian conditions, the existing scheme of agricultural education in Australia, the functions of the elementary school and the agricul- tural high school, the linking of the work of the latter with that of the agri- cultural college, the mission of the agricultural college and the university school of agriculture, the scope and organization of the degree course in agriculture, 896 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. the importance of physics and forestry in agriculture, and the commercial and economic aspect of agriculture. It is his belief that the education of agricul- tural students should not be wholly concerned with the material side of life If the agricultural community is to develop great leaders to represent it in the councils of the Commonwealth and to support it in a policy of development, and that with cooperation the farming community becomes a vital force. Hence, the university, if it is to carry out its mission, should insist that the men who are to become leaders of agricultural thought should have a knowledge of life as well as be practical, scientific agriculturists. Memorandum on the curricula of ruralized secondary schools, W. N. Bbuce {Bd. Ed. iLondon^ Circ. 883 (1914), pp. 2i).— The nature, organization, and content of a ruralized curriculum, together with the place of agriculture therein and outdoor work and the use of land are discussed. It is held that the curriculum should be given a rural bias without attempt- ing to make it purely agricultural or of emphasizing the vocational trend too strongly, and thus provide for the needs not only of those who intend to pursue rural industries, but also of the majority of those who do not. Agricultural and horticultural application of scientific principles should receive attention and be freely introduced, not with the object of teaching agriculture but of illus- trating biological, chemical, and physical principles. Such technical subjects as farm implements and buildings, cultivation of various farm crops, breeds and management of live stock, etc., should be excluded as the time does not permit of their treatment concurrently with the necessary study of the funda- mental sciences, their introduction will generally indicate a wrong attitude on the part of the teacher toward the course as a whole, and these subjects will not be so treated as to be of any great educational value. The provision of a small plat of land is found highly desirable and should be used for the practical teaching of biology, chemistry, and physics through the cultivation of the soil and the growth of farm and garden plants. It should be divided into nature study plats to provide material for nature study lessons in the lower grades, a demonstration and experiment plat^ a fruit plat, and separate plats of about 30 square yards for each boy of at least one of the forms, the boys doing all of the required work under the supervision of the teacher. The training of teachers should include some practical acquaintance with the ordinary operations of a garden and a farm but need not include formal instruction in the theory and practice of agriculture as taught in the agricul- tural colleges. Elementary school education as affecting the rural life problem, Mabel Carney {Ann. Rpt. Conn. Bd. Agr., ^ (1918), pp. 130-U2).— In telling about her own work in the rural schools of Illinois the author indicates that the rural school Is the best agency in building up community life. Educational development in agriculture, L. S. Hawkins (Science Con- spectus, 5 (1915), No. 2, pp. 37-41, pi. 1, figs. 4). — ^This is a brief survey of what is being done by the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, extension agencies, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the public schools to educate the farmer. Present requirements in the United States in instruction in nature study and elementary agriculture, E. R. Downing (Nature-Study Rev., 11 (1915), No. 6, pp. 291-299). — This is a tabulation of requirements in nature study and elementary agriculture in the graded schools of the several States and Terri- tories. Agriculture in the schools of Mansfield and Lebanon, A. J. Brundaqe (Ann. Rpt. Conn. Bd. Agr., 46 (1913), pp. 77-SO).— This is a brief report on an AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 897 experiment In requiring instruction in agriculture in the public scliools of Mansfield and Lebanon, Conn, The children above the fourth grade are taken into one class for the four-year agricultural work, directed by an agricultural supervisor. About 80 per cent of the children taking agriculture in the schools carry on some directed home work, and corn, potato, garden and canning, poultry, and dairy clubs have been organized. Some of the benefits of the home w^ork are pointed out. What the public schools of Indiana are doing in pre-vocational agri- cultural work (Dept. Pub. Instr. llnd.], Ed. Pubs., Bui. 16 {1915), pp. SO, figs. 11). — ^This is a report on the agricultural work that has been done by the public schools in general throughout the State, and on home problem work in several different communities, and its value, continuation work during the sum- mer, agricultural teachers in Indiana, helps from the state department of public instruction, county agricultural agents, short courses and demonstra- tions, colleges and normal schools, and the Purdue University department of education. Vocational agriculture, G. A. Works {Agr. Student, 22 (1915), No. 1, pp. 49-52, fig. 1). — The author describes the vocational agricultural instruction in the hlgli schools of the State of New York, including individual and group project work. Domestic science in the schools (Agr. Oaz. Canada, 2 (1915), No. 4, pp. 362-37 1). — Brief reports are given on the present status of instruction in c'omestic science in the public schools of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Credit for home work, E. B. Whaley (Proc. W. Va. Ed. Assoc, 44 (1914), pp. 101-108). — ^This paper discusses credit for home work as it bears upon (1) the broadening of the curriculum so as to give every pupil a chance to discover his capacities, (2) the adaptation of the rural school to the community, and (3) a more vital cooperation between the school and the home. In connection with this paper the author submits the report of a committee on credit for home work which recommends that the farm home be made the laboratory of the rural schools, and suggests lists of laboratory work in agriculture, hygiene, manual training, and domestic science from which the required amount of work might be chosen. The model school garden (Agr. Oaz. Canada, 2 (1915), No. 3, pp. 268-283, figs. 8). — Tlais symposium comprises (1) a suggested diagram and planting plan of a school garden prepared by L. A. DeWolfe, director of elementary agricul- tural education for Nova Scotia; (2) a diagram of a school garden with sug- gestions on selection of site, size, fall preparation of soil, planning and cultiva- tion of garden, by R. P. Steeves, director of elementary agricultural education of New Brunswick; (3) a brief account of the progress of schools gardens in Quebec, by J. A. Grenier, secretary of the Quebec Department of Agriculture; (4) a discussion of the meaning of school gardening, the relation of nature study and elementary agriculture, and of the chief features of the ideal school garden aimed at for Ontario schools, by S. B. McCready, director of elementary agricultural education of Ontario; (5) a brief statement of the nature and scope of gardening possible in a school, by H. W. Watson, director of elemen- tary agricultural education of Manitoba; and (6) the essentials both as to the purposes or educational value of the school garden and as to the make up of the garden itself and how many of these features might reasonably be included in one garden, by J. W. Gibson, director of elementary agricultural education of British Columbia. Why school gardens fail (Agr. Oaz. Canada, 2 (1915), No. 7, pp. 682-686). — Among the reasons given in this series of articles by educational authorities 398 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. in the Provinces of Nova Scotia, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and British Columbia for the failure of school gardens are the following : The too frequent change of teachers ; an attempt to undertake too much ; the lack in teachers of prepara- tion, enthusiasm, power of leadership, and understanding of the object of the school garden; the lack of cooperation between teachers and between trustees and teachers; the lack of care during the summer vacation; and the tinsuit- ability of school grounds, either on account of condition or size, etc. Boys' and girls' clubs, R. H. Embekson and G. W. Reavis (Mo. Col. Agr., 'Agr. Ext. Serv. Proj. Announcement 3 {1915), pp. 2^, figs. 8).— This bulletin gives directions for organizing boys' and girls' clubs, lesson topics, and contests for corn, poultry, sewing, stock judging, pig, tomato, bread, and canning clubs. A list of Farmers' Bulletins of this Department classified according to the dif- ferent club projects is included. Boys' and girls' club work in New Mexico, W. T. Conway and Doba E. Ross (N. Mex. Col. Agr., Ext, Div. Bid. 1 {1915), pp. 2.^).— The authors outline the purpose and plan of work of boys' and girls' clubs in New Mexico. Boys' and girls' industrial clubs of Oregon, E. F. Carxeton {[Salem, Oreg.}: Dept. Ed., 1915, pp. 7, figs. S).—A brief survey is given of the organiza- tion of industrial club work of the boys and girls of Oregon conducted by the state department of education in cooperation with the Oregon Agricultural College and this Department. A list of 12 club projects which have been under- taken to adapt the work to the needs of different sections of the State Is included. Industrial club work of Oregon boys and girls, N. C. Mabis and L. P. Habeington {Salem, Oreg.: Dept. Ed., 1915, pp. J^2, figs. 32). — ^The authors give a review of the work of the past year, including stories and club project re- ports by some of the club members. Organization of boys' pig clubs, W. H. Balis {La. Agr. Col., Ext. Div. Circ. 2 {1915), pp. 8, figs. 6). — Directions are given for organizing and conducting boys' pig clubs in Louisiana. The farm in the work of the primary grades, Grace Rait {Atlantic Ed. Jour., 10 {1915), No. 10, pp. 15, 16). — The author outlines v/ork for the first grade based on the farm as a source of motive. Soils and plant life as related to agriculture, J. C. Cunningham and W. H. Lancelot {New York: The Macmillan Co., 1915, pp. XX+348, pi. 1, figs. 154). — The authors present a first study in agi'iculture dealing with soils and plants, Including field, fruit, and vegetable crops, for rural, gi*aded, and high schools. The text is interspersed with practical exercises and review questions, and lists of equipment and publications are added. A course of practical work in the chemistry of the garden, D. R. Edwabdes- Kee {London: John Murray, 1914, pp. 40). — This course for teachers and students of horticulture, gardening, and rural science consists of experiments in the chemistry of plants, soils, manures and fertilizers, and sprays and washes. An appendix gives directions for the preparation of solutions mentioned in the text. Com: A guide for judging varieties adapted to Oklahoma conditions, A. Daane and F. F. Febguson {Okla. Agr. Col., Ext. Div. Circ. 16 {1915), pp. 13, figs. 4)- — This guide adopts variety standards comprising five groups, and gives descriptions of the varieties, rules for judging corn exhibits, directions for special seed selection and growing seed corn, and suggestions on plant qualifi- cations in ear selection. Seed com testing, E. Hopt and F. D. Keim {Nebr. Col. Agr., Ext. Serv. Lesson 3, pp. 4, figs. 4)- — Directions for making a general test and individual ear test of corn are given. AGRICULTUEAI. EDUCATION. 899 Laboratory manual of horticulture, G. W. Hood (Boston and London: Ginn d Co., 1915, pp. VI-{-23Jf, figs. 52). — The 7S exercises in this manual consist of studies of seeds, bulbs, cornis, cuttings, buds, pruning, grafting and grafting waxes, fungicides and insecticides, and. the apple, grape, peach, pear, and plum. Their aim is to assist the student in grasping some of the fundamental prin- ciples of horticulture and in learning by actual experimentation and observa- tion the reasons for certain necessary horticultural operations. Blank pages for the student's notes and report are included, as well as a glossary of de- scriptive terms. These exerci.ses have been given in connection with the work In general horticulture at the Ohio State University, Michigan Agricultural College, and the University of Nebraska. A vegetable gardening syllabus for teachers, Ethel Gowans (i7. S. Bur. Ed. [Syllabus], 1915, Apr., pp. .}). — An outline is given of field and classroom work in vegetable gardening, the latter consisting of projects on the require- ments for plant groAvth, management of the soil, and selection of seeds. The principles of floriculture, E. A. White {New Yorlc: The Macmillan Co., 1915, pp. XX +467, pi. 1, figs. 52). — This book, which is an outgrowth of the author's experience and observations, has been prepared to meet the need for a classroom test on the principles that underlie the successful culture of ornamental plant§. It treats of the importance and development of the flower industry in the United States and Canada ; centers of the industry and the markets; factors which influence the selection of a location; glass structures and their arrangement, construction, heating, and management ; plant structure and its relation to healthy plant growth; reproduction; soil for and diseases and insect pests of greenhouse plants; cut flower crops, potted flowering and fruiting plants, foliage plants, hardy plants and their adaptation for forcing, plants for outdoor bedding, window and veranda boxes, and packing and ship- ping plants and flowers. Judging dairy cattle, G. Gusler (Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.'i, 10 (1915), No. 10, pp. 23, figs. 15). — Directions are given for judging dairy cattle. Milk and milk products in the home, J. Michels (Farmingdale, N. Y.: Author, 1915, pp. 100, pi. 1, figs. 19). — This text for students in home economics and housekeepers in general treats of the composition, physical properties, and food value of milk and its products, the care of milk in the home, market classes of milk, and the production of clean wholesome milk, including a score card on equipment and method. Farm-business arithmetic, C. J. Lewis (Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., 1915, pp. XIII +199, pi. 1, figs. 2). — This book of farm problems may be used as a course of daily lessons or as supplementary arithmetic work. Many of the subjects can be mastered by pupils between the ages of 12 and 15 years. Problems are given in farm accounting and business forms, farm and market values, harvesting, shipping, poultry keeping, dairying, farm feeding, planting, farm occupations, the business end of farm life, farm management, etc. Agricultural collections for school laboratories (Mo. Col. Agr., Agr. Ext. Serv. Proj. Announcement 2 (1915), pp. 29). — The laboratory material listed in this bulletin has been prepared especially for the use of high schools in teaching field crops, horticulture, entomology, and soils and fertilizers. The collections, which can be used also in the home or graded rural schools, may be procured from the agricultural extension service of the University of Missouri at a nominal cost. NOTES. Arizona "triiiversity and Station. — The new agricultural building has just been completed at a cost of $165,000. This building contains the offices of the presi- dent and business manager of the university, the dean and director of the col- lege of agi'iculture and station, and the departments of agronomy, horticulture, animal husbandry, agricultural chemistry, plant breeding, home economics, agri- cultural extension, and archaeology. P. W. Moore has been appointed fellow in agricultural chemistry and T. E. Schreiner, of Cornell University, to take charge of the poultry work. Arkansas University and Station. — J. B. Rather, formerly of the Texas Station, has been appointed head of the department of agricultural chemistry in the uni- versity and station, with E. G. Will as assistant. H. E. Truax has resigned to accept a position with the States Relations Service of this Department in its studies of agricultural instruction and has been succeeded as assistant in horti- culture by C. H. Hurd. F. H. Herzer has been appointed assistant in animal husbandry for special work in dairying, and Ruth A. Peck, head of the depart- ment of home economics to succeed Miss Sarah Pettit. Kentucky Station. — D. D. Slade, superintendent of the poultry farm, has been transferred to extension work. N. R. Elliott has been appointed assistant in horticulture, and D. H. Wilkins, research assistant in poultry, beginning Septem- ber 1. Mississippi Station. — H. K. Gayle, a county agent in Kentucky, has been ap- pointed animal husbandman. New Jersey College and Stations. — Recent appointments include the following : Lloyd S. Riford, assistant dairy husbandman and instructor in dairy husbandry, vice A. S. Cook, resigned ; Roy F. Irvin, instructor in poultry husbandry, vice C. E. Brett, resigned ; Dr. John W. Shive, plant pathologist ; J. Marshall Hunter, inspector for the Live Stock Commission; Carl R. Woodward, librarian and editor ; William S. Porte, assistant in plant breeding ; Orville C. Schultz, assist- ant in plant physiologj' ; S. A. Waksman and Roland E. Curtis, assistants in soil fertility ; William H. Martin, assistant in plant pathology, vice George W. Mar- tin, resigned ; W. S. Krout, assistant in plant pathology ; A. C. Foster, seed an- alyst, vice Robert W. Schmidt, resigned ; and Homer C. Carney, assistant seed analyst. John H. Voorhees and Charles M. Arthur, extension specialists in agronomy and market methods respectively, have resigned, the latter to become instructor In agricultural extension in the Pennsylvania College. Pennsylvania Institute of Animal Nutrition. — J. E. Mensching, J. E. Isenberg, and E. W. Schmidt have been appointed assistants in animal nutrition. F. C, Dose has resigned. Porto Rico College and Station.— Samuel D. Gray has been appointed professor of entomology in the college, vice R. I. Smith, who has assumed charge of the Boston office for the foreign cotton quarantine against the pink boll worm of Egj'pt and other countries. Policarpio Gonzalez has been appointed assistant in agriculture. His work will include the instruction of rural teachers in agriculture. Elmer W. Brandes has been appointed plant pathologist in the station. Washington Station. — Dr. J. S. Caldwell, botanist of the Alabama College and Station, has been appointed in charge of the fruit by-products investigations. 900 O Issued May 3, 1916, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE » STATES RELATIONS SERVICE A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. XXXIII INDEX NUMBER EXPERIMENT STATIC RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OITICE 1916 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Weather Bueeatj— C, F. Marvin, Chief. BuBEAU OF Animal Industet — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bubeatj op Plant Indttstry — W. A. Taylor, Chief. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — C. L. Alsberg, Chief. Bureau of Crop Estimates— L.M.Estabrook, /Stofw^tcum. Bureau op Entomology— L. Q. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey — H. W. Henshaw, Chief. Ofhce of Public Roads and Rural Engineerinq — -L.W. P^e, Director. Office of Markets and Rural Organization — C. J. Brand, Chief. States Relations Service — A. C. True, Director. Office op Experiment Stations — E. W. Allen, CW^. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. - College Station: jlubum; J. F.Duggar.a Canebrake Station: VnUyMown; L. H. Moore.a Tuakegee Station: iTuat^^ce Institute; G.W. Carver.o Alaska— Sttko.- C. C. Qeorgeson.i' Aeizona— lucson: G. F. Freeman.* Aekansas— JbyettflHne; M. Nelson." CaufoenIa— £erMe;/.* T. F. Hunt.a C!oLORAD0 — Fort CoUim: C. P. Gillette." CONNECTICTJT— state Station: New flown,- W^ g. Jenklns.o Storrs Station: Storr*; I Delaware— JVeworfc.- H. HaTward.o Tt0SJD\— Gainesville: P. H. RollS.o QzoiLGU.—ExpeTime7it: B. J. H. De Loach.o QVJM—Islandof Guam: A. C. Hartenbower,6 HA-WAfl— Federal Station :-fl(Mio?it2«; J. M. Westgate.* Sugar Planters' Station: flonoIttiM/H. P. Agee." Idaho — Moscow: J. S. Jones.o iLLiKOia— Vrbana: E. Davenport.o Indiana— I« Fayette: A. Goss.o lo-V i.— Ames: C. F. Curtiss.o Kaksas— itfanfeatton; W, It'. Jardlne.s KstnvcKr— Lexington: 3. H. Kastle.o LotnsuNA— State Statioti: Baton Rouge; i Sugar Station: ^«du6oo i'ffrk. I j^ New Orleans; j North La. Station: Calhotin; j Maine— OroTw: CD. Woods.o Maeyland— CoH«^«"Pork.' H. J. Patterson.o Massachusetts— .ilw/ierat: W. P. Brooks.a MicmoAN— Eoat Laimng: R. S. Shaw.« Minnesota— U7ifoCT-s«y Farm, St. Paul: A. F. Woods.o iiiaaissan—AffrteultuTal CoHegt: E. R. Lloyd.o MSSOUEI— ^ CoU^e Statlonr Columbia; F. B. Milmford.o Fruit Station: A/ountoin OroiK,' Paul Evans.o MoNTANA^iozemaTU' F. B, LinSeld.a Nebeaska— iiTJcoZw E. A. Bumett.o Nevada— iSeno.' 8. B. Doten.o New Haupshiee— Ditritam; J. C. Kendall." New Jebset— JVttc Brurnioiclc: J. Q. Lipman.* New Mexico— Stote CoTUge: Fabian Garcia." New Yoek— State Station: Oeneva; W. H. Jordan." Cornell Station; Ithaca; B. T. Galloway." NOETH Caeouna— College Station: West Rdleigh;\^ -^ Kllgore." State Station: ifofe^R ,• / * " ^^ NoETH Dakota— .ifrfciittttroZ Colitge: T. P. Cooper." Omo—Wooster: C. E. Thome." Oklahoma— StCZwaitfr.- W. L. Carlyle." Oeeoov— OorwjiZi*; A. B. Cordley." Pennsylvania— State CoUegt: R. L. Watts." 8taU College: Institute of Animal Nutrltkm; H. P. Armsby." PoETO Rico— Federal Station: ilayaguetj D. W. May.* Insular Station: Rio Piedras: W. V. Tower." Rhode Island— Jftn^tojj.' B. L. Hartwell.o South Caeouna— CJemjon College:]. N. Harper.* South Dakota— Brookiii^: J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— ffTjDitJiKi.* H. A. Morgan." Texas— Cbneje Station: B. Youngblood." Utah— Xojon.* E. D. BalL" . Vermont— .PutHtj^Joji.- J. L. HUls." VmoiNiA- BlacltsbuTgt W. J. Schoene.* Norfolk: Truck Station; T. C. Johnaon." Washinqton— PttHmon; I. D. Cardiff." West A'iEGrbnA— Jtfor(?ontown.' J. L. Coulter." Wisconsin- Ifodfecm.- H. L. Russell." WTOiquo— Xaroflife: C. A. Duniway.c " Director. ft Agronomist in charge. c Aotlng director. INDEX OF NAMES. Aarstad, H., 492. Abibe, C, 321. Abbe, C, Jr., 320. Abbey, M. J., 494, 495, 697. Abbot, C. G., 717. Abbott, J. B., 22. Abderhalden, E., 167, 310, 477, 86S. Ackermann, E., 715. Ackert, J. E., 681. Acqua, C, 725. Adams, A. E., G39. Adams, B., 49S, 499. Adams, E. L., 834. Adams, J., 842. Adams, M., 219. Adams, M. J., 782. Adams, R. G., 337. Aders, W. M., 152. Adler, L., 613. Ageton, C. N., 24. Agg, T. R., 189. Agulhon, H., 713. Ahearn, M. F., 794. Ahearne, M., 296. Ahr, 268. Aiken, W. A., 684. Aiyer, P. A. S., 216. Akerman, A., 298. Aksenov, B., 528. Albano, S. F., 432, 624. Albaugh, B. F., 540, Albert, 816. Albert, A., 418. Albert, F., 144. Albert, R., 205. Albertoni, P., 464. Alchevski, 225. Alciatore, H. F., 717. Alderman, L. R., 597. Alderman, W. H., 840. Aldrich, J. M., 860. Aldrich, L. B., 717. Alexander, C. P., 561. Alexander, J., 99. Alflerl, A., 750. Allard, H. A., 447. Allen, A. A., 198. Allen, E. R., 421. Allen, P. W., 781. Allen, R. W., 142, 333, 838, 379, 390. AUen, W. J., 841. Allen, W. M., 164. Allison, H. O., 265. Alsberg, C. L., 177, 655, 702, 824. Alvord, H. E., 300. A mar, J., 68. Amato, L. d', 566. Ambler, J. M., 688. Ames, A., 545. Ames, C. T., 34. Ames, J. H., 392. Ames, J. W., 732. Anastasla, G. E., 435. Andersen, H. K., 846. Anderson, C. L., 94. Anderson, C. R., 843. Anderson, F. I., 690. Anderson, G. F., 12. Anderson, J. E., 299. Anderson, J. F., 702. Anderson, J. P., 646. Anderson, M. J., 78. Anderson, P. J., 854. Anderson, R. J., 11. Anderson, V. G., 617. Anderson, W., 700. Andrade, E. N., de, 841. Andreuzzi, L., 488. Andrews, A., 570. Andrews, B. R., 397. Andrews, E. A., 643. Andrews, F., 192. Andrlik, 713. Andrlfk, K., 434. Andronescu, D. I., 433. Andrus, C. G., 717. Angerhausen, J., 612. Angle, P. E., 440. Angstrom, A., 806. Angyal, D., 838. Annett, H. E., 174. Anstead, R. D., 643. Anthony, R. D., 641. Appel, 0., 740. Appl, J., 146. Appleman, C. O., 315. Appleyard, A., 540, 618. Aragao, H. de B., 281. Archibald, E. S., 759, 765. Arctowski, H., 806. Arkell, H. S., 93. Armltage, E., 442.. Armsby, H. P., 72. Armstrong, M., 842. Armstrong, R. P., 699. Armstrong, S. F., 645. Arnaud, G., 54, 742. Arndt, F., 624. Arnold, .T. R., 646. Arny, A. C, 633. Arragon, C, 14. Arthur, C. M., 900. Arthur, J. C, 130, 400, 647. Ashby, A. W., 694. Ashby, R. C, 197. Ashe, W. W., 738, 844. Ashley, W. J., 364. Aso, K., 627. Aston, B. C, 753. Atkins, W. R. G., 426. Atkinson, A., 632, 635, 654. Atkinson, G. F., 130. Atterberg, A., 420. Atwater, H. W., 261. Atwater, W. O., 3. Atwood, H., 575. Atwood, W. M., 837. Auchter, E. C, 839. Augustin, E., 78. Aumer, J. P., 517. Aune, B., 829, 837, 871. Austin, B. J., 495. Ayers, S. H., 113, 382, 675, 876. Babcock, D. C, 338, 854. Babcock, F. R., 633. Baccarini, P., 445. Bach, A., 713. Bachelder, W. K., 596. Bacot, A. W., 747, 749. Badermann, G., 165. Baer, A. C, 382. Baer, W., 659. Baeslack, F. W., 176. Bahr, L., 115. Bailey, F. D., 850. Bailey, I. W., 143. Bailey, L. H., 296, 438, 797. Balrd, R. O., 360. Baker, A. C, 748, 857. Baker, C. F., 856. Baker, B. D., 794. Baker, G. T., 843. Baker, H. D., 895. Baker, J. L., 843. Baker, P. S., 198. Baldwin, E. R., 181. Balls. W. H., 898. Ball, C. R., 337, 835. Ball, E. D., 59, 392. Ball, O. M., 591. 901 902 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Baltz, C, 629. Banrroft, C. K.. 850, 852. Bang. N. O. II., 475. BSr-ln.v, F., 505. Harhcr. C. A.. 4.3.5, 835. BarbtT. M. A.. 8.59. Barb.T, T. C, 155. Baifragli-fetrucci,. G., 445. Bark, D. II., 583. Barkan. O., 567. Barker. I?. T. P., 148, 151, 240, .3;w. Barkor. F. D., 863. Barker, J. F., 26. Barker, P. B., 600. Barker, P. W., 43. Barlow. J. T.. 795. Barnes, F. A.. 782. Barnet, W. A.. 743. Barney. W. B., 164. Barnstein, F., 267. Barron, T., 77. Barrowrliff. M., 50. 512. Barrows. W. B., 739. Barols. 512. Bartlott, n. H., 221, 524, 822. Bartow, B., 423. Bashore, H. B., 893. Basset, J., 365. Bassett, C. E., 294. Bastin, n., 123, 153. Basu, B. C, 227. Bateman, n., 321. Bates, C, 675. Bates, D. C, 118, 807. Bates, J. S., 615. Battle, J. S., 443. Baudreiel, A., 310. Baumann, L., 13. Baumberger, J. P., 652. Baumgarten, 650. Baunacke, 56. Baxter, C. W., 440. Ba.xter, O. G., 288. Bazhanov, S., 437, Beach, B. A., 389. Beal, G. D., 65. Beam, A. L., 198. Beattie. R. K., 448. Beauverie, J., 445. Beavers, J. C, 325. Bechtel, A. R., 700, 796. Beck, O., 258. Beckman, F. W., 498, 499. Beckurts. H., 258. Bedford, M. FI., 208. Beeck, A., 572. Beegle. F. M., 375. Boeler, M. N., 399. Begomann, O., 409. Beger, C, 758. Begin, J., 783. B^guet. M., 653. Behre, A., 67.3. Beljerinck, M. W., 720. Beitzke, H., 84. BelHng, J., 34, 533. Belluoci, I., 710. Benimelen, W. van, 509. Benedict, F. G., 167, 263. 264, 26.5. 566, 567. 757. Benkendorf, G. H., 797. Bennett, J. P., 245. Benson, M., 175. Benson, O. H., 95, 195, 599. Bentley, G. M., 554. Berdel, G., 387. Berg, A., 247, 34S. Berg, P., 612. Berg. R., 66. Berger, E. F., 700. Berger, L. G. den, 513. Bergoni^, 464. Berkhout, A. E., 516. Berkmann, M., 216. Berliner, E., 547. BermCidez, R. S., y, 466. Bernard, C, 841. Bernard, E., 220, 313. Bernard, L., 652. BernStsky, J., 533. Bersch, W., 818. Bertram, M., 893. Bertrand, G., 718. BeRsell, G. H., 448. Bethell, B. O., 600. Bethnne, C. J. S., 553. Betten, C, 198. Eetts, G. H., 95. Betts, H. S., 543, 845. Bickhardt, H., 856. Bidwell, G. L., 227. Blederman, C. R., 49. Biedermann, W., 168. Bieliaev, I., 884. Blerbaum, K., 387. Blgge, L. A. S., 261. Billlg. F. G., 790. Billing, G. T., 261. Billings, R. M., 792. Bill.son, H. G., 344. Blister, A. M., 795. Bingham, L. G., 165. Bloletti, F. T., 143. Blrchard, F. J., 201. Blrk, C, 324. Birklnshaw, F., 227. BIrt, A. G., 227. Bishop, E. C, 597, 598, 800. Blshopp, F. C, 657, 860. Bitting, A. W., 210. Blxby, F. L., 886. Bjerrum, N., 109.- Black, C. A., 247. Black, O. F., 665. Blagonravov, A. A., 720. Blair. H., 866. Blair, T. A., 117, 118. Blair, W. P., 782. Blair, W. S., 237. Blake, M. A., 439, 638. Blakeslee, A. F., 172, 300, 699. Blakeslee, B. B., 61, 454, 858. Blanchard, H. L., 38, 90, 97, 98, 299, 698. Blanchon, A., 77. Blanck, E., 16, 325, 722. Blarez, 613. Blaringhem, L., 145. Blasiogame, R. U., 700. Blatter, E., 841. Bleckmann, H., 714. Bller, J., 774. Blin, H., 54. Bllsh, M. R., 690. Bliss, G. R., 598. Bliss, R. K., 373. Bloeser, W., 561. Blosser, R., 65. Blue, R., 167. Blumenthal, P. L., 399. Blunno, M., 440. Beam, H. J., 93. Boardman, W. C, 796. Bochkova, A. D., 734. Bodkin, G. E., 560. Boerner, E. G., 836. Bees, J., 674. Bogoljubov, S., 159. Bogs, O., 205. Bogue, R. H., 699. Bois-Reymond, R. du, 168. Boland, B. N., 699. Bolley, H. L., 232, 636. Boltz, G. E., 732. Bonazzl, A., 329, 421. Boncquet, A., 743. Bonns, W. W., 736. Book, W. F., 595. Boon, A. A., 876. Boor, O. L., 398. Borck, H., 313. Bordas, 66. Bordlga, O., 858. Boring, A. M., 75. Borland, A. A., 700. Bornmann, J. H., 259. Borodin, D., 154. Borowlkow, G. A., 28. Bort, K. S., 235. Boruttau, H., 565. Borzl, A., 834. Bos, J. R., 444. Bosworth, A. W., 201, 660, 752. Bothwick, A. W., 500. Bottomley, W. B., 124.- Bouch^, B., 92. Boutan, L., 171. Bovle, W. T., 224. Boving, A., 655. Bowditch, H. I., 752. Bowsfleld, C. C, 91. Boyce, J. S., 645. Boyce, W. G. H., 646. Boynton, W. H., 180, 876. Brace, G. M., 792. Bracker, B, M. D., 796. INDEX OF NAMES. 903 Bradbury, C. M., 16. Bradford, F. C, 838. BradJey. E. H., 698. Bragg, L. C, 857. Brahm, C, 279. Brainerd, W. K.. 769. Braman, W. W., 116. Branch, G. V., 40, 294. Brnndes, E. W., 900. Brannon, J. M., 796. Brannon, M. A., 427. Brannt, W. T., 18. Branson, D. H., 399. Brante, L.. 84. Brauer, K., 66. Brauer, O. L., 110. Braun, A. F., 655. Braun, K., 851. Bray, C. I., 568. Broakwell, E., 527, 674. Bronchley, W. E., 327. Brennan, G. A.. 298. Brentana, D., 575. Br&thes, J., 860. Brett, C. E., 900. Brew, J. D.. 78. Brewster, E. T.. 662. Brewster, L., 662. Brlcker, G. A., 798. Bridges, C. B., 869. Brlerly, W. B., 500. Brlggs, L. J., 230, 726. Brlgham, R., 197. Brlnsmaid, W., 711. Brlttain, W. H., 447. Britten, W. E., 57, 58, 61, 862. Brodle. F. J., 508. Bronfenbrenner, J., 283, 385. Brooks, A. J., 448. Brooks, C, 247, 348. Brooks, C. F., 118. Brooks, E. A., 495. 553. Brooks, F. E., 61, 99, 360, 457. Brooks, F. T., 150, 151, 449, 651. Brooks, T. J., 91. Brooks, W. P., 218, 238, 624. Brosch, A., 578. Brosmer, L. J., 199. Brounov, P. I., 20. Brown, C. E., 152. Brown, E. F., 261. Brown, F. B. H., 523, 645. Brown, F. R., 400. Brown. G., 816. Brown, L. F., 170. Brown, N. A., 742. Brown, P. E., 418. Brown, R. T., 688. Brown, W., 572. Brown, W. C, 565. Brown, W. H., 443. Browning, C. H., 280. Browning, H., jr., 202. Bruce, D., 739, 794. Bruce, W. N., 896. Brueckner, A. L., 86. Brues, C. T., 652. Brun, R., 563. Brundage, A. J., 896. Brunemeler, E. H., 754. BruDor, S. C, 551. P>runner, J,, 454. Brunner, N., 653. Brilnnlch, J. C, 22. P.runovsky, K., 275. Bryan, E. A., 302. Bryan, K„ 186. Bryan, M. K., 744. Bryan, T, J., 66. Bryant, fl. B., 443. Bryant, T. R., 498. B«»ohanan, R. L., 700. Buchanan, W. A., 697. Bufhet, S., 445. Buck, J. E., 357. r.uckland, J„ 152. Bukovansky, J., 825. Bulkley. M., 864. Bull, C. P., 481, 729, 7S4. Bullock. B. D., 787. Bunting, B., 50. Bunyard, E. A., 537. Burch, G. F., 487. Burge, E. L., 478. Burge, W. E., 478. Burger, A. A., 697. Biirger, M., 476. Burgess, A. F., 254, 457|. Burgess, J. L., 836. Burgess, P. S., 24, 323, 427, 791. Burgkart, K., 285. Burke. C. E., 202. Burkett, C. W., 494. Burkholder, W. H., 350. Eurlingham, C. L., 795. Burmeister, C. A., 332. Burnet, W. C, 259. Burns, G. P., 224. Burr, W, W., 137, 230, 231, 232, 632. Burri, R., 81. Burton, M. Q., 794. Busch, K., 547. Busck, A., 655, 748. Bush. G. W.. 796. Busolt, E., 310. Buss, W. J„ 380. Busvold, N., 204, 711. Butler, A. W., 152. Butler, O., 223. Butt, N. I., 199. Buttenberg, P., 660. Butterfield, W. H., 291. Buxton, J. B., 679. Byl, P. A. van der, 151, 523. Cable. G. W., 143. Cacclarl, P., 523. Cadenhead, A. F. G., 16. Cady, W. B., 122, 136, 821. Caesar, L., 558, 561, 652, 659. Cagny, P., 876. Cahill, E, A., 483, Caldwell, G. C, 198. Caldwell, D. W., 764. Caldwell, G. L., 399. Caldwell, J. S., 900. Caldwell, O. W., 298. Call, L. B., 217, 494. Callaway, R. S., 711. Calvert, G., 197. Calvin, n. W., 302. Calvin, J. W., 64. Camden, J. N„ 399. Cameron, A. E., 636. Campanile, G., 129. Campbell, C, 540. Campbell, C. B., 99. Campbell, E. J, F., 438. Campbell, J. P., 399. Campbell, L. E., 543. Campbell, R. Q., 442, 843. Camus, A., 49. Canina, E. G., 539. Canning, F., 344. Cannon, W. A., 618. Cannon, W. B., 566. CantweU, J. W., 99. Capen, S. P., 302. Capistrano, S. M., 737. Capoduro, M., 492. Capus J., 549. Carano, E., 725. Carbone, 662. Card, L. B„ 273, 672, 691, Cardon, P. V., 833. Carl, W., 826. Carles. P., 163, 164. Carleton, E. F., 898. Carleton, M. A., 235, 744. Carlson, A. J., 754. Carmichael, A. C, 790. Carney, H, C„ 900. Carney, M., 896. Carpano, M., 281. Carpenter, C. W., 244. Carpenter, G. H., 554, 656. Carpenter, P. H., 842. Carrero, J. O., 502, 517, 519. 520. Carrier, L., 332, 430. Carruth, F. B., 311. Carter, E. E., 738. Carter, G. B., 491, Carter, H., 145, Carter, H. R., 656. Cartwright, J., 644. Carver, G. W., 232, 318, G35, 636. Carver, T. N., 292. Cary, C. A., 680, 691. Cary, C. P., 195. Cary. K. G., 178. Casein. A., 564. Cassiday, H., 591. 904 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Castella, F. de, 568. Castellanl, A., 477. Castle, B. J., 531. Castle, W. E., 267. Catalano, G., 724. Cathcart, C. S., 27, 47. Cfetlin, C. N., 19. Cattorettl, F., 166. Catzeflis, E., 420. Cauda, A., 23. Cavara, F., 448. Cavers, F., 321, 631. Cavert, W. L., 492. Cayla, V., 50. Cazaamalli, 662. Ceipek, L. E. von, 662. Cettolini, S., 841. Chalmers, A. K., 864. Chamberlain, N., 365. Chamberlain, W. P., 261. Chambers, M. D., 753. Chambliss, C. E., 834. Chandler, W. R., 796. Chapin, R. M., 110, 111, 478. Chapman, F. M., 451. Chapman, J. W., 856. Chappell, G. M., 508. Charles, V. K., 65. Charmoy, D. d'E. de, 554. Chase, A., 727. Cherry, T., 616, Chestnut, M. D., 228, 431. Chevalier, A., 428. Chilcott, E. C, 137, 230, 231, 232, 632. Chilcott, E. F., 332. Childs, L., 400. Chittenden, F. H., 255, 258, 563. Christiansen, M., 182, 282, 283. Christy, M., 56. Church, J. E., jr., 776. Churchill, F. G., 392. Churchill, J. A., 298. Ciurea, J., 773. Clarl6-Souian, I. V., 555. Clark, A. W., 371. Clark, E. T., 298. Clark, J. A., 337. Clark, N. H., 175. Clark, W. M., 163, 631. Clark, W. O., 187. Clark, W. S., 494. Clarkson, R. P., 681. Clausen, R. E., 435, 642. Clawson, A. B., 177. Clement, F. M., 439. Clemmer, C. W., 700. Cleveland. C. R., 357. Clowes, F. A., 699. Clute, R. L., 397. Coad, B. R., 257, 568. Cobb, C, 688. Cobb, M. v., 646. Cobb, N. A., 250, 681. Cocannoaer, J. A., 596. Cockayne, L., 842. Cocke, W. F., 782. Cocuzza, F. T., 540. Coe, H. S., 832. CoJfey, G. N., 817. Cogswell, W. F., 67. Cohn, A. I., 110. Cohn, G., 164. Cohnstamm, G., 30. Coit, J. B., 441. Cole, D. W., 586. Cole, J. S., 137, 230, 231, 232, 632. Cole, K., 197. Cole, L. J., 368, 369. Coleman, D. A., 809. Coleman, L. C, 194. Colin. H., 235. Collens, A. E., 260, 665. Collinge, W. E., 553. Collins, C. W., 457, 653. Collins, G. E., 668. Collins, J. H., 692. Collins, P. M., 796. Colllson, R. C, 26. Colllson, S. E., 24, 48. Colman, N. J., 2. Colver, C. W., 21. Colvin, C, 396. Cominotti, L., 680. Comstock, A. B., 296. Comstock, L., 662. Conboie, 77. Concepcl6n, I., 164. Condit, B., 662. Condit. I. J., 342. Cone, V. M., 682. Congdon, L. A., 577. Coninck, W. CE. de, 414. Conklln, R. S., 541. Conn, H. J., 720. Conn, H. W., 767. Connaway, J. W., 179, 278. Conner, A. B., 41. Conner, S. D., 22. Conradi, A. F., 158. Consolani, G., 133. Constantin, J., 143. Conway, W. T., 898. Cook, A. S., 900. Cook, F. C, 455. Cook, F. W., 67. Cook, I. S., 231, 235. Cook, M. T., 247, 248, 249, 349, 639. Cooke, W. W., 57, 250. Cooledge, L. H., 774. Cooley, B. G., 596. Cooley, J. S., 348. Cooley, R. A., 553, 654, 862. Cooper, H. R., 842. Cooper, M., 892. Cooper, T. P., 138. Cooper, W. H., 478. Cooper, W. R., 461. Copaux, H., 362. Copeland, E. B., 196, 596. Copplnger, C. J., 84. Coquid6, 422. Corbett, L. C, 840. Cornman, C. T., 174. Corper, H. J., 677, 877. Cort, W. W., 863. Costa Lima, A. da, 658. Cotte, J., 522. Cotton, A. D., 500. Cotton, B. C, 750. Cotton, J. S., 526. Coulter, J. L., 400. Coupe, H., 31. Courtney, O. K., 700. Cousins, H. H., 529, 870. Covllle, F. v., 24. Cowgill, H. B., 532. Cox, A. B., 788. Cox, A. J., 587. Cox, G. L., 82. Cox, H. R., 139, 836. Cox, J. F., 792. Crablll, C. H., 249, 544. Crabtree, J. W., 195. Craig, A., 595. Craig, C. F., 155. Craig, J. I., 510. Craighead, F. C, 360. Crandall, C. L., 782. Craveri, C, 643. Crawford, F. L., 600. Crawford, J. C, 360, 856. Crawford, N. A., 499. Crawley, J. T., 121, 122, 136. Creswell, M. E., 297. Criddle, N., 552. Crider, F. J., 805. Critchfield, N. B., 191. Crocheron, B. H., 697. Crocker, W., 128. Crockett, W. H., 199. Cromwell, A. D., 494, 526. Crosby, C. R., 59. Cross, M. C, 494. Cross, W., 418. Crossman, S. S., 452. Crotoglno, F., 710. Crowther, C, 126, 428, 467, 470, 871. Cruickshank, B. W. H., 566. Csonka, F. A., 415, 755, 868. Culbertson, G., 50. Cullen, G. E., 116. Cullen, J. A., 109, 206. Cummings, M. B., 340. Cummins, S. L., 84. Cunningham, A., 621. Cunningham, G. C, 52, 199. Cunningham, J. C, 898. Cunningham, J. F., 796. Curtice, R. S., 118. Curtis, M. R., 74, 471. Curtis, R. E., 900. Curtis, R. S., 668, 870. INDEX OF NAMES. 905 Cushman, W. J., 596. Cuthbertson, W., 147. Czartkowski, A., 523. Daane, A., 898. Da Costa Lima, A., 658. Dacy, A. L., 237, 840. Dafert, F. W., 821. Dahl, F., 553. Dalsh. A. J., 314. Dalllmore, W., 443. Dalmasso, G., 539. Dam, L. van, 714. D'Amato, L., 566. Dammerman, K. W., 657. Damon, S. C, 722. Dangeard, P. A., 427. Daniels, F. E., 785. Dantony, E., 449. Dare, C, 173. Darling, S. T., 863. Darlington, H. R., 644. Darlington, H. T., 466. Darnell-Smith, G. P., 53, 149, 447. Darner, R. W., 17. Da Sllva, L. R., 124. Daugherty, C. M., 192. Davenport, E., 596. Davenport, R. W., 287, 484. Davidsohn, J., 506. Davidson, J., 557. Davidson, J. B., 99, 488. Davie, R. C, 742. Davles, D. P., 890. Davis, C. A., 25. Davie, C. B., 312. Davis, J. J., 855. Davis, K. C, 494, 696. Davis, M., 166, 262, 465, 666. Davis, M. B., 141. Davis, W., 670. Davis, W. A., 712, 803. Davis, W. T., 343. Davisson, B. S., 796. Dawe, M. T., 500. Day, A. A., 769. Day, G. E., 971. Day, P. C, 321, 615. DeAlmeida, A. O., 567. Dean, A. D., 499. Dean, P. C, 497. Dean, G. A., 59, 62, 153, 855. Dean, H. J., 391. Dean, J. M., 198. Dean, S., 392. Dean, W. C, 794. Dean, W. H., 155. De Andrade, E. N., 841. De Castella, F., 568. De Channoy, D. d'E., 554. De Coninck, W. (E., 414. De Dominicis, A., 813. De Graaff, W. C, 714. Degryse, J, J., 656, De Jong, A. W. K., 542. Dekhulzen, M. C, 414. Delage, Y., 167. De la Maza, M. G., 525. De la Rosa, G. F., 485. Del Guercio, G., 555. DeLury, A., 495. Dement'ev, A., 151. DeMeritt, M., 247. Demidow, A. P., 583. Deming, W. C, 143. D'Emmerez de Charmoy, D. 554. Den Berger, L. G., 513. Denig^s, 613. De Noter, R., 437. Derby, R. A., 491. Descombes, P., 541. Desmoulins, A., 445, 549. Detzel, L., 835. Deuss, J. J. B., 842. Deussen, A., 788. Devarda, A., 112. De Verteull, J., 738. DeVries, H., 129. De Waele, H., 260. De Wildeman, E., 221. DeWitt, L. M., 481, 482. DeWolfe, L. A., 296, 897. Dexheimer, L. M., 397. Dezani, S., 166. Diacon, F., 152. DIas, E. C, 281. Dickson, E. C, 866. Dickson, M. E., 795. Diedrlchs, A., 712. Diesem, H. C, 888. Dlevoet, E. van, 92. Diflaoth, P., 71, 291. Dillingham, F. L., 12. Dillon, C, 498. Dlnwoodie, J. T. E., 795. D'Ippolito, G.', 326, 725. Dixon, H. H., 127. Dixon, H. M., 91. Dixon, S. G., 12, 111. Doane, R. W., 652. Doherty, T. K., 93. Doidge, E. M., 742. Dolan, M., 296. Dold, H., 476. Dominicis, A. de, 813. Donaldson, W. T., 788. Donegan, A. W., 670. Dorner, A., 413. D8rr, G., 875. Dose, F. C, 900. Dostai, R., 827. Douglas, L. H., 670. Douglas* M., 365. Douglass, T. R., 33. Douthltt, H., 863. Dove, W. E., 860. Dowdle, L., 792. Downing, B. R., 896. Downing, G. J., 44. Dos, A. W., 411. Doyon, M., 177. Drake, R. H., 879. Drayton, F. L., 100, 548. Drechsler, C, 346. Dreyer, G., 81. Drinkhard, A. W., jr., 736. Drummond, J. C, 167. Dryden, J., 572. Dubin, H., 415, 663. Du Bois-Reymond, R., 168. Ducomet, V., 56. Duff, D., 659. Duffleld, F. A., 756. Duggar, J. F., 336. Duhm, J., 782. Duley, F. L., 198. Duncan, C. H., 477. Duncan, F. N., 758. Duniway, C. A., 302. Dunkel, J. A., 392. Dunlap, (Mrs.) H. M., 793. Dunlop, W. R., 540. Dunne, J. J., 676. Dunton, L., 64. Duplessix, E., 640. Duport, L., 856. Dupr4, J. v., 420. Durand, R., 394. Durham, H. E., 684. Durrant, J. H., 155. Dushechkin, A.. 515. Duvel, J. W. T., 433. Dyar, H. G., 560. Dyer, B., 228. Dykstra, R. R., 176. Eagerton, H. C, 63, 158. Ealand, C. A., 856. East, E. M., 129. Eastwood, J., 289. Eckbo, N. B., 443, Eckert, 480. Eckles, C. H., 274, 691. Edmiston, H. D., 700. Edmundson, W. C, 47. Edson, H. A., 246, 648. Edwardes-Ker, D. R., 538, 898. Edwards, E. P., 890. Edwards, W. G., 198. Ehle, H. N., 437. Ehrenburg, P., 216, 322, 801. Ehrlich, F., 202, 312. Eichhorn, A., 179, 876. Eichloff, R., 278, 714. Elford, F. C, 702. Elkington, H. D., 739. Ellett, W. B., 430, 527, 710. Elliot, H., 552. Elliott, C. H., 773. Elliott, G. R., 391. Elliott, N. R., 796, 900. Elliott, S. B., 127. Ellis, A. J., 484. Ellis, L. W., 589. Ells, M., 439. EUsworth, C. E., 287. 906 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Elschner. C, 125. Eltzbacher, P., 462. Elvove, E.. 413. Elwood. P. H., 796. Emberson, R. H., 898. Embrpe, C. E., 92. Emelianov, I. V., 855. Emmerea de Charmoy, D. d', 554. Emmes, L. E., 264, 757. Emmett, A. D., 14. Engel, P., 387. Engelbrecht, T. H., 526. Engels, H., 390. Enger, A. L., 87. Englls, D., 591. Enikiev, 748. Enslln, B. G., 571. Eriksson. J., 445, 846, 850. Esborn, 498. Essig, E. 0., 652. Etheridge, W. C, 399. Etherton, W. A., 794, 892. Etter, A. F., 642. Eugling, 112. Evans, A. C, 631, 875. Evans, A. R., 226. Evans, M. 0.. jr., 296. Everest, A. E., 329. Ewart, A. J., 329. Evvard, J. M., 266. Ewald, P., 170. Ewald, G., 868. Ewlng, H. E., 256. Fabrikant, A. 0., 859. Fahrion, W., 804. Falrbairn, A. H., 469. Falrchild, D., 793. 841. Fairfield, W. H., 783. Falck, R.. 151. Falke, 570. Fallada, O., 713. Fallis, W. S., 688. Fantham, H. B., 862. Farcy, L., 502. Farenholtz, 827. Farley, G. L., 799. Farmacbidis, G., 167. Farmer, J. B., 126, 143. Farquharson, C. O., 145, 741. Farrar, R. K., 597. Farwell, C. A., 885. Fascettl, G., 81, 277, 675. Fasslg, O. L., 717. Faurot, P. W.. 538. Fawcett, G. L., 549. 649. Fawcett, H. S., 149, 550. Feder, E., 503. Fedorov, P. R., 527, 728, 731. Fellltzen, H. von, 722. Felt. E. P., 252, 255, 857, 858, 859. Felton, R. A., 593. Ferguson, A. M., 597. Ferguson, A. T., 477. Ferguson, F. F., 898. Pernald, H. T., 855. Ferraris, T., 646. Ferrg, L., 208. Perriss, H. R., 442. Ferry, N. S., 176, 483. Fetzer, L. W., 801. Feytaud, J., 860. Figueiredo, P. E. de A., 19. Flndlay, L. 282. Fine, M. S., 167, 566. Fingerllng, G., 758. Fink, D. M., 255, 355. Pippin, E. 0., 121, 511. Flror, J. W., 439, 440. Fischer, A., 163. Fischer, B. 545. Fischer, G. 609. Fischer, P., 389. Fischer, W., 53. Fisher. D. P.. 348. Fisher, E. H., 683. Fisher, J. W.. Jr., 692. Fisher, W., 365. Fitch. C. L., 297, 598. Pitch. C. P.. 280. Pite, A. B., 300. Fltz, L. A, 64, 160. Flelschmann, W.. 112. Fleming, B. P., 884. Fleming, C. E., 669. Fleming, R. M., 651. Fleurent, E., 752. Fleutlaux, E., 856. Fllaksberger, K., 436. Flint, W. P., 258. Floyd, B. P., 48, 55. Pltickiger, A., 674. Plumerfelt, C, 400. Foard, W. E., 292. Fodor, A., 868. Foerster, M. H., 319, 321. Foley, H., 857. Folln, 0.. 66. Pollansbee, R., 391. Fomlnykh. V., 27, 428. Pontsere y Rlba, D. E., 508. Fonzes-Dlacon, 152. Forbes, A. C, 50, 645. Forbes, E. B., 375, 380, 462. Forbes, R. H., 94, 699. Forbes, S. A., 60, 452. Forbes, W. T. M., 796. Foreman, N. H., {596, 599. Forman, N. H., 799. Fornet, A., 162. Fortler, S., 389, 885, 886. Foster, A. C, 900. Foster, J. H., 400. . Foster, L., 670, 872. Foster, L. P., 366. Poster, S. W., 642. Foster, W. D., 681. Fouassier, 23, 684. Foulkes, P. n., 570. Foust, J., 07. Fowkes, H. L., 95. Fowie, F. E., 717. Fowler, L. W., 121. Fox, C, 563. Pracker, S. B., 459, 797. France, L. V., 795. Franchlnl, G., 478. Francis. C. K., 568. Francis, E., 282. Frank. K., 181. Franklin, H. J., 322, 341, 342, 350, 352, 736. Praps, G. S., 417, 421, 619. Prary, G. G., 67. Praser, H., 564. Fraser, M., 193. Eraser, S., 239. Fraser, W. J., 496. Fred, E. B., 323, 331, 515. Free, E. E., 215. Freeman, G. P., 31, 699. Freeman, V. E., 133. French, J. A., 288. French, W. H., 799. Frerichs. H., 258. Frerichs, K., 673. Frers, B., 893. Frescoln, S. W., 188. Fresenlus, K. R., 110. Frlcke, P. H., 164. Frlckey, R. E., 461. Pricks, L. D., 554. Prlederlchs, E., 158. Frledl, G., 162. Fries, J. A., 72. Fritz, C. M., 375. Proehllch, P., 837. Promme, F. D., 130, 330, 647. Fromme, N. K., 362. Frost. W., 191. Fry, W. P., 672. Pry, W. H., 109. Fryer, J. R., 138. Fryhofer, C. W., 80. Fuchs, G., 750. Fuchs, R. P., 168. Pullaway, D. T.. 699. Fuller, A. M., 598. Fuller, H. C, 14. Fuller. J. M., 676. Fulmek, L., 659. Fulton, B. B., 653. Funk, C, 167, 365. Ftirl, J., 286. Furlong, J. R., 508. Gabathuler, A., 577. Gaddls, P. L., 795. Gaessler, W. G., 473. Gahan, A. B., 749. Galger, S. H., 279. Galllard, 883. Gale. H. S., 518. Galeottl, G., .567. Galitzln, B., 321. Galloway, B. T., 200. INDEX OF NAMES, 907 Galpln. C. J., 190. 394, Gana, V. Q., 587. Garcia. F., 43. Gardner, J. A., 664. Gardner, J. S., 399. Gardner, M. W., 56 Gardner, V. R., 837. Garlno-Canina, E., 539. Garner, J. W., 395. Garnett, J. B., 570. Garrad, G. H., 276. Garren, G. M., 529, 831. Garrett, F. W., 415, 717. Garrett, J. B., 32. Garrison, A. L., 126. Garrison, P. E., 565. Garten, S., 168. Gasser, G. W., 632. Gates, L. M., 795. Gates, O. H., 698. Gates, R. R., 27, 630. Gatin, C. L., 541. Gaucher, L., 460. Gauss, K., 679. Gautier, A., 165, 522. Gay (Mrs.) L. C, 95. Gayle. H. K., 900. Gayon, 613. Gaze, M., 690. Gedrolts, K. K., 118, 623. Geerts, J. M., 435. Gehrlng, A., 23. Gellmann, 133. Gelln, 503. Gennys, R. H., 590. Georgeson, C. C, 616, 637, 666. Gephart, F. C, 415, 753. Gerhartz, H., 472. Gericke, W. F., 323. Gerlach, 219, 220, 326, 424, 683. Gertz, O., 627. Ghedrolz, K., 623. Gheorghlu, V., 68. Gibson, A., 859. Gibson. E. H., 356. Gibson, J. W., 897. Giddings, L. A., 29. Giddings, N. J., 247, 348. Gierisch, W., 311. Gilbert, A. H., 489. Gilbert, A. W., 644. Gilbert, E. M., 349. Gilbert, G. A., 300. Gilbert, W. W., 321, 345. Gilchrist, D. A., 509, 510, 624. Gildemeister, H., 580. Gile, P. L., 502, 517, 519, 520. Gillette, C. P., 159, 857. Gillott, W. A., 461. Gllman, J. C, 346. Gimenez, L., 470. Gilmore, W. J., 796. Qlmlngham, C. T., 148, 151, 421, 819. Ginger, B. H., 165. Gingery, J. B., 197. Ginieis, J., 71. Girard, A. C, 163. Girault, A. A., 256, 750. GjaldbjpJ?, J. K., 171. Glage, 177. Glagolew, P., 409. Glaser, R. W., 254, 258, 856. Glissman, H. E., 194. Gloyer, W. 0., 650. Glynn, E., 82. Gmelin, H. M., 131, 835. Gocljel, A., 809. Goddard, C. P., 893. Godlewskl, B., 168. Gola, G., 321. Gonzalez, P., 900. Good, C. A., 100. Good, E. S., 73. Goodale, H. D., 573, 574. Goodey, T., 515. Goodrich, C. E., 227. Goodspeed, T. H., 435, 636. Goot, P. van der, 155. Gore, H. €., 209, 316. Gorini, C, 175, 467. Gortner, R. A., 628, Gothe, F., 502. Gottfried, A., 164. Gough, L. H., 655. Gouin, R., 876. Gourley, J. H., 44, 46. Gow, R. M., 86. Gowans, E., 296, 899. Goy, S. C, 165. Graaff, W. C. de, 714. Grabert, K.. 676. Grace, O. J., 332. Grafe. V., 425, »24. Graham. G., 663. Graham. R., 86, 399, 880. Graham, W. L., 830. Grasser, G., 18. Grassi, B., 858. Gratz, O., 277. Gravatt, G. F., 551. Graves, H. S., 242. Gray, D., 794. Gray, D. T., 762. Gray, G. P., 556. Gray, S. D., 900. Graybill, H. W., 679. Greathouse, R. C, 875. Green, S. N., 42. Green, W. J., 42. Greene, L., 240. Greenman, J. M., 822. Greer, E., 364. Gregory, C. T., 248. Gregory. C. V., 172. Greig-Smith, R., 188. Grenier, J. A.. 897. Greppl, C, 447. Griffiths. D., 184, 227, 231, 766. Griggs, W. D., 332. Grlllo, D., 167. Grimm, 547. Grimm, R. M., 167. Grimme, C, 16. Grimmer, W., 673. GrlDdley, H. S., 761, 805. Grinnell. J., 152. Grlsdale. J. H., 728. Grissom, J. T., 710. Griswoid, D. J., 399. Grobbels, F., 462. Groenewege, J., 851. Gr6f, B., 848. Grfih, J., 162. Grohmann, E., 322. Groothoff, A., 343. Grossenbacher, J. G., 749. Grove, O., 148. Grover, N. C., 287. Grover, O. L., 782. Groves, J. F., 128. Grube, G., 110. 614. Guarnieri, P., 681. Gudkov, 556. Gu^guen, F., 51. Guercio, G. del, 555. Guilford, W. S., 780. Guiliiermond, A., 523. Guise, C. H., 796. Gulick, A., 312. Gumaer, P. W., 565. Giinther, C., 785. Gurini, A., 259. Gusler, G., 899. Giissow, H. T., 741. Gustafson, A. F., 528. Guthrie, E. S., 80, 383. Gutmann, S., 713. Gutzeit, E., 803. Gyory, J., 838. riaase-Bessell, G., 448. Haasls, F. W., 845. Hackedorn, H., 171. Hackleman, J. C, 225, 226. nadley, P. B., 267. 273. nadwen, S.. 775. 878. Haff. R. €., 487. nafTner-Ginger, B., 165. Hagedoorn, (Mrs.) A. C, 822. Hagedoorn, A. L., 822. Ilaglund, E.. 274. Hahn, H., 794. Hahn, L. E.. 792. Haigh, L. D., 569. Haley, F. L., 162. Haiket, A. C., 222. Hall. A. D., 93, 193. Hall. A. G., 188. Hall, C. J. J. van, 50. Hall, F. H., 41, 220, 253, 346, 382. Hall, J. G., 545. 908 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hall, M. C, 284, 681, 864. Hall, W. B., 187. Halla, F., 412. Halle, W., 508. Hainan, E. T., 467, 870. Halpin, J. G., 381, 389. Hamilton, H. C, 176. Hamilton, J. G., 300. Hammer, B. W., 474. Hammond, L. M., 586. Hanausek, T. F., 661. Haney, L. H., 788. Hanger, W. B., 197, 528. Hann, J. V., 807. Hansen, 170. Hansen, D., 429. Hansen, J., 674. Hansen, N. B., 337, 361. Hansen, P., 784. Hansen, W., 165. Hansson, N., 471. Harcourt. R., 864. Harcum, C. G., 462. Hardenberg, C. B., 856. Hardin, D. T., 198. Harding, H. A., 876. Hare, B. B., 191. Hare, R. F., 300, 610, 623, 795. Harger, W. G., 889. Harland, S. C, 834. Harling, B. P., 300. Harned, R. W., 34. Harper, M. W., 267. Harper, R. M., 525. Harrington, G. T., 334. Harrington, I. S., 793. Harrington, L. P., 89S. Harris, A. W., 3. Harris, F. S., 513. Harris, J. A., 130, 524, 628, 727. Harris, W. G., 527. Harrison, W., 99. Harrison, W. H., 216. Harshberger, J. W., 27. Hart, A., 673. Hart, D. B., 668. Hart, B. B., 69, 275, 367, 368, 515. Hart, F. C, 893. Hart, R. A., 88, 392. Hart, R. N., 66. Harter, L. L., 743. Hartley, C, 250, 550, 551, Hartung, W. J., 562, 747. Hartwell, B. L., 722. Harvey, A., 640. Harwell, R., 300. Hasjman, L., 253, 555. Haskell, C. G., 337. Basse, C. H., 149. Hasselbring, II., 521. Hastings, C. S., 717. Hastings, S. II., 38, 830. Hatch, K. L., 798. Haughs, D., 442. Havelfk, K., 745. Havens, V. L., 326. Hawes, A. F., 342, 495. Hawk, P. B., 366, 464, 805. Hawkins, L. S., 595, 896. Hayes, H. K., 187. Hayes, W. P., 300. Headd-en, W. P., 41, 637. Headlee, T. J., 252, 336, 357. Headley, F. B., 728, 735, 780. Heaia, F. D., 56, 249. Heald, F. E., 791. Healy, D. J., 388. Heap, H., 778. Heaton, S., 672. Heckel, E., 222, 426. Hedgcock, G. G., 448. Hedrick, U. P., 238, 439, 639, 641. Heelsbergen, T. van, 183. Heidemann, O., 355. Heilbronn, A., 29. Heilpern, B., 825. Heimburger, L., 66. Helnemann, P. G., 460, 675. Heinly, B. A., 485, 625. Heinrich, C, 656. Heinze, B., 467. Heise, G. W., 587. Hektoen, L., 84. Heller, L. L., 270. Helmick, B. C, 534. Helms, W., 174. Helweg, L., 848. Hempel, A., 654. Hemstreet, G. P., 782. Henderson, A. N., 874. Henderson, G. S., 814. Henderson, J., 553. Henderson, J. B., 504. Henderson, M. T^., 392. Henle, 587. Henning, B., 849. Henricksen, H. C, 241. Hepburn, J. S., 803. Hermann, H. A. van, 139. H6ron, G., 448. Heron, K. A., 485. Herramhof, 314, 613. Herrick, G. W., 353, 483, 495. Herrick, M. T., 893. Herter, M., 259, 470. Hervey, G. W., 399. Herzer, F. H.. 900. Herzfeld, 866. Herzfeld, A., 785. Herzfeld, B., 207. Herzog, A., 210. Heske, F., 740. Hosier, L. R., 347. Houbnor, W., 167, 803. Heuser, E., 614, 804. Hewes, L. I., 782. Hewitt, C. G., 561, 656, 746. Hewitt, T. R., 656, 657. Hewlett, R. T., 175, 878. Hlbbard, B. H., 383. Hlckerson, T. F., 393, 688. Hicks, W. B., 425. Hlgglns, B. B., 248. High, M. M., 63. Higley, L. A., 795. Hilgard, E. W., 496. Hill, A. R., 303. Hill, D. H., 494. Hill, H. H., 527, 721. Hill, L., 367. HUl, L. W., 663. Hill, T. E., 490. Hill, W. B., 694. Hill, W. S., 834, 849. Hills, J. L., 94. Hlltner, L., 546, 628, 847. Hilts, H. E., 782. Hlmmelberger, L. R., 880. Hlnderlider, M. C, 586. Hindhede, M., 68. Hindle, E., 560. Hirsch, E. F., 677. Hirschfeld, F., 662. Hirst, C. T., 41. Hirst, S., 159. Hislop, W., 74, 90, 98, 379. Hitchcock, A. S., 727. Hitchner, E. R., 198. Hite, B. H., 126, 220. Hitler, M. H., 659. Hoagland, D. R., 107. Hoar, C. S., 794. Hobbs, L. E., 300. Hobson, A., 383. Hodgklss, H. B., 253. Hodgson, T. R., 206. HofPer, G. N., 29. HoflPman, M. H., 597. Hoffmann, G. L., 176. Hoffmann, J. F., 831. Hoffmann, L., 580. Hofman-Bang, N. O., 475. Hofmann, J. V., 739. Hofmeister, A., 292. Hogenson, J. C, 697. Holder, C. H., 238. Hole, R. S., 527. Holland, R. B., 795. Holle, "W., 610. Hollick, A., 343. Holm, G. T., 788. Holmes, A., 795. Holmes, G. K., 294. Holmes, J. S., 144. Holmyard, B. .T., 120. Homans, G. M., 144. Homberger, E., 827. Honda, S., 844. Honing, J. A., 436, 440, 644. Hoobler, B. R., 756. Hood, G. W., 899. Hood, J. D., 556. Hooper, C. H., 640. Hope, G. D., 841, 842. Hopkins, A. W., 498. INDEX OF NAMES. 909 Hopklus, C. G., 21, 415, 517, 625, 717. Hopkins, G. S., 87. Hopkinson, A. D., 739. Hopper, H. A., 270. Hoppert, E. H., 99. Hopson, B. G., 880. Hopt, E., 297, 898. Home, W. T., 744. Horsters, H., 503. Horton, A. H., 187. Horton, J, R., 354, 451. Hosklns, H. P., 878. Hosmer, R. S., 442. Hotson, J. W., 696. Houghton, H. W., 112. Houston, A. C, 287. Houtman, P. W., 419. Hoverstad, T. A., 793. Howard, A., 361. Howard, G. L. C, 361. Howard, L. O., 455, 560, 653. Howard, R. F., 336. Howard, W. L., 45, 223, 520. Howe, P. E., 464. Howell, A. H., 57. Howltt, J. E., 445. Hoxle, F. J., 444. Hoyt, J. C, 287, 484. Hoyt, W. G., 187. Hubbard, W. W., 783, Hubert, H., 807, 824. Hudelson, R. R., 212, 213, 214. Hughes, E. H., 266. Hughes, H. D., 832. Hughes, N. C, jr., 688. Hugounenq, L., 64. Humbert, E. P., 300. Hume, A. N., 321, 331. Hummel, W. G., 798, 800. Humphrey, C. J., 651. Humphrey, G. C, 275, 381. Humphrey, H. B., 242. Humphrey, J. R., 192. Humphreys, W. J., 321. Hundertmark, R. E., 383. Hunnicutt, B. H., 469. Hunt, H. A., 616. Hunt, T. F., 302. Hunter, B., 337. Hunter, H., 335, 564. Hunter, J., 431. Hunter, J. M., 900. Hunter, S. J., 153. Huntington, E., 19. Huntly, G. N., 265. Hunziker, O. F., 383. Hurd, C. H., 900. Hurd, W. D., 398, 793. Hurler, K., 680. Husmann, G. C, 538. Hutchings, W. H., 176. Hutchinson, C, 175, 469. Hutchinson, C. M., 513. Hutchinson, H. B., 622. Hutchison, C, B., 33, 212, 213, 214. Hutchison, R. H., 156, 455. Hutin, A., 424, 425. Hutt, (Mrs.) W. N., 793. Hutton, C. A., 199. Hutton, W., 590. Hutyra, F., 179, 183, 285. Ibsen, H., 369. Iglesias, F., 860. Iljin, W. S., 628. Illick, J. S., 49, 442. Illingworth, J. F., 256. Indermiihle, K., 6G9, 674. Ingram, R. P., 795. lorns, M. J., 241. Ippolito, G. d', 326, 725. Irvin, R. F., 900. Iscovesco, H., 166. Isenberg, J. E., 900. Isnard, E., 505, 715. Israilsky, W., 824. Istvanffi, G. von, 853. Ivanow, S., 629. Ivins, L. S., 597. Iwanowski, D., 824. Izar, G., 280. Jack, R. W., 554. Jackson, F. A., 67. Jackson, H. J., 187. Jackson, H. S., 400. Jackson, H. W., 572. Jackson, J. W., 270. Jackson, L. C, 203, 504. Jacobi, H., 826. Jacobs, B. R., 864. Jacoby, F. S., 173. Jacoby, H. S., 782. Jaenicke, A. J., 319, 321. Jaffa, A. S., 365. Jaffa, M. E., 362. JUger, 183. Jagger, I. C, 245. Jamieson, C. O., 147. Jamieson, J. S., 753. Jamison, O. A., 699. Janney, N. W., 261, 868. Janssens. 646. Jardine, J. T., 670. Jarris, E., 560. Jay, 804. Jefferies, T. A., 527. Jeffries, R. R., 140. Jehle, R. A., 146, 446. Jelfnek, J., 461. Jennings, A. H., 555. Jenny, W. P., 242. Jensen, J. P. H., 507. Jensen, L. P., 442. Jensen, O., 81. Jensen, O. F., 109, 516, 700. Jensen, R. C, 198. Jernigan, W. J., 95. Jesness, O. B., 492. Jeter, F. H., 499. Jobe, G. B., 400. Jobson, H. H., 700. Jodidi, S. L., 803. Joset, E., 282, 285, 582. Johansson, S., 420. Johnson, A. G., 345. Johnson, A. K., 67, 360, 461, 753. Johnson, E. C, 793, 794. Johnson, F., 339. Johnson, H. F., 547. Johnson, H. L., 793. Johnson, J. R., 150. Johnson, M. O., 699. Johnson, O. R., 292. Johnson, W. T., Jr., 118, 382. Johnston, A. F., 583. Johnston, F. A., 658. Johnston, J. R., 459. Johnston, S. C, 438. Johnston, S. J., 863. Johnston, T. H., 25, 64, 70, 134. Johnstone, J. C, 67. Jolly, N. W.. 51. Jones, A. F., 66. Jones, B. E., 777. Jones, B. J., 149. Jones, C. H., 12. Jones, E., 699. Jones, E. S., 95. Jones, H. M., 311. Jones, J. S., 21. Jones, L. A., 288. Jones, L. R., 321, 345, 346. Jones, O. L., 371. Jones, P. R., 557. Jones, R. E., 691. Jones, R. S., 198. Jones, S. C, 510, 511, 516. Jcnes, T. H., 59, 253, 452. 453, 458. Jones, W. J., jr., 520. Jong, A. W. K. de, 542. Jordan, P. S., 795. Jordan, R. W., 837. Joret, G., 519. JSrgensen, I., 322, 521, 626. Joseph, K., 283. Joss, E. C, 268. Joulie, 204. Jowett, W., 387. Judd, C. S., 739. Jull, M. A., 572. Jumelle, H., 437. Juritz, C. F., 233, 419. Kable, G. W., 229, 795. Kahn, R. L., 169. Kaiser, J., 796. Kalkus, J. W., 199. Kamerling, Z., 27, 435. Kapeller, 164. Kapfberger, G., 387. Kappen, H., 315, 815. Kappert, H., 525. 910 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Karraker. P. E., 217. Kastle. J. H., 721. Kauffman, T. E., 495. Kaupp, B. F., 763, 880. Kedesdy, E., 611. Kedzie, F. S., 700. Keegan, P. Q., 224. Keen, W. W., 876. KeUin, D., 860. Kelm, F. D., 898. Keir, R. M., 490. Keith, M. H., 761. Keitt, G. W., 349. Kellerman, K. F., 630. Kelley, W. P., 621, 808, 812. Kellogg, F. B., 738. Kellogg, V. L., 652. Kelly, E., 701, 892. Kelly, B. O. G., 354, 358, 455. Kelly, H., 143. Kemp, W. B., 235. Kempster, H. L., 872. Kendall, A. I., 769. Kendrick, W. H., 599. Kennedy, W. J., 793. Kent, e. L., 494. Kent, O. B.. 173, 572. Kephart, C. F., 558. Keppeler, G., 325. 817. Ker, D. R. E., 898. Kerekes, G., 269. Kereszturi, P., 171. Kern, F. D., 823. Kern, L., 820. Kerr, J. W., 701. Kerr, W. H., 191, 192, 294. Kershaw, G. B., 520, 684, 784. Keyes, H. F., 600. Kiesselbach, T. A., 229. Klessling, L., 831, 836. Klger. C. M., 439. Kllbourne, C. H., 79. Kile, O. M., 497, 498. Kllgore, B. W., 36. 821. Kllpatrick, M. C. 796. Kimball, H. H., 320, 321, 717. Kincer, J. B., 117, 118. Kindler, R., 624. Kindley, G. C, 596. King, A. F. A., 560. King, C. .T., 25. King, C. L., 694. King, C. M., 146. King, B. R., 796. King, F. C, 371, 374. King, W. E., 176, 879. King, W. v., 554. King, W. W., 477. Klnman, C. F., 241, 535. Kinnison, C. S., 811. Kinross, A., 77. Kinsley, A. T., 774. Kinzel, W., 343. Kipp, H. A., 188. Klrlllov, L., 815. Kirkham, J. E., 487. Kirkpatrick, B., 396. Kirkpatrick, W. F., 273, 369, 672. Kirkwood, W. P., 795. Kiss, L., 715. Kisselew, N., 628. Kisskalt, K., 883. Klein, 163, 470. Klein, M. A., 810. Klimmer, M., 481. Kllmont, J., 363. Kling, A.. 362, 503. Kling, M., 70. Klose, 208. Klostermann, M., 612. Kloubok, A., 284. Kluyver, A. J., 803. Knapp, B., 306, 490. Knapp, F. K., 485. Knecht, E., 501. Knibbs, G. H., 166, 193. Knight, C. S., 631. Knight, G. W., 15. Knight, J. B., 136. Knight, N., 121. Knopf, S. A., 284. Knorr, F., 827. Knudson, W. W., 638. Robert, R., 865. Koch. A., 815. Koehler, A., 844. Koerfer, I., 175. Koethen, J. A., 473. KSketsu, R., 724. Kokuev, N., 658. Kokujev, 159. Kolb. R. F., 66. Kolmer, J. A., 476. Koiskl, W., 424. Konig, J., 70. Konstantinov, P. N., 831. Kooper, W. D.. 504. Kopploff, N., 809. Koppen, v., 320. 321. Korolkov, D. M., 652. KOrosy. K. von, 827. Korsakoff. M., 524. Koraakov, M. N. R., 563. Koselkln, P. M., 583. Kososvich, P., 519. Kossowlcz, A., 726. Kostarev, N., 155. Kostrovsky, K., 155. Kotelnikov, V. G., 834. Kotthoff, P., 146. Kottur, G. L., 730. Kovessl, F., 30. Kraemer, H., 27. Kraisy, A., 424. Kramer, S. D., 860. Krancher, O., 745. Kranold, H., 166, 594. Kraus, E. J., 837. Krause, K., 461. Krauss, R. B., 283. Krautstrunk, T., 284. KrayhlU, H. R., 700. Krebs, W., 806. Kreidl, A., 163. Krels, H., 14. Kren, H., 460. Krlwuscha, A., 172. Krogh, A., 70. Krout, W. S., 900. Kriiger, 135. Kriiger, A., 15. Kriiger, E., 189. Kriiger, J., 110. Kriiger, R., 823. Kriiger, W., 847, 848. Krummacher, O., 566. Krumwiede, C, jr., 774. Kiihl, H., 486. Kuhlman, A. H., 873. Kuhnert, R., 731. Kulkarni, K. D., 730. Kulzhinskll, S. P., 531. Kunkel, L. O., 346. Kunst, F. B., 126. Kunze. E., 870. Kurtzwig, 87. Kuyper, J., 136. Lahray, O., 50. Laby, E. P., 854. Lacy, M. G., 635. Ladd, C. E., 796. Ladd, E. F., 17, 67, 00, 91, 164, 198, 360, 461, 662, 753. Laing, E., 718, 719. Lamarck, J. B., 552. Lamb, B. H., 450, 451. Lamb, G. N., 844. Lamborn, W. A., 153. Lancelot, W. H., 898. Lander, P. E., 754. Landis, W. S., 326. Lane, C. H., 494, 791, 799, 800. Lang, A., 168. Lange. F.. 312. Langel, J., 412. Lanta, D. E., 250. Larmon, C. W., 490. Larmor, J., 321. Larsen, L. T., 739. Larsen, S. H., 507. Lassetter, W. C, 399. Lassieur, 503. Lathrop. B. C, 219. Latta, R. W., 872. Laurer, G., 469. Laurie, D. F., 673. Laveran, A., 478. Lavinder, C. H., 167. Lawrence, J. V., 628. Lawrence, W. H., 48. Lay, J. G., 518. Leake, H. M., 361, 529. Leather, J. W., 419, 513. Leavens, H., 440. Leavenworth, C. S., 867. Lebrun, L., 448. INDEX OF NAMES. 911 LeClair, C. A., 226. Ledeboer, F., 516. Lotlent, R., 715. Ledeile, P., 313. Lee, A. R., 473, 872. Lee, C. B., 373. Leo, C. E., 797. Lee, J. W., 392. Leetham, C, 664. Lefcvre, G., 271. Lefroy, IL M., 15S. Le Goc, M. J., 551, 552. Leidner, R., 134. Lenk, E., 163. Leonard, M. D., 744. Leonard, W. E., 788. Leonardi, G., 653. Lcontevskii, N., 734. Le Prince, J. A. A., 486, 656. Lescoeur, II., 204. Leshchenko, P. L, 734. Letton, H. P., 552. Letts, E. A., 804. Levene, P. A., 311. Leverett, F., 617. Levison, J. J., 297. Levtejev, V. A., 746. Lewin, K. R., 621. Lewis, C. L, 837. Lewis, C. J., 899. Lewis, D. E., 735. Lewis, F. C, 78. Lewis, H. R., 598. Lewis, J. H., 880, 888. Lewis, L. L., 597. Lewis, P. A., 283. Lewis, R. G., 646. Leyst, E., 509. Lichtenstein-Rosenblat, 611. Lieske, R., 752. Lilienthal, F., 170. Lima, A. da C, 658. Lima, S. B., 170, 172. Lindberg, F., 542. Lindemann, E. C, 792. Lindet, L., 314. Lindhard, J., 70. Lindner, H., 678, 877. Lindsey, J. B., 267, 275, 526. Link, G. K. K., 131. Linklater, W. A., 78, 79, 97, 98. Linsbauer, K., 724. Linsbauer, L., 444. Lint, H. C, 246, 809. Lipman, C. B., 24, 121, 323, 324, 427, 619, 721, 740. Lipman, J. G., 823. Lippmann, E. O. von, 615. Little, C. A., 497. Livingston, B. E., 320, 321. Lloyd, J. W., 238, 398, 496. Lloyd-Jones, O., 371. Lochhead, A. G., 15. Locke, C. E., 43. 28121°— 16 ^3 Loeb, J., 129. Loeffler, 281. Logos, 115, 170. Lohman, C, 788. Lohmann, C. E. J., 842. Lohnis, F., 113, 219. Lomanitz, S., 169. Lombard, P. M., 340. London, E. S., 166. Long, J. A., 662. Long, J. D., 552. Long, W. H., 448. Long, W. W., 698. Lorcnz, 162. Lothe, H. E., 389. Lounsbury, C. P., 500, 856. Love, H. H., 534. Lovegrove, W. H., 541. Lovehmd, C. W., 153. Lovett, A. L., 796. I-ow, S., 200. Lowry, Q. S., 58. Lowschin, A. M., 523. Loy, H. M., 118. Lubarsch, O., 476. Lubimenko, V., 726. Lucas, H. D., 300. Lucas, J. E., 275. Lucas, K., 756. Luckett, C. L., 663. Luckey, D. F., 179. Luedecke, 488. Luiggi, L., 584. Lunn, A. G., 699, 796. Lushington, A. W., 443. Lusk, G., 753, 754, 755, 869. Lutati, F. v., 845. Lutman, B. F., 547. Lyall, II. W., 83. Lyman, R. R., 882. Lynde, C. J., 364, 420. Lythgoe, H. C, 260. McAlister, E. H., 588. McAllep, W. R., 99. M'Alpine, A. N., 729. HcAlpine, D., 852. McAmis, J. C, 199. McArthur, C. G., 663. McAtee, "W. L., 251. Macbride, T. H., 194. McBride, V. R., 76, 77, 90, 97, 98, 299, 698, 793. McBrien, J. L., 195. McCall, J. S. J., 817. McCarthy, C. D., 443. McCheyne, G. M., 94. McClelland, T. B., 536, 643. McClintock, C. T., 176. McCloskey, A. G., 795. McClure, H. B., 332. McClymonds, A. E., 794. McCollum, E. v., 69, 166, 262, 367, 465, 666. MacConkey, A., 84. McCook, L., 212. McCord. C. P., 86, 176. McCormick, B. B., 487, 890. McCrac, .T., 752. McCready, S. B., 93, 897. McCrory, S. H., 288. McCrudder, F. H., 754. McCulloch, A. C, 796. McCullough, C. B., 588. McCurdy, .1. C, 796. McDlarmid, R. W., 228. Macdonald, J. S., 756. MacDougal, D. T., 128, 220, 525. M'Fadyean, J., 85. McFadzean, J. S., 589, McGeorge, W. T., 122, 623, 699, 812. McGill, A., 66, 165, 277, 362, 461, 565. McGowan, N. S., 234. McGowan, S., 753. McGregor, E. A., 255, 659. Mach, F., 313. McHatton, T. H., 439. Mcintosh, D., 600. Mcintosh, R., 344. Mack, W. B., 676. McKay, M. B., 246. McKellip, I., 796. Mackenzie, L. J. J., 871. Mackenzie, W. W., 393. Mackie, T. J., 280. McKillican, W. C, 783. Mackinnon, E., 149, 447. MacKinnon, J., 197. McKinstry, H. C, 225. Mackintosh, .7.. 276, 576. Macklin, T., 794. McLain, R. E., 118, 321. McLaughlin (Mrs.), 577. McLaughlin, W. J., 577. McLean, F. T., 116, 118. McLean, J. A., 699. McLean, L. C, 296. McLean, W. A., 289. MacLennan, K., 622. McLish, R. H., 99. Macmillan, H. F., 440. MacMillan, H. R., 738. M'Millan, R., 669. McNab, L., 504. McNally, M. J., 577. McNeal, W. J., 565. McNeely, L. R., 229, 795. McOmie, A. M., 31, 49. . Macwun, W. T., 93, 226,' 236, 439, 735. McRae, W. A., 164. McVean, J. D., 791. Macy, P., 890. Maddox, R. S., 392. Milder, W., 69. Maflfei, L., 548. Magill, R., 228. Maignen, P. A-, 325. Main, J., 788. Malde, O. G., 351. Mally, C. W., 856, 860. 912 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Malm, 0., 85, 773. Malm^jac, F., 90. Malone, R. E., 440. Malte, M. 0., 226. Manaresi, A., 538. Manetti, C, 131. Mangin, L., 56. Mangold, E., 168. Mann, A. G., 774. Mann, A. R., 198. Mann, C. W., 737. Mann, J. M., 795. Manna, T. P., 547. Maphis, C. G., 596. Marcusson, J., 711. Marden, J. "W., 418. Maria dos Reis, J., 469. Maris, N. C, 898. Marjanen, V., 282. Markley, H., 400. Marlatt, C. L., 59, 62, 459. Marogna, G., 443. Marquart, S. J., 483. . Marr, C, 806. Marras, F. M., 414. Marsais, P., 54. Marsden, R. D., 288. Marsh, C. D., 177. Marsh, H., 177. Marshall, C. G., 132. Marshall, E. K., jr., 664. Marshall, E. M., 690. Marshall, F. H. A., 871. Marshall, F. R., 270. Marshall, G. A. K., 159. Marshall, R. E., 796. Marston, A., 392, 880. Martens, 86. Martin, 180. Martin, C. H., 621. Martin, E. A., 806. Martin, G. W., 247, 348, 900. Martin, J. N., 832. Martin, W. B. M., 282. Martin, W. F., 484. Martin, W. H., 900. Martineau, B. 8., 670. Martini, B., 154. Martinoli, G., 571. Martiny, B., 589. Marvin, C. F., 118. Marzinowsky, E. J., 749. Mascheroni, E., 569. Maschhaupt, J. G., 526. Mason, A. F., 700. Mason, D. T., 443. Mason, F. R., 843. Mason, S. C, 342. Mason, W. P., 683. Massey, A. B., 248. Mathews, D. M., 443. Mathews, F. S., 437. Mathews, J. W., 589. Mathieu, L., 208. Matschke, .T., 84. Matthews, W. S., 67. MattUl, H. A., 367. Mattill, H. I., 367. Mattimore, H. S., 782. Mattoon, W. R., 443. Maughan, H., 199. Maugini, A., 418. Maurizio, A., 361. Maxwell, E. G., 795. Mayer, A., 69. Mayer, K., 363. Mayer Gmelin, H., 835. Maynard, E. J., 300, Mayne, D. D., 792. Mayo, N. S., 182. Mayr, C, 268. Maza, M. G. de la, 525. Maz€, P., 425, 522, 523. Meade, R. M., 730. Means, J. H., 567. Meeker, R., 293. Meeker, R. A., 686. Mehta, G. D., 130. Meniere, G., 613. Meinzer, O. E., 484, 778. Meirowsky, B., 178. Melander, A. L., 652. Melchers, L. E., 848. Melichar, L., 856. Melvin, A. D., 268, 701. Mendel, L. B., 262, 462, { Menges, F., 812. Mensching, J. E., 900. Meriam, J. B., 688. Merkle, F. G., 699. Merrill, D. E., 556. Merrill, F. A., 597. Merrill, F. S., 339. Merrill, L. A., 199, 392. Merrill, T. C, 550. Merritt, E., 195. Mertz, W. M., 779. Meston, L. A., 504. Metzger, H., 882. Metzger, M., 490. Meyer, A. F., 775. Meyer, F. N., 173. Meyer, L., 759, 793. Meyerheim, G., 711. Meyerhoff, W., 387. Meyers, P. T., 600. Mezzadroli, G., 135. Micault, 504. Micheels, H., 128. Michell, S. A., 717. Michels, J., 899. Michin, N., 180. Michotte, F., 131. Mifege, E., 31. Miessner, H., 285. Miklauz, R., 821. Miles, F. C, 131, 232. Mill, H. R., 20," 118. Millard, F. H., 212. Miller, A. C, 153. Miller, C. H., 89. Miller, E. A., 597, 695. Miller, E. J., 700. Miller, E. R., 717. Miller, F. W., 495. Miller, H. C, 683. Miller, J. H., 399. Miller, J. M., 458. Miller, J. S., 782. Miller, M. F., 212, 213, 214, 226. Miller, N. H. J., 512. Miller, R. F., 762. Miller, R. J., 805. Mills, H. S., 190. Milroy, T. H., 674. Milward, J. G., 336. Minchin, E. A., 159. Minear, S. A., 297. Minssen, H., 817. Mitchell, E. B., 294.. Mitchell, W. G., 890. Mitchell, W. T., jr., 385. Mitra, S. K., 441. Mitscherlich, A., 204, 711. Mix, A. J., 59. Miyake, K., 564. Moe, K. O., 596. Mohan, R. T., 176. Mohler, J. R., 84, 179, 251, 701. Mohlman, F. W., 423. Mohr, E. C. J., 512. Mohr, 0., 806. Moldenhawer, K., 332. Molinas, 655. Molinas, E., 147. Moll, F., 845. Molliard, M., 627. Molz, E., 744, 851. Monaghan, J. C, 361. Mouahan, A. C, 799. Monrad, J. H., 876. Monro, A. V., 541. Montanari, C, 422. Jlontemartini, L., 448, 546. Montgomery, C. W., 828. Moody, J. F., 838. Moomaw, C. W., 294. Moon, V. H., 577, 580. Moore, B., 627. Moore, G. N., 688. Moore, J. G., 47. Moore, M. D., 498. Moore, P. H., 722. Moore, P. W., 900. Moore, V. P., 199. Moore, W., 725. Moore, W. F., 93. Moorefield, C. H., 685, 686. Moormann. 151. Mordoflf, W. E., 796. More, C. T., 40. Moreau, A., 51. Moreau, F., 523. Moreau, L., 447. Morgan, A. F., 200. Morgan, L. E., 375. Morgan, T. H., 869. Morgen, A., 758. Morgenstern, von, 661. INDEX OF NAMES. 913 Morgulis, S., 464. Moritz, E. A., 585. Morley, W. S., 503. Morman, J. B., 393. Morres, W., 112, 208. Morrill, A. W., 57, 745. Morris, R. T., 643. Morrison, F. B., 797. Morse, F. W., 333. Morse, W. J., 648. Mortenscn, M., SO, 473. Mosher, F. H., 453. Mosier, J. G., 415, 528, 717. Moskvichev, S., 426. Moss, W. L., 878. Mosseri, V. M., 188. Mote, D. C, 279. Motloch, R., 471. Moulton, C. R., 509. Mowry, J. L., 489. Moynihan, E. J., 392. Moanette, G. F., 400. Mueller, J. H., 404, 472, 802. Muench, G. W., 688. Muenk, G., 665. Muir, 256. Muir, F., 256. Muir, G. W., 100. Mull, B. W., 697. Muller, B., 391. Miiller, F., 302. Muller, G., 29. Muller, H. C, 588, 744, 851. Muller, H. J., 869. Miiller, K., 534. Muller, R., 71. Muller, T., 433. Mumford, E. M., 124. Mumford, P. B., 265. Mundy, E. B., 224. Munerati, O., 135, 832. Munger, T. T., 738. Munn, M. T., 40. Miintz, A., 718, 719. Muriel, C. E., 644. Murlin, J. R., 464, 756, 869. Murphy, P. A., 53. Murphy, R. M., 199. Murray, J. A., 409, 870. Murray, T. J., 400. Mussehl, F. E., 794. Myer.s, G. W., 890. Myers, R., 788. Myers, V. C, 167, 566. Mysik, B., 818. Nabours, R. K., 855. NahstoU, G. A., 191. Nakayama, S., 557. Nanninga, A. W., 842. Napier. J. M., (j98. Nash. G. v., 242. Navarro de Andrade, E., 841. Neal. J. W.. 631. Neal, R. T., 153. Nechleba, 748. Needham, R. H., 300. Neeff, F., 827. Neger, F. W., 745. Neidig, R. E.. 411. Nelson, E., 550. Nelson, J. J. H., 883. Nelson, J. W., 280, 018. Nelson, M., 137. Nelson, M. W., 782. Nelson. S. B., 199. Nelson, V. E., 368. Nemeshegni, O. Ton, 571. Nestler-Tricoche, G., 787. Neubauer, 110, 467. Neubergcr, F., 629. Neumann, J., 668. Neumann, M. P., 162. Neuss, O., 717. Nevermann, L., 387, 080. Newbill, T. J., 190. Newcomb, M. J., 700. Newell, II. D., 885. Newell, W., 159, 700, 746. Newlands, F. G., 308. Newlin, J. A., 845. Newman, L. J., 856. Newsham, J. C, 494. Ney, K. E., 587. Nichol, R. C, 489. Nichols, H., 199. Nicolaidi, J., 167. Nieberle, C, 678. Nielsen, 749. Nikiforov, K., 421. Nilsson-Ehle, H., 437. Nisbet, J., 500. Nitsche, P., 614. Nitzesco, J. J., 466, 662. Nixon, C, 572. Nixon, R. L., 191, 784. Noble, W., 580. Noel, L. von, 660. Noel, P., 856. Nolan, A. W., 297. Nollau, E. H., 665. Noorden, C. von, 361. Norgord, C. P., 796, North, C. E., 576. Northrup, Z., 630. Norton, J. B., 699. Norton, J. B. S., 247. Norton, J. F., 258. Norton, J. S., 247. Norton, T. H., 819. Noter, R. de, 437. Nottbohm, F. E., 502, 875. Novell!, N., 260. Novikov, M., 726. Nowell, W., 648. Nuttall, G. H. F., 478. Nutter, J. W., 388. Nylander, H., 493. Obst. M. M., 764. O'Connor, R., 211. O'Donnell, R. F., 697. Oeder, G., 462. OettH, M., 495. Ogaard, A. J., 225. O'Gara, P. J., 340, 350, 847, 851, 852. Ogle, G. L., 383. Ohno, T., 176. Oinoue, Y., 539. O'Kane, W. C, 858, 893. Olaru, M. D., 820. Older, C, 393. O'Leary, I. P., 397. Olsen, A. S., 795. Olson, G. A., 325. Olson, N. E., 794. Onslow, H., 667. Oosterhuis, A. C, 381. Ordonez, B. T., 626. Orla-Jensen, 81. Orr, J., 532. Ort, E., 795. Orwin, C. S., 92, 532. Osborn, H., 356. Osborn, L. W., 137. Osborne, T. B., 262, 564, 660, 867, 868. Ossipov, N., 653. Osterhout, W. .1. V., 31, 127, 328, 727. Ostertag, R. von, 476. Ostrander, J. E., 118, 321, 717. O'Sullivan, J., 611. Otis, C. H., 700. Ottenwiilder, A., 826. Oven, A. V., 503. Overholt, V., 796. Overholts, L. O., 198. Paddington, W., 645. Paddock, F. B., 700. Page, L. "W., 685. Page, W. T., 152. Palladin, W. I., 30, 724. Palmer, A. H., 210, 716, 717. Palmer, E. F., 440. Palmer, G. T., 664. Palmer, L. S., 175, 274. Palmer, M. A., 562. Palmer, R. C, 615. Palmer, W. H., 696. Pammel, L. H., 146, 832. Pannain, E., 430, 637. Pantanelli, E., 120. Papanicolaou, G., 168. Parish, S. B., 525. Parke, E., 228. Parker, E. C, 429. Parker, E. G., 411. Parker, H. D., 99. Parker, J. R.. 357. Parkei;, R. N., 855. Parker, R. R., 157, 5.'54. Parker, W. B.. 353. Parks, K. E.. 892. Parks. T. H., 257. Parman, D. C. 860. Parow, E., 162. 914 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. Parrish, C, 94. Parrott, P. J., 253, 256. Parrozzanl, A., 719, 720. Parshall, A. J., 390. Parshley, H. M., 59, 669, Parsons, .T. L., 585. Parten, B. L., 788. Paterson, J. W., 421. Patitz, M., 891. Patterson, A. J., 296, 397. Patterson, C. T., 872. Patterson, F. W., 65. Patterson, W. H., 153. Paul, B. H., 843. Payen, E., 73. Payne, F. O., 697. Payne, L. F., 672. Pearce, R. M., 385. Pearl, R., 28, 38, 74, 75, 76, 369, 403, 471, 472, 035, 669, 758. Pearson, R. A., 308, 394, 703. Pease, A., 172. Peck, G. W., 796. Peck, R. A., 900. Peck, T. F., 126. Pee-Laby, E., 854. Pegg, E. C, 242. Peirce, G. J., 525. Peirce, V. M., 686. Peiser, K., 675, 794. Pellett, F. C, 152. Peltier, G. L., 248, 350. Pembertou, C. E., 451. Pendleton, B., 794. Penhallow, D. P., 604. Pennington, M. B., 273, 660. Pennybacker, J. E., 290. Percy, E. N., 589. Perkins, L. S., 441. Perkins, W. C, 782. Perotti, R., 486. Perr^e, W. F., 541. Perroncito, E., 752. Perry, F; E., 537. Pescott, E. E., 140. Petch, T., 542, 543, 545. Peters, C. A., 13. Peterson, A., 653. Petersan, R. M., 492. Peterson, W., 121. Petherbridge, F. R., 555. Pethybridge, G. H., 819. Petri, L., 447, 524, 854. Petrie, G. F., 749. Petrucci, G. B., 445. Pettis, C. R., 843. Pettit, M., 159. Pettit, S., 900. Peyronel, B., 446. P^zard, A., 272. Pfannenschmidt, 71. Pfanstiel, R., 208. Pfeiffer, O., 611. Pfeiffer, T., 818. Pfeiler, 386. Pfeiler, W., 180, 387, 479, 680, 773, 774, 879. Pfister, R., 78. Pfyl, B., 503, 675. Phalen, W. C, 625, 819. Phelan, J., 300, 699. Phelps, C. S., 526. Phillips, E. F., 459, 791. Phillips, W. J., 748. Picard, F., 154, 555, 747. Pickerill, H. M., 80. Pickett, B. S., 253. Pickett, F. L., 27, 29. Piemeisel, F. J., 345, 795. Pieraerts, J., 162. Pierce, C. H., 484, 777. Pierce, H. C, 273. Pierce, R. G., 551. Pierce, W. D., 57, 360. Piper, C. v., 221, 235, 332, 531. Pirocchi, A., 71. Pirotta, R., 727. Pisareff, V., 667. Pjukow, D., 824. Plate, F., 521, 727. Piatt, F. L., 273. Plant, M., 135, 727. Plimmer, R. H. A., 116. Plotnikov, v., 858. Poe, C, 694. Pee, W. H., 889. Poirier, E., 599. Pokschischewsky, N., 579. Poll, P., 850. Polynov, B. B., 814. Ponomarew, A. P., 824. Pontins, R. L., 880. Pool, R. J., 99, 739. Pool, V. W., 131, 246. Portchinsky, I. A., 856. Porte, W. S., 900. Porter, A., 862. Porter, A. W., 717. Porter, C. W., 199. Porter, E. A., 777. Porter, J., 664. Porter, S. G., 683. Pospielow, W., 155. Posselt, A., 476. Potebnia, A., 145. Potter, D., 321, 717. Potter, R. S., 411. Potter, T. W., 490. Potts, C, 271. Potts, G., 194. Poulton, E. P., 663. Pound, C. J., 72. Powell, B. E., 497, 499. Powell, E. C, 77. Powell, G. H., 141. Powell, M., 82. Powell, O., 297. Powell, T. F., 192. Power, F. B., 202. Power, J. A., 600. Powick, W. C, 111. Pranke, B. J., 624. Pratt, B. R., 645. Pratt, J. H., 688, 780. Pratt, M. B., 243. Preissecker, K., 137. Prescher, J., 414. Prianichnikov, D., 31. Pribram, E., 508. Price, H. L., 717. Priego, J. M., 238. Priester, 190. Prillieux, B., 51. Pring, J. N., 19. Pringault, E., 552. Pringsheim, H., 713. Pritzker, J., 504. Prizer, J. A., 55. Proniewicz, E., 483. Propps, D. H., 795. Prucha, M. J., 329, 876. Przibram, H., 168. Pugliese, A., 30, 725. Puglisi, M., 727. Punnett, R. C, 757. Purssell, U. G., 617. Purvis, J. E., 206. Purvis, M., 872. Putlitz, E. zu, 190. Putlitz, K. au, 793. Putnam, G. B., 92. Pye, H., 895. Pyle, C. A., 794. Quaintance, A. L., 155, 496. Quanjer, H. M., 547. Quayle, H. J., 59, 353, 558, 858. Quear, C. L., 398, 617. Quensell, E., 815. Quereau, F. C, 32. Quintus, R. A., 136. Quisenberry, T. E., 77, 872. Rabatg, B., 54, 139, 831. Racah, V., 440. Radin, M. J., 15. Raflfray, A., 856. Ragle, B. H., 752. Ragsdale, A. C, 400. Raiford, L. C, 700. Rait, G., 898. Raiziss, G. W., 415, 663. Ralston, W. R., 540. Ramage, J., 838. Ramella, 180. Rammstedt, O., 14, 361, 564, 865. Ramsay, A. A., 613. Ramsey, H. J., 642. Randolph, R., 788. Rasch, W., 866. Rather, J. B., 900. Rathgen, F., 610. Ramult, S. R. von, 596. Rane, F. W., 144, 242. Rankin, J. O., 399. Eankin, W. H., 249. INDEX OF NAMES. 915 RStz, S. von, 179. Ravaz, L., 55, 142, 149, 549. Ravenel, M. P., 580. Ravnikar, J., 713. Rawitscher, F., 27. Ray, G. S., 496. Rayner, M. C, 221. Rea, F. W., 804. Reavis, C, 175. Reavis, G. W., 898. Rebello da Silva, L., 124. Recknagel, A. B., 843. Rector, T. M., 16, 17. Redlich, F., 1G9. Reed, C. A., 553. Reed, G. M., 244, 245. Reed, 11. S., 348, 544, 620. Reed, O. E., 374. Reed, T. C, 274. Reed, W. G., 118. Rees, A. A., 82. Rees, C. C, 248. Rees, H. L., 47, 52, 53, 54, 97, 98, 299, 698, 742, 793. Regan, W. M., 274. Reimer, F. C, 53, 640. Reinhardt, R., 279, 679. Rels, J. M. dos, 469. Reisch, E., 170. Remy, T., 846. Reough, H. W., 700. Rettger, E. W., 288. Rettger, L. F., 273, 460. Revis, C, 878. Rexford, E. E., 442. Reymond, R. du B., 168, Rhue, S. N., 375. Riba, D. E. F., y, 508. Rice, J. E., 198. Rich, J. P., 364. Richards, E. H., 423. Richards, W. B., 78. Richardsen, 571. Richardson, A. E., 364. Richardson, A. E. V., 634, 659. Riche, J. A., 751, 755, 869. Richet, C, 803. Richter, G., 286, 287, Ricker, G. A., 782. Ricks, J. R., 34, 431. Riddle, A. M., 99. Riddle, O., 272. Rideal, E. K., 586. Rideal, S., 586. Riehm, E., 647. Ries, H., 782. Rievel, H., 476. Riffart, H., 502. Riford, L. S., 900. Rigney, J. W., 43. Riley, H. N., 17. Rimsky - Korsakov, M. N., 563. Rinck, A., 188. Ringelmann, M., 489. Ringer, A. I., 663. Riolle, Y. T., 638. Riston, .T., 730. Ritzenia Bos, J., 444. Riva Rocci, D. S., 663. Rivera, V., 847. Roadhouse, W. B., 697. Robbins, F. E., 832. Roberts, G., 721. Roberts, J. W., 148. Roberts, N., 556. Roberts, R. M., 642. Robertson, F. E., 276. Robertson, G. A., 440. Robertson, G. S., 313. Robertson, R. D., 286. Robertson, W. G. A., 577. Robinson, C. J., 464, 802. Robinson, E. V., 78, 786. Robinson, E. W., 365. Robinson, L. E., 796. Robinson, R. H., 801. Rocci, D. S. R., 603. Rockman, J., 283. Roderick, L. M., 699. Roederer, M., 469. Roehrich, O., 428. Roemer, T., 822. Rogers, F. F., 486. Rogers, G. S., 518. Rogers, J. E., 96. Rogers, J. T., 551. Rogers, L. A., 631, 701. Rogers, S. S., 537. Rogers, W. H., 300. Rohland, P., 420. Rohwer, S. A., 258, 658, 749. Roig, J. T., 525. Rolf, A. F., 672. Rolfs, P. H., 342, 399, 642. Roman, F. L., 781. Romburgh, P. van, 842. Rommel, G. M., 268. Rorer, J. B., 150. Rosa, G. F. de la, 485. Rose, C, 868. Rose, E., 427. Rose, P. S., 488. Rose, R. E., 66. Rose, W. C, 462. Roselier, E., 125. Rosemann, R., 415. Rosenbaum, J., 244. Rosenblat, L., 611. Rosendahl, C. O., 521. Rosenfeld, A. H., 136, 155, 336, 636. Rosengren, L. F., 81. Rosenow, E. C, 577. Rosenvinge, L. K., 429. Ross, B. B., 71. Ross, D. E., 898. Ross, E. L., 761. Ross, L. S., 362. Rossee, 661. Roth, P., 263. Roth, W. F., 174. Rothera, A. C. H., 203, 504. Rothgeb, B. E., 835. Rothschild, N. C, 563. Rouen, 391. Roulhird, F. P., 642. Roulston, O. W. 11., 571. Roxas, M. L., 420. Rubner, M., 462, 662. RiKker, E. II., 197. Riiddick, .T. A., 93. RiU'hIe, G. L. A., 610. Ruetenik, 5l. L., 400. Riiggles, A. G., 725, 861, Ruhland, W., 28. Riihie, J., 805. Riimbold, C, 350, 551. Riimker, K. von, 134. Rimdles, J. C, 398, 597. Rupp, P., 675. Ruppel, W. G., 283. Riiprecht, R. W., 328, 700. Rusby, II. H., 123. Rushton, W., 150, 645. Russell, A. R., 36. Russell, E. J., 327, 423, 618, 811. Russell, G. A., 709. Russell, FT. L., 304, 398, 496. Russell, W., 428. Rust, E. W., 254, 274. Ruston, A. G., 126, 470. Rutherford, A.. 655. Rutledge, R. M., 100. Rutter, A., 473. Rutter. W. R., 449. Ryan, H. J., 187. Saccardo, P. A.. 446. Sacher, J. F., 661. Sachs, W. II., 625. Sackett, W. G., 649. Sadler, W., 277. Safiford, W. E., 740. Saillard, E., 207, 434. Salesbury, S. M., 796. Salmon, E. S., 433. Salomon. H., 506. Salter, C, 20. Samarani, F.. 467, 577. Sample, J. W., 126. Sampson, A. W., 645. SSnchez, J., 394. Sander, A., 611. Sanders, A. H., 73. Sanders, J. G., 351, 357, 797. Sanders, T. W., 738. Sanderson, J. C, 4l7. Sanderson, T., 361. Sandhouse, H. A., 399. Sands, II. C, 146. Sandstrom, J. W., 321. Sandwith, F. M., 167. Sanford, F.. 154. Sangiorgi, G., 23. Sarvonat, F., 177. Sasscer, E. R., 748. Sauder, P. M., 89, 391. Saunders, C. E., 34. 916 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Saunders, D. A., 833. Savage, J. J., 99. Savastano, L., 537. Savoly, F., 853. Sawamura, S., 569. Sawyer, A. M., 229. Sawyer, G. C, 712. Scaffldi, v., 567. Scales, F. M., 410. 455. Scalione, C. C, 202. Scammell, H. B., 456. Scasscilati-Sf orzolini, G., 433. Schaap. A., 714. Schaeffer, G., 69. SchaEfnit, E., 51. Schander, R., 127, 433. Schandl, J., 568. Scharr, E., 387. Scheffer, T. H., 98. Scheringa, K., 659. Schermerhorn, L. G., 438, 639. Schern, K., 87, 182, 580, 775. Schikorra, 424. Schilling. C, 282. Schively, A. F., 298. Schjerning, H., 310. Schlcsinger, M. J., 385. Schleussner, O. W., 142. Schlich, W., 145, 645. SchlicU, W. J., 288. 392. Schlumborger, O., 648. Schmcling, von, 1S8. Schmidt, A., 29. Schmidt, E. W., 900. Schmidt. J., 530. Schmidt, K., 26. Schmidt, O., 171. Schmidt, R. W., 900. Schneider, E. C, 366. Schneider, B. E., 844. Schneidewind, 220, 531, 625. Schniirer, J., 773. Schochos, N. I., 583. Schoenleber, F. S., 176. Schoevers, T. A. C, 547, 649. Scholield, F. W., 879. Schofleld, J. D., 795. Scholz, F. A., 598. Schommer, F., 180. Schonfeld, E., 826. Schorger, A. W., 18, 203, 409, 543. Schramm, J. R., 796. Schreiner, T. E., 900. Schroeder, E. C, 701. Schubert, J., 806. Schultz, C. H.. 482. Schultz, O. C, 900. Schultze, K., 322. Schulz, W., 68. Schulze, B., 25, 731. Schurman, J. G., 200. Schuster, L., 629. Schiitz, 386, 479. Schwappach, 343, 541. Schwarz, J., 469. Schwarze, C. A, 248, 250. Schweis, G. G., 795. Scobey, F. C, 183. Scott, B. K., 25, 517. Scott, E. W., 154. Scott, G. B., 400. Scott, J. C, 596. Scott, J. M., 31, 74. Scott, P. R., 659. Scott, W. M., 253, 339, 340, 347. Scow, B., 600. Scriven, E. G. E., 71. Seal, J. L., 146. Searle, R., 77. Searles-Wood, H. D., 489. Sedlmayr, E. C, 598. Seelhorst, von, 133. Seelhorst, C. von, 228. Seerley, H. H., 194. Seibriger, R., 507. Sekine, T., 627. Selby-Bigge, L. A., 261. Seliber, G., 30. Semenow, S. D., 429. Serex, P., jr., 699. Scrgent, B., 857. Seufert, H., 190. Seulke, K. J., 17. Severin, H. C, 562. Severin, H. H., 357. Severin, H. H. P., 562, 747. Seyderhelm, K. R., 681. Seyderhelm, R., 681. Sforzolini, G. S., 433. Shafer, F. F., 392. Shaffer, P. A., 69. Shamel, A. D., 737. Shannon, F. L., 363. Shanta, H. L., 230, 726. Shapovalov, M., 245, 648. Sharp, D., 450. Sharp, L. T., 324, 619. Sharpies, A., 151. Shattuck, C. H., 556. Shaw, E. E., 296. Shaw, F. J. F., 846. Shaw, IT. B., 135, 434. Shaw, N., 50. Shaw, R. S., 880. Shear, C. L., 342, 350, 736. Sheather, A. L., 180, 281. Sheidler, P. K, 588. Shepard, H. B., 143. Shepperd, J. H., 78. Sherbakoff, C. D., 849. Sherfesee, W. F., 843. Sherman, H., 482. Sherman, J. M., 382. Sherman, W. A., 142, 692, 837. Shields, W. H., 571. Shinn, J. R., 337. Shipley, A. E., 659. Shirley, H. G., 290. Shive, J. W., 224, 900. Shmuk, A., 513. Shoesmith, V. M., 734. Shoub, H. L., 711. Shrader, H. L., 273. Shreder, A., 133. Shreder, R., 133. Shriver, J. A., 594. Shtchegolev, I., 155. Shull, G. H., 30. Shutt, F. T., 26, 716, 718, 723, 735, 759, 779. Sibley, J. L., 299. Sicard, L., 449. Siegler, E. A., 198. Siegler, E. H., 559. 'Sigmond, A. A. J. von, 204, 205. Sigmund, W. 825. Siler, J. F., 565. Silva, L. R. da, 124. Silvestri, F., 658. Simanton, F. L., 559. Simmermacher, W., 818. Simmons, J. R., 645. Simpson, H. H.. 670. Simpson, S. T., 266. Sinclair, J. A., 100. Singh, P., 444. Singleton, C. V., 496. Sinnott, E. W., 699. Sinz, B., 235. SirTusov, M. G., 834. Sirot, M., 519. Sirrine, F. A., 52. Sisco, D. L., 366. Siv6n, V. O., 263. Sjollema, B., 673. Skelton, R. F., 116. Skene, M., 429. Skinner, J. H., 371, 374. Skinner, J. J., 328. Skrjabin, K. J., 775. Slade, D. D., 900. Sladen, F. W. L., 658. Slagter, N., 547. . Slavik, A., 420. Smalley, H. R., 22. Smebum, A. I., 436. Smirnoff, W. P., 418, 814. Smirnow, M. R., 630. Smit, J., 612. Smith, C. A., 805. Smith, G. B. P., 87, 688. Smith, G. P. D., 53, 149, 447. Smith, H. A., 242. Smith, H. B., 782. Smith, H. G., 646. Smith, H. M., 263. Smith, H. S., 562. Smith, J. C, 281. Smith, J. E., 688. Smith, J. F., 475. Smith, J. R. C., 669. Smith, J. W., 71G, 717, 825. Smith, L., 807. Smith, L. B., 358. Smith, L. J., 891. INDEX OF FAMES. 917 Smith, N. R., 630. Smith, O. F., 211, Smith, P. T., 843. Smith, R. E., 740, 743. Smith, R. G., 188. Smith, R. I., 900. Smith, T. A. J., 147. Smith, W. H., COG. Smith, W. v., 73. Smorodinzew, J., 804. Smothers, H. A., 483. Snapp, R. R., 227, 400. Snell, J. F., 15, 208. Snodgrass, M. D., 632, 680. Snow, F. C, 784. Snyder, A., 95. Snyder, J. L., 700. Snyder, R. S., 411. Snyder, W. P., 376. Socor, E., 70. Sohier, W. D., 290. Soliolovsliii, A. N., 22. Soper, G. A., 124. Sormani, G., 166. Souogcs, R., 691. Souian, I. V. C, 555. Soule, A. M. G., 277. Southworth, T. S., 663. Spatford, R. R., 297. Spaulding, P., 351. Spegazzini, C, 825. Spencer, G. J., 561. Spencer, J. B., 74, 93. Spencer, J. W., 739. Spieckermann, A., 146. Spillman, W. J., 490. Spindler, O., 65. Splendore, A., 533. Spline, R. E., 82. Splittgerber, A., 502. Spooner, L. II., 386. Spray, R. S., 198. Spriestersbach, D. O., 795. Spring, F. G., 50, 684. Sprinkmeyer, 11., 712. Stableton, J. K., 296. Stahl, J. L., 40, 43, 44, 47, 48, 97, 98, 299, 698, 793. Stakman, E. C, 245, 345. Stambaugh, V. G., 271. Stancanelli, M., 540. Standish, J., 100. Standley, P. C, 727. Stanek, V., 207. Stange, C, 87, 775. Stange, C. H., 182. Stanley, W., 197. Stanton, A. C, 600. Stanton, A. T., 564. Stapledon, R. G., 227. Starcher, G. C 641. Stark, J. W., 892. Starrett, H. P., 488. Stedman, J. M., 698. Steenbock, H., 368. Steeves, R. P., 897. Stelt'en, E. H., 843. Stein, E., 713. Steiflmons, W., 498. Stene, A. E., 153. Sterrett, W. D., 144. Stetter, A., 414. Steuart, D. W., 428. Stevens, F. L., 494, 741, 744. Stevens, F. W., 565. Stevens, H. E., 55. Stevens, J. S., 19. Stevenson, W. H., 416. Stewart, C. D., 171. Stewart, F. C, 52, 336. Stewart, G. R., 125. Stewart, 11. W., 496. Stewart, J., 199. Stewart, J. P., 238. Stewart, J. T., 392. Stewart, R., 41, 121, 392. Stewart, R. L., 300, 795. Stewart, V. B., 249, 347, 744. Stiles, W., 223, 322, 521, 626. Stineman, N. M., 212. Stockberger, W. W., 241. Stockdale, F. A., 444, 568. Stocking, W. A., 198, 702. Stockman, S., 578. Stoeclin, L., 505. Stokes, J. H., 156. Stoklasa, J., 28. Stone, G. E., 242, 245. Stone, R. E., 445, 548. Stone, R. W., 26. Stone, W. J., 386. Stookey, E. B., 33, 34, 62, 97, 98, 299, 698. Storer, F. 11., 801. Storm, A. V., 195, 799, 800. Story, G. F., 699. Stoward, F., 845. Strecker, 891. Street, J. P., 71, 163, 363. Stremme, H., 718. Strickland, F. N., 67. Strode, S. B., 164. Strodtman, O. B., 300. Strohl, R. M., 780. Strowd, W. II., 568. Strube, H., 162. Stuart, W., 233. Stuckl, H. W., 199. Studhalter, R. A., 56, 249. Sturtevant, A. H., 869. Sturtevant, A. P., 300, 699. Stutzer, A., 218, 711. Suiirez y Bermfldez, R., 466. Subramanla Alyer, P. A., 216. Sudworth, G. B., 343. Sullivan, M. X., 725. Summers, J. C, 64. Summers, L. L., 326. Sumner, W. A., 797. Supplee, G. C, 383. Surface, F. M., 28, 38, 369, 472, 635. Surface, II. A., 553. Siissmann, P. O., 564. Sutton, L. F., 537. Sutton, M. H. F., 123. Svishchev, V., 528. Swain, G. F., 885. Swanson, C. O., 160, 724, 809. Swarth, H. S., 152. Swaysgood, S., 173. Swezey, O. H., 256. Swickard, A., 886. Swift, A. J., 400. Swope, W. D., 700. Szalagyi, K., 172. Taber, W. C, 805. Tachau, P., 68, 664. Tacke, B., 25, 517. Todokoro, T., 215. Taff, P. C, 598. Taft, L. R., 792, 793. Takamine, J., jr., 876. Talbot, F. B., 663. Tallman, W. D., 762. Tanquary, M. C, 794. Tanret, C, 426. Tarchetti, A., 190. Tartar, H. V., 252, 801. Tasawa, R., 167. Tashiro, S., 711. Tate, H. D., 198. Tatlock, R. R., 127. Taubenhaus, J. J., 347. Tavares, J. S., 748. Taylor, A. E., 462. Taylor, J. D., 600. Taylor, N., 429. Taylor, O. M., 142. Taylor, W. S., 95. Taylor, W. W., 801. Teesdale, C. H., 544. Tempany, H. A., 532, 882. Templin, R. L., 598. Tenny, L. S., 149. Teodoresco, E. C, 30. Terroine, E. F., 69. Testa, G. C, 166. Thatcher, R. W., 633. Thaxter, R., 556, 657. Th6ry, E., 788. Thibault, J. K., jr., 749. Thiele, R., 133. Thienel, 183. Thies, F. H., 207. Thiessen, A. H., 210. Thomas, A. C, 571. Thomas, A. W., 203. Thompson, A. R.. 621, 812. Thompson, C, 794. Thompson, C. H., 699. Thompson, G. L., 400. Thompson, H. C, 40, 47, 139. Thompson, H. F., 699. Thompson, J. B., 699. 918 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Thompson, M. T., 857. Thompson, S. H., 492. Thompson, S. M., 857. Thompson, T. G., 222. Thompson, W., 860. Thompson, W. R., 157, 855. Thompstone, E., 229, 234. Thoms, H., 362. Thomson, A. S., 699. Thomson, B. H., 91. Thomson, J. D., 159. Thomson, R. T., 127. Thomson, W. W., 491. Thorel, C, 476. Thornber, J. J., 49. Thome, C. E., 306, 731, 828, 871. Thorpe, P. N., 639. Thysell, J. C, 225. Tiesenhausen, von, 52. Tigerstedt, R., 168. Tijmstra, S., 22, 316. Tilley, P. W., 178. Tillmans, J., 502. Tillotson, C. R., 645. Tireman, H., 644. Titchmarsh, C. C, 536. Titze, C, 078. Tkaehenko, V. I., 422. Toch, M., 19. Todd, A. R., 363. Todd, J. A., 433. Todd, R. E., 749. Tolaas, A. G., 446. Torrey, G. S., 143. Tottingham, W. E., 331, 725. Tourney, J. W., 493. Tower, D. G., 257. Towle, R. S., 225. Townsend, C. H. T., 156. Townsend, C. 0., 147, 532, 743. Tracy, W. W., 297. Trafton, G. H., 598. TragSrclh, I., 859.. Treadwell, 711. Treat, N., 794. Treboux, 0., 647, 847. Trezise, P. J., 499. Tricoche, G. N., 787. Trillat, A., 23, 684. Trnka, R., 420, 818. Trowbridge, E. A., 266. Trowbridge, P. P., 569. Truax, H. E., 900. True, A. C, 789, 895. True, G. H., 575. True, R. H., 628, 725. Trullinger, R. W., 289. Trump, C. C, 488. Truog, E., 200, 519, 626. Tryon, H., 25, 51, 64, 70, 134, 153. Tschulok, S., 724. Tseshevskago, S., 856. Tucker, E. S., 555. Tucker, G. M., 565. Tullgren, A., 750. Tullio, P., 464. Tulloch, J. C, 344. Tunstall, A. C, 643, 650. Tupizin, V. I., 652. Turnau, R., 503. Turner, L. G., 298. Turner, W. P., 748, 766, 857. Turrentine, J. W., 219, 424. Tuttle, E. M., 196. Tuttle, H. P., 817. Twort, C. C, 480. Tyler, A. R., 557, 858. Uhlenhuth, K., 580. Uichanco, L. B., 837. Ullsperger, H., 325. Dltee, A. J., 343. Uphof, J. C. T., 31. Upson, A. T., 645. Uranga, A. R., 489. Urban, J., 434. Urich, P. W., 154. Urquhart, A. L., 84. Utt, C. A. A., 64. Utz, 505. Uzel, H., 851. Vacher, P., 67. Vakil, K. H., 578, 806. Valencien, C, 715. Valensin, G., 492. Valeuti, E., 162. Valleau, D. D., 795. Van Alstine, E., 415, 717. Van Alstyne, E., 793. Van Bemmelen, W., 509. Van Dam, L., 714. Van der Byl, P. A., 151, 523. Van der Goot, P., 155. Van der Wolk, P. C, 548, 647. Vandevelde, A. J., 714, Van Dievoet, E., 92. Van Dine, D. L., 255. Van Es, L., 389. Van Hall, C. J. J., 50. Van Heelsbergen, T., 183. Van Hermann, H. A., 139. Van Romburgh, P., 842. Van Slyke, D. D., 116, 201, 408, 867. Van Slyke, L. L., 298. Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 554. Vas, K., 277. Vass, A. P., 400. Vassiliew, I. V., 153, 657. Vasters, J., 846. Vaughan, P. L., 788. Vaughan, T. W., 881. Vcck.'nstPdt, 326. Vedder, E. B., 365. Veltch, P. P., 178. Vermoesen, 449. Vermorel, V., 449, 450. Verschoor, E. C, 488. Verteuil, J. de, 738. Vfeien, L., 126. Vialatte, C, 857. Vickers, H. A., 796. Viereck, H. L., 658. Vieth, P., 589. Vignolo-Lutati, P., 845. Vincent, C. C, 18, 44, 47. Vincent, H., 883. Vinci, G., 464. Vinet, E., 447. Vinograd, M., 867. Vinson, A. E., 19. Vipond, H. J., 813, 821. Vitkovsky, N. N., 859. Vivian, A., 302, 796. Voegtlin, C, 280, 867. Voelcker, J. A., 665. Vogt, P. L., 787, 796. Voorhees, J. H., 332, 531, 900. Voorhies, E. C, 575. Vorobev, S. I., 138. Voshell, J. T., 685. Vrooman, C, 99. Waddingham, J. H., 542. Wade, L. A. B., 889. Wadsworth, J. T., 861, 862, Waele, H. de, 280. Waentig, P., 311. Wagner, P., 125, 516, 822. Wagner, R. J., 740. Wuhl, A., 864. Waite, M. B., 349. Wakeman, A. J., 564, 660. Waksman, S. A., 900. Walden, B. H., 58. Waldmann, P. O., 594. Waldmann, O., 180, 479. Wale, B. N., 669. Walker, A. H., 261. Walker, A. W., 769. Walker, E. L., 859. Walker, E. W. A., 81. Walker, H. P., 142, 837. Walker, L. L., 399. Walker, N., 502. Walker, W. O., 16, 714. Wallace, H. W., 425. Wallace, R., 871. Wallis, B. C, 20, 117, 118, 318, 319, 321, 715, 717, 807. Walton, A. J., 267. Warber, G. P., 786. Ward, H. B., 680. Ward, R. De C, 807. Ware, J. W., 98, 299, 698. Warner, D. E., 172. Warner, K. P., 491, 795. Warynski, T., 412. Washburn, "P. S., 424. Washburn, W. P., 17, 90. INDEX OF NAMES. 919 Washington, W. De H., 486. Wasteneys, H., 129. Waterman, H. 1., C61. Waters, H. J., 791, 799. Watkins, O. S., 141. Watson, H. L., 890. Watson, II. W., 897. Watson, J. R., 58, 59. Watson, O. M., 198. Watt, A., 509. Watt, R. D., 526. Watt, W. M., 885. Watts, F., 141, 235, 837. Wayson, N. E., 456. Weakley, C. E., jr., 575. Weaver, F. P., 700. Weaver, J. E., 99, 242. Weaver, L. A., 2G5, 266. Webb, J. L., 257. Webber, C. P., 753. Webber, H. J., 642. Weber, F. C, 112. Weber, G., 180, 479, 773, 774. Weber, H., 49. Webster, C. A., 198. Webster, F. M., 59, 453. Webster, R. L., 155, 159, 352, 451. Weedon, T., 71. Weeter, H. M., 876. Wegelin, 711. Wegener, K., 118. Wehmer, C, G51. Weich, A., 112. Weigel, A. G., 13. Weil, R., 82. Weinzierl, T. von, 430. Weinzirl, J., 875. Weir, J. R., 150, 351, 550, 552, 651. Weiser, S., 565. Weiss, H. B., 256, 805. Weiss, H. F., 243, 498, 544. Weiss, O., 168. Welch, H., 481. Welch, P. S., 300. Weld, L. D. H., 293, 491, 492, 593. Welles, W. S., 194. Wells, A. B., 844. Weltmann, O., 69. Welton, F. A., 35. Wentworth, E. N., 470. Wenyon, C. M., 282. Werkenthin, F. C, 795. Wermelskirschen, L., 700. Werner, C, 235. Werner, H. O.. 140. Werner, ,T. C, 95, 794. Werner, P., 197. Wersilowa, M. A., 166. Werth, A. J., 891. Wcsenberg, G., 883. Wessels, P. H., 371, 520, 724. West, C. J., 802. West, R. M., 234. WesterfloUl, R. 15.. 787. Wostgate, J. M., 832. Wosthausser, l<\, 75S. Weston, P. G., 315. Wetmore, A., 251. Weyland, H., 674. Whaley, E. B., 897. Wharton, G. W., 497. Wheeler, C. S., 796. Wheeler, II. J., 793. Wheeler, L., 197. Wheelon, J. C, 392. Wherry, W. B., 450, 451. Whctzel, II. II., 56. Whipple, O. B., 438, 632, 636. Whistler, J. T., 880. Whitaker, H. D., 77. 381. Whitakpr, M. C, 615. Whitch^r, G. H., 397, 791. White, D., 699. White, E. A., 899. White, F., 600. White, G. C, 91. White, J., 233. White, O. C, 93. White, O. E., 638. Whitehead, J. G., 486. Whitfield, F. B., 878. Whiting, A. L., 426. Whiting, P. W., 157. Whitney, L. A., 563. Whittaker. II. A., 588. Whitten, J. C, 236, 248. Whittle, C. A., 499. Whyte, G. H., 391. Wiancko, A. T., 832. Wible, L. H., 191. Wicks, W. H., 142. Wickson, E. ,J., 441, 496. Wickware, A. B., 483. Wiesner, J. von, 826. Wiggans, C. C, 236. Wiggans, B. G., 796. Wigglesworth, A., 530. Wihlfahrt, J. E., 752. Wilcox, E. M., 131. Wildeman, E. de, 221. Wiley, H. W., 91, 701. Wilkins, D. II., 900. Wilks, W., 437. Will, E. G., 900. Willaman, J. J., 234. Willard, J. T., 160. 724. Willcocks, F. C, 750. Williams, B., 620. 823. Williams, C, 680. Williams, C. B., 36, 417, 723, 731. Williams, C. G., 33, 533. Williams, C. H., 589. Williams, G., 56. Williams, H. E., 717. Williams, .T. R., 473. Williams, L. C, 794. Williams, P. P., 385. Williamson, J. T., 336. Willis, C. P., 739. Willis, R. L., 47. Willson, G. H., 716, 717. Wilmshurst, T. P., 67. Wilsdorf, G., 1C8, 2.-)9, 470. Wilson, C. B., 496. Wilson, C. P., 300. Wilson, C. S., 398. Wilson, F. W., 73, 77. Wilson, II. F., 796, 797. Wilson, .T., 471. Wilson, J. K., 134. Wilson, J. W., 380, 468. Wilson, M., 145, 741, 742. Wilson, M. L., 033. Wilson, O. T., 528, 742. Wilson, R. II., 176. Wilson, W. F., 782. Wilson, W. H., 190. Wiltshire, S. P., 148. Wimmer, G.j 847, 848. Winder, P. D., 304. Winge, 6., 335, .'"07. Winkenwerder, n., 298. Winlcjer, J. G., 78. Winkler, C. H., 95. Winkler, K., 311. Winkler, L. W., 312, 313, 501, 711. Wiuogradow, W. W., 583. Winslow, C. E. A., 664. Winslow, F. G. B., 659. Winter, O. B., 722. Winters, R. Y., 529. Winterstein, H., 168. Winton, A. L., 259. Winton, W. M., 745. Wirth, D., 283. Wishart, M. B., 755. Wisliconus, IT., 629. Withers, W. A., 311. Wohryzek, O., 613. Wojtkiewicz, A., 120. Wolcott, G. N., 432. Wolf, F. A., 245. Wolff, H., 791. Wol£E, M., 181. Wolk, P. C. van der, 548, 647. Woll, F. W., 573, 696. Wood, B. D., 89, 882. Wood, D. C, 198. Wood, D. R., 93. Wood, II. D. S., 489. Wood, J. K., 502. Wood, M. N., 798. Woodman, A. G., 238. Woods, C. D., 32, 41, ,45, 53, 73, 90. Woodward, C. R., 900. Woodward, E. G., 268. Woodward, K. W., 738. Woodward, T. E., 209, 766. Woodward, W. C, 703. 920 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Woodworth, C. W., 59, 252, 553, 838, 855. Wooton, E. O., 268, 72 1'. Works, G. A., 897. Wormald, H., 834. Woronichine, N., 447, 647, 649. Wortley, E. J., 681, 850. Wright, C. H., 591. Wright, H. K., 399. Wright, J. R., 211. Wright, W. D., 788. Wright, W. P., 531. Wrightson, J., 494. Wrocheni, von, 206. Wustenfeld, H., 3G6. Takimow, W. L., 583. Yamane, J., 873. Yanagawa, H., 469. Yarnell, D. L., 288. Yoke, J., 400. Young, A. A., 782. Young, W. J., 3G6. Youngblood, B., 41, 371. Zade, 647. Zahnley, J. W., "94. Zaleski, W., 824. Zapparoli, T. V., 135. Zavitz, C. A., 226, 432. Zehntner, L., 240. Zeller, H., 663. Ziegler, E. A., 844. Zingle, M., 281. Zinsser, H., 178. Zoller, H. F., 65. Zon, R., 144. Zuccari, G., 612. Zuckmayer, P., 65. Zuderell, H., 444. Zuntz, N., 69. Zunz, E., 565. Zu Putlitz, E., 190. Zu Putlitz, K., 793. Zwaluwenburg, R. H. van, 554. Zweigelt, F., 444, 657. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Note. — The abbreviations " Ala. College," " Conn. State," " Mass.," etc., after entries refer to the publications of the respective state experiment stations ; "Alaska," " Guam," " Hawaii," and " P. R." to those of the experiment stations in Alaska, Guam, Hawaii, and Porto Rico ; " Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada ; and " U.S.D.A." to those of this Department. Abattoirs. (See Slaughterhouses.) Page. Aiiella aurisoutellum n.sp., notes, U.S.D.A 357 Aberhalden test, sensitization of substratum for 385 Abderhalden's protective ferments, diagnostic value 279 Abies concolor — length of tracheids in 143 oils of 203 Abney hand level, use 393, S43 Abortion — contagious, effect on milk 774 contagious, in cows, immuniza- tion 679 contagious, in cows, serodiag- nosis 284 contagious, studies 384 contagious, studies. Mo 278 epizootic, in domestic animals- 578 in mares, cause 183 in mares, in Ontario 879 Acacia moUissimfi — anatomy and distribution of tannin in 523 mottling in 151 Acari, parasitic on rodents i 159 Accounting system for cooperative associations, U.S.D.A 191, 192 Acetanilid, methods of analysis 413 Acetic acid, determination 804 Acid phosphate. (See Superphos- phate.) Acidia heraclei, notes SCO, 862 Acidity — as a test for unsoundness in flour 64 determination in flour, etc 14 Acidosis in omnivora and herbivora_ 368 Acids — amino. (See Amino acids.) fatty, in normal animals 69 of humus 609 volatile fatty, distillation 414 volatile, production by anaero- bic bacteria 30 Acne in horses, treatment 286 Acocephalus striatus, notes. Me 356 Acrocercops strigifinitella, studies 656 Acrocysiis hatatw, notes 347 Acrostalagmus — Page. albus, description 459 sp. on maples sp. on maples, Va Actinomyces chromogcnus — relation to temperature, U.S. D.A studios Actinopelte japonica ( ?) on oak Adalia spp., life history Adelphocoris rapidus — notes, Iowa relation to fire blight Adelura apii, notes Adenin in rice polishings Adoretus vestitus in Samoan Islands- Adrenals, effect on diabetic metabol- ism ^cidium grossularice, notes, Alaska- Aedes calopus (Stegomyia fasciata) , occurrence in Russia 249 544 245 547 250 562 352 744 862 167 158 754 647 749 ^gerita wehheri, description 459 African Coast fever, treatment 478 Agaves, treatise 131 Age as a factor in animal breeding. Mo 265 Agricultural — associations in Canada 93 associations in Italy 92 associations in Netherlands 790 chemistry. (See Chemistry.) clubs for boys 599 clubs in high schools 94 clubs, organization 196 (See also Boys' clubs and Girls' clubs.) collections for school laborato- ries .. 899 colleges and state universities, duplication in 194 colleges, curricula of 895 colleges, statistics 193 « (See also Alabama, Arizona, etc.) ' communities, social survey of. Wis 394 competitions for boys and girls- 196 competitions in Canada 097 conference in New York 199 cooperation in Europe 394, 592, 593 921 922 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Agricultural — Continued. Page. cooperation in Kansas 694 cooperation in North Carolina 491 cooperation in Knssia 491 cooperation in Spain 787 cooperation in Switzerland 394 cooperation, relation to Euro- pean war 491 cooperation, suggestions for 491 cooperation, treatise 694 courses for teachers 195 credit bank in Argentina 893 credit in Europe 592, 593 credit in Ireland 191, 294 credit in Kansas 92 credit in New Zealand 191 credit in United States 893 credit, treatise 393, 787 development in Massachusetts. _ 200 economics. (See Rural econom- ics.) education — effect on income of farmers- 494 importance of 895 in America 194 In Australia 799, 895 in Bohemia 493 in Canada 93, 100 in Dutch East Indies 493 in England and Wales 596 in Europe 194 in Finland 396 in .lapan 194 in Kansas 695 in Manitoba 396 in New South Wales 790 in IMiilippines 595 in Rhine Province 296 in Scotland 790 in South Africa 104 . in Switzerland 695 in the Caucasus 500 in United States 789, 896 vocational, in Massachu- Fetts 595 vocational, in New York 499 (See also Agricultural in- struction.) engineer, place and field for 880 engineering, instruction in Prus- sia 791 engineering, treatise 681 enterprises, organization of 292 experiment stations. (See Ex- periment stations.) experimentation, chance in 601 exports from United States 490 extension work and experiment station work, correlation 306 extension work in Arizona, Ariz_ 54 extension work in China 800 extension work in foreign coun- tries, U.S.D.A 698 extension work in high schools- 799 extension work in Indiana 595 extension work in New Jersey 698 Agricultural — Continued. Page. extension work in South Caro- lina 698 extension work in United States, U.S.D.A 94 extension work in W'isconsin, Wis. 396 extension work, organization under Smith-Lever Act 101 extension workers, preparation- 304 fairs, notes. Wash 98, 698 holdings in Bulgaria 93 hydraulics, treatise 390 implements, cost of 492 implements, description 489 institutions in Netherlands 790 instruction — home-project method in 797 in Alberta 695 in Canada 596, 897 in Connecticut 896 in Darlington County, South Carolina 698 in elementary schools 696 in Europe 596 in high schools 195, 595 in Indiana 595, 597, 897 in Iowa 597 in Ireland 790 in Maryland 695 in New Hampshire 397 in New York 595, 897 in Porto Rico 397 in primary grades - 898 in public schools, U.S.D.A- 791 in Saxony 290, 493 in secondary schools 896 in Wisconsin 94, 195 papers on 797 raw materials iu- 194 use of laud iu 396 use of land in, U.S.D.A 195 vocational 695 (See also Agricultural edu- cation.) investigations, chance in 601 investigations, publication of 401 (See also Agricultural re- search.) journals, new IQO laborers, camp sanitation and housing for 691 laborers, female, in Germany 190 laborers, housing , 489, 691 laborers in Argentina, housing conditions 394 laborers in Belgium, treatise-. 92 laws, administration in Illinois- 395 legislation, international 191 machinery, development of 488 machinery, trade associations in United States 787 meteorology. (See Meteorology.) population, movement to and from cities 91 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 923 Agricultural — Continued. Page, population, movement to and from cities, U.S.D.A 294 population of British India 295 products, exportation restric- tions due to European war 396 products, marketing 92, 293, 491, 594,893 products, marketing, U.S.D.A. 192 products, marketing coopera- tively 694, 893 products, marketing coopera- tively, U.S.D.A 294 products, prices in Ireland 492 products, transportation in France 294 researcli in Canada 100 research in England and Wales- 596 research in Scotland 790 research in the Caucasus 500 research, preparing men for 303 research, small field laboratories- 793 {Sec also Agricultural in- vestigations.) resources and possibilities in California 894 schools in Europe 790 schools in Saxony 493 schools, legal instruction in 598 schools, place in educational system 790 statistics — in Algeria 395 in British possessions 295, 492 in California 788 in Canada 193 in Denmark 93 in Egypt 395 in England and Wales 894 In India 295, 594, 789 in Ireland 894 in Japan 395 In Kansas 695 In Netherlands-- 894 In Norway 193 in Russia 193 in Scotland 894 In Sweden 395 in Switzerland 193 in Union of South Africa. 789, 895 in United States 894 in United States, U.S.D.A.- 93, 192, 299 International, for 1911-12- 295 methods of gathering 295 teachers, preparation 195, 303, 596, 798, 799 training for women in Holland- 596 wages, U.S.D.A 93 work during the winter season. 292 Agriculture — at National Education Associ- ation 799 at Tohoku Imperial University, Japan 494 correspondence courses in, for teachers 96 Agriculture — Continued. Page. Department of. (See United States Department of Agri- culture.) diversified, address on, U.S.D.A. 490 efficiency movement in 490 elementary courses in 95, 297, 298 elementary, laboratory exercises- 297 elementary, lessons in, U.S.D.A. 597 encyclopedia 793 in Algeria 895 in Argentina 295, 788 in Australia 193 in Belgium 292 in British India, Ceylon, Af- ghanistan, and Tibet 895 in Bulgaria 92 in Canada 93 in China 395 in Cyprus 200 in Finland 396 in Germany 594 in Hokkaido. Japan, American influence upon 492 in Italy 787 in Japan 695 in Java 196 in Lower Alps 492 in Minnesota, early develop- ment 786 in New Zealand 193, 395 in Norway 492, 594 in Pike County, Illinois 788 in Red River Valley, Minnesota- 593 in Roman Tuscany 492 in Roumania 695 in Russia 895 in Serbia 594 in southern New York high- land region 511 in Spain 292 in United States 789 in United States, relation to rainfall, U.S.D.A 715 International Institute of 91 reading courses in 695 relation to entomology 152 relation to European war 93 teaching 494 text-book 95, 494, 597, 791, 898 tropical, text-book use of electricity in Agrilus politus infesting roses Agromyza — nigripes injurious to alfalfa pruni n.sp., description scutellata on cotton spp., studies Agrostemma githago, saponins in Agrotis — saucia, notes segetum, artificial infestation with parasitic Hymenoptera- Air — ascent above active volcanoes, U.S.D.A expired, toxic bodies in 397 890 256 555 749 255 749 524 252 155 118 167 924 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Air — Continued. Page, expired, water content and tem- perature 567 humidity of 806 methods of bacterial analysis, U.S.D.A 610 movements, effect on illumina- tion of foliage 826 soil, composition and character- istics 618 •water, and food sanitation, treatise 258 (See also Atmosphere.) Alabama College, notes 496 Alanin, ingested, metabolism rate of_ 755 Alaska Stations, report 698 Albinism in corn 131 Albumin, fermentation in yeast 824 Albuminous crystalloids in potato leaves 824 Alcohol — coagulation of milk by, U.S.D.A- 113 from cactus 234 test for milk 112, 113 test for milk, U.S.D.A 113 Aleochara Mlineata, life history 861, 862 Aleurothrixus (Aleyrodes) howardi, studies, Fla 59 Aleyrodes — cttri. (See White fly.) howardi, studies, Fla 59 morl, notes, Fla 59 packardi, notes. Conn. State 58 Alfalfa — as a cover crop for orchards. Pa 240 as a pasture for pigs, U.S.D.A- 379, 871 breeding experiments, Ariz 31 crown gall, notes 742 culture, Ala.Tuskegee 635 culture, Mont 635 culture, U.S.D.A 230 culture, Wash 97 culture experiments 634 culture experiments. Can 830 culture experiments, N.Mex 229 culture experiments, Nebr 828 culture in New England 526 . culture under dry farming, Mont 632 cut at different dates, shrinkage, U.S.D.A 430 diseases of Western Australia 846 diseases, studies, Va 544 drought resistance in, Ariz 31 effect of frequent cutting on wa- ter requirement, U.S.D.A 230 effect on fetal development, Mo- 266 fertilizer experiments 635 fertilizer experiments, Mo 33 hay, analyses, S.Dak 469 hay, analyses, U.S.D.A 761 hay, analyses, Wis 568 hay and silage for beef produc- tion, Nebr 373 Alfalfa — Continued. hay, energy value, U.S.D.A hay for milk production, Wis hay for pigs, N.Mex hybridization, field method, S. Dak inoculation experiments insects affecting irrigation experiments 634, irrigation experiments, N.Mex — irrigation experiments, Nebr irrigation experiments, U.S. D.A 390, leaf spot, new, iu America meal, analyses 71, 6G5, meal, analyses, N.Y. State meal, analyses, R.I meal, analyses. Wis northern v. commercial seed, Mo pasturing experiments, U.S. D.A 230, 379, 429, rotation experiments, U.S. D.A 429, seed production, U. S. D. A seeding experiments, U.S.D.A shredded, analyses. Conn. State- time of harvesting, U.S.D.A treatment with sulphuric acid before planting, Mont -. varieties, Alaska varieties, Ariz varieties, U.S.D.A varieties, Wash vegetative regeneration water requirements, N.Mex weevils, oviposition in relation to temperature yellow, composition yellow, selection and hybridiza- tion Algin, composition, U.S.D.A Alkali — accumulation, relation to irriga- tion determination in soils, N.Mex salts, combination of chlorin ions in, N.Mex salts, effect on soil bacteria salts in soils soils or lands. (See Soils, al- kali.) Alkaloids, effect on germination of seeds Allantoin, determination in urine Alligator pears. (See Avocados.) Allodorus tomoxiw n.sp., descrip- tion Allorhina mutabilis, notes, Ariz Altej-naria — malij notes, Va spp., relation to apple rot Altica ampelophaga, biology and con- trol 72 382 670 338 633 555 884 229 828 830 848 870 371 371 568 220 871 829 430 830 71 429 526 632 31 728 33 528 229 257 832 831 108 419 610 623 323 421 825 116 749 57 544 348 555 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 925 Aluminum — Page. and iron, separation 313 effect on development of corn__ 522 salts, toxicity toward clover, Mass 328 sulphate, fertilizing value 841 Alunite as a source of potash 819 Alveolar air, composition during res- piratory cycle 70 Amaranthus albus, analyses 466 Ambrosia beetle, pitted, notes 252 Amelanchier, inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 American — Association for the Advance- ment of Agricultural Teach- ing 797 Association for the Advance- ment of Science 797 Association of Agricultural Col- lege Editors 496 Association of Farmers' Insti- tute "Workers 792, 793 Bison Society, report 470 Amianthium muscwtoxicum, studies- 177 Amino acids — determination 207 determination in barley, malt, and beer 613 determination in feeding stuffs_ 805 determination in proteins.^ 867 in feeding stuffs 665 in metabolism of fowls 172 in muscular tissues 755 in proteins as an index to nutri- tive value 262 Ammonia — determination 12, 312, 313 determination in soils, Iowa 411 protein, determination in water 501 Ammonification — in soils, Hawaii 808 of green manures , 514 Ammonium — citrate, solubility of calcium phosphates in 412 nitrate, fertilizing value 25 salts, bacterial oxidation 124 salts, effect on nodule produc- tion 134 sulphate, effect on rotation of lactose 415 sulphate, fertilizing value 219 sulphate, fertilizing value, Me_ 33 sulphate for grass lands 527 sulphate, fractioning of comple- ment with 280 sulphate industry in Austria- Hungary 822 sulphate, production and use. 218, 219 sulphate, use with salt 220 Ampelodesma tnauritanica, culture and use 131 Amphistomum suMriquetrum, studies 659 Amylaceous material, feeding stuffs from 170 Page. Anaphylaxis, studies 82, 385 Anaplasmosis, a clinical form of piroplasmosis 281 (-See also Gall-sickness.) Anaplasms, nature of 281 Anatomy, pathologic, of man and animals, treatise 476 Andropogon halepcnsis and A. sor- ghum, studies 221 Andryala ragusina, analyses 466 Anemia — in horses, studies, Nev 676 pernicious, in. horses 384,681 Anesthetics. (See Ether and Chlo- roform.) Animal — breeding in Germany 168 breeding investigations, review. 168 breeding, treatise 71, 267 diseases, diagnosis 279 diseases, review of investiga- tions 876 (See also specific diseases.) experimentation and medical progress 876 food for poultry 572 husbandry, course in 096 husbandry instruction, develop- ment of 493 industry in Alaska, Alaska 666 nutrition, review of literature. 169 parasites affecting live stock in India 279 parasites affecting live stock in Ohio, Ohio 279 products, middlemen's function in 787 products, prices and movement in Chicago 787 tissues, exchange of energy in 567 Animals — and plants, heliotropism in 129 blood parasites of 152 coat color in, chemistry of 667 color variation and chromatic skin function of 168 dead, fertilizers from, U.S.D.A__ 219 domestic, breeding and improve- ment 71 domestic, castration of 176 domestic, improvement 297 early maturity in 71 fasting, tissue changes in 464 game, treatise _« 77 injurious in Ireland 554 injurious in Russia 856 insects affecting. Can 746 minimal lethal dose for 81 phosphorus content 167 small, respiration apparatus for 265 susceptibility to infectious bul- bar paralysis 179 (See also Live stock. Cattle, Sheep, etc.) 926 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. Page. Anions, antagonism of, U.S.D.A 323 Anisocalvia 12-maculata, notes, Conn. State 58 Anopheles quadrimaculatus, preva- lence in malaria districts 749 AnoplocephalidsG, studies 863 Anoviilvitis in cattle 774 Anthemis noMUs, constituents of flowers 202 Anthocyanidins, production 329 Anthocyanin — bodies, studies 627 formation in flowers 427 formation in plant organs 523 in plants 824 origin 224 production 329 Anthomyia — antiqua, biology 746 hrassicw, treatment 848 Anthonom us — grandis. (See Cotton-boll wee- vil.) grandis thurberice, relation to cotton culture, U.S.D.A 257 pomontm, notes 652 spp., biology and remedies 750 sutiiralis, notes. Mass 352 Anthrax — bacillus, detection in bone mar- row 676 bacillus, historical review of dis- covery 773 bacillus in fish meal 281 detection, precipitation method- 386 diagnosis 579 immunization 387, 580 spores, destruction in hides, U.S.D.A 178 Anthylis cytisoides, analyses 466 Anticarsia caterpillar on velvet beans, Fla 58 Anticyclones in United States 807 Antimony, effect on respiration in plants 30 Antiphymatol, use against tubercu- losis 284, 481 Antitoxins, preparation and stand- ardization 280 Ants — cornfield, capture of living in- sects by 258 distribution of pear blight by — 149 harvester, remedies, Ariz 57 orientation of 563 white. (See Termites.) Aonidiella inopinata n.sp., descrip- tion 653 Apanteles in Nova Scotia, Can 746 Apanteles lacteicolor, dispersion in New England, U.S.D.A 254 Aphidids of Portugal 748 Aphids of Colorado 857 Apliis— Page. avenm injurious to apples, N. Y. State 253 bakcri injurious to apples, Ill_- 253 fitchii, notes 554 forbesi, notes 554 gossypii. (See Cotton aphis or Melon aphis.) maidi-radicis. (See Corn root aphis.) pomi-mali. (See Apple aphis.) prunl, remedies 555 rumicis, host plants of 557 setarice, notes 452 sorbi, notes, 111 253 sorbi, remedies, N.Y. State 253 Aphthous fever. (See Foot-and- mouth disease.) Aphycus sp., notes 555 Aphyllantes monspeliensis, analyses- 466 Apiaries, inspection — in Connecticut, Conn. State 57 in Kansas 153 record system for 862 Apiculture. (See Beekeeping.) Apion spp. injurious to alfalfa 555 Apis mellifeta. (See Bees.) ApoccUus sphccricolUs, studies, U.S. D.A 563 Aporia cratccgi, notes 652 Appetite as affected by ventilation — 664 Apple — anthracnose or black spot canker. Wash 98 aphids, distribution of pear blight by 149 aphids, migratory, notes 554 aphids, notes. III 253 aphids, purple and green, reme- dies 557 aphids, remedies, N.Y. State 253 aphis, green, remedies. Conn. State 58 aphis, occurrence «f interme- diate 748 aphis, woolly, remedies, N.Y. Cornell 59 bitter pit, studies 348, 852 bitter rot, studies, U.S.D.A— 148 blight, notes, Mont 534 canker diseases, treatment. Mo_ 248 cankers, notes, N.Y.Cornell 347 cider, preparation, U.S.D.A 316 diseases, notes 447 diseases, notes. Can 741 diseases, notes, W.Va 840 diseases, studies, Va 544 diseases, treatment. Mo 45 diseases, treatment, N.J 349 fire blight, notes. Wash 53 foliage, wind scorch of 148 fruit buds, development, Oreg — 838 fruit buds, formation as affected by pruning, ringing, etc., Va_ 735 fruit spot, studies, N.H 247 juice, analyses 240 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 927 Apple — Continued. Page. leaf spot, studies, N.H 247 leaf-hopper, notes, Iowa 352 leaf-hopper, notes. Me 356 maggot on blueberries, Me__ 97 maggot, remedies, N.Y.Cornell- 59 mildew in Sweden 846 orchard survey of Berkeley County, W.Va 839 orchard survey of Jefferson County, W.Va 140 orchard survey of Mills County, Iowa 240 orchards, profits from. Can 237 powdery mildew, investigations, N.Y.Cornell 347 red bug, false, Conn. State 58 rots, studies 348 rust, treatment 348 rust, treatment, W.Va 247 scab, notes, Alaska 647 scab, studies 148 scab, studies, N.Y.Cornell 347 scab, treatment 247, 347 scab, treatment. Can 237 scab, treatment. Me 648 sirup, manufacture, U.S.D.A 209 spot rots, studies 348 stignionose, studies 348, 349 stocks, effect on vintage 240 sucker, remedies 555 tree borer, long-headed, notes, U.S.D.A 360 tree tent caterpillar, remedies, N.Y.Cornell 59 Apples — as affected by poisoning 329 Coryncum-like structures on 545 cost of production 439 cost of production, W.Va 840 crab. (See Crab apples.) cull, utilization, U.S.D.A 209 culture in Brittany 640 culture in Georgia 439 culture in West Virginia, W.Va 140. 839 dwarf V. standard, N.Y.State__ 639 fertilizer experiments, Me 45 fruit bud formation, N.H 44 Improvement by scion selection, Can 237 improvement by scion selection. Pa 239 inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 insects affecting 652, 695 insects affecting, N.Y.Cornell 59 insects affecting, W.Va 840 irrigation experiments 683 marketing in North Carolina- 595 of Germany 838 propagation. Pa 238 pruning, Oreg 837 selection experiments. Can 237 selection experiments. Mo 236 self-sterility of. Mo 236 28121°— 16 4 Apples — Continued. Page. spraying 439 spraying, Mo.Fruit 538 spraying experiments. 111 141 spraying experiments. Me 648 spraying experiments, Mo 45 stocks for, Pa 239 storage experiments, Vt 340 thinning experiments, N.H 47 varieties, Alaska 637 varieties. Can 237 varieties, Mont 534 varieties for Idaho, Idaho 44 varieties for New Jersey, N.J 439 varieties for western Washing- ton, Wash 44 varieties resistant to cedar rust, W.Va 248 yield of individual trees, Can_ 237 yields at different ages 439 Apricot Coryneum rust, notes 549 Apricots, dried, inoculation experi- ments with brown rot fungus 247 Arabinose, reducing power 314 Arachnids, comparative physiology and morphology 553 Aralia cordata, nuclein bases in 564 Arbor Day manual 495 Arbor vitiE leaf miner, notes 252 Arboriculture — in Spain 238 treatise 537 Arcyptera flavicosta, destruction by Coccobacillus aci-idiorum 154 Aryyrcsthia — n.spp., descriptions 748 thuiella, notes 252 Arisffima seeds, germination 29 Aristida pungens, culture and use 131 Aristotelia salicifungiella, life history. 655 Arizona — Station, report 96 University and Station, notes- 699, 900 Arkansas University and Station, notes 399, 900 Armillaria mellca — development 130 new hosts for 550 notes 846 on nursery stock 744 treatment 149 Army — rations, notes 165, 365 worm, control in Massachu- setts 144 worm injurious to cranberries. Mass 352 worm, notes and bibliography, Conn. State 58 Arrowroot, fertilizer experiments 227 Arsenic — compounds, toxicity toward plants 327 effect on development of corn 522 solutions, blood charcoal as a purifying agent for 110 928 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Arsenical dips — Page. oxidation 680 oxidation, U.S.D.A 478 use against cattle ticks 679 Arsenicals, production 876 Artemisia spp., analyses 466 Arthrocnemon macrostachyum, an- alyses 406 ArtJirocnodax constricta n.sp., de- scription 255 Artichoke moth, notes 554 Artichokes, insects affecting 856 Artona loalkeri, notes 856 Ascaris liimbricoides, eggs of 681 Aschersonia spp., descriptions 459 Ascoholus parasiticus n.sp., descrip- tion 647 Ascocliyta — cletnatidina, studies, U.S.D.A 650 pisi, notes, Alaska 647 Ascochyta on leguminous plants, life history 548 Ash — distribution and cut in North Carolina 144 manna, composition and adul- teration 443 Ashes, analyses, Can 723 Asparagus beetle egg parasite, stud- ies, U.S.D.A 658 Aspergillus — flavus, description : 459 . niger, relation to apple rot 348 sp., treatment 149 terricola, cnzyms of 410 Aspergillus, selective pov.'er 824 Asphalt, papers on 782 Aspidiotus — ficus, notes 555 osiorni, notes 252 ostrcwfortnis. (See Fruit-scale, European.) pertiiciosus. {See San JosS scale.) viticola n.sp., description 653 Asses in Germany 296 Association — of American Agricultural Col- leges and Experiment Sta- tions 94, 301 of Official Agricultural Chemists 400 Asterochiton (Alcyrodcs) pacliardi, notes 58 Asterolecanium pustulans, notes, P.R 554 Asters, China, varieties at Wisley 536 Astyage lineigera, notes 658 Atelenevra spuria, life history 860 Athalia spinarum, biology 746 Athletes and ncnathletes, metabo- lism of - 263 Atmometer, porous cup, description- 224 Atmometers, relative merits, U.S. D.A 320 Atmosphere — Page. effect on evaporation, U.S.D.A. 320 optical properties 19 radiation of 806 radium emanations of 211 Atmospheric temperature. (See Tem- perature.) Atractodes tenetricosus, notes 862 Atriplex spp., analyses 466 Aujeszky's disease, notes 179 Aulacaspis rosce. (See Rose scale.) Autographa irassicce. (See Cabbage looper.) Autolactotherapy, notes 477 Automobiles, use in stream meas- urement 777 Avocados — composition and nutritive value, Cal 362 culture, Cal 342 Azalea leaf skeletonizer, notes 252 Azo dyes, use against tuberculosis 481 Azotohactcr chroococcum — cytological studies, U.S.D.A 329 nitrogen assimilation by 427 Azotobacter, fixation of nitrogen by_ 823 Babcock — glassware, testing, Ind 383 test, notes. Wash 383 test, use, Okla 676 Bacillosis, paracolon. In calves 182 Bacillus — abortivus equinus, studies 879 abortus, detection in animals, Mo 278 abortus in blood and milk of af- fected animals 679 abortus in milk 679, 774, 875 amylovorus, description 447 amylovorus, notes, N.Y. Cornell- 348 botulinus, development in vege- table medium 866 bronchisepticus, filterability 483 bulgaricus organisms in com- mercial preparations 875 delbruecki, use in bread making 864 dianthi ( ?) on sugar beets 743 enteritidis, studies 178 lathyri, studies, Del 547 minimus mammae, hj'gienic im- portance 175 n.spp. in Brindza cheese 278 necrophorus, notes 774 paratyphosus B, studies 178 pcstis, development in bedbugs_ 747 pestis, longevity in fleas 749 pseudopyogenes lactis in milk — 115 radicicola, groups of 823 radicicola, isolation from soils — 121 radicicola, nitrogen assimilation through 426 radicicola of field peas, N.Y.Cor- nell 329 radicicola of soy beans, studies- 134 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 929 Bacillus — Continued. Page. solanacearum, virulence against Nicotiana 446 sorffhi ( ';) on Sudan grass 851 sporogencs, detection in milk and water 875 Bacteria — acid-fast, studies 7G9 acid-rennet, in udder of cows 175 anaerobic, volatile acids from 30 blood, elimination through intes- tinal wall 84 colon type, on grains G31 counting 82 determination in milk 7G7, 87G formation of creatinin by 725 halophytic and lime-precipitat- ing, notes 630 immunity of plants to ' 740 in milk, soils, water, etc. (See Milk, Soils, Water, etc.) Intestinal, effect on purins 263 nitrifying, action of oligody- namic elements on 422 nitrogen-fixing, as affected by manganese 820 nodule, relationships among 823 sulphur, physiology and distri- bution 23 Bacteriology — application to dairy industry 277 of eggs 764 of soils 120, 513, 823 of soils, laboratory manual 791 papers on from Rockefeller In- stitute 279 BoLcterium— icticolutn, notes, U.S.D.A 147 castanicolum n.sp., description- 448 lactis acidi, resistance to pas- teurization 675 mori ( ?) on beets 742 n.sp. on sugar cane 444 n.spp. in Brindza cheese 278 sepedonicum, studies 14G solanacearum, studies, U.S.D.A_ 744 tuUirense, infection of man with_ 450 tularcnse, transmission by flies- 456 tumefaciens on sugar beets, U.S.D.A 147 vascularunij studies 852 viridilividum n.sp., studies, U.S. D.A 742 Bakeries — inspection in Montana 67 inspection in North Dakota, N. Dak 753 Baking — leavening agents for 66 powdiTS, analyses 461 powders as leavening agents 66 Balance, automatic, for metabolism experiments 167 Page. Banana meal as a substitute for flour 361 Bankers, relation to farmers, U.S. D.A 490 Barberry, Japanese, leaf-hopper on, Conn. State 58 Barium — carbonate as a cause of toxicity in flour 64 ■ polysulphid, fungicidal value 347 sulphur preparation, tests 3S9, 340 Bark — beetles, nematodes associated with 750 louse, oyster-shell. (See Oyster- . shell scale.) louse, scurfy. (See Scurfy scale.) Barley — breeding experiments, Minn 432 breeding experiments. Wis 331 cost of production. Can 830 cost of production in Great Plains area, U.S.D.A 231 culture experiments, Can 830 culture experiments, Minn 431 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 230, 3^3, 633 culture, relation to rainfall, U.S. D.A 715 diseases, notes 146 fertilizer experiments 219, 227, 316,625 fertilizer experiments, Alaska__ 632 for cows fed alfalfa, Cal 575 germ meal, analyses. Can 759 germination as affected by cal- cium cyanamid 818 grain, amino acid in 665 growth in water culture 223 hail injuries to 127 irrigation experiments 225 irrigation experiments, Nebr 827 leaf stripe, treatment 846 loose smut, treatment 846 malt, starch-forming enzym of_ 312 middlings, analyses, N.Y.State_ 371 powdery mildew infection of. Mo 244 proteid substances of 310 seed-bed preparation, U.S.D.A 230 shorts, analyses, Wis 508 varieties 330 varieties, Alaska 632 varieties, Minn 431 varieties, Mo 33 varieties, Nev 631 varieties, U.S.D.A 633 varieties. Wash 33, 34 yield as affected "Ijy antagonism between anions, U.S.D.A 323 yield on alfalfa stubble, Nebr 828 930 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Barns — Page plans and specifications, Can — 783 ventilation 891 Barnyard manure — fertilizing values 432, 516, 624, 625, 729, 731 fertilizing value. Can 722, 831 fertilizing value, Ohio 732. 828 for apples, Pa 240 for meadows 330 for Missouri soils, Mo L 212, 213, 214, 215 losses from, Mich 722 peat litter v. straw for 817 preservation, Mich 722 spring V. winter application 722 use in western North Dakota, N.Dak 225 value and conservation, Ind 325 Basic slag. (See Phosphatic slag.) Bat guano — anal5'ses 821 fertilizing values, P.R 517 of Cuba and Isle of Pines 24 Bathing in Great Salt Lake, meta- bolic influences of 367 Bavarian cereal breeding station in Weihenstephan 831 Bean — anthracnose, notes 432 diseases, studies, Del 547 diseases, studies, Va 544 flour, digestibility of protein 564 pests, treatment, W.Va 231 Beans — black, from Venezuela, tests, P.R 536 breeding experiments. Me G35 culture, W.Va 231 culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments, Fla 31 culture in Canada 432 culture in Montana, Mont 526 culture, project work in 792 fertilizer experiments 326 French, varieties at Wisley 536 growth in relation to climate, U.S.D.A 116 home-canned string, botulism cause by C66 Insects affecting 153 irrigation experiments 683 irrigation on sandy soil 267 of Burma, names and de.scrip- tions 229 varieties 432 varieties, Can 34 varieties. Wash 33 velvet. (See Velvet beans.) wire frames for 891 Beaver fluke, studies (i59 Bedbugs, relation to plague 747 Beech — and oak, union of S43 wood, analyses and use as human food _ 866 Beef — Page. cattle. (See Cattle and Steers.) exports from Australia, U.S. D.A 268 production as affected by plane of nutrition. Mo 265 scrap, analyses, N.Y. State 371 scrap, analyses, R.I 371 Beekeeping — as a school subject 791 handbook 563 in Ontario 159 in Porto Rico, P.R 459 notes. Can 746 notes. Wash 98 Bees — distribution of pear blight by__ 149 in Germany 296 inheritance in 159 mason, notes 253 prevention of natural swarm- ing 159 queen. Wash 698 Beet — gummosis, notes 742 leaf-hopper, natural enemies 747 leaf-hopper, relation to sugar beet curly top 743 leaves, feeding value. Mass 268 nematodes, rearing on agar 547 pulp, dried, analyses 71, 665 pulp, dried, analyses, Conn. State 71 pulp, dried, analyses, N.Y. State- 371 pulp, feeding value. Mass 267 residues for farm stock. Mass — 267 root scab, treatment 848 scab, studies 547 seed, valuation 135 sugar, manufacture in 1913 615 Beetles injurious to coconuts 154 Beets — ensiling 468 fertilizer experiments 219 field or fodder. (See Mangels.) irrigation experiments, Nebr 827 mother, isolation of flower stalk 832 mulching v. clean culture, Mont 534 sugar. (See Sugar beets.) Eenzin v. turpentine for thinning paint, N.Dak 91 Benzoic acid — determination in chopped meats- 15 determination in prunes and cranberries 15 methods of analysis 414 Beriberi — among Philippine scouts 261 disease resembling in rice meal fed pigs. Can 775 relation to experimental poly- neuritis 167 relation to glands of internal secretion 365 treatise 365 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 931 PaKu. Berry diseases, notes 444 Bctain— as affected by micro-organisms- 312 in rioe polisliings 167 Beverages — inspection in Alabama 60 inspection in Fiorida 66 inspection in South Daliota 67 methods of analysis 258 BiMo albipennis, notes 253 Bibliography of — agricultural cooperation, Miss 91 agricultural credit 787 agricultural development of Min- nesota 786 agricultural statistics, interna- tional 295 agriculture, elementary 95 air, bacterial analysis, U.S.D.A_ 611 Aleochara hilincata 862 Amphistomum subtriquetrum 659 anaplasmosis 281 anemia, pernicious, in horses 681 animal parasites affecting live stoclc, Ohio 279 Anoplocephalida? 863 anthocyanin 627 arboriculture 537 army worm. Conn. State 58 Ascochyta clcmatidina, U.S.D.A_ 650 atmospheric influence on evap- oration, U.S.D.A 320 Azotohacter chroococcum, U.S. D.A 329 Bacillus radicicola of field peas, N.Y.Cornell 330 bacteriology in dairy industry — 277 beri-beri 365 biology 167 birdsl 451, 553 cactus 134 cattle, Aberdeen-Angus 72 chemistry 201 chemistry, agricultural 801 cherries, N.Y. State 440 chestnut bark disease 448 chlorophyll formation in rela- tion to light 29 chondriosomes 631 citrus fruits 441 club root, Vt 52 cooking during early history of Rome 462 corn leaf beetle, southern, U.S. D.A 359 corn, seed, from different parts of ear 636 cotton diseases in West Indies. 648 country life 593 cranberry rootworm, U.S.D.A — 457 Cronartium pyrifonne, U.S.D.A_ 449 Cynipidae, gall making, of North America 857 cypresses 49 dairying 578 Bibliography of — Continued. Page, drug plants, U.S.D.A 242 edaphisin 322 education for the home 397 electrical conductivity in plants- 626 entomology, Canadian 553 Erysiphc praminis 847 feeding of school children.- 305, 864 feeding stuffs, energy values, U.S.D.A 72 foods 714 forest botany of India 855 forest charts or calendars, U.S.D.A 844 forest soils 720 forestry 541 fruit bud formation, N.H 44 fruit bud formation, Orcg 838 fungi, entomogenous, of Porto Rico 459 germination of seeds 29, 826 gipsy moth dispersion, U.S.D.A_ 654 gipsy moth wilt disease, > U.S.D.A 255 grapes and grape culture, Oreg- 142 grapes, inheritance in, U.S.D.A- 642 grasses, Ncbr 131 green manuring, Va 721 hazelnuts 540 heredity 371, 537, 758, 870 hides, disinfection, U.S.D.A-— 178 house fly 561 house fly, U.S.D.A 157 insect flagellates of vertebrates- 862 insects 495 insects in relation to man 856 insects, longevity 652 insects, wilt disease of 857 irritability in plants 29 kelps, California, U.S.D.A 109 land, use in common 893 legume diseases, Del 548 lettuce bacterial diseases. Wash- 742 light, effect on etiolated leaves- 826 lime requirements of soils 623 malaria 560, 860 mangoes, Fla 342 May beetle in Austria-Hungary- 657 medicinal plants. Can 842 melon fly 562 meteorology, U.S.D.A— 117, 320, 717 micoplasma theory of Eriksson- 448 microfilariasis of horses 583 milk judging, U.S.D.A 115 mosquitoes 560 mulberry diseases 448 mushrooms, edible and poison- ous, Ohio 338 mycology 846 nature study 95 naval stores industry, U.S.D.A- 544 nitrification in soils, Ohio 421 nitrogen in forest soils 720 nitrogen in Pacific coast kelps, U.S.D.A 125 North American fauna 451 932 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Bibliography of — Continued. Page. nut culture 143 oaks, white, of eastern North America 646 obligate symbiosis in Calluna vulgaris 221 orientation in ants, etc 50.3 otacariasis in mountain sheep- 6S0 ox warble fly. Can 775 pasture grasses as affected by manure 228 pathology and pathologic anato- my of man and animals 476 pigs, bacillary pest, typhus, or paratyphus of 680 plant diseases in Ceylon 545 plant poisons and stimulants, inorganic 328 plum borer, U.S.D.A 454 pollination of red clover, U.S. D.A 833 pomology 537 potash salts 625 potato insects, Iowa 352 poultry 575 Puccinia graminis, U.S.D.A 345 radio-activity of soils and waters 809 rat trypanosome 160 rest period in seeds. Mo 521 rose scale 557 rubber industry of the East 543 rural life and education 95 salts, antagonism ,. 522 salts, antagonism, U.S.D.A 323 seeds, leguminous, as affected by heat 629 seismology, U.S.D.A 320, 717 sex ratios in pigeons, R.I 370 shoots, effect of decapitation or inversion on 827 simulids 156 soil analysis 205 soil solution 322 soils as affected by drying 811 Spongospora subterranea, U.S. D.A 347 sugar beet leaf-hoppers, natural enemies 747 sugar beet seedling diseases, U. S.D.A 246 sugar cane gummosis 852 sugar cane moth stalk borer 454 Tctrastichus asparagi, U.S.D.A. 658 Texas fever tick, Tenn 751 timothy 235 tissue changes in fasting ani- mals 464 tobacco mosaic disease 447 tomatoes 837 tree crickets, N.Y. State 653 tromatodes of North America 863 verbena bud moth, U.S.D.A. 255 water resources 89, 882 •wood block paving 890 Bibliography of — Continued. Page, wood preservatives, toxicity, U.S.D.A 651 woods, strength tests, U.S.D.A_ 845 writings of A. P. A. King 560 writings of F.H. Storer 801 zoology 450 Zygadenus, U.S.D.A 177 Biliary fever. (See Piroplasmosis.) Bill bugs — notes 746 notes. Conn. State 58 Biochemical methods, handbook 310 Biology, bibliography 167, 279 Biotite as a source of potash 722 Birch — and oak, union of 343 starch reserve in 523 wood, analyses and use as hu- man food 866 Bird — Day manual 495 lice, studies, N.Y. Cornell 353 Birds — blood parasites of 152 breeding and rearing in captiv- ity 152 destruction of grapes by 152 dying around Great Salt Lake, U.S.D.A 251 economic value 152, 553 migration, U.S.D.A 57 of North America, color key 451 of North America, treatise 553 of Pennsylvania 553 of West Virginia 553 outline for study of 697 poisoning in gipsy moth control work 653 relation to agriculture 695 shore, future of, U.S.D.A 250 Biscutella Iwvigata, analyses 466 Bison. (See Buffaloes.) Black — flies, lesions produced by 156 knot, fungus-host relationship in 349 sage, oil of 202 scale, control by Isaria 858 Blackberries — crossing experiments. Wash 44 for home and commercial plant- ing, W.Va 537 inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 Irrigation experiments 683 picking and packing. Wash 47 training. Wash 47 Blackberry — anthracnose, treatment. Wash 54, 98 juice, preparation, U.S.D.A 316 Blapstinus pbnalis, notes 746 Blister beetles — injurious to potatoes, Iowa 352 notes 746 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 933 Bloat In cattle — - Page, treatment 388 treatment, Wash G'JS Blood— antithrombin in 280 bread, analyses 805 charcoal as a purifying agent for arsenic solutions 110 circulation In man at high alti- tudes 3GG coagulation by sodium nucleln- ate 177 determination of fat-cleaving action of 310 dried. (See Dried blood.) flour, analyses, N.Y. State 371 marginal points in 478 meal, analyses 870 meal, analyses. Wis 508 parasites of animals 152 serum of cows Immunized against tuberculosis 181 Blow flies, studies 157 Blue grass — culture experiments. Wash 33 growth with legumes, Va 527 Texas, culture under irrigation. 228 Blue tongue. Immunization 384 Blueberries, breeding experiments, Alaska 637 Bluetop grass, culture and use, Alaslia 632 Boars, wild, susceptibility to Infec- tious bulbar paralysis 179 Boettcheria n.g. and n.spp., descrip- tions 158 Bolitophila cinerea, notes 253 Boll weevil. (See Cotton-boll wee- vil.) Bollworm. (See Cotton boUworm.) Bomb calorlmetry, corrections In 2G5 Bone — ground, fertilizing value, R.I 722 meal, analyses, Wis 568 meal, effect on composition of bone 171 meal, fertilizing value 131 Boneblack, dissolved, fertilizing value, R.I 723 Bones, export from India 327 Bookkeeping for farmers 92, 893 Books on — agaves 131 agricultural cooperation 694 agricultural credit 294, 393, 787 agricultural engineering 681 agricultural hydraulics 390 agricultural laborers In Belgium 92 agricultural legislation, Inter- national 191 agricultural resources of United States 490 agricultural statistics, Interna- tional 295 agriculture 494, 791, 793 Books on — Continued. Page. agriculture, elementary 95, 297, 597, 898 agriculture In relation to Euro- pean war 93 agriculture, tropical 397 air, water, and food sanitation. 258 animal breeding 71, 168, 267 animal experimentation and medical progress 876 arachnids 553 arboriculture 537 beekeeping 563 beriberi 365 birds in captivity 152 birds of North America 451, 553 botany 27 butter making on the farm 577 cacao culture In Bahia 240 castration of domestic animals. 176 cattle, Aberdeen-Angus 72 cattle, Hereford 73 cherries of New York 439 churches, country 190 cinchona 343 citrus fruits 441 cold storage 892 colloids 801 cooking 165, 662, 753 cost of living 694 cotton 433 cypresses 49 dew ponds 806 digestion as affected by emo- tions 566 drainage 585, 586 education 596 electricity for the farm 690 engineering, structural 487 entomology, economic 652 evolution 552 farm accounting 92, 893 farm business arithmetic 899 farm shop work 792 farming, British 93 feeding school children 364, 864 feeding the poorer classes 166 fences, gates, and walls 291 fertilizers 398 field crops of India 526 field management and crop rota- tion 429 flavoring compounds 164 flax culture , 133, 731 flies, blooksucking, in relation to disease 560 flora of vicinity of New York 429 flower gardens 738, 899 flowers of the woods 541 flowers of western United States 842 flowers, shrubs, etc., In Cali- fornia 441 food 364 food analysis 206 934 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Books on — Continued. Page. food inspection 67 forest mensuration 298 forest policy of France 541 forest trees and timber supply of China 50 forestry for high schools 298 fowls, Campines 273 fruit growing 438, 639 game animals 77 gardening 398, 898 gardening in city backyards 540 gardening, ornamental 143, 442 gardens, Italian 644 gas cooking, heating, and light- ing 753 grain inspection in Canada 228 grapes, history and culture 736 hay tonnage tables 228 heredity 869 home economics 495, 598 horses, dissection of 87 horses, trotters, and pacers 571 horticulture 899 house flies 561 housing in rural districts 893 ice cream G5 infection, immunity, and specific therapy 476 insects 153, 495, 745 insects, harmful and beneficial to man 856 Insects injurious to grapes 652 insects injurious to orchards 856 insects of California 553, 652 insects of North America 652 irrigation 389, 585, 884 land leasing in Belgium 92 leavening agents 66 live stock feeding 664, 696 live stock, German breeds 668 live stock hygiene and diseases- 876 live stock judging 71, 870 lure of the land 91 malaria 1531 mammals of eastern Massachu- setts 152 meat and food inspectors' ex- aminations in England 261 milk and its products in the home 899 milk testing 298 nature study 95, 397 nutrition 662 onion culture 837 orientation in ants, etc 563 pathology and pathologic anat- omy of man and animals 476 phosphates 126 physics of the household 364 physiology, comparative 168 pigeons 173 pigs 172, 791 plant anatomy 724 plant diseases 646 Books on — Continued. Page. plant physiology 425 plant poisons and stimulants, inorganic 327 plants, aromatic 643 plants, colonial 437 plants, tropical 221 plants, useful 96 plumbing, country practice in_ 590 potatoes 531 poultry 77, 173, 473, 598 poultry diseases 681 pruning 838 rabbits 174 radio-activity of soils and waters 809 river discharge 287 roads 393 rose culture 644 rubber 50. 343 rural surveys 593 school credit for home work 597 sewage analysis 206 sewage disposal plants 785 silos, concrete 892 silvonomy 541 soil bacteriology 791 soils 95, 398, 617 spore plants 429 squabs 173 sugar industry, chemistry of__ 615 tanning 18 timber preservation 243 titrations, ' alkalimetrical and acidimetrical 109 tobacco 235 transpiration and sap ascent in plants 127 trees 297 trees and shrubs of United States 437 trees of Pennsylvania 49 vinegar manufacture 18 water analysis 206 water conservation by storage- 885 water supplies 287, 586 water transportation 390, 586 yams 437 zoological philosophy 552 zoology, economic 652 Borax as a growth stimulant for hemp 432 Bordeaux mixture — analyses, N.J 47 as a citrus spray 649 as a summer spray for apples. Mo 46 for potatoes, N.Y.State 40 fungicidal value, Me 648 homemade, tests, P.R 549 investigations 151 mixing plant, Va. Truck 358 preparation and use 449 preparation and use, N.J 639 spraying v. dusting, N.J 330 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 935 Boric acid — Page. (letfrmination 804 effect on milk 577 Boron — compounds, toxicity toward plants 327 determination in organic mate- rials 713 effect on development of corn__ 522 Botanic station in Honduras, report_ 438 Botanical research of Carnegie Insti- tution 220 Botany — economic, investigations, Can 741 treatise 27 Botflies, relation to pernicious ane- mia in horses 681 Botrytis — cinerca. (See Grape gray rot.) rileyi, description 459 spp. on peonies 56 vulgaris, studies 55 Bottling establishments, law in Ohio_ 662 Botulism, studies 866 Box leaf miner, fumigation experi- ments 859 Boys' — agricultural clubs in Maine 697 agricultural clubs, notes 599 agricultural competition for 196 club work in Arkansas, Ark 95 club work, school credit for 799 • clul)s in Michigan, projects for_ 792 clubs, material supplied to 792 clubs, notes 195, 898 contest clubs, dangers in 296 corn clubs, suggestions for 598 Brachistella acuminata, notes, U.S. D.A 357 Brachypodium pinnatum, analyses__ 466 Bracon sp. parasitic on cotton boll- worm 750 Bran — analyses 71, 665 analyses. Can 759 analyses. Conn. State 71 analyses, R.I 371 analyses, Wis 508 {See also Wheat, Rye, etc.) Bread — • blood, analyses 865 determination of acid content 14 examination 659 keeping quality, improving 752 leavening agents for 66 making, durum wheat for 564 making, potatoes in 162, 865 making, relation to atmo jheric conditions 752 making, rice flour in 260 making, sugar in 162, 461 making, use of lactic acid in 864 of Kaingang Indians of Brazil. 752 oven temperature for 565 physical chemistry of 162 prices in France 694 Bread — Continued. Page, rye-potato, digestive disturb- ances following use of 361 seasoning, digest of data 361 Breeding. {See Animal breeding (iiid Plant breeding.) Brewers' grains — analyses 170. 870 analyses. Can 759 dried, analyses, Conn..^tate 71 dried, analyses, N.Y. State 371 dried, analyses. Wis 568 dried, as a feeding stuff 467 Brewers' yeast — dried, analyses. Wis 568 refuse, composition and digesti- bility 568 Brick — highways in King County, Washington 781 pavements, vitrified, for roads, U.S.D.A 686 Bridge — slabs, reinforced concrete, tests. 487 timbers, preservation 544 Bridges — concrete highway, design 588 construction and maintenance, U.S.D.A 889 estimating curves for 487 highway, construction 688, 782 highway, inspection 782 surfaces or floors for 393 Brine, micro-organisms in 525 Brome grass — culture under dry farming, Mont 632 Hungarian, culture under irriga- tion 228 Bromus rubens, analyses 466 Brooders — and brooding, notes 273 colony, construction. Wash 98 Brooding instinct in relation to egg production. Me 74 Broom millet — - classification 834 seed, analyses and nutritive value 870 Brown rot Sclerotinia, hosts of 247 Brown-tail moth — control. Conn. State 57 control in Canada, Can 746 control in Massachusetts 144 control in New Hampshire 858 larva;, poison glands of 558 notes, U.S.D.A 254 Bucculatrix ilecella n.sp., descrip- tion 748 Buckwheat — as a cover crop for orchards, Pa 240 bran, analyses. Wis 568 culture experiments. Can 830 flour, digestibility of protein 564 middlings, analyses, Conn.State_ 71 936 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Buckwheat — Continued. Page, screenings, ground, analysea, N.Y.State 371 varieties, Alasl^a 632 varieties, Can 34 varieties, Wash 33 yield in relation to physical properties of soils 815 Bud moth, eye-spotted, remedies, N.Y.Cornell 59 Buffaloes — Formosan, measurement 469 in North America 470 wood, in Canada 843 Bulbar paralysis, infectious, treat- ment 1'''9 Bulbs, rest period in, Mo 223 Bulls, management, Wash 698 .Bumblebees, inquiline, in British Co- lumbia 658 Bunias orientalis, heredity of fascia- tion in 727 Bupalus piniarius, biology and para- sites of 858 Burdock, lesser, destruction by Metz- neria lappella 859 Burgundy mixture, fungicidal value- 152 Bushel weights, determination 534 Butter — adulterated, detection 505 as affected by quality of cream_ 80 fat. (-See Pat and Milk fat.) making on the farm 577 making on the farm. Wash 98 making, pasteurization of cream for, Iowa 473 marketing in North Carolina 595 methods of analysis 258, 505 prices from producer to con- sumer 175 print, variation in weight, N.Y. Cornell 80 removal of odors from, Iowa_- 474 statistics in United States 894 substitutes for 660 vegetable, description 660 yellow color in. Mo 175 Buttermilk — cheese, manufacture. Wis 382 for pigs, N.C 762 Byturus tomentosus, notes 652 Cabbage — bacterial black rot, studies 346 bug, harlequin, notes 746 club root, effect on crucifers 648 club root, notes, Alaska 647 club root, treatment 848 culture, Mass 238 culture for forage, Wash 34 culture in California, Cal 537 fertilizer experiments 326 Fusarium disease, relation to temperature 346 irrigation on sandy soil 287 looper, notes, Iowa 352 Cabbage — Continued. Page. mulching v. clean culture, Mont 534 resistance to club root, Vt 52 root fly, parasites of 861, 862 root maggot, studies. Conn. State 58 Savoy, carbohydrates of 310 seed, production. Can 226 varieties resistant to Fusarium_ 346 varieties resistant to rot. Wis- 344 worms, remedies. La 555 Cacao — bean husks, analyses. Can 759 culture experiments 738 culture experiments, P.R 536 culture In Bahia 240 diseases, notes 241 diseases, studies, P.R 549 fertilizer experiments 738 insects affecting 153, 241, 555 root disease, investigations 448 shells, analyses 870 shells, analyses, Conn.Staie 71 Cacoecia lambertiana n.sp., descrip- tion 748 Cactaceae, investigations 221 Cactus — analyses 70 analyses and digestibility, U.S.D.A 766 as human food 64 as stock food -70 culture in southern Texas, U.S.D.A 134 destruction in Australia 233 ensiling 70 eradication 134 experimental station at Dulacca_ 233 for dairy cows, U.S.D.A 766 growth in relation to light and temperature 128 leaves, analyses 65 midge, notes 252 spineless, selection experiments- 231 use as a fertilizer 25 utilization 134, 233 Caffein — methods of analysis 414 substances, action of 464 Cakes- making 695 oven temperature for 565 Calcium — and sodium chlorids, antago- nism between 31 arsenate v. lead arsenate as an insecticide 339, 340 as a growth stimulant for hemp- 432 carbonate, effect on nitrogen fix- ation by Azotobacter chroo- coccum 427 carbonate, relation to chlorosis, P.R 520 chlorid, effect on permeability of protoplasm 328 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 937 Calcium — Continued. Page, cyanamid, application to winter grain 125 cyanamid, effect on germination of cereals 818 cyanamid, effect on sugar beets_ 434 cyanamid, fertilizing value 219, 624 cyanamid in mixed fertilizers 25 determination in solids and fluids from animal organism_ 713 effect OH coagulation of milk__ 674 effect on herbaceous plants 428 hypochlorite, sterilization of water by 883 importance in the animal organ- ism 758 nitrate, effect on sugar beets 434 nitrate, fertilizing value 25, 219 nitrite, fertilizing value 219 phosphates, solubility in ammo- nium citrate solution 412 separation from magnesium 412 sulphate. (See Gypsum.) Caleometer, description 367 California University and Station, notes 496, 794 Caliroa Umacina, notes, Conn. State- 58 Calluna vulgaris — obligate symbiosis in 221 sprigs, as a substitute for black tea 866 Calorimetry, bomb, corrections in 265 Calosoma sycophanta — dispersion in New England, U.S.D.A 254 studies, U.S.D.A 457 Calves — as affected by rations from sin- gle plant sources, Wis 367 estimating age 469 feeding and care. Wash 98 feeding experiments 209, 570 feeding experiments. Can 765 feeding experiments, Nebr 208 Immunization against tubercu- losis 878 milk substitutes for 669 mineral phosphates for 469 raising in Hungary 269 raising on skim milk, Kans 374 • spring, advantages of raising 570 weight of 171 young, sour milk for 269 Cambium miners, studies 749 Camomile flowers, chemistry of 202 Camp sanitation and housing 691 Camphor from black sage 202 Campoplex variabilis n.sp., notes, Mass 352 Camptosoriis rhizophyllus, studies — 27 Campylomma verhasici, relation to fire blight 744 Canals — drainage, automatic gate for 586 excavation, estimating for 586 Irrigation, plaster lining 886 Canals — Continued. Page. irrigation, flow of water in, U.S. D.A 183 power, design 885 unlined, seepage from 885, 886 Canavalia cnsiformis — as a cover crop for coconuts, etc., P.R 535 composition and digestibility 267 Cancer, serum reaction 477 Cane — sugar, harmful effect of 65 tops, analyses 568 Canine distemper. (See Dog dis- temper.) Cankerworm, spring, remedies, Kans_ 62 Cannas, crossing experiments 644 Canned goods — blanching 66 relation to pellagra 565 Canning — clubs in Arkansas, Ark 95 factories, inspection in Ohio. 164, 165 factory wastes, disposal 590 for boys' and ^Is' club wr .k 599 on the farm, Idaho 18 Cantaloups. (See Muskmelons.) Caoutchouc. (See Rubber.) Capillary lift of soils, determina- tion 618 Capnodium. citricolum, treatment, 149 Capons — and caponizing, Wash 98 characteristics , 578 Caramels, sucrose and dextrose, prep- aration 65 Carbohydrates — determination 314, 712 effect on nitrogen excretion dur- ing starvation 663 effect on nutritiok and growth_ 462 of Savoy cabbage 310 oxidation by potassium persul- phate 502 Carbon — bisulphid, relation to soil organ- isms and plant growth, Wis_ 323 bisulphid, use against harvester ant, Ariz 57 compounds, assimilation by mold fungi 726 determination 207 dioxid concentration, effect on plants 628 dioxid, determination of minute quantities 711 dioxid, effect on solubility of soils 513 dioxid, loss from incubating eggs 575 dioxid, titration of small quan- tities 413 Carica papaya, botany and culture 440 Carnation stem rot, studies 350 Carnivora, susceptibility to infectious bulbar paralysis 179 938 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. Carpocapsa — Page. funebrana, morphology and biol- ogy 748 pomonclla. (Sec Codling moth.) Carrichttra telle, analyses 466 Carrots — analyses, Can 759 irrigation experiments 287 mulching r. clean culture, Mont- 534 seed production. Can ^-- 226 varieties, Can 831 varieties, Wash 34 Casein — ammoniflcation in soils, Hawaii- 808 determination in milk 503, 714 hexooe bases of 408 importance in animal organism- 758 methods of analysis 176 use in Bordeaux mixture 450 Cassava — analyses 568 fertilizer experiments 227 hydrocyanic acid in 200, 665 meal for dairy cows 275 Castor beans — culture and utilization " 438 diseases of 545 fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas 522 Castration of domestic animals, treatise 17G Catalase — chemical nature 311 investigations 409 solutions, destruction by erep- sin 311 use of term 329 Catalysts, oxidation by 329 Catalytic substances, fertilizing value 841 Cations, bivalent, effect on permea- bility of protoplasm 328 Cattle — Aberdeen-Angus, history 72 Ayrshire, inheritance of aural abnormality in 873 Ayrshire, origin and character- istics 873 breeding and care 71 breeding, as affected by plane of Lutrition, Mo 265 breeding circuit in North Da- kota, N.Dak 78 cactus for 70 dairy breeds, prolificacy in 576 (See also Cows.) determination of live weight 569 diseases in South Africa 384 estimating condition 469 feeding experiments 170 feeding experiments, Ind 371 feeding experiments. Mo 569 feeding experiments in Den- mark 174 feeding in the South 668 feeding, mineral requirements — 870 Cattle — Continued. Page. feeding, review of literature 170 feeding, starch values in 673 fish meal for 169 Guernsey, advanced register records 275 Hereford, origin and develop- ment 73 husbandry, course in 696 industry in Canada 93 judging 71, 899 Lincolnshire Red Shorthorns-- 668 maintenance, factors affecting cost, Mo 569 of Brazil 469 of German Southwest Africa 668 of Germany 296, 668 of Jamaica, improvement » 870 origin 469 paunch contents as pig feed 672 plague. (See Rinderpest.) poisoning with Zygadenus, U.S.D.A 177 reversion in 608 sex determination in 669 slaughterhouse, frequency of pregnancy in 86 sugar for 467 ticks, studies, Tenn 750 (See also Ticks.) uniform classification for fairs- 697 wintering in Ireland 170 young, weights and measure- ments 669 (See also Cows, Calves, etc.) Caulitlower— culture. Mass 238 culture experiments, N.Mex 43 mulching v. clean culture, Mont 534 seed production, Can 226 varieties, N.Mex 43 worms, remedies. La 555 Cecidomyia — destructor. (See Hessian fly.) oxycoccana, notes, Mass 352 Celery — bacterial leaf-spot, studies 245 culture experiments, Mont 534 culture in western Washington, Wash 793 diseases, treatment 848 fly, notes 860 late blight, studies. Wash— 742, 793 root scab, studies 547 seed, production. Can 226 Cellar walls, waterproofing and in- sulating 490 Cells — bibliography 168 colloidal and physical chemis- try 28 permeability 127 Cellulose — determination in feeds, etc 14 determination in flour 314 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 939 Page. Cement mortar as affected by tem- perature 589 Cephalcuros sp. on rubber 449 Cephalosporium lecanii, description. 459 Cephalotheciuin roscum — relation to apple rot 34S relation to temperature 545 Ceraml)ycir.s fat, detection in butter ."105 meal, analyses 5GS. 870 Coconuts — culture and utilization 438 fertilizer experiments, P.R 535 germinating, lipase in 420 insects affecting 154, 555 stored, disease of 515 Cod liver oil — and its cordials, nutritive values 103 lecithids in 100 Codling moth — in Russia 1"^ investigations, U.S.D.A 01 life history, U.S.D.A 550 morphology and biology 748 notes 052, 053 remedies 252 remedies, 111 141 remedies, N.Y.Cornell 59 Coffee — culture experiments, P.R 530, 643 culture in South India 043 diseases, studies, P.R 549 fertilizer experiments, P.R 530 germination experiments 841 insects affecting 153 insects affecting, P.R 554 leaf disease, treatment 445. 049 statistics in United States 894 toxicity GO varieties, P.R 530 Colaspidema atra injurious to alfalfa 555 Cold — storage, effect on hops, U.S.D..V_ 709 storage plants, inspection in Massachusetts 200 storage, treatise 892 waves, cause 210 {See also Temperature, low.) Coleophora laricella, reme(lies 859 Colias spp. injurious to alfalfa 555 College curriculum, relation to hu- man life and work 895 Colleges. (See Agricultural colleges.) Page. Colletotrichum — agaves, studies 851 cameUim, studies 650 falcatum, notes 444 Qlceosporioides, treatment 149 gossypii, notes 741 n.sp. on clover 340 n.sp. on milk weed 350 n.sp. on potatoes 346 Colloids — determination in soils 118 in soils 215, 513 of humus 609 treatise 801 Color- in animals, chemistry of 067 in plants, studies 224 inheritance in horses 471 inheritance in rabbits 757 Colorado — College and Station, notes 99 Station, report 96 Colt shows, directions for 697 Colts, breaking and training, U.S. D.A 271 Complement action, studies 280 Compsilura concinnata, dispersion In New England, U.S.D.A 254 Conchuela affecting Sudan grass, Tex 747 Concrete — chute for water 550 culverts, specifications 291 effect of varying the percentage of water in 292 oil-mixed, tests, U.S.D.A 685 pavements for roads, U.S.D.A 085 roads in Ontario 289 use of blast furnace slag in 684 Cone beetles, studies, U.S.D.A 438 Confectionery — establishments, law in Ohio 662 use of talc in, U.S.D.A 304 Conifer plantations in Massachu- setts G45 Coniferae, oils of 18, 203, 409 Coniferous woods, identification 143 Conifers — liming experiments 739 ornamental, cidture 143 variation in size of ray pits 645 Coniopliora cerehclla, infection of wood by 651 Conjunctivitis in man 450 Connecticut College, notes 300, 699 Conophthorus spp. injurious to pines, U.S.D.A 458 Conotrachelus nenuphar. (See Plum curculio.) Conringia orientalis, analyses 466 Contarinla (Diplosis) sorghicola — affecting Sudan grass, Tex 746 in Argentina 155 Convolvulus arvensis, analyses and feeding value 70 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 943 Cooker, thermal storage, descrip- Page, tlon 4G1 Cooking — book 165, 6G2, 753 during early history of Rome- 402 Instruction in continuation schools 792 instruction in graded schools of Wisconsin 195 instruction in Porto Rico 397 instruction in vocational schools 397 laboratory guide and notebook. 097 text-book 598 use of electricity in_ 67,68,461,505 utensils, nickel, usefulness 68 Coontail, culture for wild ducks, D.S.D.A 251 Copper — compounds, toxicity toward plants 327 determination 612 determination in copper sul- phate 313 sulphate, use in soil disinfec- tion 250 sulphate, valuation 313 use against tuberculosis 677 Copperas. {See Iron sulphate.) Corbin, tests. Conn. State 58 Corchorus capsularis, fertilizer ex- periments 432 Cordi/ceps spp., descriptions 459 Corn — albinism in 131 analyses. Conn. State 71 analyses, U.S.D.A 761 analyses, Wis 568 and cowpeas, associated growth, Mo 226 and legumes, associated growth, Va 527 as a sole ration for animals. 307, 602 as affected by detasseling 420 borer, lined, notes 252 bran, analyses, N.Y.State 371 breeding experiments, Fla 34 breeding experiments, S.Dak 331 breeding experiments. Wis 331 " Cariaco," tests, P.R 536 chlorosis, Investigations 522 chops, analyses 870 clubs in Arkansas, Ark 95 composition and digestibility, Okla 568 correlation studies 426 cost of production, Miss 34 cost of production. Mo 293 cost of production in Great Plains area, U.S.D.A 231 culture, N.C 36 culture contest in Iowa 697 culture, continuous, v. rotation, Ohio 35 culture, effect on height of stalk and ears, Minn 729 28121"— 16 5 Corn — Continued. PiiKO. culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments, Can 830 culture experiments, 111 528 culture experiments, Minn 729 culture experiments. Miss 34 culture experiments, Ohio 35 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 231, 332, 830 culture on muck soils. Wash 33 culture, relation to rainfall, U.S.D.A 715 culture under dry farming, Mont 032 development, studies. Mo 226 diseases, notes, Iowa 146 effect on fetal development, Mo_ 266 elements necessary to develop- ment of 522 fertilizer experiments, La 32 feltilizer experiments. Miss 34 fertilizer experiments, N.C . 36 fertilizer experiments, Ohio 35, 828 fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A- 830 flea-beetle, notes 746 flint, culture in Montana. Mont- 526 fodder, analyses, Can 759 for silage, analyses. Conn. State- 71 for silage, varieties, Nev 631 germination tests, value, Ohio 36 gluten feed, analyses, N.Y.State_ 371 grades for, U.S.D.A 433 grinding, stone and roller proc- ess, U.S.D.A 2.59 growth in relation to climate, U.S.D.A 116 hogging down, Ohio 871 hogging down, U.S.D.A 871 inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 insects affecting 153 insects affecting, Iowa 451 irrigation experiments, Nebr 827 judging 898 kernel, amino acid in 665 leaf beetle, southern, investiga- tions, U.S.D.A 358 lessons on 196 marketing and grading, N.C 294 marketing in North Carolina 595 meal, analyses. Conn. State 71 meal, analyses, N.Y.State 371 meal, analyses, U.S.D.A 259 meal, classification, U.S.D.A 259 meal, degerminated, keeping quality, U.S.D.A 260 meal, energy value, U.S.D.A 72 meal manufactured by different processes, composition and keeping qualities, U.S.D.A— 259 meal, phosphoric oxid content- 752 meal products, composition and digestibility 564 meal, relation to pellagra 464, 565, 662 meal, unbolted, analyses 870 944 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Corn — Continued. Page. old and new, nutritive value 466 pollen, physiology of 433 preparation for steers, Mo 265 protein, efficiency for milk pro- duction 276 root aphis, remedies. 111 60 rotation experiments, Ohio 828 rotation experiments, U.S.D.A 231, 429, 829 rusts in Barbados 445 screenings, ground, analyses, N.Y.State 371 seed bed, preparation, U.S.D.A 232 seed, from different parts of ear_ 635 seed, protection from wire- worms 657 seed, testing 898 selection experiments, Ohio 35 shocli, ensiling, Mo "274 shrinliage in, Ohio 36 silage. (See Silage.) smut, dissemination and treat- ment 51 smuts in Barbados 445 spacing experiments, U.S.D.A 830 stover, energy value, U.S.D.A 72 study of in Philippine College of Agriculture 597 subsoiling. Miss 34 suckering. Miss 34 sugar content as affected by de- tasseling 426 thinning experiments, Ohio 36 variation and growth in. Me 28 varieties 528 varieties, Md 528 varieties. Miss 34 varieties. Mo 33 varieties, N.C 36, 529 varieties, Ohio 35,828 varieties, U.S.D.A 430, 728, 830 varieties. Wash 33 water requirements, U.S.D.A 726 wireworm, studies, S.C 63, 158 yield as affected by number of stalks per hill, Minn 730 yield In relation to physical properties of soils 815 yield on alfalfa stubble, Nebr_- 828 Cornell University, notes 198, 795 Cornus wood, use 443 Coronilla minima, analyses 466 Corpus luteum — effect on ovulation. Me 96 supply of 86 Corthylua punctatiastmus, notes 252 CorHcium — aalmonicolor, studies 151 vagum solani, relation to sugar beet damping off, U.S.D.A 246 Oorylua avellana, monograph 540 Oorj/neum modonium, studies 854 Cost of living — Page. in Australia 166 in United States, control 787 treatise 694 Cotalpa consobrina, notes 746 Cothonaspis (Eucoila) rapw, notes 862 Cotton — aphis, notes 746 boll weevil, Arizona wild, studies, U.S.D.A 257 boll weevil, studies, U.S.D.A__ 563 bollworm, new parasite of 159 bollworm, pink, studies 655 breeding and selection experi- ments 227 Cauto tree, culture 529 clubs in Arkansas, Ark 95 culture Ala.Tuskegee 232 culture and utilization 438 culture experiments, U.S.D.A- 730, 830 culture in Italian Somaliland 433 culture in Madras 131 culture, relation to rainfall, U.S.D.A 117,715 culture, single stalk method, U.S.D.A 730, 830 curly leaf, description 648 cutworm, notes, Iowa 352 diseases in India 846 diseases in Nigeria 741 fertilizer experiments 25, 227, 834 fertilizer experiments, La 32 fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A_ 830 grading, cooperation in 595 hybridization experiments 132 improvement in Bombay Presi- dency 730 Indian, factors controlling gin- ning per cent 529 inheritance in 834 insects affecting 153 lightning injury to 345 loggerhead disease, description- 648 marketing in North Carolina 595 marketing, statistics, U.S.D.A 788 microscopical studies 210 perjugate hybrids, characteris- tics 132 planting for early maturity 133 production and weather, corre- lation, U.S.D.A 117, 715 serpentine leaf miner affecting- 255 statistics in United States 894 treatise 433 varieties 834 varieties, N.C 529 variety, new and prolific, Ala. Tuskegee 232 VerticilHum albo-atrum, on 244 warehouses, construction, U.S. D.A 784 warehouses in the South, U.S. D.A 191 wild, insects affecting, Ariz 57 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 945 Cotton — Continued. Page. wireworm, studies, S.C 63, 158 yield in relation to density of stand 133 Cotton-seed — by-products, effect on compo- sition of milk. Mo 274 cake, analyses 665 composition and digestibility, Okla 568 deterioration, relation to gin- ning, U.S.D.A 833 gormination as affected by green manures, Wis 331 hulls, detection In cotton-seed meal 16 meal, amino acid in 1 665 moal, ammoniflcation in soils, Hawaii 808 meal, analyses 71, 568, 665, 870 meal, analyses, CanJ 759 meal, analyses. Conn. State 71 meal, analyses, N.Y.State 371 meal, analyses, R.I 371 meal, analyses. Wis 568 meal, composition and digesti- bility, Okla 568 meal, effect on composition of milk. Mo 274 meal for poultry, N.C 763 meal for sweet potatoes, Ala. College 337 meal, toxicity 311 moth, new, from West Africa- 155 oil, chemical and physiological tests 362 oil, hardened, analyses and di- gestibility 564 products of Texas 788 toxic substance in 311 Cottony cushion scale — notes, Pla 59 remedies 725 Coumarin, methods of analysis 413 Country life — bibliography 593 education association in Mon- tana 95 work at Ohio State University. 190 County — experiment farms, Ohio 828 fairs, uniform premium llsts__ 697 farm adviser, Cal 697 Cover crops — for coconuts, citrus, etc., P.R_ 535 for peach orchards, W.Va 841 for young orchards. Pa 239 Cow stalls, homemade. Wash 90 Cowpeas — amino acid in 665 and corn, associated growth. Mo 226 cost of production. Mo 293 culture experiments, Fla 31 culture experiments. Mo 225 culture experiments, Nebr 229 Cowpeas — Continued. Page. culture experiments, U.S.D.A 830 culture in Montana, Mont 526 disking V. plowing under, Mo_ 226 drilling v. broadcasting, Mo-- 33 fertilizing value 227 nitrojron assimilation by 426 varieties. La 32 varieties, Nebr 229 varieties. Wash 33 Cows — artiflcial fecundation of 71 assumption of male secondary characters by, Me 369 cactus for, U.S.D.A 766 champion dairy 78, 275, 576 cost of raising. Can 765 dried yeast for 467 factors affecting development. Mo 274 feeding 175, 673 feeding, Mass 275 feeding experiments 170, 174, 674 feeding experiments, Ariz 77 feeding experiments, Cal 575 feeding experiments. Can 765 feeding experiments, N.Mex 872 feeding experiments, U.S.D.A 760 feeding experiments. Wis 381, 382 feeding experiments in Den- mark 174 gestation period 171 height measurement. Mo 274 judging 899 milk flow In relation to age, Me_ 97 milk yield and form, relation.. 78 records. (See Dairy herd rec- ords.) refuse brewers' yeast for 568 sugar-beet tops for 169 (See also Cattle.) Crab apples, inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 Cranberries — benzoic acid in 15 breeding experiments, Alaska 637 culture 736 culture experiments, Mass 341 culture experiments, Wis 342 fertilizer experiments, Mass 341 insects affecting. Mass 352 Insects affecting, Wis 351 protection against frost, Mass 341 root growth, Mass 341 Cranberry — blight, cause. Wis 342 diseases, investigations, Mass.. 350 rootworm, studies, U.S.D.A 456 Crane flies of North America, biology. 561 Crataegus, Inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 Cream — acidity, relation to Streptococ- cus lacticus 675 analyses. Me 277 care on the farm 80 946 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Cream — Continued. Page. determination of fat content 16 Devonshire " clotted " 277 factors affecting fat content, N.Y.Cornell 383 laws and regulations in United States 874 pasteurization for butter mak- ing, Iowa 473 production and care, Ind 383 separation 695 sterilizing 473 tables for blending 577 tests, variations, N.Y. Cornell 383 yellow color in, Mo 175 Creameries, cooperative, Miss 91 Creamery and testers' license law, Ind 383 Creatin — as a source of creatinin 69 determination in muscle 13 excretion during starvation 663 metabolism 566 Creatinin — content of muscle 566 formation by bacteria 725 in plants 725 in starvation 663 metabolism 566 source of 69 Crimson clover. (See Clover.") Crithidia gerridis, pathogenic to warm-blooded mammals 862 Crocus sativus, analyses 466 Cronartium — pyriforme, studies, U.S.D.A 448 quercus on jack pines, U.S.D.A- 351 spp., notes 351 Crop — reports, U.S.D.A 93, 192, 295, 395, 594, 788 rotations. (See Rotation of crops.) yields, relation to physical prop- erties of soils 815 Crops — affected by climate and soils 825 as affected by radio-active earth_ 123 for dairymen. Wash 97 relation to rainfall, U.S.D.A 715 Cross-tics, preservation 544 Crucianella maritima, analyses 466 Crucifer diseases, treatment 848 Cruciferous club root and gall weevil- 648 Crucifers — culture. Mass 238 disease resistance in, "Vt 52 Crude fiber. {See Cellulose.) Cryoscope, description 414 CryphiphoruB Ugustici, studies 657 Oryptorhynchus tatatw, notes 563 Cucumber — downy mildew, notes 146 downy mildew, notes, Mass 245 niQlchlng V. clean culture, Mont_ 534 Cucumber — Continued. Page. pickles, curing 17 " white pickle," Investigations, Wis 344 Culex pipiens, relation to tempera- ture 860 Culicidse. (See Mosquitoes.) Cultivation, effect on water economy of light sandy soil 287 Culvert slabs, reinforced concrete, tests 487 Culverts, construction 291, 588, 688, 782 Curculionidae in bamboo stems 658 Currant — anthracnose, investigations, N.Y. Cornell 347 juice, preparation, U.S.D.A 316 Septoria leaf spot, investiga- tions, N.Y.Cornell 347 worm, imported, notes 659 Currants — breeding experiments, Alaska 637 for home and commercial plant- ing, W.Va 537 of Germany 838 Cuscuta seeds, determinations 533 Cutworms — army, control, Mont 654 notes 652, 746 variegated, notes 252 variegated, not^, Iowa 353 Cyanamid — amraoniflcation of 219 determination 110 in fertilizer mixtures 624 process, development and status 424 (See also Calcium cyanamid.) Cyanid fumigation of ships 556 Cyanogen in grasses 665 Cycloneda (Neda) sanguinea, notes- 860 Cyclones in United States 807 Cydla (Grapholita) funeirana, bio- nomics and remedies 155 Cydonia japonica, inoculation experi- ments with brown rot fungus 247 Cyllene robiniw, notes 253 Cyllophorus rulrosignatua n.sp., de- scription 159 Cynipidse, gall making, of North America .. 857 Cypress — of Rocky Mountains, U.S.D.A— 343 treatise 49 Cytisus adami, graft hybrids of 429 Dacus cucuriita;, studies 562 Dahlia Vertlclllium wilt, studies--- 244 Dahlias, varieties ._ 540 Dairy — barns, plans and specifications. Can 783 barns, sanitary mangers for 489 farming, meaning of, Wash 97 farms, score.card system for 576 herd records 275 herd records, Can 765 herd records, Fla 96 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 947 Dairy — Continued. Page, houses, small, plans, U.S.D.A — 892 husbandry Instruction, develop- ment of 493 Industry, bactoriology In 277 Industry, bibliography 578 Industry In Canada 93 Industry In Hungary 175 Industry In Minnesota 78 Industry In Sweden 274 Industry, progress In 673 Inspection, discussion 701 Inspection In Kansas 577 Inspection In Massachusetts 260 Inspection In Missouri 164 Inspection in Montana 67 Inspection In Nevada, Nev 061 Inspection In North Dakota, N. Pali 753 Inspection In Ohio 67,78,164,661 Inspection In Pennsylvania 67 Inspection In Utah 164 products, examination 67 utensils as a source of bacterial contamination 876 wastes, purification 784 Dams, construction 580, 885 Dasheens, varieties, P.R 535 Datana integcrrima, notes. Conn. State 58 Date — palm, foliage of, U.S.D.A 342 stone beetle, notes 750 Davainea n.spp., descriptions 775 Death camas, monograph, U.S.D.A . 177 Delaware College, notes 794 DeltocephaJus spp., notes, Me 356 Demurrage Information for farmers, U.S.D.A 91 Department of Agriculture. (See United States Department of Agri- culture.) Dermacentor venustus, notes 862 Dermanyssus — gallinw, notes, N.Y.Cornell 354 spp. on rodents 159 Dermatitis in horses and pigs 774 Desiccation, effect on tubercle bacilli- 282 Dew ponds, treatise 806 Diabetic metabolism as affected by adrenals 754 Diaporthe parasitica in France 56 Diaprepes — spengleri deniidatus n.var., de- scription, U.S.D.A 360 spengleri, studies 458 spp. of West Indies, U.S.D.A- 360 Diarrhea, bacillary white, preven- tion, Conn.Storrs 273 Diastase activity In plant extracts, measurement 315 Diastases, animal or vegetable, fatal temperatures for 30 Diatrwa saccharalis. (See Sugar cane borer. ) Pagrt. Diohomeria vacciniella n.sp., de- scription 748 Dlcyanamld, manufacture from lime nitrogen 614 Diet— balancing 364 effect on cholesterol content of tissues 754 for au orphanage 365 for poor people 462 for school children 261 low protein, review of litera- ture 68 of herdsmen In higher Alps 662 rational apportionment during 24-hour cycle 464 relation to beri-beri 261 studies In French army 165 unbalanced, studies 68, 664 vegetable, harmful effect 867 (See also Food.) Digestion, effect of emotions on 566 Dionyclius parallelogramus, notes- _ 658 Dioscorea, treatise 437 Diplocarpon rosce, Investigations, N.Y.Cornell 347 Diplodia — cacaoicola on rubber 449 natalensls, notes, P.R 549 Diplosis sorghicola — affecting Sudan grass, Tex 746 in Argentina 155 Dipping vats, construction, Ala. College 680, 691 Dips, effect on wool 571 Dipterocarp forests In Philippines- 443 Diseases — milli borne, control 701 mosquito-borne, text-book 156 of animals. (See Animal dis- eases.) of plants. (See Plant dis- eases.) Disinfectants, standardization 176 Disodium phosphate, importance In the animal organism 758 Distemper, canine or dog. (See Dog distemper.) Distillers' grains — analyses. Can 759 analyses, R.I 371 dried, amino acid in 665 dried, analyses, Conn. State 71 dried, analyses, N.Y.State 371 dried, analyses, Wis 568 dried, for pigs, Ky 73 Distillery slop, dried, analyses, Can- 759 Divining rods, tests 882 Dog distemper, papers on 176 Dogs — foot-and-mouth disease In 180 metabolism experiments 754,755 Domestic art or science. (See Home economics.) 948 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Dosage tables, Cal 838 Drwciilacephala spp., notes, Me 356 Drainage — and aeration. Wash :_ 97 as an antimalarial measure 480 canals, automatic gate for 586 ditches, construction 889 farm, economy of, U.S.D.A 288 in Jefferson County, Texas, U.S.D.A 188 in Manitoba 392 in Missouri 89 in Nebraslia 8S8 in North Carolina 7S0 in North Dakota 083 in southeastern Missouri 780 "in Trucliee-Carson experiment farm, U.S.D.A 780 notes 392, 695 of Florida Everglades 585 of irrigated lands 083 of irrigated lands, U.S.D.A 88 project in southeastern Arkan- sas, U.S.D.A 288 tile, testing 392 treatise 585, 586 work, heavy, excavating plant- 288 Draining with dynamite, Me 90 Dried blood — amino acid in 665 ammonification in soils, Hawaii- 808 Drosophila, mutations in 758 Drought frequency, during crop- growing seasons, U.S.D.A 615 Droughts in European Russia 20 Drug — plants, culture in United States, U.S.D.A — 241 store beetle, notes 253 Drugs — analyses 164, 165 dosage 81 inspection in Alabama 66 inspection in Connecticut, Conn. State 363 inspection in Florida 66, 164 inspection in Massachusetts 260 inspection in Michigan 363 inspection in Missouri 164 Inspection in Montana 67 inspection in Nevada, Nev 661 inspection In North Carolina 164 inspection in North Dakota, N.Dak 67, 164, 753 Inspection in Ohio 164, 261, 661 inspection in Rhode Island 67 inspection in South Dakota 67 laws in North Dakota, N.Dak. 662 Dry farming — in Egypt 225 in North Dakota, N.Dak 225 notes, Mont 632 Duck disease, new, studies 483 Ducks — breeding and management 77 dying around Great Salt Lake, U.S.D.A 251 eggs, toxicity 163 incubator hatched, profits from. Can 763 retention of amino acids by 172 wild, food plants of, U.S.D.A— 251 wild mallard, domestication, Wis. 381 Duckweeds, culture for wild ducks, U.S.D.A 251 Dun sickness in horses 384 Durum wheat. (See Wheat, durum.) Dust prevention experiments, U.S. D.A 686 Duty of water. {See Water, duty.) Dynamite — experiments with 684 for orchard soils. Pa 239 use for fruit tree planting 439 use in agriculture. Me 90 Dynamometer, traction, description and tests 890 Dysentery, chronic bacterial. (See Johne's disease.) East coast fever. (See African coast fever.) Eccoptogaster quadrispinosa, notes_ 252 Echidnophaga gallinaceus seu Xes- topsylla gallinacea, N.Y.Cornell 354 Echinodontium tinctorium — new hosts for 551 sporophores of 552 Economics, rural. (See Rural eco- nomics.) Ecpantheria eridanus, notes, P.R 554 Ectaedemia heinrichi n.sp., descrip- tion 655 Edaphism, Gola's osmotic theory 321 Education — agricultural. (See Agricultural education.) for the home 397 treatise 596 Eel grass, culture for wild ducks, U.S.D.A 251 Egg-laying competitions — Conn.Storrs 672 average and frequency curves in 271 in Australia 673, 872 in England 572 in United States 872 Egg production — and yellow pigment in fowls, correlation 172 feeding for, Conn.Storrs 672 feeding for. Wash 97 improvement 271, 273 Improvement, Wash 98 In poultry as affected by inbreed- ing 572 inheritance in fowls 471 relation to brooding instinct, Me. 74 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 949 Egg production— Contiuued. Page. rhythm of 574 st'loctiou for 173 winter, sstuclies 574 Eggplant — grafting on Solauum turhnm 139 lace-bug, studies, U.S. I). A 355 Verticillium wilt, studies 244 Eggs — al)Uormal, Wash 793 as a protection against pellagra- 5t;5 bacterial infection of 7('>4 iholestcrol metabolism of, dur- ing incubation 472 cost of production, Can 703 demonstration car Avork, U.S. D.A 273 desiccated, bacterial content 362 determination in food pastes-- 502 determination of decomposition- 112 development. Wash 7!)3 ducks', toxicity 103 examination 104 for hatching, shipping by parcel post. Can 703 incubating, carbon dioxid thrown off by 575 incubation experiments. Can 763 marketing 273, 073 marketing through creameries, N.C 294 methods of analysis 258 pigeons', sexual differentia- tion 272 preservation. Wash 299 preserved, bacteria in 764 production and handling 872 production and handling, Wash- 299 refrigeration, U.S.D.A 600 selection for incubation. Wash- 77 shipping associations, Miss 91 statistics in United States 894 supply and consumption in Ithaca, New York 572 weight of 673 weight of, Conn.Storrs 672 yolk lipins of, physiological properties 166 Elachista prwlineata n.sp., life his- tory 655 Elaphidion villosum, notes, Conn. State 58 Electrical conductivity in plants, measurement 626 Electricity — for the farm, treatise 690 sterilization of milk by 78 use in agriculture 690, 890 use in cooking 67, 68, 461, 565 use in irrigation 584, 589 use on Ontario farms 488 Electroculture — experiments 827 review of literature 690 Electrolytes, effect on seeds 727 Elevators — Page, looperative, accounting system for, U.S.D.A 192 grain, in western Canada 492 Elm- loaf bettle, notes 153, 253 pouch gall, English, notes 253 Emigration from Koman Tuscauy__ 492 Emmcr — culture experiments, U.S.D.A 633 varieties, Can 34 Einpria fragariw n.sp., description-- 258 Kmpnsa spp., descriptions 459 Endive, mulching v. clean culture, Mont 534 Endophyllum n.sp., description 647 Endothia parasitica — dissemination, U.S.D.A 56 hosts of 854 longevity of pycnnspores and as- cospores 249 studies 551 Energy — exchange, in animal tissues 567 metabolism of fowls 472 metabolism of infants 464, 756 Engineering — agricultural. (See Agricultural engineering.) hydraulic, treatise 390 structural, treatise 487 Engines — gas, increasing output of 688 gas, starting — 589 gas, valve setting G88 internal combustion, chart for 890 internal combustion, steam as a by-product of 688 internal combustion, tests 890 oil, for irrigation pumping, Ariz 87, 688 Enteritis — chronic. (See Johne's disease.) in pigs 774 Entomology — Canadian, bibliography 553 economic, at International Con- gress of Zoology 450 economic, in Montana 553 economic, in United States 855 economic, text-book 652 Entomophtltora spp., descriptions 459 Environment, effect on plants 126 Enzyms — as affected by low temperatures- 803 digestive, action on intestinal parasites 47s of Aspergillus terricola 410 protective, studies 385 (See also Fei-ments.) Epalpus sp. ( ?) with intracuticular stage 157 Epelis truncatwria faxonii. Mass 352 Epitrix cucumeris, notes, Iowa 352 Eremnua fulleri n.sp., description 159 Erepsin, effect on catalase solutions- 311 950 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. EretMstes lateralis catherinensis 658 Brgometer, bicycle, calorlmetric cali- bration 757 Eriocampoides limacina. {See Pear- slug.) Eriophyes triradiatus on willows 56 Erysipelas in hogs, immunization 285 Erysiphe — grofninis, overwintering 647 gramints, studies 146, 847 polygona on peas 545 Esperette, culture experiments. Wash 33 Essential oils. (See Oils, essential.) Esterase, detection 713 Ether, effect on inversion of sac- charose 523 Eucalypts and their products 646 Eucalyptus rudis, yields, Ariz 49 Euchloena mexicana, composition 162 Eucoila rapw, notes 862 Eucosma haracana, life history 655 Eudemis botrana, biology and con- trol 555 Eulecanuitn cerasi, remedies 653 Euproctis chrysorrhoea. (See Brown- tail moth.) Euscepes (Cryptorhynchus) hatatw, notes, P.R 554 Eutettiw tenella. (See Beet leaf-hop- per.) Etithrips — pyri. (See Pear thrips.) trttici. (See Flower thrips.) Euxe.ita chavannei n.sp., description- 860 Euxoa segetum, remedies 748 Euzophera semifuneralis, studies, U.S.D.A 454 Evania spp. on Stylopyga orient alis. 750 Evaporation, measurement, U.S.D.A- 320 Evergreens — dwarf, descriptions' 242 selection and care 242 Evetria — iuoliana, notes, Conn. State 58 n.spp., descriptions 655 Evolution, treatise 552 Ewes — feeding experiments, Mo 171 pastures for. Mo 171 Exoascus deformans, investigations, N.Y.Cornell 347 Experiment — station at Palur, report 130 station research as seen from within and without 793 station work, publication of 401 stations, control and regulatory work of 307 stations, engineering, need of__ 308 stations, work and expenditures, U.S.D.A 299 (See also Alabama, etc.) Experimental farms In Canada 93 Explosives, use in gardtning 684 Extension work. (See Agricultural Page. extension work.) Extraction methods, studies 413 Eysenhardtia polystachya, wood of_ 740 Fabrwa maculata, investigations, N.Y.Cornell 347 Fabrics, processed, for frost protec- tion, Ariz 48 Fagaceas of eastern North America. 646 Farcy. (See Glanders.) Farina, determination of acid con- tent 14 Farm — accounting, notes 92, 893 adviser, county, Cal 697 animals. (See Live stock and Animals.) business, analyzing, U.S.D.A 91 business arithmetic 899 homesteads, water supply of, Can 779 houses, construction 892 laborers. (See Agricultural laborers.) machinery. (See Agricultural machinery.) management in Kansas 694 management studies, form for, U.S.D.A 91 management, text-book 429 management, weakness in -^90 manures, composition and value 516 products. (See Agricultural products.) sanitation, notes 591, 784 shop work, text-book 792 Farmers — clubs in Minnesota 697 cooperative elevators, account- ing system for, U.S.D.A 192 demurrage information for, U.S.D.A 91 institutes in United States— 792, 793 institutes In United States, U.S.D.A 698 relation to bankers, U.S.D.A— 490 with agricultural education, in- comes of 494 Farming — British, treatise 93 in Alaska, Alaska 694 in Philippine schools 799 notes. Ark 91 (See also Agriculture.) Farms — for sale in Pennsylvania 191 for sale in West Virginia 490 for sale or rent in New York 490 in Delaware -ounty. New York- 694 In England and Wales 789 In United States, distance from market, U.S.D.A 192 movement to, from cities and towns, U.S.D.A 294 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 951 Farms — Contlnned. Page. school, management, U.S.D.A 195 sewage disposal for 892 water supply for, U.S.D.A 289 Fasting, prolonged, studies 566 Fat- absorption In the Intestine 106 cooking, use in South America. 362 determination 314, 711 determination In cheese 208, 314 determination in cream 16, 314 determination in dried mills 314, 505 determination in feces 415 determination in ice cream and condensed milk 16 determination In milk 503 determination of unsaponiflable matter In 17, 506, 711 digestion and absorption in ani- mals 566 effect on digestibility of mllk__ 663 eflfect on nitrogen excretion dur- ing starvation 663 effect on nutrition and growth, 262, 462, 465 extraction from sheep's milk cheese 505 from various sources, feeding value. Wis 368 hardened, as food for man 362, 564 ingestion, influences of 869 intoxication in auimals 69 methods of anaylsis 258, 804 natural and hardened, unsa- poniflable constituents 711 natural, effect on growth 262 vegetable, detection in animal fats 612, 712 vegetable, effect on growth 465 Fatty acids. (See Acids.) Feces, analyses before and after freezing 805 Fecundity in fowls, measuring, Me 76 Feeding — experiments, English, digest of data 664 experiments, probable error in_ 871 (See also Cows, Pigs, etc.) of dairy cattle. Mass 275 of men in camps 365 of poorer classes, treatise 166 standards, formulas in place of_ 870 Feeding stuffs — amino acid in ri65 analyses 71, 170, 665, 870 analyses. Can 759 analyses, Wis 508 definitions .1 digestibility T.")8 effect on composition of milk 174 effect on fetal development, Mo_ 266 energy values, U.S.D.A 72 for dry weather. Wash 98 inspection and analyses, Conn. State 71 Feeding stuffs — Continued. Page, inspection and analyses, N.Y. State 371 inspection and analyses, R.I 371 Inspection in Alabama 71 inspection in Florida 164 ln.spection In Louisiana 870 Inspection in South Dakota 67 international movement 604 law in Alabama 71 law in Florida 164 law in Texas, Tex 371 laws In United States 170 mineral content in relation to weather 870 nitrogen-protein table for 711 nutritive values 170 patent, description 170 starch equivalent theory 870 {See also specific kinds.) Feeds. (See Feeding stuffs.) Felt waste, fertilizing value 125 Fence posts, preservation, Mo 242 Fences — and fencing in New South Wales 589 construction, handbook 291 wire, as affected by smoke 428 Fermentation — In baking 66 industry, chemistry of 806 theories of 824 Ferments — In Invertebrates 311 oxidation, of plants 409 protective, studies 279, 38.") selected. In cheese making 277 standardized, therapeutic value. 477 (See also Enzyms.) Ferns — eradication, U.S.D.A 836 of Vermont, Vt 330 Fertilizer — experiments in England 326 experiments on muck, " shot clay", and other oils, Wash- 33 (See also special crops.) from kelp 424 Industry in Austria-Hungary 821 industry, r61e of chemistry ln_- 425 law in Porto Rico 821 law in Tennessee 126 law in West Virginia, W.Va 220 plant, municipal, at Los An- geles, California 625 requirements of soils. (See Soils.) Fertilizers — analyses 126, 821 analyses. Can 723 analysis, vegetation test as a basis for 711 application, P.R 122 chemistry of 219 drilling v. broadcasting 517 effect on soil moisture, U.S.D.A. 217 952 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Fertilizers — Continued. Page. effect on soils, Hawaii 122 effect on starch content of po- tatoes 731 effect on tobacco, Ohio 732 export from India 327 for fruit trees at planting time, Can 237 for Missouri soils, Mo 212, 213, 214, 215 from municipal waste, U.S.D.A_ 219 importation into Uruguay 62G Inspection and analyses, Ind 520 Inspection and analyses, Kans_ 724 inspection and analyses, N.J 27 inspection and analyses, R.I_ 520. 724 inspection and analyses, W.Va_ 120 Inspection in North Carolina 821 Inspection in Porto Rico 821 inspection in Tennessee 12(3 inspection in Virginia 821 International movement 626 loss by leaching, P.R 122 mineral, effect on nitrogen transformation in soils, Va- 620 mineral, effect on soil bacteria, Wis 515 nitrogenous, (.^ee Nitrogenous fertilizers.) organic and mineral, separa- tion 12 phosphatic. (See Phosphates.) pot tests V. field trials 817 potash. (See Potash.) purchasing 821 sources, value, and use 124 statistics 218, 219 use in greenhouses, Ohio 42 use on marsh and sandy soils, Wis 325 value and use 817 value and use, Kans 724 (See also specific materials.) Fescue, tall, culture under irriga- tion 228 Fetal development, factors affecting. Mo 266 Feterita — culture experiments. La 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 333 flour, baking tests 64 hydrocyanic acid In, U.S.D.A 234 Fiber- coniferous, variation In length. 143 crude. (See Cellulose.) Industry of British East Africa 530 plants of Philippines 433 Filer zeibethicus, parasites of 863 Fibrin, studies, N.Y. State 201 Ficus elastica, borer pests of 657 Field- crop competitions in Canada 697 crops as affected by radio-active earth 123 Field — Continued. Page, crops at Belle Fourche experi- ment farm, U.S.D.A 829 crops at San Antonio experi- ment farms, U.S.D.A 830 crops at Truckee-Carson recla- mation project, U.S.D.A 728 crops, cost of production. Mo 292 crops, culture experiments 226 crops, culture experiments. Can. 728 crops, culture in Great Plains area, U.S.D.A 632 crops, culture in New Hamp- shire 791 crops, hand chart of 429 crops. Insects affecting 1^3, 746 crops. Insects affecting. Can 746 crops, insects affecting. Mo 555 crops, irrigation experiments 683 crops, management in southwest Missouri, Mo 33 crops of India, geographical dis- tribution 526 crops, phenological data, U.S. D.A 825 (See also speciai crops.) experiments, correlation coeffi- cient between neighboring plats 728 experiments, soil homogeneity in 727 laboratories, small, for research work 793 management and crop rotation, text-book 429 peas. (.S'ee Peas.) Figites popenoei n.sp., description 360 Figs, insects affecting 747 Filariasis in horses 285 Fir — alpine, and Engelmann spruce, management 739 Douglas, development on burned areas 739 Douglas, liming experiments 739 Douglas, seeds of 739 pitch moth, studies, U.S.D.A 454 red, leaf and twig oils of 409 white, oils of 203 Fire blight — description 447 dissemination by Insects 744 notes. Wash 98 Fires, forest. (See Forest fires.) Fish- blanching for canning 66 curing 600 manure, export from India 327 meal, analyses 170, 870 meal as a feeding stuff 109 meal, bacilli from 281 meal for pigs 571 new dlstomes from 773 oil, hydrogenized, use In oleo- margarin 363 respiratory exchange in 664 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 953 Fish — Continued. Page. scrap, analyses, Conn. State 71 scrap, analyses, N.Y. State 371 scrap, analyses, R.I 371 scrap, production and use 218, L'lO Pishing, review of literature 49 Flagellafcs, parasitic in dog flea SG2 Flavoring compounds, treatise 1G4 Flax — culture, Mont ^-__ G32, G36 culture, N.Dak 232, G3G culture, U.S.D.A 232 culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments, Can 830 culture experiments, U.S.D.A __ G33 culture, treatise 133, 731 fiber, preparation, U.S.D.A 232 golden, analyses. Can 759 irrigation experiments SS4 Irrigation experiments, U.S.D.A. 430 rotation experiments, U.S.D.A-. 429 screenings, analyses, N.Y. State. 371 seed, germination as affected by green manures, Wis 331 selection experiments 335 varieties, Can 34 varieties, U.S.D.A G33 Flea-beetle — green, notes 74G remedies 158 Fleas — notes, U.S.D.A 657 on rats and other rodents In Upper Egypt 749 rat, notes 159 relation to plagup 749 studies 563 Flies — baits for, Ala. College 357 distribution of pear blight by 149 house. (See House fly.) larvae of, destruction, U.S.D.A 455 of Yellowstone Valley 554 relation to disease 560 white. (See White fly.) Floods and their prevention 885 Flora — of Cuba 525 of India 855 of New Mexico 727 of Salton Sink 525 of Vermont, Vt 330 of vicinity of New York, trea- tise 429 prairie, as affected by • foresta- tion 739 Floriculture, text-book 899 Florida — Everglades, drainage 585 Station, report 96 University and Station, notes 399 Flour — acidity in 64 analyses 161 analyses, Kans 160 and meat, substitutes for 361 Flour -Continued. Page. baking tests, Kans 160 bleached, analyses 162 bleached, effect on health 162 determination of acid content 14 determination of cellulose in_ 314 digestibility 564 factors affecting protein con- tent, Kans 161 gluten content 659 offal of wheat, composition 564 red dog, analyses. Wis 568 storage experiments, Kans 161 toxicity in due to barium car- bonate 64 valuation, score card system 864 Flower^ bulbs. (See Bulbs.) gardens, treatise 738 seed, production, Can 226 thrips, attacking peaches 746 thrips, notes 746 Flowers — culture in California, treatise- 441 forcing during winter 521 Japanese, inheritance in 242 of North America 437 of the woods, treatise 541 of western United States, field book 842 varieties at Wisley 536 Flue dust — from iron works, analyses 821 from sawmills, analyses 819 Fluids — determining refraction of 315 motion of, U.S.D.A 321 Fluorin — determination 710 effect on corn 522 effect on hemp 432 effect on vegetation ,522 Fluosilicates, manufacture and use. 425 Foliage illumination as affected by air movements 826 Fames — igniarius, sporophores of 552 semitostus, notes 449, 741 spp., new hosts for 550 spp., toxicity of preservatives on, U.S.D.A 651 Food — analyses 66, 67, 164, 165 analysis, text-book 206 canned, tin content 661 canning, U.S.D.A 210 chemistry, progress in 1913_ 258, 805 distribution in cities 694 economy during war 864 effect on metabolism 753 fat-producing, use against tu- berculosis. Mo 278 for growing children 364 for United States Navy 753 Inspection In Alabama 66 inspection In Canada 165 954 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Food — Continued. Page. Inspection in Connecticut, Conn. State 363 inspection in Florida 66, 164 Inspection in Illinois 66, 67 Inspection in Iowa 164 Inspection in Massachusetts 260 Inspection in Michigan 363 inspection in Missouri 164 inspection Ln Montana 67 inspection in Nevada, Nev 661 Inspection in North Carolina 164 inspection in North Dakota, N. Dak 67, 164, 461, 753 inspection in Ohio 67, 164, 661 inspection in Pennsylvania 67 Inspection in Rhode Island 67 inspection In South Dakota 67 Inspection in Utah 164 inspectors' examinations in Eng- land, book 261 inspector's handbook 67 law in Florida 164 law in North Dakota, N.Dak 6G2 law in Ohio 261 laws and regulations In United States 662 preservatives. (See Preserva- tives.) . prices in France 694 prices in United States 461 ready-to-serve, analyses and cost 753 review of literature 714 sanitation, treatise 258 substances, purified, feeding ex- periments with 465 supply during European war 788 supply of Germany during the war 462 text-book 364 (See also Diet.) Poo Lupulin in hops 530 Lygeum spartum, culture and use 131 Lygidea mendaat — notes 252 notes. Conn. State - 58 Lygus pratensis. (See Tarnished plant bug.) Lymphadenitis in man 450 Lysln nitrogen in protein 201 Macadam, transmission of pressure to subgrade of 486 Macaroni wheat. (See Wheat, durum.) Machinery. (See Agricultural ma- chinery.) Macrocentrus wgeriw n.sp., descrip- tion 749 Macrodactylis uniformis, notes 746 Maorosargus cuprariua, notes, Conn. State 58 Macrosiphum — fragarice, notes 554 aolanifolii, notes, Iowa 352 viticola, life history 857 Magnesium — carbonate, effect on nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter chroococcum 427 carbonate, relation to soil fer- tility 513 relation to chlorosis 522 sulphate, fertilizing value 841 Mahogany, tests, P.R 536 Maine — Station, report 96 University and Station, notes — 300 Maize. (See Corn.) Malacosoma — americana. (See Tent cater- pillar.) disstria. (See Forest tent- caterpillar.) Malaria — bibliography 560 cause and prevention 656 control by land drainage 486 in Philippines 859 losses to rural industries from- 749 problem in the South 255 transmission experiments 859 treatise 155, 156 Malcomia africana, analyses 466 Malic acid, reaction of 414 Malignant tumors, meiostagmin reac- tion with 280 Malleln — action of 773 reaction on sound horses 479 Mallophaga affecting fowls, N.Y.Cor- nell 353 Malnutrition and toxicity in plants- 725 968 EXPEEIMEISTT STATTON EECOKD. Malt— Page, polish dust, ground, analyses — 870 screenings, analyses, R.I 371 sprouts, analyses 870 sprouts, analyses, Conn. State — 71 sprouts, analyses, N.Y. State 371 sprouts, analyses, R.I 371 sprouts, analyses. Wis 568 starch-forming enzym of 312 Maltose, hydrolysis by hydrochloric acid 803 Mammalian tissue, growth in vitro. 267 Mammals — blood parasites of — . 152 germ-free, raising 310 of eastern Massachusetts 152 Man — - calorimetric observations on 756 insects affecting, Can 746 insects affecting, treatise 856 metabolism experiments 754 purin metabolism in 263 Manganese — carbonate, fertilizing value 326 compounds, toxicity toward plants ■ 327 effect on hemp 432 effect on nitrogen-fixing bacteria of legumes 820 effect on vegetation 30 relation to chlorosis 522 relation to protein formation in plants 725 sulphate, effect on powdery mil- dew infection, Mo 244 Mange acari, detection 281 Mangels — analyses, Can 759 as a substitute for concentrates for cows 174 culture experiments. Can 830 culture in Montana, Mont 526 culture on muck soils, "Wash 33 fertilizer experiments 326 fertilizer experiments. Can 831 seed production, Can 226 varieties 330 varieties, Nev 631 ■varieties, Wash 33 yield on alfalfa stubble, Nebr 828 Mangers, sanitary, for dairy barns- 4S9 Mango rash, notes 164 Mangoes — culture, Fla 342 East Indian varieties, P.R 535 Mangosteens — disease of 545 notes 841 Manihot glaziovii, culture in Middle Kongo 646 Manila rope fastenings, tests 190 Manioc. (/See Cassava.) Manna, ash, composition and adul- teration 443 Mannit, estimation 012 Manual training—^ t'agd. in Wisconsin ^ 195 outlines in ^ — 29? Manure — barnyard. (See Barnyard ma- nure.) effect on botanical composition of herbage 227 export from India 327 farm, composition and value 516 fertilizing value, U.S.D.A 830 for muck soils, Wash 33 liquid, fertilizing value— 25, 218, 219 pit, fertilizing value 131 preservation 325 storage experiments 423 use in greenhouses, Ohio 42 value and conservation, Ind 325 value and conservation. Wash 325 (See also Cow, Poultry, Sheep, etc.) Maple — diseases, studies, Va 544 products, methods of analysis 208 scale, cottony, notes, Wis 352 scale, false, notes 253 sirup, adulteration 208 sugar industry in Canada 208 sugar, manufacture 208 sugar sand, analyses 15 sugar sand, composition 208- Maples — Norway, Nectria parasitic on 249 starch reserve in 523 sugar, as affected by miscible oils 252 thrombotic disease of 249 Marasmiiis sacchari, studies 852 Mares — artificial impregnation 571 pregnant, efficiency for farm work. Mo 266 Margarin, methods of analysis 258 Margaropus annulatus. (See Cat- tle ticks.) Marginal points in blood of mam- mals 478 Marketing — assembling methods in, U.S.D.A_ 192 associations, cooperative, Miss_ 91 associations, cooperative, in Ontario 893 associations, financing, U.S.D.A_ 294 bureau of, in Maine 92 cooperative, U.S.D.A 294 law in Texas 492 Markets — ■ city, in Minneapolis 492 retail public, U.S.D.A 294 Marl, analyses. Can 723 Marmara n.spp., descriptions 748 Marmots, American, revision, U.S.D.A 57 Marrow cabbage — culture for forage, Wash 34 varieties. Wash « 33 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 969 Page. Marsh soils, management, Wis 325 Maryland — College, notes 99,197,600,794 Station, notes 197, 600 Station, report 299 Massachusetts College and Station, notes 300, 699 Mastitis following foot-and-mouth disease 180 May beetles — in Austria-Hungary 657 notes. Wis 351 Mayetiola destructor. (See Hes- sian fly.) Meadow — fescue, culture experiments, Wash 33 grasses, water requirements 228 Meadows — establishment, N.J 332 fertilizer experiments 330, 527 (See also Grass.) Meat — and bone scrap, analyses, R.I_ 371 and flour, substitutes for 361 and food inspectors' examina- tions in England 261 «nd meat products, curing on the farm, N.Y.Cornell 17 and meat products, methods of analysis 258 as a protection against pel- lagra 565 blanching for canning 66 cooked, digestion of 565 extracts, methods of analysis 804 food value and preparation 364 frozen, nutritive value 162 ingestion, effect on amino acid content of blood and muscle_ 755 marliets, inspection in Montana- 67 meal, analyses, N.Y.State 371 meal, effect on composition of bone 171 meal, effect on fetal develop- ment, Mo 266 meal for pigs 571 oven temperature for 565 preservation 362 preserved, analyses 259 prices in France 694 prices in Germany 165 production in Argentina, U.S. D.A 268 production in Australia and New Zealand, U.S.D.A 268 refrigerated, in Europe 752 ripening of 460 scrap,, analyses 665, 870 scrap, analyses, N.Y.State 371 scrap, analyses, Wis 568 tough, cooljing 364 Mechanical colleges. (See Agricul- tural colleges.) Page. Mcdicago falcata, tests, Alaska 632 Medical progress, review of investi- gations 876 Medicine, relation to entomology 152 Mcgalopyge krugii, notes, P.R 554 Megastigmus picew n. sp., descrip- tion 658 Meiostagmin reaction with malignant tumors 280 Melampsora — alpina, notes 145 lini, overwintering 647 MelampsorcUa ricini, notes 545 Mclanconis modonia on chestnut 56 Melanophila fulvoguttata, notes 252 Melitomma itisnlare, control in Sey- chelles 555 Melon — aphis, notes 746 fly, studies 562 Melons — casaba, culture experiments, N. Mex 43 varieties at Wisley 536 Memythrus perlucida n.sp., descrip- tion 748 Menu making, principles of 364 Mercurialis annua, analyses and feeding value 70 Mercury — as a growth stimulant for hemp 432 chlorophenol as a fungicide 846 vapor light, effect on plants 826 Merulius dry rot on wattle 545 Merulius lacrymans — injurious to telegraph poles 745 treatment 151 Mesquite, eradication, Wash 299 Metabolism — as affected by food 753 basal, and body surface 567 basal, factors affecting 264 basal, of normal men and wo- men 264 crate for swine, Ohio 380 energy, of fowls ■- 472 energy, of hospital children 756 experiments, automatic balance- 167 experiments with athletes and nonathletes 263 experiments with dogs 754, 755, 869 experiments with lambs, U.S.D.A 761 experiments with pigs 465 experiments with pigs, Ohio 375 experiments with vegetarians and nonvegetarians 263 of a dwarf 754 of acid-fast bacteria 769 of infants 464, 756 of organic and inorganic phos- phorus compounds, Ohio 462 Metachwta helymus, notes 749 Metarrhizium anisoplUs, description 459 970 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Meteorological — Page, observations — Alaska 616 Can 728 Mass 118, 321, 717 Me 19 Mont 599 U.S.D.A 19, 117, 320, 321, 508, 716 Va 717 at Wauseon, Ohio, U.S.D.A. 825 in Egypt 509 in England 509 In Iowa 508 in Moscow 509 In New Zealand 807 in Scotland 509 in St. Croix 807 in Trinidad 211 in Union of South Africa-- 211 In United Kingdom 508 (See also Climate, Rain, Weather, etc.) radiotelegrams to mariners, U.S.D.A 118 stations in Korea, U.S.D.A 118 Meteorology — agricultural, development by Weather Bureau 615 agricultural, in European Rus- sia 20 agricultural, notes 19 bibliography, U.S.D.A 320, 717 in mathematics and physics courses, U.S.D.A 321 progress in 508 Meteors, systematic observation of, U.S.D.A 717 Methylene blue — use against contagious abortion. Mo 278 use against hog cholera 86 Metzneria lappella as a useful insect 859 Micaceous minerals, importance in agriculture 722 Mice, field, as farm and orchard pests, U.S.D.A 250 Michigan College and Station, notes 700 Microbes, separation and removal from water 684 Microcentrum rhomiifolium, studies, U.S.D.A 451 Micrococcus — melitensis, antibodies for in milk 84 nigrofasciens, notes, P.R 554 Microfauna of rice soils 23 Microfilaria nince kohlyakimovi n.sp., description 583 Microfilariasis of horses, studies 583 Micro-organisms — as affected by radio-activity 23 behavior in brine 525 effect on betain 312 in Brindza cheese 277 in silage, studies. Mo 224 Micro-organisms — Continued. Page, relation to concentration of nu- trient substrate 630 soil infection by 444 {See also Bacteria.) Microplites ruflventris n.sp., descrip- tion 659 MicrosphcBra aim querdna, notes 745 Middlemen In English business be- tween 1660 and 1760 787 Middlings — analyses 71, 655, 870 analyses, Conn.State 71 analyses, R.I 371 analyses. Wis 568 (See aiso Wheat, Rye, etc.) Milk- abnormal, detection 177 abortion bacillus in 679, 875 acidity, determination 112, 208 acidity, relation to Streptococ- cus lacticus 675 adulterated, detection 714 adulteration 577 alcohol test for 112, 113, 115 alcohol test for, U.S.D.A 113 allzarol test for 112 alkali-forming bacteria in 675 analyses 577 analyses, Me 277 and its products in the home, text-book 899 antibodies for Micrococcus meli- tensis in 84 as affected by foot-and-mouth disease 577 as affected by grazing and dry- stall feed 275 bacteria, useful and harmful 78 bacterial contamination 876 bacteriological analyses, error 767 bacteriology of 577, 701 bottles as a source of bacterial contamination 876 bottles, washing costs 876 bottles, washing trials. Wis 382 calcium content as a factor in coagulation 674 catalase and reductase determi- nation in 414 cellular elements in 175 chemistry, progress in 673 coagulation by alcohol, U.S. D.A 113 coagulation by sodium nucleinate 177 coagulation studies 674 composition, factors affecting. Mo 274 composition, variations in 174 condensed, analyses 277 condensed, determination of fat content 16 condensed, manufacture 504 condensed, methods of analysis 176 cost of production 276, 694 cost of production, N.Y.Cornell 276 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 971 Milk— Continued. Page. cost of production, Wash 78 delivery, waste in, U.S.D.A 675 determination of freezing point- 414 determination of total solids in_ 112 digestibility, and means of in- creasing it 400 digestibility as affected by fat_ 663 distribution in Minneapolis and St. Paul 492 dry, methods of analysis 505 effect on intestinal flora 460 effect on mortality and growth- 460 electrical conductivity 203 evaporated, analyses 277 examination for Bacillus spo- rogenes 875 factors affecting quality. Wash- 79 fat, composition as affected by sugar beets 674 fat, computer for 475 fat content in relation to di- gestibility 163 fat, determination 16 fat, low molecular glycerids of_ 803 fat, nitrogen and phosphorus in_ 564 (See also Fat.) freezing point 203, 414, 504 from cows affected with conta- gious abortion 774 from soy beans 660 germicidal effect of lactic acid- 460 goat's, detection in cow's milk- 504 hexose sugar in 311 high-grade, diffl culties in making 473 hot, bottling, U.S.D.A 382 human, composition, N.Y.State_ 660 human, composition and analy- ses 65 inspection, discussion 701 iron content 875 judging 577 laws and regulations in United States 874 leucocytes in. Wis 382 methods of analysis 258, 613 modifying for infant feeding-- 163 mold, action on phenylamino- acetic acid 503 pasteurized, cheese from 175 pasteurized, cheese from. Wis 382 pasteurized in bottles, silicic acid content 675 pasteurized, loss of cream Iine_ 79 pasteurizing in bottles, U.S.D.A- 382 pasteurizing in bottles. Wis 382 pasteurization 577 phosphatids of 660 powder as a leavening agent 66 powders, methods of analysis 176 preservation 502, 503, 577 preservation by freezing 675 production, feeding for 673 production, feeding for, N.Mex_ 872 production, proteins for 275 Milk — Continued. Page. production, relation to age in cattle. Me 97 products, testing 298 protein as affected by lactic ferments 714 protein, effect on growth 465 protein, efficiency for milk pro- duction 276 quality in relation to score cards, N.Y.State 78, 382 reaction as a factor in coagula- tion 674 refrigeration in transit 675 relation between specific gravity and percentage of fat and total solids in 112 rosolic acid test for 115 sanitary, production 473, 576 sanitary, production, Can 765 secretion, studies 203 sediment test for 577 serum, refraction of 715 serum, specific weight of 613 skimmed. (See Skim milk.) so-called " complement " in 878 sour, for young calves 269 soy-bean, composition 660 standards for determining purity 767 standards in United States 874 standards or grades, discussion- 702 sterilization by electricity 78 sterilizing 473 substitutes for calves 669 sugar, determination 203 sugar, importance in judging milk 577 sugar test for 177 supply of Kansas 577 supply of United States, safe- guarding 701 supply, relation to sore throat epidemic 577 sweet V. sour, for chicks. Conn. Storrs 273 tables for blending 577 testing 112 testing, treatise 298 vegetable, digestibility and food value 163 viscosity, determination 504 watered, detection-. 208, 504, 013, 715 zymoscopic testing 175 Milking machines — tests 589 tests, Can 765 Milkweed anthracnose, notes 350 Millet— as a cover crop for orchards, Pa. 240 bran, analyses 170 broom, classification 834 caterpillar, notes 654 culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 633 hydrocyanic acid in 506 972 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Millet — Continued. Page. irrigation experiments 884 varieties 527 varieties, Wash 33 Milling offals of wheat, composition- 564 Milo maize — ■ culture experiments, La 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A_ 382, 830 fertilizer experimen-ts, U.S.D.A_ 830 seeding experiments, U.S.D.A 38 thinning experiments, U.S.D.A- 38 Mimosa pudica, wound stimulus in_ 724 Mindarus abietinus, notes 253 Mine timbers, preservation 544 Mineral — • constituents of soils, composi- tion 720 content of rations, effect on growth and reproduction 666 elements in poultry feeding 572 requirements of cattle 870 Minnesota University and Station, notes 197, 797 Mississippi Station, notes 900 Missouri — Station, report 299 University and Station, notes. 197, 399 Mites — harvest, remedies, U.S.D.A 258 remedies, Wash 98 Mitochondria in vegetable cells, re- view of investigations 725 Mnemonica auricyanea, studies 655 Moisture — atmospheric, effect on insects__ 252 effect on i^eeping quality of corn meal, U.S.D.A 259 (See also Water.) Molasses- — analyses 565. 568 analyses, Can 759 analyses, N.Dak 360 and molasses meal for cows. Can 765 beet pulp. (See Beet pulp.) feed, analyses 71, 870 feed, analyses. Can 759 feed, analyses. Conn. State 71 feed, analyses. N.Y. State 371 feed, analyses. Wis 568 for steers. Can 759 sludge, composition and fertiliz- ing value 818 statistics in United States 894 turf, analyses - 870 Molassine meal, analyses, Can 759 Mold fungi — carbon and nitrogen assimila- tion by 726 protein metabolism of 202 selective power of 824 Mole cricket, remedies 452 Moles, notes, Wash 98 Molinia cwridea, ecology of 527 Mometa semlodes n.g. and n.sp., de- scription 155 Monarth ropalpus iuiei, remedies 859 Page. Monascus purpureuSj studies, Mo- 224 Monilia — cinerea, notes 54 fructigena on quince 54 fructigena, relation to tempera- ture 545 sp., relation to apple rot 348 spp. in Sweden 846 MonilocJiwtes itifuscans, notes 347 Monocrepidius vespertinus, studies, S.C 63, 158 Montana — College and Station, notes 198 Station, report 599 Moon, effect on weather, U.S.D.A__ 320 Moonflower, hybridizing experi- ments 242 Moor — culture, instruction in high schools 791 of Steinhude Lake region 324 soils. (See Soils, moor.) Moricandia arvensis, analyses 466 Morning-glory, Japanese, crossing experiments 242 Morphology as a factor in deter- mining relationships 822 Mortar as affected by fineness of sand, etc 781 Mosquitoes — anopheline, in the South 255 bibliography 560 control 486, 650 control. Conn. State 58 habits 154 malarial, losses to rural indus- tries from 749 malarial, treatise 155 Moss, destruction on fruit trees 857 Motor — plows. (See Plows.) vehicle registraticfcis and rev- enues, U.S.D.A 189 Mucins, antigenic properties 773 Muck soils. (See Soils, muck.) Mucor stolonifer, relation to apple rot 348 Mulberry diseases — in France 54, 448 in Italy 448 Mules in Germany 296 Municipal waste, fertilizers • from, U.S.D.A 219 Murgantia histrionica. (See Har- lequin cabbage-bug. ) Muriate of potash. (See Potassium chlorid.) Musca — domestica. (See House-fly.) oetustissitna, notes 153 Muscle — creatin content 566 creatinin content 566 protein, specific heat of 566 Muscoid genera, new, for old spe- cies 156 IKDEX OF SUBJECTS. 973 Muscular work — Page. and respiratory quotient 464 as affected by protein consump- tion 166 Musliroom bacterial disease, studies- 446 Muslirooms — ' and other common fungi, U.S. D.A 65 edible and poisonous, Ohio 338 Musk grasses, culture for wild ducks, U.S.D.A 251 Muskmelons, culture, ni 238 Muskrats, parasites of 863 Mussels, fertilizing value 820 Mustard — molasses sludge as a fertilizer for 818 seed, germination as affected by green manures, Wis 331 tumbling, eradication, Wash 337 wild, destruction in potato fields. Me 33 Mutation — in CBnothera 524 nature of 630 production through hybridiza- tion 75S review of literature 27 Mutton exports from Australia, U.S. D.A 268 Mycodextran, studies 411 Mycodiplosis macgregori n.sp., de- scription 859 Mycogalactan, studies 411 Mycology, bibliography 846 Mycoplasma theory of Eriksson 448 Mycorrhiza on cranberry roots. Mass 341 Mycotsphcerclla — ontariwnsis n.sp., life history 548 pinodes, life history 548 sentina, investigations, N. Y. Cornell 347 Mpochrous denticollis, investiga- tions, U.S.D.A 358 Myriangtum duricei, description 459 Myxosporium corticolum, notes, N.Y. Cornell 348 Nagana trypanosomes, antigenic properties 282 Naphthalin, effect on plants 523 j3-Napthol, methods of analysis 414 Nasturtium — fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas 522 wilt, studies, U.S.D.A 744 National — Association for the Study of Pellagra 167 Educational Association 799 Natural resources of United States- 490 Nature study — for teachers, treatise 397 in elementary schools of Illi- nois 790 instruction in United States 896 Nature study — Continued. Page, outline for instruction in__ 298, 598 paper on 296 text-book 95 Naval stores industry, U.S.D.A 543 Nebraska — Station, notes 99, 600 University, notes 99, 198. 496, 600, 795 Necrobacillosls, definition 774 NectrUi — cancri, studies 650 cinnaharina, notes, Alaska 647 cinnaharina on mulberry 54 ditissima as a wound parasite of fruit trees 853 ditissima, notes, N.Y. Cornell 348 Nectria stem canker of Acacia de- currens 545 Neda sanguinea, notes 860 Negro girls, homemakers' clubs for_ 299 Negroes in United States 395 Nematodes — and their relationships, U.S.D.A- 250 associated with bark beetles 750 counting in soil 56 identification 499 injurious to potatoes 849 injurious to sugar beets 851 rearing on agar 547 Nematology, notes 681 Nematus erlchsonii, biology 746 Neopeckia coulteri — new hosts for 550 notes, U.S.D.A 351 Neosalvarsan, use against influenza in horses 286 Neottiospora yuccwfolia n.sp., de- scription 545 Neoxaiea tipunctata, studies, N.Y. State 653 Nepa cinerea, parasitic in dog flea_ 862 Nests, trap — description and use, Wash : 90 making, U.S.D.A 473 Nevada — Station, report 698 University and Station, notes 795 New Hampshire College and Sta- tion, notes 700 New Jersey College and Stations, notes : 900 New Mexico College and Station, notes 300, 795 New York Cornell Station, notes 198 Nickel — as a growth stimulant for hemp 432 cooking utensils, usefulness 68 Nicotiana — fecundating stimuli and muta- tion in 533 parthenocarpy and parthenogen- esis in 435 variation of flower size in 435 Nicotinic acid in rice polishings 167 974 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Nile flood of 1912 510 Ninhydrin reaction, relation to age and habits of individuals 876 Niter spots in soils, origin 121 Nitrate — ferment, studies 726 industry of Chile 326 Norwegian. (See Calcium ni- trate.) of lime. (See Calcium nitrate.) of soda. (See Sodium nitrate.) Nitrates — accumulation as affected by green manuring, Va 721 detection 804 determination 501 effect on nodule production 134 manufacture from the air 25 reduction by yeasts and molds- 726 Schloesing, fertilizing value 25 Nitric acid in rain water 617 Nitrification — in plants as affected by naph- thalin 523 In soils, studies, Ohio 421 in soils, studies, Va 620 of green manures 514 studies 124, 422 Nitrites — detection 804 determination 204 in plants 627 Nitrogen — amino acid and polypeptid, de- termination in barley, malt, and beer 613 amino, in pea seedlings 222 amino, in protein 201 atmospheric, assimilation by plant hairs 30 atmospheric, fixation by elec- tricity 125, 219, 326,517 atmospheric, utilization 25, 424 atmospheric, utilization by higher plants 627 availability in kelp 206 determination 109 determination by colorimetry — 312 determination in mixtures of calcium nitrate and cyan- amid 711 determination In Norwegian saltpeter 711 effect on peaches, W.Va 840 fixation by Azotobacter 823 fixation by Azotobacter, Va 620 fixation In sandy soils 619 fixation In soils, Va 620 fixation. Investigations 323 for peaches. Mo 236 for sweet potatoes, Ala. College- 337 form of in soils 513 from Pacific coast kelps, U.S.D.A 125 In forest soils 720 Nitrogen — Continued. Page, lime. (See Calcium cyanamid.) loss by leaching, P.R 122 loss in cultivated soils 809 lysin, in proteins 201 monopoly in Germany 624 organic and mineral, separation 12 organic, availability In fertil- izers 13 organic, of Hawaiian soils 621 protein table for feeding stuffs- 711 utilization by legumes 426 utilization by sugar beets 434 Nitrogenous — compounds as affected by or- ganic substances 326 compounds, assimilation by mold fungi 726 compounds, decomposition in soils, Hawaii 808 compounds, effect on germina- tion of seeds 825 compounds, selection by As- pergillus 824 fertilizers, comparison 25, 219, 220 fertilizers, effect on soil nitrates 422 fertilizers, effect on tobacco, Ohio 733 fertilizers from refuse sub- stances 125 fertilizers, separation 12 Nitrous acid In rain water 617 Nonlegumes and legumes, effect of association, Va 527 North Dakota — College and Station, notes 198 Station, report 196 Nuclein, Importance in the animal organism 758 Nummularia discreta, notes, N.Y. Cornell 348 Nursery — Industry in Utah 638 Inspection, Conn. State 57 inspection certificates, standard- ization 745 Inspection In Arizona 745 inspection in Canada, Can 746 inspection in Kansas 153 inspection in Queensland 51 Inspection In Rhode Island 153 inspection in Tennessee 554 inspection in Utah 638 stock leaf diseases, investiga- tions, N.Y.Cornell 347 Nutrition — animal. (See Animal nutri- tion.) as a factor in fetal develop- ment. Mo 266 bulletins of University of Texas 364 " central-normal," of adults 462 chemistry of 258 investigations of Carnegie In- Btitutlon 167, 567 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 975 Nutrition — Continued. Page. of workingmcn 662 plane, effect on breeding cattle, Mo 265 plant. (See Plant nutrition.) review of literature 169,462 role of lipins in 663 treatise 662 {See also Digestion, Metabolism, etc.) Nuts — culture, review of literature 143 culture, treatise 537 grafting, new method 643 pruning 838 use as food 364 varieties for Minnesota 140 Nijsius scnccionis as an enemy of vines 154 Oak— and beech, union of 343 and birch, union of 343 diseases in Brittany 56 fungus on nursery stock 744 leaf spot, unreported, in Now Jersey 250 mildew, notes 745 Oldium, notes 549 pruner, notes. Conn. State 58 Oaks — dying In Westphalia 650 white, of eastern North Amer- ica 646 Oat- aphis Injurious to apples, N.Y. State 253 dry spot, studies 546, 547, 847 leaves, deformation 647 loose smut, prevention. Mo 245 straw, analyses and use as hu- man food 866 Oats — amino acid In 665 analyses 734 breeding experiments. Wis 331 cost of production. Can 831 cost of production. Mo 293 cost of production in Great Plains area, U.S.D.A 232 culture, N.C 731 culture experiments 729 culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments. Can 830 culture experiments, U.S.D.A- 232, 633 culture in Mississippi, Miss 431 culture, relation to rainfall, U.S.D.A 715 drilling v. broadcasting. Mo 33 fertilizer experiments 219, 326, 729 fertilizer experiments, Alaska — 632 fertilizer experiments. Can 831 fertilizer experiments, U.S.D.A- 430 hay and silage from, Alaska 632 hull-less, analyses, Can 759 Irrigation experiments 286, 731, 8S4 Irrigation experiments, Nebr 827 28121"— 16 7 Oats — Continued. Page. irrigation experiments, Nev 631 molasses sludge as a fertilizer for 818 pasturing experiments, U.S.D.A- 830 rate of seeding tests. Me 33 rolled, amino acid in 665 root pruning experiments 731 rotation experiments, Ohio 828 rotation experiments, U.S.D.A. 429, 829 seed-bed, preparation, U.S.D.A- 232 seed examination 734 seeding experiments 729 seeding experiments, Miss 431 selection within pure lines, Me_ 38 sprouted, amino acid in 665 varieties 330 varieties, Alaska 632 varieties, Can 34, 831 varieties. Me 32 varieties. Miss 431 varieties. Mo 33 varieties, N.C 831 varieties, Nev 631 varieties, Ohio 828 varieties, U.S.D.A 633, 728 varieties. Wash 33 yield in relation to physical properties of soils 815 yield on alfalfa stubble, Nebr— 828 Oberea tripunctata, life history 861 Ochre as priming for paint, N.Dak 90 (Ecanthus spp., studies, N.Y. State 653 QSdaleus nigrofasciattis, destruction by CoccoVacillus acridiorum 154 OEnothera biennis, mutation coeffi- cient of 129 GEnothera, mutation in 28, 129, 221, 524, 630 Ohio State University and Station, notes 399, 796 Oldium — lactis, action on phenylami no- acetic acid 503 tuckeri, notes 845 Oil- cake, export from India 327 from cactus 234 in sandalwoods 444 of black sage, investigations 202 palms, insects affecting 153 Oils- determination of unsaponifiable matter in 17,506 essential, formation in rela- tion to light 726 essential, from limes and lem- ons 540 essential, of eucalypts 646 laws in Ohio 261 methods of analysis 258 miscible, effect on trees 252 of Conifene 18,203,409 production in plants 629 vegetable, systematic arrange- ment 630 976 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Oklahoma — Pag'J- College, notes 99, 700 Station, notes 99 Okra Verticillium wilt, studies 244 Oleomargarin, use of fish oil in 363 Olethreutes hebcsana, studies, U.S.D.A 255 Olive — blooms, toxic action of sul- phurous anhydrid on 447 diseases, studies 524 fly parasites in Eritrea 658 oil, production in Spain 539 Olives — floral biology and pathology of_ 524 production in Spain 539 propagation 540 Onchocerca glhsoni, notes 154 Oncideres putator, studies, U.S.D.A. 63 Onion — maggot, life history and reme- dies 357 maggot, remedies. Wis 351 seed, production. Can 226 smut, investigations. Wis 344 smut, treatment. Mass 245 Onions — • culture experiments, N.Mex 43 culture, treatise 837 fertilizer experiments, N.Mex 43 mulching v. clean culture, Mont- 534 ridge v. level culture, Mont-- 535 varieties, U.S.D.A 735 Onohrychis spp., analyses 466 Ononis spp., analyses -: 466 Oospora scabies. (See Potato scab.) Opsonins of normal serums 178 Opuntia spp., descriptions 231 Orange — die-back, studies, Fla 55 juice, preparation, U.S.D.A 316 mal di gomma, studies 550 Oranges — acidity of 441 and lemons, hybrid between — 441 and pomelos, hybrid between. _ 441 blood, in Caltagirone 540 cause of rotting in 150 katydids affecting, U.S.D.A— 451 navel, relation of washing to decay in, U.S.D.A 737 stocks for 736 Orchard — grass, culture experiments, Wash 33 heaters, tests. Can 237 inspection. (See Nursery in- spection.) soils, dynamite for, Pa 239 Orchards — apple. (See Apple orchards.) fertilizer experiments. Mo 236 fertilizer experiments, Pa 239 insects affecting 850 laws for protection in Michigan 438 mulching v. clean culture, Pa ' 239 Orchards — Continued. Page, mulching v. clean culture, Wash 43 rejuvenating, Iowa 240 renewal. Wash 97 smudging experiments 440 spraying, Can 735 spraying, Wash 47, 98 spraying experiments. Mo spraying experiments, N.H survey in Utah surveys in West Virginia, W.Va 45 40 638 140, 839 238 143 859 563 661 168 51 young, culture experiments. Pa Orchids, breeding and culture Oregon — College, notes 100, 400, 600, 796 Station, notes 100, 400, 796 Organic matter — effect on nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter 823 effect on nitrogenous compounds 326 loss in cultivated soils 121, 809 Oria musculosa, life history and remedies Orientation in ants, etc., treatise Origanum vulgare albiflorum, tea from Origin of species, bibliography Ornamental plants, shrubs, or trees. (See Plants, Shrubs, and Trees.) Orohanche minor, studies Orthotyhis flavosparsus, relation to fire blight 744 Oryctes rhinoceros, notes 154 Oryza n.spp., descriptions 429 Oscinis frit, notes 554, 057 Osmia felti, notes 253 Osmotic pressure — in desert plants 628 relation to stomata regulation- 628 Ostrich wireworm, life history 384 Ostriches, chick fever in ^ 384 Otacariasis in mountain sheep, de- scription 680 Otiorhynchus — (CrypMphorus) ligusticij studies 657 tauriciis, notes 652 Otthia arnica, notes 545 Ovary, resting, in hen, effect of pituitary extract on 472 Oviduct — effects of ligation, section, or re- moval. Me in hen, abnormality of Ovulation as affected by corpus luteum, Me Ox warble flj' — in Canada life history mature larva in back of horse — notes 554, 878 Oxalls spp. on corn in Barbados 445 Oxen — degeneration in teeth of 270 maintenance ration 870 working, dipping 384 96 471 96 775 656 554 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 977 Page. Oxidase, Investigations 409 Oxidases, plant, review of literature- 420 Oxidation by catalysts 329 Oxygen — determination in water in pres- ence of nitrite 413 dissolved, determination in water Til Oxyprotelc acids, chemistry of 409 Oxijptilus pcriscelidactylus. (See Grape plume motli.) Oaynrias vermicularis, variation in_ 459 Oyster shell scale — remedies, N.Y.Cornell 59 studies 558 Oyster shells, ground, analyses 820 Ozone, formation in upper atmos- phere 19 Fachytylus migratorius, destruction by Coccobacillus acridiorum 154 Packing — factories, inspection in Ohio 165 house products. {See Animal products.) Paddy. (.See Rice.) Paint- analyses, N.Dak 17 inspection in South Dakota 67 law in North Dakota, N.Dak. _ 91, 602 law in Ohio 261 testing, N.Dak 90 Paleacrita vernata. (See Canker- worm, spring.) Palm — diseases in India 846 nut cake, analyses 170, 665, 870 nut cake, composition and di- gestibility 568 nut cake for milk production.- 674 weevil, Asiatic, notes 154 Palms — culture and utilization 438 of British India and Ceylon 841 of Philippines 433 Palur agricultural station, report 130 Pan-American Scientific Congress at Santiago, Chile 599 Panicularia spp., cyanogen in 665 Panicum spp. — culture under irrigation 228 of tropical North America 727 Panolis piniperda, prevalence in Bo- hemia 748 Papain, extraction experiments 141 Papaipema nitela. (See Stalk borer. ) Papaj'as, botany and culture 440 Paper mill waste liquors, purifica- tion 520 Para rubber. (See Rubber.) Paracalocoris scrupeus, notes 252 Paralysis of vestibular nerve in pigeons, etiology 279 Parandra brunnea, studies, U.S.D.A- 457 Parasites — Page. genetic relationships 823 internal, of pigs. Mo 278 intestinal, protection against digestive enzyms 478 (See also Animal parasites, etc.) Paratyphoid bacilli, relation to abortion in mares 183 Paris green, analyses, N.J 47 Parsnip seed, production, Can 226 Parsnips, mulching v. clean cul- ture, Mont 534 Partridge berry, notes 143 Pasteurization, resistance of lactic acid bacteria to 675 (See also Cream, Milk, etc.) Pasture grasses — analj^ses, U.S.D.A 227 fall sowing. Wash 98 mixtures, U.S.D.A 430 native, of United States, U.S.D.A 227 water requirements 228 Pastures — ■ establishment, N.J 332 fertilizer experiments 227, 527 in New England 526 management 527 watering devices for 188 PatelUna sp. on strawberries 744 Pathology — of man and animals, treatise 476 papers on, from Rockefeller In- stitute 279 Pavements — construction 782 for heavy traflac roads 290 vitrified brick, for roads, U.S.D.A 686 Paving blocks, preservation 544 Pea — blight, investigations. Wis 344 flour, digestibility of protein 564 hay, veiny, analyses. Can 759 leaf spot, treatment 846 meal, analyses, N.Y.State 371 Peach — borer, mechanical protector for_ 858 Coryneum rust, notes 549 diseases, notes. Can 741 diseases, studies, Va 544 diseases, treatment, N.J 349 drop disease, studies 445 juice, preparation, U.S.D.A 316 leaf curl, investigations, N.Y. Cornell 347 mildew, inoculation experi- ments 647 mildew, studies 447 mildew, studies, N.Y.Cornell 347 scab, treatment 247 Peaches — budding experiments 538 culture in Utah 638 978 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Peaches — Continued. Page. culture In Virginia 641 dried, inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 fertilizer experiments, Mo 236 fertilizer experiments, W.Va 840 flower thrips affecting 746 infection with Oladosporium car- pophilum 349 Inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 Irrigation experiments 683 marljeting 440 new, description, N.Y.State 238 nursery disease of 248 self-fertility of. Mo 236 smudging experiments 440 spraying 439 spraying. Mo. Fruit 538 varieties for New Jersey, N.J — 439 Peacocli-guinea fowl hybrids, notes — 575 Peanut — butter, examination 64 cake, analyses 870 cake, fertilizing value 131 diseases, studies 245 meal, analyses 170, 870 oil, chemical and physiological tests 362 oil, hardened, analyses and di- gestibility 564 shells, fertilizing value 131 stalks, fertilizing value 131 Peanuts — amino acid in 665 culture and utilization 438 culture experiments 227 culture In cotton belt, U.S. D.A 40 culture In Madras 131 Insects affecting 153 varieties 130 Pear — blight, distribution 149 blight, notes, Mont 534 blight, notes, Wash 53 blight, varieties resistant to 53, 640 diseases, notes 447 diseases, notes, Can 741 diseases, treatment, N.J 349 leaf blight, investigations, N.Y. Cornell 347 psylla, notes 252 psylla, notes, Conn. State 58 psylla, remedies 556 scab, studies 148 Septoria leaf spot, investiga- tions, N.Y.Cornell 347 slug, notes, Conn.State 58 stigmonose, studies 349 thrips, California, in Maryland- 253 thrips, distribution of pear blight by 149 thrips, notes 252 Pears — Fa£«. blight-proof, tests, S.Dak 338 Inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 of Germany 838 pruning, Oreg 837 sod mulch v. clean culture, Wash 43 spring V. fall planting 439 varieties, Mont 534 varieties for New Jersey, N.J_ 439 varieties for western Washing- ton, Wash 44 Peas — Alaska, amino nitrogen In 222 breeding experiments, Wis 331 canned, ash content 260 culture experiments, Can 830 field, and oats for forage, Mo_ 225 field, Bacillus radicicola of, N.Y. Cornell 329 field, varieties. Can 34 field, varieties, U.S.D.A 830 garden, variety tests, U.S.D.A. 430 mulching v. clean culture, Mont_ 534 of Burma, names and descrip- tions 229 Tangier, culture experiments, Wash 33 varieties, Wash 33 varieties and hybrids of 525 wire frames for 891 Peat — bacterized, fertilizing value 124 industrial use 488 lands or soils. (See Soils, peat.) litter, absorptive power_ 722, 817, 818 moistening 322 production and use in 1913 25 water movement in. Mass 322 Pecans — culture in Georgia 440 spraying 439 Pegomya ceptorum. (See Onion maggot.) Pellagra — etiology 662 relation to diet 464, 565 relation to insects 555 relation to location of domicile. 565 studies 167 Pellicularia koleroga, studies, P.R_ 549 Pemphigus hetcB — notes 857 relation to soil moisture, U.S.D.A 357 Penicillaria, culture experiments. Wash 33 Penicillium — digitatum, relation to temper- ature 545 temperature 545 sp., treatment 149 spp., relation to apple rot 348 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 979 Pennsylvania — Page. College and Station, notes-- 19S, 700 Institute of Animal Nutrition, notes 900 Pentatoma ligata affecting Sudan grass, Tex 747 Pentosans, determination 713 Pentoses, free. In plant extracts 712 Peony diseases, notes 50 Pepper — culture, U.S.D.A 297 Spanish, canning and use. U.S.D.A 297 Peppermint rust, notes 848 Percolation, losses of moisture and plant food by, Tex 619 Perennials, herbaceous, rest period In, Mo 223 PeridercBus granellus, notes 658 Peridermium cerehium on jacl: pines, U.S.D.A 351 Peridroma saucia. {See Cutworms, variegated.) Peronospora — hyocyami In tobacco seed beds. 147 tparsa, notes 854 Peroxidase — Investigations 409 use of term 329 Pcatalozzia — palmarutn, notes 545, 650 spp., relation to apple rot 348 PhtUaris — bulbosa, culture under Irriga- tion 228, nodosa, analyses 169 Phanerotofna tibialis, parasitism, Mass 353 Pharmacology, papers on, from Rockefeller Institute 279 Phenacoccus acericola, notes 253 Phenol as a serum preservative 280 Phenologlcal observations at Wau- seon, Ohio, U.S.D.A 825 Phlegethontius — quinqtie-maculatus. (See To- bacco worm.) sewta. {See Tomato-worm.) Phlox drummondii, heredity of color in, U.S,D.A 644 Photna — apiicola, relation to celery root scab 547 apiicola, treatment 848 betcB on sugar beet leaves, U.S. D.A 246 hetcB, physiology of 53 ietw, relation to sugar beet damping off, U.S.D.A 246 oitricarpa, treatment 149 destruotiva on tomatoes, U.S. D.A 147 spp., treatment 848 Phomopsis — Page. oitri, studies, Fla 55 citri, treatment 149 mall, relation to apple rot 348 Phorhia cepetorum. (See Onion maggot.) Phosphate — deposits in Siam 220 deposits In South Carolina 518 deposits, occurrence and min- ing 126 flour, fertilizing value 227 of lime. (See Calcium phos- phate.) Redonda, fertilizing value, R.I_ 723 rock, dissolved. (See Super- phosphate.) rock, fertilizing value 516 rock, for Missouri soils, Mo 212, 213, 214, 215 rock, production and use_ 218, 219, 819 rock, raw, assimilation by plants 519 rock, raw, fertilizing value, La_ 32 rock, raw, fertilizing value, R.I. 723 Phosphates — after effects, R.I 723 comparison, R.I 722 effect on nodule production 134 effect on root development 526 effect on soil bacteria, Wis 515 effect on yield of wheat 729 importance, selection, and use, Mass 624 mineral, fertilizing value 313 mineral, for calves 469 of animal origin 126 treatise 126 (See also Superphosphate.) Phosphatic slag — fertilizing value 729, 731 fertilizing value, R.I 723 for grass lands 330, 527 industry in Austria-Hungary 822 powders, methods of analysis 610 solubility 519 Phosphatids of milk 660 Phosphoric acid — absorption in soils 515 determination 110, 803 determination as ammonium- magnesium phosphate 204 determination In lime 115 determination In mineral phos- phates 13, 313 effect on peaches, W.Va 840 fertilizing value 519 fixation by soils, P.R 122 for sweet potatoes, Ala.College- 337 Importance In the animal organ- Ism 758 in honey 164 inorganic, determination 111 spring application 625 Phosphoric oxld In corn meal 752 980 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Phosphorus — Page, compounrls, organic and inor- ganic, metabolism of, Ohio 4G2 compounds, organic, of wheat bran 464, 802 compounds, organic, of wheat bran, N.Y.State 11 compounds, organic, therapeutic value 664 content of the animal organism 167 determination 803 for Missouri soils, Mo 212, 213, 214, 215 lecithin, determination in maca- roni, etc 14 lipoid, in animals 69 metabolism of lambs, U.S.D.A— 761 Photosynthesis — artificial, studies 727 in plants, studies 627 relation to powdery mildew in- fection. Mo 244 Phragmidium — disciflortim on rose 545 ruMj notes, Alaska 647 suhcorticium, notes 854 Phragmttes gigantea, analyses 406 Phrynosoma cornutum, economic status 745 Phthorimwa operculella. (See Po- tato-tuber worm.) Phygadeuon fumator, notes- 862 Phyllocnistis citrella, notes 655 Phyllosticta — betw, notes 851 paviw, perfect stage of 249 sp., relation to citrus canker, Fla 56 Phyllosticta, mutant form of 249 Phyllotreta spp., remedies 158 Phylloxera — carycecaulis, notes. Conn. State _ 58 vastatrix. (See Grape-phyllox- era.) Physalospora cydoniw, notes, N.Y. Cornell 348 Physics of household, text-book 364 Physiology — comparative, handbook 168 papers on, from Rockefeller In- stitute 279 Physokermes picece, notes 253 Phytin— hydrolysis, N.Y.State 11 Importance In the animal organ- ism 758 studies 803 Phytonomus — posticus, oviposition in relation to temperature 257 spp. injurious to alfalfa 555 Phytopathological institute at Wage- nlngen, report 444 Phytophthora — Page. eryfhroseptica, morphology and cytology of 53 faheri, notes 545 faberi, studies, P.R 549 infestans. (See Potato late blight.) Phytophthora, studies 244 Picea — cngeltnanni, new leaf and twig disease of, U.S.D.A 351 rubens, length of tracheids in 143 Picric acid as a titrametric stand- ard 611 Pig- club manual, N.C 791 clubs in Arkansas, Ark 95 . clubs, organization 898 diseases and parasites, notes, Ala.College 680 houses, movable. Wash 90 houses, plans and specifications, Can 783 offal, fertilizing value 470 paratyphoid, immunization 285 Pigeon peas — injurious to pineapples 535 insects affecting 153 Pigeons — book 173 breeding for squabs i 173 eggs, sexual differentiation 272 inheritance in 371 management, U.S.D.A 872 sex control in 272 sex ratios in, R.I 369 Pigments, plant — chemistry of 802 production 329 Pigs — alfalfa pasture for, U.S.D.A- 379,871 bacillary pest, typhus, or para- typhus of 680 breeding and care 71, 74 breeding, management. Wash 74 breeds for pork production 470 cactus for - 70 digestion experiments 758 dried yeast for 467 feeding 71, 74, 172, 470 feeding. Wash 74,379 feeding and care, N.C 762 feeding and management 172 feeding contest in Canada 697 feeding experiments 171, 470, 571 feeding experiments, Can 760 feeding experiments, Fla 74 feeding experiments, Ky 73 feeding experiments, Mo 206 feeding experiments, N.Mex 070 feeding experiments, Nebr 376 feeding experiments, Ohio- 375, 462, 871 feeding experiments, S.Dak 880 feeding experiments, U.S.D.A. 379 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 981 Pigs — Continued. Tago. feeding experiments, probable error in 871 fish meal for 109 forage crop rotations for, Mo_ 2()G growth as affected by rations, Ohio 375 growth on rations from single plant sources. Wis 307 growth on restricted rations-- 09 harvesting crops with, Ohio 871 in (iermany 29G, 0(!8 inheritance of rudimentary mamma) in -170 internal parasites of. Mo 278 judging 71 Large White Yorlishire 072 metal)()lism crate for, Ohio—- 380 metal>olism experiments 405 metalxilism experiments, Ohio_ 375 pasturing on alfalfa, U.S.D.A- 429 paunch contents of freshly slaughtered animals for 072 raising, Wash 98 raising In Canada 93 refuse brewers' yeast for 508 sugar for 407 text-book 791 tuberculin reaction In 877 uniform classification for fairs- 097 Piling, preservation 544 Pine — blister rust, notes 351 cones, collection 045 disease, investigations, U.S.D.A. 448 forests, effect on snow, U.S.D.A- 318 moth in liohemia 748 oil, chemistry of 19 rusts in Sweden 840 seed beds, disinfection 250 seedlings damping-offi disease — 551 seedlings, transpiration in 224 shoot moth, notes, Conn. State-- 5S spray, analyses. Can 735 weevil, notes 252 Pineapple — canning industry of the world- 594 juice, preparation, U.S.D.A 310 Pineapples — as affected by shade, P.R 535 cover crops for, P.R 535 culture CAperiments 737 varieties 737 Pines — cone beetles affecting, U.S.D.A- 458 Cuban and longleaf, oils of 18 culture experiments 542 culture in Nordland 542 jack, diseases of, U.S.D.A 351 leaf and twig oils of 409 loblolly, of North Carolina 844 lodgepole, utilization and man- agement, U.S.D.A 443 longleaf, distinguishing from other pines 844 Monterey, notes 739 Pines — Continued. I'age. screw, of I'bilippines 433 shortleaf, life history, U.S.D.A. 443 southern, utilization of waste-- CIS stand of in relation to soil moisture 810 western white, seed production, U.S.D.A 144 I'hiiis spp., length of tracheids In 143 I'ipe, wooden stave, construction and use 88G Plpunculids, life history 860 J'iliuncitlus spp., parasitic on sugar beet leaf-hoppers 747 Piroplasmosls — in sheep 282 relapse in 281 PisNodcs strohi, notes 252 Pituitary extract, effect on resting ovary in fowls 472 I'lague — transmission 450, 552 transmission by bedbugs 747 transmission by fleas 749 Ploncra aquatica, culture for wild ducks, U.S.D.A 251 Plant — anatomy, treatise 724 cells, reaction to plant lice 444 chlmajras, notes 429 diseases — development in transporta- tion 741 ideutifleation. Wash 97 in Alaska, Alaska 040 in Canada, Can 741 in Crimea 052 in Denmark 846 in l''rauce 51 in Klosterneuburg 444 in Mauritius 444 in Nigeria 145 in Queensland 51 in Southern Nigeria 741 in Sweden 846 in Virginia, Va 544 in Wageningen 444 in Washington, Wash 98, 098 in Western Australia 845 In Wisconsin, Wis 344 physiological, investiga- tions 740 treatise 646 treatment 151 {Sec also different host plants.) ecology of Salton Sink 525 efflorescences, exudations, and Incrustations under arid con- ditions 825 extracts, measurement of dias- tase activity 315 food, loss by percolation, Tex_ 619 hairs, relation to nitrogen as- similation 30 982 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Plant — Continued. Page. Inspection. (See Nursery In- spection.) lice, effect on plant cells 444 lice, notes 252 (See also Apple aphis, etc.) nutrition, review of investiga- tions 512 nutrition, rSle of chlorin in — 725 nutrition, theory of 124 organs, penetration by light 427 oxidases, review of literature — 426 parasites, adaptive specializa- tion 740 physiology, electrical conductiv- ity in 626 physiology, relation to pruning, Oreg 837 physiology, review of Investi- gations 512 physiology, treatise 425 pigments, chemistry of 802 pigments, production 329 poisons and stimulants, inor- ganic, Investigations 327 quarantine regulations in Porto Rico 441 roots, effect on soils 216 roots, plant food set free by 325 shoots, cell adjustment follow- ing decapitation or inversion. 827 Plantain disease, notes 545 Plants — absorption of ions by 521 anthoeyanin in 824 aromatic, culture 643 as affected by antimoniacal salts 30 as affected by climatic com- plexes and other external fac- tors 221 as affected by environment 126 as affected by freezing 428 as affected by gas 629 as affected by naphthalin 523 as affected by plant metabolism products • 825 as affected by salicylic alde- hyde 328 as affected by smoke 428, 629 as affected by ultraviolet rays__ 28 blossoming dates, U.S.D.A 825 colonial, treatise 437 deep-rooted, for grass land 431 desert, investigations 221 desert, osmotic pressure in 628 electroculture experiments 827 electroculture, review of litera- ture 690 feeding power 519, 626 forcing to blossom during win- ter 521 fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas 522 growth as affected by atmos- pheric pollution 126 Plants — Continued. Page, growth as affected by carbon bisulphld. Wis 323 growth as affected by light__ 128, 826 growth as affected by radio- active earth 123 growth in charcoal 540 growth in mercury vapor light- 826 growth in relation to climate, U.S.D.A 116 growth in water culture 223, 628 growth, internal factors in 827 growth, studies 28, 221 healthy bactericidal properties. 740 hellotropism in 129 herbaceous, culture experiments, Can 236 Immunity in 740 imports, U.S.D.A 827 irritability in 29 living, experiments with 495 medicinal, culture 643 medicinal, culture. Can 842 nutritive exchanges In 425 of New Zealand for North Amer- ican gardens 842 oil production in 629 oleaginous, culture and utiliza- tion 438 ornamental, for unfavorable city conditions i 442 oxidation ferments of 409 perennial, for southeastern Alaska, Alaska 638 phylogenetic relationships 822 physiological characters of 629 poisonous, feeding experiments with 384i poisonous. In Western Austra- lia 846 production capacity, inheritance- 822 resistance to diseases 740 rest period in, Mo 223, 520 root systems of 526 seed, of Vermont, Vt 330 transpiration and sap ascent in, treatise 127 transpiration in 628 tropical, treatise 221 useful, text-book 96 variation and selection in 822 variegated, anatomy of 724 water culture, new method 628 water requirements, U.S.D.A 726 wild, use as food 461 woody, rest period In, Mo 223 Plasmodiophora irassicCB. (See Cab- bage club root.) Plasmopara — cuhensis, notes 146 viticola, studies 55, 248, 545 Plaster, land. (See Gypsum.) Plectodiacella piri — n.g. and n.sp., description 649 notes 350 PUnodomus destruens, distribution and prevalence 74S INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 983 I'uge. PleosphwruUna sp.(7) on alfalfa-- 848 Pleuro-pneunionia, contagious. (See Influenza, equine.) Plodla interpunctella. (See Indlan- mcal moth.) Plows — motor, tests 190, 5S9 tests 291, 891 Plum — aphis, leaf ourlinj,', leuiedie.s .'i.'i.'i borer, studies, U.S.D.A 454 curoulio, life history 159 curculio, notes 2'>2, 652 curoulio, remedies, N.Y.Cornell- 59 diseases in France 54 dieases, notes, Can 741 diseases, notes, N.J 349 diseases, studies, Va 544 stiginonosc, studies 349 yellow leaf. Investigations, N.Y. Cornell .347 Plumage patterns in fowls. Me 75 Plumbing, country practice in, treatise 590 Plums — culture In Utah 638 Inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 Japanese and hybrid, wilt dis- ease of 248 new, description, N. Y. State 238 sod mulch v. clean culture. Wash 43 spring v. fall planting 439 varieties, Alaska 638 varieties for New Jersey, N.J 439 varieties for western Washing- ton, Wash 44 Pneumonia, equine. (See Influ- enza, equine.) Pneumonitis in pigs 774 Podosphwra — Jeucotricha, notes 846 spp., investigations, N.Y.Cor- nell 347 Podosporiella n.sp. (?) on wheat 848 Pcecilocapsus lineatus, notes. Conn. State 58 PcECiloacytua hasalia, relation to fire blight 744 Pogonomyi'inex l>ariatu3 rugosus, remedies, Ariz 57 Poisons — effect on apples and potatoes 329 effect on germ cells. Wis 368 Poles, preservation 544 Pollema rudis, susceptibility to nic- otin 256 Polygonia interrogationis, notes, Conn.State 58 Polyneuritis — experimental. In birds 167 galllnarum, etiology 279 Polyporus — Page. lignosuit (Pomes scfnitostus), notes 741 spp., Infection of wood by 651 Polysaccharids of lower fungi 411 Pomelos — and oranges, hybrid between-- 441 fertilizer experiments, Fla 48 Pomology, bibliography 537 Porbe hjcrkandrclla, notes 554 Porta hypolatcritia attacking Teph- rosia Candida 545 Pork — and pork products, preserving and pickling 259 as a substitute for beef in French army 163 cost of production 259 cuts of 259 inspection and handling in meat trade 259 value in the diet 2.59 Porthctria dispar. (See Gipsy moth.) Porto Rico — College and Station, notes 900 Station, report 599 Posts, preservation 544 Potash — deposits in Nevada 425 deposits in southeastern Cal- ifornia 518 deposits in Spain 26 effect on peaches, W.Va 840 fertilizers, effect on sugar beets- 434 fertilizers, effect on tobacco, Ohio 732 fertilizing value, Ohio 828 for muck soils. Wash 33 for sweet potatoes, Ala. College- 337 from cactus 234 from sawmill waste 819 industry in Austria-Hungary 822 industry in California 819 Industry in Germany 518 loss by leaching, P.R 122 relation to yellow-berry in wheat, Colo 42 salts, Imports into United States 625 salts, production and use 218, 219 spring application 625 V. sodium for sugar beets 135 Potassium — bichromate, effect on milk 503 chlorid, efTect on germinating plants_I 128 chlorid, use with seaweed 331 cyanid, effect on trees 154, 556, 725 determination 710 liberation from soils, 111 517 nitrate, effect on germinating plants 128 of biotite, availability 722 permanganate, fertilizing value. 841 984 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. Potassium — Continued. Page, persulphate, oxidation of carbo- hydrates by 502 sulphate, effect on powdery mil- dew infection, Mo 244 sulphate, fertilizing value 432 Potato — bacterial ring rot, studies 146 beetle, Colorado, in Germany 158 beetle, Colorado, notes. Conn. State 58 beetle, Colorado, remedies, Va. Trueli 358 black heart, description, Can 741 blight, treatment, Wash 97 blossoms, secretion of stigmatic fluid by, U.S.D.A 233 canker in Sweden 840 disease, new, description 34() diseases, hill selection as a pre- ventive, Wash 98 diseases in Western Australia 845 diseases, notes 147, 849 diseases, notes. Can 741 diseases, notes, Va 544 diseases, notes. Wash 52 drying industry in Germany 715 flakes, preparation 102 flour, digestibility 361 flour, preparation 102 foliage hay, composition and feeding value 759 Fusarium diseases, studies, N.Y. Cornell 849 late blight in Bohemia 851 late blight in Cuba 446 late blight, treatment 742 leaf, albuminous crystalloids in_ 824 mosaic disease, transmission by tubers 850 peelings, dried, analyses. Wis 508 powdery scab in Oregon 850 powdery scab, notes 140 scab, relation to beet scab 547 scab, relation to temperature, U.S.D.A 245 scab, treatment 246 spindling-sprout, N.Y.State 52, 340 starch, preparation 162 stems, Rhizoctonia ksions on 548 tuber worm, remedies, Wis 351 Verticillium wilt, studies 244 wart disease in England 850 wart disease, treatment 446 Potatoes — as affected by poisoning 329 as poultry feed. Wash. 98 breeding experiments, U.S.D.A- 233 changes in during drying 001 cold-storage, diastase activity 315 cost of production. Can 831 culture 398 culture, Mont 636 culture. Wash 40,98 culture experiments 731, 834 Potatoes — Continued. Page. culture experiments, Alaska 632 culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments, Can 830 culture for forage. Wash 34 culture, implements and ma- chines for 891 culture on muck soils, Wash 33 culture under dry farming, Mont 632 culture with fruit trees, Mont- 534 effect of change of seed 331 ensiling with lactic acid 268 fertilizer experiments 219, 326, 517, 625 fertilizer experiments, Can 237, 286, 728, 831 fertilizer experiments, Me 33 fertilizer experiments under ir- rigation on sandy soils 286 home mulched v. northern seed, Nebr 336 identification of varieties 297 in the dietary 695 insects affecting, Iowa 352 irrigation experiments 286, 884 irrigation experiments, Nebr_- 827 lightning injury to 345 marketing 693 marketing, U.S.D.A 40 marketing cooperatively 491 mulching experiments, Mont 526 phloem necrosis in 52 rotation experiments, U.S. D.A 429, 829 seed certification. Wis 336 seed, from light soils for heavier soils 531 seeding experiments 227 selection experiments, Mont 526 selection experiments, U.S.D.A- 233 selection experiments. Wash 698 small 1'. large tubers for plant- ing 834 spraying experiments, N.Y. State 40, 336 spraying v. dusting 636 spraying v. dusting, N.J 336 sprouting before planting 331 sugar in 310 sugar in, N.H 223 thinning and spacing experi- ments, Mont 526 treatise 531 use as food 364 use in bread making 162, 865 varieties 330 varieties. Can 728 varieties, U.S.D.A 728 varieties resistant to blight 849 yield as affected by color of seed 433 yield as affected by weather, U.S.D.A 716 yield on alfalfa stubble, Nebr__ 828 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 985 roullry— Pago. animal food for 572 appliances, descriptions 783 as affected by rations from sin- gle plant sources, Wis 308 bibliography 575 breeding and management 77 clubs In Arkansas, Ark 95 demonstration car work, D.S D.A 273 disease, investigations. Wis 389 diseases, notes 273 diseases, notes, N.C 880 diseases, notes. Wash 97, 98 diseases, treatise 081 experiments, Can 702 experiments. Wash 70 external parasites, N.Y.Cornell- 353 fancy points v. utility 172 feeding experiments, Can 703 feeding experiments, N.C 703 feeding experiments, Wash 299 fish meal for 1G9 houses, construction 273, 783 houses, construction. Conn. Storrs 091 houses, construction, Wash 98 houses, tests, Can 702 inbreeding experiments 572 industry in Canada 93 industry in Germany 290, 572 industry In New York State 273 judging • 172 keeping, text-book 598 late summer care. Wash 98 line breeding. Wash 77 manure, treatment and use, Ma^s 218 marketing in Minnesota 492 notes, Okla 072 notes, Wash 97,098 parasites, notes, N.Y.Cornell 483 pure-bred, marketing 77 raising, outline for study of 097 refrigeration, U.S.D.A 000 secondary sexual characters, changes In 272 sex-linked inheritance in, Mo 271 shows and associations 872 supply and consumption in Ith- aca, New York 572 survey of Jackson County, W.Va 173 trap nests for, U.S.D.A 473 treatise 77, 173, 473 (See also Chickens, Ducks, etc.) Powdery mildews, relation to hosts. Mo 244 Prairie grass — culture under irrigation 228 notes 834 Precipitins, production 84 Pregnancy — diagnosis 170, 207, 477 early, effect on development of animals. Mo 265 rreservatives — Page, and other chemicals in foods_ 00 food, advantages and disad- vantages 577 Prickly pear. (.See Cactus.) PrionlniB, larva; of, U.S.D.A 300 Pristomcridia apilis, parasitism. Mass 353 Privet, swamp, culture for wild ducks, U.S.D.A 251 Prodenia ornithogalli, notes, Iowa_ 352 Prodoxus harhcrclla n.sp., descrip- tion 748 Proso — analyses, S.Dak 301 as a table food, S.Dak 301 culture experiments, U.S.D.A 633 Prospothrips coynatus, investiga- tions, U.S.D.A 354 Prospaltella pcrniciosi, life history- 257 Protascus colorans n.g. and n.sp., studies 548 Protcid. (See Protein.) Protein — ammonia, determination in water 501 cleavage products. (See Amino acids.) digestion and absorption in animals 566 effect on nutrition and growth. 402 food products, determination of decomposition in 112 free amino groups in 201 from cereals and milk, effect on growth 465 from different sources, effect on growth 202 from different sources, value. Wis 307 from different sources for milk production 275 from various grains, digesti- bility 361, 564, 758 intake, effect on growth 262 intake, effect on muscular work- 166 intake, effect on uric acid for- mation 462 metabolic relationship to glu- cose 261, 868 metabolism as affected by mas- tication 366 metabolism of white races in Tropics 360 metabolism of yeast and mold fungi 202 methods of analysis 408 minimum, review of literature- 08 minimum, studies 202, 808 muscle, specific heat of 566 nitrogen table for feeding stuffs- 711 nutrition of lambs, U.S.D.A__ 761 requirements of dairy heifers, Mo 274 requirements of workingmen 662 requirements under different conditions 868 986 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Protein — Continued. storage, relation to acidosis substances, decomposition In milk vegetable, utilization by the ani- mal organism Protoplasm — as affected by bivalent cations. as affected by Shumann rays — permeability Protozoa — counting, new method media for multiplication of of rice soils relation to soil bacteria role In plants poil, studies Prunes — benzoic acid in dried, inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus pruning, Greg Pruning — effect on formation of apple fruit buds, Va monograph, Greg notes, Kans summer. Wash treatise Prussian blue, detei-mination In tea_ Pmssic acid. (See Hydrocyanic acid.) Psacaphora — cambiella n.sp., description engelella, life history Pseudoanthrax bacilli, biology Pseudococcus — gt'assi n.sp., description spp., in Crimea Pseudomonas — calcis, notes dtri n.sp., description, U.S.D.A- Paeudopeziza — tnedicafjinis, notes riiis, studies, N.Y.Cornell Psithyrus spp. in bumblebee nests — Psoroptes — cervincB n.sp., description communis ovis, life history Page. 368 714 565 328 224 127 809 809 23 515 425 621 15 247 837 735 837 339 98 838 15 748 655 579 653 652 631 149 846 347 658 680 384 Psylla — mali, notes 652 m,aU, remedies 555, 857 pyri {pyrricola.) (See Pear psylla.) Pteronus ribesU. (See Currant worm, Imported.) Public — buildings, inspection in South Dakota 67 health, relation to entomology. 152 Puccinia — antirrhini, notes 249 endivw, notes 548 glumarum In Bavaria 847 glumarum in United States 744 Puccinia — Continued. Page. graminls, relation to Immune host plants 245 graminis, relation to immune host plants, U.S.D.A 345 malvacearum, spore formation — 145 malvacearum, transmission 445 menthw on Japanese pepper- mint 848 prostii, notes 741 pruni, notes 54 pulsatillce, specialization of 545 rhamni, negative heliotropism of urediniospore germ tubes — 330 spp., notes 145, 146 spp. on corn in Barbados 445 spp., overwintering 647 Pulp mill refuse, analyses, Can 723 Pulvinaria — acericola, notes 252 gastcralpha, life history 555 vitis {=innu7nerabilis) . (See Maple-scale, cottony.) Pumping for ii-rigation — cost data, Ariz 87,688 treatise 884 Pumps — American Humphrey, descrip- tion 488 centrifugal, motors for 690 centrifugal, tests 690 deep-well, description 488 Purdue University, notes 99 Purin compounds, decomposition in digestive canal 2G3 Pus cells. (See Leucocytes.) Pyralis vitana, biology and control — 555 Pyrus spp., inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 Pythiacystis citrophthora, studies- 55, 550 Pythium debaryantim, relation to su- gar beet damping off, U.S.D.A 246 Quail, domestication. Wis 381 Quercus of eastern North America 646 Quince — blotch, studies, N.H 247 diseases, notes. Can 741 diseases, treatment, N.J 349 Are blight, description 447 leaf blight, investigations, N.Y. Cornell 347 parasitic disease of 54 varieties for New Jersey, N.J 439 Quinin, use against rabies 580, 774 Rabbits — Bacterium tularense in 451 English, unit-character con- stants in 267 inheritance of coat color in 757 treatise 174 Rabies — diagnosis 180 immunization 387 treatment 580, 774 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 987 Page. Radio-actlTe earth, fertilizing value- 123 Radio-activity — effect on soil organisms 23 in Minnesota soils 417 of soil gas 211 of soils and water, treatise 809 Radishes — morphology and biology 638 mulching v. clean culture, Mont 534 resistance to club root, Vt 52 utilization of atmospheric nitro- gen by 627 Radium — emanation and weather at Manila, U.S.D.A 717 emanations of the atmosphere__ 211 fertilizing value 625 Rag waste, fertilizing value 125 Rain — fertilizing value, Can 716 gage, eight-day recording, U.S.D.A 118 nitrogen content 617 Rainfall — computing run-off from 775 in Autralia 616, 807 In British Isles 20 in California, U.S.D.A 716 In cotton belt of United States. 20 in eastern United States, U.S.D.A 117, 118 In New Bedford, Massachusetts. 212 In New Zealand, U.S.D.A 118 in Nile basin 510 in Queensland ' 212 in St. Croix 807 in Texas 788 In United States, factors de- termining, U.S.D.A 319 In United States, relation to agriculture, U.S.D.A 715 in western United States, U.S.D.A 319 in western Washington, Wash.. 299 map of United States, U.S.D.A- 318 "monsoon," U.S.D.A 118 records, value 212 regions of United States, U.S.D.A 318 relation to ground water 322 relation to protein content of wheat, Utah 41 relation to spring wheat yield, U.S.D.A 117 relation to water level 806 Raisins, dried, inoculation experi- ments with brown rot fungus 247 Ramona stachyoides, oil of 202 RatnuJaria — areola, notes 741 macrospora, relation to apple rot 348 spp. In potatoes, N.Y.Cornell 849 Range management in New Mexico, U.S.D.A 268 Rape — Page. culture. Mass 238 culture experiments. Mo 33 culture experiments. Wash 33, 34 for forage, Mo 226 pasture for pigs, S.Dak 380 seed, analyses 870 seed calse for grass lands 527 seed meal, analyses 170, 870 Raspberries — breeding experiments, Alaska 637 crossing experiments, Wash 44 culture. Wash 47 fertilizer experiments. Wash 48 for home and commercial plant- ing, W.Va 537 irrigation experiments 683 new, description, N.Y. State 238 picking and packing. Wash 47 red, shipping experiments, U.S.D.A 642 training. Wash 47 varieties. Wash 47 Raspberry — anthracnose, perfect stage 350 juice, preparation, U.S.D.A 316 Rat fleas. (See Fleas.) Rat-proofing public docks of New Orleans 552 Rations — acid and basic, effect on am- monia production 368 balanced, Wash 97 balanced from restricted sources 69, 367, 465 balanced from restricted sources, Wis 367 calculating 170 effect on development of swine, Ohio 375 for Arab soldiers 68 Rats- growth as affected by protein In- ta.'ke 262 growth on restricted rations 69 injurious to coffee trees, P.R 536 Rattan supply of Philippines 646 Ravinia n.spp., descriptions 158 Razoumofskya tstigensis, new hosts- 551 Reclamation Service. (See United States Geological Survey.) Recurvaria — alnifructella n.sp., description 748 dorsivittella, life history 655 millcri n.sp., description 655 Red bug, false, notes 252 Red clover. (See Clover, red.) Red dog flour, analyses. Wis 568 Reductase, investigations 409 Redwater — immunization 3^ in cattle, studies 384 Rhodesian, (See African coast fever.) (See also Texas fever.) 988 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. Reforestation — Page. in Black Hills National Forest. 843 in France 541 in mountains of northern Idaho- 242 in National Forests 645 of pine lands 542 Relationships, determination 822 Remujia rcpanda, studies 560, 654 Reproduction — as affected by mineral content of rations 666 bibliography 168 in fowls, studies. Me 74,96 physiology of 168 physiology of, Wis 369 Reptiles, blood parasites of 152 Reservoirs, small earthen storage, construction 885 Resins — determination in hops 507 formation and flow in trees, U.S.D.A 543 soft, in storage hops, U.S.D.A. — 709 Respiration — • apparatus for small animals 265 experiments with steers, U.S. D.A 72 Respiratory exchange. (See Gas- eous exchange.) Restaurants — inspection in Missouri 164- inspcction in Montana 67 inspection in Nevada, Nev 661 inspection in North Dakota, N. Dak 753 law in Florida 165 Reversion in cattle 668 Rha))ditin, notes 681 Rhabdopterus picipes, studies, U.S. D.A 456 Ehagoletis — pomonella. (See Apple mag- got.) spp. on cherry 561 Rheosporangium aphanidermatus n.g. and n.sp., description, U.S.D.A 648 Phinoceros beetle, notes 154 Rhizina inflata, studies, U.S.D.A 150 Rhizoctonia — lesions on potato stems 548 relation to pine seedling damp- ing-off 551 Rhizoctonia — medicaginis, notes 846 sp., relation to sugar beet damp- ing off, U.S.D.A 246 spp. in America 350 Rliizopus nigricans — on dead or dormant sugar beets, U.S.D.A 240 relation to temperature 545 Rhizostilbella rubra n.g. and n.sp., description 647 Rhode Island Station, report 398 Rhodes grass, culture under irriga- tion 22S Page. Rhodesian redwater, (See African coast fever.) Rhopobata vacctniana, notes, Mas — 352 Rhubarb, culture, Wash 44 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, notes_ 154 Rice — amino acid in 665 bran, analyses 568, 870 breeding experiments 234 cultivated, origin 428 culture in California, U.S.D.A. 834 culture, machine plowing in 190 diseases in India 846 feed meal, analyses ' 870 fertilizer experiments 227 fertilizer experiments, La 32 flour, use in bread making 260 improvement by selection and crossing 234 insects affecting 856 irrigation, U.S.D.A 337 judging and study in high schools 398 kernel protein, hydrolysis prod- ucts of 867 meal, analyses 170 meal for pigs, U.S.D.A 761 meal injurious to pigs. Can 775 oil and fat, chemistry of 506 polish, analyses 870 polished, use by Philippine scouts 261 polishings, chemistry of 564 polishings,_ phosphotungstate precipitate 167 pollination studies 234 rotation experiments, La 32 tipulids and tabanids affecting- 555 transplanting experiments 234 varieties 130 water weevil, remedies 257 withering of panicle in 850 yellow grains in, cause 548 Rinderpest — blood, virulency In water leeches 867 virus, culture experiments 180 River — discharge, correction for chang- ing stage 777 discharge, handbook 287 measurement. (See Stream measurement.) Rivers, water level in 322 Road — departments, organization 782 engineering, hand level for_ 393, 688 machinery, notes 189, 688 machinery, specifications 280 materials of New York 782 materials of North Carolina- 088, 780 models, U.S.D.A 393 Roads — Ahney hand level for 688 administration, U.S.D.A 290 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 989 Roads — Continued. Page. administration In Kansas 695 administration in Maine 889 administration in Michigan 48G administration in Minnesota 588 administration in Nebraslia 888 administration in New Yorl{_ 393 administration in Nortti Car- olina 780 adniiuistratiou in North Dakota- G83 administration in Ontario 289 bituminous, surface treatments- 782 briclc-surfaced, in King County, Washington 781 concrete, construction 781, 782, 890 concrete, in Ontario 289 concrete pavements for, U.S.D.A- 685 concrete v. macadam 588 construction and maintenance- 889 construction and maintenance, U.S.D.A 889 construction, economics of 688 construction, financing 782 construction in New Jersey 686 construction in swamps 189 drainage 688, 782 gravel and sand clay 782 heavy traffic, pavements for 290 in relation to tire width and weight of load 782 macadam, traffic values 290 macadam, transmission of pres- sure through 486 maintenance cost data 890 maintenance, relation to traffic- 290 masonry and foundations for__ 782 mountain, construction 782 preservation experiments, U.S. D.A 686 sand clay and topsoil, for North Carolina 688 state management of, U.S.D.A 290 survey and plans for 782 surveying and mapping 688 traffic factors 280 treatise 393 vitrified brick pavements for, U.S.D.A 686 Rock phosphate. (See Phosphate.) Rockefeller Institute for Medical Re- search, studies from 279 Rodent disease, new, transmissible to man 450 Rodents — injurious in Canada 552 parasitic acari on 159 Roemeria hijhrida, analyses 4G6 Roentgent rays, effect on vegetation- 31 Roofing, metallic, as affected by smoke 428 Root — cellar, description, Can 783 crops, culture experiments 227 crops, culture for fall and win- ter use, Wash 34 crops for work horses 471 Root — Continued. Page, development as affected by phos- phates 526 maggot, remedies. Wash 62 systems of agricultural plants- 526 Roots — contractile, structure and func- tion 724 toxic excretions from 31 Rope fastenings, tests 190 Rose — beetle in Samoan Islands 158 black spot, investigations, N.Y. Cornell 347 chafer, western, notes 746 diseases, notes 854 leaves, authocyauin in 52-3 mildew, Inoculation experi- ments : 647 mildew, investigations, N.Y. Cornell 347 mildew, studies 447 scale, life history and habits 557 Rosellinia iothrina attacking cam- phor 545 Rosellinia disease of cacao 448 Roses — culture, treatise 644 inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 new, description 644 new, description, S.Dak 337 Rosolic acid test for milk 115 Rotation — experiments 527, 728 experiments. Can 830 experiments. Mo 33, 212, 213, 214, 226 experiments, Ohio 828 experiments, U.S.D.A— 429, 829, 830 experiments in Madras 131 experiments on peaty soils 227 of crops for dry farming, Mont- 632 of crops in New Hampshire 791 of crops, text-book 429 Roundworms, protection against di- gestive enzyms 478 Rubber — borer pests of 657 culture in Brazil 50 culture in Middle Kongo 646 culture in Singapore 646 diseases in Ceylon 545 diseases in Malaya 150, 151 fertilizer experiments 50, 738 handbook 50 Ilevea. (See Rubber, Para.) industry of the East 543 insects affecting 153 Para, fungus diseases of 449 root disease, new, notes 741 tapping and storage of plant food in 543 tapping experiments 542, 543, 646 tapping experiments, P.R 536 treatise 343 990 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOBD. Page. Rubus occidentals. Inoculation ex- periments with brown rot fungus. 247 Rudbeckias, varieties at Wisley 536 Run-off, computing 775 Ruppia maritima, culture for wild ducks, U.S.D.A 251 Rural — communities, organization, U.S. D.A 292 communities, recreational and social needs 190 credit. (See Agricultural credit.) demonstration schools, notes 194 depopulation, treatise 91 districts, cottage building in 490 districts, housing in 893 economics in Minnesota 786 economics, outline for instruc- tion in 598 industries, mosquito - malaria losses in 255 life conference at Ontario Agri- cultural College 295 moral life in middle West 787 population in Roumania 695 population of United States, mortality statistics 594 population, shifting of 190 problems, relation to elementary schools 896 schools. (See Schools, rural.) social problems 190 survey in Clarke County, Ga., with special reference to negroes 694 survey in northeastern Minne- sota 786 surveys, treatise 593 teachers, training centers for_ 194, 195 teachers, training in United States 799 Rust — fungi, sexuality of 27 spores and mycelium in seeds of cereals 445 Rusts — classification, JMo 24.5 infection experiments 847 of Scotland 145 spore formation in 145 taxonomy 130 transmission 445 (See also Grain, Wheat, etc.) Ruta-bagas. (See Swedes.) Rye— Abruzzi, tests, N.C 831 amino acid in 665 analyses 734 and vetch for forage. Mo 226 bran, analyses. Wis 568 bread, analyses 865 breeding experiments 134 culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments, U.S.D.A- 633 Rye — Continued. Page, culture, relation to rainfall, U.S.D.A 715 fertilizer experiments 219, 517 flour, composition 564 grass, culture experiments 835 grass, Italian, culture experi- ments, Wash 33 grass, perennial, culture under irrigation 228 grass, wild, culture experi- ments, Alaska 682 growth in water culture 223 hail injuries to 127 hogging down, Ohio 871 irrigation by spraying 287 irrigation experiments on light sandy soil 286 middlings, analyses 665 middlings, analyses. Wis 568 proteins, alcohol-soluble 162 rust in Bavaria 847 rust, studies i 546 seed examination 734 seed, treatment with corrosive sublimate 546 straw, analyses and use as human food 866 varieties, Alaska 632 varieties, N.C 831 varieties, Wash 84 yield in relation to physical properties of soils 815 yield on alfalfa stubble, Nebr_ 828 Saccharin, methods of analysis 414 Saccharose — as affected by chloroform and ether 523 use in bread making 461 Saddle-back caterpillar, notes 58 Sage, black, oil of 202 Sagittaria sagittifolia, nitrites in 627 Sahlbergella spp., notes 153 Saissetia nigra. . (See Black scale.) Salicornia, growth in presence of salt 222 Salicylic — acid, methods of analysis 414 aldehyde, effect on plants 328 Saline deposits in southeastern California 518 Salmonberry leaf spot, notes, Alaska 647 Salsify, mulching v. clean culture, Mont 534 Salsola vermieulata, analyses 466 Salt- application to heavy soils, U.S.D.A 323 determination in butter 16 effect on germinating plants 128 effect on growth of Salicornia 222 fertilizing value 841 role In plant nutrition 725 toxicity toward barley, U.S.D.A. 323 Saltpeter, Chile. (See Sodium nitrate.) INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 991 Salts — Paga addition to diet, water distri- bution and edema following 664 alkali, combination of chlorin ions in, N.Mex 623 alkali, effect on soil bacteria 323 alkali, in soils 421 antagonism between. 31, 323, 521, 628 antagonism between, U.S.D.A 323 effect on oxidative processes in the body 69 effect on permeability of proto- plasm 328 soluble, movement in soils 513 toxicity toward barley, U.S.D.A. 323 Salvarsan, use against infectious bulbar paralysis 179 Sambucus, Coryneum-like structures on 545 San Jos6 scale — control in Missouri Mo 253 life history and remedies, 111 452 notes 153, 252, 558 remedies. Mo 253 Sand — dunes, reclamation in California and Oregon 738 effect of fineness on strength of mortar 781 effect on nitrification, Va 620 sterile, changes in by cropping- 325 wearing tests 781 Sandalwoods, oil value 444 Sandpipers, dying around Great Salt Lake, U.S.D.A 251 • Sanitary inspection laws in Ohio 261 Sanninoidea exUiosa. (See Peach borer.) Sansevieria, fiber from 530 Sap ascent — in plants, treatise 127 in trees 827 Saponaria officinalis, saponins in 524 Saponins, biochemical investigations- 524 Sarcophaga — (Helicolia) helicis, notes 749 utilis n.sp., description 8G0 Sarcophagidas of New England 157 Sarcosporidla in Panama 863 Sawmill waste as a source of pot- ash 819 Scale insects — eggs as affected by hydrocyanic acid gas 855 fungoid parasites of 558 Scapteriscus didactylus, remedies 452 Scarabneid larvte, rearing 256 Schizoneura — lanigera. {See Apple aphis, woolly.) spp. in Colorado 857 SchacnoMus Mpunctiferus, notes 856 School — children, necessity for super- vision of feeding 261 children, feeding, treatise 864 28121°— 16 8 School — Continued. Page. children, public feeding of 364 credit for out-of-scheol work- 95, 195, 597, 799, 897 farms, management, U.S.D.A 195 Garden Association of America, report 599 gardens In Philippines 595, 799 gardens, notes 95, 296, 396, 598, 599, 897 grounds, improvement 599 laboratories, agricultural collec- tions for 899 lunches in London 261 lunches in New York City 261 Schools — agricultural. (See Agricultu- ral schools.) continuation, cooking lessons 792 elementary, agriculture in 597, 696 elementary, home economics in_ 696 elementary, nature study in- 298, 790 elementary, relation to rural problems 896 elementary, standardization in Ohio 789 forestry arithmetic for 495 high, agricultural extension work in 799 high, agriculture in 94, 195, 595, 798, 897 high, fruit growing in 398 high, home economics in 94 high, laboratory exercises for 494 high, moor culture in 791 public, agriculture in 597, 798, 897 public, agriculture in, U.S.D.A- 791 public, home economics in 792 rural, agricultural booklets for_ 397 rural, agriculture in 95, 597 rural high, community spirit 194 rural, in Kansas 694 rural, material supplied to 792 rural, nature study in 95 secondary, agriculture in 798 secondary, curricula of 890 vocational, cooking in 397 Schumann rays, effect on proto- plasm 224 Sclerotinia lihertiana on peonies 56 St-lerotium omnivorum n.sp., descrip- tion 647 Scoleconectria coccicola, description- 459 Scolytus quadrispinosus, notes, Conn. State 58 Score cards — dairy, relation to milk quality, N.Y.State 78 for dairy farms 576 Screenings — analyses 71, 870 for poultry. Can 763 Scudderia furcata — notes. Conn. State 58 studies, U.S.D.A 451 Scurfy scale on Norway maple 858 992 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Scymnus — Pifee. Mptmctatus in Philippines 562 sp., life history 562 Sea water, use for irrigation 392 Seaweed — as a source of potash 819 culture in Ireland 819 for potatoes 330 Sedge rusts, taxonomy 130 Sedges of Philippines 433 Seedlings, phototropic responses in_ 29 Seeds — as affected by electrolytes 727 determination of life duration- 128 distribution, Alaska 694 fairs in Canada 697 germination as affected by naphthalin 523 germination as affected by nitrogenous products 825 germination, physiology 29 germination studies 310, 825, 826 immature, formation of starch_ 523 imports, U.S.D.A 827 inspection in North Carolina — 836 inspection in North Dakota, N.Dak 138 law in Wyoming 138 leguminous, as affected by heat 629 relation to number of ovules 130 rest period in, Mo 520 sampling device for, U.S.D.A — 836 sterile preservation 727 submerged, longevity 30 weed, in farm lands 138 Seismology, bibliography, U.S.D.A. 320, 717 Selection, Mendelian interpretation- 822 Self-feeders for fattening pigs, Mo. — 266 Septic tanks, construction 691, 892 Septoria — apii, relation to celery leaf spot 547' apii, treatment 848 lycopersici, treatment 53 petroselini apii, studies, Wash_ 742 riUs, studies, N.Y.Cornell 347 ruhi, notes, Alaska 647 Sericulture. (See Silk.) Serradella, culture experiments, Wash 33 Serum — cytotoxic immune, studies 385 determination of cholesterol in_ 315 normal, opsonins of 178 of cows immunized against tu- berculosis 181 of pigs, refractive index 483 preparation and standardiza- tion 280 preservatives, pharmacological action 280 Sesame — cake, analyses 170, 870 culture and utilization 438 Sesame — Continued. Page. diseases in India 846 oil, chemical and physiological tests 362 oil, hardened, analyses and di- gestibility 564 Sesamia — iiiferens, notes 856 nonagrioides, notes 554 Sesiania aculeata as a green ma- nure 131 Sesia — brunneri n.sp., description 655 novaroensis, studies, U.S.D.A 454 rhododendri, notes 252 Sewage — analysis, text-book 206 disposal for farms 784, 892 disposal from hospitals and medical establishments 486 disposal in rural districts 590, 591 disposal plants, treatise 785 fertilizers from, U.S.D.A 219 from dairies, purification 784 from piggeries, treatment 684 from sugar refineries, purifica- tion 785 injury to crops, studies 588 irrigation for forests 543 of New York City, utilization- 124 purification 423, 691 residential, disposal 691 sludge, analyses. Can 723 sludge, fertilizing value 423 sludge, utilization 124 sludge, utilization, Cal 24 treatment with activated sludge- 786 water. (See Water, sewage.) Sewer pipe, testing 392 Sewing — in graded schools of Wisconsin- 195 instruction in Porto Rico 397 Sex- determination in cattle 669 determination in guinea pigs 168 ratios in pigeons, R.I 369 Shade — effect on tobacco 521 effect on transpiration of white pine seedlings 224 Sheep — Blackface, notes 669 Border Leicester, notes 669 breeding and care 71 breeding experiments 570 breeding experiments, Ariz 73 breeding, wintering experiments. Can 760 Caracul, origin and character- istics 871 degeneration in teeth of 270 digestion experiments 758 dipping experiments 571 disease, description, Alaska 680 feeding experiments. Can 760 feeding experiments, Ind 374 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 993 Sheep — Continued. Page, feeding experiments with taka- diastase 509 fish meal for 1G9 handling, " blanket " system. 669, G70 industry in New Zealand, U.S.D.A 268 Jack beans for 267 judging 71 in Germany 296, 668 poisoning with Zygadenus, U.S.D.A 177 raising in Australasia, U.S.D.A- 270 raising in Maine, Me 73 refuse brewers' yeast for 568 scab parasite, life history 384 shearing shed, yards, and dip__ 5S9 uniform classification for fairs. 097 Shillong — fruit experiment station, report 238 (upper) station, report 227 Ship stuff, analyses 71 Shipping associations, cooperative. Miss 91 Shoat typhoid — objections to use of term 182, 285 studies 680 Shoddy, fertilizing value 125, 827 Shoots, coll adjustment following de- capitation or inversion 827 Shop work on farms, text-book 792 Shorts — analyses 71, 870 analyses. Wis 508 Shredded wheat waste, analyses, N.Y.State 371 Shrub seeds, germination 343 Shrubs — culture in California, treatise 441 tor southeastern Alaska, Alaska 038 of North America 437 of United States, treatise 437 ornamental, at Belle Fourche experiment farm, U.S.D.A 837 ornamental, causes affecting growth, Ariz 49 ornamental, for unfavorable city conditions 442 phenological data, U.S.D.A 825 SiMne stimulca. (See Saddle-back caterpillar.) Silage- analyses, Can 759 analyses, S.Dak 469 and alfalfa hay for beef pro- duction, Nebr 373 corn-soy bean, analyses, Wis 568 cost of production. Can 831 effect on fetal development, Mo_ 266 feeding, Okla 568 for steers, S.Dak 468 inoculating with lactic acid bac- teria 407 investigations, JIo 274 micro-organisms in. Mo 224 preparation-. 407 wheat, notes, Wash 337 Silicic acid — Page. determination in water 711 in milk sterilized in bottles 675 Silk culture in Italy 858 Silos— and silage, notes. Mo 691 and silage, notes. Wash 90 concrete, pamphlet 892 Silphium hiciniatum, transpii-ation 29 Silt carried by streams of Alps and Pyrenees 718, 719 Silvcrfish, notes, U.S.D.A 459 Silvonomy, treatise 541 Silybum marianum, analyses 466 Simulium venustum, lesions pro- duced by 156 Sipha flava, notes 452 Siphocoryne avcnw. (See Grain aphis, European.) Siphona plusiw, life history and anat- omy 561 Siphonaptera, studies 563 Sisal, fiber from 530 Sisj/in hrium nastiirtium-aguaticum, culture for wild ducks, U.S.D.A 251 Sitodrcpa panicea, notes 253 Sitotroga ccrealella. (See Grain- moth, Angoumois.) Skim milk — beverage from 278 boiled, nutritive value 163 detection 714, 715 factors affecting fat content, N.Y.Cornell 383 for calves 269 for calves, Kans 374 for calves, Nebr 268 for pigs, N.C 762 Skunks, food habits 152 Slag. (See Phosphatic slag.) Slaughterhouses — inspection in Massachusetts 260 inspection in Montana 67 inspection in Utah 165 Slime mold, effect on crucifers 648 Sludge from paper mills, utilization- 520 Sludges, utilization, Cal 24 Smegma bacillus, metabolism of 771 Smoke, effect on plant growth 126, 127, 428, 629 Snails — edible, U.S.D.A.: 274 trematodes affecting 863 Snapdragon — rust, new, description 248 Verticillium wilt, studies 244 Snipe, dying around Great Salt Lake, U.S.D.A 251 Snow — conservation by pine forests, U.S.D.A 319 fertilizing value. Can 716 Snowfall — greatest in United States, U.S.D.A 716 in California, U.S.D.A 716 994 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Snowfall — Continued. Page. In eastern United States, U.S.D.A lis measurement 776 Snowflakes, gigantic, U.S.D.A 118 Soaps, analyses, N.Dak 753 Social — centers in Kansas 694 survey in norttieastern Minne- sota 786 survey in Red River Valley, Minnesota 593 survey in Walworth County, Wis 394 Sodium — arsenite, effect on soils, Hawaii- 623 carbonate, toxicity toward bar- ley, U.S.D.A 323 chlorid. (See Salt.) dichromate for liberation of formaldehyde gas from water solutions 12 nitrate, application to winter grains 125 nitrate, effect on flower size of tobacco 435 nitrate, effect on germinating plants 128 nitrate, effect on peaches, W.Va_ 840 nitrate, effect on sugar beets 434 nitrate, effect on tobacco, Ohio_ 732 nitrate, effect on wheat yield__ 217 nitrate, fertilizing value 219 nitrate, fertilizing value, Me 33 nitrate, fertilizing value, Ohio_ 829 nitrate for cranberries. Mass 341 nitrate for grass lands 527 nitrate industry in Austria- Hungary 822 nitrate, production and use — 218, 219 nucleinate, effect on coagulation of blood and milk 177 nucleinate, importance in the animal organism 758 sulphate, toxicity toward bar- ley, U.S.D.A 323 sulphocyanate, use against tu- berculosis 877 tellurite as a test for viability of tubercle bacilli ._ 877 V. potash for sugar beets 135 Soil- acidity, determination. Wis 206 bacteria as affected by alkali salts 323 bacteria as affected by phos- phates and sulphates, Wis 515 bacteria in relation to protozoa- 515 bacteriology, laboratory manual- 791 bacteriology, review of investi- gations 513 bacteriology, studies 120, 823 colloids, behavior in presence of soluble salts 324 colloids, role of 321, 513 Soil — Continued. Page. constituents, organic, effect on nitrogen fixation by Azotobac- ter 823 constituents, organic, effect on nitrogen fixation by Azotobac- ter, Va 620 fatigue, studies 31 fertility, determination. Wash 97 fertility, misconceptions con- cerning 721 fertility, notes 695 fertility, principles of, Ky 712 fertility, relation to chemical composition 421 gas, radio-activity 211 homogeneity, correlation coeffi- cient for 727 milling machines, tests 891 moisture, as affected by density of stand of trees 816 moisture as affected by ferti- lizers, U.S.D.A 217 moisture as affected by field crops, N.Dak 225 moisture, conservation 217 moisture, effect on rate of in- crease of sugar-beet root louse, U.S.D.A 357 moisture, loss by percolation, Tex 619 nitrates as affected by green manuring, Va 721 nitrates, effect on wheat yield — 217 nitrogen, forms of 513 organisms as affected by carbon bisulphid. Wis 323 protozoa, counting ^ 809 protozoa, studies 621 solution, concentration in rela- tion to plant growth 223 solution, nature and methods of extraction 322 survey in Illinois, Bond County, m ^ 21 survey in Illinois, Lake County, 111 1- 415 survey in Illinois, McLean County, 111 717 surveys in Kentucky 510, 511 tank experiments, Fla 24 temperature as affected by culti- vation 510 texture, relation to water level- 806 zones, vertical, in mountainous Russia 418 Soils — absorption of phosphoric acid- 515 absorptive power for fertilizers, P.R 122 acid, of Japan, colloidal proper- ties 215 adsorption in 22, 411, 420 aeration and drainage. Wash — 97 alkali, improvement, Iowa 416 alkali, irrigation 419 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 995 Soils — Continued. Page, alkali, of United Provinces in India 419 alkali, reclamation 32-1, 392,419,421,814, 815 alkali, reclamation, U.S.D.A__ 88, 430 alluvial, of Falcat basin, Eritrea 418 ammoniflcatlon in, Hawaii 808 analyses 204. 205 analyses, Mo 212, 213. 214 analyses, S.Dak 321 analysis, value of 421, 811 as affected by fertilizers, Hawaii 122 as affected by plant roots 216 as affected by radio-activity 23 as affected by sodium arsenite, Hawaii 623 atmosphere of 618 cberry orchard, chemical and biological notes 640 cleaning for microscopic ex- amination 109 cultivated, loss of nitrogen and organic matter in 809 dark, correlation of humus and mineral matter in 720 destructive distillation 120 determination of biological so- lution 120 determination of capillary pull- 618 determination of colloids in 118 disinfection 250 drying of, studies 810 effect on cultivated crops 825 exchange reactions in 119 fertilizer requirements, Mo 212, 213, 214, 215 fertilizer requirements, deter- mination 22, 817 forest, nitrogen in 720 forest, properties of 719 frozen, bacteria of 720 frozen, dynamic processes in 421 Gola"s osmotic theory 321 greenhouse, summer treatment, Ohio 42 ground limestone for, N.Y. State 220 impervious clay, reclamation, U.S.D.A 430 Irrigated, management, Nebr 827 isolation of Bacillus radictcola from 121 judging, Wash 97 lateritic, studies 813 lava, of Hawaii, studies 418 lessons on 494, 617, 690 liberation of potassium from, 111 517 light sandy, irrigation and fer- tilizer experiments on 286, 287 light sandy, water economy of_ 287 lime requirements 622 manual 95 Soils — Continued. Page. marsh, management, Wis 325 methods of analysis 204, 205 mineral, consistency curves 420 misconceptions concerning 721 moistening 322 moor, analyses 324 moor, of Stelnhude Lake re- gion 324, moor, utilization 325 movement of salts in 513 muck. Improvement, Wash 33 muck or humus for greenhouses- 139 niter spots in, origin 121 nitrification in, Ohio 421 of Cahuilla Basin 215 of Cape of Good Hope 419 of East Africa Protectorate 512 of Egyptian Delta, improve- ment 420 of Germany, climatic types 718 of Hawaii, Hawaii 122. 812 . of Java 419 of Kankakee marsh region, re- clamation, Ind 22 of Kansas, decreased crop-pro- ducing power 809 of Liineburg Heath region 418 of Malay, acidity 012 of Minnesota, radio-active con- tent 417 of North Carolina, maps 780 of north Idaho, Idaho 21 of northwest Minnesota 617 of Nova Scotia, analyses. Can 718 of Pennsylvania 811 of Queensland, analyses 22 of rice localities, microfauna of_ 23 of rubber producing regions 512 of Sierra Nevada foothills 618 of Sierra Nevada foothills, Cal- 286 of southern Italy, lateritic na- ture 813 of southern New York highland region 511 of southern Porto Rico, P.R 121 of Texas 417,788 of Transvaal, analyses 813 of western New York 121 of Yser Valley, inundation 512 orchard, dynamiting experi- ments, Pa 239 organic matter in 421 osmosis in 420 peat, for cranberries 736 peat, improvement, Iowa 416 peat, nitrification in 422 peat, rotation and manurial ex- periments on 227 peat, water movement In, Mass- 322 physical properties in relation to crop yields 815 physical properties, studies 420 Piedmont, of North Carolina 417 plant food for 516 996 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Soils— Continued. Page, podzol, analyses and absorptive power 814 podzol, formation 814 radio-activity of, treatise 809 red clay, fertilizers for, P.R__ 517 review of investigations 512, 717 sandy, improvement 121 sandy, management. Wis 325 sandy, nitrogen fixing power — 619 saturation formula for 816 solubility investigations 513 specific gravity 206 sulphur bacteria in 23 surface area 216 swamp rice, gases of 216 text-book S98 tillage. Wash 97 transformation of sulphur in — 815 water-logged, reclamation 392 water-logged, reclamation, U.S.D.A 88 zeolitic compounds in 119 Solanum — caldasii, bud mutations in 222 torhum, grafting eggplants on_ 139 Solanum, graft hybrids of 429 Solar — halos, papers on, U.S.D.A 717 radiation, papers on, U.S.D.A_ 320, 717 Soldiers, Arab, feeding 68 Solutions, balanced, and antagonism- 628 Sonchus — crassifolius, analyses 466 oleraceus, analyses and feeding value 70 Soot, fertilizing value and use 821 Sore throat epidemic, relation to milk supply 577 Sorghum — cultivated, prototype 531 culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments. La 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A- 333 culture experiments, Wash 33 culture in Montana, Mont 526 for forage. Mo 226 grain, composition and uses, U.S.D.A 835 hydrocyanic acid content, U.S.D.A 234 midge affecting Sudan grass, Tex 746 midge in Argentina 155 Sorgo, orange, hydrocyanic acid in, U.S.D.A 234 South Dakota Station, report— 308, 599 Sows, ovariotomy in 871 Soy bean — diseases, studies, Del 547 fodder, analyses, Conn. State-- 71 meal, ammonification in soils, Hawaii 808 meal, analyses 870 milk, manufacture 660 Soy beans — Page. amino acid in 665 analyses, Conn. State 71 breeding experiments. Wis 331 cost of production. Mo 293 creatinin content 725 culture, N.C 731 culture, W.Va 235 culture and utilization 438 culture experiments, Pla 31 culture experiments, Mo 225 culture experiments, Nebr 229 culture in Montana, Mont 520 germination as affected by green manures. Wis 331 growth in relation to climate U.S.D.A 116 inoculation 531 inoculation experiments, Nebr 229 nitrogen assimilation by 426 pastures for pigs, N.C 762 rotation experiments, Ohio 828 varieties, Nebr 229 varieties, Ohio 828 varieties, U.S.D.A 430 varieties, W.Va 235 varieties. Wash 33 Sparganothis albicaudana n.sp., de- scription 748 Sparrows, English, food of 553 Spelt, varieties. Can 34 Spenophorus callosus, notes 746 Sphacelotheca reiliana on corn in Barbados 445 Sphcerella ruMna, studies, Colo 649 Sphwronema flmhriatum, distribution and prevalence 743 Sphwronemella sp. on strawberries__ 744 Sphwropsis — malorum, relation to apple rot- 348 sp. on peaches 248 sp. on strawberries 744 Sphcerostilhe — coccophila, description 459 repens on rubber 449 Sphwrotheca — niors-urvw in Italy 447 mors-uvw, investigations, N.Y. Cornell 347 mors-uvw, notes 846 mors-uvw, notes, Alaska 647 pannosa, investigations, N.Y. Cornell 347 pannosa, studies 447, 854 pannosa vars., inoculation ex- periments 647 Sphenophorus — nehulosus, notes 256 sculptilis, notes. Conn. State 58 Splcaria {Fusarium) colorans, studies, P.R 549 Spinach — culture experiments, N.Mex 43 mulching v. clean culture, Mont. 534 varieties, N.Mex 43 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 997 Spirillum — ■ Page. ruhrum, studies ITS tyrogcnum, studies 178 Spirochwta hyos, inoculation expori- monts 879 Spirochetes, studies 178 Splenitis in pips 774 Bpodipogon lacei n.sp., description 527 Sponijospora — scabies, notes 849 subtcrrunea in Oregon 850 suhterratica, studies, U.S.D.A 346 Spore plants, treatise 429 Sporidcsmitnn pntrefaciens, notes 851 Spotted fever tick, notes 553, 862 Spraying — apparatus. Wash 97 calendar 639 calendar, Idaho 47 calendar, 111 141 calendar, Mo.Fruit 538 calendar for Georgia 439 machinery, notes, Kans 735 mixtures, preparation. Wash 47 mixtures, preparation and use, Kans 735 mixtures, preparation and use, Mo.Fruit 538 mixtures, toxic effect on grape pollen 539 relation to flowering in grapes- 448 Spruce — aphid, notes 253 bud scale, notes 253 Engelmann, and alpine fir, man- agement 739 Squabs, raising, U.S.D.A 872 Squash — mulching v. clean culture, Mont_ 534 vine borer, studies, U.S.D.A 255 Squirrels, ground, destruction 552 Stable fly — feeding habits 561 original habitat 256 relation to plague 456 Stagonospora cassavm n.sp., descrip- tion 647 Stags, breeding for horns 173 Stalk borer, notes. Conn. State 58 Starch — chemistry of 713 effect on infant digestion 663 equivalent theory in feeding standards 870 formation in immature seeds 523 from different plants, physical qualities 426 phosphorus content 203 reserve in birch and maple 523 values in cattle feeding 073 State universities and agricultural colleges, duplication in 194 States Relations Service. (See United States Department of Ag- riculture.) Staiironotus maroccanus — Page, destruction by Coccohadllus acridlorum 154 remedies 653 Steers — feeding experiments, Can 759 feeding experiments, Ind 371 feeding experiments, Mo 265, 569 feeding experiments, Nebr 373 feeding experiments, S.Dak 468 maintenance, factors affecting cost. Mo 569 preparation of corn for. Mo 265 respiration experiments, U.S.D.A 72 Stegomyia fasciata, in Russia 749 Stellaria media, analyses and feed- ing value 70 Sterciim purpureum, studies 649 Sterility in tobacco 129 Sterins, separation from fats 612 Stilbella favida, studies, P.R 549 8 tip a — tenacissima, culture and use 131 vaseyi, cyanogen in 665 Stizolobium spp. as a cover crop for coconuts, etc., P.R 535 Stock. (See Live stock.) Stomach — contents, methods of examining- 310 physiology of 754 Stomata, regulation of 628 Stomatitis in pigs and calves 774 Stomouys calcAtrans. (See Stable fly.) Stone-meal fertilizer, so-called, warn- ing against 820 Storage — effect on flour, Kans 161 rots, relation to temperature- 545 Storer, F. H., tribute to and pub- lications of 801 Strangles, immunization 87 Straw — breaking strength, tests 534 fertilizing value 326 litter, absorptive power 817, 818 Strawberries — bud selection experiments, Mo_ 236 culture. Ark 142 culture. Wash 47 culture in the South, U.S.D.A- 47 culture in Wisconsin, Wis 47 for home and commercial plant- ing, W.Va 537 hybridization 642 hybridization, Alaska 637 inoculation experiments with brown rot fungus 247 new, description, N.Y. State 238 picking and packing. Wash 47 protection from frost. Can 237 summer care. Wash 698 supply and distribution in 1914, U.S.D.A 142 998 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Strawberries — Continued. Page. varieties, Can 237 varieties, N.Y.State 142 varieties. Wash 47 Strawberry — fruit rots, descriptions 744 juice, preparation, U.S.D.A 316 root lice, notes 554 white fly, notes, Conn. State 58 Stream — flow, forecasting 775, 776 fljow, relation to forests 885 gaging in Wyoming 390 gaging, relation to hydraulics 484 gaging stations in Pacific Coast basins 882 gaging stations of United States Geological Survey 89 measurement In Alberta and Saskatchewan 391 measurement in Arizona, Ariz 87 measurement in Idaho 583 measurement in North Dakota. 683 measurement, new formulas and diagrams for 882 measurement stations, artificial control stations for 484 measurement, use of automatic gages in 777 measurement, use of automobile In 77T measurement, winter, in west- ern Canada 89 Streams of Alps and Pyrenees, silt carried by 718, 719 Street sweepings, fertilizers from, U.S.D.A 219 Streptococci — hemolysin production by 83 In milk. Wis 382 Streptococcus lactieus, relation to milk acidity 675 Strongylus douglasii, life history 384 SucBda maritima, growth in presence of salt 222 Subsoillng with dynamite, Me 90 Succinic acid, reaction of 414 Sudan grass — bacterial disease of In Salt Lake Valley 851 culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments, Fla 31 culture experiments, La 32 culture experiments, U.S.D.A. 333, 830 culture for hay and seed, Tex 41 culture under irrigation 228 Sugar — addition to Bordeaux mixture, Can 237 as a feeding stuff 407 determination in molasses 207 effect on determination of pen- toses in plant extracts 712 for pigs 571 formation la potatoes 310 foi>Biati«B ta sQgar beets 235 Sugar — Continued. Page. hexose, in normal milk 311 in potatoes, N.H 223 in sweet potatoes, nature 564 industry, chemistry of, treatise- 615 invert, determination In pres- ence of saccharose 207 invert, use in bread making 461 methods of analysis 258 refineries, purification of sewage from 785 relation to anthocyanin in flow- ers 427 statistics in United States 894 use in bread making 162 (See also Beet sugar and Cane sugar.) Sugar beet — crown gall, studies, U.S.D.A 147 curly top, studies 743 diseases and enemies in Bohe- mia 851 diseases, studies, U.S.D.A 246 leaf-hoppers, natural enemies 747 mosaic disease, studies 743 pulp. (See Beet pulp.) root louse, relation to soil moisture, U.S.D.A 357 root louse, remedies, U.S.D.A 430^ seed, production. Can 226 seed, single-germ, production 532 seed, valuation 135 tops, analyses and feeding value 169 Sugar beets — analyses 434 as human food 866 assimilation of nitrogen by 434 composition during seed-produc- ing period 135 culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture in Norfolk and Suffolk- 532 culture, losses in, U.S.D.A 434 effect on composition of milk fat 674 fertilizer experiments 135, 434, 625 fertilizer experiments, Can 728 irrigation experiments 287 loss in weight by drying, U.S D.A 135 mother, isolation of flower stalk 832 nematodes affecting 851 planting and thinning experi- ments, U.S.D.A 430 planting dates, Nev_. 631 rotation experiments, Ohio 828 rotation experiments, U.S.D.A- 429, 829 saccharose formation in 235 second season, analyses 135 varieties. Can 728, 831 varieties, Wash 33 yield on alfalfa stubble, Nebr— 828 Sugar cane — aphids affecting 452 borer, new, in Fiji 256 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 999 Sugar cane — Continued. Page. borer, notes 45.'i borer, pink, notes 554 borer, tacblnid parasite. Intro- duction Into Hawaii 256 breeding and selection 130 breeding experiments 435 bud development In 4.55 bud moth, studies 500 chlorosis, studies, I'.Ii 519 covering experiments G30 culture 130 culture experiments 227, 532 culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments. La 32 culture experiments, P.R 130 deterioration, P.R 121 diseases In India 846 diseases in Mauritius 444 dry disease, description 852 fertilizer experiments 336, 532 fertilizer experiments, P.R 517 gummosis, studies 851 Indian, studies 835 insects affecting 253 Japanese, fertilizer experiments, Fla 32 moth stalli borer, notes 453 products, harmful effects 05 root-boring weevils of West Indies, U.S.D.A 300 scale, notes 155 soils, unproductiveness in 516 stripping experiments, P.R 130 structure of stomata 130 tops for planting 130 varieties 130, 227 weevil root borer, studies 458 white grubs affecting 750 Sulphate of ammonia. (See Am- monium sulphate.) Sulphates — effect on nodule production 134 effect on soil bacteria, Wis 515 Sulphite-cellulose lye waste as a cattle feed 70 Sulphur — bacteria, physiology and distri- bution 23 determination in urine 415 fertilizing value 841 fumes, effect o» plant growth 127 fungicidal value. Me 648 mixtures. (See Lime-sulphur mixture.) soluble, as a summer spray for apples. Mo 46 soluble, as a summer spray for apples, N.H 47 transformation in soils 815 use against potato scab 246 Sulphuric — acid, use against weeds 139 acid, use in soil disinfection 250 anhydrld, loss in incinerating organic substances 611 Pass. Sulphuring, effect on hops, U.S.D.A. 709 Sulphurous — acid, free, determination 611 anhydrld, toxicity toward olive blooms 447 Sunflower seed — amino acid in 665 caice, analyses 170 meal, analyses 870 Sunflowers — growth in 28 varieties 527 Sunshine, measurement, U.S.D.A 717 Superphosphate — addition to barnyard manure, Ohio 829 as affected by calcium cyana- » mid 25 double, preparation 220 effect on tobacco, Ohio 733 fertilizing value 519, 834 fertilizing value, Ohio 828 fertilizing value, R.I 722, 723 for grass lands 527 for Missouri soils, Mo L 212, 213, 214, 215 for sweet potatoes, Ala.College- 337 industry in Austria-Hungary 822 manufacture 126 of lime, analyses, Can 723 prepared with synthetic nitric acid, fertilizing value 25 v. phosphate rocli for cottoa and corn. La 32 Swavimerdamia castancce n.sp., de- scription 655 Swedes — and turnips, crosses between, root nodules of 848 as a substitute for silage. Me 41 culture experiments, Alaska 632 fertilizer experiments 326 mulching v. clean culture, Mont- 534 resistance to club root, Vt 52 seed production. Can 226 varieties, Nev 631 varieties. Wash 33,34 Sweet clover — culture, Wash 97 culture under dry farming, Mont 632 hay, analyses, S.Dak 469 inoculation experiments 633 wild, notes 729 Sweet corn — breeding experiments, Ariz 31 effect on succeeding grass crop, Me 33 mulching v. clean culture, Mont- 534 Sweet pea bacterial disease, studies, Del 547 Sweet potato — diseases, distribution and prev- alence 743 root borer, notes, Fla ._ 59 1000 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Sweet potato — Continued. Page. soil stain and pox, studies 347 weevil, notes, P.R 554 weevil, small, notes 563 Sweet potatoes — analyses 568 culture, Ala.Tuslsegee 636 culture experiments 227 culture experiments, Fla 31 fertilizer experiments, Ala. College 336 insects affecting 153 nature of sugars in 564 selection experiments 235 tubers of 27 varieties 235 varieties, P.R 535 Swietenia macrophylla, tests, P.R-- 536 Swine. (See Pigs.) Swine fever, immunization 183 Synchytrium endoliioticum, notes- 846, 849, 850 Syngwmus laryngeus from cattle in Philippines 284 Tabanun ignotus injurious to rice — 555 Tachinid parasite with intracuticu- lar stage 157 T(Bnia saginata in a child 864 Talia-diastase, action on digestive power of animals 569 Talc, use in confectionery, U.S.D.A_ 364 Tamarind sirup, manufacture and analyses 805 Tankagfe — amino acid in 665. analyses 665 analyses, N.Y. State 371 analyses. Wis 568 fertilizing value 432 Tannin — determination in plant juices- 310 distribution in blaclc wattle__ 523 effect on germination of seeds- 825 Tanning, chemical handbook 18 Tapeworms — ' beef, in a child 864 host relations 681 injurious to fowls 775 of Carnivore in man 681 protection against digestive enzyms 478 Tapinostola mnsculosa, life history and remedies 859 Tarnished plant bug — notes, Iowa 352 relation to Are blight 744 Tarsonemus pallidus, remedies, Conn.State 58 Tea — chemistry and manufacture 842 culture in Persia and Trans- Causasian Russia 841 diseases and insect pests, con- trol 643 diseases in India 650 diseases, notes 545 Tea — Continued. Page, from Origanum vulgare albi- florum 661 heather, as a substitute for black tea 866 manurial treatment 842 packing in foil containing lead- 66 seed, planting experiments 842 seedlings, liming experiments 842 statistics in United States 894 Teachers — agricultural, training for 303, 596, 799 preparation for secondary agri- culture 798 training centers for 194, 195 Technical instruction in Ireland 790 Teeth, degeneration in oxen and sheep 270 Teff, culture experiments, Fla 31 Tcgrodera erosa, notes 746 Telegraph poles, dry rot of 745 Temperature — effect on cement mortar 589 effect on diastases 30 effect on glucose formation in potatoes 310 effect on houseflies and mos- quitoes 860 effect on insects 252 effect on microflora of hay 467 effect on oviposition of alfalfa weevil 257 effect on plant growth 129 effect on potato scab, U.S.D.A- 245 highest in United States, U.S. D.A 716 low, effect on enzyms 803 of cultivated and uncultivated soils 510 relation to cabbage Pusarium 346 relation to seed germination 826 relation to spring wheat yield, U.S.D.A 117 summer, at Paris and at Reno, Nevada, U.S.D.A 717 terrestrial, changes in 19 Tennessee University and Station, notes 193 Tent — caterpillar egg contest. Conn. State 58 caterpillar, notes 252 caterpillar, notes, U.S.D.A 155 materials for frost protection, Ariz 43 Tenthredinoidea, immature stages, Me 97 Tenuipalpus Moculatus n.sp., de- scription 659 Teosinte — culture experiments, Ariz 31 culture experiments, Wash 33 Tepary beans, culture experiments, Ariz 31 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1001 Page. Termes flavipes on geraniums, Conn. State 58 Termites injurious to geraniums, Conn. State 58 Tetanus — bacillus, distribution and habi- tat ,^)80 immunization 81 Investigations 282 papers on 170 Teti-aneura ulmisacculi, notes 253 Tetraiij/chus — n.spp., descriptions 6.59 pilosus, notes G59 Tetrastichus asparagi, studies, U.S.D.A 658 Teuc-rium cham New York Botanical Garden Librar 3 5185 00292 3827 ""^^. '-W^" ^^^''^ ^ I %:k ■V^K/^ ) '.J. M<^ ^ -% 'A <&' 0; ^x>;-^.>>